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Пфаффенгофен (Баден-Вюртемберг)
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Пфаффенгофен (Баден-Вюртемберг)
Пфаффенгофен — громада в Німеччині, знаходиться в землі Баден-Вюртемберг. Підпорядковується адміністративному округу Штутгарт. Входить до складу району Гайльбронн.
Площа — 12,10 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ).
Галерея
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Громади Баден-Вюртембергу
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2539445
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/KLF16
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KLF16
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KLF16 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 19-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 252 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 25 431.
Кодований геном білок за функцією належить до фосфопротеїнів.
Задіяний у таких біологічних процесах, як транскрипція, регуляція транскрипції.
Білок має сайт для зв'язування з іонами металів, іоном цинку, ДНК.
Локалізований у ядрі.
Література
Примітки
Див. також
Хромосома 19
Некатегоризовані білки
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Тернівський район
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Тернівський район — адміністративний район міста Кривого Рогу на півночі міста. Тернівський район межує на півночі з Олександрійським районом, на півдні з Покровським районом міста Кривого Рогу, на заході та сході з Криворізьким сільським районом.
Історія
23 травня 1969 року вийшов Указ Президії Верховної Ради Української РСР № 176 «Про утворення районів в окремих містах Української РСР», відповідно до якого в місті Кривому Розі за рахунок частини території Покровського району був утворений Тернівський район. Місто Терни включено у межі міста Кривого Рогу. З 1898 до 1956 роки це було шахтарське селище Веселі Терни.
Населення
Мовний склад
Рідна мова населення за даними перепису 2001 року:
Житлові райони
Терни;
9-й квартал;
Даманський;
Веселі Терни;
Олексієвка;
Горького;
Леніна;
Закарпатський;
17-й квартал;
Рози Люксембург;
Краматорівка;
Мирівське
Роковата;
Божедарівка;
Новоіванівка (окремий н.п.);
Тернуватий Кут (окремий н.п.);
Володимирський;
Гірницьке.
</div>
Головні вулиці
вулиця Івана Сірка, Ухтомського, Володимира Терещенка, Короленка, Матросова (Терни)
вулиці Адмірала Головка, Генерала Доватора, Маршака (Даманський)
вулиці Олексія Солом'яного, Каширська, Ползунова, Глазунова (Веселі Терни)
вулиця Сергія Колачевського, Карбишева, Чарівна (Закарпатський)
вулиці Мусоргського, Степова, Федьковича (Божедарівка)
вулиця Семипалатинська (Краматорівка)
Навчальні заклади (середня освіта)
Тернівський ліцей, КЗШ школа I—II ступенів № 106, КЗШ I—III ступенів № 110, № 117, № 50, № 61, № 105, № 116, № 42, № 45, № 48, № 55, № 78, № 27, № 37, Криворізька Тернівська гімназія
Визначні об'єкти
Стадіон «Авангард» (Терни)
Михайлівська церква (Веселі Терни) 1791 р.
Пам'ятки
Криворізький ботанічний сад (Терни)
Ландшафтний заказник загальнодержавного значення Червона Балка Північна
Ландшафтний заказник місцевого значення Балка Північна Червона
Братська могила «Не пройдуть!»
Низка курганів: курган (охоронний № 7800), курган (охоронний № 7801), курган (охоронний № 7812).
Важливі установи
міські лікарні № 7 (Даманський), № 8 (Леніна),№ 14 (Терни)
Індустріальний технікум (9-й квартал)
Стоматологічна поліклініка № 6 (Терни)
Підприємства
Північний ГЗК
Центральний ГЗК
ВАТ «Кривбасзалізорудком»
РУ Рози Люксембург
РУ Леніна
РУ Першотравневе
шахта імені Орджонікідзе ВАТ «Центральний ГЗК»
шахта Гвардійська
Шахта «Тернівська»
шахти Об'єднана і ПЗРК
Хлібзавод «Днєстр»
Завод бурової техніки «ДСД»
Транспорт
Тролейбуси
Маршрутне таксі
Автостанція
«Терни»
Залізничні станції
Рокувата
Терни
Грекувата
з.п. 54 км
Постаті
Курячанський Вадим Анатолійович (1978—2015) — солдат Збройних сил України, учасник російсько-української війни.
Райони Кривого Рогу
Криворізька міськрада
Засновані в Україні 1969
Виборчий округ 31
Виборчий округ 37
1969 у Кривому Розі
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Українська річкова мережа
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Українська річкова мережа (УРМ) — добровільна коаліція громадян та неурядових організацій, покликана займатись збереженням річок. Була створена 2000 року з метою сприяти поліпшенню екологічного стану річок, а також позитивним змінам в екологічній політиці України у галузі охорони і збереження річок.
Завдання УРМ
Завданнями коаліції є об’єднати зусилля неурядових організацій навколо проблем врятування малих річок; сприяти участі громадськості у виробленні та реалізації екологічної політики в Україні; вести широку еколого-освітню та виховну діяльність; сприяти проведенню акцій, кампаній щодо поліпшення екологічного стану річок; сприяти розвитку міжнародного співробітництва у сфері охорони природи.
Таким чином, УРМ стала однією з перших тематичних коаліцій екологічних організацій в Україні.
Події
2000
Заснування УРМ
У листопаді 2000 року Чорноморська програма «Wetlands International» спільно з НЕЦУ підготували та провели загальнонаціональний семінар «Участь громадськості у збереженні малих річок України». У роботі семінару взяли участь 74 представники екологічних неурядових організацій, які займаються збереженням малих річок, Мінекоресурсів України, Державного комітету України з водного господарства, Державної екологічної інспекції України, науково-дослідних установ. 19 листопада учасники зустрічі ухвалили «Декларацію про створення Української річкової мережі (УРМ)». У роботі семінару взяли участь 74 представники екологічних неурядових організацій (НУО), які займаються збереженням малих річок, Міністерства екології та природних ресурсів України, Державного комітету України з водного господарства, Державної екологічної інспекції України, науково-дослідних установ України.
Декларація учасників семінару «Участь громадськості у збереженні малих річок України» зазначає, що:
Декларацію підписали:
Національний екологічний центр України, м. Київ
Інститут екології (ІНЕКО) Національного екологічного центру України, м. Київ
Громадська організація «Шулявка», м. Київ
Громадянський комітет за збереження дикої (корінної) природи Березняків, м. Київ
Дитяче громадське об'єднання «Дитячий альпійський рух України», м. Київ
Екологічна асоціація «Зелений світ», Інформаційний центр, м. Київ
Неформальний екологічний клуб «Еко-ґрунт», м. Київ
Український клуб мандрівників «Київська Русь», м. Київ
Молодіжна екологічна організація «Спілка друзів природи», м. Васильків, Київська обл.
Обласна організація «Зелений світ», м. Вінниця
Дитяча неприбуткова екологічна громадська організація «Мальва», с. Сосонка, Вінницький р-н, Вінницька обл.
Шкільна асоціація природничих наук, м. Ямпіль, Вінницька обл.
Еколого-туристичне об'єднання «Орлан», м. Дніпродзержинськ, Дніпропетровська обл.
Еколого-культурний центр «Бахмат», м. Артемівськ, Донецька обл.
Краматорська міська організація Всеукраїнської дитячої спілки «Екологічна варта», м. Краматорськ, Донецька обл.
Шкільне географічне товариство «Планета», с. Головине, Черняхівський р-н, Житомирська обл.
«Молодіжна екологічна ліга — Екоконтроль», м. Житомир
Карпатський ЕкоКлуб «Рутенія», м. Ужгород, Закарпатська обл.
Регіональне молодіжне екологічне об'єднання «Екосфера», м. Ужгород, Закарпатська обл.
Громадська екологічна організація «Едельвейс», м. Косів, Івано-Франківська обл.
Коломийська територіальна організація «Зелений світ», м. Коломия, Івано-Франківська обл.
Дитяча екологічна громадська організація «Флора», м. Кіровоград
Луганська обласна екологічна організація «Зелений світ», м. Луганськ
Клуб юних екологів «Кудесник», м. Сєвєродонецьк, Луганська обл.
Західноукраїнський благочинний фонд екологічної та туристично-просвітницької інформації, м. Львів
Громадська екологічна організація «ЕКО-Довкілля», м. Жидачів, Львівська обл.
Південна філія Інституту екології (ІНЕКО), м. Миколаїв
Первомайська дитяча громадська організація «Світ», м. Первомайськ, Миколаївська обл.
Екологічний клуб «Край», м. Бережани, Тернопільська обл.
Екологічно-гуманітарне об'єднання «Зелений світ», м. Чортків, Тернопільська обл.
Громадське екологічне об'єднання «Зелений всесвіт» ЗЕВС Харківської області, м. Харків
Екологічна громадська організація школярів та учнівської молоді «Екоцентр», м. Харків
Голопристанське громадське екологічне дитяче об'єднання «Зелений гомін», м. Гола Пристань, Херсонська обл.
Громадське об'єднання «Лицарський клуб», Степанівка, м. Херсон
Черкаська обласна організація «Зелений світ», м. Черкаси
Буковинський еколого-духовний центр «Водограй», с. Банилів-Підгірний, Сторожинецький р-н, Чернівецька обл.
Неурядова організація «Гроно», с. Банилів-Підгірний, Сторожинецький р-н, Чернівецька обл.
Чернігівська організація Всеукраїнської дитячої спілки «Екологічна варта», м. Чернігів
Еколого-природоохоронна організація «Добрий світ», м. Севастополь
Еколого-краєзнавчий клуб «Скіфія», м. Севастополь
Створення Української річкової мережі
</div>
2001
Перша робоча зустріч УРМ (червень 2001, мала річка Бистриївка, Житомирська обл.). На зустрічі було прийнято план діяльності УРМ на 2001—2002 рр., «Пропозиції УРМ до проекту національної програми системної підтримки діяльності екологічних громадських організацій України», низку звернень.
2002
Друга робоча зустріч УРМ (червень 2002 р., с. Жуків, Бережанський р-н, Тернопільська обл.). Проведено конкурс на найкраще фото «Річка мого дитинства», працювала фотовиставка «Знамениті дерева України». На зустрічі прийнято позиційний документ УРМ «Громадська оцінка політики використання і збереження водних ресурсів в Україні», звіт про діяльність УРМ і робочий план на наступний рік, низку звернень.
Третя робоча зустріч УРМ (червень 2002 р., м. Іршава, Закарпатська обл.). Організатор — Карпатський екологічний клуб «Рутенія». На зустрічі схвалено Звіт про діяльність УРМ за 2002—2003 рр. і пропозиції до Робочого плану діяльності УРМ на 2003—2004 рр., прийнято низку звернень. Вирішено сприяти посиленню участі громадськості у вирішенні проблем довкілля у басейні р. Дунай, р. Дніпро, р. Південний Буг, р. Дністер шляхом створення басейнових робочих груп УРМ.
2003
Підготовка і проведення тренінг-курсу «Участь громадськості у збереженні малих річок України» для представників громадських екологічних організацій.
Підготовка компакт-диску з інформацією про загальний стан малих річок України і тенденції його зміни; про НУО, які займаються збереженням річок, про законодавчі засади збереження річок тощо.
Створення Web-сайту УРМ сьогодні втрачений і перебуває у вебархіві).
Проведення заходів зі збереження річок відповідно до Робочого плану.
Започаткування Програми малих грантів для членів УРМ (2003 р.)
Публікації
Басейн річки Бог / Ворона Є. I ., Rириляч O. В., Максименюк O. Д., Марушевський Г. Б., Яворський Д. М., Яворська О. Г. — Вінниця-Київ: Wetlands International Black Sea Programme, 2009. — 128 c
Дніпровський екологічний коридор / Київ: Wetlands International Black Sea Programme, 2008. — 340 с.
Збереження біорізноманіття і створення екомережі: Інформаційний довідник / Марушевський Г. Б., Мельничук В. П., Костюшин В. А. — Київ: Wetlands International Black Sea Programme, 2008. — 168 с.
Збереження біорізноманіття, створення екомережі та інтегроване управління річковими басейнами: Посібник для вчителів і громадських природоохоронних організацій / Кобеньок Г. В., Закорко О. П., Марушевський Г. Б. — Київ: Wetlands International Black Sea Programme, 2008. — 201 с.
Веселий мурашник. Посібник з екологічного виховання для дітей шкільного віку / Кобеньок Г. В. — Київ: Wetlands International Black Sea Programme, 2007. — 50 с.
Жива Україна: Екологічний журнал №№ 3—4 ’2007
Збережи свою річку: підсумки виконання проектів програми малих грантів / За ред. Марушевського Г. Б. — К.: Чорноморська програма Ветландс Інтернешнл, 2005. — 112 с.
Участь громадськості у збереженні малих річок: матеріали тренінг-курсу. — К.: Чорноморська програма Ветландс Інтернешнл, 2005. — 380 с. + 8 кольорових ілюстрованих вставок
Українська річкова мережа. Інформаційний бюлетень. — 2004. — № 1 (2).
Марушевский Г. Б. Международный опыт сохранения рек: участие общественности. — Киев: Wetlands International Black Sea Programme, 2004. — 80 с.
Раціональне використання водних ресурсів — необхідний елемент стійкого розвитку. Матеріали 3-ї робочої зустрічі Української річкової мережі, с. Осій (Закарпатська область). — Ужгород, 2003. — 64 с.
Участь громадськості у збережені малих річок України. Матеріали загальнонаціонального семінару і Першої робочої зустрічі Української річкової мережі. — Київ: Wetlands International, 2003. — 136 с.
Громадська оцінка екологічної політики в Україні. Доповідь українських громадських екологічних організацій. — Київ, 2003. — 139 с.
Примітки
Річки України
Екологія України
Організації України
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2973311
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F
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Намське сільське поселення
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Намське сільське поселення — муніципальне утворення у складі Корткероського району Республіки Комі, Росія. Адміністративний центр — селище Намськ.
Населення
Населення — 435 осіб (2017, 506 у 2010, 630 у 2002, 803 у 1989).
Склад
До складу поселення входять такі населені пункти:
Примітки
Поселення Корткероського району
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1538325
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BD%20IV
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Левон IV
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Левон IV Хетумян, відомий також як Левон III (1289 — † 1307) — король Кілікійської Вірменії. Походив з династії Хетумідів (Хетумян)
Життєпис
Народився 1289 року в родині Тороса III та Маргарити Лузіньян.
1301 року король Кілікії Хетум II зрікся корони на користь свого малолітнього племінника Левона, сина його брата Тороса. При цьому Хетум залишився при владі, ставши регентом неповнолітнього короля. 1305, трохи подорослішавши, Левон одружився з кузиною Агнесою Лузіньян, а вже наступного року 30 липня відбулась офіційна коронація Левона як короля Кілікійського вірменського царства. Внутрішня політика Левона була продовженням курсу латинізації країни, що розпочалась його дядьком ірегентом Хетумом. Помилково вважаючи, що вірменська держава може покластись на допомогу папи, наполягав на унії з католицькою церквою. З цією метою 19 березня 1307 скликав церковний собор у Сісі, та змусив його звернутись до папи щодо унії. Через те, що тільки царський двір и католикос підтримував унію, рішення собору спричинило серйозний спротив серед народу й духовенства, а спроби втілити в життя рішення собору призвели до кривавих сутичок всередині країни.
Повна орієнтація на захід позначилась на зовнішній політиці. Одним із перших та найважливіших розпоряджень Левона як одноосібного правителя держави є указ від 20 травня 1307 року. Відповідно до указу король надавав торговельні пільги та привілеї венеційським купцям. Того ж року 17 листопада молодий король та його дядько Хетум II, поблизу фортеці Аназарб потрапили в засідку. влаштовану монгольським воєначальником, в результаті чого обидва загинули.
Родина
Дружина: Агнеса Лузіньян
діти: не було
Примітки
Джерела
Хетуміди
Померли в Туреччині
Правителі XIV століття
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1101500
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalism
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Mentalism
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Mentalism is a performing art in which its practitioners, known as mentalists, appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities. Performances may appear to include hypnosis, telepathy, clairvoyance, divination, precognition, psychokinesis, mediumship, mind control, memory feats, deduction, and rapid mathematics. Mentalists perform a theatrical act that includes special effects that may appear to employ psychic or supernatural forces but that are actually achieved by "ordinary conjuring means", natural human abilities (i.e. reading body language, refined intuition, subliminal communication, emotional intelligence), and an in-depth understanding of key principles from human psychology or other behavioral sciences.
Mentalism is commonly classified as a subcategory of magic and, when performed by a stage magician, may also be referred to as mental magic. However, many professional mentalists today may generally distinguish themselves from magicians, insisting that their art form leverages a distinct skillset. Instead of doing "magic tricks", mentalists argue that they produce psychological experiences for the mind and imagination, and expand reality with explorations of psychology, suggestion, and influence. Mentalists are also often considered psychic entertainers, although that category also contains non-mentalist performers such as psychic readers and bizarrists.
Some well-known magicians, such as Penn & Teller, and James Randi, argue that a key differentiation between a mentalist and someone who purports to be an actual psychic is that the former is open about being a skilled artist or entertainer who accomplishes their feats through practice, study, and natural means, while the latter may claim to actually possess genuine supernatural, psychic, or extrasensory powers and, thus, operates unethically.
Renowned mentalist Joseph Dunninger, who also worked to debunk fraudulent mediums, captured this key sentiment when he explained his impressive abilities in the following way: "Any child of ten could do this – with forty years of experience." Like any performing art, mentalism requires years of dedication, extensive study, practice, and skill to perform well.
Prominent 21st century exponents include Lior Suchard, Max Maven, and Gerry McCambridge.
Background
Much of what modern mentalists perform in their acts can be traced back directly to "tests" of supernatural power that were carried out by mediums, spiritualists, and psychics in the 19th century. However, the history of mentalism goes back even further. Accounts of seers and oracles can be found in the Old Testament of the Bible and in works about ancient Greece. Paracelsus reiterated the theme, so reminiscent of the ancient Greeks, that three principias were incorporated into humanity: the spiritual, the physical, and mentalistic phenomena. The mentalist act generally cited as one of the earliest on record in the modern era was performed by diplomat and pioneering sleight-of-hand magician Girolamo Scotto in 1572. The performance of mentalism may utilize conjuring principles including sleights, feints, misdirection, and other skills of street or stage magic. Nonetheless, modern mentalists also now increasingly incorporate insights from human psychology and behavioral sciences to produce unexplainable experiences and effects for their audiences. Changing with the times, some mentalists incorporate an iPhone into their routine.
Mentalism Techniques
Suggestion: This technique involves implanting an idea, thought, or impression in the mind of the spectator or participant. The mentalist does this by using subtle verbal cues, gestures, body language, and sometimes visual aids to influence their thoughts. For instance, asking someone to "think of any card in a normal deck" automatically plants the general idea of a playing card in their mind. Similarly, asking them to "visualize the card clearly in your mind" can put the image of a particular card in their imagination.
Misdirection: Also known as diversion, this technique aims to divert the audience's attention away from the secret method or process behind a mentalism effect. Magicians and mentalists frequently use grand gestures, animated movement, music, and chatter to distract attention from a sneaky maneuver that sets up the trick. For example, a mentalist may engage in lively conversation while secretly writing something on his palm. Or he may dramatically throw his jacket on a chair to cover up a hidden assistant in the audience.
Cold Reading: This technique involves making calculated guesses and drawing logical conclusions about a person by carefully observing their appearance, responses, mannerisms, vocal tones, and other unconscious reactions. Mentalists leverage these cues along with high probability assumptions about human nature to come up with surprisingly accurate character insights and details about someone. They can then present this as if they magically knew the information through psychic powers.
Hot reading: This refers to the practice of gathering background information about the audience or participants before doing a mentalism act or seance. Mentalists can then astonish spectators by revealing something they could not possibly have known otherwise. However, doing hot readings without informing the audience is considered unethical. Ethical mentalists only do hot readings if they explicitly disclose it, or do it for entertainment with the participant's consent.
Psychological Manipulation: Master mentalists have an in-depth understanding of human psychology which allows them to subtly manipulate thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. They use verbal suggestion, social pressure, visual cues and mental framing to influence perceptions and reactions. This lets them guide participants towards the responses, outcomes or choices they want. For instance, a mentalist may hint that choosing a certain number will lead to something positive.
Dual Reality: This principle involves structuring a routine to present different experiences to the observer versus the participant. For example, a mentalist may have an audience member pick a "random" card that is actually forced by the mentalist's assistant. The participant believes they freely chose any card, while the audience knows it's manipulated.
Subtle Artistry: The most skilled mentalists ensure their performances seem completely natural, organic and unrehearsed even though they are carefully planned. They structure their acts, patter and effects to come across as pure luck, coincidence or chance rather than as clever illusions or tricks. This 'invisible' artistry maintains the mystique around mentalist performances.
Performance approaches
Styles of mentalist presentation can vary greatly. In this vein, Penn & Teller
explain that "[m]entalism is a genre of magic that exists across a spectrum of morality." In the past, at times, some performers such as Alexander and Uri Geller have promoted themselves as genuine psychics. Other famous mentalists, such as Joseph Dunninger and Michael Gutenplan, have stated that their skills were human, but the result of extensive practice and study. The style of Theodore Annemann has been described as "that of an ordinary person, with extraordinary powers."
Some contemporary performers, such as Derren Brown, explain that their results and effects are from using natural skills, including the ability to master magic techniques and showmanship, read body language, and influence audiences with psychological principles, such as suggestion. In this vein, Brown explains that he presents and stages "psychological experiments" through his performances. Mentalist and psychic entertainer Banachek also rejects that he possesses any supernatural or actual psychic powers, having worked with the James Randi Educational Foundation for many years to investigate and debunk fake psychics. He is clear with the public that the effects and experiences he creates through his stage performance are the result of his highly developed performance skills and magic techniques, combined with psychological principles and tactics.
Max Maven often presents his performances as creating interactive mysteries and explorations of the mysterious dimensions of the human mind. He is described as a "mentalist and master magician" as well as a "mystery theorist." Other mentalists and allied performers also promote themselves as "mystery entertainers".
There are mentalists, including Maurice Fogel, Kreskin, Chan Canasta, and David Berglas, who make no specific claims about how effects are achieved and may leave it up to the audience to decide, creating what has been described as "a wonderful sense of ambiguity about whether they possess true psychic ability or not."
Contemporary mentalists often take their shows onto the streets and perform tricks to a live, unsuspecting audience. They do this by approaching random members of the public and ask to demonstrate so-called supernatural powers. However, some performers such as Derren Brown who often adopt this method of performance tell their audience before the trick starts that everything they see is an illusion and that they are not really "having their mind read." This has been the cause of a lot of controversy in the sphere of magic as some mentalists want their audience to believe that this type of magic is "real" while others think that it is morally wrong to lie to a spectator.
Distinction from magicians
Professional mentalists generally do not mix "standard" magic tricks with their mental feats. Doing so associates mentalism too closely with the theatrical trickery employed by stage magicians. Many mentalists claim not to be magicians at all, arguing that it is a different art form altogether. The argument is that mentalism invokes belief and imagination that, when presented properly, may allow the audience to interpret a given effect as "real" or may at least provide enough ambiguity that it is unclear whether it is actually possible to somehow achieve. This lack of certainty about the limits of what is real may lead individuals in an audience to reach different conclusions and beliefs about mentalist performers' claims – be they about their various so-called psychic abilities, photographic memory, being a "human calculator", power of suggestion, NLP, or other skills. In this way, mentalism may play on the senses and a spectator's perception or understanding of reality in a different way than conjuring techniques utilized in stage magic.
Magicians often ask the audience to suspend their disbelief, ignore natural laws, and allow their imagination to play with the various tricks they present. They admit that they are tricksters from the outset, and they know that the audience understands that everything is an illusion. Everyone knows that the magician cannot really achieve the impossible feats shown, such as sawing a person in half and putting them back together without injury, but that level of certainty does not generally exist among the mentalist's audience. Still, other mentalists believe it is unethical to portray their powers as real, adopting the same presentation philosophy as most magicians. These mentalists are honest about their deceptions, with some referring to this as "theatrical mentalism".
However, some magicians do still mix mentally-themed performance with magic illusions. For example, a mind-reading stunt might also involve the magical transposition of two different objects. Such hybrid feats of magic are often called mental magic by performers. Magicians who routinely mix magic with mental magic include David Copperfield, David Blaine, The Amazing Kreskin, and Dynamo.
Notable mentalists
Lior Suchard
The Amazing Kreskin
Uri Geller
Joseph Dunninger
Derren Brown
Katherine Mills
Alexander
Theodore Annemann
Banachek
Keith Barry
Guy Bavli
David Berglas
Paul Brook
Akshay Laxman
Chan Canasta
Bob Cassidy
The Clairvoyants
Colin Cloud
Corinda
Anna Eva Fay
Glenn Falkenstein
Maurice Fogel
Haim Goldenberg
Michael Gutenplan
Wayne Hoffman
Burling Hull
Al Koran
Nina Kulagina
Max Maven
Gerry McCambridge
Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall
Wolf Messing
Alain Nu
Marc Paul
Mentalist Aathi
Richard Osterlind
The Piddingtons
Oz Pearlman
Princess Mysteria
Marc Salem
Joshua Seth
Nakul Shenoy
Neil Tobin
Rob Zabrecky
The Zancigs
Historical figures
Mentalism techniques have, on occasion, been allegedly used outside the entertainment industry to influence the actions of prominent people for personal and/or political gain. Famous examples of accused practitioners include:
Erik Jan Hanussen, alleged to have influenced Adolf Hitler
Grigori Rasputin, alleged to have influenced Tsaritsa Alexandra
Wolf Messing, alleged to have influenced Joseph Stalin
Count Alessandro di Cagliostro, accused of influencing members of the French aristocracy in the Affair of the Diamond Necklace
In Albert Einstein's preface to Upton Sinclair's 1930 book on telepathy, Mental Radio, he supported his friend's endeavor to test the abilities of purported psychics and skeptically suggested: "So if somehow the facts here set forth rest not upon telepathy, but upon some unconscious hypnotic influence from person to person, this also would be of high psychological interest." As such, Einstein here alluded to techniques of modern mentalism.
See also
Cold reading
Memory sport
Mnemonist
Scientific skepticism
Thirteen Steps To Mentalism
The Mentalist
Muscle memory
References
Further reading
H. J. Burlingame. (1891). Mind-Readers and Their Tricks. In Leaves from Conjurers' Scrap books: Or, Modern Magicians and Their Works. Chicago: Donohue, Henneberry & Co. pp. 108–127
Derren Brown (2007). Tricks of the Mind. Transworld Press. United Kingdom.
Steve Drury (2016). Beyond Knowledge. Drury.
Max Maven (1992). Max Maven's Book of Fortunetelling. Prentice Hall General; 1st edition.
William V. Rauscher. (2002). Mind Readers: Masters of Deception. Mystic Light Press.
Barry H. Wiley. (2012). The Thought Reader Craze: Victorian Science at the Enchanted Boundary. McFarland.
Magic (illusion)
Performance art
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%20of%20Clamart
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Canton of Clamart
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Canton of Clamart
The canton of Clamart is a French administrative division, located in the arrondissement of Antony, in the Hauts-de-Seine département (Île-de-France région). Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Clamart.
Composition
The canton consists of the following communes:
Clamart
Vanves
Adjacent cantons
Canton of Montrouge (northeast)
Canton of Issy-les-Moulineaux (northwest)
Canton of Châtillon (east)
Canton of Meudon (west)
Canton of Châtenay-Malabry (southeast)
See also
Cantons of the Hauts-de-Seine department
Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department
References
Clamart
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837939
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C-%D0%B4%D0%B5-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD
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Валь-де-Рулан
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Валь-де-Рулан — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Бургундія-Франш-Конте, департамент Ду. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 340 км на південний схід від Парижа, 23 км на північний схід від Безансона.
Історія
У 1956-2015 роках муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Франш-Конте. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Бургундія-Франш-Конте.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Ду
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Ду
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61274270
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Torrance
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Katherine Torrance
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Katherine Torrance (born 10 October 1998) is a British diver.
Torrance was born in Croydon. Her senior European debut came in 2016. Later that year, she won two gold medals and one bronze medal at the World Junior Championship competition. She competed in the women's 1 metre springboard event at the 2019 World Aquatics Championships.
She competed in the 2018 Commonwealth Games where she won a silver medal in the synchronized 3 metre springboard event alongside Alicia Blagg.
She finished sixth in the women's synchronized 3 metre springboard event alongside Grace Reid in the 2020 Summer Olympics.
References
External links
1998 births
Living people
British female divers
Place of birth missing (living people)
Olympic divers for Great Britain
Divers at the 2020 Summer Olympics
European Games medalists in diving
European Games gold medalists for Great Britain
Divers at the 2015 European Games
Commonwealth Games medallists in diving
Commonwealth Games silver medallists for England
Divers at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
Medallists at the 2018 Commonwealth Games
People from Croydon
Sportspeople from the London Borough of Croydon
Divers from London
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47822365
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%20Lyopka
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Roman Lyopka
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Roman Lyopka
Roman Yuriyovych Lyopka (born 26 January 1997) is a Ukrainian professional football goalkeeper who plays for Nyva Buzova.
Career
Lyopka is a product of UOR Simferopol Youth Sportive School System.
He made his debut for FC Zirka in the game against FC Poltava on 15 November 2014 in the Ukrainian First League.
References
External links
1997 births
Living people
People from Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast
Ukrainian men's footballers
FC Zirka Kropyvnytskyi players
FC Nyva Vinnytsia players
FC Inhulets Petrove players
FC Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih players
FC Karpaty Lviv players
Men's association football goalkeepers
Ukrainian Premier League players
Ukrainian First League players
Ukrainian Second League players
Footballers from Mykolaiv Oblast
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505852
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C
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Подразливість
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Подразливість — здатність організму реагувати на дію подразника (стимулу). Подразниками для тварин можуть бути світло, механічні впливи, температура, сольовий склад води, їжа, вологість, звуки, хімічні речовини та ін. Термін використовується як для позначення фізіологічної реакції на подразники, так і для патологічної, аномальної або надмірної чутливості до подразників.
Див. також
Збудження
Рефлекс (біологія)
Таксис
Примітки
Література
Талієв В. І., Єдність життя. (Рослина як тварина), М., 1925 р
Дарвін Ч., Здатність до руху у рослин, Соч., Т. 8, М. — Л., 1941 р
Гунар І. І., Проблема дратує рослин і подальший розвиток фізіології рослин, «Вісті Тімірязевськой сільськогосподарської академії», 1953 рік, ст. 2
Бос Дж. Ч., Вибрані твори по дратує рослин, [т.] 1-2, М., 1964 року
Леопольд А., Зростання і розвиток рослин, пер. з англ., М., 1968 р
Коган А. Б., Електрофізіологія, М., 1969 р гл. 4
Гунар І. І., Панічкін Л. А., Про передачу електричного збудження у рослин, «Вісті Тімірязевськой сільськогосподарської академії», 1970 р, в. 5
Нобел П., Фізіологія рослинної клітини. (Фізико-хімічний підхід), пров. з англ., М., 1973 р.
Джерела
ПОДРАЗЛИВІСТЬ //Фармацевтична енциклопедія
Біологія людини. Її складові частини.
Науково-педагогічний проект "Інтелект України" І. В. Гавриш, О. В. Єресько, Г. О. Калиновська Біологія 7 клас частина 7
Нейрофізіологія
Фізіологія
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3032910
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/643%20Scheherezade
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643 Scheherezade
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643 Scheherezade is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was named after the fictional storyteller Sheherazad.
References
External links
Lightcurve plot of 643 Scheherezade, Palmer Divide Observatory, B. D. Warner (2005)
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
Cybele asteroids
Scheherezade
Scheherezade
P-type asteroids (Tholen)
19070908
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8718322
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adel%20Taarabt
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Adel Taarabt
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Adel Taarabt (born 24 May 1989) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger for UAE Pro League club Al-Nasr and the Morocco national team.
Taarabt began his playing career in France at Lens before moving to English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur in 2007. Taarabt then moved to Queens Park Rangers on loan in July 2009. He was signed permanently in August 2010 and quickly established himself at Loftus Road. QPR were relegated in 2013 and in the ensuing summer, Taarabt moved to Fulham on loan. After another loan to AC Milan in Italy, Taarabt signed a long-term deal with Primeira Liga club Benfica in 2015, who loaned him out to Italian side Genoa two years later.
Taarabt made his Morocco debut in February 2009, and scored his first international goal the following month. He represented the country at the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations.
Club career
Early career
Taarabt was born in Fez, Morocco. At a young age, his family moved to a small town called Berre-l'Étang, Bouches-du-Rhône, France. He began his career at Lens in 2004, and played 14 matches for RC Lens B in the Championnat de France amateur. He made one first team appearance for Lens during the 2006–07 season.
Tottenham Hotspur
Still at the age of 17, Taarabt signed for Tottenham Hotspur on a long-term loan on 2 January 2007 after the club offered to integrate him quickly into the first team to offer him maximum playing time. Within two months, he made his first senior appearance in a Spurs shirt, entering as an 87th-minute substitute for Pascal Chimbonda against local rivals West Ham United in a 4–3 away victory on 4 March. On 7 April, he made the only other appearance of his loan, in a 1–0 defeat at another local rival, Chelsea; he replaced Teemu Tainio after 64 minutes.
Tottenham signed Taarabt permanently on 8 June. He scored his first goal for Spurs in a pre-season friendly against Stevenage Borough on 7 July. He made his first of six appearances in the 2007–08 season against Derby County in the 4–0 win on 18 August, entering the 71st minute for Wayne Routledge. He won a crucial free kick, scored by Dimitar Berbatov in a 4–3 win at Upton Park sparking wild scenes in the away end.
At the beginning of the 2008–09 season, Taarabt was among a group of players not given a squad number by then manager Juande Ramos, and also banned from the first-team training ground. He was given his old number when Harry Redknapp took over team management, but his only Premier League appearance that season came in a goalless North London derby on 8 February 2009, playing three minutes in place of Aaron Lennon.
Queens Park Rangers
On 13 March 2009, Taarabt joined Championship club Queens Park Rangers on loan until the end of the 2008–09 season. He scored his first goal for QPR in a 2–1 win over Bristol City. His loan spell was cut short after he suffered a knee injury which required surgery.
On 23 July 2009, Taarabt rejoined QPR on a season-long loan for the 2009–10 season. On 1 October, Taarabt scored a "wonder strike" in a match against Preston North End. He collected the ball on his chest inside the QPR half, dribbled 20 yards past three players and curled in a shot from 25 yards.
Tottenham confirmed in October 2009 that Taarabt could stay at QPR for the season providing that a Premier League club did not make a bid for him in the January transfer window. QPR were unable to make the transfer permanent because they could not afford the £4.5 million valuation placed on Taarabt by Spurs.
In March 2010, Taarabt was quoted in an interview as being sorry he had signed for Tottenham, saying, "The big mistake was to sign for Tottenham and not go to another club when I first came over." He stated he wished he had signed for Arsenal instead but had opted for Spurs after Damien Comolli moved from being a scout at Arsenal to director of football at Spurs. He said he felt he would have been given more chances to play at Arsenal and was advised at the time not to sign for Spurs by his friends Armand Traoré and Abou Diaby, who played for Arsenal. Taarabt went on to state his intention to sign for one of the top clubs in Spain: "I hope to be playing for one of the top four in Spain next season – Real Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia or Sevilla. I have contact with good teams and I know that they want me. Now I just have to hope they can agree a deal with Tottenham."
On 5 August 2010, Taarabt signed a three-year contract with QPR for an undisclosed fee.
In January 2011, Taarabt was interviewed by the Evening Standard in which he said, "The man who took me to Tottenham was Damien Comolli. He was at Arsenal then. But, when I was going to go to Arsenal, he moved to Tottenham. He told me: 'Come to Tottenham. We want to do like they do at Arsenal and take the best young players in the world. You're going to have a better chance there.' I believed him. This was a mistake and I regret it. Tottenham tried to do it like Arsenal but it's a different culture. I would have had a better chance at Arsenal. I would progress with Arsène Wenger. He is a legend in France, one of the best managers in the world."
2010–11 season
Taarabt was to make his debut as a full QPR player, as the club signed the Moroccan for a reported £1 million. The contract stipulated that Tottenham would receive 40% of any future transfer profit, in addition to the payments already made. His move was proved to be one of the bargains of the season as Taarabt scored 19 goals in 44 league appearances that season for the West London club. With his unpredictable skill and reputation for never giving the opposition defence an easy 90 minutes, Taarabt went on to win the Championship Player of the Year award and gained a place in the Championship's best XI, which also featured teammate Paddy Kenny.
In March 2011, Taarabt missed two matches when he returned to France for family matters as one of his cousins had been killed. In the return fixture, Morocco manager Erik Gerets opted to drop Taarabt to the substitutes' bench. Taarabt decided to not turn up to the international fixture and vowed to never play for his country again. However, several months later, Taarabt wanted to play for Morocco again, which Gerets reluctantly allowed, but said that if Taarabt acted irrationally again, he would not play for his country while he was in charge.
Some notable moments during the season were against Cardiff City (an away 2–2 draw), where Taarabt picked up a brace, scoring a wonder goal in the process. During the home match against the same opposition, Taarabt scored the winner which took QPR back to the top of the Championship.
2011–12 season
The 2011–12 season marked Taarabt's first real foray into the Premier League, for although having been featured in English football's highest tier as a Tottenham player, he had never made a breakthrough into the Spurs' starting XI. The start of the season held much optimism for both QPR and Taarabt, yet this soon gave way to speculation that he would move away, and his name was associated with the likes of Paris Saint-Germain and Napoli. This was coupled with the arrival of Joey Barton in the August transfer window, who was immediately installed as captain, taking the role from Taarabt.
These factors had the unfortunate effect of unsettling Taarabt and he was unable to recreate his form from the previous season. By early November, he had taken over 20 shots yet scored zero goals. Prior to this, he had often let his temper get the better of him. During the 6–0 loss away to Fulham on 2 October, he was substituted at half-time. His attitude provoked criticism from his teammates, with Joey Barton being particularly vocal. Taraabt was again substituted at half-time for a poor showing in the 3–1 defeat at Tottenham and was subsequently omitted from the side for the matches against Manchester City and Stoke City. During this period, continued speculation linked him with PSG, and Warnock even admitted he would gladly accept an offer for Taraabt if the right one came along. Adel was considered the best Arab player of 2011 for the Argélia Le Buteur newspaper.
Taraabt went on international duty and also had some minor injuries which also saw him left out of the side at this stage. Warnock was highly critical of the player's agents during this period and laid much of the blame for him being unsettled at their feet. He advised him to rethink the advice they had given him and said, "They won't make him better and I think it is a shame. Adel can always make money but he is better than that. I will be sad if he ends up going to make some money because I think he has great ability." Still left out of the side throughout most of November, subsequent injuries to his teammates saw a recall, however, and he was commended for his performance in the 2–0 loss to Manchester United on 18 December. He sustained this level of improved performance against Sunderland and Swansea City. On 31 March, Taarabt scored the first goal in QPR's victory over Arsenal, and was also voted Man of the Match. Taarabt followed up his goal against Arsenal by scoring a long-range free-kick, the winning goal in a victory over his former club Tottenham on 21 April. He was also shown his first red card in English football in the same match for a second bookable offence.
2012–13 season
On 11 July 2012, Taarabt signed a new three-year contract with QPR, keeping him at the club until June 2015. On 1 October 2012, he scored his first goal of the season against West Ham United with a dipping long-range shot after dribbling past two players. He scored his second goal in three matches with an emphatic volley away against West Bromwich Albion on 6 October. On 15 December, he scored both goals in QPR's first victory of the 2012–13 season, a 2–1 win over West London rivals Fulham, the second with a mazy dribble ending with a finish on the outside of his foot. Manager Harry Redknapp praised Taarabt by stating, "It was one of the all-time great performances, I felt." On 2 January 2013, in QPR's second win of the season, a 1–0 away victory over rivals Chelsea, Taarabt was played in an unfamiliar striker position, gaining the Man of the Match award and assisting the only goal, described as "Pelé-esque".
Fulham (loan)
Taarabt joined Premier League side Fulham on a season-long loan on 7 August 2013. He made his Fulham debut in an away match against Sunderland, where he played the full 90 minutes. He scored his first goal for the club against Burton Albion in the League Cup on 27 August 2013.
AC Milan (loan)
On 30 January 2014, Taarabt signed for AC Milan until the end of the season, demonstrating the Rossoneris renewed ambition on the transfer market. He scored his first goal for Milan eight minutes into his debut, against Napoli, having tackled the ball in his own half and dribbling halfway across the pitch to score from outside the box in a 3–1 loss. On 19 February, he made his debut in the UEFA Champions League, in the first leg of the round of 16 in a 1–0 loss at the San Siro against Atlético Madrid.
Return to QPR
In the 2014 summer season, Taarabt returned from his loan spells back to QPR, but after starting in the League Cup match against Burton Albion on 27 August, only came on as a substitute in the away match against West Ham. Responding to a journalist's question, QPR manager Harry Redknapp stated after his team's home defeat against Liverpool, "Taarabt is not injured. He's not fit. He's not fit to play football unfortunately. He played in a reserve game the other day and I could have run about more than he did. I can't pick him." Taarabt responded that Redknapp was "making excuses because QPR are losing games", adding, "[M]aybe he expects me to make more tackles. I am not this type of player."
Benfica
On 12 June 2015, Taarabt signed a five-year contract with Portuguese champions Benfica on €4 million transfer fee. On 10 January 2017, he joined Italian club Genoa on a loan deal until June 2018.
After seven months with Benfica's reserve team, Taarabt returned to the first-team in February 2019, making his debut on 30 March 2019 as a 71st-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win over Tondela in Primeira Liga.
During the 2019–20 season, Taarabt established himself as a regular starter for Benfica in an unfamiliar defensive midfield position. On 1 September 2022, Benfica announced the termination of his contract.
Al-Nasr SC
On 25 September 2022, Taarabt joined Emirati club Al-Nasr SC.
International career
Taarabt represented France at under-16, under-17 and under-18 levels, but opted to play for Morocco at senior level, saying, "I felt the time was right when I was given this opportunity". On 11 February 2009, he played his first international match with Morocco in a friendly against Czech Republic in Casablanca. He also made an appearance on 29 March during Morocco's 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifier 2–1 defeat against Gabon.
Taarabt scored his first international goal on his first start on 31 March 2009 in a friendly 2–0 victory over Angola. On 6 September 2009, he scored his first goal in a competitive international match against Togo in the 2010 World Cup qualification after he broke through the opposing defence in stoppage time.
On 3 June 2011, Taarabt decided to end his international career the day after being dropped to the bench for an Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against Algeria. He reneged on that decision, returning on 9 October 2011 for their last qualifier against Tanzania. Taarabt scored a free-kick that would end up being the winning goal and sealing Morocco's qualification. He made two substitute appearances in a group stage exit.
Taarabt was omitted from Morocco's squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations by head coach Rachid Taoussi.
After five years without making an international appearance, Taarabt was recalled to the national squad in September 2019. He made his return as a substitute in a friendly match against Burkina Faso on 6 September. Four days later, he was selected to start against Niger and assisted the only goal of the match for midfield partner Walid El Karti.
Personal life
Taarabt is a Muslim and stated in an interview in June 2010 that this religion has had a significant impact on his life as a footballer:
"Being a Muslim has had a big impact on my professional life. As Muslims, we don't drink alcohol, we don't smoke, so essentially we've become healthier, more professional footballers because of our lifestyle. Before every game, I perform salat. Without it, I just don't feel confident. I make sure I pray after a match, too – to give thanks and be grateful for the stamina and strength God graced me with."
Taarabt credits his parents with keeping his religion in his life, and his father for encouraging him to play professional football.
Career statistics
Club
International
HonoursTottenham HotspurFootball League Cup: 2007–08; runner-up: 2008–09Queens Park RangersFootball League Championship: 2010–11BenficaPrimeira Liga: 2018–19
Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2019Individual'
PFA Team of the Year: 2010–11 Championship
Football League Championship Player of the Month: August 2010
Football League Player of the Year: 2010–11
Football League top assist provider: 2010–11
UAE President's Cup Top scorer: 2023–24
References
External links
1989 births
Living people
Footballers from Bouches-du-Rhône
Footballers from Fez, Morocco
Moroccan men's footballers
Morocco men's international footballers
Naturalized citizens of France
French men's footballers
France men's youth international footballers
Men's association football midfielders
Men's association football wingers
RC Lens players
Tottenham Hotspur F.C. players
Queens Park Rangers F.C. players
Fulham F.C. players
AC Milan players
S.L. Benfica B players
S.L. Benfica footballers
Genoa CFC players
Al-Nasr SC (Dubai) players
Ligue 1 players
Premier League players
English Football League players
Liga Portugal 2 players
Serie A players
Primeira Liga players
UAE Pro League players
2012 Africa Cup of Nations players
Moroccan expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in England
Expatriate men's footballers in Italy
Expatriate men's footballers in Portugal
Expatriate men's footballers in the United Arab Emirates
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in England
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in Italy
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in Portugal
Moroccan expatriate sportspeople in the United Arab Emirates
French sportspeople of Moroccan descent
Moroccan Muslims
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%20Armenian%20presidential%20election
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2008 Armenian presidential election
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2008 Armenian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Armenia on 19 February 2008. Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan was elected in the first round according to official results, but this was disputed by former President Levon Ter-Petrosyan, who was officially placed second.
The candidacy of Sargsyan was backed by incumbent President of Armenia Robert Kocharyan, who was ineligible to stand for a third consecutive term. Other candidates included Vahan Hovhannisyan, the Vice President of the National Assembly, representing the Armenian Revolutionary Federation. The largest opposition party, Orinats Yerkir (Rule of Law), nominated former parliamentary speaker Artur Baghdasarian as its candidate.
Candidates
By the registration deadline of 6 December 2007, nine candidates had registered:
Artur Baghdasarian from Rule of Law
Artashes Geghamyan from the National Unity
Aram Harutyunyan from the National Conciliation Party
Vahan Hovhannisyan from the Armenian Revolutionary Federation
Tigran Karapetyan from the People's Party
Vazgen Manukyan from the National Democratic Union
Arman Melikyan
Serzh Sargsyan from the Republican Party of Armenia
Levon Ter-Petrosyan
Raffi Hovannisian from Heritage and Aram Karapetyan from New Times also tried to register, but were refused the 10 year certificates of residency in Armenia by the Armenian Police Department. Prosperous Armenia's Gagik Tsarukian, a business oligarch, whose party had the second largest faction in parliament endorsed Serzh Sargsyan.
Ter-Petrosyan officially announced his candidacy in a speech in Yerevan on 26 October 2007. He accused Kocharyan of running "an institutionalized mafia-style regime" that was responsible for massive corruption involving the theft of "at least three to four billion dollars" over the previous five years. He was also critical of the government's claims of strong economic growth and argued that Kocharyan and Sargsyan had come to accept a solution to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict that was effectively the same solution that he had proposed ten years earlier, although they had strongly opposed that proposal at the time.
Campaign and election
The electoral campaign began on 21 January 2008. At the opening of campaigning, Ter-Petrosyan fiercely denounced Sargsyan and Kocharyan, accusing them of "thieving and anti-popular" rule, and said that he was certain of victory, while acknowledging "disappointments" and "harsh criticisms" regarding his earlier presidency during the 1990s. For his part, Baghdasarian released a 32-page manifesto for his campaign, vowing to "eliminate corruption and embezzlement" and to provide "equality before law" and "a drastic rise in the living standards of the people". Hovhannisyan, meanwhile, was a candidate despite the participation of his party, the Armenian Revolutionary Federation, in the governing coalition; his campaign promises included the break-up of monopolies, the promotion of economic development, and anti-corruption measures. Geghamyan, the National Unity Party's candidate, devoted the opening of his campaign to denouncing Ter-Petrosyan and accused others in the opposition of smearing him. Some members of the opposition suggested that Geghamyan was working for the government in an effort to undermine Ter-Petrosyan.
Ter-Petrosyan criticized Baghdasarian for running his own campaign instead of rallying behind Ter-Petrosyan's candidacy, calling him a "traitor" and saying that he was effectively supporting Sargsyan. After Baghdasarian rebuffed Ter-Petrosyan's ultimatum, a pro-Ter-Petrosyan newspaper, Haykakan Zhamanak, insinuated that Baghdasarian was a "sexual deviant."
Aside from his own Republican Party, Sargysan was endorsed by Prosperous Armenia.
It was considered very likely that Sargsyan would finish in the first place in the first round, with either former president Ter-Petrosyan or Baghdasarian, who ran on a pro-EU and pro-NATO platform, in second place. First results and reports from OSCE election observers were expected on 20 February 2008, and the final result was to be announced within seven days.
According to exit polls, Sargsyan won the election in the first round with 57%, with Ter-Petrosyan coming in second with 17%. The opposition parties have stated that they consider the election result fraudulent. Ter-Petrosyan, claiming victory, accused the government of rigging the election and called for a rally in Yerevan on 20 February that would protest the official results and celebrate his claimed victory. OSCE and Western monitors said that the election was largely free and fair. However, the report from the OSCE-led observers also described vote counting as "bad or very bad" in 15% of the observed polling stations, and Edgar Vazquez of the United States Department of State said that the U.S. was "concerned" about this.
On 20 February, results from all 1,923 polling stations showed Sargsyan with 52.86% of the vote (863,544 votes). Ter-Petrosyan was placed second with 21.5% (351,306 votes) and Baghdassaryan was placed third with 16.67% (272,256 votes). Hovannisyan placed fourth with 6.2% and Manukyan placed fifth with 1.5%; the other candidates received less than 1% of the vote. Voter turnout was placed at about 70%.
Sargysan thanked the people for giving him "overwhelming support" and said that he would be "the president of all Armenians". A spokesman for Sargysan's Republican Party claimed that the election was the most democratic ever held in Armenia; while he acknowledged flaws in the election, he said that they did not affect the outcome.
The opposition requested dozens of recounts. In one of them, on 21 February, in a central Yerevan precinct showed that Sargsyan had won 395 votes there, rather than the 709 with which he had been credited in the initial count; votes had been taken from other candidates and added to Sargsyan's score. A criminal case was opened by state prosecutors regarding this possible fraud, and the chairman of the precinct commission was arrested. Recounts in over 30 other precincts showed results similar to the initial counts. Sargysan told police to investigate alleged electoral violations on 22 February.
Final results, released by the Central Electoral Commission on 24 February, confirmed Sargysan's victory, crediting him with 52.82% of the vote (862,369 votes); Ter-Petrosyan received 21.5% (351,222 votes) and Baghdasarian was said to have won 17.7% (272,427 votes).
A post-election poll conducted by the British Populus Opinion Polling Center between 21 and 24 February confirmed the Central Electoral Commission's results giving Sargsyan 53%, Ter-Petrosyan 20%, and Baghdasaryan 13% of the vote.
Sargysan was inaugurated as the third President of Armenia on 9 April 2008.
Results
International reactions
Both the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the European Union have commended the conduct of the election and stated that they regard the result as broadly democratic. The European Commission said: "The European Union congratulates the Armenian people for the conduct of a competitive presidential election in Armenia. The European Union notes the statement of preliminary findings and conclusions of the International Election Observation Mission which concluded that the presidential election in Armenia, an important test for democracy in this country, was conducted mostly in line with OSCE and Council of Europe commitments and standards. The European Union welcomes the genuine efforts that were made to address the shortcomings in previous elections. However, the EU also notes that the report raised concerns about the electoral process and that further improvements are necessary to address the remaining challenges. It notes in particular that, according to ODIHR, improvements and additional political will are necessary to tackle concerns such as the lack of public confidence in the electoral process, the absence of clear separation between state and party functions and ensuring equal treatment of candidates. The European Union looks forward to the final results of the presidential election and calls on the competent authorities to ensure that complaints are adequately investigated and shortcomings addressed."
A spokesman for the United States Department of State said: "We congratulate the people of Armenia on the active and competitive presidential election of 19 February and note the preliminary assessment of the OSCE’s Office of Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and Parliamentary Assembly that the election was "mostly in line with OSCE and Council of Europe commitments and standards for democratic elections. At the same time, we also note that international monitors identified significant problems with electoral procedures. Armenian election authorities have responded with the positive step of recounts in a number of jurisdictions. We urge the Government of Armenia to ensure these recounts are conducted comprehensively and transparently, investigate all allegations of irregularities, and implement steps to improve future elections. We also urge all political forces to continue observing the rule of law and to work peacefully and responsibly for a democratic Armenia."
Protests
Following the election result, opposition protests began in Yerevan's Freedom Square, in front of the Opera House. On 1 March the demonstrators were violently dispersed by police and military forces, killing at least 10 people and President Robert Kocharyan declared a 20-day state of emergency. This was followed by mass arrests and purges of prominent members of the opposition, as well as a de facto ban on any further anti-government protests.
References
External links
Armenia: Vote 2008 Eurasianet
Presidential elections in Armenia
Armenia
Armenia
Presidential election
February 2008 events in Europe
2000s in Armenian politics
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100A8
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S100A8
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S100A8 – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на короткому плечі 1-ї хромосоми. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 93 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 10 835.
Кодований геном білок за функцією належить до антимікробних білків.
Задіяний у таких біологічних процесах як апоптоз, імунітет, вроджений імунітет, запальна відповідь, хемотаксис, автофагія.
Білок має сайт для зв'язування з іонами металів, іоном цинку, іоном кальцію.
Локалізований у клітинній мембрані, цитоплазмі, цитоскелеті, мембрані.
Також секретований назовні.
Література
Примітки
Див. також
Хромосома 1
Некатегоризовані білки
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8582
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deism
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Deism
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Deism (or ; derived from the Latin term deus, meaning "god") is the philosophical position and rationalistic theology that generally rejects revelation as a source of divine knowledge and asserts that empirical reason and observation of the natural world are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a Supreme Being as the creator of the universe. More simply stated, Deism is the belief in the existence of God (often, but not necessarily, a God who does not intervene in the universe after creating it), solely based on rational thought without any reliance on revealed religions or religious authority. Deism emphasizes the concept of natural theology—that is, God's existence is revealed through nature.
Since the 17th century and during the Age of Enlightenment, especially in 18th-century England, France, and North America, various Western philosophers and theologians formulated a critical rejection of the several religious texts belonging to the many organized religions, and began to appeal only to truths that they felt could be established by reason as the exclusive source of divine knowledge. Such philosophers and theologians were called "Deists", and the philosophical/theological position they advocated is called "Deism".
Deism as a distinct philosophical and intellectual movement declined toward the end of the 18th century but had a revival in the early 19th century. Some of its tenets continued as part of other intellectual and spiritual movements, like Unitarianism, and Deism continues to have advocates today, including with modern variants such as Christian deism and pandeism.
Early developments
Ancient history
Deistical thinking has existed since ancient times; the roots of Deism can be traced back to the philosophical tradition of Ancient Greece. The 3rd-century Christian theologian and philosopher Clement of Alexandria explicitly mentioned persons who believed that God was not involved in human affairs, and therefore led what he considered a licentious life. However, Deism did not develop as a religio-philosophical movement until after the Scientific Revolution, which began in the mid-16th century in early modern Europe.
Divinity schools in Islamic theology
In the history of Islam, one of the earliest systematic schools of Islamic theology to develop were the Muʿtazila in the mid-8th century CE. Muʿtazilite theologians emphasized the use of reason and rational thought, positing that the injunctions of God are accessible through rational thought and inquiry, and affirmed that the Quran was created (makhlūq) rather than co-eternal with God, which would develop into one of the most contentious questions in the history of Islamic theology.
In the 9th–10th century CE, the Ashʿarī school developed as a response to the Muʿtazila, founded by the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. Ashʿarītes still taught the use of reason in understanding the Quran, but denied the possibility to deduce moral truths by reasoning. This position was opposed by the Māturīdī school; according to its founder, the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, human reason is supposed to acknowledge the existence of a creator deity (bāriʾ) solely based on rational thought and independently from divine revelation. He shared this conviction with his teacher and predecessor Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān (8th century CE), whereas al-Ashʿarī never held such a view.
According to the Afghan-American philosopher Sayed Hassan Hussaini, the early schools of Islamic theology and theological beliefs among classical Muslim philosophers are characterized by "a rich color of Deism with a slight disposition toward theism".
Origins of Deism
The terms deism and theism are both derived from words meaning "god": the Latin term deus and the Ancient Greek term theós (θεός). The word déiste first appeared in French in 1563 in a theological treatise written by the Swiss Calvinist theologian named Pierre Viret, but Deism was generally unknown in the Kingdom of France until the 1690s when Pierre Bayle published his famous Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, which contained an article on Viret.
In English, the words deist and theist were originally synonymous, but by the 17th century the terms started to diverge in meaning. The term deist with its current meaning first appears in English in Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621).
Herbert of Cherbury and early English Deism
The first major statement of Deism in English is Lord Herbert of Cherbury's book De Veritate (1624). Lord Herbert, like his contemporary Descartes, searched for the foundations of knowledge. The first two-thirds of his book De Veritate (On Truth, as It Is Distinguished from Revelation, the Probable, the Possible, and the False) are devoted to an exposition of Herbert's theory of knowledge. Herbert distinguished truths from experience and reasoning about experience from innate and revealed truths. Innate truths are imprinted on our minds, as evidenced by their universal acceptance. Herbert referred to universally accepted truths as notitiae communes—Common Notions. Herbert believed there were five Common Notions that unify all religious beliefs.
There is one Supreme God.
God ought to be worshipped.
Virtue and piety are the main parts of divine worship.
We ought to be remorseful for our sins and repent.
Divine goodness dispenses rewards and punishments, both in this life and after it.
Herbert himself had relatively few followers, and it was not until the 1680s that Herbert found a true successor in Charles Blount (1654 – 1693).
The peak of Deism (1696–1801)
The appearance of John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) marks an important turning-point and new phase in the history of English Deism. Lord Herbert's epistemology was based on the idea of "common notions" (or innate ideas). Locke's Essay was an attack on the foundation of innate ideas. After Locke, deists could no longer appeal to innate ideas as Herbert had done. Instead, deists were forced to turn to arguments based on experience and nature. Under the influence of Newton, they turned to the argument from design as the principal argument for the existence of God.
Peter Gay identifies John Toland's Christianity Not Mysterious (1696), and the "vehement response" it provoked, as the beginning of post-Lockian Deism. Among the notable figures, Gay describes Toland and Matthew Tindal as the best known; however, Gay considered them to be talented publicists rather than philosophers or scholars. He regards Conyers Middleton and Anthony Collins as contributing more to the substance of debate, in contrast with fringe writers such as Thomas Chubb and Thomas Woolston.
Other English Deists prominent during the period include William Wollaston, Charles Blount, Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke, and, in the latter part, Peter Annet, Thomas Chubb, and Thomas Morgan. Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury was also influential; though not presenting himself as a Deist, he shared many of the deists' key attitudes and is now usually regarded as a Deist.
Especially noteworthy is Matthew Tindal's Christianity as Old as the Creation (1730), which became, very soon after its publication, the focal center of the Deist controversy. Because almost every argument, quotation, and issue raised for decades can be found here, the work is often termed "the Deist's Bible". Following Locke's successful attack on innate ideas, Tindal's "Bible" redefined the foundation of Deist epistemology as knowledge based on experience or human reason. This effectively widened the gap between traditional Christians and what he called "Christian Deists", since this new foundation required that "revealed" truth be validated through human reason.
Enlightenment Deism
Aspects of Deism in Enlightenment philosophy
Enlightenment Deism consisted of two philosophical assertions: (1) reason, along with features of the natural world, is a valid source of religious knowledge, and (2) revelation is not a valid source of religious knowledge. Different Deist philosophers expanded on these two assertions to create what Leslie Stephen later termed the "constructive" and "critical" aspects of Deism. "Constructive" assertions—assertions that deist writers felt were justified by appeals to reason and features of the natural world (or perhaps were intuitively obvious or common notions)—included:
God exists and created the universe.
God gave humans the ability to reason.
"Critical" assertions—assertions that followed from the denial of revelation as a valid source of religious knowledge—were much more numerous, and included:
Rejection of all books (including the Quran and the Bible) that claimed to contain divine revelation.
Rejection of the incomprehensible notion of the Trinity and other religious "mysteries".
Rejection of reports of miracles, prophecies, etc.
The origins of religion
A central premise of Deism was that the religions of their day were corruptions of an original religion that was pure, natural, simple, and rational. Humanity lost this original religion when it was subsequently corrupted by priests who manipulated it for personal gain and for the class interests of the priesthood, and encrusted it with superstitions and "mysteries"—irrational theological doctrines. Deists referred to this manipulation of religious doctrine as "priestcraft", a derogatory term. For deists, this corruption of natural religion was designed to keep laypeople baffled by "mysteries" and dependent on the priesthood for information about the requirements for salvation. This gave the priesthood a great deal of power, which the Deists believed the priesthood worked to maintain and increase. Deists saw it as their mission to strip away "priestcraft" and "mysteries". Tindal, perhaps the most prominent deist writer, claimed that this was the proper, original role of the Christian Church.
One implication of this premise was that current-day primitive societies, or societies that existed in the distant past, should have religious beliefs less infused with superstitions and closer to those of natural theology. This position became less and less plausible as thinkers such as David Hume began studying the natural history of religion and suggested that the origins of religion was not in reason but in emotions, such as the fear of the unknown.
Immortality of the soul
Different Deists had different beliefs about the immortality of the soul, about the existence of Hell and damnation to punish the wicked, and the existence of Heaven to reward the virtuous. Anthony Collins, Bolingbroke, Thomas Chubb, and Peter Annet were materialists and either denied or doubted the immortality of the soul. Benjamin Franklin believed in reincarnation or resurrection. Lord Herbert of Cherbury and William Wollaston held that souls exist, survive death, and in the afterlife are rewarded or punished by God for their behavior in life. Thomas Paine believed in the "probability" of the immortality of the soul.
Miracles and divine providence
The most natural position for Deists was to reject all forms of supernaturalism, including the miracle stories in the Bible. The problem was that the rejection of miracles also seemed to entail the rejection of divine providence (that is, God taking a hand in human affairs), something that many Deists were inclined to accept. Those who believed in a watch-maker God rejected the possibility of miracles and divine providence. They believed that God, after establishing natural laws and setting the cosmos in motion, stepped away. He did not need to keep tinkering with his creation, and the suggestion that he did was insulting. Others, however, firmly believed in divine providence, and so, were reluctantly forced to accept at least the possibility of miracles. God was, after all, all-powerful and could do whatever he wanted including temporarily suspending his own natural laws.
Freedom and necessity
Enlightenment philosophers under the influence of Newtonian science tended to view the universe as a vast machine, created and set in motion by a creator being that continues to operate according to natural law without any divine intervention. This view naturally led to what was then called "necessitarianism" (the modern term is "determinism"): the view that everything in the universe—including human behavior—is completely, causally determined by antecedent circumstances and natural law. (See, for example, La Mettrie's L'Homme machine.) As a consequence, debates about freedom versus "necessity" were a regular feature of Enlightenment religious and philosophical discussions. Reflecting the intellectual climate of the time, there were differences among Deists about freedom and determinism. Some, such as Anthony Collins, were actually necessitarians.
David Hume
Views differ on whether David Hume was a Deist, an atheist, or something else. Like the Deists, Hume rejected revelation, and his famous essay On Miracles provided a powerful argument against belief in miracles. On the other hand, he did not believe that an appeal to Reason could provide any justification for religion. In the essay Natural History of Religion (1757), he contended that polytheism, not monotheism, was "the first and most ancient religion of mankind" and that the psychological basis of religion is not reason, but fear of the unknown. In Waring's words:
Deism in the United States
The Thirteen Colonies of North America – which became the United States of America after the American Revolution in 1776 – were part of the British Empire, and Americans, as British subjects, were influenced by and participated in the intellectual life of the Kingdom of Great Britain. English Deism was an important influence on the thinking of Thomas Jefferson and the principles of religious freedom asserted in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Other Founding Fathers who were influenced to various degrees by Deism were Ethan Allen, Benjamin Franklin, Cornelius Harnett, Gouverneur Morris, Hugh Williamson, James Madison, and possibly Alexander Hamilton.
In the United States, there is a great deal of controversy over whether the Founding Fathers were Christians, Deists, or something in between. Particularly heated is the debate over the beliefs of Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington.
In his Autobiography, Franklin wrote that as a young man "Some books against Deism fell into my hands; they were said to be the substance of sermons preached at Boyle's lectures. It happened that they wrought an effect on me quite contrary to what was intended by them; for the arguments of the Deists, which were quoted to be refuted, appeared to me much stronger than the refutations; in short, I soon became a thorough Deist." Like some other Deists, Franklin believed that, "The Deity sometimes interferes by his particular Providence, and sets aside the Events which would otherwise have been produc'd in the Course of Nature, or by the Free Agency of Man," and at the Constitutional Convention stated that "the longer I live, the more convincing proofs I see of this truth—that God governs in the affairs of men."
Thomas Jefferson is perhaps the Founding Father who most clearly exhibits Deistic tendencies, although he generally referred to himself as a Unitarian rather than a Deist. His excerpts of the canonical gospels (now commonly known as the Jefferson Bible) strip all supernatural and dogmatic references from the narrative on Jesus' life. Like Franklin, Jefferson believed in God's continuing activity in human affairs.
Thomas Paine is especially noteworthy both for his contributions to the cause of the American Revolution and for his writings in defense of Deism, alongside the criticism of Abrahamic religions. In The Age of Reason (1793–1794) and other writings, he advocated Deism, promoted reason and freethought, and argued against institutionalized religions in general and the Christian doctrine in particular. The Age of Reason was short, readable, and probably the only Deistic treatise that continues to be read and influential today.
The last contributor to American Deism was Elihu Palmer (1764–1806), who wrote the "Bible of American Deism", Principles of Nature, in 1801. Palmer is noteworthy for attempting to bring some organization to Deism by founding the "Deistical Society of New York" and other Deistic societies from Maine to Georgia.
Deism in France and continental Europe
France had its own tradition of religious skepticism and natural theology in the works of Montaigne, Pierre Bayle, and Montesquieu. The most famous of the French Deists was Voltaire, who was exposed to Newtonian science and English Deism during his two-year period of exile in England (1726–1728). When he returned to France, he brought both back with him, and exposed the French reading public (i.e., the aristocracy) to them, in a number of books.
French Deists also included Maximilien Robespierre and Rousseau. During the French Revolution (1789–1799), the Deistic Cult of the Supreme Being—a direct expression of Robespierre's theological views—was established briefly (just under three months) as the new state religion of France, replacing the deposed Catholic Church and the rival atheistic Cult of Reason.
There were over five hundred French Revolutionaries who were deists. These deists do not fit the stereotype of deists because they believed in miracles and often prayed to God. In fact, over seventy of them thought that God miraculously helped the French Revolution win victories over their enemies. Furthermore, over a hundred French Revolutionary deists also wrote prayers and hymns to God. Citizen Devillere was one of the many French Revolutionary deists who believed God did miracles. Devillere said, "God, who conducts our destiny, deigned to concern himself with our dangers. He commanded the spirit of victory to direct the hand of the faithful French, and in a few hours the aristocrats received the attack which we prepared, the wicked ones were destroyed and liberty was avenged."
Deism in Germany is not well documented. We know from correspondence with Voltaire that Frederick the Great was a Deist. Immanuel Kant's identification with Deism is controversial.
Decline of Enlightenment Deism
Peter Gay describes Enlightenment Deism as entering slow decline as a recognizable movement in the 1730s. A number of reasons have been suggested for this decline, including:
The increasing influence of naturalism and materialism.
The writings of David Hume and Immanuel Kant raising questions about the ability of reason to address metaphysical questions.
The violence of the French Revolution.
Christian revivalist movements, such as Pietism and Methodism (which emphasized a personal relationship with God), along with the rise of anti-rationalist and counter-Enlightenment philosophies such as that of Johann Georg Hamann.
Although Deism has declined in popularity over time, scholars believe that these ideas still have a lingering influence on modern society. One of the major activities of the Deists, biblical criticism, evolved into its own highly technical discipline. Deist rejection of revealed religion evolved into, and contributed to, 19th-century liberal British theology and the rise of Unitarianism.
Contemporary Deism
Contemporary Deism attempts to integrate classical Deism with modern philosophy and the current state of scientific knowledge. This attempt has produced a wide variety of personal beliefs under the broad classification of belief of "deism."
There are a number of subcategories of modern Deism, including monodeism (the default, standard concept of deism), pandeism, panendeism, spiritual deism, process deism, Christian deism, polydeism, scientific deism, and humanistic deism. Some deists see design in nature and purpose in the universe and in their lives. Others see God and the universe in a co-creative process. Some deists view God in classical terms as observing humanity but not directly intervening in our lives, while others see God as a subtle and persuasive spirit who created the world, and then stepped back to observe.
Recent philosophical discussions of Deism
In the 1960s, theologian Charles Hartshorne scrupulously examined and rejected both deism and pandeism (as well as pantheism) in favor of a conception of God whose characteristics included "absolute perfection in some respects, relative perfection in all others" or "AR," writing that this theory "is able consistently to embrace all that is positive in either deism or pandeism," concluding that "panentheistic doctrine contains all of deism and pandeism except their arbitrary negations."
Charles Taylor, in his 2007 book A Secular Age, showed the historical role of Deism, leading to what he calls an "exclusive humanism". This humanism invokes a moral order whose ontic commitment is wholly intra-human with no reference to transcendence. One of the special achievements of such deism-based humanism is that it discloses new, anthropocentric moral sources by which human beings are motivated and empowered to accomplish acts of mutual benefit. This is the province of a buffered, disengaged self, which is the locus of dignity, freedom, and discipline, and is endowed with a sense of human capability. According to Taylor, by the early 19th century this Deism-mediated exclusive humanism developed as an alternative to Christian faith in a personal God and an order of miracles and mystery. Some critics of Deism have accused adherents of facilitating the rise of nihilism.
Deism in Nazi Germany
In Nazi Germany, Gottgläubig (literally: "believing in God") was a Nazi religious term for a form of non-denominationalism practised by those German citizens who had officially left Christian churches but professed faith in some higher power or divine creator. Such people were called Gottgläubige ("believers in God"), and the term for the overall movement was Gottgläubigkeit ("belief in God"); the term denotes someone who still believes in a God, although without having any institutional religious affiliation. These National Socialists were not favourable towards religious institutions of their time, nor did they tolerate atheism of any type within their ranks. The 1943 Philosophical Dictionary defined Gottgläubig as: "official designation for those who profess a specific kind of piety and morality, without being bound to a church denomination, whilst however also rejecting irreligion and godlessness." The Gottgläubigkeit is considered a form of deism, and was "predominantly based on creationist and deistic views".
In the 1920 National Socialist Programme of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), Adolf Hitler first mentioned the phrase "Positive Christianity". The Nazi Party did not wish to tie itself to a particular Christian denomination, but with Christianity in general, and sought freedom of religion for all denominations "so long as they do not endanger its existence or oppose the moral senses of the Germanic race" (point 24). When Hitler and the NSDAP got into power in 1933, they sought to assert state control over the churches, on the one hand through the Reichskonkordat with the Roman Catholic Church, and the forced merger of the German Evangelical Church Confederation into the Protestant Reich Church on the other. This policy seems to have gone relatively well until late 1936, when a "gradual worsening of relations" between the Nazi Party and the churches saw the rise of Kirchenaustritt ("leaving the Church"). Although there was no top-down official directive to revoke church membership, some Nazi Party members started doing so voluntarily and put other members under pressure to follow their example. Those who left the churches were designated as Gottgläubige ("believers in God"), a term officially recognised by the Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick on 26 November 1936. He stressed that the term signified political disassociation from the churches, not an act of religious apostasy. The term "dissident", which some church leavers had used up until then, was associated with being "without belief" (glaubenslos), whilst most of them emphasized that they still believed in a God, and thus required a different word.
A census in May 1939, six years into the Nazi era, and after the annexation of the mostly Catholic Federal State of Austria and mostly Catholic German-occupied Czechoslovakia into German-occupied Europe, indicates that 54% of the population considered itself Protestant, 41% considered itself Catholic, 3.5% self-identified as Gottgläubig, and 1.5% as "atheist".
Deism in Turkey
An early April 2018 report of the Turkish Ministry of Education, titled The Youth is Sliding towards Deism, observed that an increasing number of pupils in İmam Hatip schools was repudiating Islam in favour of Deism (irreligious belief in a creator God). The report's publication generated large-scale controversy in the Turkish press and society at large, as well as amongst conservative Islamic sects, Muslim clerics, and Islamist parties in Turkey.
The progressive Muslim theologian Mustafa Öztürk noted the Deistic trend among Turkish people a year earlier, arguing that the "very archaic, dogmatic notion of religion" held by the majority of those claiming to represent Islam was causing "the new generations [to get] indifferent, even distant, to the Islamic worldview." Despite lacking reliable statistical data, numerous anecdotes and independent surveys appear to point in this direction. Although some commentators claim that the secularization of Turkey is merely a result of Western influence or even an alleged "conspiracy", other commentators, even some pro-government ones, have come to the conclusion that "the real reason for the loss of faith in Islam is not the West but Turkey itself".
Deism in the United States
Though Deism subsided in the United States post-Enlightenment, it never died out entirely. Thomas Edison, for example, was heavily influenced by Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason. Edison defended Paine's "scientific deism", saying, "He has been called an atheist, but atheist he was not. Paine believed in a supreme intelligence, as representing the idea which other men often express by the name of deity." In 1878, Edison joined the Theosophical Society in New Jersey, but according to its founder, Helena Blavatsky, he was not a very active member. In an October 2, 1910, interview in the New York Times Magazine, Edison stated:
Edison was labeled an atheist for those remarks, and although he did not allow himself to be drawn into the controversy publicly, he clarified himself in a private letter:
He also stated, "I do not believe in the God of the theologians; but that there is a Supreme Intelligence I do not doubt."
The 2001 American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS) report estimated that between 1990 and 2001 the number of self-identifying Deists grew from 6,000 to 49,000, representing about 0.02% of the U.S. population at the time. The 2008 ARIS survey found, based on their stated beliefs rather than their religious identification, that 70% of Americans believe in a personal God: roughly 12% are atheists or agnostics, and 12% believe in "a deist or paganistic concept of the Divine as a higher power" rather than a personal God.
The term "ceremonial deism" was coined in 1962 and has been used since 1984 by the Supreme Court of the United States to assess exemptions from the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, thought to be expressions of cultural tradition and not earnest invocations of a deity. It has been noted that the term does not describe any school of thought within Deism itself.
See also
American Enlightenment
Atheism during the Age of Enlightenment
Ceremonial deism
Deism in England and France in the 18th century
Deistic evolution
Great Architect of the Universe
Ietsism
Infinitism
List of deists
Moralistic therapeutic deism
Nicodemite
Non-physical entity
Nontheism
Philosophical theism
Religious affiliations of presidents of the United States
Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory
Spiritual but not religious
Theistic rationalism
Transcendentalism
Unitarian Universalism
References
Notes
Citations
Bibliography
Histories
Betts, C. J. Early Deism in France: From the so-called 'deistes' of Lyon (1564) to Voltaire's 'Lettres philosophiques' (1734) (Martinus Nijhoff, 1984)
Craig, William Lane. The Historical Argument for the Resurrection of Jesus During the Deist Controversy (Edwin Mellen, 1985)
Hazard, Paul. European thought in the eighteenth century from Montesquieu to Lessing (1954). pp 393–434.
Hudson, Wayne. Enlightenment and modernity: The English deists and reform (Routledge, 2015).
Israel, Jonathan I. Enlightenment contested: philosophy, modernity, and the emancipation of man 1670-1752 (Oxford UP, 2006).
Lemay, J. A. Leo, ed.Deism, Masonry, and the Enlightenment. Essays Honoring Alfred Owen Aldridge. (U of Delaware Press, 1987).
Lucci, Diego. Scripture and deism: The biblical criticism of the eighteenth-century British deists (Peter Lang, 2008).
McKee, David Rice. Simon Tyssot de Patot and the Seventeenth-Century Background of Critical Deism (Johns Hopkins Press, 1941)
Orr, John. English Deism: Its Roots and Its Fruits (1934)
Schlereth, Eric R. An Age of Infidels: The Politics of Religious Controversy in the Early United States (U of Pennsylvania Press; 2013) 295 pages; on conflicts between deists and their opponents.
Willey, Basil. The Eighteenth Century Background: Studies on the Idea of Nature in the Thought of the Period (1940)
Yoder, Timothy S. Hume on God: Irony, deism and genuine theism (Bloomsbury, 2008).
Primary sources
Deism: An Anthology by Peter Gay (Van Nostrand, 1968)
Deism and Natural Religion: A Source Book by E. Graham Waring (Frederick Ungar, 1967)
The American Deists: Voices of Reason & Dissent in the Early Republic by Kerry S. Walters (University of Kansas Press, 1992), which includes an extensive bibliographic essay
by Bob Johnson, founder of the World Union of Deists
by Bob Johnson
by Bob Johnson
Secondary sources
Further reading
External links
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%80-%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%28%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%29
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Фейр-Гейвен (Нью-Йорк)
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Фейр-Гейвен (Нью-Йорк)
Фейр-Гейвен — селище в США, в окрузі Каюга штату Нью-Йорк. Населення — 760 осіб (2020).
Географія
Фейр-Гейвен розташований за координатами (43.322040, -76.705181). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році селище мало площу 7,57 км², з яких 4,54 км² — суходіл та 3,02 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало 745 осіб у 337 домогосподарствах у складі 216 родин. Густота населення становила 98 осіб/км². Було 671 помешкання (89/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 1,1 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,7 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 18,3 % — особи молодші 18 років, 59,7 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 22,0 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 49,2 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 94,0 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 90,3 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив доларів США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила долари для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 12,8 % осіб, у тому числі 9,8 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 13,8 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 300 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 25,0 %, виробництво — 17,7 %, роздрібна торгівля — 11,3 %, транспорт — 10,0 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Селища Нью-Йорку
Населені пункти округу Каюга (округ)
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Сен-Тібері
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Сен-Тібері — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Окситанія, департамент Еро. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 620 км на південь від Парижа, 45 км на південний захід від Монпельє.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Лангедок-Русійон. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Окситанія.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 1000 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 2353,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Галерея зображень
Посилання
Сен-Тібері на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Сен-Тібері на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Еро
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Еро
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DCBLD2
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DCBLD2
Discoidin, CUB and LCCL domain-containing protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DCBLD2 gene.
References
Further reading
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Montour, Iowa
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Montour, Iowa
Montour is a city in Tama County, Iowa, United States. The population was 203 at the time of the 2020 census.
History
Montour was originally called Orford. A post office was established as Orford in 1864, and renamed Montour in 1873. The present name is after Montour County, Pennsylvania.
Montour was incorporated as a city in 1870.
Geography
Montour is located at (41.980506, -92.715618).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 249 people, 106 households, and 71 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 116 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 94.4% White, 4.4% Native American, 0.4% from other races, and 0.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.2% of the population.
There were 106 households, of which 25.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.8% were married couples living together, 10.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 33.0% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.86.
The median age in the city was 45.1 years. 21.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.6% were from 25 to 44; 34.8% were from 45 to 64; and 15.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 285 people, 116 households, and 85 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 124 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.49% White, 2.46% Native American, and 1.05% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.35% of the population.
There were 116 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.9% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.80.
24.6% are under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 24.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 108.7 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $40,000, and the median income for a family was $43,500. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $21,979 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,786. About 2.6% of families and 4.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.
Montour is home to several mennonite families.
Education
Montour is located within the South Tama County Community School District.
References
Cities in Iowa
Cities in Tama County, Iowa
Populated places established in 1864
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Walpole (CDP), New Hampshire
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Walpole (CDP), New Hampshire
Walpole is a census-designated place (CDP) and the central village in the town of Walpole in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population of the CDP was 573 at the 2020 census, compared to 3,633 in the entire town.
Geography
The CDP is in the west-center part of the town of Walpole, on the east side of the valley of the Connecticut River. The western edge of the CDP follows New Hampshire Route 12, from the outlet of Mill Pond in the north to an unnamed brook south of South Street in the south. The CDP extends southeast to Prospect Hill Road as far as Watkins Hill Road and Maple Grove Road, while the eastern border of the CDP follows North Road and an unnamed brook back to Mill Pond.
Route 12 leads north to North Walpole, across the Connecticut River from Bellows Falls, Vermont, and to Charlestown, while to the south it leads to Keene. New Hampshire Route 123 leaves Route 12 just west of the town center and leads west across the Connecticut to Westminster, Vermont.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Walpole CDP has a total area of , of which , or 0.86%, are water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2010, there were 605 people, 315 households, and 163 families residing in the CDP. There were 346 housing units, of which 31, or 9.0%, were vacant. The racial makeup of the town was 97.2% White, 0.3% African American, 0.0% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.0% some other race, and 1.7% from two or more races. 1.3% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
Of the 315 households in the CDP, 15.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were headed by married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.3% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 18.4% were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.92, and the average family size was 2.54.
13.1% of people in the CDP were under the age of 18, 6.3% were from 18 to 24, 18.1% were from 25 to 44, 35.6% were from 45 to 64, and 26.9% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 53.0 years. For every 100 females, there were 79.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.1 males.
For the period 2011-15, the estimated median annual income for a household was $46,061, and the median income for a family was $85,278. The per capita income for the CDP was $35,659.
References
Census-designated places in New Hampshire
Census-designated places in Cheshire County, New Hampshire
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45276395
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/How%20to%20Win%20at%20Checkers%20%28Every%20Time%29
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How to Win at Checkers (Every Time)
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How to Win at Checkers (Every Time) (Thai title: พี่ชาย My Hero) is a 2015 internationally co-produced drama film directed by Josh Kim. It was screened in the Panorama section of the 65th Berlin International Film Festival, and was selected as the Thai entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated. The film is based on the short stories "At the Café Lovely" and "Draft Day" by Rattawut Lapcharoensap.
Cast
Toni Rakkaen as Adult Oat
Ingkarat Damrongsakkul as Oat
Thira Chutikul as Ek
Jinn Jinna Navarat as Jai
Natarat Lakha as Kitty
Kowit Wattanakul as Sia
Nuntita Khampiranon as Singer
Michael Shaowanasai as Customer
Anawat Patanawanichkul as Junior
Vatanya Thamdee as Auntie
See also
List of lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender-related films of 2015
List of submissions to the 88th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film
List of Thai submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
References
External links
2015 films
2015 drama films
Thai drama films
American drama films
Thai-language films
Thai LGBT-related films
2015 LGBT-related films
LGBT-related drama films
Thai coming-of-age films
Films based on multiple works
2010s American films
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2496137
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80
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Оптико-механічний голографічний дефлектор
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Оптико-механічний голографічний дефлектор
Оптико-механічний (голографічний ОМГ) дефлектор (англ. Optical-mechanical holographic scanner або Holographic scanner) – пристрій, в якому відхилення оптичного пучка у просторі досягається дифракцією його на дифракційній структурі голограми, що нанесена на підкладку та механічно переміщується по певному закону.
Загальна інформація
З кінця 60-х років минулого сторіччя у зв’язку зі значним поширенням лазерів та засобів голографії були створені оптико-механічні голографічні (ОМГ) дефлектори, в яких відхилення оптичного пучка у просторі досягається дифракцією його на дифракційній структурі голограми, що нанесена на підкладку та механічно переміщується по певному закону. В ОМГ дефлекторах роль дзеркальних барабанів-призм та барабанів-пірамід виконують голограми.
Класифікація оптико-механічних голографічних дефлекторів
За видом взаємодії оптичного пучка та голограми:
пропускаючі ОМГ дефлектори
відбиваючі ОМГ дефлектори
За формою підкладки, що використовується для нанесення голограм:
дискові ОМГ дефлектори (а,b)
циліндричні ОМГ дефлектори (c)
призматичні ОМГ дефлектори (d)
конічні ОМГ дефлектори (e)
За способом просторового поширення оптичного пучка:
однокоординатні ОМГ дефлектори
двохкоординатні ОМГ дефлектори
трьохкоординатні ОМГ дефлектори
Побудова оптико-механічного голографічного дефлектора
ОМГ дефлектор звичайно включає mг голограмм-«граней» у вигляді дифракційних ґраток або зонних пластинок Френеля-Соре. За один оберт підкладки оптичний пучок формує n ліній сканування (розгортки). Основними перевагами ОМГ дефлекторів у порівнянні з традиційними ОМ дефлекторами є: можливість внутрішнього фокусування при використанні зонної пластинки Френеля-Соре; можливість двокоординатного та трьохкоординатного сканування; виконання функції оптичного фільтра; усунення координатних спотворень, нерівномірності лінійної та кутової швидкості сканування оптичного пучка; простота серійного виготовлення, малі габарити та маса.
Наявність хроматичних аберацій в оптичних дифракційних елементах ОМГ дефлекторів потребує ретельного підбору довжини хвилі випромінювання оптичного пучка, що використовується для запису та сканування, й звужує можливість розгортки оптичного пучка у широкому спектральному діапазоні випромінювання. Звичайно використовуються в приладах для сканування лазерного монохроматичного випромінювання.
Див. також
Оптичний дефлектор
Оптико-механічний дефлектор
Магнітоелектричний оптичний дефлектор
П’єзоелектричний оптичний дефлектор
Дефлектор
Література
Ребрин Ю. К. Управление оптическим лучом в пространстве / М.: Сов. Радио. 1977. – 335 с.
Ребрин Ю.К., Сидоров В.И. Голографические устройства управления оптическим лучом. – К.: КВВАИУ, 1986. – 124 с.
Ребрин Ю. К., Сидоров В. И. Оптические дефлекторы. - Киев: Техніка, 1988. - 136 с.
Ребрин Ю. К., Сидоров В. И. Оптико-механические и голографические дефлекторы / Итоги науки и техники. Сер. Радиотехника.- М.:ВИНИТИ, 1992.- 252 с.
Ребрин Ю.К., Сидоров В.И. Пьезоэлектрические многоэлементные устройства управления оптическим лучом. – К.: КВВАИУ, 1987. – 104 с.
Пристрої
Оптичні дефлектори
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430416
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe%20Tornatore
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Giuseppe Tornatore
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Giuseppe Tornatore (born 27 May 1956) is an Italian film director and screenwriter. He is considered one of the directors who brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema. In a career spanning over 30 years he is best known for directing and writing drama films such as Everybody's Fine, The Legend of 1900, Malèna, Baarìa and The Best Offer. His most noted film is Cinema Paradiso, for which Tornatore won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He has also directed several advertising campaigns for Dolce & Gabbana.
Tornatore is also known for his long-standing association with composer Ennio Morricone, who composed music for thirteen Tornatore feature films since 1988.
Life and career
Born in Bagheria, near Palermo, Tornatore developed an interest in acting and the theatre from at least the age of 16 and put on works by Luigi Pirandello and Eduardo De Filippo.
He worked initially as a freelance photographer. Then, switching to cinema, he made his debut with Le minoranze etniche in Sicilia (The Ethnic Minorities in Sicily), a collaborative documentary film which won a Salerno Festival prize. He then worked for RAI before releasing his first full-length film, Il Camorrista, in 1985. This evoked a positive response from audiences and critics alike and Tornatore was awarded the Silver Ribbon for best new director.
In 1988, a collaboration with producer Franco Cristaldi gave birth to Tornatore's best known screen work: Cinema Paradiso, a film narrating the life of a successful film director who has returned to his native town in Sicily for the funeral of his mentor. This obtained worldwide success and won an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Subsequently, Tornatore released several other films. In 2007 he won the Silver George for Best Director at the 29th Moscow International Film Festival for The Unknown Woman.
Personal life
Tornatore describes himself as "one who does not believe and who regrets this". His brother, Francesco Tornatore, is a producer.
Filmography
Written and directed
1986: The Professor (Il camorrista)
1988: Cinema Paradiso (Nuovo Cinema Paradiso)
1990: Everybody's Fine (Stanno tutti bene)
1991: Especially on Sunday (segment "Il cane blu")
1994: A Pure Formality (Una pura formalità)
1995: The Star Maker (L'uomo delle stelle)
1995: Lo schermo a tre punte (documentary)
1996: Ritratti d'autore: seconda serie (documentary)
1998: The Legend of 1900 (La leggenda del pianista sull'oceano)
2000: Malèna
2006: The Unknown Woman (La sconosciuta)
2009: Baarìa
2013: The Best Offer (La migliore offerta)
2016: The Correspondence (La corrispondenza)
2021: Ennio - The Maestro
TBA: Cinema Paradiso - Miniseries
Screenplay only
Cento giorni a Palermo ("One Hundred Days in Palermo"), directed by Giuseppe Ferrara (1984) - Tornatore is credited under the name Peppuccio Tornatore
References
Further reading
Giuseppe Tornatore. Uno sguardo dal set a cura di Ninni Panzera, Silvana Editoriale, Cinisello Balsamo 2007
L'isola di Tornatore a cura di Ninni Panzera, Silvana Editoriale, Cinisello Balsamo 2010
Le Madonie, cinema ad alte quote di Sebastiano Gesù e Elena Russo, con introduzione di Francesco Novara e presentazione di Pasquale Scimeca, Giuseppe Maimone Editore, Catania 1995 (Nuovo Cinema Paradiso and L'Uomo delle Stelle)
External links
1956 births
European Film Awards winners (people)
Best Original Screenplay BAFTA Award winners
Living people
People from Bagheria
Italian atheists
Italian film directors
David di Donatello winners
Nastro d'Argento winners
Ciak d'oro winners
Directors of Best Foreign Language Film Academy Award winners
Filmmakers who won the Best Foreign Language Film BAFTA Award
Film people from Sicily
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B4%20%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9
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Автосамоскид підземний
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Автосамоскид підземний
Підземні автосамоскиди — самоскиди спеціальної конструкції, вантажопідйомність досягає 40 т, розроблені з врахуванням специфічних шахтних умов.
Загальний опис
Одержали широке розповсюдження при великому обсязі транспортних операцій. Ці машини здатні долати затяжні підйоми, надійні і безпечні в роботі, мають порівняно невеликі розміри, просту конструкцію, високу міцність, добру маневреність і значну швидкість руху.
Човничкові автосамоскиди (думпери), у яких поворот сидіння і механізма керування здійснюється на 180° без розвороту всієї машини, можуть використовуватись у вузьких вибоях.
Вибір підземних автосамоскидів обумовлюється поперечними розмірами виробок: якщо площа перерізу мала — застосовують човничкові машини, а якщо велика (12 м² і вище) — машини МАЗ, МоАЗ та ін. Могильовські самоскиди (МоАЗи) випускаються серійно. Їхня вантажопідйомність становить 20 т, максимальна швидкість руху —40 км/год, а на трасах з кутом нахилу 10° — 4-6 км/год.
У підземних умовах автосамоскиди використовуються при проведенні виробок з площею перерізу 12 м² і більше. В останньому випадку застосування автомобілів особливо ефективне, коли виробки зв'язані з поверхнею штольнею, уклон якої не перевищує 0,16, Ці машини, що служать для перевезення різних вантажів і людей, можуть мати особливу малу (до 1 т), малу (1-2 т), середню (2-5 т) і велику (понад 5 т) вантажопідйомність. Вони працюють від карбюраторного, електричного і дизель-електричного приводів. На поверхні найчастіше застосовують великовантажні автосамоскиди.
Вибір типу і кількості автосамоскидів зв'язують з планом і профілем траси, характеристикою дорожнього покриття, розташуванням пунктів навантаження і розвантаження, змінною продуктивністю і особливостями матеріалу, що перевозиться. При великому обсязі гірничої маси і значній довжині транспортування доцільна експлуатація потужних автосамоскидів типу КрАЗ-256Б, БєлАЗ та ін.
Конструкція
Підземний самоскид являє собою одноосьовий тягач 1 із самоскидним напівпричепом 2. Основні вузли машини поєднані подвійним шарніром, який дозволяє виконувати поворот тягача стосовно напівпричепа (тобто забезпечується потрібна маневреність). Рух здійснюється за допомогою карданного вала через коробку передач, яка має чотири швидкості для переміщення вперед і стільки ж — назад. Двигун обладнаний двоступеневою системою очищення вихлопних газів (кристалічний нейтралізатор і рідинна ванна). Кузов напівпричепа перекидається за допомогою двох гідроциліндрів.
Література
Мухопад М. Д. Транспортні машини.—Харків: Вид-во «Основа» при Харк. ун-ті, 1993 — 192 с.
Кар'єрний транспорт
Вантажні автомобілі
Гірничотранспортне обладнання
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74203300
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail%20Nazvanov
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Mikhail Nazvanov
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Mikhail Nazvanov
Mikhail Mikhailovich Nazvanov (12 April 1918 – 13 July 1964) was a Soviet and Russian stage and film actor. Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1949)
Biography
Mikhail Nazvanov was born in Moscow in the wealthy family of a large technologist-technologist Mikhail K. Nazhanov; his mother, Olga Nikolayevna Butomo-Nazhanova, was a famous chamber singer. In 1931 he graduated from Academic Music College.
Between 1931 and 1935 Nazvanov studied acting at the Drama Studio of the Moscow Art Theatre. April 1935 he was arrested and until 1940 imprisoned in Gulag (article 58-10, Ukhtpechlag).
In 1942 Nazvanov was invited to join the Mossovet Theatre; between 1950 and 1957 he was member of the troupe at the Moscow Pushkin Drama Theatre. In 1957 he was again invited to join the Art Theater, which, however, left in 1960 and became actor in the Mosfilm-studio. As a stage actor he played Trigorin in The Seagull, Krechinsky in Krechinsky's Wedding, Ripafratta in The Mistress of the Inn, Robert Chiltern in An Ideal Husband, and Stiva Oblonsky in Anna Karenina.
Mikhail Nazvanov made his film debut in 1943 in the popular film Wait for Me and immediately gained fame. Sergei Eisenstein invited him to the role of Andrey Kurbsky in Ivan the Terrible. He collaborated also with such famous directors as Grigori Aleksandrov (Encounter at the Elbe, The Composer Glinka), Vsevolod Pudovkin (Zhukovsky), Mikhail Romm (The Russian Question, Attack from the Sea), Grigori Kozintsev (Belinsky, Hamlet). Nazvanov has also directed film The Mistress of the Inn.
Selected filmography
Wait for Me (1943) as Andrei Panov
Ivan the Terrible (1944) as prince Andrey Kurbsky
The Great Glinka (1946) as hussar Kostya
The Russian Question (1947) as Jack Gould
Encounter at the Elbe (1949) as James Hill
The Battle of Stalingrad (1949) as Colonel Ivan Lyudnikov
Taras Shevchenko (1951) as Nicholas I of Russia, Alexander II of Russia
Belinsky (1951) as Nicholas I of Russia
Zhukovsky (1951) as Ryabushinsky
The Composer Glinka (1952) as Nicholas I of Russia
Attack from the Sea (1952) as Alexander I of Russia
The Safety Match (1954) as Mark Ivanovich Klyauzov
The Mistress of the Inn (1956) as Ripafratta (also director)
Gutta-percha Boy (1957) as Karl Bogdanovich Bekker
Duel (1960) as Vladimir Nikolayev
The Fight on a Way (1961) as Semyon Valgan
My Younger Brother (1962) as Andrei Ivanovich, professor
Hamlet (1964) as Claudius
Honors and awards
Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1949)
Stalin Prize (1948, 1949, 1950)
Order of the Badge of Honour (1950)
References
External links
1914 births
1964 deaths
20th-century Russian male actors
Male actors from Moscow
Honored Artists of the RSFSR
Recipients of the Order of the Badge of Honour
Recipients of the Stalin Prize
Russian male film actors
Russian male stage actors
Russian male voice actors
Soviet male film actors
Soviet male stage actors
Soviet male voice actors
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Асадов Андрій Романович
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Асадов Андрій Романович
Андрій Романович Асадов (15 березня 1998, Старе Місто, Тернопільська область — 18 липня 2022, Спірне, Донецька область) — український військовик, сержант медичної роти 80-тої окремої десантно-штурмової бригади. Учасник російсько-української війни, який загинув у ході російського вторгнення в Україну в 2022 році.
Життєпис
Андрій Асадов народився 15 березня 1998 року. Жив у селі Старе Місто, що розташоване на річці Коропець, на півдні Тернопільського району.
Отримав медичну освіту в Галицькому медичному коледжі імені Євгена Гливи. Після завершення навчання пішов служити у Збройні сили України. Учасник ООС.
З початком російського вторгнення в Україну в лютому 2022 року був знов призваний на військову службу. Сержант — медик Андрій Асадов рятував життя військовослужбовцям на Донецькому напрямку.
Загибель і поховання
24-річний медик загинув 18 липня 2022 року під час виконання бойового завдання в районі Спірне (селище) під Бахмутом на Донеччині.
21 липня тіло Героя привезли в Підгайці, де в УГКЦ Всіх Святих Українського Народу відбулася заупокійна панахида. На колінах сотні мешканців громади проводжали загиблого на кладовище.
Родина
У загиблого Героя залишилися мати та бабуся.
Нагороди
Орден «За мужність» ІІІ ступеня (17 серпня 2022, посмертно) — за особисту мужність і самовіддані дії, виявлені у захисті державного суверенітету та територіальної цілісності України, вірність військовій присязі
Вшанування пам'яті
З метою вшанування пам'яті Героя на території громади оголосили триденну жалобу. На будівлях і спорудах місцевого самоврядування, підприємствах, установах та організаціях незалежно від форм власності на знак скорботи приспустили Державний Прапор України з чорною стрічкою на період 20-22 липня.
Примітки
Посилання
Йому навіки залишилось 24… У Підгаєцькій громаді попрощалися з бойовим медиком Андрієм Асадовим // 20 хвилин
Андрій Асадов // Платформа пам'яті Меморіал
Державними нагородами вшановані ще 230 воїнів, із них 42 — посмертно // Новинарня. Новини України що воює, 18 серпня 2022
Сержанти (Україна)
Учасники боїв за Бахмут
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Сиг-марена
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Сиг-марена (Coregonus maraena) — вид сигів, родина лососеві (Salmonidae).
Поширений у Європі в малих озерах басейну Балтики в Польщі, Швеції та Росії, також у самому Балтійському морі, включно із Ботнічною затокою, але відсутній на Готланді. у басейні Північного моря зустрічається у Емсі, Везері та Лабі, а також у малих річках Шлезвіг-Гольштайну і Данії.
Був вселений до багатьох водойм Польщі, Німеччини, Скандинавії, також на захід від Рейну. Проводилося також вселення його й до водойм України, але наявність його в українських водах під сумнівом.
Важлива прісноводна бентопелагічна промислова риба, до 130 см довжиною. Об'єкт аквакультури.
Примітки
Джерела
Сиг
Тварини, описані 1779
Прісноводні риби
Риби Європи
Риби Данії
Риби Естонії
Риби Латвії
Риби Литви
Риби Нідерландів
Риби Німеччини
Риби Норвегії
Риби Польщі
Риби Росії
Риби Фінляндії
Риби Швеції
Інтродуковані прісноводні риби в Україні
Інтродуковані прісноводні риби
Риби Балтійського моря
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%91%D1%83%D0%B2%20%28%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C%20%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%29
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Жґув (гміна, Конінський повіт)
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Жґув (гміна, Конінський повіт)
Гміна Жґув — сільська гміна у північно-західній Польщі. Належить до Конінського повіту Великопольського воєводства.
Станом на 31 грудня 2011 у гміні проживало 7083 особи.
Територія
Згідно з даними за 2007 рік площа гміни становила 104.68 км², у тому числі:
орні землі: 71.00%
ліси: 20.00%
Таким чином, площа гміни становить 6.63% площі повіту.
Населення
Станом на 31 грудня 2011:
Сусідні гміни
Гміна Жґув межує з такими гмінами: Ґоліна, Ґродзець, Заґурув, Льондек, Рихвал, Старе Място.
Примітки
Жґув (Конінський повіт)
Жґув
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4214712
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97%20%D0%B7%20%D1%84%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%201999
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Суперкубок Австрії з футболу 1999
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Суперкубок Австрії з футболу 1999 — 14-й розіграш турніру. Матч відбувся 25 червня 1999 року між чемпіоном і володарем кубка Австрії клубом Штурм та фіналістом кубка Австрії клубом ЛАСК.
Матч
Деталі
Посилання
Матч на transfermarkt
1999
Австрія
1999 в австрійському спорті
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352222
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%20%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97
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Університет Східної Англії
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Університет Східної Англії — університет у Норвічі, Англія, відкритий 1963 р.
Персоналії
Відомі викладачі: Малкольм Бредбері, В. Г. Зебальд, Тесса Макватт.
Відомі слухачі: Ієн Мак'юен, Ішіґуро Кадзуо, Рауль Шротт.
Примітки
Джерела
University of East Anglia
Union of UEA Students
Університети Англії
Норвіч
Засновані у Великій Британії 1963
Засновані в Англії 1963
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1165080
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%20%28%D0%AF%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%29
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Балш (Ясси)
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Балш (Ясси)
Балш — село у повіті Ясси в Румунії. Входить до складу комуни Балш.
Село розташоване на відстані 325 км на північ від Бухареста, 48 км на захід від Ясс.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживала особа, усі — румуни. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську.
Примітки
Села повіту Ясси
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3394851
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4%20%28%D0%92%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%29
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Оукфілд (Вісконсин)
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Оукфілд (Вісконсин)
Оукфілд — селище в США, в окрузі Фон-дю-Лак штату Вісконсин. Населення — 1052 особи (2020).
Географія
Оукфілд розташований за координатами (43.684063, -88.548571). За даними Бюро перепису населення США в 2010 році селище мало площу 2,55 км², з яких 2,54 км² — суходіл та 0,01 км² — водойми.
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало осіб у 392 домогосподарствах у складі 307 родин. Густота населення становила 421 особа/км². Було 415 помешкань (163/км²).
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 2,0 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,8 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 26,2 % — особи молодші 18 років, 61,1 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 12,7 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 40,3 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 97,2 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 96,8 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 7,4 % осіб, у тому числі 3,2 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 3,0 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 591 особа. Основні галузі зайнятості: виробництво — 25,7 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 18,1 %, роздрібна торгівля — 12,9 %, транспорт — 8,3 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Селища Вісконсину
Населені пункти округу Фон-дю-Лак (Вісконсин)
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18579456
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacahoat%C3%A1n
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Cacahoatán
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Cacahoatán is a city and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. It covers an area of 173.9 km2. The land of Cocoa. Nahuatl orig.
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 43,811, up from 39,033 as of 2005.
As of 2010, the city of Cacahoatán had a population of 16,572. Other than the city of Cacahoatán, the municipality had 112 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Salvador Urbina (2,555), classified as urban, and Faja de Oro (2,356), Agustín de Iturbide (2,211), Unión Roja (1,829), Ahuacatlán (1,583), Mixcum (1,502), Benito Juárez (1,473), and El Águila (1,274), classified as rural.
Geography
Climate
Cacahoatán has a tropical monsoon climate with moderate to little rainfall from December to March and heavy to very heavy rainfall from April to November with extremely heavy rainfall in June and September. It is the wettest significant Mexican city.
References
Municipalities of Chiapas
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Шабана (акторка)
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Шабана (акторка)
Шабана (15 червня 1952, Читтагонг) — бангладеська акторка, що знімалась у фільмах на урду та на бенгальській мові. Восьмикратна володарка Національної кінопремії Бангладеш за кращу жіночу роль.
Біографія
Акторка народилася 15 червня 1952 року в Східній Бенгалії (нині територія підокруги Раозан округу Читтагонг, Бангладеш) і при народженні отримала ім'я Афроза Султана Ратна. Зніматися в кіно почала з дев'яти років, вперше з'явившись на екрані у фільмі Natun Sur (1962), після чого залишила навчання в школі. Її дорослим дебютом став фільм Chakori (1967), режисер якого дав їй псевдонім Шабана. Всього актриса з'явилася в понад 300 фільмах на урду та бенгальською мовою протягом 35 років. Однак її кар'єра в пакистанському кіно завершилася в 1971 році після здобуття незалежності Бангладешу.
У 1977 році нагороджена Національною кінопремією за кращу жіночу роль другого плану у фільмі Janani. Згодом отримала ту ж премію за кращу жіночу роль вісім разів за фільми: Sokhi Tumi Kar (1980), Dui Poisar Alta (1982), Najma (1983), Bhat De (1984), Apeksha (1987), Ranga Bhabi (1989), Moroner Pore (1990) і Achena (1991).
З 1973 року Шабана одружена з кінорежисером Вахідом Садіком, від якого має двох дочок і сина. У 1997 році актриса оголосила про припинення своєї кар'єри і в 2000 разом з сім'єю переселилася в США.
Фільмографія
Інщи Бенгальські фільми
Примітки
Персоналії Бангладеш за професією
Акторки
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8764079
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reebok
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Reebok
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Reebok International Limited is an American fitness footwear and clothing brand that is a part of Authentic Brands Group. It was established in England in 1958 as a companion company to J.W. Foster and Sons, a sporting goods company which had been founded in 1895 in Bolton, Lancashire. From 1958 until 1986, the brand featured the flag of the United Kingdom in its logo to signify the origins of the company. It was bought by German sporting goods company Adidas in 2005, then sold to the United States-based Authentic Brands Group in 2021. The company's global headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts, in the Seaport District.
History
Early years
In 1895, Joseph William Foster at the age of 14 started work in his bedroom above his father's sweetshop in Bolton, England, and designed some of the earliest spiked running shoes. After his ideas progressed, he founded his business J.W. Foster in 1900; later he joined with his sons and changed the company name to J.W. Foster and Sons. Foster opened a small factory called Olympic Works, and gradually became famous among athletes for his "running pumps". The company began distributing its shoes across the United Kingdom, which were worn by British athletes. They were made famous by 100m Olympic champion Harold Abrahams in the 1924 Summer Olympics held in Paris.
In 1958, in Bolton, two of the founder's grandsons, Jeff and Joe Foster, formed a companion company "Reebok", having found the name in a dictionary won in a sprint race by Joe as a boy. The name is Afrikaans for the grey rhebok, a type of African antelope.
In 1979, American businessman Paul Fireman took notice of Reebok at the Chicago NSGA (National Sporting Goods of America) Show. Fireman had previously been an executive with his family business Boston Camping, and negotiated a deal to license and distribute the Reebok brand in the United States. The division became known as Reebok USA Ltd. That year, Fireman introduced three new shoes to the market at $60. By 1981, Reebok reached more than $1.5 million in sales.
1980s–1990s
In 1982, Reebok debuted the Reebok Freestyle aerobics shoe, the first athletic shoe designed for women. The following year Reebok's sales were $13 million, and Fireman bought the English-based parent company in 1984. Officially an American company in 1985, Reebok had its initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol RBK and was renamed Reebok International Limited.
The brand established itself in professional tennis with the Newport Classic shoe, popularized by Boris Becker and John McEnroe, and the Revenge Plus, also known as the Club C. The company began expanding from tennis and aerobics shoes to running and basketball throughout the mid to late 1980s, the most significant segment of the athletic footwear industry. One of the company's most iconic technologies, the Reebok Pump, debuted in 1989 with more than 100 professional athletes wearing the footwear by 1992, including Shaquille O'Neal.
In 1986, Reebok changed the company logo it had used since its founding, from the flag of the United Kingdom to the vector logo—an abstract Union Flag streak across a race track—which mirrored the design of the side flashes of its shoes. The switch signaled the transition of the company into a performance brand as it began licensing deals with professional athletes in the NBA and NFL. Reebok also began developing sports clothing and accessories, and introduced a line of children's athletic shoes called Weeboks. It acquired Rockport for $118.5 million in 1986. By mid-decade, Reebok's sales were about $1 billion, and it overtook Nike, Inc. as the largest athletic shoe manufacturer in the US before losing the top position in 1988.
Reebok worked with fitness professional Gin Miller in the late 1980s to develop Step Reebok, based on Miller's wooden prototype step and her ideas for step aerobics. The Step was evaluated in physiology trials undertaken by Drs. Lorna and Peter Francis at San Diego State University. In August 1989 the Step was ready, made in molded plastic by Sports Step of Atlanta with Reebok's name on it, and by March 1990, the step aerobics classes were attracting media attention. Miller promoted Step Reebok in person, touring the U.S. and demonstrating it at exercise studios. Step aerobics became widely popular, helping the company sell many thousands of adjustable-height step devices and millions of high-top shoes with ankle support. Step aerobics peaked in 1995 with 11.4 million people exercising in that style.
Reebok named Carl Yankowski president and chief executive officer of the brand in 1998, replacing former president Robert Meers. Yankowski stepped down one year later to accept an executive position at another company. Reebok chairman and CEO Paul Fireman took over as president for the first time in 12 years.
2000s
In 2001, Reebok hired Peter Arnell with the Arnell Group as its lead marketing agency, which created several advertising campaigns, including a successful series of Terry Tate commercials. The agency also helped develop the Yao Ming line, and the fashion-oriented Rbk brand. In December, Jay Margolis was named as Reebok's president and COO. After launching retail flagship stores in China, Dhaka, London, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia and Tokyo, Margolis resigned in October 2004. Fireman took over as president after signing a new long-term employment agreement with the Reebok board of directors. In 2016, Reebok announced it would move its global headquarters from Canton to Boston with intentions to lay off about 300 employess as part of the move.
Reebok acquired official National Hockey League sponsor CCM in 2004. The company began manufacturing ice hockey equipment under the CCM and Reebok brands. It phased out the CCM name on NHL authentic and replica jerseys, using the Reebok logo since 2005. CCM became Reebok-CCM Hockey in 2007. Reebok moved most of its hockey equipment lines to CCM after 2015. In 2017, Adidas sold CCM to a Canadian private equity firm, Birch Hill Equity Partners, for around .
Adidas ownership
Following an intellectual property lawsuit in August 2005, Adidas acquired Reebok as a subsidiary, but maintained operations under their separate brand names. Adidas acquired all of the outstanding Reebok shares and completed the deal valued at $3.8 billion. Following the acquisition, Adidas replaced Reebok as the official uniform supplier for the NBA in 2006 with an 11-year deal that included the WNBA, replica jerseys, and warm-up gear.
Reebok named Paul Harrington president and CEO of the company in January 2006, replacing Paul Fireman who was acting president since 2004. Harrington joined the company in 1994 and was Reebok's senior vice president of global operations and chief supply chain officer.
In 2010, Reebok announced a partnership with CrossFit, a fitness company and competitive fitness sport, including sponsoring the CrossFit Games, opening CrossFit studios, and introducing a line of co-branded footwear and apparel for Fall 2011. In 2011, Reebok debuted the CrossFit delta symbol on the brand's fitness apparel line. As it lost contracts to make sportswear for professional and college teams (its last uniform rights contract, with the NHL, ended in 2017), Reebok began repositioning itself as a fitness-oriented brand, just as it had been during the 1980s and early 1990s.
In 2013, Reebok announced another fitness partnership with Les Mills International. The agreement included Reebok footwear and clothing integration into Les Mills' fitness programs and media marketing. By July 2013, the red delta sign began appearing on Reebok's fitness collections. The brand announced it was phasing out the vector logo and replacing it with the delta sign, the company's second logo change in more than 120 years. The delta symbol is meant to symbolize three pillars of positive self-change—mental, physical and social—as Reebok increases its presence in the fitness industry with yoga, dance, aerobics and CrossFit.
Following a successful re-release of many of its sneaker and apparel lines from the early/mid 1990s, in November 2019, Reebok announced that it was updating the 1992 vector logo along with the original "Reebok" script in Motter Tektura typeface and restoring both as the company's core brand identity, citing that consumers still identified with them rather than the red delta logo, although the delta would continue to be used on some fitness lines.
Authentic Brands Group ownership
In February 2021, Adidas announced plans to divest Reebok after analyzing options and expected a hit of about to operating profit from costs to sell or spin-off the business. In July 2021, Adidas shortlisted bidders for the brand, the finalist companies being Wolverine World Wide and Authentic Brands Group on a joint deal, private equity companies Advent International, CVC, Cerberus Capital, and Sycamore Partners, with a deadline for August 2021. On August 12, 2021, it was announced that Authentic Brands Group would be acquiring the Reebok brand from Adidas for at least $2.5 billion. On March 1, 2022, the acquisition was finalized.
Logo evolution
Offices
Reebok's global headquarters are located in Boston, Massachusetts, in the Seaport District. In EMEA countries, Authentic Brands Group is working with Bounty Apparel in South Africa, Al Boom Marine in the Middle East and North Africa, and Flo Magazacilik in Turkey to grow the business.
Products
Reebok designs, manufactures, distributes and sells fitness, running and CrossFit sportswear including clothing and accessories. The company has released numerous notable styles of footwear including the 1982 introduction of the Reebok Freestyle that was exclusively marketed for women. In 1984, the shoe accounted for more than half of Reebok's sales, and the company subsequently released similar styles including the Princess, Empress and Dutchess lines. Following the aerobics trend from the 1980s to early 1990s, Reebok released workout programs called Reebok Step beginning in 1989.
To compete with Nike Air, Reebok introduced Energy Return System (ERS) in 1987, in which a series of horizontal cylinders in the midsole acted as springs. It was gradually phased out upon the arrival of "Hexalite" cushioning. In 1989, the brand introduced one of its signature shoes, the Reebok Pump. The footwear collection was released as a men's basketball shoe and the first adjustable fit controlled with manual air allocation. The Reebok Ventilator, a line of lightweight athletic shoes with vented side panels, was first introduced in 1990.
In 1996, Reebok signed a $50 million endorsement deal with Allen Iverson when he signed with the Philadelphia 76ers. Iverson collaborated with Reebok during his contract to create the second-longest running basketball shoe line in history, beginning with the Question shoe in 1996 and ending with Answer XIV.
In 2010, the brand released Reebok Zig, an athletic footwear technology and collection of shoes featuring zigzag foam soles designed to push athletes forward. The Reebok Nano was released in 2011 as the first official CrossFit shoe. The company has also partnered with Les Mills and CrossFit to produce more fitness apparel, footwear, and workouts. Reebok debuted the Z-Series foam, a combination of dense midsole and outsole foam that is cushioned but durable, in 2014 on the ZQuick TR with Reebok's new delta logo.
Reebok Future innovation house has developed a new technology called Liquid Factory. A robot will extrude liquid polyurethane and "draw" shoe components without the use of traditional shoe molds.
In 2017, the UFC announced the launch of a new line under the name Fight Night Collection that includes an upgraded version of the Reebok-branded apparels.
Endorsements
Asia
Reebok sponsored kits for top seeded Indian Football clubs, Mohun Bagan AC (2006–11) and East Bengal FC (2003–05, 2006–10). Later it sponsored kits for Indian Premier League teams, such as the Royal Challengers Bangalore, Kolkata Knight Riders, Rajasthan Royals and Chennai Super Kings in the first edition of the league held in 2008. However, for the second edition held in 2009, the sponsorships included Royal Challengers Bangalore, Kolkata Knight Riders, Chennai Super Kings, Kings XI Punjab kits.
In May 2012, Reebok India filed a criminal complaint against former managerial employees, Subhinder Singh Prem and Vishnu Bhagat, accusing them of a financial fraud of up to . On the charge of alleged Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA) violations, Reebok India was booked and may face penal action. Twelve further arrests of employees and associates were made during the same period. As of July 2013, Prem and Bhagat were granted bail by the high court but remained imprisoned following their detainment in September 2012.
One of Reebok's most prominent athletes, Indian cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni, was named by Forbes as the world's thirty first highest-paid sportsperson in June 2012. At the time of the article, Dhoni endorsed more than 20 other brands in deals that were cumulatively valued at US$23 million.
Europe
The company maintained its relationship with its origins in England through a long-term sponsorship deal with Bolton Wanderers, a League One football club, however, in 2009, Bolton changed their sponsorship to 188bet. When the team moved to a brand new ground in the late-1990s, their new home was named the Reebok Stadium.
Several other English clubs, such as Liverpool F.C., had Reebok sponsorship deals up until the purchase by Adidas, but most have since switched to either the parent brand (which has a long history in football) or another company altogether. In April 2014, Bolton Wanderers officially announced the Reebok Stadium would be officially rebranded in a new sponsorship deal with sportswear manufacturer Macron, who will manufacture the club's kits and sponsor the stadium under the name Macron Stadium in a four-year deal announced by the club's chairman, Phil Gartside. In Germany, Reebok sponsored football club 1. FC Köln.
In rugby union, Reebok sponsored the Wales national team until late 2008, who won the Grand Slam in the Six Nations Championship in that year, and the Tasman Makos in New Zealand's domestic competition, the Air New Zealand Cup.
In 2006, Arsenal and France national team striker Thierry Henry signed a deal to join the "I Am What I Am" campaign on August 1, 2006. Manchester United winger Ryan Giggs has also done "I Am What I Am" commercials. Andriy Shevchenko started his endorsement deal with the company in 2006.
Russia
In February 2019, the Russian Instagram version of a global Reebok advertising campaign to promote female empowerment under the hashtag #BeMoreHuman featured the slogan "Sit not on the needle of men’s approval – sit on men’s face." After facing outrage on social media, Reebok removed the slogan and their Russian marketing director resigned.
On March 21, 2022, Reebok suspended all branded stores and e-commerce operations in Russia after Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
North America
In 2004, Reebok entered into a deal that allows them the rights to manufacture Canadian Football League (CFL) onfield jerseys, sideline gear and footwear; this deal ended in 2015.
In Mexico, Reebok was kit provider of Chivas de Guadalajara before the team was taken over by parent company Adidas in 2011.
United States
Reebok shoes were featured as product placement advertising on the Nickelodeon game show Double Dare in the 1980s. Reebok product placement was used for a gag in the Super Mario Bros. live-action film, where the soles of a Bob-omb's feet are printed with the brand logo.
Reebok signed Venus Williams after she won singles titles at Wimbledon and the 2000 Summer Olympics. From 2002 to 2012, the company held the exclusive rights to manufacture and market both authentic and replica uniform jerseys, sideline clothing and caps, and onfield football footwear (marketed as NFL Equipment) of the teams of the National Football League (NFL). It hired filmmaker Errol Morris to produce a series of 30-second commercials that aired during the 2006 NFL season.
In 2004, Reebok signed a four-year deal as the official shoe supplier to Major League Baseball (MLB). It became the exclusive apparel outfitter for the 29 teams in the NBA, and 16 WNBA teams for ten years beginning in the 2004–2005 season. The deal also added the Reebok vector logo to the 2004 U.S. Olympic basketball team's uniforms.
Reebok held the rights to produce the on-ice Edge Uniform System, performance clothing and training footwear of the National Hockey League (NHL) in a 10-year agreement from 2007 to 2017.
On December 2, 2014, the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) announced a six-year deal with Reebok, which began in July 2015.
In July 2018, Reebok Boston Track Club announced it would be led by coach Chris Fox from Syracuse University.
Oceania
In 2005, Reebok also signed an exclusive agreement to design and supply all eight team home and away strips for the new Australian A-League competition. Although not an expensive deal, this partnership paid dividends for Reebok, due to the growing popularity of football and the league in the area. An estimated 125,000 A-League jerseys were sold in Australia, a record for a single league's sales in a year for a sports manufacturer. Reebok's agreement ended at the finish of the 2010–11 season. On 29 September 2022, it announced a partnership with the National Basketball League (NBL) as the official footwear partner for the 2022–23 season.
South America
Reebok was the uniform provider for Brazilian clubs Cruzeiro, Vasco, Internacional and São Paulo FC; Argentine club Banfield; Paraguayan club General Díaz, and Uruguayan club Peñarol. Reebok also sponsored several national teams such as Argentina, Chile, Colombia, and Paraguay.
In November 2022, the company announced its return to the football stage, signing a new deal with Brazilian club Botafogo.
Non-sport related endorsements
New York rapper Jay-Z became the first non-athlete to get a signature shoe from Reebok. The "S. Carter Collection by Rbk" was launched on November 21, 2002, and the S. Carter sneaker became the fastest-selling shoe in the company's history. Later, Reebok also made a deal with another New York-based rapper 50 Cent to release a line of G-Unit sneakers, as well as St. Louis-based rapper Nelly and Israeli violinist Miri Ben-Ari have become spokespersons for the company. Reebok also signed actress Scarlett Johansson and introduced her own line of clothing and footwear called Scarlett Hearts, part of the Rbk Lifestyle Collection. The company also produces shoes for Emporio Armani under the label EA7. Other high-profile entertainment figures that have signed endorsement agreements with Reebok over the years include Ariana Grande, Gal Gadot, Gigi Hadid, Victoria Beckham, Cardi B, and Camille Kostek.
Charitable work
The Reebok Foundation operates the "Build Our Kids' Success" (BOKS) program to provide US schoolchildren with physical activities before the school day. Reebok funds the program with direct grants and by contributing a percentage of shoe sales.
Explanatory notes
References
External links
1980s fashion
1985 mergers and acquisitions
1990s fashion
2000s fashion
2005 mergers and acquisitions
2010s fashion
2020s fashion
2022 mergers and acquisitions
American brands
Athletic shoe brands
Authentic Brands Group
Clothing companies established in 1958
Clothing companies of the United States
Companies based in Boston
Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Ice hockey brands
Shoe companies of the United States
Sporting goods manufacturers of the United States
Sportswear brands
Swimwear manufacturers
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60 хвилин (телешоу, США)
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60 хвилин (телешоу, США)
«60 хвилин» — американське суспільно-політичне телешоу, створене Доном Г'юїттом, транслюється каналом CBS з 1968 року. Згідно зі складеним часописом TV Guide в травні 2002 року , «60 хвилин» займало 6-е місце. За версією газети The New York Times шоу є одним з найшанованіших з суспільно-політичних на американському телебаченні .
Історія віщань
У програмі вперше використовувалися найважливіші методи журналістського розслідування, зокрема повторне редагування інтерв'ю, приховані камери, гоча-журналістика, несподівані візити в будинки і офіси, що стосуються слідчого питання. Постановки виникли в кінці 1970-х в австралійській і канадській версіях програми.
Ранні роки
Пілотний випуск «60 хвилин» відбувся у вівторок ввечері (о 22:00 EST), 24 вересня 1968, програму вели Гаррі Різонер і Майк Уоллес. Глядачам були представлені наступні питання:
Передвиборна кампанія — погляд зсередини штабів кандидатів у президенти Г'юберта Гамфрі і Річарда Ніксона.
Коментарі європейських письменників Малкольма Маггериджа, Петера фон Кана і Луїджі Барзіні-молодшого на тему американської виборчої системи.
Коментарі політичного оглядача і журналіста Арта Бухвальда.
Інтерв'ю з Генеральним прокурором Ремсі Кларком на тему жорстокості поліції.
Скорочений варіант номінується на Оскар короткометражного фільму Сола Басса «Чому людина творить».
Діалог-роздум Різонера і Уоллеса про співвідношення сприйняття і реальності, де Уоллес сказав, що шоу направлено на відображення реальності.
Примітки
Телесеріали США 2010-х років
Телесеріали США 2000-х років
Телесеріали США 1990-х років
Телесеріали США 1980-х років
Телесеріали США 1970-х років
Телесеріали США 1960-х років
Телесеріали англійською мовою
Програми телеканалу CBS
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Мандичевський Евген Порфирович
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Мандичевський Евген Порфирович
Евген (Євген) Порфирович Мандичевський (1873, с. Зарваниця, нині Теребовлянський район, Тернопільська область — 1937, м-ко Кам'янка-Струмилова, нині м. Кам'янка-Бузька, Львівська область) — український письменник, педагог. Син пароха Зарваниці о. Порфирія Мандичевського, небіж о. Корнила Мандичевського.
Життєпис
Народився 1873 року в с. Зарваниця (тоді Королівство Галичини і Володимирії, Австро-Угорська імперія, нині Теребовлянський район, Тернопільська область, Україна) в родині пароха Зарваниці о. Порфирія Мандичевського. Небіж отця Корнила Мандичевського — відомого священика та громадського діяча, посла Галицького краєвого сейму.
Навчався в університетах Львова, Ґраца, Берліна, за фахом — германіст. Вчителював у містах Перемишлі, Тернополі (1903—1909, українська гімназія; зокрема, у 1905/1906 навчальному році працював професором німецької мови, завідувачем німецької бібліотеки для молоді), Чернівцях. У 1904—1905 роках редагував педагогічний журнал «Молодіж» (Тернопіль).
Дебютував 1899 року новелою «Груша» в газеті «Діло». Твори публікував у «Літературно-науковому віснику», журналі «Дзвінок», газетах «Буковина», «Діло», «Подільське слово», «Руслан». збірнику «Українська муза», альманахах «З-над хмар із долин», «Багаття».
Автор збірок новел «З живого і мертвого» (1901 у літературі|1901), «Судьба» (1906 у літературі|1906), «В ярмі» (1907), повісті «Дві долі» (1904 у літературі|1904).
Помер 1937 року в містечку Кам'янка-Струмилова (нині м. Кам'янка-Бузька, Львівська область, Україна).
Примітки
Джерело
Головин Б., Фроленков В. Мандичевський Евген Порфирович //
Посилання
Свята традиція УГКЦ .
Євген Мандичевський // Електронна бібліотека «Чтиво».
Українські письменники
Українські педагоги
Уродженці Зарваниці (Теребовлянський район)
Випускники Львівського університету
Випускники Берлінського університету
Випускники Грацького університету
Викладачі Тернопільської української гімназії
Померли в Кам'янці-Бузькій
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669174
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Сен-Бартелемі-де-Сешильєнн
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Сен-Бартелемі-де-Сешильєнн, Сен-Бартелемі-де-Сешільєнн — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Овернь-Рона-Альпи, департамент Ізер. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 490 км на південний схід від Парижа, 100 км на південний схід від Ліона, 26 км на південний захід від Гренобля.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Рона-Альпи. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Овернь-Рона-Альпи.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 185 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 478,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Ізер
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Ізер
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8585242
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus%20Lampsonius
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Dominicus Lampsonius
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Dominicus Lampsonius (Latinised form of Dominique Lampsone) (1532, in Bruges – 1599, in Liège) was a Flemish humanist, poet and painter. A secretary to various Prince-Bishops of Liège, he maintained an extensive correspondence with humanists and artists at home and abroad. His writings on Netherlandish artists formed an important contribution to the formation of the so-called Netherlandish canon.
Life
Lampsonius studied arts and sciences at the University of Leuven. In 1554 he went to England to serve as secretary to Reginald Pole, a prominent humanist and Roman Catholic Cardinal. After Pole's death in 1558, he traveled to Liège where he was secretary to the successive Prince-Bishops (Robert of Berghes, Gerard of Grœsbeek, and Ernest of Bavaria). He thus regularly collaborated with Laevinus Torrentius who was the vicar of the Prince-Bishops until 1586 after which he became Bishop of Antwerp.
Lampsonius was for a while the teacher of Otto van Veen, a painter and humanist who would later be one of the masters of Peter Paul Rubens. He became friends and engaged in intensive correspondence with some of the leading humanists of his time such as Justus Lipsius, Janus Dousa, Johannes Livineius and Petrus Oranus.
He provided the Italian historian Lodovico Guicciardini, then a resident of Flanders, with information for his history of the Low Countries entitled Descrittione di Lodovico Guicciardini patritio fiorentino di tutti i Paesi Bassi altrimenti detti Germania inferiore (1567; The Description of the Low Countreys). He was a correspondent of the Italian art historian Giorgio Vasari, who relied upon him for his notes about the life and works of the Liège painter Lambert Lombard. In one of his letters to Vasari, Lampsonius defended Netherlandish art against some of the disparaging remarks that Vasari had made in his Vite. In a letter written to Vasari before the publication of the second edition of the Vite Lampsonius deplored the poor quality of recent prints of Italian art works, which, according to him, did not fully convey the excellence of the originals. Lampsonius suggested that Northern engravers should collaborate with Italian artists to improve this. He also asked Vasari to include in the revised edition of the Vite treatises on the three arts of sculpture, painting and architecture, with drawings and information about the secrets of the arts.
He further conducted a regular correspondence with Giulio Clovio to whom he proposed a project to engrave Michelangelo's works in a skilful manner so that those who had not visited Rome could appreciate what they looked like.
Portraits of some celebrated artists
In 1572 Lampsonius published under his own name a set of 23 engraved portraits of artists from the Low Countries under the title Pictorum aliquot celebrium Germaniae inferioris effigies (literal translation: Effigies of some celebrated painters of Lower Germany). Lampsonius provided poems in Latin to accompany the individual portraits. This work was under preparation by the leading Antwerp publisher Hieronymous Cock who died before it was completed. It was then published by Cock's widow Volcxken Dierix who continued the publishing business after her husband's death.
The artists included in the book are (in this order): Hubert van Eyck, Jan van Eyck, Hieronymus Bosch, Rogier van der Weyden, Dirk Bouts, Bernard van Orley, Jan Mabuse, Joachim Patinir, Quentin Matsys, Lucas van Leyden, Jan van Amstel, Joos van Cleve, Matthys Cock, Herri met de Bles, Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen, Pieter Coecke van Aelst, Jan van Scorel, Lambert Lombard, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Willem Key, Lucas Gassel, Frans Floris, and Hieronymus Cock.
Since all the depicted artists were dead at the time of publication, Lampsonius included a dedicatory poem that qualified the work as a whole as an act of mourning and readers of the book are asked to ‘be the companions’ of the late Hieronymous Cock and his predecessors in a funeral procession. The book includes a poem by Lampsonius dedicated to the memory of Hieronymus Cock and applauding the work of his widow. The portraits and texts present an honour roll of the earlier generations of Netherlandish artists. Their publication thus contributed to the formation of a canon of famous Netherlandish painters, which was well underway even before Karel van Mander published his biographies of early and contemporary Netherlandish artists in his Schilder-boeck of 1604. Lampsonius thus attempted to place Netherlandish art on the same level as Italian art, which he admired. He seems, however, to have resigned himself tacitly to the difference in rank between Italian and Netherlandish art. He writes in his poem on the painter Jan van Amstel that 'The Netherlanders are particularly praised as good painters of landscapes, the Italians of people or gods. No wonder: it stands to reason that the proverb says that the Italian has his brain in his head and the Netherlander in his diligent hand.'
The quality of the 23 prints was outstanding as they had been made by some of the leading engravers of the time such as Jan Wierix, Adriaen Collaert and Cornelis Cort. The portraits are rendered with a metallic sharpness and brilliance. The prints constitute a visually harmonious series.
Hendrik Hondius I published in 1610 a book with almost the same title ('Pictorum aliquot celebrium, præcipué Germaniæ Inferioris', in English: 'Effigies of some celebrated painters, chiefly of Lower Germany') that contained 69 engraved portraits of painters. Hondius' work included in its first part reworked versions of 22 of the portraits of the 1572 publication. The portrait of Hieronymus Cock (often numbered 23) was not included by Hondius maybe because the likeness was made after death, rather than drawn "ad vivum" or after the living model as was the case for the other portraits.
Other writings
Lampsonius wrote numerous poems and epigrams in Latin. Lampsonius also was the author of Lamberti Lombardi Apvd Ebvrones Pictoris Celeberrimi Vita (The Life of Lambert Lombard), a biography of his art teacher Lambert Lombard (1565). This was the first biography about a Northern artist ever published. In the book, Lampsonius defended Lombard's art in the book and pronounced Lombard to be the equal of Vasari as a painter. Lampsonius noted that Lambert worked more for love of art than for money, an idea promoted in ancient times by Pliny the Elder and shared by Lampsonius.
Painting
Lampsonius dedicated himself for some time successfully to the art of painting. He was assisted in his efforts by Lambert Lombard, the eminent Renaissance painter of Liège. Lampsonius' only known extant painting is a Crucifixion scene dated 1576.
Notes
References
Morford, Mark. "Theatrum Hodiernae Vitae: Lipsius, Vaenius, and the Rebellion of Civilis." Recreating Ancient History: Episodes from the Greek and Roman Past and Literatures of the Early Modern Period. Eds. Karl Enekel, Jan L. de Jong, Jeanine De Landtsheer. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2001.
Stechow, Wolfgang. Northern Renaissance Art, 1400-1600: Sources and Documents. Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1989.
External links
The Life of Lambert Lombard by Domenicus Lampsonius, original latin version (1565) on Google Books
Pictorum aliquot celebrium Germaniae inferioris effigies. Eorum nempè qui vita functi hac praestantiss. arte immortalitatis nomen sibi compararunt. Original latin version (1572) on Google Books
1532 births
1599 deaths
Flemish Renaissance humanists
Flemish Renaissance painters
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Державний кордон Коста-Рики
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Державний кордон Коста-Рики — державний кордон, лінія на поверхні Землі та вертикальна поверхня, що проходить по цій лінії, що визначають межі державного суверенітету Коста-Рики над власними територією, водами, природними ресурсами в них і повітряним простором над ними.
Сухопутний кордон
Загальна довжина кордону — 661 км. Коста-Рика межує з 2 державами. Уся територія країни суцільна, тобто анклавів чи ексклавів не існує.
Ділянки державного кордону
Морські кордони
Коста-Рика на заході омивається водами Тихого океану, на сході — Карибського моря Атлантичного океану. Загальна довжина морського узбережжя 1290 км. Згідно з Конвенцією Організації Об'єднаних Націй з морського права (UNCLOS) 1982 року, протяжність територіальних вод країни встановлено в 12 морських миль (22,2 км). Виключна економічна зона встановлена на відстань 200 морських миль (370,4 км) від узбережжя. Континентальний шельф — 200 морських миль (370,4 км) від узбережжя.
Див. також
Крайні точки Коста-Рики
Примітки
Література
Посилання
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2641110
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C
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Міляноваць
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Міляноваць — населений пункт у Хорватії, у Б'єловарсько-Білогорській жупанії у складі громади Сірач.
Населення
Населення за даними перепису 2011 року становило 160 осіб.
Динаміка чисельності населення поселення:
Примітки
Населені пункти Хорватії
Б'єловарсько-Білогорська жупанія
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41153765
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saragah
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Saragah
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Saragah (also Romanized as Sarāgāh) is a village in Saheli-ye Jokandan Rural District, in the Central District of Talesh County, Gilan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 847, in 193 families. The Saragah Lake is located by this village.
Language
Linguistic composition of the village.
References
Populated places in Talesh County
Azerbaijani settlements in Gilan province
Talysh settlements in Gilan province
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801938
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%20%D0%AE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Костенко Юрій Васильович
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Костенко Юрій Васильович
Юрій Васильович Костенко (6 листопада 1945, Київ, Українська РСР, СРСР) — український дипломат. Надзвичайний і Повноважний Посол.
Біографія
Народився 6 листопада 1945 у м. Київ.
У 1968 році закінчив історичний факультет Київського університету ім. Т.Шевченка.
Володіє англійською та німецькою мовами.
З 07.1968 аташе, 3-й секретар відділу міжнародних організацій МЗС УРСР.
З 1972 3-й секретар по резерву МЗС УРСР.
З 1972 по 1975 рр. 3-й, 2-й секретар Генерального секретаріату, з 1975 року помічник Міністра, 1-й секретар, радник відділу міжнародних організацій МЗС УРСР.
З 1984 року відповідальний секретар Комісії УРСР у справах ЮНЕСКО.
З 1985 член колегії, начальник відділу кадрів МЗС УРСР.
З 09.1988 по 12.1994 рр. Постійний Представник України при міжнародних організаціях у Відні.
З 03.1992 по 12.1994 рр. Надзвичайний і Повноважний Посол України в Австрійській Республіці. Був главою делегації України на Віденських переговорах з питань безпеки і співробітництва в Європі.
З 12.1994 по 09.1997 рр. Надзвичайний і Повноважний Посол України в ФРН.
З 1997 по 2001 рр. генеральний інспектор, Посол з особливих доручень Генеральної інспекції МЗС України.
З 25.01.2000 по 24.03.2006 Надзвичайний і Повноважний Посол України в Японії.
З 21.12.2004 по 24.03.2006 Надзвичайний та Повноважний Посол України в Республіці Філіппіни за сумісництвом.
З 11.05.2006 по 03.06.2009 заступник Міністра закордонних справ України.
З 03.06.2009 по 12.09.2012 — Надзвичайний і Повноважний Посол України в Китайській Народній Республіці.
З 21 грудня 2009 по 12.09.2012 — Надзвичайний і Повноважний Посол України в Монголії за сумісництвом.
Твори
Автор 40 статей з питань зовнішньої політики.
Нагороди
Командорський хрест I ступеня Почесного знаку «За заслуги перед Австрійською Республікою» (2002);
Міжнародний орден Святого Станіслава III ступеня (2001)
Орден «За заслуги» III ступеня (2005),
Орден «За заслуги» II ступеня (2008),
Орден Вранішнього Сонця II ступеня (Японія, 2016)
Див. також
Посольство України в КНР
Посольство України в Німеччині
Посольство України в Японії
Посольство України в Австрії
Примітки
Джерела
В. М. Матвієнко. Костенко Юрій Васильович // Українська дипломатична енциклопедія: У 2-х т. /Редкол.:Л. В. Губерський (голова) та ін. — К: Знання України, 2004 — Т.1 — 760 с. ISBN 966-316-039-X
Посилання
Відкрита Україна
info.mobus
Флот 2017
Українські дипломати
Кавалери міжнародного ордена Святого Станіслава
Посли України в Австрії
Посли України в Німеччині
Посли України в Японії
Посли України на Філіппінах
Посли України в Китаї
Посли України в Монголії
Представники України в МО Відень
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54134056
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%20IIHF%20Women%27s%20World%20Championship%20Division%20II
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2018 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
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2018 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
The 2018 IIHF Women's World Championship Division II consisted of three international ice hockey tournaments organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation. Division II A, Division II B and Division II B Qualification represent the fourth, fifth and sixth tier of the IIHF Women's World Championship.
The Netherlands won the Division II Group A tournament and will play in Division I next year. Spain took home the top spot in the Division II Group B tournament and were promoted to Division II Group A for next year, while Croatia won the Division II Group B Qualification tournament.
Similar to last year, there are no relegations to lower divisions this year either.
Division II Group A
The Division II Group A tournament was played in Maribor, Slovenia, from 31 March to 6 April 2018.
Participating teams
Match officials
4 referees and 7 linesmen were selected for the tournament.
Referees
Darja Abrosimova
Kaylen Erchul
Anniina Nurmi
Ulrike Winklmayr
Linesmen
Liv Andersson
Jennifer Berezowski
Zita Gebora
Catherine Goutama
Anastasiia Kurashova
Milla Ronkainen
Wang Hui
Final standings
Match results
All times are local (Central European Summer Time – UTC+2).
Awards and statistics
Awards
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goalkeeper: Pia Dukarič
Best Defenseman: Kayleigh Hamers
Best Forward: Pia Pren
Source: IIHF.com
Scoring leaders
List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots against; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source: IIHF.com
Division II Group B
The Division II Group B tournament was played in Valdemoro, Spain, from 17 to 23 March 2018.
Participating teams
Match officials
4 referees and 7 linesmen were selected for the tournament.
Referees
Sintija Čamāne
Lisa Grison
Elise Harbitz-Rasmussen
Liu Chunhua
Linesmen
Bettina Angerer
Alba Calero
Jennifer Cameron
Claudia de la Pompa
Fu Zhennan
Loise Larsen
Linnea Sainio
Final standings
Match results
All times are local (Central European Time – UTC+1).
Awards and statistics
Awards
Best players selected by the directorate:
Best Goalkeeper: Alba Gonzalo
Best Defenseman: Elena Álvarez
Best Forward: Silvia Björgvinsdóttir
Source: IIHF.com
Scoring leaders
List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots against; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source: IIHF.com
Division II Group B Qualification
The Division II Group B Qualification tournament was played in Sofia, Bulgaria, from 4 to 9 December 2017.
Participating teams
Match officials
3 referees and 5 linesmen were selected for the tournament.
Referees
Olga Steinberg
Maria Fuhrberg
Michaela Matejova
Linesmen
Yvonne Grascher
Vitaliya Khamitsevich
Julia Mannlein
Tatiana Kasášová
Ìlksen Șermin Özdemir
Final standings
Match results
All times are local (Eastern European Time – UTC+2).
Statistics
Scoring leaders
List shows the top skaters sorted by points, then goals.
GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/− = Plus/minus; PIM = Penalties in minutes; POS = Position
Source: IIHF.com
Leading goaltenders
Only the top five goaltenders, based on save percentage, who have played at least 40% of their team's minutes, are included in this list.
TOI = Time on Ice (minutes:seconds); SA = Shots against; GA = Goals against; GAA = Goals against average; Sv% = Save percentage; SO = Shutouts
Source: IIHF.com
References
External links
Official website of IIHF
Complete results at the hockeyarchives.info
Division II
IIHF Women's World Championship Division II
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Slovenia
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Spain
International ice hockey competitions hosted by Bulgaria
IIHF
IIHF
IIHF
Sport in Maribor
Sport in the Community of Madrid
Sports competitions in Sofia
IIHF
IIHF
IIHF
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1518801
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20of%20Foreign%20Affairs%20%28Norway%29
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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Norway)
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Minister of Foreign Affairs (Norway)
The Minister of Foreign Affairs is a councilor of state and chief of the Norway's Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Since 16 October 2023, the position has been held by Espen Barth Eide of the Labour Party.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, based at Victoria Terrasse, Oslo, is responsible for Norway's relation with foreign countries, including diplomacy and diplomatic missions, trade, foreign aid and cooperation with international organisations. Except during the four in which a Deputy of the Prime Minister of Norway was appointed, the Minister of Foreign Affairs ranks second in the cabinet after the Prime Minister and is his deputy.
History
The position was created on 7 June 1905, the day Norway declared independence from Sweden, with the Liberal Party's Jørgen Løvland as the inaugural. Forty people from five parties have held the position, all men excepting the current officeholder. From 1983 to 2013 the Minister of International Development, which was responsible for issues related to foreign aid, was attached to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Notable officeholders
Halvard Lange (Labour) is the longest-serving, having held the position for more than eighteen years in four cabinets. The shortest-serving is the fellow party member, Edvard Bull, Sr., who held the position for the sixteen days that Hornsrud's Cabinet lasted. Johan Ludwig Mowinckel (Liberal) was appointed four times as minister. Three people have sat concurrently as Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs: Løvland, Mowinckel and Ivar Lykke (Conservative). Three officeholders would later become Prime Minister: Løvland, Mowinckel and Kjell Magne Bondevik (Christian Democratic). Two former Prime Ministers have held the office: John Lyng (Conservative) and Thorbjørn Jagland (Labour). Trygve Lie (Labour) resigned from the office to become the inaugural Secretary-General of the United Nations. Two people have died while in office: Knut Frydenlund and Johan Jørgen Holst (both Labour).
List of ministers
The following lists the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, their party, date of assuming and leaving office, their tenure in years and days, and the cabinet they served in.
Key
Minister of European Affairs
The Minister of European Affairs was responsible for cases related to the EEA and Norway's relation with the EU. The post was established on 16 October 2013 by the Solberg Cabinet, which at the time consisted of the Conservatives and the Progress Party. It was abolished on 17 January 2018 when the Liberals joined the Cabinet.
Key
Ministers
References
External links
Foreign relations of Norway
Foreign Affairs
1905 establishments in Norway
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3452095
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss%20JN-4
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Curtiss JN-4
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Curtiss JN-4
«Кертіс» JN-4 — американський навчально-тренувальний літак виробництва авіакомпанії Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company, що перебував на озброєнні авіаційної секції Корпусу зв'язку США у часи Першої світової війни та післявоєнний час, а також здобув повсюдного використання як цивільний літак багатоцільового призначення.
Історія
Гленн Кертісс розробив можливо найвідоміший американський літак часів Першої світової війни та міжвоєнного часу JN-4 шляхом глибокої модернізації двох попередніх прототипів своїх літаків: Model J і Model N, увібравши найкращі характеристики з кожного з них. Ставши з часом знаменитим JN-4, двомісний біплан, який незабаром отримав прізвисько «Jenny» надійшов на озброєння авіаційної секції Корпусу зв'язку напередодні вступу країни в Першу світову війну. З квітня 1917 року, коли США вступили в Першу світову війну, даний літак став будуватися великими серіями — саме на таких машинах пройшли підготовку майже 95 % всіх американських і канадських пілотів. Трохи пізніше, в 1919—1920 роках, він активно експлуатувався в міжвоєнний період для різних цілей: тисячі таких аеропланів заполонили небо Америки — літаки можна було бачити на різних ярмарках, авіа шоу та інших заходах.
Країни-оператори
Льотний корпус Австралії
Морська авіація Аргентини
Морська авіація Бразилії
Королівський льотний корпус Канади
Королівські військово-повітряні сили Канади
Національно-революційна армія
Повітряні сили Куби
Королівський льотний корпус
Королівська морська авіаційна служба
Авіаційна секція Корпусу зв'язку
ВМС США
Корпус морської піхоти США
Див. також
Список військових літаків США
Музей авіації армії США
Канадський музей авіації і космосу (Оттава)
Airco DH.2
Aviatik B.II
Рекорди в авіації
Джерела
Curtiss JN-4D — Specifications & Operating Instructions
Посилання
Curtiss JN-4D Jenny
Curtiss JN-4
Примітки
Виноски
Джерела
Література
Angelucci, Enzo. Great Aeroplanes of the World. London: Hamlyn, 1973. ISBN 0-600-38663-5.
Bowers, Peter M. Curtiss Aircraft, 1907—1947. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1979. ISBN 0-370-10029-8.
Molson, Ken M. «The Canadian JN-4.» Canadian Aeronautics and Space Journal, Volume 10, No. 3, March 1964.
Winchester, Jim, ed. «Curtiss JN-4 'Jenny'.» Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes (Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2004. ISBN 1-84013-641-3.
Літаки Curtiss
Військові літаки США
1915 в авіації
Літаки Першої світової війни
Одномоторні поршневі літаки
Біплани
Повітряні судна, що здійснили перший політ в 1915 році
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18933037
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing%20B-52%20Stratofortress
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Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
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Boeing B-52 Stratofortress
The Boeing B-52 Stratofortress is an American long-range, subsonic, jet-powered strategic bomber. The B-52 was designed and built by Boeing, which has continued to provide support and upgrades. It has been operated by the United States Air Force (USAF) since the 1950s, and NASA for over 40 years. The bomber can carry up to of weapons and has a typical combat range of around without aerial refueling.
Beginning with the successful contract bid in June 1946, the B-52 design evolved from a straight wing aircraft powered by six turboprop engines to the final prototype YB-52 with eight turbojet engines and swept wings. The B-52 took its maiden flight in April 1952. The B-52 has been in service with the USAF since 1955, and NASA from 1959 to 2007. Built to carry nuclear weapons for Cold Warera deterrence missions, the B-52 Stratofortress replaced the Convair B-36 Peacemaker.
Superior performance at high subsonic speeds and relatively low operating costs have kept them in service despite the development of more advanced strategic bombers, such as the Mach 2+ Convair B-58 Hustler, the canceled Mach 3 North American XB-70 Valkyrie, the variable-geometry Rockwell B-1 Lancer, and the stealth Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit. A veteran of several wars, the B-52 has dropped only conventional munitions in combat.
The B-52's official name Stratofortress is rarely used; informally, the aircraft has become commonly referred to as the BUFF (Big Ugly Fat Fucker/Fella).
There are 72 aircraft in inventory ; 58 operated by active forces (2nd Bomb Wing and 5th Bomb Wing), 18 by reserve forces (307th Bomb Wing), and about 12 in long-term storage at the Davis-Monthan AFB Boneyard. The bombers flew under the Strategic Air Command (SAC) until it was disestablished in 1992 and its aircraft absorbed into the Air Combat Command (ACC); in 2010, all B-52 Stratofortresses were transferred from the ACC to the new Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). The B-52 completed 60 years of continuous service with its original operator in 2015. After being upgraded between 2013 and 2015, the last airplanes are expected to serve into the 2050s.
Development
Origins
On 23 November 1945, Air Materiel Command (AMC) issued desired performance characteristics for a new strategic bomber "capable of carrying out the strategic mission without dependence upon advanced and intermediate bases controlled by other countries". The aircraft was to have a crew of five or more turret gunners, and a six-man relief crew. It was required to cruise at at with a combat radius of . The armament was to consist of an unspecified number of 20 mm cannons and of bombs. On 13 February 1946, the USAF issued bid invitations for these specifications, with Boeing, Consolidated Aircraft, and Glenn L. Martin Company submitting proposals.
On 5 June 1946, Boeing's Model 462, a straight-wing aircraft powered by six Wright T35 turboprops with a gross weight of and a combat radius of , was declared the winner. On 28 June 1946, Boeing was issued a letter of contract for million to build a full-scale mockup of the new XB-52 and do preliminary engineering and testing. However, by October 1946, the USAF began to express concern about the sheer size of the new aircraft and its inability to meet the specified design requirements. In response, Boeing produced the Model 464, a smaller four-engine version with a gross weight, which was briefly deemed acceptable.
Subsequently, in November 1946, the Deputy Chief of Air Staff for Research and Development, General Curtis LeMay, expressed the desire for a cruising speed of , to which Boeing responded with a aircraft. In December 1946, Boeing was asked to change their design to a four-engine bomber with a top speed of , range of , and the ability to carry a nuclear weapon; in total, the aircraft could weigh up to . Boeing responded with two models powered by T35 turboprops. The Model 464-16 was a "nuclear only" bomber with a payload, while the Model 464-17 was a general purpose bomber with a payload. Due to the cost associated with purchasing two specialized aircraft, the USAF selected Model 464-17 with the understanding that it could be adapted for nuclear strikes.
In June 1947, the military requirements were updated and the Model 464-17 met all of them except for the range. It was becoming obvious to the USAF that, even with the updated performance, the XB-52 would be obsolete by the time it entered production and would offer little improvement over the Convair B-36 Peacemaker; as a result, the entire project was postponed for six months. During this time, Boeing continued to perfect the design, which resulted in the Model 464-29 with a top speed of and a range. In September 1947, the Heavy Bombardment Committee was convened to ascertain performance requirements for a nuclear bomber. Formalized on 8 December 1947, these requirements called for a top speed of and an range, far beyond the capabilities of the 464-29.
The outright cancellation of the Boeing contract on 11 December 1947 was staved off by a plea from its president William McPherson Allen to the Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington. Allen reasoned that the design was capable of being adapted to new aviation technology and more stringent requirements. In January 1948, Boeing was instructed to thoroughly explore recent technological innovations, including aerial refueling and the flying wing. Noting stability and control problems Northrop Corporation was experiencing with their YB-35 and YB-49 flying wing bombers, Boeing insisted on a conventional aircraft, and in April 1948 presented a million (US$ today) proposal for design, construction, and testing of two Model 464-35 prototypes. Further revisions during 1948 resulted in an aircraft with a top speed of at , a range of , and a gross weight, which included of bombs and of fuel.
Design effort
In May 1948, Air Materiel Command asked Boeing to incorporate the previously discarded jet engine, with improvements in fuel efficiency, into the design. That resulted in the development of yet another revisionin July 1948, Model 464-40 substituted Westinghouse J40 turbojets for the turboprops. The USAF project officer who reviewed the Model 464-40 was favorably impressed, especially since he had already been thinking along similar lines. Nevertheless, the government was concerned about the high fuel consumption rate of the jet engines of the day, and directed Boeing to use the turboprop-powered Model 464-35 as the basis for the XB-52. Although he agreed that turbojet propulsion was the future, General Howard A. Craig, Deputy Chief of Staff for Materiel, was not very enthusiastic about a jet-powered B-52 since he felt that the jet engine had not yet progressed sufficiently to permit skipping an intermediate turboprop stage. However, Boeing was encouraged to continue turbojet studies even without any expected commitment to jet propulsion.
On Thursday, 21 October 1948, Boeing engineers George S. Schairer, Art Carlsen, and Vaughn Blumenthal presented the design of a four-engine turboprop bomber to the chief of bomber development, Colonel Pete Warden. Warden was disappointed by the projected aircraft and asked if the Boeing team could produce a proposal for a four-engine turbojet bomber. Joined by Ed Wells, Boeing's vice president of engineering, the engineers worked that night in The Hotel Van Cleve in Dayton, Ohio, redesigning Boeing's proposal as a four-engine turbojet bomber. On Friday, Colonel Warden looked over the information and asked for a better design. Returning to the hotel, the Boeing team was joined by Bob Withington and Maynard Pennell, two top Boeing engineers who were in town on other business.
By late Friday night, they had laid out what was an essentially new airplane. The new design (464-49) built upon the basic layout of the B-47 Stratojet with 35-degree swept wings, eight engines paired in four underwing pods, and bicycle landing gear with wingtip outrigger wheels. A notable feature was the ability to pivot both fore and aft main landing gear up to 20° from the aircraft centerline to increase safety during crosswind landings (allowing the aircraft to "crab" or roll with a sideways slip angle down the runway). After a trip to a hobby shop for supplies, Schairer set to work building a model. The rest of the team focused on weight and performance data. Wells, who was also a skilled artist, completed the aircraft drawings. On Sunday, a stenographer was hired to type a clean copy of the proposal. On Monday, Schairer presented Colonel Warden with a neatly bound 33-page proposal and a scale model. The aircraft was projected to exceed all design specifications.
Although the full-size mock-up inspection in April 1949 was generally favorable, range again became a concern since the J40s and early model J57s had excessive fuel consumption. Despite talk of another revision of specifications or even a full design competition among aircraft manufacturers, General LeMay, now in charge of Strategic Air Command, insisted that performance should not be compromised due to delays in engine development. In a final attempt to increase range, Boeing created the larger 464-67, stating that once in production, the range could be further increased in subsequent modifications. Following several direct interventions by LeMay, Boeing was awarded a production contract for thirteen B-52As and seventeen detachable reconnaissance pods on 14 February 1951. The last major design change—also at General LeMay's insistence—was a switch from the B-47 style tandem seating to a more conventional side-by-side cockpit, which increased the effectiveness of the copilot and reduced crew fatigue. Both XB-52 prototypes featured the original tandem seating arrangement with a framed bubble-type canopy (see above images).
Tex Johnston noted, "The B-52, like the B-47, utilized a flexible wing. I saw the wingtip of the B-52 static test airplane travel , from the negative 1-G load position to the positive 4-G load position." The flexible structure allowed "...the wing to flex during gust and maneuvering loads, thus relieving high-stress areas and providing a smoother ride." During a 3.5-G pullup, "The wingtips appeared about 35 degrees above level flight position."
Pre-production and production
During ground testing on 29 November 1951, the XB-52's pneumatic system failed during a full-pressure test; the resulting explosion severely damaged the trailing edge of the wing, necessitating considerable repairs. The YB-52, the second XB-52 modified with more operational equipment, first flew on 15 April 1952 with "Tex" Johnston as the pilot. A 2-hour, 21-minute proving flight from Boeing Field, near Seattle, Washington, to Larson Air Force Base was undertaken with Boeing test pilot Johnston and USAF Lieutenant Colonel Guy M. Townsend. The XB-52 followed on 2 October 1952. The thorough development, including 670 days in the wind tunnel and 130 days of aerodynamic and aeroelastic testing, paid off with smooth flight testing. Encouraged, the USAF increased its order to 282 B-52s.
Only three of the 13 B-52As ordered were built. All were returned to Boeing and used in their test program. On 9 June 1952, the February 1951 contract was updated to order the aircraft under new specifications. The final 10, the first aircraft to enter active service, were completed as B-52Bs. At the roll-out ceremony on 18 March 1954, Air Force Chief of Staff General Nathan Twining said:
The B-52B was followed by progressively improved bomber and reconnaissance variants, culminating in the B-52G and turbofan B-52H. To allow rapid delivery, production lines were set up both at its main Seattle factory and at Boeing's Wichita facility. More than 5,000 companies were involved in the huge production effort, with 41% of the airframe being built by subcontractors. The prototypes and all B-52A, B and C models (90 aircraft) were built at Seattle. Testing of aircraft built in Seattle caused problems due to jet noise, which led to the establishment of curfews for engine tests. Aircraft were ferried east on their maiden flights to Larson Air Force Base near Moses Lake, where they were fully tested.
As production of the B-47 came to an end, the Wichita factory was phased in for B-52D production, with Seattle responsible for 101 D-models and Wichita 69. Both plants continued to build the B-52E, with 42 built at Seattle and 58 at Wichita, and the B-52F (44 from Seattle and 45 from Wichita). For the B-52G, Boeing decided in 1957 to transfer all production to Wichita, which freed up Seattle for other tasks, in particular, the production of airliners. Production ended in 1962 with the B-52H, with 742 aircraft built, plus the original two prototypes.
Upgrades
A proposed variant of the B-52H was the EB-52H, which would have consisted of 16 modified and augmented B-52H airframes with additional electronic jamming capabilities. This variant would have restored USAF airborne jamming capability that it lost on retiring the EF-111 Raven. The program was canceled in 2005 following the removal of funds for the stand-off jammer. The program was revived in 2007 and cut again in early 2009.
In July 2013, the USAF began a fleet-wide technological upgrade of its B-52 bombers called Combat Network Communications Technology (CONECT) to modernize electronics, communications technology, computing, and avionics on the flight deck. CONECT upgrades include software and hardware such as new computer servers, modems, radios, data-links, receivers, and digital workstations for the crew. One update is the AN/ARC-210 Warrior beyond-line-of-sight software programmable radio able to transmit voice, data, and information in-flight between B-52s and ground command and control centers, allowing the transmission and reception of data with updated intelligence, mapping, and targeting information; previous in-flight target changes required copying down coordinates. The ARC-210 allows machine-to-machine transfer of data, useful on long-endurance missions where targets may have moved before the arrival of the B-52. The aircraft will be able to receive information through Link-16. CONECT upgrades will cost billion overall and take several years. Funding has been secured for 30 B-52s; the USAF hopes for 10 CONECT upgrades per year, but the rate has yet to be decided.
Weapons upgrades include the 1760 Internal Weapons Bay Upgrade (IWBU), which gives a 66 percent increase in weapons payload using a digital interface (MIL-STD-1760) and rotary launcher. IWBU is expected to cost roughly million. The 1760 IWBU will allow the B-52 to carry eight JDAM bombs, AGM-158B JASSM-ER cruise missile and the ADM-160C MALD-J decoy missiles internally. All 1760 IWBUs should be operational by October 2017. Two bombers will have the ability to carry 40 weapons in place of the 36 that three B-52s can carry. The 1760 IWBU allows precision-guided missiles or bombs to be deployed from inside the weapons bay; the previous aircraft carried these munitions externally on the wing hardpoints. This increases the number of guided weapons (Joint Direct Attack Munition or JDAM) a B-52 can carry and reduces the need for guided bombs to be carried on the wings. The first phase will allow a B-52 to carry twenty-four GBU-38 500-pound guided bombs or twenty GBU-31 2,000-pound bombs, with later phases accommodating the JASSM and MALD family of missiles. In addition to carrying more smart bombs, moving them internally from the wings reduces drag and achieves a 15 percent reduction in fuel consumption.
The US Air Force Research Lab is investigating defensive laser weapons for the B-52.
The B-52 is due to receive a range of upgrades alongside a planned engine retrofit. These upgrades aim to modernize the sensors and displays of the B-52. They include the new APG-79B4 Active electronically scanned array radar, replacing older mechanically scanned arrays, the streamlining of the nose and deletion of blisters housing the forward-looking infrared/electro-optical viewing system. In October 2022 Boeing released new images of what the upgrade would look like. The upgrades will also include improved communication systems, new pylons, new cockpit displays and the deletion of one crew station. The changes will carry the designation B-52J.
Design
Overview
The B-52 shared many technological similarities with the preceding B-47 Stratojet strategic bomber. The two aircraft used the same basic design, such as swept wings and podded jet engines, and the cabin included the crew ejection systems. On the B-52D, the pilots and electronic countermeasures (ECM) operator ejected upwards, while the lower deck crew ejected downwards; until the B-52G, the gunner had to jettison the tail gun to bail out. The tail gunner in early model B-52s was located in the traditional location in the tail of the plane, with both visual and radar gun laying systems; in later models, the gunner was moved to the front of the fuselage, with gun laying carried out by radar alone, much like the B-58 Hustler's tail gun system.
Structural fatigue was accelerated by at least a factor of eight in a low-altitude flight profile over that of high-altitude flying, requiring costly repairs to extend service life. In the early 1960s, the three-phase High Stress program was launched to counter structural fatigue, enrolling aircraft at 2,000 flying hours. Follow-up programs were conducted, such as a 2,000-hour service life extension to select airframes in 1966–1968, and the extensive Pacer Plank reskinning, completed in 1977. The wet wing introduced on G and H models was even more susceptible to fatigue, experiencing 60% more stress during a flight than the old wing. The wings were modified by 1964 under ECP 1050. This was followed by a fuselage skin and longeron replacement (ECP 1185) in 1966, and the B-52 Stability Augmentation and Flight Control program (ECP 1195) in 1967. Fuel leaks due to deteriorating Marman clamps continued to plague all variants of the B-52. To this end, all aircraft variants were subjected to Blue Band (1957), Hard Shell (1958), and finally QuickClip (1958) programs. The latter fitted safety straps that prevented catastrophic loss of fuel in case of clamp failure. The B-52's service ceiling is officially listed as , but operational experience shows this is difficult to reach when fully laden with bombs. According to one source: "The optimal altitude for a combat mission was around , because to exceed that height would rapidly degrade the plane's range."
In September 2006, the B-52 became one of the first US military aircraft to fly using alternative fuel. It took off from Edwards Air Force Base with a 50/50 blend of Fischer–Tropsch process (FT) synthetic fuel and conventional JP-8 jet fuel, which burned in two of the eight engines. On 15 December 2006, a B-52 took off from Edwards with the synthetic fuel powering all eight engines, the first time a USAF aircraft was entirely powered by the blend. The seven-hour flight was considered a success. This program is part of the Department of Defense Assured Fuel Initiative, which aimed to reduce crude oil usage and obtain half of its aviation fuel from alternative sources by 2016. On 8 August 2007, Air Force Secretary Michael Wynne certified the B-52H as fully approved to use the FT blend.
Flight controls
Because of the B-52's mission parameters, only modest maneuvers would be required with no need for spin recovery. The aircraft has a relatively small, narrow chord rudder, giving it limited yaw control authority. Originally an all-moving vertical stabilizer was to be used but was abandoned because of doubts about hydraulic actuator reliability. Because the aircraft has eight engines, asymmetrical thrust due to the loss of an engine in flight would be minimal and correctable with the narrow rudder. To assist with crosswind takeoffs and landings the main landing gear can be pivoted 20 degrees to either side from neutral. The crew would preset the yaw adjustable crosswind landing gear according to wind observations made on the ground.
Like the rudder, the elevator is also very narrow chord and the B-52 suffers from limited elevator control authority. For long-term pitch trim and airspeed changes the aircraft uses a stabilator (or all-moving tail) with the elevator used for small adjustments within a stabilizer setting. The stabilizer is adjustable through 13 degrees of movement (nine up, four down) and is crucial to operations during takeoff and landing due to large pitch changes induced by flap application.
B-52s prior to the G models had very small ailerons with a short span that was approximately equal to their chord. These "feeler ailerons" were used to provide feedback forces to the pilot's control yoke and to fine-tune the roll axes during delicate maneuvers such as aerial refueling. Due to twisting of the thin main wing, conventional outboard flap-type ailerons would lose authority and therefore could not be used. In other words, aileron activation would cause the wing to twist, undermining roll control. Six spoilerons on each wing are responsible for the majority of roll control. The late B-52G models eliminated the ailerons altogether and added an extra spoileron to each wing. Partly because of the lack of ailerons, the B-52G and H models were more susceptible to Dutch roll.
Avionics
Ongoing problems with avionics systems were addressed in the Jolly Well program, completed in 1964, which improved components of the AN/ASQ-38 bombing navigational computer and the terrain computer. The MADREC (Malfunction Detection and Recording) upgrade fitted to most aircraft by 1965 could detect failures in avionics and weapons computer systems and was essential in monitoring the AGM-28 Hound Dog missiles. The electronic countermeasures capability of the B-52 was expanded with Rivet Rambler (1971) and Rivet Ace (1973).
To improve operations at low altitudes, the AN/ASQ-151 Electro-Optical Viewing System (EVS), which consisted of a low light level television (LLLTV) and a forward looking infrared (FLIR) system mounted in blisters under the noses of B-52Gs and Hs between 1972 and 1976. The navigational capabilities of the B-52 were later augmented with the addition of GPS in the 1980s. The IBM AP-101, also used on the Rockwell B-1 Lancer bomber and the Space Shuttle, was the B-52's main computer.
In 2007, the LITENING targeting pod was fitted, which increased the effectiveness of the aircraft in the attack of ground targets with a variety of standoff weapons, using laser guidance, a high-resolution forward-looking infrared sensor (FLIR), and a CCD camera used to obtain target imagery. LITENING pods have been fitted to a wide variety of other US aircraft, such as the McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, the General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II.
Armament
The ability to carry up to 20 AGM-69 SRAM nuclear missiles was added to G and H models, starting in 1971. To further improve its offensive ability, air-launched cruise missiles (ALCMs) were fitted. After testing of both the USAF-backed Boeing AGM-86 Air Launched Cruise Missile and the Navy-backed General Dynamics AGM-109 Tomahawk, the AGM-86B was selected for operation by the B-52 (and ultimately by the B-1 Lancer). A total of 194 B-52Gs and Hs were modified to carry AGM-86s, carrying 12 missiles on underwing pylons, with 82 B-52Hs further modified to carry another eight missiles on a rotary launcher fitted in the bomb bay. To conform with SALT II Treaty requirements that cruise missile-capable aircraft be readily identifiable by reconnaissance satellites, the cruise missile-armed B-52Gs were modified with a distinctive wing root fairing. As all B-52Hs were assumed modified, no visual modification of these aircraft was required. In 1990, the stealthy AGM-129 ACM cruise missile entered service; although intended to replace the AGM-86, the high cost and the Cold War's end led to only 450 being produced; unlike the AGM-86, no conventional, non-nuclear version was built. The B-52 was to have been modified to utilize Northrop Grumman's AGM-137 TSSAM weapon; however, the missile was canceled due to development costs.
Those B-52Gs not converted as cruise missile carriers underwent a series of modifications to improve conventional bombing. They were fitted with a new Integrated Conventional Stores Management System (ICSMS) and new underwing pylons that could hold larger bombs or other stores than the external pylons could. Thirty B-52Gs were further modified to carry up to 12 AGM-84 Harpoon anti-ship missiles each, while 12 B-52Gs were fitted to carry the AGM-142 Have Nap stand-off air-to-ground missile. When the B-52G was retired in 1994, an urgent scheme was launched to restore an interim Harpoon and Have Nap capability, the four aircraft being modified to carry Harpoon and four to carry Have Nap under the Rapid Eight program.
The Conventional Enhancement Modification (CEM) program gave the B-52H a more comprehensive conventional weapons capability, adding the modified underwing weapon pylons used by conventional-armed B-52Gs, Harpoon and Have Nap, and the capability to carry new-generation weapons including the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) and Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser guided bombs, the AGM-154 glide bomb and the AGM-158 JASSM missile. The CEM program also introduced new radios, integrated Global Positioning System into the aircraft's navigation system, and replaced the under-nose FLIR with a more modern unit. Forty-seven B-52Hs were modified under the CEM program by 1996, with 19 more by the end of 1999.
By around 2010, U.S. Strategic Command stopped assigning B61 and B83 nuclear gravity bombs to B-52, and later listed only the B-2 as tasked with delivering strategic nuclear bombs in budget requests. Nuclear gravity bombs were removed from the B-52's capabilities because it is no longer considered survivable enough to penetrate modern air defenses, instead relying on nuclear cruise missiles and focusing on expanding its conventional strike role. The 2019 "Safety Rules for U.S. Strategic Bomber Aircraft" manual subsequently confirmed the removal of B61-7 and B83-1 gravity bombs from the B-52H's approved weapons configuration.
Starting in 2016, Boeing is to upgrade the internal rotary launchers to the MIL-STD-1760 interface to enable the internal carriage of smart bombs, which previously could be carried only on the wings.
While the B-1 Lancer has a larger theoretical maximum payload of compared to the B-52's , the bombers are rarely able to carry their full loads. The most the B-52 carries is a full load of AGM-86Bs totaling . The B-1 has the internal weapons bay space to carry more GBU-31 JDAMs and JASSMs, but the B-52 upgraded with the conventional rotary launcher can carry more of other JDAM variants.
The AGM-183A Air-Launched Rapid Response (ARRW) hypersonic missile and the future Long Range Stand Off (LRSO) nuclear-armed air-launched cruise missile will join the B-52 inventory in the future.
Engines
The eight engines of the B-52 are paired in pods and suspended by four pylons beneath and forward of the wings' leading edge. The careful arrangement of the pylons also allowed them to work as wing fences and delay the onset of stall. The first two prototypes, XB-52 and YB-52, were both powered by experimental Pratt & Whitney YJ57-P-3 turbojet engines with of static thrust each.
The B-52A models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57-P-1W turbojets, providing a dry thrust of which could be increased for short periods to with water injection. The water was carried in a tank in the rear fuselage.
B-52B, C, D and E models were equipped with Pratt & Whitney J57-P-29W, J57-P-29WA, or J57-P-19W series engines all rated at . The B-52F and G models were powered by Pratt & Whitney J57-P-43WB turbojets, each rated at static thrust with water injection.
On 9 May 1961, the B-52H began to be delivered to the USAF with cleaner burning and quieter Pratt & Whitney TF33-P-3 turbofans with a maximum thrust of .
Engine retrofit
In a study for the USAF in the mid-1970s, Boeing investigated replacing the engines, changing to a new wing, and other improvements to upgrade B-52G/H aircraft as an alternative to the B-1A, then in development.
In 1996, Rolls-Royce and Boeing jointly proposed fitting each B-52 with four leased Rolls-Royce RB211 engines. This would have involved replacing the eight Pratt & Whitney TF33 engines (total thrust ) with four RB211-535E4 engines (total thrust ), which would increase range and reduce fuel consumption. However, a USAF analysis in 1997 concluded that Boeing's estimated savings of billion would not be realized and that reengining would instead cost billion more than keeping the existing engines, citing significant up-front procurement and re-tooling expenditure.
The USAF's 1997 rejection of reengining was subsequently disputed in a Defense Science Board (DSB) report in 2003. The DSB urged the USAF to re-engine the aircraft without delay, saying doing so would not only create significant cost savings but reduce greenhouse gas emissions and increase aircraft range and endurance; these conclusions were in line with the conclusions of a separate Congress-funded study conducted in 2003. Criticizing the USAF cost analysis, the DSB found that among other things, the USAF failed to account for the cost of aerial refueling; the DSB estimated that aerial refueling cost , whereas the USAF had failed to account for the cost of delivering the fuel and so had only priced fuel at .
On 23 April 2020, the USAF released its request for proposals for 608 commercial engines plus spares and support equipment, with the plan to award the contract in May 2021. This Commercial Engine Reengining Program (CERP) saw General Electric propose its CF34-10 and Passport turbofans, Pratt & Whitney its PW800, and the Rolls-Royce BR725 to be designated F130. On 24 September 2021, the USAF selected the Rolls-Royce F130 as the winner and announced plans to purchase 650 engines (608 direct replacements and 42 spares), for billion.
Unlike the previous re-engine proposal which also involved reducing the number of engines from eight to four, the F130 re-engine program maintains eight engines on the B-52. Although four-engine operation would be more efficient, retrofitting the airframe to operate with only four engines would involve additional changes to the aircraft's systems and control surfaces (particularly the rudder), thereby increasing the time, cost, and complexity of the project. B-52Hs upgraded with Rolls Royce F130 engines will be redesignated as "B-52Js".
Costs
Operational history
Introduction
Although the B-52A was the first production variant, these aircraft were used only in testing. The first operational version was the B-52B which had been developed in parallel with the prototypes since 1951. First flying in December 1954, B-52B, AF Serial Number 52-8711, entered operational service with 93rd Heavy Bombardment Wing (93rd BW) at Castle Air Force Base, California, on 29 June 1955. The wing became operational on 12 March 1956. The training for B-52 crews consisted of five weeks of ground school and four weeks of flying, accumulating 35 to 50 hours in the air. The new B-52Bs replaced operational B-36s on a one-to-one basis.
Early operations were problematic; in addition to supply problems, there were also technical issues. Ramps and taxiways deteriorated under the aircraft's weight, the fuel system was prone to leaks and icing, and bombing and fire control computers were unreliable. The split-level cockpit presented a temperature control problem– the pilots' cockpit was heated by sunlight while the observer and the navigator on the bottom deck sat on the ice-cold floor. Thus, a comfortable temperature setting for the pilots caused the other crew members to freeze, while a comfortable temperature for the bottom crew caused the pilots to overheat. The J57 engines proved unreliable. Alternator failure caused the first fatal B-52 crash in February 1956; as a result, the fleet was briefly grounded. In July, fuel and hydraulic issues grounded the B-52s again. In response to maintenance issues, the USAF set up "Sky Speed" teams of 50 contractors at each B-52 base to perform maintenance and routine checkups, taking an average of one week per aircraft.
On 21 May 1956, a B-52B (52-13) dropped a Mk-15 nuclear bomb over the Bikini Atoll in a test code-named Cherokee. It was the first air-dropped thermonuclear weapon. This aircraft now is on display at the National Museum of Nuclear Science and History in Albuquerque, NM. From 24 to 25 November 1956, four B-52Bs of the 93rd BW and four B-52Cs of the 42nd BW flew nonstop around the perimeter of North America in Operation Quick Kick, which covered in 31 hours, 30 minutes. SAC noted the flight time could have been reduced by 5 to 6 hours had the four inflight refuelings been done by fast jet-powered tanker aircraft rather than propeller-driven Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters. In a demonstration of the B-52's global reach, from 16 to 18 January 1957, three B-52Bs made a non-stop flight around the world during Operation Power Flite, during which was covered in 45 hours 19 minutes with several in-flight refuelings by KC-97s.
The B-52 set many records over the next few years. On 26 September 1958, a B-52D set a world speed record of over a closed circuit without a payload. The same day, another B-52D established a world speed record of over a closed circuit without a payload. On 14 December 1960, a B-52G set a world distance record by flying unrefueled for ; the flight lasted 19 hours 44 minutes. From 10 to 11 January 1962, a B-52H (60-40) set a world distance record by flying unrefueled, surpassing the prior B-52 record set two years earlier, from Kadena Air Base, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, to Torrejón Air Base, Spain, which covered . The flight passed over Seattle, Fort Worth and the Azores.
Cold War
When the B-52 entered service, the Strategic Air Command (SAC) intended to use it to deter and counteract the vast and modernizing Soviet Union's military. As the Soviet Union increased its nuclear capabilities, destroying or "countering" the forces that would deliver nuclear strikes (bombers, missiles, etc.) became of great strategic importance. The Eisenhower administration endorsed this switch in focus; the President in 1954 expressed a preference for military targets over civilian ones, a principle reinforced in the Single Integrated Operation Plan (SIOP), a plan of action in the case of nuclear war breaking out.
Throughout the Cold War, B-52s and other US strategic bombers performed airborne alert patrols under code names such as Head Start, Chrome Dome, Hard Head, Round Robin and Giant Lance. Bombers loitered at high altitudes near the borders of the Soviet Union to provide rapid first strike or retaliation capability in case of nuclear war. These airborne patrols formed one component of the US's nuclear deterrent, which would act to prevent the breakout of a large-scale war between the US and the Soviet Union under the concept of Mutually Assured Destruction.
Due to the late 1950s-era threat of surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) that could threaten high-altitude aircraft, seen in practice in the 1960 U-2 incident, the intended use of B-52 was changed to serve as a low-level penetration bomber during a foreseen attack upon the Soviet Union, as terrain masking provided an effective method of avoiding radar and thus the threat of the SAMs. The aircraft was planned to fly towards the target at and deliver their weapons from or lower. Although never intended for the low-level role, the B-52's flexibility allowed it to outlast several intended successors as the nature of aerial warfare changed. The B-52's large airframe enabled the addition of multiple design improvements, new equipment, and other adaptations over its service life.
In November 1959, to improve the aircraft's combat capabilities in the changing strategic environment, SAC initiated the Big Four modification program (also known as Modification 1000) for all operational B-52s except early B models. The program was completed by 1963. The four modifications were the ability to launch AGM-28 Hound Dog standoff nuclear missiles and ADM-20 Quail decoys, an advanced electronic countermeasures (ECM) suite, and upgrades to perform the all-weather, low-altitude (below 500 feet or 150 m) interdiction mission in the face of advancing Soviet missile-based air defenses.
In the 1960s, there were concerns over the fleet's capable lifespan. Several projects beyond the B-52, the Convair B-58 Hustler and North American XB-70 Valkyrie, had either been aborted or proved disappointing in light of changing requirements, which left the older B-52 as the main bomber as opposed to the planned successive aircraft models. On 19 February 1965, General Curtis E. LeMay testified to Congress that the lack of a follow-up bomber project to the B-52 raised the danger that, "The B-52 is going to fall apart on us before we can get a replacement for it." Other aircraft, such as the General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark, later complemented the B-52 in roles the aircraft was not as capable in, such as missions involving high-speed, low-level penetration dashes.
Vietnam War
With the escalating situation in Southeast Asia, 28 B-52Fs were fitted with external racks for 24 of the bombs under project South Bay in June 1964; an additional 46 aircraft received similar modifications under project Sun Bath. In March 1965, the United States commenced Operation Rolling Thunder. The first combat mission, Operation Arc Light, was flown by B-52Fs on 18 June 1965, when 30 bombers of the 9th and 441st Bombardment Squadrons struck a communist stronghold near the Bến Cát District in South Vietnam. The first wave of bombers arrived too early at a designated rendezvous point, and while maneuvering to maintain station, two B-52s collided, which resulted in the loss of both bombers and eight crewmen. The remaining bombers, minus one more that turned back due to mechanical problems, continued towards the target. Twenty-seven Stratofortresses bombed a target box from between , with a little more than 50% of the bombs falling within the target zone. The force returned to Andersen Air Force Base except for one bomber with electrical problems that recovered to Clark Air Base, the mission having lasted 13 hours. Post-strike assessment by teams of South Vietnamese troops with American advisors found evidence that the Viet Cong had departed from the area before the raid, and it was suspected that infiltration of the south's forces may have tipped off the north because of the South Vietnamese Army troops involved in the post-strike inspection.
Beginning in late 1965, a number of B-52Ds underwent Big Belly modifications to increase bomb capacity for carpet bombings. While the external payload remained at 24 of or bombs, the internal capacity increased from 27 to 84 for bombs, or from 27 to 42 for bombs. The modification created enough capacity for a total of using 108 bombs. Thus modified, B-52Ds could carry more than B-52Fs. Designed to replace B-52Fs, modified B-52Ds entered combat in April 1966 flying from Andersen Air Force Base, Guam. Each bombing mission lasted 10 to 12 hours and included an aerial refueling by KC-135 Stratotankers. In spring 1967, B-52s began flying from U-Tapao Airfield in Thailand so that refueling was not required.
B-52s were employed during the Battle of Ia Drang in November 1965, notable as the aircraft's first use in a tactical support role.
On 22 November 1972, a B-52D (55-110) from U-Tapao was hit by a SAM while on a raid over Vinh. The crew was forced to abandon the damaged aircraft over Thailand. This was the first B-52 destroyed by hostile fire.
The zenith of B-52 attacks in Vietnam was Operation Linebacker II (also known as the Christmas bombings), conducted from 18 to 29 December 1972, which consisted of waves of B-52s (mostly D models, but some Gs without jamming equipment and with a smaller bomb load). Over 12 days, B-52s flew 729 sorties and dropped 15,237 tons of bombs on Hanoi, Haiphong, and other targets in North Vietnam. Originally 42 B-52s were committed to the war; however, numbers were frequently twice this figure. During Operation Linebacker II, fifteen B-52s were shot down, five were heavily damaged (one crashed in Laos), and five suffered medium damage. A total of 25 crewmen were killed in these losses. During the war, 31 B-52s were lost, including ten shot down over North Vietnam.
Air-to-air combat
During the Vietnam War, B-52D tail gunners were credited with shooting down two MiG-21 "Fishbeds". On 18 December 1972 tail gunner Staff Sergeant Samuel O. Turner's B-52 had just completed a bomb run for Operation Linebacker II and was turning away when a Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) MiG-21 approached. The MiG and the B-52 locked onto each other. When the fighter drew within range, Turner fired his quad (four guns on one mounting) .50 (12.7 mm) caliber machine guns. The MiG exploded aft of the bomber, as confirmed by Master Sergeant Louis E. Le Blanc, the tail gunner in a nearby Stratofortress. Turner received a Silver Star for his actions. His B-52, tail number 56-676, is preserved on display with air-to-air kill markings at Fairchild Air Force Base in Spokane, Washington.
On 24 December 1972, during the same bombing campaign, the B-52 Diamond Lil was headed to bomb the Thái Nguyên railroad yards when tail gunner Airman First Class Albert E. Moore spotted a fast-approaching MiG-21. Moore opened fire with his quad .50 caliber guns at , and kept shooting until the fighter disappeared from his scope. Technical Sergeant Clarence W. Chute, a tail gunner aboard another Stratofortress, watched the MiG catch fire and fall away; this was not confirmed by the VPAF. Diamond Lil is preserved on display at the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado. Moore was the last bomber gunner believed to have shot down an enemy aircraft with machine guns in aerial combat.
The two B-52 tail gunner kills were not confirmed by VPAF, and they admitted to the loss of only three MiGs, all by F-4s. Vietnamese sources have attributed a third air-to-air victory to a B-52, a MiG-21 shot down on 16 April 1972. These victories make the B-52 the largest aircraft credited with air-to-air kills. The last Arc Light mission without fighter escort took place on 15 August 1973, as U.S. military action in Southeast Asia was wound down.
Post-Vietnam War service
B-52Bs reached the end of their structural service life by the mid-1960s and all were retired by June 1966, followed by the last of the B-52Cs on 29 September 1971; except for NASA's B-52B "008" which was eventually retired in 2004 at Edwards Air Force Base, California. Another of the remaining B Models, "52-005" is on display at the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum in Denver, Colorado.
A few time-expired E models were retired in 1967 and 1968, but the bulk (82) were retired between May 1969 and March 1970. Most F models were also retired between 1967 and 1973, but 23 survived as trainers until late 1978. The fleet of D models served much longer; 80 D models were extensively overhauled under the Pacer Plank program during the mid-1970s. Skinning on the lower wing and fuselage was replaced, and various structural components were renewed. The fleet of D models stayed largely intact until late 1978 when 37 not already upgraded Ds were retired. The remainder were retired between 1982 and 1983.
The remaining G and H models were used for nuclear standby ("alert") duty as part of the United States' nuclear triad; the combination of nuclear-armed land-based missiles, submarine-based missiles, and manned bombers. The B-1, intended to supplant the B-52, replaced only the older models and the supersonic FB-111. In 1991, B-52s ceased continuous 24-hour SAC alert duty.
After Vietnam, the experience of operations in a hostile air defense environment was considered. Due to this, B-52s were modernized with new weapons, equipment, and both offensive and defensive avionics. This, and the use of low-level tactics, marked a major shift in the B-52's utility. The upgrades were:
Supersonic short-range nuclear missiles: G and H models were modified to carry up to 20 SRAM missiles replacing existing gravity bombs. Eight SRAMs were carried internally on a special rotary launcher and 12 SRAMs were mounted on two wing pylons. With SRAM, the B-52s could strike heavily defended targets without entering the terminal defenses.
New countermeasures: Phase VI ECM modification was the sixth major ECM program for the B-52. It improved the aircraft's self-protection capability in the dense Soviet air defense environment. The new equipment expanded signal coverage, improved threat warnings, provided new countermeasures techniques, and increased the quantity of expendables. The power requirements of Phase VI ECM also consumed most of the excess electrical capacity on the B-52G.
B-52G and Hs were also modified with an electro-optical viewing system (EVS) that made low-level operations and terrain avoidance much easier and safer. EVS system contained a low light level television (LLTV) camera and a forward-looking infrared (FLIR) camera to display information needed for penetration at lower altitudes.
Subsonic-cruise unarmed decoy: SCUD resembled the B-52 on the radar. As an active decoy, it carried ECM and other devices, and it had a range of several hundred miles. Although SCUD was never deployed operationally, the concept was developed, becoming known as the air-launched cruise missile (ALCM-A).
These modifications increased weight by nearly and decreased operational range by 8–11%. This was considered acceptable for the increase in capabilities.
After the fall of the Soviet Union, all B-52Gs remaining in service were destroyed in accordance with the terms of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START). The Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Center (AMRC) cut the 365 B-52s into pieces. Russia verified the completion destruction task via satellite and first-person inspection at the AMARC facility.
Gulf War and later
B-52 strikes were an important part of Operation Desert Storm. Starting on 16 January 1991, a flight of B-52Gs flew from Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana, refueled in the air enroute, struck targets in Iraq, and returned home a journey of 35 hours and round trip. It set a record for the longest-distance combat mission, breaking the record previously held by an RAF Vulcan bomber in 1982; however, this was achieved using forward refueling. Those seven B-52s flew the first combat sorties of Operation Desert Storm, firing 35 AGM-86C CALCM standoff missiles and successfully destroying 85–95 percent of their targets. B-52Gs operating from the King Abdullah Air Base at Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, RAF Fairford in the United Kingdom, Morón Air Base, Spain, and the island of Diego Garcia in the British Indian Ocean Territory flew bombing missions over Iraq, initially at low altitude. After the first three nights, the B-52s moved to high-altitude missions instead, which reduced their effectiveness and psychological impact compared to the low-altitude role initially played.
The conventional strikes were carried out by three bombers, which dropped up to 153 of the M117 bomb over an area of . The bombings demoralized the defending Iraqi troops, many of whom surrendered in the wake of the strikes. In 1999, the science and technology magazine Popular Mechanics described the B-52's role in the conflict: "The Buff's value was made clear during the Gulf War and Desert Fox. The B-52 turned out the lights in Baghdad." During Operation Desert Storm, B-52s flew about 1,620 sorties and delivered 40% of the weapons dropped by coalition forces.
During the conflict, several claims of Iraqi air-to-air successes were made, including an Iraqi pilot, Khudai Hijab, who allegedly fired a Vympel R-27R missile from his MiG-29 and damaged a B-52G on the opening night of the Gulf War. However, the USAF disputes this claim, stating the bomber was actually hit by friendly fire, an AGM-88 High-speed, Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) that homed on the fire-control radar of the B-52's tail gun; the jet was subsequently nicknamed In HARM's Way. Shortly following this incident, General George Lee Butler announced that the gunner position on B-52 crews would be eliminated, and the gun turrets permanently deactivated, commencing on 1 October 1991.
Since the mid-1990s, the B-52H has been the only variant remaining in military service; it is currently stationed at:
Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota 5th Bomb Wing
Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana 2nd Bomb Wing (active Air Force) and 307th Bomb Wing (Air Force Reserve Command)
One B-52H is assigned to Edwards Air Force Base and is used by Air Force Materiel Command at the USAF Flight Test Center.
One additional B-52H is used by NASA at Dryden Flight Research Center, California as part of the Heavy-lift Airborne Launch program.
From 2 to 3 September 1996, two B-52Hs conducted a mission as part of Operation Desert Strike. The B-52s struck Baghdad power stations and communications facilities with 13 AGM-86C conventional air-launched cruise missiles (CALCM) during a 34-hour, round trip mission from Andersen Air Force Base, Guam, the longest distance ever flown for a combat mission.
On 24 March 1999, when Operation Allied Force began, B-52 bombers bombarded Serb targets throughout the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, including during the Battle of Kosare.
The B-52 contributed to Operation Enduring Freedom in 2001 (Afghanistan/Southwest Asia), providing the ability to loiter high above the battlefield and provide Close Air Support (CAS) through the use of precision-guided munitions, a mission which previously would have been restricted to fighter and ground attack aircraft. In late 2001, ten B-52s dropped a third of the bomb tonnage in Afghanistan. B-52s also played a role in Operation Iraqi Freedom, which commenced on 20 March 2003 (Iraq/Southwest Asia). On the night of 21 March 2003, B-52Hs launched at least 100 AGM-86C CALCMs at targets within Iraq.
B-52 and maritime operations
The B-52 can be highly effective for ocean surveillance and can assist the Navy in anti-ship and mine-laying operations. For example, a pair of B-52s, in two hours, can monitor of the ocean surface. During the 2018 Baltops exercise B-52s conducted mine-laying missions off the coasts of Sweden, simulating a counter-amphibious invasion mission in the Baltic.
In the 1970s, the U.S. Navy worried that combined attacks from Soviet bombers, submarines, and warships could overwhelm its defenses and sink its aircraft carriers. After the Falklands War, US planners feared the damage that could be created by -range missiles carried by Tupolev Tu-22M "Backfire" bombers and -range missiles carried by Soviet surface ships. New US Navy's maritime strategy in the early 1980s called for the aggressive use of carriers and surface action groups against the Soviet navy. To help protect the carrier battle groups, some B-52G were modified to fire Harpoon anti-ship missiles. These bombers were based in Guam and Maine in the later 1970s to support both the Atlantic and Pacific fleets. In case of war, B-52s would coordinate with tanker support and surveillance by AWACS and Navy planes. B-52Gs could strike Soviet navy targets on the flanks of the US carrier battle groups, leaving them free to concentrate on offensive strikes against Soviet surface combatants. Mines laid down by B-52s could establish minefields in significant enemy chokepoints (mainly the Kuril Islands and the GIUK gap). These minefields would force the Soviet fleet to disperse, making individual ships more vulnerable to Harpoon attacks.
From the 1980s B-52Hs were modified to use Harpoons in addition to a wide range of cruise missiles, laser- and satellite-guided bombs, and unguided munitions. B-52 bomber crews honed sea-skimming flight profiles that would allow them to penetrate stiff enemy defenses and attack Soviet ships.
Recent expansion and modernization of the People's Liberation Army Navy of China have caused the USAF to re-implement strategies for finding and attacking ships. The B-52 fleet has been certified to use the Quickstrike family of naval mines using JDAM-ER guided wing kits. This weapon provides the ability to lay down minefields over wide areas, in a single pass, with extreme accuracy, all while standing-off over away. Besides this, with a view to enhancing B-52 maritime patrol and strike performance, an AN/ASQ-236 Dragon's Eye underwing pod, has also been certified for use by B-52H bombers. Dragon's Eye contains an advanced electronically scanned array radar that will allow B-52s to quickly scan vast Pacific Ocean areas, so finding and sinking enemy ships will be easier for them. This radar will complement the Litening infrared targeting pod already used by B-52s for inspecting ships. In 2019, Boeing selected the Raytheon AN/APG-82(V)1 radar to replace its mechanically scanning AN/APQ-166 attack radar.
21st century service
In August 2007, a B-52H ferrying AGM-129 ACM cruise missiles from Minot Air Force Base to Barksdale Air Force Base for dismantling was mistakenly loaded with six missiles with their nuclear warheads. The weapons did not leave USAF custody and were secured at Barksdale.
Four of 18 B-52Hs from Barksdale Air Force Base were retired and were in the "boneyard" of 309th AMARG at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base as of 8 September 2008.
In February 2015, hull 61-0007 Ghost Rider became the first stored B-52 to return to service after six years in storage at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base.
In May 2019, a second aircraft was resurrected from long-term storage in Davis-Monthan. The B-52, nicknamed "Wise Guy", had been at AMARG since 2008. It flew to Barksdale Air Force Base on 13 May 2019. It was completed in four months by a team of 13–20 maintainers from the 307th Maintenance Squadron.
B-52s are periodically refurbished at USAF maintenance depots such as Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma. Even while the USAF works on the new Long Range Strike Bomber, it intends to keep the B-52H in service until 2050, which is 95 years after the B-52 first entered service, an unprecedented length of service for any aircraft, civilian or military.
The USAF continues to rely on the B-52 because it remains an effective and economical heavy bomber in the absence of sophisticated air defenses, particularly in the type of missions that have been conducted since the end of the Cold War against nations with limited defensive capabilities. The B-52 has also continued in service because there has been no reliable replacement. The B-52 has the capacity to "loiter" for extended periods, and can deliver precision standoff and direct fire munitions from a distance, in addition to direct bombing. It has been a valuable asset in supporting ground operations during conflicts such as Operation Iraqi Freedom. The B-52 had the highest mission capable rate of the three types of heavy bombers operated by the USAF in the 2000–2001 period. The B-1 averaged a 53.7% ready rate, the B-2 Spirit achieved 30.3%, and the B-52 averaged 80.5%. The B-52's cost per hour of flight is more than the B-1B's cost per hour, but less than the B-2's per hour.
The Long Range Strike Bomber program is intended to yield a stealthy successor for the B-52 and B-1 that would begin service in the 2020s; it is intended to produce 80 to 100 aircraft. Two competitors, Northrop Grumman and a joint team of Boeing and Lockheed Martin, submitted proposals in 2014; Northrop Grumman was awarded a contract in October 2015.
On 12 November 2015, the B-52 began freedom of navigation operations in the South China Sea in response to Chinese human-made islands in the region. Chinese forces, claiming jurisdiction within a 12-mile exclusion zone of the islands, ordered the bombers to leave the area, but they refused, not recognizing jurisdiction. On 10 January 2016, a B-52 overflew parts of South Korea escorted by South Korean F-15Ks and U.S. F-16s in response to the supposed test of a hydrogen bomb by North Korea.
On 9 April 2016, an undisclosed number of B-52s arrived at Al Udeid Air Base in Qatar as part of Operation Inherent Resolve, part of the military intervention against ISIL. The B-52s took over heavy bombing after B-1 Lancers that had been conducting airstrikes rotated out of the region in January 2016. In April 2016, B-52s arrived in Afghanistan to take part in the war in Afghanistan and began operations in July, proving its flexibility and precision carrying out close-air support missions.
According to a statement by the U.S. military, an undisclosed number of B-52s participated in the U.S. strikes on pro-government forces in eastern Syria on 7 February 2018.
A number of B-52s were deployed in airstrikes against the Taliban during the 2021 Taliban offensive.
In 2022, the US Air Force used a B-52 as a platform to test a Hypersonic Air-breathing Weapon Concept (HAWC) missile.
In late October 2022, ABC News reported that the USAF intended to deploy six B-52s at RAAF Tindal in Australia in the near future, which would include building facilities to handle the aircraft.
Variants
The B-52 went through several design changes and variants over its 10 years of production.
XB-52
YB-52
B-52A
NB-52A
B-52B/RB-52B
NB-52B
It was replaced by a modified B-52H.
B-52C
RB-52C
B-52D
B-52E
JB-52E
NB-52E
B-52F
B-52G
B-52H
B-52J
XR-16A
Operators
United States
United States Air Force operates 72 aircraft of the original 744 B-52 aircraft as of 2022.
Air Combat Command
53d Wing – Eglin Air Force Base, Florida
49th Test and Evaluation Squadron (Barksdale)
57th Wing – Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
340th Weapons Squadron (Barksdale)
Air Force Global Strike Command
2d Bomb Wing – Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana
11th Bomb Squadron
20th Bomb Squadron
96th Bomb Squadron
5th Bomb Wing – Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota
23d Bomb Squadron
69th Bomb Squadron
Air Force Materiel Command
412th Test Wing – Edwards Air Force Base, California
419th Flight Test Squadron
Air Force Reserve Command
307th Bomb Wing – Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana
93d Bomb Squadron
343d Bomb Squadron
NASA
Dryden Flight Research Center
1 modified ex-USAF NB-52B (52-8) "Mothership" Launch Aircraft operated from 1966 to 2004. It was then put on display at the North entrance to Edwards Air Force Base.
1 modified ex-USAF B-52H (61-25) Heavy Lift Launch Aircraft operated from 2001 to 2008. On 9 May 2008, that aircraft was flown for the last time to Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas, where it became a GB-52H maintenance trainer, never to fly again.
Notable accidents
List of incidents resulting in loss of life, severe injuries, or loss of aircraft.
In 1956, there were three crashes in eight months, all at Castle Air Force Base.
The fourth crash occurred 42 days later on 10 January 1957 in New Brunswick, Canada.
On 29 March 1957, B-52C (54-2676) retained by Boeing and used for tests as JB-52C, crashed during Boeing test flight from Wichita, Kansas. Two of the four crew on board were killed.
On 11 February 1958, B-52D (56-0610) crashed short of the runway at Ellsworth AFB, South Dakota, due to total loss of power during final approach. Two of the eight crewmembers on board were killed in addition to three ground personnel. The crash was determined to be from frozen fuel lines that clogged fuel filters. It was previously unknown that jet fuel absorbs water vapor from the atmosphere. After this accident, over two hundred previous aircraft losses listed as "cause unknown" were attributed to frozen fuel lines.
On 8 September 1958, two B-52Ds (56‑0661 and 56‑0681) from the 92d Bombardment Wing collided in midair near Fairchild AFB. All thirteen crew members on the two aircraft were killed.
On 23 June 1959, B-52D (56‑0591), nicknamed "Tommy's Tigator", operating out of Larson AFB, crashed in the Ochoco National Forest near Burns, Oregon. The aircraft was operated by Boeing personnel during a test flight and crashed after turbulence-induced failure in the horizontal stabilizer at a low elevation. All five Boeing personnel were killed.
On 15 October 1959, B-52F (57‑0036) from the 4228th Strategic Wing at Columbus AFB, Mississippi, carrying two nuclear weapons collided in midair with a KC-135 tanker (57-1513) near Hardinsburg, Kentucky during a mid-air refueling. Four of the eight crew members on the bomber and all four crew on the tanker were killed. One of the nuclear bombs was damaged by fire, but both weapons were recovered.
On 15 December 1960, B-52D (55‑0098) from the 4170th Strategic Wing collided with a KC-135 during mid-air refueling. The refueling probe from the KC-135 pierced the skin on the wing of the B-52. Upon landing at Larson AFB, the starboard wing failed, and the aircraft caught fire during the landing roll. The runway at Larson was damaged. All crew members were evacuated. The KC-135 landed at Fairchild AFB.
On 19 January 1961, B-52B (53‑0390), call sign "Felon 22", from the 95th Bombardment Wing out of Biggs AFB, El Paso, Texas crashed just north of Monticello, Utah after a turbulence-induced structural failure, the tail snapped off, at altitude. Only the copilot survived after ejecting. The other seven crewmen died.
On 24 January 1961, B-52G (58‑0187) from the 4241st Strategic Wing broke up in midair and crashed on approach to Seymour Johnson AFB near Goldsboro, North Carolina, dropping two nuclear bombs in the process without detonation. The aircraft suffered a fuel leak at altitude due to fatigue failure of the starboard wing. A loss of control resulted when the flaps were applied during the emergency approach to Seymour Johnson AFB. Three of the eight crew members were killed.
On 14 March 1961, B-52F (57‑0166) of the 4134th Strategic Wing operating out of Mather AFB, California, carrying two nuclear weapons experienced an uncontrolled decompression, necessitating a descent to to lower the cabin altitude. Due to increased fuel consumption at the lower altitude and being unable to rendezvous with a tanker in time, the aircraft ran out of fuel. The crew ejected safely, while the now-unmanned bomber crashed west of Yuba City, California.
On 7 April 1961, B-52B (53‑0380), nicknamed "Ciudad Juarez", from the 95th Bombardment Wing out of Biggs AFB was accidentally shot down by the launch of a AIM-9 Sidewinder from a F-100A Super Sabre (53-1662) of the New Mexico Air National Guard during a practice intercept maneuver. The missile struck the engine pylon on the B-52 resulting in separation of the wing. The aircraft crashed on Mount Taylor, New Mexico with three of the eight crew on board killed. A firing circuit electrical fault caused the inadvertent launch of the missile.
On 13 January 1964, the vertical stabilizer broke off B-52D (55‑0060), callsign "Buzz 14", causing a crash on Savage Mountain in western Maryland. Excessive turbulence resulted in structural failure in a winter storm. The two MK53 nuclear bombs being ferried were found "relatively intact". Four of the crew of five ejected but two of them died due to exposure from the winter cold.
On 18 June 1965, two B-52Fs (57‑0047 and 57‑0179) collided mid-air during a refueling maneuver at above the South China Sea. The head-on collision took place just northwest of the Luzon Peninsula, Philippines, in the night sky above Super Typhoon Dinah, a category 5 storm with maximum winds of and waves reported as high as . Both aircraft were from the same squadron (441st Bombardment Squadron) of the 7th Bombardment Wing, Carswell AFB, Texas and assigned to 3960th Strategic Wing operating out of Andersen AFB, Guam. Eight of twelve total crew members in two planes were killed. The rescue of four crew members who had managed to eject only to parachute into one of the largest typhoons of the 20th century remains one of the most remarkable survival stories in the history of aviation. The crash was the first combat mission ever for the B-52. The two jets were part of a 30-plane deployment on an inaugural Operation Arc Light mission to a military target about northwest of Saigon, South Vietnam.
On 17 January 1966, a fatal collision occurred between a B-52G (58‑0256) from 68th Bombardment Wing out of Seymour Johnson AFB and a KC-135 Stratotanker (61-0273) over Palomares, Almería, Spain, killing all four on the tanker and three of the seven on the B-52G. The two unexploded B-28 FI 1.45-megaton-range nuclear bombs on the B-52 were eventually recovered; the conventional explosives of two more bombs detonated on impact, with serious dispersion of both plutonium and uranium, but without triggering a nuclear explosion. After the crash, of contaminated soil was sent to the United States. In 2006, an agreement was made between the United States and Spain to investigate and clean the pollution still remaining as a result of the accident.
On 16 October 1984, a B-52G out of Fairchild AFB, Spokane, Washington, crashed on Hunts Mesa, in the Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park. Five of the seven crew members were able to eject and survived the crash. Sergeant David Felix and Colonel William Ivy were killed.
On 24 June 1994, B-52H Czar 52, 61–0026 crashed at Fairchild AFB, Washington, during practice for an airshow. All four crew members died in the accident.
On 21 July 2008, a B-52H, Raidr 21, 60–0053, deployed from Barksdale AFB, Louisiana, to Andersen AFB, Guam, crashed approximately off the coast of Guam. All six crew members were killed (five standard crew members and a flight surgeon).
Aircraft on display
Specifications (B-52H)
Notable appearances in media
A B-52 carrying nuclear weapons was a key part of Stanley Kubrick's 1964 black comedy film Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb. A 1960s hairstyle, the beehive, is also called a B-52 for its resemblance to the aircraft's distinctive nose. The popular band the B-52's was subsequently named after this hairstyle.
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
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.
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Davis, Larry. B-52 Stratofortress in action. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1992. .
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Mehuron, Tamar A., Assoc. Editor. "2007 USAF Almanac – Equipment." Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association, Volume 90, Number 5, May 2007. ISSN 0730-6784.
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Winchester, Jim, ed. "Boeing B-52 Stratofortress (SAC)". Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. .
Kai Wah G Eng, "Loss of 53–0393, First Production B-52B". "Buff Bulletin – Newsletter of the B-52 Stratofortress Association", Vol. 19, No. 1, Issue 67, Spring 2011, pg. 10.
External links
USAF B-52 Fact Sheet
B-52 Stratofortress history on fas.org
B-52 profile on AerospaceWeb.org
B-52 Stratofortress Association website
"Boeing B-52 – the Strategic Stratofortress" a 1957 Flight article by Bill Gunston
B-52 Stratofortress
Eight-engined jet aircraft
B-52 Stratofortress
Aircraft first flown in 1952
Strategic bombers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zasadi%2C%20Kri%C5%BEevci
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Zasadi, Križevci
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Zasadi, Križevci
Zasadi is a small settlement in the Municipality of Križevci in northeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The entire municipality is now included in the Mura Statistical Region.
A small Neo-Gothic chapel-shrine in the settlement was built in 1940 and restored in 1994.
References
External links
Zasadi on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Križevci
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2920872
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96
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Лази-Лесьні
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Лази-Лесьні
Лази-Лесьне — село в Польщі, у гміні Кампінос Варшавського-Західного повіту Мазовецького воєводства.
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Варшавського воєводства.
Примітки
Села Варшавського-Західного повіту
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655756
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House%20of%20Lorraine
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House of Lorraine
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House of Lorraine
The House of Lorraine originated as a cadet branch of the House of Metz. It inherited the Duchy of Lorraine in 1473 after the death without a male heir of Nicholas I, Duke of Lorraine. By the marriage of Francis of Lorraine to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736, and with the success in the ensuing War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748), the House of Lorraine was joined to the House of Habsburg and became known as the House of Habsburg-Lorraine. Francis, his sons Joseph II and Leopold II, and his grandson Francis II were the last four Holy Roman emperors from 1745 until the dissolution of the empire in 1806. The House of Habsburg-Lorraine inherited the Habsburg Empire, ruling the Austrian Empire and then Austria-Hungary until the dissolution of the monarchy in 1918.
Although its senior agnates are the dukes of Hohenberg, the house is currently headed by Karl von Habsburg (born 1961), grandson of the last emperor Charles I.
Ancestry
A controversial origin
The main two theories of the House's origin are:
the theory of Etichonid ancestry, which claims that Adalbert of Metz and his brother Gerard were descendants of the Nordgau branch of the Etichonid Dynasty, the same branch from which the House of Habsburg and the House of Zähringen could possibly descend;
the theory of Gerardide ancestry, which claims that Adalbert and Gerard descended from the Matfridings which are thought to have been a branch of the Gerardides.
The Etichonid origin was unanimously recognized from the 18th until the 20th century. For this reason, the marriage between Maria Theresa of Austria and Francis of Lorraine was seen at the time as the reunion of the two branches of the dynasty. The main proponents of this theory have been: Dom Calmet (1672 † 1757), Nicolas Viton de Saint-Allais (1773 † 1842) and more recently Michel Dugast Rouillé (1919 † 1987) and Henry Bogdan.
The main proponents of the Gerardide-Matfriding theory are: Eduard Hlawitschka, George Poull and partially the Europäische Stammtafeln (which however does not take into account the kinship with the Girardides).
The Renaissance dukes of Lorraine tended to arrogate to themselves claims to Carolingian ancestry, as illustrated by Alexandre Dumas, père in the novel La Dame de Monsoreau (1846); in fact, so little documentation survives on the early generations that the reconstruction of a family tree for progenitors of the House of Alsace involves a good deal of guesswork.
What is more securely demonstrated is that in 1048 Emperor Henry III gave the Duchy of Upper Lorraine first to Adalbert of Metz and then to his brother Gerard whose successors (collectively known as the House of Alsace or the House of Châtenois) retained the duchy until the death of Charles the Bold in 1431.
Houses of Vaudémont and Guise
After a brief interlude of 1453–1473, when the duchy passed in right of Charles's daughter to her husband John of Calabria, a Capetian, Lorraine reverted to the House of Vaudémont, a junior branch of House of Lorraine, in the person of René II who later added to his titles that of Duke of Bar.
The French Wars of Religion saw the rise of a junior branch of the Lorraine family, the House of Guise, which became a dominant force in French politics and, during the later years of Henry III's reign, was on the verge of succeeding to the throne of France. Mary of Guise, mother of Mary, Queen of Scots, also came from this family.
Under the Bourbon monarchy the remaining branch of the House of Guise, headed by the duc d'Elbeuf, remained part of the highest ranks of French aristocracy, while the senior branch of the House of Vaudémont continued to rule the independent duchies of Lorraine and Bar. Louis XIV's imperialist ambitions (which involved the occupation of Lorraine in 1669–97) forced the dukes into a permanent alliance with his archenemies, the Holy Roman Emperors from the House of Habsburg.
House of Habsburg‑Lorraine
After Emperor Joseph I and Emperor Charles VI failed to produce a son and heir, the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 left the throne to the latter's yet unborn daughter, Maria Theresa. In 1736 Emperor Charles arranged her marriage to Francis of Lorraine who agreed to exchange his hereditary lands for the Grand Duchy of Tuscany (as well as the Duchy of Teschen from the Emperor).
At Charles's death in 1740 the Habsburg holdings passed to Maria Theresa and Francis, who was later elected (in 1745) Holy Roman Emperor as Francis I. The Habsburg-Lorraine nuptials and dynastic union precipitated, and survived, the War of the Austrian Succession. Francis and Maria Theresa's daughters Marie Antoinette and Maria Carolina of Austria became Queens of France and Naples-Sicily, respectively, while their sons Joseph II and Leopold II succeeded to the imperial title.
Apart from the core Habsburg dominions, including the triple crowns of Austria, Hungary and Bohemia, several junior branches of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine reigned in the Italian duchies of Tuscany (until 1737-1796, 1814-1860), Parma (1814-1847) and Modena (1814-1859). Another member of the house, Archduke Maximilian of Austria, was Emperor of Mexico (1863–67).
In 1900, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (then heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne) contracted a morganatic marriage with Countess Sophie Chotek. Their descendants, known as the House of Hohenberg, have been excluded from succession to the Austro-Hungarian crown, but not that of Lorraine, where morganatic marriage has never been outlawed. Nevertheless, Otto von Habsburg, the eldest grandson of Franz Ferdinand's younger brother, was universally regarded as the head of the house until his death in 2011. It was at Nancy, the former capital of the House of Vaudémont, that the former crown prince married Princess Regina of Saxe-Meiningen in 1951.
List of heads
The following is a list of ruling heads (after 1918 pretenders) of the house of Ardennes-Metz and its successor houses of Lorraine and Habsburg-Lorraine, from the start of securely documented genealogical history in the 11th century.
Gerhard III, Count of Metz, 990–1045
Adalbert, Duke of Upper Lorraine r. 1047/8
Gérard, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1048–1070
Theodoric (Thierry) II r. 1070–1115
Simon I, r. 1115–1138
Matthias I, r. 1138–1176
Simon II, r. 1176–1215
Frederick I, r. 1205/6
Frederick II, r. 1206–1213
Theobald I, r. 1213–1220
Matthias II, r. 1220–1251
Frederick III, c. 1251–1303
Theobald II, r. 1303–1312
Frederick IV, r. 1312–1328
Rudolph, r. 1328–1346 (killed in the Battle of Crécy)
John I, r. 1346–1390
Charles II, r. 1390–1431
Charles II died without male heir, the duchy passing to Isabella, Duchess of Lorraine, consort of Naples by marriage to Duke René of Anjou. The duchy passed to their son John II (r. 1453–1470), whose son Nicholas I (r. 1470–1473) died without heir. The title now went to Nicholas' aunt (sister of John II) Yolande.
House of Lorraine
The House of Lorraine was formed by Yolande's marriage to Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (1428–1470), who was descended from John I (Yolande's great-grandfather) via his younger son Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont (1346–1390), Antoine, Count of Vaudémont (c. 1395–1431) and Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont (1417–1470). René inherited the title of Duke of Lorraine upon his marriage in 1473.
René II, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1473–1508
Antoine, r. 1508–1544
Francis I, r. 1544/5
Charles III, r. 1545–1608 (his mother Christina of Denmark served as his regent during his minority)
Henry II (I), r. 1608–1624 (leaving no sons, both of his daughters became Duchesses of Lorraine by marriage)
Nicole (m. Charles IV)
Claude (m. Nicholas II)
Francis II, (son of Charles III, duke for six days in 1625, abdicated in favour of his son)
Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine r. 1624–1675 (briefly abdicated in favour of his brother in 1634)
Nicholas Francis (Nicholas II) (briefly made duke during the French invasion of Lorraine in 1634)
Charles V, r. 1675–1690 (son of Nicholas Francis)
Leopold, r. 1690–1729
Francis (III) Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, r. 1728–1737, Holy Roman Emperor (as Francis I) r. 1745–1765
House of Habsburg–Lorraine
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741–1790), r. 1765–1790
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (1747–1792), r. 1790–1792
Francis II (IV) (1768–1835), Holy Roman Emperor 1792–1806, Emperor of Austria 1804–1835
Ferdinand I (V), Emperor of Austria (1793–1875), r. 1835–1848 (abdicated in 1848, succeeded by his nephew)
Franz Joseph I of Austria (1830–1916), r. 1848–1916, son of Archduke Franz Karl of Austria (1802–1878), a younger son of Francis II
The heir of Franz Joseph, Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria, committed suicide in 1889. Franz Joseph was succeeded by his grandnephew, Charles I, son of Archduke Otto Francis, the son of Archduke Karl Ludwig, a younger brother of Franz Joseph.
Blessed Charles of Austria (Charles I and IV) (1887–1922), r. 1916–1919 (dissolution of the monarchy)
Otto von Habsburg (1912–2011)
Karl von Habsburg (b. 1961)
Heir apparent: Ferdinand Zvonimir von Habsburg (b. 1997)
Family tree
Male-line family tree
Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold.
Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, 1030-1070
Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine, d. 1115
Simon I, Duke of Lorraine, 1076-1139
Matthias I, Duke of Lorraine, 1119-1176
Simon II, Duke of Lorraine, 1140-1207
Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine, 1143-1206
Frederick II, Duke of Lorraine, 1165-1213
Theobald I, Duke of Lorraine, 1191-1220
Matthias II, Duke of Lorraine, 1193-1251
Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine, 1240-1302
Theobald II, Duke of Lorraine, 1263-1312
Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine, 1282-1326
Rudolph, Duke of Lorraine, 1320-1346
John I, Duke of Lorraine, 1346-1390
Charles II, Duke of Lorraine, 1365-1431
Frederick I, Count of Vaudémont, 1369-1415
Anthony, Count of Vaudémont, 1400-1458
Frederick II, Count of Vaudémont, 1428-1470
René II, Duke of Lorraine, 1451-1508
Anthony, Duke of Lorraine, 1489-1544
Francis I, Duke of Lorraine, 1517-1545
Charles III, Duke of Lorraine, 1543-1608
Henry II, Duke of Lorraine, 1563-1624
Charles of Lorraine (bishop of Metz and Strasbourg), 1567-1607
Francis II, Duke of Lorraine, 1572-1632
Charles IV, Duke of Lorraine, 1604-1675
Charles Henry, Prince of Commercy, 1649-1723
Charles Thomas, Prince of Vaudémont, 1670-1704
Nicholas Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 1609-1670
Ferdinand Philip, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, 1639–1659
Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, 1643-1690
Leopold, Duke of Lorraine, 1679-1729
Leopold Clement, Hereditary Prince of Lorraine, 1707-1723
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1708-1765
Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1741-1790
Archduke Charles Joseph of Austria, 1745-1761
Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1747-1792
Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor, 1768-1835
Ferdinand I of Austria, 1793-1875
Archduke Francis Charles of Austria, 1802-1878
Francis Joseph I of Austria, 1830-1916
Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria, 1858-1889
Maximilian I of Mexico, 1832-1867
Archduke Charles Louis of Austria, 1833-1896
Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, 1863-1914
Archduke Otto of Austria, 1865-1906
Charles I of Austria, 1887-1922
Otto von Habsburg, 1912-2011
Charles von Habsburg, b. 1961
Ferdinand Habsburg, b. 1997
George von Habsburg, b. 1964
Charles Constantine Habsburg, b. 2004
Robert, Archduke of Austria-Este, 1915-1996
Prince Laurence of Belgium, b. 1955
Prince Amadeus of Belgium, b. 1986
Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este, b. 2019
Prince Joachim of Belgium, b. 1991
Archduke Gerard of Austria, b. 1957
Archduke Martin of Austria, b. 1959
Archduke Bartholomew of Austria, b. 2006
Archduke Emmanuel of Austria, b. 2008
Archduke Luigi of Austria, b. 2011
Archduke Felix of Austria, 1916-2011
Archduke Charles Philip of Austria, b. 1954
Julian-Laurence Habsburg, b. 1994
Louis-Damian Habsburg, b. 1998
Archduke Raymond of Austria, 1958-2008
1 son
Archduke Stephen of Austria, b. 1961
2 sons
Archduke Charles Louis of Austria, 1918–2007
Archduke Rudolph of Austria, b. 1950
Archduke Charles Christian of Austria, b. 1977
Archduke John of Austria, b. 1981
Archduke Thomas of Austria, b. 1983
Archduke Francis-Louis of Austria, b. 1988
Archduke Michael of Austria, b. 1990
Archduke Joseph of Austria, b. 1991
Archduke Charles Christian of Austria, b. 1954
Archduke Imre of Austria, b. 1985
Archduke Charles of Austria, b. 2023
Archduke Christopher of Austria, b. 1988
Archduke Joseph of Austria, b. 2020
Archduke Alexander of Austria, b. 1990
Archduke Rudolph of Austria, 1919–2010
Archduke Charles of Austria, b. 1955
2 children
Simeon of Austria, b. 1958
John Habsburg, b. 1997
Louis Habsburg, b. 1998
Philip Habsburg, b. 2007
Archduke Maximilian of Austria, 1895-1952
Ferdinand, 1918-2004
Maximilian, b. 1961
Henry, 1925-2014
Philip, b. 1961
Ferdinand Charles, b. 1965
Conrad, b. 1971
Archduke Ferdinand Charles of Austria, 1868-1915
Archduke Louis Victor of Austria, 1842-1919
Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1769-1824
Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1797-1870
Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1835-1908
Archduke Leopold Ferdinand of Austria, 1868-1935
Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria, 1872-1942
Maximilian Habsburg, 1932-2024
Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria, 1874-1948
Archduke Godfrey of Austria, 1902-1984
Archduke Leopold of Austria, b. 1942
2 sons
Archduke George of Austria, 1905-1952
Archduke Radbot, b. 1938
Archduke Leopold, b. 1973
Archduke Felix, b. 2007
Archduke George, b. 2009
Archduke Maximilian, b. 1976
Archduke George, b. 1952
Archduke Henry Ferdinand, 1878–1969
Archduke Charles Salvator of Austria, 1839-1892
Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria, 1863-1931
Archduke Rainer of Austria, 1895-1930
Archduke Leopold of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1897-1958
Archduke Anthony of Austria, 1901-1987
Archduke Stephen of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1932-1998
Archduke Dominic of Austria, b. 1937
Alexander Habsburg, b. 1965
Constantine Habsburg, b. 2000
Gregory Habsburg, b. 1968
Archduke Francis Joseph of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1905-1975
Archduke Karl Pius of Austria, Prince of Tuscany, 1909-1953
Archduke Francis Salvator of Austria, 1866-1939
Archduke Francis Charles Salvator of Austria, 1893-1918
Archduke Hubert Salvator of Austria, 1894-1971
Archduke Frederick Salvator of Austria, 1927–1999
Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria, b. 1956
Archduke Alexander Salvator of Austria, b. 1959
Archduke Constantine of Austria, b. 2002
Archduke Paul Salvator of Austria, b. 2003
Archduke Andrew Salvator of Austria, b. 1936
Archduke Thaddaeus Salvator of Austria, b. 2001
Archduke Casimir Salvator of Austria, b. 2003
Archduke Mark of Austria, b. 1946
Archduke John Maximilian of Austria, b. 1947
Archduke Michael Salvator of Austria, b. 1949
Theodore Salvator, 1899–1978
issue
Clement Salvator, 1904-1974
issue
Archduke Albert Salvator, 1871–1896
Archduke Louis Salvator of Austria, 1847-1915
Archduke John Salvator of Austria, 1852-1890
Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen, 1771-1847
Archduke Albert, Duke of Teschen, 1817-1895
Archduke Charles Ferdinand of Austria, 1818-1874
Archduke Frederick, Duke of Teschen, 1856-1936
Archduke Albert Francis, Duke of Teschen, 1897-1955
Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria, 1860-1933
Archduke Charles Albert of Austria, 1888-1951
Archduke Leo Charles of Austria, 1893-1939
Archduke William of Austria, 1895-1948
Archduke Eugene of Austria, 1863-1954
Archduke Frederick of Austria, 1821–1847
Archduke William Francis of Austria, 1827-1894
Archduke Alexander Leopold of Austria, 1772-1795
Archduke Joseph of Austria (Palatine of Hungary), 1776-1847
Archduke Stephen of Austria (Palatine of Hungary), 1817-1867
Archduke Joseph Charles of Austria, 1833-1905
Archduke Joseph Augustus of Austria, 1872-1962
Archduke Joseph Francis of Austria, 1895-1957
Archduke Joseph Arpad of Austria, 1933-2017
Archduke Joseph Charles of Austria, b. 1960
2 sons
Archduke Andrew-Augustine of Austria, b. 1965
6 children
Archduke Nicholas Francis of Austria, b. 1973
4 children
Archduke John James of Austria, b. 1975
3 sons
Archduke Stephen Dominic of Austria, 1934-2011
Archduke Geza of Austria, b. 1940
Archduke Michael of Austria, b. 1942
Archduke Edward of Austria, b. 1967
Archduke Ladislaus Luitpold, 1901-1946
Archduke Ladislaus Philip of Austria, 1875-1895
Archduke Anthony Victor of Austria, 1779-1835
Archduke John of Austria, 1782-1859
Archduke Rainer Joseph of Austria, 1783-1853
Archduke Leopold Louis of Austria, 1823-1898
Archduke Ernest of Austria, 1824-1899
Archduke Sigismund of Austria, 1826-1891
Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria, 1827-1913
Archduke Henry Anthony of Austria, 1828-1891
Archduke Louis of Austria, 1784-1864
Archduke Rudolph of Austria, 1788-1831
Ferdinand Charles, Archduke of Austria-Este, 1754-1806
Francis IV, Duke of Modena, 1779-1846
Francis V, Duke of Modena, 1819-1875
Archduke Ferdinand Charles Victor of Austria-Este, 1821-1849
Archduke Ferdinand Charles Joseph of Austria-Este, 1781-1850
Archduke Maximilian of Austria-Este, 1782-1863
Archduke Charles Ambrose of Austria-Este, 1785-1809
Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, 1756-1801
Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine, 1712-1780
Charles Joseph of Lorraine, 1680-1715
Joseph Emmanuel, 1685–1705
Francis Anthony, 1689–1715
Nicholas, Duke of Mercœur, 1524-1577
Philip Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur, 1558-1602
Cardinal Charles de Lorraine de Vaudémont, 1561-1587
Francis of Lorraine, Marquis of Chaussin, 1567–1596
Henry, Count of Chaligny, 1570-1600
Prince Charles of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun, 1592–1631
Prince Henry of Lorraine, Count of Chaligny, 1596–1672
Prince Francis of Lorraine, Bishop of Verdun, 1599–1671
Eric of Lorraine, Count of Vaudémont, 1576-1623
Claude, Duke of Guise, 1496-1550, founder of the House of Guise
Francis, Duke of Guise, 1519-1563
Henry I, Duke of Guise, 1550-1588
Charles, Duke of Guise, 1571-1640
Francis, Prince of Joinville, 1612-1639
Henry II, Duke of Guise, 1614-1664
Charles Louis, Duke of Joyeuse, 1618–1637
Louis, Duke of Joyeuse, 1622-1654
Louis Joseph, Duke of Guise, 1650-1671
Francis Joseph, Duke of Guise, 1670-1675
Roger, a knight, 1624–1653
Louis III, Cardinal of Guise, 1575-1621
Claude, Duke of Chevreuse, 1578-1657
Francis Alexander, a knight, 1589–1614
Charles, Duke of Mayenne, 1554-1611
Henry of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne, 1578-1621
Charles Emmanuel of Lorraine, Count of Sommerive, 1581–1609
Louis II of Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise, 1555-1588
Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine, 1524-1574
Claude, Duke of Aumale, 1526-1573
Charles, Duke of Aumale, 1555-1631
Claude of Lorraine, knight of Aumale, 1564-1591
Louis I of Lorraine, Cardinal of Guise, 1527-1578
Francis of Lorraine, Grand Prior, 1534-1563
René II of Lorraine, Marquis of Elbeuf, 1536-1566
Charles I, Duke of Elbeuf, 1556-1605
Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf, 1596-1657
Charles III, Duke of Elbeuf, 1620-1692
Charles of Lorraine, knight of Elboeuf, 1650–1690
Henry, Duke of Elbeuf, 1661-1748
Philip of Lorraine, Prince of Elbeuf, 1678-1705
Charles of Lorraine, 1685-1705
Louis of Lorraine, Abbot of Orcamp, 1662–1693
Emmanuel Maurice, Duke of Elbeuf, 1677-1763
Henry, Abbot of Hombieres, 1622–1648
Francis Louis, Count of Harcourt, 1623-1694
Alphonse Henri, Count of Harcourt, 1648-1718
Francis-Mary of Lorraine, Count of Maubec, 1686–1706
Francis of Lorraine, Prince of Montlaur, 1684-1705
Cesar of Lorraine, Prince of Montlaur, 1650–1675
Charles of Lorraine, Abbé of Harcourt, 1661–1683
Francis-Mary, Prince of Lillebonne, 1624-1694
Charles, Prince of Commercy, 1661-1702
John Paul of Lorraine, 1672-1693
Henry, Count of Harcourt, 1601-1666
Louis, Count of Armagnac, 1641-1718
Henry, Count of Brionne, 1661-1713
Louis, Prince of Lambesc, 1692-1743
Louis, Prince of Brionne, 1725-1761
Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc, 1751-1825
Joseph Louis, Prince of Lorraine-Vaudémont, 1759-1812
Francis Armand of Lorraine, Abbot of Royaumont, 1665–1728
Camille of Lorraine, Count of Chamilly, 1666–1715
Louis Alphonse of Lorraine, bailiff of Armagnac, 1675–1704
Charles of Lorraine, Count of Armagnac, 1684-1751
Philip, Knight of Lorraine, 1643-1702
Alphonse Louis of Lorraine, Abbot of Royaumont, 1644–1689
Raymond Berenger of Lorraine, Abbot of Faron de Meaux, 1647–1686
Charles, Count of Marsan, 1648-1708
Charles Louis, Count of Marsan, 1696-1755
Gaston, Count of Marsan, 1721-1743
Camille, Prince of Marsan, 1725-1780
James Henry of Lorraine, Knight of Lorraine, 1698–1734
John, Cardinal of Lorraine, 1498-1550
Louis, Count of Vaudémont, 1500-1528
Francis of Lorraine, Lord of Lambesc, 1506-1525
Nicholas, Lord of Joinville and Bauffremont, d. c. 1476
Henry of Lorraine-Vaudémont, Bishop of Metz, c. 1432-1505
John, Count of Harcourt, d. 1473
Frederick, Lord of Rumigny
Charles, Lord of Bovines
John, Lord of Fleurines
Matthias, Lord of Darney, Boves, Blainville and Florennes, d. c. 1330
Hugh, Lord of Rumigny, Martigny, and Aubenton, d. after 1337
Matthias, Lord of Beauregard, d. 1282
Frederick, Bishop of Orléans, d. 1299
Frederick, Lord of Plombiéres, Romont, and Brémoncourt, d. c. 1320
Gerard, fl. 1317
James, Bishop of Metz
Reynold, Count of Castres
Theoderic the Devil, Lord of Autigny
Henry the Lombard
Philip, Lord of Gerbéviller, d. 1243
Matthias, Bishop of Toul, 1170–1217
Theoderic, bishop of Metz, d. 1181
Matthias, Count of Toul, d. 1208
Robert, lord of Floranges
Baldwin
John
Gerard, Count of Vaudémont, 1057–1108
Notes and references
External links
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de:Habsburg-Lothringen
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2996664
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B6
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Ошвож
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Ошвож — річка в Республіці Комі, Росія, ліва притока річки Кос'ю, правої притоки річки Ілич, правої притоки річки Печора. Протікає територією Троїцько-Печорського району.
Річка починається на західних схилах хребта Ебельїз (Олс-Саринпал-Нер), протікає на південний захід та південь.
Джерела
Посилання
Державний водний реєстр Росії
Річки Троїцько-Печорського району
Річки басейну Ілича
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5170953
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2
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Ігор Гамов
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Ігор Гамов
Рустем Ігор Гамов (4 листопада 1935, Джорджтаун, округ Колумбія — 15 квітня 2021) — американський мікробіолог та винахідник, син українського фізика Георгія Гамова. Співавтор коміксів про містера Томпкінса за мотивами науково-популярних книг свого батька. Винахідник та апарата для дихання під водою. Працював професором мікробіології в Університеті Колорадо, звідки був звільнений після звинувачень у сексуальних домаганнях.
Біографія
Молодість і освіта
Рустем Ігор Гамов був сином емігрантів з СРСР, фізиків Георгія Гамова та Любові Вохмінцевої. Він закінчив середню школу в 17 років і деякий час працював у балетній компанії, об'їжджав коней, доставляв пакунки на мотоциклі та викладав карате. В 1958 році він вступив до Університету Колорадо, де тоді викладав його батько. В Університеті Колорадо він здобув ступінь бакалавра та магістра біології, а потім захистив дисертацію доктора філософії з біофізики.
Дослідження
Постдоком Гамов працював над грибом під керівництвом Макса Дельбрюка в Каліфорнійському технологічному інституті. Потім в Університеті Колорадо він досліджував цей гриб ще понад двадцять років, зокрема, вивчаючи його спіральне зростання та механічні властивості його клітинних стінок. Він також вивчав інфрачервоні детектори удавів.
Завзятий любитель активного відпочинку, Гамов розробив ряд винаходів для безпеки під час активного відпочинку. Його першим важливим винаходом, запатентованим в 1990 році, була , яка дозволяла альпіністам уникати висотної хвороби, підвищуючи навколишній тиск. Іншим був мілководний дихальний апарат, в якому дихальна трубка під тиском дозволяла плавцям легко дихати на глибині десяти футів під водою.
Звільнення з Університету Колорадо
У 2002 році Гамова звинуватили у сексуальних домаганнях до семи жінок — студенток і його асистентки. У 2004 році Регентська рада університету одноголосно підтримала рекомендацію про звільнення Гамова.
У вересні 2011 року Гамов опублікував відкритий лист, в якому пояснив своє ставлення до подій, що призвели до його звільнення з Університету Колорадо.
Популяризація науки
У 2010 році син Ігор Гамов та ілюстратор Скорпіо Стіл створили перший том коміксу за мотивами серії книг свого батька про містера Томпкінса. В коміксі Томпкінс дізнається про теорію відносності від Альберта Ейнштейна, про радіоактивність від Марії Кюрі та про структуру атома від Ернеста Резерфорда. У липні 2011 року вони випустили другий том, у якому Томпкінс знайомиться з Чарльзом Дарвіном, Грегором Менделем і Джеймсом Вотсоном.
Примітки
Патенти
— Hyperbaric chamber
— Hyperbaric chamber
— Underwater breathing apparatus
— Hyperbaric chamber closure means
— Shoe and foot prosthesis with a coupled spring system
— Hyperbaric chamber and exercise environment
— Hypobaric sleeping chamber
— In-line skate walking guard
— Shoe and foot prosthesis with bending beam spring structures
— Underwater breathing apparatus with pressurized snorkel
— Shoe and foot prosthesis with bending beam spring structures
Посилання
Особиста сторінка Гамова
Винахідник тижня MIT 23 серпня 2003 р
Профіль ExplorerWeb та інтерв'ю 18 серпня 2006 р
Fear and Groping In Boulder Denver Westworld, червень 1996 року. Ця стаття містить три історії про сексуальні домагання, в одній з яких згадується Ігор Гамов.
Isn't It Romantic Denver Westworld, липень 1996 року. Стаття документує звинувачення у сексуальних домаганнях, яке не було підтримано університетською перевіркою. Ігорю Гамову було рекомендовано пройти чотиригодинний тренінг із запобігання сексуальним домаганням.
The Smutty Professor Denver Westword, травень 2006 року. Стаття присвячена інциденту з сексуальними домаганнями, що призвів до звільнення Гамова з Університету Колорадо
Відкритий лист до редактора Boulder Daily Camera Ігоря Гамова, січень 2007
Некролог — 2021
Medicine for Getting Outdoors...
Померли 2021
Народились 1935
Біологи США
Університет Колорадо у Боулдері
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57011
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy%20of%20Singapore
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Economy of Singapore
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Economy of Singapore
The economy of Singapore is a highly developed mixed market economy with dirigiste characteristics. Singapore's economy has been consistently ranked as the most open in the world, the joint 4th-least corrupt, and the most pro-business. Singapore has low tax-rates and the second highest per-capita GDP in the world in terms of purchasing power parity (PPP). The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is headquartered in Singapore.
Alongside the business-friendly reputation for global and local privately held companies and public companies, various national state-owned enterprises play a substantial role in Singapore's economy. The sovereign wealth fund Temasek Holdings holds majority stakes in several of the nation's largest bellwether companies, such as Singapore Airlines, Singtel, ST Engineering and Mediacorp. With regards to foreign direct investment (FDI), the Singaporean economy is a major FDI outflow-financier in the world. In addition, throughout its history, Singapore has benefited from the large inward flows of FDI from global investors, financial institutions and multinational corporations (MNCs) due to its highly attractive investment climate along with a stable and conducive political environment throughout its modern years.
Overview
Singapore relies on an extended concept of intermediary trade to entrepôt trade, by purchasing raw goods and refining them for re-export in order to sustain its high levels of export-oriented industrialization, such as in the wafer-fabrication industry and in oil refining. Singapore has a strategic port which makes it more competitive than many of its neighbours in carrying out such entrepôt activities. Singapore's trade-to-GDP ratio is among the highest in the world, as of 2020 the ratio was 320%. The Port of Singapore is the second-busiest in the world by cargo tonnage and is the busiest transshipment port in the world.
Singapore is also a regional, continental and global hub for the management and operations of various MNCs, because of its strategic location in close proximity with other Asia-Pacific markets, along with its advanced connectivity and infrastructure (airline hub and maritime port with a diverse array of destinations, Gigabit fiber-optic communications, efficient road transport and public transport) and its immigration policies in welcoming global talent. In addition, Singapore is a popular international tourist destination for various types of tourism (Business tourism, MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions) tourism, Medical tourism, Urban tourism).
Singapore's economy is often referred to as a "miracle" due to its rapid transformation from a developing country to a developed, high-income economy in a relatively short period of time. This transformation took place in the second half of the 20th century under the leadership of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and his government. One of the key factors contributing to Singapore's economic miracle was its strategic location, which made it an ideal hub for international trade and commerce.
The country's main exports include electronics, chemicals and services. Singapore is the regional hub for wealth management. Water is scarce in Singapore and a sizeable percentage of water is imported from Malaysia, therefore it is defined as a precious resource.
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the backbone of Singapore's economic landscape. In 2022 SMEs contributed 48% (S$284 bil) of Singapore's total enterprise nominal value-added and employed 71% of Singapore's total workforce of 3.63 million.
Singapore has limited arable land, meaning that Singapore is heavily reliant on agrotechnology parks (particularly vertical hydroponic farms) for agricultural production. As a result, Singapore imports 90% of its food supply and has a wide variety of supplier countries in order to achieve its food security; Singapore is ranked as among the most food secure in the world.
Apart from its strategic location at the cross-roads of trade between the East and the West, Singapore has little to no natural resources, hence human resources is a pivotal issue for the health of the Singaporean economy; the services and manufacturing sectors of the economy are heavily reliant on a highly-educated and highly-skilled 'Professional, Managerial, Executive and Technical' (PMET) workforce composed of residents and expatriates. The economy of Singapore ranked 2nd overall in the Scientific American Biotechnology ranking in 2014, with the featuring of Biopolis.
To preserve its international standing and to further its economic prosperity in the 21st century, Singapore has taken measures to promote innovation, to encourage entrepreneurship and to retrain its workforce. The Ministry of Manpower (MoM) has the prime responsibility for setting, adjusting, and enforcing immigration rules for foreign workers, in order to achieve the dual mandate of maximum employment of the local resident population and maximum economic growth for the nation. Approximately 29% of the total population within Singapore are non-resident foreigners, including 255,800 foreign domestic workers (FDWs) who operate in Singapore.
Economic statistics
The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2022–2027). Inflation below 5% is in green.
History
British colonization
In 1819, Stamford Raffles, at the time Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen, established a trading post in Singapore. Raffles had been searching for a new settlement that could be used as an outpost of the British Empire. He left Calcutta and set out to explore much of South-East Asia. At the time, the Dutch Empire and British Empire were close economic rivals. Colonization enabled these empires to gain control of the vast resources of militarily weaker and economically less prosperous nations. Raffles was looking for a new settlement that could replace Malacca as a key economic advantage over the Dutch Empire. The former had been handed over to the Dutch under the Treaty of Vienna of 1815. Raffles found Singapore to be a perfect location, sitting just of the edge of the Straits of Malacca, nowadays one of the most important shipping lanes in the world. As well, the territory had key economic resources which would benefit the British. There was abundant timber and fresh water, and a natural deep water harbor which would be beneficial for the British fleet. He arrived on an island at the mouth of the Singapore River, where there was a small Malay settlement. At the time accompanied by William Farquhar, Raffles met with Temenggong (essentially, Chief of Security, for the settlement) Abdul Rahman to negotiate the right to establish a trading post on the island, under the British Empire. The island was ruled nominally from Johar on the peninsula by Tengku (essentially, Prince) Rahman, Sultan of Johor, who was heavily influenced by the Dutch and the Bugis. However, the Sultanate was weakened by factional division so that Temenggong Abdul Rahman and his officials were more loyal to Rahman's elder brother Tengku Hussein (or Tengku Long) who was living in exile in “Riau” (likely the Riau Archipelago). With the Temenggong's help, Raffles managed to smuggle Hussein back to Singapore. He offered to recognize Hussein as the rightful Sultan of Johor and provide him with a yearly stipend; in return, Hussein would grant the British the right to establish a trading post on Singapore. On 6 February 1819 Raffles succeeded in having the territory formally incorporated into the British Empire as the aforementioned trading post. Much of the settlement’s rapid economic growth thereafter can be credited to its natural suitability as a seaport hub.
Trade expansion
On 17 November 1869, the Suez Canal opens, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. This allowed for an decrease in travel time, which resulted in a rise in trade volume. The nation saw a $32 million rise just a year after its opening.
Trade volume reached $105 million Straits dollars in 1879, during which entrepot trade was the main source of income and trade alone accounted for more than one-third of GDP.
Independence
In the 1950s, the region saw social unrest which resulted in colonial powers deciding to relinquish some decision making. With spurs of race riots the colonial powers sought to empower and establish a formidable local government. With most of the unrest resulting from high unemployment, the local government was directed to solve this issue. The Economic Development Board was formed to empower the Singapore government in establishing, developing, and financing industrial undertakings.
In 1955, a Singapore local legislative Assembly with 25 out of 35 members elected was formed.
Upon independence from Malaysia in 1965, Singapore faced a small domestic market, and high levels of unemployment and poverty. 70 percent of Singapore's households lived in badly overcrowded conditions, and a third of its people squatted in slums on the city fringes. Unemployment averaged 14 percent, GDP per capita was US$516, and half of the population was illiterate.
Industrialisation boom and change
After Lee Kuan Yew was elected, he oversaw significant economic reforms to the country. Structural change and machinery propelled the economy during his tenure. Singapore was a small and densely populated nation, with very few natural resources and little space to grow outwards. Recognizing this, Lee identified that the key advantage that Singapore held was its human capital, and its ability to provide highly educated citizens capable of competing in global industry and trade. On 1 August 1961, the Singapore Government established the Economic Development Board to spearhead an investment drive, and make Singapore an attractive destination for foreign investment. FDI inflows increased greatly over the following decades, and by 2001 foreign companies accounted for 75% of manufactured output and 85% of manufactured exports. Meanwhile, Singapore's savings and investment rates rose among the highest levels in the world, while household consumption and wage shares of GDP fell among the lowest. The beginning of Lee's tenure was marked with success and from 1965–1973, annual growth of real GDP was 12.7%. He directed spending to repair and improve infrastructure. This effort spurred economic productivity and put in place the foundations needed to build up basic industry. As of 2019, Singapore's infrastructure is ranked the best in terms of quality, with a score of 95.4 out of 100. The period from 1973-1979 marked a struggle for Singapore as they pivoted away from basic infrastructure spending and moved towards more sustainable economic progress. The 1973 oil crisis raised government awareness of issues such as economic concentration. It forced the government to hold new forum to discuss ways of adapting the countries economy to economic change. GDP growth during this time was slightly lower than the preceding years, at 8.5% annually. However, unemployment was virtually 0%, and most of the population had experienced great strides in productivity. The government highlighted a focus in technology and education to be the new wave of economic gain. In addition, they identified financial services as a key area in which Singapore could diversify and attract new growth. During this time, the government invested heavily in its budding financial services industry. It managed to minimize inflation and provide workers with the proper equipment and machinery to sustain growth.
Recent history
Growth in the service sector
As a result of this investment drive, Singapore's capital stock increased 33 times by 1992, and achieved a tenfold increase in the capital-labour ratio. Living standards steadily rose, with more families moving from a lower-income status to middle-income security with increased household incomes.
In 1987, Lee claimed that (based on the government's home ownership criterion) 80% of Singaporeans could now be considered to be members of the middle-class. Under Lee, Singapore had both low inflation and unemployment. However, much unlike the economic policies of Greece and the rest of Europe, Singapore followed a policy of individualising the social safety net. This led to a higher than average savings rate and a very sustainable economy in the long run. Without a burdensome welfare state or its likeliness, Singapore has developed a very self-reliant and skilled workforce well versed for a global economy.
The 1990s posed a great question for Singapore, as to how they would reinvent their economy. The 1990s emergence of efficient manufacturing firms in southeast Asia challenged the nation with such a small labor force and land restrictions. Friedrich noted how " it would be "unlikely to expand beyond the current 25% share of the economy," when regarding manufacturing firms. Despite struggling in the manufacturing sector Singapore thrived in global finance, trading, and was an industrial hub for international trade.
Singapore's economic strategy produced real growth averaging 8.0% from 1960 to 1999. Since the nations independence in 1965 Singapore GDP has amassed an average of a 9.5% increase. The economy picked up in 1999 under Goh Chok Tong, the Prime Minister of Singapore, after the regional financial crisis, with a growth rate of 5.4%, followed by 9.9% for 2000. However, the economic slowdown in the United States, Japan and the European Union, as well as the worldwide electronics slump, had reduced the estimated economic growth in 2001 to a negative 2.0%.
The economy expanded by 2.2% the following year, and by 1.1% in 2003 when Singapore was affected by the SARS outbreak. Subsequently, a major turnaround occurred in 2004 allowed it to make a significant recovery of 8.3% growth in Singapore, although the actual growth fell short of the target growth for the year more than half with only 2.5%. In 2005, economic growth was 6.4%; and in 2006, 7.9%.
It was apparent that Singapore would also struggle as a result of the global financial crisis given its status as a financial services hub. Some market commentators doubted the economy's ability to cope with the effects of the crisis. In the end the economy grew in 2009 by 3.1% and in 2010, the nation saw a 15.2% growth rate.
As of 8 June 2013, Singapore's unemployment rate is around 1.9% and the country's economy has a lowered growth rate, with a rate of 1.8% on a quarter-by-quarter basis—compared to 14.8% in 2010.
2015 and 2016 saw a downturn for the nation as GDP growth shrunk to just 2 percent. Despite growth diminishing, the nation has yet to post negative growth rates which are a positive sign. During the same period of diminishing economic growth. Unemployment and inflation have also decreased.
As of 2017 Singapore's GDP reached $323.907 billion.
Singapore is expected to experience an economic slowdown in 2019, with GDP growth slowing to 1.9% from 3.1% in 2018, due to tariff hikes from the United States and China.
During the initial months of the COVID-19 pandemic, on 26 March 2020, Singapore's Ministry of Trade and Industry said it believed that the economy would contract by between 1% and 4% in 2020. This was after the economy shrank 2.2% in the first quarter of 2020 from the same quarter in 2019. On 26 May, MTI said that it was revising down its expectation for the Singapore economy in 2020 to shrink by 4% to 7%. Economists had to downgrade their numbers from previously, and some suggested that the economic recovery could take some time. In response to the economic pressure, Moody's temporarily downgraded the Singapore banking sector that year from "stable" outlook to a "negative" outlook.
It was estimated by the economist Chua Hak Bin, the Singapore circuit breaker measures in response to the pandemic, beginning on 7 April could impact the economy to the tune of S$10 billion. With the lockdown imposed on construction workers, there were concerns that there could be delays in construction projects of up to six months. Senior Minister of State for Trade and Industry Chee Hong Tat announced that some 3,800 companies had closed in April 2020, only slightly higher than the 3,700 reported on average for the same month in the past 5 years. Though he warned that this would likely rise in the coming months. Despite this only small increase in companies shutting down, the number of companies starting up had declined by about a third from the average April since 2015.
State enterprise and investment
The public sector is used both as an investor and as a catalyst for economic development and innovation. The government of Singapore has two sovereign wealth funds, Temasek Holdings and GIC Private Limited, which are used to manage the country's reserves. Initially the state's role was oriented more toward managing industries for economic development, but in recent decades the objectives of Singapore's sovereign wealth funds have shifted to a commercial basis.
Government-linked corporations play a substantial role in Singapore's domestic economy. As of November 2011, the top six Singapore-listed GLCs accounted for about 17 percent of total capitalization of the Singapore Exchange (SGX). These fully and partially state-owned enterprises operate on a commercial basis and are granted no competitive advantage over privately owned enterprises. State ownership is prominent in strategic sectors of the economy, including telecommunications, media, public transportation, defence, port, airport operations as well as banking, shipping, airline, infrastructure and real estate.
As of 2014, Temasek holds S$69 billion of assets in Singapore, accounting for 7% of the total capitalization of Singapore-listed companies. In 2017, GSK shifted its Asian Headquarters to Singapore.
All figures in billions of Singapore dollars.
Sectors
To maintain its competitive position despite rising wages, the government seeks to promote higher value-added activities in the manufacturing and services sectors. It also has opened, or is in the process of opening, the financial services, telecommunications, and power generation and retailing sectors up to foreign service providers and greater competition. The government has also attempted some measures including wage restraint measures and release of unused buildings in an effort to control rising commercial rents with the view to lowering the cost of doing business in Singapore when central business district office rents tripled in 2006.
Banking
Singapore is considered a global financial hub by many leading financial analysts, economists and politicians, with Singapore banks offering world-class corporate bank account facilities. In the 2020 Global Financial Centers Index, Singapore was ranked as having the sixth most competitive financial sector in the world, and the fourth most competitive in Asia. These include multiple currencies, internet banking, telephone banking, checking accounts, savings accounts, debit and credit cards, fixed term deposits and wealth management services.
Singapore has also attracted assets formerly held in Swiss banks for several reasons, including new taxes imposed on Swiss accounts and a weakening of Swiss bank secrecy. Credit Suisse, the second largest Swiss bank, moved its head of international private banking to Singapore in 2005. For this, the country has also been dubbed the "Switzerland of Asia".
Biotechnology
Singapore has been aggressively developing its biotechnology industry. Hundred of millions of dollars were invested into the sector to build up infrastructure, fund research and development and to recruit top international scientists to Singapore. Leading drug makers, such as GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Pfizer and Merck & Co., have set up plants in Singapore. In 2006 GSK invested another S$300 million to build another plant to produce paediatric vaccines, its first such facility in Asia. Pharmaceuticals now account for more than 8% of the country's manufacturing production. In 2022, the biopharma industry of Singapore accounted for manufacturing output of USD 18 billion a year, a value that had tripled during two decades.
Energy and infrastructure
Singapore is the pricing centre and leading oil trading hub in Asia. The oil industry makes up 5% of Singapore's GDP, with Singapore being one of the top three export refining centres in the world. In 2007, it exported 68.1 million tonnes of oil. The oil industry has led to the promotion of the chemical industry as well as oil and gas equipment manufacturing. Singapore has 70 per cent of the world market for both jack-up rigs and for the conversion of Floating Production Storage Offloading units. It has 20 per cent of the world market for ship repair, and in 2008 the marine and offshore industry employed almost 70,000 workers.
Singapore has limited potential for renewable energy mainly due to its small surface area; solar power holds the greatest potential. The government set a target of generating solar power to cover 350,000 households in 2030 that would equal to 4% of the country's electricity demand in 2020. As a financial hub, Singapore can play an important role in attracting investment in renewable energy in the entire ASEAN region.
Real estate
The Singapore government also owns 90 percent of the country's land, as well as housing in which 80 percent of the population lives.
In July 2022, a report by Savills revealed that Singapore tied with New York City in recording the highest rental growth rate for luxury homes globally.
Tourism
Tourism plays an important role in the economy of Singapore. Singapore ranks among the most visited cities in the world.
International trade and investment
Singapore's total trade in 2022 amounted to $1,365.4 billion SGD. In 2022, Singapore's imports were $655.4 billion SGD and exports were $710.0 billion SGD. China was Singapore's main import partner, as well as its largest export market in 2021. Singapore's major trading partners include Malaysia, the United States and the European Union.
China is Singapore's largest trading partner, with bilateral trade totalling roughly 175 billion Singapore dollars in 2022. Since 2009, the value of exports exceeds imports for Singapore's trade with China. In comparison, the value of imports exceeds exports for Singapore's trade with the US since 2006.
Re-exports accounted for 43% of Singapore's total sales to other countries in 2000. Singapore's principal exports are electronic components, refined petroleum, gold, computers, and packaged medications. Singapore's main imports are electronic components, refined petroleum, crude petroleum, gold, and computers.
Trade in Singapore has benefited from the extensive network of trade agreements Singapore has implementing. According to Healy Consultants, Singapore has free trade access to the entirety of the ASEAN network, with import duty reduced when dealing with Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.
The Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) continues to attract investment funds on a large-scale for the country despite the city's relatively high-cost operating environment. The US leads in foreign investment, accounting for 40% of new commitments to the manufacturing sector in 2000. As of 1999, cumulative investment for manufacturing and services by American companies in Singapore reached approximately $20 billion (total assets). The bulk of US investment is in electronics manufacturing, oil refining and storage, and the chemical industry. More than 1,500 US firms operate in Singapore.
Singapore's largely corruption-free government, skilled workforce, and advanced and efficient infrastructure have attracted investments from more than 3,000 multinational corporations (MNCs) from the United States, Japan, and Europe. Foreign firms are found in almost all sectors of the economy. MNCs account for more than two-thirds of manufacturing output and direct export sales, although certain services sectors remain dominated by government-linked corporations.
The government also has encouraged firms to invest outside Singapore, with the country's total direct investments abroad reaching $39 billion by the end of 1998. The People's Republic of China was the top destination, accounting for 14% of total overseas investments, followed by Malaysia (10%), Hong Kong (9%), Indonesia (8%) and US (4%). The rapidly growing economy of India, especially the high technology sector, is becoming an expanding source of foreign investment for Singapore.
The United States strives to improve bilateral trade with Singapore and has signed the US-Singapore Free Trade Agreement in 2003. Singapore corporate tax is 17 per cent.
Singapore is the European Union's 14th largest trading partner. Singapore-EU trade is worth more than €50 billion euros a year. Singapore is also the EU's 5th largest trade in services partner and the EU's 6th destination for foreign direct investment. Over 10,000 EU companies have set up their hubs or offices in Singapore.
In 2018, the EU and Singapore signed the EUSFTA, a free trade agreement which aims to boost and promote trade between Singapore and the EU. The agreement includes provisions on:
Eliminating tariffs on goods
Harmonizing safety, testing and labeling standards (for cars and vehicle parts, electronics and textiles)
Preferential market access and equal treatment for services (for telecommunications, financial services, transport, etc.)
Simplifying customs procedures and improving trade facilitation
Improved protection of intellectual property
Guaranteed access to government procurement contracts
Legally-binding commitments on environmental protection and workers' rights
In addition to the free trade agreement, the EU and Singapore signed an investment protection agreement which aims to encourage investment between Singapore and the EU. It ensures that governments in the EU and Singapore treat each other's investors equally, and replaces old-style bilateral investment treaties between Singapore and individual EU countries.
International trade agreements
The following bilateral and plurilateral agreements are currently in effect. Signature and entry into force dates are as listed by the World Trade Organization.
Singapore workforce
In 2000, Singapore had a workforce of about 2.2 million. With limited access to natural resources, Singapore had been forced to invest in its people. The country has the largest proficiency of English language speakers in Asia, making it an attractive place for multinational corporations. Singapore has come a long way from where it once stood. In the 1970s according to Tilak Abeysinghe "2.4 percent of the labor force were degree holders". By 1990 the number rose to just 6.3%. In 2013 the percentage of the labor force who held degrees reached 31%. The nation's directive toward high skilled labor jobs, has promoted both growth and education to the region. The National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), the sole trade union federation, which has a symbiotic relationship with the ruling party, accounts for almost 99% of total organised labour. Government policy and pro-activity rather than labour legislation controls general labour and trade union matters.
The Employment Act offers little protection to white-collar workers due to an income threshold. The Industrial Arbitration Court handles labour-management disputes that cannot be resolved informally through the Ministry of Manpower. The Singapore Government has stressed the importance of co-operation between unions, management and government (tripartism), as well as the early resolution of disputes. There has been only one strike in the past 15 years.
Singapore has enjoyed virtually full employment for long periods of time. Amid an economic slump, the unemployment rate rose to 4.0% by the end of 2001, from 2.4% early in the year. Unemployment has since declined and as of 2012 the unemployment rate stands at 1.9%.
While the Singapore government has taken a stance against minimum wage and unemployment benefit schemes, in 2007 the government introduced a Workfare Income Supplement (WIS) scheme to supplement wages of low-skilled workers. To support employers in hiring older Singaporean workers, Special Employment Credit (SEC) was introduced in 2011. It was first enhanced in 2012 to provide employers with support in hiring older Singaporean workers and Persons with Disabilities (PWDs). It helped the employers to cope with costs associated with the increase in Central Provident Fund (CPF) contribution rates for older workers. The 5-year SEC scheme was further extended an additional 3 years, up to 2019 to encourage employers to voluntarily re-employ older workers aged 65 and above.
The Singapore Government and the NTUC have tried a range of programs to increase lagging productivity and boost the labour force participation rates of women and older workers. However, labour shortages persist in the service sector and in many low-skilled positions in the construction and electronics industries. Foreign workers help make up this shortfall. In 2000, there were about 600,000 foreign workers in Singapore, constituting 27% of the total work force. As a result, wages are relatively suppressed or do not rise for all workers. To have some controls, the government imposes a foreign worker levy payable by employers for low end workers like domestic help and construction workers. In 2012, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI) reported that Singapore should continue to fine-tune the calibration of its inflow of foreigners as the country continues to face an ageing population and a shrinking workforce. Singapore Parliament accepted the recommendations by its Economic Strategies Committee (ESC) for the optimal ratio of the level of immigration and foreign manpower for both high and low skilled workers. The Government recognises that the current overall foreign workforce should complement the local resident workforce and not replace the Singaporean Core concept, and helps companies greatly as they raise productivity through business restructuring and workforce retraining; raise resident labour force participation rate.
Poverty and economic inequality
Singapore is one of the world's wealthiest countries per capita, but its Gini coefficient is high in comparison to developed countries. Statistics on income inequality are published by the Singapore Department of Statistics. Without taking taxes and social transfers into account, Singapore's gini coefficient puts the country in the medium range. Nevertheless, the country remains on the "very high" category on the inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI), a ranking similar to the Human Development Index (HDI), but with inequality also accounted for.
In October 2018, Oxfam ranked Singapore 149 out of 157 in its Commitment to Reducing Inequality Index 2018, placing it among the bottom ten of the countries in the index, which ranks countries based on efforts to reduce economic inequality. In its report, Oxfam accused Singapore of practices which encouraged "harmful tax practices", not having a universal minimum wage (apart from janitors and security guards), and poor performance on labour rights. The government responded to the report by claiming that it was more important to look at "real outcomes" such as Singapore's high home ownership, health, education, and employment, rather than public spending or tax rates, also saying that the report "assumes that high taxation and high public expenditure reflects commitment to combating inequality".
The government provides social support through a variety of social assistance schemes. The Ministry of Social and Family Development runs ComCare, a program which provides income support for low-income citizen households through various schemes for short-to-medium term assistance, long-term assistance, child support, and urgent financial needs. The Community Development Councils also run various local assistance schemes within their districts. The Ministry of Manpower runs a Silver Support Scheme which provides additional financial support for low-income elderly with no family support. Meanwhile, the Ministry of Health also runs MediFund to assist families that have difficulty paying for medical bills despite government subsidies and other health financing schemes. In addition, the National Council of Social Service coordinates a range of 450 non-government voluntary welfare organisations to provide social services, while raising funds through The Community Chest of Singapore.
Today, low and middle-income groups now receive 2.5 times the public subsidies they did ten years ago.
Public finance
Government spending in Singapore has risen since the start of the global financial crisis, from around 15% of GDP in 2008 to 17% in 2012. The government's total expenditure as a percentage of GDP ranks among the lowest internationally and allows for a competitive tax regime. Singapore is required under its constitution to keep a balanced budget over each term of government. Singapore government debt is issued for investment purposes, not to fund expenditure.
Personal income taxes in Singapore range from 0% to 22% for incomes above S$320,000. There are no capital gains or inheritance taxes in Singapore. Singapore's corporate tax rate is 17% with exemptions and incentives for smaller businesses. Singapore has a single-tier corporate income tax system, which means there is no double-taxation for shareholders.
Singapore introduced Goods and Services Tax (GST) with an initial rate of 3% on 1 April 1994, increasing government's revenue by S$1.6 billion (US$1b, €800m) and establishing government finances.
The GST rate increased to 4% in 2003, 5% in 2004, 7% in 2007, 8% in 2023, and 9% in 2024.
The Singapore government owns two investment companies, GIC Private Limited and Temasek Holdings, which manage Singapore's reserves. Both operate as commercial investment holding companies independently of the Singapore government, but Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and his wife Ho Ching serve as chairman and CEO of these corporations respectively. While GIC invests abroad, Temasek holds 31% of its portfolio in Singapore, holding majority stakes in several of the nation's largest companies, such as Singapore Airlines, Singtel, ST Engineering and Mediacorp. As of 2014, Temasek holds S$69 billion of assets in Singapore, accounting for 7% of the total capitalisation of Singapore-listed companies.
In April 2013, the country was recognised as an increasingly popular tax haven for the wealthy due to the low tax rate on personal income, a full tax exemption on income that is generated outside of Singapore and 69 double taxation treaties that can minimise both withholding tax and capital gains tax. Australian millionaire retailer Brett Blundy, with an estimated personal wealth worth AU$835 million, and multi-billionaire Facebook co-founder Eduardo Saverin are two examples of wealthy individuals who have settled in Singapore (Blundy in 2013 and Saverin in 2012). Additionally, Australian mining magnate Gina Rinehart owns property in Singapore and American investor Jim Rogers moved to Singapore in 2007—Rogers has identified the 21st century as an era in which Asia will dominate and wishes for his two daughters to learn Mandarin as a key outcome of the relocation. Chinese Media TV celebrities Jet Li and Gong Li have also taken up naturalised Singapore citizenship.
Monetary policy
The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) is Singapore's central bank and financial regulatory authority. Its current chairman is Lawrence Wong (July 2023–present). It administers the various statutes pertaining to money, banking, insurance, securities and the financial sector in general, as well as currency issuance. The MAS has been given powers to act as a banker to and financial agent of the Government. It has also been entrusted to promote monetary stability, and credit and exchange policies conducive to the growth of the economy.
Unlike many other central banks such as Federal Reserve System, European Central Bank or Bank of England, MAS does not regulate the monetary system via interest rates to influence the liquidity in the system. Instead, it chooses to do it via the foreign exchange mechanism, which it has been doing since 1981. In doing so it manages the Singapore dollar versus a number of currencies that they do not reveal publicly – a Singapore dollar nominal effective exchange rate (S$ NEER). It carries this out by intervening in the SGD market as well as other operations in the money market. The MAS reviews its policy stance less frequently than most central banks, in a cycle that is around every 6 months. In some circumstances, such as during the COVID-19 pandemic MAS can change the date of its twice yearly meeting.
In May 2022, six major banks agreed to pay $64.5 million to resolve antitrust allegations that they worked together to rig benchmark Singapore interest rates. The banks involved included Credit Suisse AG, Deutsche Bank AG, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited, ING Bank N.V., Citibank N.A. and JPMorgan Chase & Co.
Property policy
To dampen property speculation, the government imposed Additional Buyer's Stamp Duty (ABSD) starting in December 2011. It was subsequently raised in January 2013 and then again in July 2018. Currently for Singapore citizens buying their first property, there is no ABSD. For their second property onwards, they pay up to 15% ABSD. For foreigners the ABSD rate is 20% no matter if it is the first property. And for entities it is 25%. At the same time they raised the ABSD in 2018, the MAS tightened rules on housing loans, by limiting the loan tenure and reducing the Loan-to-Value ratio.
Mergers and acquisitions
16,156 mergers and acquisitions deals have been conducted in Singapore so far, which accumulated to a total value of US$850 bil. Since 1985 there has been a constant upward trend, disrupted only in 2002 and 2009. The most active year in terms of numbers (926) and value (US$78 bil.) has been 2017, so there is currently an all-time high. In general inbound and outbound deals in Singapore are nearly equally distributed.
Here is a list of the top 10 deals with Singaporean participation inbound or outbound:
Facts and figures
Percentage of economic growth:
1.7% (2016)
Industrial production growth rate:
1% (2016 est.)
Electricity – production by source:
fossil fuel:
95.3%
hydro:
0%
nuclear:
0%
other:
3.9% (2014 est.)
Electricity – consumption:
47.5 TWh (2016)
Electricity – exports:
0 kWh (2007)
Electricity – imports:
0 kWh (2007)
Agriculture – products:
rubber, copra, fruit, vegetables; poultry, eggs, fish, orchids, ornamental fish
Currency:
1 Singapore dollar (S$ or SGD) = 100 cents
Exchange rates:
International rankings
See also
Four Asian Tigers
5 C's of Singapore
Biopolis
Dual economy
Bamboo network
Immigrant workers in Singapore
Singapore Workplace Safety and Health Conference
Singapore and the World Bank
Notes
References
External links
Statistics Singapore
Singapore Department of Statistics
Monetary Authority of Singapore
Singapore
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto%20Blue%20Jays
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Toronto Blue Jays
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Toronto Blue Jays
The Toronto Blue Jays are a Canadian professional baseball team based in Toronto. The Blue Jays compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East Division. Since 1989, the team has played its home games primarily at Rogers Centre in downtown Toronto.
The name "Blue Jays" originates from the bird of the same name, and blue is also the traditional colour of Toronto's collegiate and professional sports teams including the Maple Leafs (ice hockey) and the Argonauts (Canadian football). In 1976, out of the over 4,000 suggestions, 154 people selected the name "Blue Jays." In addition, the team was originally owned by the Labatt Brewing Company, makers of the popular beer Labatt Blue. Colloquially nicknamed the "Jays", the team's official colours are royal blue, navy blue, red, and white.
An expansion franchise, the club was founded in Toronto in 1977. Originally based at Exhibition Stadium, the team began playing its home games at SkyDome upon its opening in 1989. They are the second MLB franchise to be based outside the United States, and currently the only team based outside the U.S. after the first Canadian franchise, the Montreal Expos, became the Washington Nationals in 2005. Since 2000, the Blue Jays have been owned by Rogers Communications and in 2004, SkyDome was purchased by that company, which renamed it Rogers Centre. The Blue Jays and the Atlanta Braves are the only two MLB teams under corporate ownership; the Blue Jays are the only American League team to be under such ownership.
Due to border restrictions brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Blue Jays played home games at TD Ballpark in Dunedin, Florida for April and May of the 2021 season, and Sahlen Field in Buffalo, New York for the 2020 season as well as June and July 2021, returning home to Toronto as of July 30 of that year.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Blue Jays went through struggles typical of an expansion team, frequently finishing last in their division. In 1983, they had their first winning season and two years later, became division champions. From 1985 to 1993, the Blue Jays were an AL East powerhouse, winning five division championships in nine seasons, including three consecutive from 1991 to 1993. During that run, the team also became back-to-back World Series champions in 1992 and 1993, led by a core group of award-winning All-Star players, including Hall of Famer Roberto Alomar, Joe Carter, John Olerud, and Devon White. The Blue Jays became the first (and, to date, only) team outside the U.S. to appear in and win a World Series, and the fastest AL expansion team to do so, winning in its 16th year. As of 2019, they are one of only two MLB franchises that are undefeated through multiple World Series appearances, along with the National League's Miami Marlins. After 1993, the Blue Jays failed to qualify for the playoffs for 21 consecutive seasons, until clinching a playoff berth and division championship in 2015. The team clinched a second consecutive playoff berth in 2016, after securing an AL wild card position. In both years, the Blue Jays beat the Texas Rangers in the AL Division Series, but lost the AL Championship Series. Most recently, they qualified for the playoffs as a wild card team in 2020, 2022, and 2023.
From 1977 to 2023, the Blue Jays' overall win–loss record is .
History
Expansion team
The Blue Jays were approved as part of the 1977 Major League Baseball expansion discussions, after Toronto's original plan of getting a Major League Baseball team by buying and moving the San Francisco Giants fell through; they would be added alongside the Seattle Mariners. The team was represented by legal counsel Herb Solway and Gord Kirke. Kirke prepared the original documents which led to the founding of the team in 1976.
1977–1994: The Pat Gillick era
1977–1981
The Blue Jays played their first game on April 7, 1977, against the Chicago White Sox before a home crowd of 44,649. The game is now perhaps best remembered for the minor snowstorm which began just before the game started. Toronto won the snowy affair 9–5, led by Doug Ault's two home runs. That win would be one of only 54 of the 1977 season, as the Blue Jays finished last in the AL East, with a record of 54–107. After the season, assistant general manager Pat Gillick succeeded Peter Bavasi as general manager of the team, a position he would hold until 1994.
In 1978, the team improved their record by five games, but remained last, with a record of 59–102. In 1979, after a 53–109 last place finish, shortstop Alfredo Griffin was named American League co-Rookie of the Year. In addition, the Blue Jays' first mascot, BJ Birdy, made its debut in 1979.
In 1980, Bobby Mattick became manager, succeeding Roy Hartsfield, the Blue Jays' original manager. In Mattick's first season as manager, although the team remained at the bottom, Toronto nearly reached the 70-win mark, finishing with a record of 67–95, a 14-win improvement on 1979. Jim Clancy led with 13 wins and John Mayberry became the first Jay to hit 30 home runs in a season.
In the strike-divided season of 1981, the Blue Jays finished last in the AL East in both halves of the season. They were a dismal 16–42 in the first half but improved dramatically in the second, finishing the 48-game second half at 21–27, for a combined record of 37–69.
1982–1984
Under new manager Bobby Cox, Toronto's first solid season came in 1982 as the Jays finished 78–84. Their pitching staff was led by starters Dave Stieb, Jim Clancy, and Luis Leal, and the outfield featured a young Lloyd Moseby and Jesse Barfield. 1982 was also the first year the Jays did not place last, finishing sixth in the East out of seven teams.
In 1983, the Blue Jays compiled their first winning record, 89–73, finishing in fourth place, nine games behind the eventual World Series champions, the Baltimore Orioles. First baseman Willie Upshaw became the first Blue Jay to get at least 100 RBIs in a season.
The Jays' progress continued in 1984, finishing with the same 89–73 record, but this time in a distant second place behind another World Series champion, the Detroit Tigers. After 1984, Alfredo Griffin went to the Oakland Athletics, thus giving a permanent spot to young Dominican shortstop Tony Fernández, who would become a fan favourite for many years.
1985: The "Drive of '85" and first AL East title
In 1985, Toronto won its first championship of any sort: the first of its six American League East division titles. The Blue Jays featured strong pitching and a balanced offense. Tony Fernández excelled in his first full season, and veteran pitcher Doyle Alexander led the team with 17 wins, including a division-clinching complete-game win. Their mid-season call-up of relief pitcher Tom Henke also proved to be important. The team finished 99–62 (the franchise record for most wins), two games in front of the New York Yankees. The Jays faced the Kansas City Royals in the American League Championship Series (ALCS), and took a three-game-to-one lead. However, Kansas City won three consecutive games to win the series 4–3, on the way to their first World Series championship. The Blue Jays' successful season was dubbed the "Drive of '85".
After the playoffs, Cox, the AL Manager of the Year, suddenly left the Blue Jays to become general manager of the Atlanta Braves, the team he had previously managed.
1986–1988
With Jimy Williams taking over as manager, the Blue Jays could not duplicate their success in 1986, sliding to a fourth-place tie at 86–76. Jesse Barfield and George Bell led the way with 40 and 31 home runs, respectively, while Jim Clancy, Mark Eichhorn, and Jimmy Key tied for the team wins lead with 14 each.
In 1987, the Blue Jays held a -game lead with a week to go in the season, then lost their last seven in a row to finish two games behind the Detroit Tigers, getting swept on the last weekend by the Tigers. The Jays finished with a 96–66 record, second-best in the major leagues, but to no avail. However, George Bell (.308 batting average, 47 home runs, 134 RBI) was named the AL's Most Valuable Player (MVP), the first Blue Jay to earn that honor.
In 1988, however, Toronto could not duplicate the successes of the previous season. The team tied the Milwaukee Brewers for third in the division at 87–75, only two games behind the division champion Boston Red Sox. Still, the season had numerous highlights. First baseman Fred McGriff hit 34 home runs, and Dave Stieb had back-to-back starts in which he lost a no-hitter with two out and two strikes in the ninth inning.
1989–1991: Cito Gaston takes charge, two more AL East titles
In 1989, the Blue Jays' new retractable roofed home, SkyDome, opened mid-season. It also marked the beginning of an extremely successful five-year period for the team. In May, management fired manager Jimy Williams and replaced him with Cito Gaston, the team's hitting instructor. The club had a dismal 12–24 record at the time of the firing, but went 77–49 under Gaston to win the AL East title by two games, with an 89–73 record. Fred McGriff's 36 home runs led the AL. On May 28, George Bell's walk-off home run, off of Chicago White Sox closer Bobby Thigpen, marked the end of the Exhibition Stadium era. The first game at the new stadium took place on June 5 against the Milwaukee Brewers; the Jays lost 5–3. In the 1989 ALCS, Rickey Henderson led the eventual World Series champion Oakland Athletics to a 4–1 series win.
In 1990, the Blue Jays again had a strong season, but finished second, two games behind the Boston Red Sox. Dave Stieb pitched his only no-hitter, beating the Cleveland Indians 3–0 in front of a less-than-capacity crowd at Cleveland Municipal Stadium. As of 2018, it remains the only no-hitter ever pitched by a Blue Jay. During the off-season, the Blue Jays made one of the two biggest trades in franchise history, sending All-Star shortstop Tony Fernández and first baseman Fred McGriff to the San Diego Padres in exchange for outfielder Joe Carter and second baseman Roberto Alomar. The Jays also obtained centre fielder Devon White from the California Angels. These deals, particularly the trade with San Diego, were instrumental in the team's future success.
Carter, Alomar and White would prove to be extremely effective additions, as the Blue Jays again won the division in 1991, as Carter drove in Alomar for the division-winning run. Once again, however, the team fell short in the postseason, losing to the Minnesota Twins, who were on the way to their second World Series victory in five seasons, in the ALCS. In 1991, the Blue Jays became the first Major League club ever to draw over four million fans in one season.
Team record 1989: 89 wins–73 losses, W%- 0.549
Team record 1990: 86 wins–76 losses, W%- 0.531, 2 games behind division leader
Team record 1991: 91 wins–71 losses, W%- 0.562
1992–1993: World Series champions
1992: Canada's first World Series title
After the 1991 season had ended, the Blue Jays acquired pitcher Jack Morris, who had led the Minnesota Twins to victory in the World Series by pitching a 10-inning complete-game shutout in Game 7 and had been named the World Series MVP. To add veteran leadership to their explosive offence, Toronto signed Dave Winfield to be the team's designated hitter.
The 1992 regular season went well, as the Jays clinched their second straight AL East crown with a final record of 96–66, four games ahead of the Milwaukee Brewers. They also went the entire season without being swept in any series, becoming the first team in 49 years to accomplish the feat. The Blue Jays met the Oakland Athletics (who had the same record as the Jays and won the AL West by six games over the defending champion Twins) in the ALCS, winning four games to two. The pivotal game of the series was Game 4, considered by many to be one of the most important games in Blue Jays history: the Blue Jays rallied back from a 6–1 deficit after seven innings, capped off by Roberto Alomar's huge game-tying two-run homer off A's closer Dennis Eckersley in the top of the ninth. This paved the way for a 7–6 victory in 11 innings, a 3-games-to-1 lead in the series and an eventual 4–2 ALCS series win.
The Blue Jays then faced the Atlanta Braves in the World Series. The Braves returned after being beaten by the Twins the previous year. The pivotal game in this series turned out to be Game 2, in which reserve player Ed Sprague hit a 9th-inning two-run home run off Braves closer Jeff Reardon to give the Blue Jays a 5–4 lead, which would hold up. After winning Game 3 thanks to Candy Maldonado's ninth-inning RBI hit and Game 4 due to Jimmy Key's superb -inning pitching effort in which he retired 15 straight batters (five innings), the Jays could not win the Series on home turf as the Braves struck back with a 7–2 win in Game 5. Game 6 in Atlanta, with the Blue Jays leading 3 games to 2, was a very close game. Toronto was one strike away from winning in the bottom of the 9th inning, 2–1, but Otis Nixon singled in the tying run off the Blue Jays' closer Tom Henke. It was the first run the Toronto bullpen had given up in the series. The game was decided in the 11th inning, when Dave Winfield doubled down the left-field line, driving in two runs. The Braves would again come within one run in the bottom of the 11th, but Jays reliever Mike Timlin fielded Otis Nixon's bunt, throwing to Joe Carter at first base for the final out. The Blue Jays became the first team based outside of the United States to win the World Series. Pat Borders, the Jays' catcher, was the unlikely player who was named MVP after hitting .450 with one home run in the World Series. Oddly, Morris was acquired in large part for his reputation as a clutch postseason pitcher, but he went 0–3 in the playoffs. Morris, however, pitched well in the regular season, becoming the Blue Jays' first 20-game winner, with a record of 21–6 and an ERA of 4.04.
Team record 1992: 96 wins–66 losses, W%- 0.593
1993: Back-to-back champs
After the 1992 season, the Blue Jays let World Series hero Dave Winfield and longtime closer Tom Henke go, but signed two key free agents: designated hitter Paul Molitor from the Milwaukee Brewers and perennial playoff success Dave Stewart from the Oakland Athletics.
In 1993, the Blue Jays had seven All-Stars: outfielders Devon White and Joe Carter, infielders John Olerud and Roberto Alomar, designated hitter Molitor, plus starting pitcher Pat Hentgen, and closer Duane Ward. In August, the Jays acquired former nemesis Rickey Henderson from the Athletics. The Blue Jays cruised to a 95–67 record, seven games ahead of the New York Yankees, winning their third straight division title. The Jays beat the Chicago White Sox four games to two in the ALCS, and then the Philadelphia Phillies, four games to two, for their second straight World Series victory. The World Series featured several exciting games, including Game 4, played under a slight rain, in which the Blue Jays came back from a 14–9 deficit to win 15–14 and take a 3 games to 1 lead in the series. It remains the highest-scoring game in World Series history. Game 6 in Toronto saw the Blue Jays lead 5–1, but give up 5 runs in the 7th inning to trail 6–5. In the bottom of the 9th inning, Joe Carter hit a one-out, three-run walk-off home run to clinch the series off of Phillies closer Mitch Williams. Only the second World Series-winning walk-off home run in the history of Major League Baseball (following Bill Mazeroski's in Game 7 in 1960), Carter's hit differed from the first in that Toronto, while not facing elimination, was trailing in the bottom of the 9th. The home run is also memorable for late Blue Jays radio broadcaster Tom Cheek's call:
Molitor was named the World Series MVP after hitting .500 in the series. In the regular season, three Blue Jays—Olerud, Molitor and Alomar—finished 1–2–3 for the AL batting crown, led by Olerud's franchise record .363 average. It was the first time in 100 years that the top three hitters in the league were from the same team.
Team record 1993: 95 wins–67 losses, W%- 0.586
1994 season
Expectations were high for the Blue Jays for the 1994 season, following back-to-back championships, but they slumped to a 55–60 record and a third-place finish (16 games back of the New York Yankees) before the players' strike. It was their first losing season since 1982. Joe Carter, Paul Molitor and John Olerud enjoyed good years at the plate, but the pitching fell off. Juan Guzmán slumped considerably from his first three years (40–11, 3.28 ERA), finishing 1994 at 12–11 with a 5.68 ERA. Three young players, Alex Gonzalez, Carlos Delgado and Shawn Green, did show much promise for the future. At the time of the strike, their fellow Canadian cousins, the Montreal Expos, had the best record in the majors, leading some to consider the possibility of a Canadian three-peat in 1994.
On October 31, 1994, Gillick, the longtime Blue Jays general manager, resigned and handed the reins of the team to assistant general manager and Toronto native Gord Ash, who would lead the team in its most tumultuous era yet.
Team record 1994: 55 wins–60 losses, W%- 0.478, 16 games behind division leader
1995–2001: The Gord Ash era
1995–2000
In their 1995 season, the Blue Jays showed they had lost their contending swagger of the past 12 years. Although they had most of the World Series teams cast, the Jays dropped dramatically to a dismal 56–88 record, placing last in the AL East, 30 games behind the Boston Red Sox. That year, team owner Labatt Breweries was bought by Belgian-based brewer Interbrew, making the Blue Jays the second major league team owned by interests outside of North America, after their expansion cousins, the Seattle Mariners (then owned by Japanese video game company Nintendo).
1996 was another mediocre year for the Jays, despite Pat Hentgen's Cy Young Award (20–10, 3.22 ERA). Ed Sprague had a career year, hitting 36 home runs and driving in 101 runs. And the team's 74 wins did put them in fourth place, improving over 1995's last-place finish.
The Blue Jays started their 1997 season with high hopes. Not only did they radically change their uniforms, the team signed former Boston Red Sox ace Roger Clemens to a $24.75 million contract. Clemens had one of the best pitching seasons ever, winning the pitcher's Triple Crown and leading the AL with a record of 21–7, a 2.05 ERA, and 292 strikeouts. This was not enough to lead the Jays to the postseason, however, as they finished last for the second time in three years with a record of 76–86. Cito Gaston, the longtime manager who led the team to four division titles and two World Series crowns, was fired five games before the end of the season. The season did provide a unique experience for its fans with the advent of Interleague play, when the Blue Jays faced their Canadian rival, the Montreal Expos, for the first official games between the two teams. Before the start of their 1998 season, the Jays acquired closer Randy Myers and slugger Jose Canseco. Gaston was replaced with former Blue Jay Tim Johnson, who was a relative unknown as a manager. Despite mediocre hitting, strong pitching led by Clemens' second straight pitching Triple Crown (20–6, 2.65 ERA, 271 strikeouts) sparked the Blue Jays to an 88–74 record—their first winning season since 1993. However, this was only good enough to finish a distant third, 26 games behind the New York Yankees, who posted one of the greatest records in all of baseball history at 114–48. The Jays were, however, in contention for the wildcard spot until the final week.
Before the 1999 season, the Blue Jays traded Clemens to the Yankees for starting pitcher David Wells, second baseman Homer Bush and relief pitcher Graeme Lloyd. They also fired manager Tim Johnson during spring training after he lied about several things (including killing people in the Vietnam War) to motivate his players. The Blue Jays had initially been willing to stand by Johnson. A blizzard of questions about his credibility during spring training, however, led Ash to fire him less than a month before opening day. Johnson was replaced with Jim Fregosi, who managed the Phillies when they lost to the Blue Jays in the 1993 World Series. The offence picked up somewhat in 1999, but the pitching suffered without Clemens, as the Blue Jays finished at 84–78, in third place. After the 1999 season, the Blue Jays' original mascot for 20 years, BJ Birdy, was replaced by a duo named Ace and Diamond.
On November 8, 1999, Toronto traded star outfielder Shawn Green to the Los Angeles Dodgers for left-handed relief pitcher Pedro Borbón and right-fielder Raúl Mondesí. Green had told the Jays that he would not be re-signing when his contract was up at the end of the year (he wished to play closer to his home in Southern California).
The 2000 season proved similar, as the Blue Jays had an 83–79 record, well out of the wild card race but only a slim games behind the three-time defending World Series champion Yankees in the AL East, the first time since 1993 they had contended for the division. Carlos Delgado had a stellar year, hitting .344 with 41 home runs, 57 doubles, 137 RBI, 123 walks and 115 runs. In addition, six other players hit 20 or more home runs, an outstanding feat.
2000–2001
On September 1, 2000, Rogers Communications Inc. purchased 80% of the baseball club for $160 million, with Interbrew (later InBev) maintaining a 20% interest and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce relinquishing its 10% share. Rogers eventually acquired the 20% owned by Interbrew and now has full ownership of the team.
The 2001 season marked the 25th anniversary of the franchise's inception. Buck Martinez, former catcher and broadcast announcer for the Blue Jays, took over as manager before the season began with a home game in Puerto Rico. The team had a disappointing season, falling back under .500 and finishing 80–82, with mediocre pitching and hitting. Delgado led the team again with 39 home runs and 102 RBI. After the season ended, the Jays fired Gord Ash, ending a seven-year tenure as general manager.
J. P. Ricciardi, then director of player development under Oakland Athletics general manager Billy Beane, was named Blue Jays' General Manager; he was expected to slash payroll immediately, stemming the tide of red ink. During the off-season, the team traded or let go of several popular players, including Alex Gonzalez, Paul Quantrill, Brad Fullmer and closer Billy Koch to let talented youngsters such as Eric Hinske and Felipe López get a chance to develop into major leaguers.
2002–2009: The J. P. Ricciardi and Roy Halladay era
2002 season
The Blue Jays started the 2002 season with slow progress in performance. Buck Martinez was fired about a third of the way through the season, with a 20–33 record. He was replaced by third base coach Carlos Tosca, an experienced minor league manager. They went 58–51 under Tosca to finish the season 78–84. Roy Halladay was relied on as the team's ace and rose to the challenge of being the team's top pitcher, finishing the season with a 19–7 record and 2.93 ERA. The hitters were led once again by Carlos Delgado. Promising young players were assigned to key roles; starting third baseman Eric Hinske won the Rookie of the Year Award at the season's conclusion, and 23-year-old centre fielder Vernon Wells had his first 100 RBI season.
Team record 2002: 78 wins–84 losses, W%- 0.481, 25.5 games behind division leader, third in division
2003 season
The 2003 season was a surprise to both team management and baseball analysts. After a poor April, the team had its most successful month ever in May. Carlos Delgado led the majors in RBI, followed closely by Wells. Despite their hitting successes, poor pitching continued to plague the team. Halladay was an exception, winning his first Cy Young Award, going 22–7, with a 3.25 ERA. In July, Shannon Stewart was traded to the Minnesota Twins for Bobby Kielty, another outfielder with a much lower batting average than Stewart's. Although the Jays finished in third place in their division, Delgado was second in the voting for the American League MVP Award. In the off-season, Kielty was traded to the Oakland Athletics for starter Ted Lilly.
Team record 2003: 86 wins–76 losses, W%- 0.531, 15 games behind division leader, third in division
2004 season
The 2004 season was a disappointing year for the Blue Jays right from the beginning. They started the season 0–8 at SkyDome and never started a lengthy winning streak. Much of that was due to injuries to All-Stars Carlos Delgado, Vernon Wells and Roy Halladay among others. Although the additions of starting pitchers Ted Lilly and Miguel Batista and reliever Justin Speier were relatively successful, veteran Pat Hentgen faltered throughout the season and retired on July 24. Rookies and minor league callups David Bush, Jason Frasor, Josh Towers and others filled the void in the rotation and the bullpen; however, inconsistent performances were evident. With the team struggling in last place and mired in a five-game losing streak, manager Carlos Tosca was fired on August 8, 2004, and was replaced by first base coach John Gibbons. Long-time first baseman Carlos Delgado became a free agent in the off-season. Nevertheless, prospects Russ Adams, Gabe Gross, and Alex Ríos provided excitement for the fans. Rookie pitchers David Bush, Gustavo Chacín and Jason Frasor also showed promise for the club's future. The Blue Jays' lone MLB All-Star Game representative was Lilly.
Team record 2004: 67 wins–94 losses, W%- 0.416, 33.5 games behind division leader, fifth in division
2005 season
SkyDome was renamed Rogers Centre and was extensively renovated. The Blue Jays had a good start to the 2005 season. They led the AL East from early to mid-April and held their record around .500 until late August. The Jays were hit with the injury bug when third baseman Corey Koskie broke his finger, taking him out of the line-up, but the club was pleasantly surprised with the performance of rookie call-up Aaron Hill in his stead. On July 8, just prior to the All-Star break, Blue Jays ace Roy Halladay was struck on the shin by a line drive, resulting in a fractured leg. Though Halladay's injury was hoped to be minor, the recovery process was met with constant delays, and eventually, he was out for the rest of the season. Prior to his injury, the Blue Jays were in serious wild card contention, but soon fell out of the playoff race. The team received glimpses of the future from September call-ups Guillermo Quiróz, John-Ford Griffin, and Shaun Marcum. Marcum made himself noteworthy by posting an ERA of 0.00 over five relief appearances and eight innings in September. Josh Towers also stepped up, showing largely unseen potential by going 7–5 with a 2.91 ERA in the second half of the season.
Team record 2005: 80 wins–82 losses, W%- 0.494, 15 games behind division leader, third in division
2006 season
In 2006, the team experienced its most successful season in years. On July 2, Troy Glaus, Vernon Wells, Roy Halladay, B. J. Ryan, and Alex Ríos were picked to represent the Blue Jays at the All-Star Game. It was the largest number of Blue Jay All-Stars selected for the game since 1993. The team played well in the critical month of September, going 18–10. This, combined with the slumping of the Boston Red Sox, enabled the Blue Jays to take sole possession of second place in the American League East by the end of the season. This marked the first time that the Jays had finished above third place in their division since their World Championship season of 1993, and with the most wins since the 1998 season. On December 18, the Blue Jays announced that they had re-signed centre fielder Wells to a seven-year contract worth $126 million, which came into effect after the 2007 season.
Team record 2006: 87 wins–75 losses, W%- 0.537, 10 games behind division leader, second in division
2007 season
The 2007 season was blighted by persistent injuries, with 12 Blue Jays landing on the disabled list. The most serious injury was that of B. J. Ryan, who was out for the entire season having had Tommy John surgery. Prior to the season, the team signed starting pitchers John Thomson, Tomo Ohka, and Víctor Zambrano; each of them was released before the end of the season. However, young starters Shaun Marcum and Dustin McGowan had break-out years, with 12 wins each. On June 24, McGowan pitched a complete game one-hitter. On June 28, Frank Thomas became the 21st major league player to hit 500 career home runs. Aaron Hill also had a break-out year, setting a team record for second baseman with 47 doubles.
Team record 2007: 83 wins–79 losses, W%- 0.512, 13 games behind division leader, third in division
2008 season
The Blue Jays' 2008 season featured a strong pitching staff, which led the major leagues with a 3.49 ERA. For much of the season, however, the team struggled to hit home runs and drive in runs. On May 24, starter Jesse Litsch set a team record, with 38 consecutive innings without giving up a walk. On June 20, following a five-game losing streak and with the Jays in last place in the AL East, management fired John Gibbons and several members of his coaching staff, and re-hired Cito Gaston. Meanwhile, Alex Ríos had 32 stolen bases, making him the first Blue Jay with 30 since 2001. On September 5, Roy Halladay earned his 129th career win, moving him into second spot on Toronto's all-time wins list. Halladay also came second in the voting for the Cy Young Award, after posting a 20–11 record and 2.78 ERA.
Team record 2008: 86 wins–76 losses, W%- 0.531, 11 games behind division leader, fourth in division
2009 season
The 2009 season saw the addition of two new patches on the Blue Jays' uniforms: on the right arm, a bright red maple leaf (part of the Canadian flag), and on the left arm, a small black band with "TED" written on it, in reference to the late team owner Ted Rogers, who died in the off-season.
On Opening Day at the Rogers Centre, the Blue Jays, led by Roy Halladay, beat the Detroit Tigers 12–5. Aaron Hill and Roy Halladay both had excellent years and represented the Blue Jays at the 2009 All-Star Game in St. Louis. The Jays started the season well, posting a 27–14 record; however, immediately afterwards, the Jays fell into a nine-game losing streak and was never able to recover for the remainder of the season. In mid-August, GM J. P. Ricciardi allowed the Chicago White Sox to claim Alex Ríos off waivers. With two games remaining in what was a disappointing season, Ricciardi was fired on October 3. He was replaced by assistant general manager Alex Anthopoulos.
Despite a 75-win season, the Jays saw the strong return of Aaron Hill, who won the American League Comeback Player of the Year Award and the Silver Slugger for second base. Adam Lind, who also had a strong season, earned the Silver Slugger for designated hitter.
Team record 2009: 75 wins–87 losses, W%- 0.463, 28 games behind division leader, fourth in division
2010–2015: The Alex Anthopoulos and José Bautista era
2010 season
In the off-season, the Jays' ace Roy Halladay was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies for Kyle Drabek, Travis d'Arnaud, and Michael Taylor; Taylor was immediately traded to the Oakland Athletics for Brett Wallace. The team's significant free agent signings were that of catcher John Buck and shortstop Álex González.
The 2010 season was a surprising 10-win improvement over the last season. It was a career year for José Bautista, who hit 54 home runs, breaking George Bell's franchise record of 47. In doing so, he became the 26th player to reach 50 home runs and the first since Alex Rodriguez and Prince Fielder achieved the feat in 2007. The Blue Jays also set a franchise record for the most home runs in a single season as they hit 257, 13 more than their previous record of 244 set by the 2000 Blue Jays. The Blue Jays tied the 1996 Baltimore Orioles for the third-most home runs by a team in a single season. Seven players (José Bautista, Vernon Wells, Aaron Hill, Adam Lind, Lyle Overbay, John Buck, and Edwin Encarnación) hit 20 home runs or more throughout the season, tying an MLB record previously set by four teams, including the 2000 Blue Jays.
On July 14, the Jays traded Álex González and two minor league prospects—left-handed pitcher Tim Collins and shortstop Tyler Pastornicky—to the Atlanta Braves for Jo-Jo Reyes and Yunel Escobar.
On August 7, catching prospect J. P. Arencibia made his major league debut. He went 4-for-5 with two home runs, including a home run hit on the first pitch he saw. The next day, starting pitcher Brandon Morrow came within one out of a no-hitter, finishing with 17 strikeouts in a complete-game one-hitter.
Team record 2010: 85 wins–77 losses, W%- 0.525, 11 games behind division leader, fourth in division
2011 season
Led by new manager John Farrell, the 2011 Blue Jays finished with a .500 record. After signing a five-year $64 million contract extension, José Bautista followed up his record-setting 2010 season with an arguably better season. He finished with a Major League-leading 43 home runs, along with 103 RBI, 132 walks, and a .302 average. Rookie J. P. Arencibia also had a successful year, setting a Blue Jays single-season record with 23 home runs by a catcher. In August, third base prospect Brett Lawrie made his Major League debut and hit .293 with 9 home runs, 4 triples, and 25 RBI, in just 43 games.
Starting pitcher and ace Ricky Romero led the team with 15 wins and a 2.92 ERA. He also became an All-Star for the first time in his career. The other starting pitchers were inconsistent, and Farrell used 12 different starters over the course of the season. Jon Rauch and Frank Francisco, both acquired in the off-season, shared the closer role. They both struggled through the first half of the season, though Francisco improved in the last two months of the season, and had six saves in September.
On July 31, the Blue Jays retired their first number, Roberto Alomar's #12, one week after Alomar became the first Hall of Famer to be inducted as a Blue Jay.
Team record 2011: 81 wins–81 losses, W%- 0.500, 16 games behind division leader, fourth in division
2012 season
The 2012 season was an injury-plagued year for the Blue Jays, having used 31 total pitchers, which set a franchise record. In June, three starting pitchers (Brandon Morrow, Kyle Drabek, and Drew Hutchison) were lost to injury in a span of four days, two of whom required Tommy John surgery; in addition, starters Dustin McGowan and Jesse Litsch missed the entire season due to injury. In the second half of the season, some key players in Toronto's line-up, including All-Star José Bautista, missed a significant amount of playing time due to injury, sending the team into a freefall and culminating in a 73–89 record. Despite the underachievements of Ricky Romero and Adam Lind, Casey Janssen established himself as a reliable closer (22 SV, 2.52 ERA) and Edwin Encarnación developed into one of the league's best power hitters (.280 average, 42 home runs, 110 RBI).
On April 5, 2012, the team opened on the road in Cleveland, where they beat the Indians 7–4 in 16 full innings, during this game they set the record of the longest opening-day game in the Major League history. The previous record of 15 innings had been set by the Washington Senators and Philadelphia Athletics on April 13, 1926, and tied by the Detroit Tigers and the Indians on April 19, 1960.
On April 20, the Jays turned a triple play against the Kansas City Royals in a 4–3 win. It was the first triple play they turned since September 21, 1979.
Team record 2012: 73 wins–89 losses, W%- 0.451, 22 games behind division leader, fourth in division
2013 season
During the off-season, the Toronto Blue Jays traded Farrell to the Boston Red Sox per his wishes, and former manager John Gibbons returned to manage the Blue Jays. The Jays also made a blockbuster trade with the Miami Marlins, leading to a series of other blockbuster trades and signings, including with the New York Mets for National League Cy Young winner R. A. Dickey and free agents including Melky Cabrera. On June 8, the Blue Jays played the then-longest game in franchise history by innings, winning 4–3 in 18 innings against the visiting Texas Rangers, which would be broken one season later. The Jays matched their franchise record of 11 consecutive wins in a 13–5 home win over the Baltimore Orioles on June 23. However, the Jays had a losing season overall.
Team record 2013: 74 wins–88 losses, W%- 0.457, 23 games behind division leader, fifth in division, 17.5 games behind AL wild card cutoff, eighth in AL wild card
2014 season
Pitcher Roy Halladay signed a one-day contract with the Blue Jays before retiring from baseball, citing injuries. The Jays had a nine-game win streak from May 20 to 28, as well as wins in 18 of 21 between May 15 and June 6.
On August 10, the Blue Jays played the longest game in franchise history by both time and innings, winning 6–5 in 19 innings and playing 6 hours, 37 minutes against the visiting Detroit Tigers.
Team record 2014: 83 wins–79 losses, W%- , 13 games behind division leader, third in division, 5 games behind AL wild card cutoff, sixth in AL wild card
2015: Return to the playoffs, AL East champions
During the off-season, the Jays signed Toronto-born catcher Russell Martin through free agency. The Jays acquired Marco Estrada, Devon Travis, All-Star third baseman Josh Donaldson, and Michael Saunders in trades. The Jays claimed Justin Smoak, Andy Dirks, and Chris Colabello off waivers. However, Dirks, along with John Mayberry Jr., were eventually non–tendered; the Jays later signed Dirks to a minor league contract. Melky Cabrera and Brandon Morrow left through free agency and Juan Francisco was claimed off waivers by the Boston Red Sox.
The Jays later traded José Reyes and pitching prospects Miguel Castro, Jeff Hoffman, and Jesus Tinoco to the Colorado Rockies for All-Star shortstop Troy Tulowitzki and reliever LaTroy Hawkins. Two days later, they acquired All-Star pitcher David Price from the Detroit Tigers in exchange for pitching prospects Daniel Norris, Matt Boyd, and Jairo Labourt.
The Jays had two 11-game winning streaks during this season. On September 25, the Blue Jays clinched a playoff berth, ending the longest active playoff drought in North American professional sports (see List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts). They subsequently claimed the AL East division title on September 30, after defeating the Baltimore Orioles 15–2 in the first game of a doubleheader.
The Blue Jays faced the Texas Rangers in the ALDS. After losing back-to-back home games, they won the next three games in a row to take the five-game series, advancing to the ALCS; a three-game comeback series victory had not been accomplished since 2012 by the San Francisco Giants. During game five of the series in Toronto, Blue Jays' right fielder José Bautista executed what Andrew Keh of The New York Times described as possibly "the most ostentatious bat flip in MLB history" after hitting a go-ahead, three-run home run off Rangers relief pitcher Sam Dyson. Bautista wrote an article about the bat flip published in November 2015 in The Players' Tribune.
The Blue Jays then faced the Kansas City Royals in the ALCS, losing the series 4–2 in Kansas City; the Royals would eventually win the World Series.
After the playoffs, Donaldson was named AL MVP, becoming the first Blue Jay to win the award since George Bell in 1987.
Team record 2015: 93 wins–69 losses, W%-
2016–present: The Ross Atkins era
2016: Wild Card winners
Upon the expiration of Paul Beeston's contract, Mark Shapiro replaced him as president of the Blue Jays. Alex Anthopoulos resigned two months after the hiring of Shapiro. Ross Atkins subsequently took his place.
On October 2, 2016, the Blue Jays clinched their first Wild Card berth with a Detroit Tigers loss to the Atlanta Braves. On October 4, 2016, the Blue Jays defeated the Baltimore Orioles in the American League Wild Card Game in extra innings, via a walk-off three-run home run by Edwin Encarnación in the bottom of the 11th inning. On October 9, 2016, the Blue Jays completed a sweep of the Texas Rangers in the American League Division Series to advance to the American League Championship Series for the second consecutive year. On October 19, 2016, the Blue Jays were eliminated from World Series contention with a 3–0 loss to the Cleveland Indians in Game 5 of the American League Championship Series.
Team record 2016: 89 wins–73 losses, W%-
2017 season
On November 11, 2016, it was announced that Toronto had signed designated hitter Kendrys Morales to a three-year, $33 million deal. The contract became official on November 18.
On December 5, 2016, Steve Pearce signed a two-year, $12.5 million contract with Toronto. On January 5, 2017, Edwin Encarnación signed a three-year, $60 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. On January 18, 2017, Bautista signed a one-year, $18 million contract with the Blue Jays. The contract includes a $17 million mutual option for the 2018 season, as well as a $20 million vesting option for 2019. The following day, Michael Saunders signed with the Philadelphia Phillies. However, in late June, the Phillies released Saunders and the Jays signed him to a minor league contract.
The Blue Jays wore special red-and-white uniforms at select games during the 2017 season to celebrate the 150th anniversary of Canada.
Team record 2017: 76 wins–86 losses, W%- , 17 games behind division leader, fourth in division, 9 games behind AL wild card cutoff, eighth in AL wild card
2018 season
The Blue Jays declined their mutual option on José Bautista, allowing him to enter free agency. He then signed with the Atlanta Braves, later the New York Mets, and eventually with the Philadelphia Phillies.
The Blue Jays traded two prospects to the San Diego Padres for Yangervis Solarte. The Blue Jays also acquired Curtis Granderson and Seung-hwan Oh as free agents.
On June 22, Roberto Osuna was suspended for 75 games after being accused of sexual assault on May 8 and applied retroactively from the date of the incident.
In July, the Blue Jays traded Pearce to the Boston Red Sox for a prospect, Santiago Espinal. They also dealt three pitchers: J. A. Happ to the New York Yankees, Seung-hwan Oh to the Colorado Rockies, and Roberto Osuna to the Houston Astros.
In August, the Blue Jays traded Josh Donaldson to the Cleveland Indians for a player to be named later, later revealed to be a pitching prospect, Julian Merryweather. The Blue Jays also traded Curtis Granderson to the Milwaukee Brewers for a prospect.
On September 26, it was confirmed by the Blue Jays that manager John Gibbons would not return for the 2019 season.
Team record 2018: 73 wins–89 losses, W%- , 35 games behind division leader, fourth in division, 24 games behind AL wild card cutoff, seventh in AL wild card
2019 season
On October 25, 2018, the Blue Jays announced that Charlie Montoyo had been hired as their new manager.
Early in the season, the Blue Jays traded Kendrys Morales to the Oakland Athletics and Kevin Pillar to the San Francisco Giants.
During the season, the Blue Jays called up Vladimir Guerrero Jr., Cavan Biggio, and Bo Bichette for the first time. The three are second-generation Major League Baseball players with the first two also being sons of Hall of Famers Vladimir Guerrero Sr. and Craig Biggio, respectively; Bo Bichette is the son of Dante Bichette.
Nearing the trade deadline, the Blue Jays traded Marcus Stroman to the New York Mets and Aaron Sanchez to the Houston Astros.
Team record 2019: 67 wins–95 losses, W%- , 36 games behind division leader, fourth in division, 29 games behind AL wild card cutoff, ninth in AL wild card
2020 season: Temporarily in Buffalo
Over the 2019–20 off-season, the Blue Jays signed free agents Tanner Roark and Hyun-jin Ryu. The Blue Jays also signed Shun Yamaguchi from the Yomiuri Giants, the first player the Blue Jays successfully signed via the posting system.
On January 18, 2020, the Toronto Blue Jays unveiled a new blue alternate uniform.
On July 24, 2020, it was announced that the Toronto Blue Jays would play a majority of their home games in Buffalo, New York, at their Triple-A affiliate Buffalo Bisons ballpark, Sahlen Field, as the Canadian government disallowed the Blue Jays and their opponents from playing in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Blue Jays reached the Wild Card series of the postseason, only to be swept by the Tampa Bay Rays in two games. The Blue Jays scored only three runs total in the two games.
Team record 2020: 32 wins–28 losses, W%-
2021 season: Temporarily in Dunedin and Buffalo
On successive days in January 2021, the Blue Jays signed relief pitchers Kirby Yates and Tyler Chatwood, and outfielder George Springer. The Blue Jays also signed infielder Marcus Semien. However, Yates was out for the entire season to recover from Tommy John surgery.
The Toronto Blue Jays played their home games in TD Ballpark in Dunedin, Florida until June 1 when they moved back to Sahlen Field in Buffalo. On July 16, the Blue Jays announced that they would finally return to Rogers Centre in Toronto on July 30 after the Canadian government allowed the Blue Jays and their opponents to play in Canada.
2019 first-round draft pick and pitcher Alek Manoah was called up to the majors for the first time this season.
Despite having 91 wins in 2021, the Toronto Blue Jays were fourth in the American League East and one game back of the Wild Card cutoff, preventing them from reaching the postseason.
Team record 2021: 91 wins–71 losses, W%- , 9 games behind division leader, fourth in division, 1 game behind AL wild card cutoff, third in AL wild card.
2022 season: Full return to Toronto since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic
During the off-season, the Blue Jays signed Kevin Gausman, Yimi García, and Yusei Kikuchi as Robbie Ray, Marcus Semien, and Kirby Yates left for free agency. The off-season is mainly affected by a lockout that lasted from December 2021 to March 2022. After the lockout, the Blue Jays traded for infielder Matt Chapman from the Oakland Athletics, as well as traded Randal Grichuk for Raimel Tapia. On July 13, the team released Charlie Montoyo as the manager for the team. With his four seasons with Toronto (2019–2022), he had a win-loss record of 236–235 (.501), and made it to the playoffs once (2020 ALWC). The new interim manager is bench coach John Schneider. At the trade deadline, the Blue Jays traded for utility player Whit Merrifield from the Kansas City Royals. After the trade deadline, the Blue Jays claimed outfielder Jackie Bradley Jr. from waivers.
The Blue Jays clinched home advantage for the American League Wild Card Series and hosted the Seattle Mariners. However, the Mariners swept the Blue Jays in two games, overcoming an 8–1 deficit in game 2.
Team record 2022: 92 wins–70 losses, W%-
2023 season: Continued playoff failure
During the off-season, the Blue Jays traded outfielder Teoscar Hernández to the Seattle Mariners for relief pitcher Erik Swanson and pitching prospect Adam Macko. The Blue Jays hired Don Mattingly as the new bench coach. The Blue Jays later signed starting pitcher Chris Bassitt and outfielder Kevin Kiermaier and traded catcher Gabriel Moreno and outfielder Lourdes Gurriel Jr. to the Arizona Diamondbacks for outfielder and catcher Daulton Varsho.
The Blue Jays qualified for American League Wild Card Series and played against the Minnesota Twins in Target Field. The Twins swept the Blue Jays in two games. This marked the third time in four seasons that the Blue Jays qualified for postseason wildcard series and swept by their opponents each time.
Team record 2022: 89 wins–73 losses, W%- .549
2024 season
During the off-season, the Blue Jays re-signed Kiermaier and signed utility player Isiah Kiner-Falefa, designated hitter Justin Turner, and pitcher Yariel Rodríguez. The Blue Jays also traded Santiago Espinal for a pitching prospect.
Popularity
In 1977, after just 50 home games, the Blue Jays set an MLB record for a first-year expansion team, with an overall attendance of 1,219,551 during those games. By the end of the season, 1,701,152 fans had attended. After setting an attendance record in 1990, with 3,885,284 fans, in 1991, the Blue Jays became the first MLB team to attract over four million fans, with an attendance of 4,001,526, followed by 4,028,318 in 1992. Each of those records were broken in 1993 by the expansion Colorado Rockies, although the Blue Jays' 1993 attendance of 4,057,947 stood as an AL record for 12 years until it was broken by the 2005 New York Yankees.
Several Blue Jays became very popular in Toronto and across the major leagues, starting with Dave Stieb, whose seven All-Star selections is a franchise record. He is closely followed by Roy Halladay and José Bautista, who were selected six times each, and by Roberto Alomar and Joe Carter, who were selected five times each. Bautista set a major league record in 2011 (which only stood for just one year), with 7,454,753 All-Star votes. In his first season with the Blue Jays in 2015, Josh Donaldson set a new major league record by receiving 14,090,188 All-Star votes.
Culture
"OK Blue Jays"
During the seventh-inning stretch of home games, before singing "Take Me Out to the Ball Game", Blue Jay fans sing and clap to the pop song "OK Blue Jays" by Keith Hampshire and The Bat Boys, which was released in 1983. The song was remixed in 2003, and since then, the new, shortened version is played at home games.
"Let's Go Blue Jays"
At home games, the "Let's Go Blue Jays" chant is played four times followed by Charge being played thrice.
Mascots
From 1979 to 1999, BJ Birdy served as the Blue Jays' sole mascot, played by Kevin Shanahan. In 2000, he was replaced by a duo named Ace and Diamond. After the 2003 season, Diamond was removed by the team, leaving Ace as the team's sole mascot. Since the 2010s, Ace has been accompanied by his younger brother, Junior. This usually happens on the Jr. Jay Saturday promotions until the end of the 2017 season. The promotions were moved to select Sundays since the 2018 season, since the Blue Jays can no longer hold early Saturday afternoon games to accommodate American national broadcasts on Fox, though Fox did occasionally broadcast Blue Jays games at the Rogers Centre.
Sunday Salute
Since 2012, every Sunday home game, the Blue Jays pay tribute to a member of the Canadian Armed Forces. During the third inning, the team presents the honoured member a personalized jersey.
National anthems
Since 2005, "The Star-Spangled Banner" has been sung before "O Canada" at every home game. In some home games (including Canada Day home games and playoffs), "O Canada" is sung in English and French. When "O Canada" was sung during the Home Opener, Canada Day, and playoff games, a giant Canadian flag was carried by members of the Canadian Armed Forces. Sportsnet only airs the national anthems during the home opener, Canada Day, and playoff games. On June 29, 2019, "O Canada" was sung in Cree and English. On September 30, 2021, the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation, "O Canada" was sung in English, French, and Anishinaabemowin. On September 30, 2022, "O Canada" was sung in French, English, and Blackfoot. For Blue Jays road games, "O Canada" is sung before the "Star Spangled Banner" as all road games (since the Expos moved to Washington, DC) for the Blue Jays are in the United States.
Canada Day
The Blue Jays traditionally host an afternoon home game during Canada Day. During the game, the team wears red jerseys instead of blue jerseys. During the pre-game ceremony, a giant Canadian flag is carried by members of the Canadian Armed Forces while "O Canada" is sung in English and French by a member of the Royal Canadian Air Force Band. The game was cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2021, the game was held in Buffalo, New York, due to Canada–U.S. travel restrictions.
Jays Shop
The Blue Jays operate a store that sells primarily Blue Jays merchandise called the Jays Shop. This store has two locations at Rogers Centre, though until January 2023, there was an additional location in the Toronto Eaton Centre shopping mall.
Uniforms
1977–1988: Pullovers and powder blue
The Blue Jays wore pullover uniforms during their first decade of existence. The front of the home white uniforms contained the team name in a unique blue/white/blue split-letter style, with the team logo centred below. The road uniforms were powder blue, with the city name in front and the team logo centred below. Initially, the city name was rendered in bold blue letters, before gaining a white outline the following season. By 1979 it was replaced by the team name in split-lettered white/blue/white style. Player numerals also used the split-letter style, except on the road uniform during its first two seasons. Player names in blue were added to both uniforms for the 1980 season, but were dropped from the road uniform in 1981. Caps were blue with the Blue Jays logo on a white panel in front.
In 2008, the Blue Jays' powder blue road uniform from this era was restored as an alternate home uniform worn every Friday until 2010.
1989–1996: Championship blues
The Blue Jays adopted buttoned uniforms upon moving to Rogers Centre (then SkyDome) in 1989. Aside from the additions of buttons and belts, the only change affecting the home uniforms was the relocation of the team logo to the left chest. The road uniforms changed from powder blue to grey, while the city name and numerals in blue/white/blue split-letters was emblazoned and the logo moved to the left chest. Player names were also added to the road uniform. All-blue caps were worn with their road uniform while keeping the white-paneled blue caps at home. By 1993, the all-blue caps were worn universally, supplanting and eventually retiring the original cap design.
In 1994 the Blue Jays began wearing blue alternate uniforms with the team name and numerals in white/blue/white split letters.
1997–2003: Red, teal and blue
The Blue Jays updated their logo prior to the 1997 season, with a new bird design and enlarged red maple leaf at the back. The usage of red was greatly increased on the team's new uniforms. On the home uniforms, the letters and numerals were changed to blue/teal/blue split letters, while road uniform letters and numerals were changed to blue/red/blue split letters. On the alternate blue uniforms, split letters and numerals became red/blue/red. Red also appeared on the pant and sleeve stripes while the new logo occupied the left sleeve. Player names also took on the new block split-letter style. An updated all-blue cap was paired with the home and road uniforms, while a red-brimmed blue cap (with a modified logo without a baseball) was used with the blue alternates.
In 1999 the Blue Jays unveiled an alternate sleeveless white uniform, featuring the same lettering style as the regular home uniform. However, the chest numerals were replaced with the primary logo. Blue undershirts were worn with this uniform.
Before the 2001 season slight modifications were made with the uniforms, eliminating the tricolour stripes and adding a single colour piping along the chest and neck. While the home uniforms remained mostly intact, the road uniforms gained blue sleeves in a faux-vest design. On the alternate white uniform (now a faux-vest instead of a straight sleeveless design), the new "T-bird" logo replaced the primary "jay leaf" logo, which moved to the left sleeve. In 2003, the "T-bird" logo became the primary, taking over the previous logo's placement on the caps and sleeve, while the alternate white uniforms brought back chest numerals.
2004–2011: The "Black-and-Graphite Jays"
Before the 2004 season, the Blue Jays adopted a new visual identity, going with a black, silver and graphite motif. The home and black alternates simply read "Jays" in front and in a 3D-oriented diagonal arrangement, with the bird connected to the letter "J". Letters and numerals were in graphite with light blue and silver trim. The road uniforms featured the city name in a similar letter style as the logo, with graphite letters and numerals trimmed in light blue and silver. In 2008, however, amid complaints of illegibility, the Blue Jays tweaked their road uniforms to include 3D-style block letters and numerals in light blue trimmed in black and white, along with chest numerals. The "J-bird" alternate was added to the left sleeve. A red maple leaf would be added on the right sleeve starting in 2009. The Blue Jays wore all-black caps with the "J-bird" logo for much of the uniforms' existence, save for the 2004 and 2005 seasons when they wore all-graphite caps at home, and in 2007 when an alternate all-black cap with the "T" from the previous road uniform was used.
2012–present: Return to traditional look
Prior to the 2012 season, the Blue Jays unveiled new uniforms and a new logo. The logo is a modernized version of the original logo used from 1977 to 1996. The bird's head was also made sleeker than its 1977–1996 predecessor. The uniforms are similar to the ones used from 1989 to 1996, the team's most successful era. New serifed split-letters were also released. In 2015, the Blue Jays began wearing a modernized version of the white-paneled blue caps they originally wore from 1977 to 1993 as an alternate.
Before the 2020 season, the Blue Jays unveiled a modernized version of the powder blue uniforms, featuring navy/white/navy serifed split letters and numerals. These uniforms are paired with a powder-brimmed navy cap and an all-navy helmet.
Canada Day uniforms
Since 1996, the Blue Jays wore predominantly red or red-accented uniforms every July 1, Canada Day. The uniforms were based on the team's alternate uniforms they wore at the time, but with red as the primary colour. On a few occasions, the Blue Jays added red trim to an existing white uniform (or in the case of the 2006 uniforms, their black alternates), and sometimes add the flag of Canada or a red maple leaf on the uniform.
City Connect uniform
In 2024, the Blue Jays unveiled a City Connect uniform inspired by Toronto's nightlife. The jersey is nicknamed "Night Mode" and is a "pitch blue" (dark blue) uniform that featured an illustration of the Toronto skyline in royal blue, centred by the "Toronto" wordmark in red. The "pitch blue" colour is a reference to Lake Ontario's reflection at night. The traditional Blue Jays logo patch on the sleeve is recoloured to match the uniform. The cap is also "pitch blue" and featured a red maple leaf at the centre of a stylized red and blue "T" in split letters.
Rivalries
Montreal Expos
The Montreal Expos were the Blue Jays' geographic National League rival, being the other Canadian MLB team before it was relocated. From 1978 to 1986, the teams played an annual mid-season exhibition game, known as the Pearson Cup, named after former Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. The teams began facing each other in the regular season in 1997, with the advent of interleague play. During the 2003 and 2004 seasons, the Expos' last two seasons before relocating to Washington, D.C., as the Nationals, the Pearson Cup was awarded after a pair of three-game sets.
Detroit Tigers
The Detroit Tigers are the Blue Jays' geographic and traditional rival, dating back to the 1980s, when the teams were AL East contenders. The Tigers moved to the AL Central in 1998, and the rivalry has died down as a result, with the teams facing each other only six to seven times per year since 2011. Depending on traffic and border delays, Detroit is about a four-hour drive from Toronto. According to The Detroit News, a July 2017 three-game series at Comerica Park against the Blue Jays drew a season-best-to-date total attendance of 115,088.
Seattle Mariners
Although the Seattle Mariners are not a divisional rival, many Blue Jays fans from Western Canada travel to Seattle when the Blue Jays play there as Seattle is geographically closer to Western Canada than Toronto is. Depending on traffic and border delays, Seattle is about a three-hour drive from Vancouver. The Seattle Times estimated that Blue Jays fans represented around 70 percent of the crowd in Safeco Field for a June 2017 weekend series.
Broadcasting
Radio
The Blue Jays' former radio play-by-play announcer, Tom Cheek, called every Toronto Blue Jays game from the team's inaugural contest on April 7, 1977, until June 3, 2004, when he took two games off following the death of his father—a streak of 4,306 consecutive regular-season games and 41 postseason games. Cheek later died on October 9, 2005, and the team commemorated him during their 2006 season by wearing a circular patch on the left sleeve of their home and road game jerseys. The patch was adorned with the letters 'TC', Cheek's initials, as well as a stylized microphone. Cheek is also honoured with a place in the Blue Jays' "Level of Excellence" in the upper level of the Rogers Centre; the number 4,306 is depicted beside his name. In 2008, Cheek received the third most votes by fans to be nominated for the Ford C. Frick Award for broadcasting excellence. Cheek finally received the Frick Award, posthumously, in 2013 after nine years on the ballot.
Radio broadcasts of Blue Jays games are originated from Sportsnet 590 CJCL in Toronto which, like the Blue Jays, is owned by Rogers Communications. After Cheek's retirement in 2005, Jerry Howarth, who had been Cheek's broadcasting partner since 1982, took over as lead play-by-play announcer, with Mike Wilner as the secondary play-by-play announcer. During the 2007 to 2012 seasons, former Blue Jays catcher Alan Ashby was the colour commentator. Former Blue Jays pitcher Jack Morris served as the colour commentator during the 2013 season, after which he was replaced by former Montreal Expos catcher Joe Siddall since the 2014 season.
Former Blue Jays pitcher Dirk Hayhurst filled in for Morris for some games during the 2013 season.
Another former catcher for the Blue Jays, Gregg Zaun, has served as the occasional colour commentator from the 2011 season until the end of the 2017 season when he was terminated amid accusations of improper conduct from several female employees.
Following Howarth's retirement in the 2017 season, Ben Wagner was hired as the primary radio play-by-play announcer, splitting said duties with Dan Shulman and Mike Wilner.
In November 2020, Mike Wilner was laid off by the team. In February 2021, it was announced that "in an effort to minimize travel and closely adhere to team, league, and government protocols related to the pandemic", all radio broadcasts for the 2021 season will be a simulcast of the television broadcast. Wagner will assume an alternative role. However, once the Blue Jays returned to Rogers Centre in late July 2021, dedicated radio broadcasts resumed.
The Blue Jays have the largest geographical home market in all of baseball, encompassing all of Canada. Despite this, the number of radio stations that broadcast games is actually quite small. Only 18 radio stations across the country aired at least some Blue Jays games during the 2021 season, which is fewer affiliates than most MLB teams, which have more stations covering smaller geographic areas.
Television
All Blue Jays games are carried nationally on Sportsnet (which, like the Blue Jays, is owned by Rogers Communications). As of 2023, Dan Shulman serves as the lead play-by-play announcer, with Buck Martinez as the primary colour commentator; on select series, Toronto Raptors play-by-play announcer Matt Devlin calls the game in place of Shulman, and Joe Siddall works colour commentary in place of Martinez. Prior to that, Martinez had been the primary play-by-play announcer alongside colour commentator Pat Tabler, with Shulman only calling games sporadically since 2016. In previous years, the colour analyst role rotated between Pat Tabler, Rance Mulliniks, Darrin Fletcher, and from 2011 to 2017, Gregg Zaun. Sportsnet became the team's primary carrier soon after it launched in the late 1990s, and became the team's exclusive broadcaster in 2010. As of August 2010, Sportsnet One also broadcasts Blue Jays games (often in case of scheduling conflicts with the main Sportsnet channels). Rogers was, however, criticized by fans and critics due to Sportsnet One only being carried by Rogers Cable systems on launch.
Sportsnet's broadcasts of the 2015 American League Division Series involving the Blue Jays were among the highest-rated telecasts in network history, with Game 4 drawing an audience of 4.38 million viewers.
In September 2012, AMI-tv simulcast three Blue Jays games with described video provided by CJCL correspondent Sam Cosentino, which included explanations of on-screen graphics. Paul Beeston praised AMI's involvement, stating that "to our knowledge, we are the first sports organization to have our games provided through this revolutionary approach to accommodating the needs of the blind and low-vision community."
On June 27, 2013, Rogers' over-the-air Toronto multicultural Omni Television station CJMT-DT simulcast a Blue Jays game, scheduled to be started by Taiwanese player Chien-Ming Wang, with commentary in Mandarin, marking the first ever Canadian MLB broadcast in the language. In June 2018, Omni announced that it would air Sunday afternoon games in Tagalog, the most spoken language of the Philippines, through the remainder of the season. Sportsnet and Omni announced a regular season of Sunday broadcasts in Tagalog for the 2019 season.
TVA Sports has aired games in French since 2011, with Denis Casavant and François Paquet on play-by-play and Rodger Brulotte on colour. The channel currently has rights to 81 Blue Jay games per season, in a three-year deal signed in 2023. Jacques Doucet, former Montreal Expos radio announcer, broadcast the Blue Jays on TVA Sports from 2011 until his retirement in 2022.
The Sports Network (TSN), which (like the Jays) was owned by Labatt from 1984 to 1995, served as the primary cable television outlet for the Blue Jays prior to the launch of Sportsnet. TSN (and later, its sister channel TSN2) continued to carry approximately ten Jays games through the 2009 season until May 2010; most recently, Rod Black handled play-by-play while Tabler served as colour commentator on these telecasts. CBC has carried Blue Jays games intermittently throughout the team's history, most recently in 2007 and 2008; those broadcasts featured Jim Hughson as the play-by-play announcer, and former Blue Jays Rance Mulliniks and Jesse Barfield on colour commentary. Games also aired on CTV (except in Montreal) from the team's inception until the late 1990s. The Blue Jays have not appeared over-the-air in Canada in English since 2008.
In 2008, Rogers Communications, owner of the Jays, was granted a license by the Canadian Radio-Television Commission (CRTC) for a "Baseball TV" specialty channel. The channel would have been dedicated to coverage of baseball, combining content from the United States-based MLB Network with original Canadian content. However, the channel was never launched, and Rogers sponsored an application to allow distribution of the U.S. MLB Network on Canadian providers instead.
Due to the structure of Rogers' MLB broadcast contracts, Sportsnet is not permitted to use its domestic production for Blue Jays games if the team is in postseason play (as it is technically still considered a regional broadcaster), and instead carries the U.S. broadcast (such as Fox in 2015, and TBS in 2016). This is in contrast to the NBA's Toronto Raptors (via TSN and Sportsnet), as well as the NHL and MLS's Canadian-based teams (via Hockey Night in Canada on CBC and Sportsnet, and TSN respectively) who were allowed to produce their own broadcasts during postseason games. Buck Martinez has served as a colour commentator for post-season coverage ultimately simulcast by Sportsnet, however, having formerly worked Division Series games for TBS, and on the MLB International broadcast of the 2016 World Series. In 2022, however, MLB allowed Sportsnet to carry its own production of Blue Jays postseason games.
Roster
Minor league affiliations
The Toronto Blue Jays farm system consists of six minor league affiliates.
Season by season record
Awards and other achievements
Award winners and league leaders
Franchise records
No-hitters
Only one Blue Jays pitcher has thrown a no-hitter in franchise history. It was accomplished by Dave Stieb on September 2, 1990, after losing three no-hit bids with two outs in the ninth inning.
No perfect games, a special subcategory of no-hitter, have been thrown in Blue Jays history. The franchise came closest on August 4, 1989, when Stieb gave up a double to Yankees' batter Roberto Kelly with two outs in the ninth who then scored by the next batter.
Triple Crown champions
Roger Clemens won the pitching Triple Crown in 1997 and 1998.
Baseball Hall of Famers
Ten former Blue Jays, one former manager, and one former general manager, have been elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame. Second baseman Roberto Alomar, elected to the Hall of Fame in 2011, is the first player to be inducted based primarily on service as a player for the Blue Jays.
Bobby Doerr, a second baseman with the Boston Red Sox, served as a hitting coach with the Blue Jays early in their history, 1977–1981, and was the first person associated with the franchise to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, in 1986.
Early Wynn, the Baseball Hall of Fame pitcher (1972) and career 300-game winner, was a radio broadcaster for the Blue Jays with Tom Cheek during their first few years, 1977–1981.
Ford C. Frick Award recipients
BBWAA Career Excellence Award recipients
Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame
Retired numbers
Soon after becoming the first person to be inducted in the Hall of Fame as a Blue Jay, on July 31, 2011, second baseman Roberto Alomar was the first person to have his number, #12, retired by the Blue Jays. However, #12 was unretired due to controversies surrounding Alomar. Jordan Hicks became the first Blue Jay since 2011 to wear this number.
On March 29, 2018, the Blue Jays retired #32 in honour of Roy Halladay, who died in an airplane crash on November 7, 2017, becoming the second number to be retired by the Blue Jays.
Level of Excellence
In 1996, the Blue Jays instituted a "Level of Excellence" on the 500 level of the Rogers Centre, honouring "tremendous individual achievement."
Players' uniform numbers were listed—and in Tom Cheek's case, the number of consecutive games he called for the Blue Jays—until the 2013 All-Star Break, even though, with the exception of Roberto Alomar and Roy Halladay these numbers have not been retired. During the 2013 All-Star Break, the Level of Excellence was redesigned for the addition of Carlos Delgado's name. The redesign removed all uniform numbers from the Level of Excellence aside from Roberto Alomar's retired #12, Roy Halladay's retired #32 and Tom Cheek's 4306 consecutive games called streak. On April 30, 2021, the Blue Jays announced that they would remove Alomar from the Level of Excellence and take down his banner at Rogers Centre after he was banned from baseball for sexual harassment.
On March 5, 2023, the Blue Jays announced that Jose Bautista would join the Level of Excellence on August 12, 2023, in a pre-game ceremony prior to their game that day versus the Chicago Cubs.
Charity and partnerships
The Jays Care Foundation is the charitable arm of the Toronto Blue Jays baseball organization and conducts events to support local organizations and community members. They also provide baseball education and life skill workshops to the youth of communities across Canada.
Notes
References
Some text copied via the GFDL from BR Bullpen article on the 2009 Blue Jays
External links
Major League Baseball teams
Grapefruit League
Baseball teams established in 1977
1977 establishments in Ontario
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%20%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%20%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%20%C2%AB%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%C2%BB
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Хрест Слави легіону «Кондор»
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Хрест Слави легіону «Кондор»
Почесний хрест для родичів загиблих в Іспанії німецьких бійців, також відомий як Хрест Слави Легіону «Кондор» — орден, заснований 14 квітня 1939 року, вручався родичам і родинам легіонерів, загиблих під час Громадянської війни в Іспанії.
Загальна кількість нагороджених — 315 чоловік.
Опис
Нагорода була зменшеною копією Іспанського хреста в бронзі. Хрест виготовлявся з бронзи або міді з бронзовим покриттям. Носили Хрест Слави Легіону «Кондор» на чорній стрічці з червоно-жовто-червоними смужками (кольори іспанського прапора), розташованими по краях.
Умови нагородження
Право на отримання хреста мали родичі німецьких добровольців, які загинули в бою чи в полоні, зникли безвісти або померли від ран, хвороб чи нещасних випадків, пов'язаних із військовими діями.
Родичі мали право на носіння хреста в такому порядку: вдова — старший повнолітній син — старша повнолітня дочка — батько — мати — брат — сестра.
Для отримання хреста необхідно було подати заяву до ОКВ, яка мала супроводжуватись поліцейським підтвердженням. Ці заявки в ОКВ перевіряли й подавали на затвердження начальнику президентської канцелярії, після чого Гітлер підписував нагородні сертифікати і сім'я отримувала хрест разом із сертифікатом.
Сучасний статус
Відповідно до Закону Німеччини про порядок нагородження орденами та про порядок носіння від 26 липня 1957 року носіння хреста забороняється у будь-якому вигляді.
Джерела
Kurt-Gerhard Klietmann: Auszeichnungen des Deutschen Reiches. 1936—1945. Motorbuch, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-87943-689-4.
Heinrich Doehle: Die Auszeichnungen des Großdeutschen Reichs. Orden, Ehrenzeichen, Abzeichen. 4. Auflage. Berliner Buch- und Zeitschriften-Verlag, Berlin 1943.
Указ фюрера про заснування нагороди.
Нагороди за алфавітом
Нагороди Третього Рейху
Нагороди, засновані 1939
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1680387
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD
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Антіфан
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Антіфан (388 до н. е. —311 до н. е.) — давньогрецький поет, представник середньої аттичної комедії. Чужоземець, який оселився в Афінах.
Життя та творчість
Народився у 408 році до н. е. Щодо місця народження існують різні версії — Кіос, Смірна, Родос. Замолоду перебрався до Афін, де зажив славу вдалого комедіографа. В його доробку було 365 п'єс, з яких відомо назви близько 200. На відміну від представників давньої аттичної комедії Антіфан приділяв увагу не політичним справам, а повсякденним подіям, відносинам між людьми. Про це свідчать назви п'єс — «Розпусники», «Аркадієць», «Вакханки», «Беотійки» та ін. Водночас Антіфан обирав як основи комедій і давньогрецькі міфи («Народження Афродіти», «Алкеста», «Ганімед»). Загалом залишив величезну кількість (понад 260) комедій, з яких дійшли тільки назви та окремі фрагменти, які цитував Афіней.
Він відійшов від критики політиків, висміювавв особисті вади людей. Справу Антіфана продовжив його син Стефан, який також був комедіографом.
Видання фрагментів
Clinton, Philological Museum, i (1832);
Meineke, August, Historia Critica Comicorum Graecorum. Berlin, 1839.
Kock, Theodor. Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta, II (1884).
Джерела
Smith, Sir William, ed. (1859). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. vol. III. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 904.
Давньогрецькі поети
Давньогрецькі драматурги
Давні афіняни
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2293073
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80
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Нідерар
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Нідерар — громада в Німеччині, розташована в землі Рейнланд-Пфальц. Входить до складу району Вестервальд. Складова частина об'єднання громад Вальмерод.
Площа — 4,03 км2. Населення становить ос. (станом на ).
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт
Громади Рейнланд-Пфальцу
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64383483
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20of%20Shamil%20Odamanov
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Murder of Shamil Odamanov
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Murder of Shamil Odamanov
On 20 April 2007, Shamil Umakhanovich Odamanov and another unidentified man were murdered by members of a Russian neo-Nazi group. On 12 August 2007, a video depicting their deaths called Execution of a Tajik and a Dagestani was posted on the social media site LiveJournal. The beheading video became viral, gaining the nickname The Russian neo-Nazi beheading video. The incident was considered a cold case until 2020, when the Russian government announced that one of the accused (Maxim Martsinkevich) confessed his involvement soon before his death.
Background
Perpetrators
The attack was planned by Maxim "Tesak" Martsinkevich, leader of the neo-Nazi group Format18. According to Martsinkevich, among his accomplices were Sergei "Malyuta" Korotkikh and Maxim Bazylev, the former being a co-founder of the National Socialist Society (NSO). Neither have been convicted as of 2024.
In 2006, Martsinkevich filmed a video depicting the staged execution of a Tajik drug dealer with the assistance of journalists, allegedly on the behalf of a Russian branch of the Ku Klux Klan. He would later cite such a video as the inspiration for the murders, stating: "The year before, we filmed a staged video about the Ku Klux Klan, and they didn't believe us. Then Bazylev and I decided that we needed to shoot a real video."
Shamil Umakhanovich Odamanov
Shamil was born c. 1982-1983 in the village of Sultan-Yangi-Yurt in Kizilyurtovsky District, Dagestan. He was 24 at the time of his death. He moved to Moscow in 2006 to find a job "and possibly a bride", working at MTS and occasionally finding freelance work on the M8. He regularly contacted his parents, often complaining about harassment from white power skinheads. According to his father Umakhan, he last talked with him in late March.
Murder
The murder took place on 20 April 2007, the same date as Adolf Hitler's birthday. Shamil and the unidentified man were lured to the murder site under the pretense of acting in a staged video for a news report. Long believed to have taken place near Obninsk in Kaluga Oblast, it was later proven that it actually took place in Losiny Ostrov National Park in Moscow.
A camera was set up at the scene in order to film the murders. Both victims were asked to say "We were arrested by Russian national socialists" before they were killed. Shamil was beheaded with a serrated knife while the other man was shot in the head. They were both buried in pre-dug graves.
Execution of a Tajik and a Dagestani
On 12 August 2007, a video called Execution of a Tajik and a Dagestani was posted on the LiveJournal blog of the user vik23, which included footage of the murders. Many of the video's elements were added post-production, including background music by the band Arkona and graffiti featuring a swastika. Audio of a man saying "Glory to Russia!" was overlaid before both murders, taken from a Slavic Union rally.
A few hours later, the video was also posted on the news website of Russian neo-Nazi group National Socialist / White Power (NS/WP) and on the LiveJournal blog of the user antigipsyone. On 13 August, the video was included in the top thirty most popular web searches of Russian search engine Yandex.
On 15 August, a student of the Maykop State Technological University, Viktor Milkov, who, by his own admission, was a supporter of Nazi ideas, came to the Prosecutor's Office of Adygea and admitted to posting the video, claiming he received the video and posted it at the request of an unknown individual he met online, who introduced herself only as a "girl from Germany."
Reactions
Russian far-right groups
Aleksandr Belov, leader of the Movement Against Illegal Immigration, claimed that the murders might have been done with the assistance of members of the Federal Security Service (FSB). Dmitry Demushkin, leader of the Slavic Union, echoed similar sentiments, saying "This is not the level of a group of 3–5 people from the Kaluga Oblast..."
Investigation
First NSPR statement
On 14 August, soon after the video's release, a statement was sent by the National Socialist Party of Rus' (NSPR), a hitherto unknown neo-Nazi group, to Kavkaz Center claiming responsibility for the murders. Calling themselves an "independent militant wing" of the NSO, they demanded the transfer of political power to the group's leader, Dmitry Rumyantsev, the release of all "Russian national socialists convicted in recent years", and the eviction of all non-Slavs from the country.
On 15 August, the press office of the NSO published a press release, denying that the NSPR was a subdivision of their group, but acknowledging that "autonomous national socialist groups" could have been involved. Rumyantsev repeated similar claims in response to a Gazeta.Ru inquiry.
Hoax claims
On 16 August, an anonymous source within the Ministry of Internal Affairs claimed that "experts have doubts about the authenticity of the recording" and that the video might have been staged. On 21 August, Oleg Elnikov, head of the Internal Affairs' press center, said that the preliminary results of the video examination showed "obvious signs of editing." This ambiguous statement was interpreted by some media outlets as confirmation of the video being a hoax.
Identification of Shamil Odamanov
Shamil's family first learned about the video in January 2008. Recognizing his clothing (which Artur, one of Shamil's brothers, personally gifted to him before he moved), they sent a letter to government officials in Moscow. They didn't get a response until April, when "a conversation was held" with them by local officials and Artur was summoned to Moscow to testify. Shamil was confirmed to be one of the victims in June 2008.
Second NSPR statement
In the same month, a manifesto from the NSPR was published, written by someone under the pseudonym "Commander Branislav". Two hitherto unreleased photos from the murder scene were attached alongside it, in order to prove its legitimacy.The manifesto claimed that the August 2007 statement was not written by them and consisted of "outright disinformation about recognizing some kind of political leadership above oneself." It also encouraged people to form autonomous combat groups, consisting of 1 to 5 people, so as to effectively wage guerrilla warfare, and claimed the group would attack security forces soon. No attack would be carried out.
"Credit For Murder" documentary
In 2015, former Israeli soldier Vladi Antonevicz released a documentary called Credit for Murder, accusing members of Format18 and the NSO. He named Martsinkevich, Korotkikh, and Rumyantsev as suspects; more specifically, he claimed that Korotkikh was the one who beheaded Shamil, while Martsinkevich had filmed the footage.
According to Antonevicz, at the end of his investigation, he wrote a letter to Vladimir Putin, asking him to pay more attention to the murder, after which he was invited to testify in Moscow. In an interview with Meduza, he stated how he believed the video's publication was connected with a wave of ethnic killings that swept Russia six months later on the eve of the 2008 presidential elections. In the same interview, he also stated how he thought Korotkikh to be an agent provocateur who worked for the FSB.
Martsinkevich's confession
In September 2020, Martsinkevich, who was serving a sentence for another case, was found dead in the cell of the remand prison No. 3 in Chelyabinsk. Svetlana Petrenko, a spokesman for the Investigative Committee, announced that he had confessed to the two murders of "persons of non-Slavic nationality" in 2007 soon before his death. A video reportedly containing part of his confession would later be leaked to Telegram.
On 14 January 2021, Vladi Antonevicz published a letter that Martsinkevich allegedly addressed to his closest accomplices, Andrey "Grandfather" Chuenkov and Alexander "Schultz" Filyushkin, in which he warned that he had confessed to "basically everything" and suggested they leave the country at once:
Korotkikh called the note an "FSB stuffing" to discredit his name. Artem "Artyom" Kostylev was soon found dead, having hanged himself in a forest near Krasnogorsk.
Charges
On 24 August 2021, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation brought two charges of homicide on Sergei Korotkikh. Korotkikh moved to Ukraine in 2014 and thus has not been brought to trial. He is currently a member of the Azov Brigade, a Ukrainian volunteer militia with associations with far-right groups.
On 27 July 2022, Maxim "Romeo" Aristarkhov and Sergei Marshakov were sentenced to 16 and 17 years in prison respectively for their involvement in the murders by a Mytishchi court. Both were already incarcerated; Aristarkhov for the murder of a taxi driver and Marshakov for shooting at FSB officials. They were both sent to a maximum security corrective labor colony.
Notes
References
2007 murders in Russia
Anti-immigration politics in Russia
Beheading videos
Deaths by decapitation
Deaths by person in Russia
Filmed executions
Kidnappings in Russia
Neo-Nazism in Russia
Russian terrorism victims
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4367549
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacile
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Sacile
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Sacile (Liventino: ; Western Friulian: ) is a (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Pordenone, in the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is known as the "Garden of the " after the many palaces that were constructed along the river Livenza for the nobility of the Most Serene Republic of Venice.
Geography
The historic center is located on two islands of the river Livenza; it is unclear whether the islands are natural or manmade.
History
Sacile developed in the seventh century as a strong-point on the route from Veneto to Friuli. A cathedral and a castle were built on the larger island, while the smaller had the port and commercial area.
The town became part of the Patriarchal State of Friuli on its creation in 1077; in 1190 the Patriarch conferred on it city rights. Sacile was the first city in Friuli to have a Communal Statute. The city was besieged on a number of occasions by troops of Venice and Treviso.
In 1420 Sacile, along with the rest of Friuli, was annexed by the Republic of Venice. Under Venetian rule the river trade expanded and many noble families built palaces on the banks of the Livenza.
The fall of the Republic in 1797 caused an economic crisis in Sacile. On 16 April 1809 French troops were defeated by the Austrians in the Battle of Sacile which took place in the nearby hamlet of Camolli. In 1815, under the terms of the Congress of Vienna, Sacile became part of the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.
The coming of the railway in 1855 did much to restore the economic position of Sacile. In 1866 Sacile was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy and saw the beginnings of industrial activity.
During the First and Second World Wars the town was repeatedly bombarded on account of the strategic importance of the Venice–Udine railway. The earthquake of 18 October 1936 caused great damage to the town's buildings and to its ancient city walls.
Economy
Brickmaking occurred in Sacile from the 14th century until 1957. Today, the main economic activity there is administration and services, although it is also home to piano manufacturer Fazioli.
Dialect
The native dialect of the town is Sacilese, a colonial variety of the Venetian language belonging to the Liventine (Northeastern) group.
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Sacile is twinned with:
La Réole, France, since 2000
Giffoni Valle Piana, Italy, since 2011
Novigrad, Croatia, since 2015
People
Massimo Borgobello (1971), Italian footballer
Ferruccio Furlanetto (1949), Italian bass
Enrico Gasparotto (1982), professional road racing cyclist
Luigi Gasparotto (1873–1954), Italian lawyer and politician
Giovanni Micheletto (1889–1958), Italian professional road racing cyclist
Giuseppe Antonio Pujati (1701–1760), Italian physician
Fausto Rossi (1954), Italian singer-songwriter
Transport
Sacile railway station is on the busy Venice–Udine railway. Train services operate to Venice, Treviso, Udine and Trieste, Padua, Verona, Milan, Bologna and Rome. Buses operate to Pinzano al Tagliamento.
References
Cities and towns in Friuli-Venezia Giulia
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1806828
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%20%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8C%20%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C
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На дванадцять миль геть
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На дванадцять миль геть — американська драма режисера Джека Конуея 1927 року.
Сюжет
Джері завжди перемагає Реда в суперництві за жіночі серця, стрільбі та контрабанді алмазів. Займаючись продажем спиртного під час сухого закону в США, Джеррі поселяється в прибережному будиночку, який належить Джейн. Коли Джейн вирішує здати Реда, він викрадає її та нареченого Джона. На борту човна Джеррі Джейн, тепер вже закохана у свого викрадача, стає свідком перестрілки контрабандистів з владою.
У ролях
Джон Гілберт — Джеррі Фей
Ернест Торренс — Ред МакКью
Джоан Кроуфорд — Джейн
Ейлін Персі — Мейзі
Полетт Дювал — Тріні
Дороті Себастьян — Маленька
Гвен Лі — Гальда
Едвард Ерл — Джон Бертон
Берт Роуч — Люк
Том О'Брайен — ірландець
Фредерік Пітерс
Посилання
Twelve Miles Out на сайті Internet Movie Database
Twelve Miles Out на сайті SilentEra
Twelve Miles Out на сайті AllMovie
Фільми США 1927
Фільми-драми США
Чорно-білі фільми
Німі фільми США
Фільми Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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510924
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1-%D0%A2%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%80-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0
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Голуб-Тьорюр-Арита
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Голуб-Тьорюр-Арита — невеликий острів в Оленьоцькій затоці моря Лаптєвих. Територіально відноситься до Якутії, Росія.
Розташований в центрі затоки, в дельті річки Оленьок. Знаходиться в північній частині дельти. На півдні омивається затокою Огонньор-Кубата. На заході вузькою протокою відокремлюється від сусіднього острова Швед-Маяктах-Арита, на сході — Ілін-Голуб-Тьорюр-Арита. Острів має овальну форму, простягається з північного заходу на південний схід. Висота до 3 м на півночі. Вкритий пісками, має 2 невеликих озера й болота, окрім сходу оточений мілинами.
Острови Оленьоцької дельти
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12387000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veronika%20Halder
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Veronika Halder
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Veronika Halder (born 14 October 1980 in Hall in Tirol) is an Austrian luger who has competed since 2000. She won four medals at the FIL European Luge Championships with two silvers (Mixed team: 2008, 2010) and two bronzes (Women's singles: 2008, Mixed team: 2004).
Halder competed in two Winter Olympics, earning her best finish of fifth in the women's singles event at Turin in 2006. Her best finish at the FIL World Luge Championships was fifth in the women's singles event at Nagano in 2004.
References
Austrian luge team profile of Hadler
FIL-Luge profile
List of European luge champions
External links
1980 births
Living people
Austrian female lugers
Olympic lugers for Austria
Sportspeople from Hall in Tirol
Lugers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Lugers at the 2010 Winter Olympics
20th-century Austrian women
21st-century Austrian women
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2620159
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%20%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0
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Урочище Сударма
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Урочище Сударма — ентомологічний заказник місцевого значення. Об'єкт розташований на території Токмацького району Запорізької області, в межах земель дослідного господарства «Соц. Землеробство» Запорізького НВО «Еліта» УААН, біля села Таврія.
Площа — 6 га, статус отриманий у 1984 році.
Джерела
Рішення Запорізького обласного виконавчого комітету від 25.09.1984р. №315
Ентомологічні заказники Запорізької області
Природоохоронні об'єкти, засновані 1984
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4534449
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagus%20uhligii
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Asparagus uhligii
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Asparagus uhligii — вид рослин із родини холодкових (Asparagaceae).
Біоморфологічна характеристика
Це напівкущ до 50 см заввишки; гілки жорсткі, голі.
Середовище проживання
Ареал: Танзанія.
Примітки
uhligii
Флора Африки
Рослини, описані 1921
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4160997
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Саранчівка (Семенівський район)
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Саранчівка (Семенівський район)
Саранчівка — село, Устимівська сільська рада, Семенівський район, Полтавська область, Україна.
Село ліквідоване 1987 року.
Географія
Село Саранчівка розташоване на краю болота, з якого бере початок один із витоків річки Сухий Кагамлик, за 2 км розташовані села Павлівка (Глобинський район), Жорняки (Глобинський район) та Герасимівка. Поруч проходить автомобільна дорога .
Історія
1987 — село ліквідоване.
Примітки
Колишні населені пункти Полтавської області
Населені пункти Семенівського району Полтавської області
Зникли в Україні 1987
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57670254
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Life%20for%20a%20Life%20%281916%20film%29
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A Life for a Life (1916 film)
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A Life for a Life (1916 film)
A Life for a Life is a 1916 drama film directed by Yevgeni Bauer.
Plot
The film is based on Serge Panine, a novel by Georges Ohnet.
Starring
Olga Rakhmanova as Mrs. Khromova
Lidiya Koreneva as Musya Khromova
Vera Kholodnaya as Nata Khromova
Vitold Polonsky as Prince Vladimir Bartinsky
Ivane Perestiani as Zhurov, the merchant
References
External links
1916 films
1910s Russian-language films
Russian silent films
Russian black-and-white films
Russian drama films
1916 drama films
Films of the Russian Empire
Silent drama films
Films based on works by Georges Ohnet
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12172278
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-haired%20hill%20rat
|
Yellow-haired hill rat
|
Yellow-haired hill rat
The yellow-haired hill rat (Bunomys chrysocomus) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae.
It is found only in Sulawesi, Indonesia, including Lore Lindu National Park.
References
Bunomys
Rodents of Sulawesi
Mammals described in 1887
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
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1727001
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB
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Партизанський генерал
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Партизанський генерал — український документальний фільм про Сидіра Ковпака. Автор і ведучий: Андрій Дмитрук.
Інформація про фільм
Два Георгіївських хрести за віру, царя та Вітчизну і дві Георгіївські медалі йому особисто вручав імператор Микола ІІ. А двома Золотими Зірками Героя Радянського Союзу разом з двома орденами Леніна нагороджував Йосиф Сталін. Обидва ці факти біографії вмістилися в одну долю на ім'я Сидір Артемович Ковпак.
Сидір Ковпак на початку Великої Вітчизняної в тилу ворога пішов у ліси, зумів із розрізнених партизанських загонів Сумщини створити багатотисячне з'єднання. Бійці лісового фронту пускали під укіс ешелони, підривали мости, громили німецькі комендатури й штаби, поліцію, польову жандармерію, відважно зав'язували бої навіть з регулярними частинами вермахту.
З'єднання під командуванням Ковпака прославилося своїми стокілометровими рейдами у тилах німецьких загарбників. У рейді з Брянських лісів на Правобережну Україну ковпаківці з боями пройшли Гомельську, Пінську, Волинську, Рівненську, Житомирську та Київську області. Сорок третього року вони прорвалися навіть у далекі Карпати, спалили в Карпатському рейді запаси нафти і нафтопромисли, що постачали пальним гітлерівську армію.
Після війни Сидір Артемович Ковпак був членом Верховного суду УРСР, з 1947 — членом Президіуму Верховної Ради Української РСР і депутатом Верховної Ради УРСР.
Див. також
Сидір Артемович Ковпак
Дума про Ковпака (радянський фільм)
Фільми українською мовою
Українські фільми 2012
Документальні фільми 2012
Документальні українські фільми 2012
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2791056
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2
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Машкув
|
Машкув
Машкув — село в гміні Олава Олавського повіту Нижньосілезького воєводства
Машкув — село в гміні Кшешиці Суленцинського повіту Любуського воєводства
Машкув — село в гміні Івановиці Краківського повіту Малопольського воєводства
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4894151
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BF%27%D1%8F
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Запань Нижня Луп'я
|
Запань Нижня Луп'я — присілок в Котлаському районі Архангельської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 0 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Котласький муніципальний округ.
Історія
До 2022 року входило до складу муніципального утворення Черемуське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Котласького району
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36672868
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s%20Kulifai
|
Tamás Kulifai
|
Tamás Kulifai (born 4 May 1989) is a Hungarian sprint canoeist. He won a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in the K-4 1000 m event, with Zoltan Kammerer, David Toth and Daniel Pauman. In June 2015, he competed for Hungary at the inaugural European Games, again in the Men's K-4 1000m sprint canoe, with the same team. The team earned a gold medal.
Awards and honours
Orders and special awards
Order of Merit of Hungary – Knight's Cross (2012)
References
External links
1989 births
Hungarian male canoeists
Living people
Canoeists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Olympic canoeists for Hungary
Olympic silver medalists for Hungary
Olympic medalists in canoeing
ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships medalists in kayak
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Canoeists from Budapest
European Games medalists in canoeing
European Games gold medalists for Hungary
Canoeists at the 2015 European Games
21st-century Hungarian people
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3040392
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A113
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A113
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A113 (іноді ACXIII, A-113 або A1-13) — внутрішній гумор та «великоднє яйце», яке зустрічається у багатьох фільмах та серіалах. A113 — це номер класної кімнати
у Каліфорнійському інституті мистецтв, в якій першокурсники вивчають графічний дизайн і анімацію.
Відомі випускники інституту, зокрема Джон Лассетер, Бред Берд та Ендрю Стентон регулярно вставляють номер кімнати у свої роботи.
Поява A113
Мультсеріали
Сімпсони — номер на тюремній робі клоуна Красті (1 сезон 12 серія).
Американський тато! — номери на червоному Hummer (8 сезон 1 серія).
Південний парк — номер на борту гелікоптера (2 сезон 18 серія).
Невгамовні — номер кімнати Home Economics (1 сезон 4 серія).
Мультфільми студії Pixar
1995 — Історія іграшок — це номерний знак автомобіля мами Енді.
1998 — Пригоди Фліка — номер можна побачити на коробці, коли Флік прибуває в місто комах.
1999 — Історія іграшок 2 — номер автомобіля мами Енді, а також номер авіарейсу.
2001 — Корпорація монстрів — номер можна побачити на задньому плані, коли Сміті та Нідлман вивантажують сміття.
2003 — У пошуках Немо — модель фотокамери аквалангіста, який спіймав Немо.
2004 — Суперсімейка — це номер конференц-залу, в якому Боб повинен був зустріти Міраж, а також номер камери в якій сидів Містер Неймовірний (рівень А1, камера 13).
2006 — Тачки — номер потягу, який ледь не збив МакКвіна, а також номерний знак Сирника.
2006 — Сирник та північне світло — номерний знак Сирника.
2007 — Рататуй — номер потягу у чорно-білому кіно, а також номер на бірці лабораторного щура Ґіта.
2008 — ВОЛЛ·І — це номер директиви яку запускає Автобот щоб знешкодити Капітана.
2009 — Вперед і вгору — це номер судового залу, в який входить Карл Фредріксен.
2010 — Історія іграшок 3 — номери на автомобілі мами Енді.
2011 — Тачки 2 — номер на хвості британського літака-винищувача, а також номерний знак Сирника.
2012 — Відважна — номер над внутрішньою частиною двері в будинку відьми (написано римськими цифрами ACXIII).
2013 — Університет монстрів — на дверях лекційної зали.
2015 — Думками навиворіт — номер класу, куди заводять Райлі. А також на задньому плані, коли Райлі бере слухавку по дорозі до автобусу.
2015 — Добрий динозавр — номер можна помітити коли птах відганяє Арло.
2016 — У пошуках Дорі — номер вантажного автомобіля (CALA113), який везе тварин у Клівленд.
2017 — Коко — номер відділу сімейних скарг, а також номер на одному з альбомів Ернесто де ла Круза.
2017 — Тачки 3 — номерний знак Сирника і номер над офісом Стерлінга.
2018 — Суперсімейка 2 — номер посвідчення міжнародного супергероя (BUNI-A113).
Інші фільми
1987 — Відважний маленький тостер — номер квартири Роба.
1999 — Сталевий гігант — номерний знак автомобіля, який майже з'їв гігант. А також картина в будинку Діна з зображенням А113.
2002 — Ліло і Стіч — це номерний знак усіх транспортних засобів (у тому числі космічного корабля Капітана Ганта, а також автомобільні номери в кімнаті Ліло).
2009 — Принцеса і Жаба — номер на візку.
2009 — Планета 51 — номерний знак автомобіля Лема (А113).
2010 — Альфа і Омега: Зубата братва — номер вантажівки на задньому плані (епізод розмови Гамфрі з Марселем і Паддом).
2014 — Світанок планети мавп — вірус «Мавп'ячий грип» має кодову назву ALZ-113.
2014 — Сусіди — номер можна побачити на кораблі в сцені битви Сета з Заком.
2014 — Книга життя — номер шкільного автобуса.
2015 — Земля майбутнього: Світ за межами — напис на екрані на початку фільму «Виробництво А113».
2018 — Ральф-руйнівник 2: Інтернетрі — номер з'являється над дверима, коли Ванілопа фон Кекс намагається втекти від штурмовиків.
Див. також
Прихований Міккі
Пасхальне яйце (віртуальне)
Посилання
Pixar Did You Know: A113 | Disney•Pixar
Професійний гумор
Каліфорнійський інститут мистецтв
Номерні знаки США
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40883752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jali%20Kola
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Jali Kola
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Jali Kola (also Romanized as Jālī Kolā; also known as Jārī Kolā) is a village in Dabuy-ye Jonubi Rural District, Dabudasht District, Amol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 311, in 81 families.
References
Populated places in Amol County
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1280072
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Юшкова Валентина Іринархівна
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Юшкова Валентина Іринархівна (*5 лютого 1918, село Залана, Омутнинський район — †21 березня 1988, місто Іжевськ) — радіожурналіст, публіцист, Заслужений працівник культури Удмуртської АРСР (1977), Почесний радист СРСР (1968).
Працювала інструктором Удмуртського ОК ВЛКСМ, редактором мовлення для дітей Удмуртського радіо, редактором Кулігинської районної газети «Нове життя». В 1943—1949 роках була інструктором ОК ВКП(б). В 1949—1958 роках — голова Комітету з радіомовлення при Раді Міністрів Удмуртської АРСР, в 1958—1973 роках — заступник голови Комітету з телебачення та радіомовлення.
Автор документальних радіопостановок та радіонарисів, в тому числі «Надія Дурова», «Перші радіоінженери Удмуртії», «По дорогах і весям». Будучи керівником колективу радіо, організувала школу молодого журналіста. Завдяки її зусиллям в 1955 році був відновлений після розформування в 1953 році хор радіо, який нині називається Академічна хорова капела ДТРК «Удмуртія».
Джерела
Уродженці Омутнинського району
Померли в Іжевську
Заслужені працівники культури Удмуртії
Удмуртські журналісти
Російські журналістки
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63462
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC%201307
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NGC 1307
|
NGC 1307
Об'єкти NGC
Ерідан (сузір'я)
Галактики
Астрономічні об'єкти, відкриті 1886
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1044447
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolbuszowa%20County
|
Kolbuszowa County
|
Kolbuszowa County
Kolbuszowa County is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, south-eastern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998. Its administrative seat and only town is Kolbuszowa, which lies north-west of the regional capital Rzeszów.
The county covers an area of . its total population is 62,389, out of which the population of Kolbuszowa is 9,075 and the rural population is 53,314.
Neighbouring counties
Kolbuszowa County is bordered by Tarnobrzeg County and Stalowa Wola County to the north, Nisko County to the north-east, Rzeszów County to the south-east, Ropczyce-Sędziszów County to the south, and Mielec County to the west.
Administrative division
The county is subdivided into six gminas (one urban-rural and five rural). These are listed in the following table, in descending order of population.
References
Kolbuszowa
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1347376
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%20%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%85%20%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85%20%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%201988
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Бахрейн на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1988
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Бахрейн на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1988
Бахрейн на Літніх Олімпійських іграх 1988 року в Сеулі (Корея) був представлений командою з 7 спортсменів (одні чоловіки) у трьох видах спорту. Жодної медалі не завоював.
Посилання
База МОК
Офіційні олімпійські звіти
www.sports-reference.com
1988
Країни на літніх Олімпійських іграх 1988
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489288
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamnik%E2%80%93Savinja%20Alps
|
Kamnik–Savinja Alps
|
Kamnik–Savinja Alps
The Kamnik–Savinja Alps are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps. They lie in northern Slovenia, except for the northernmost part, which lies in Austria.
The western part of the range was named the Kamnik Alps in 1778 by the scientists Belsazar Hacquet and Franz Xaver von Wulfen, after the town of Kamnik (Stein) in the valley of the Kamnik Bistrica River. Its eastern part was named the Savinja Alps (Sanntaler Alpen) or Solčava Alps (Sulzbacher Alpen) by the mountaineer Johannes von Frischauf in 1875, after the settlement of Solčava (Sulzbach) and the main river, the upper Savinja (Sann).
Geography
The Kamnik–Savinja Alps are located south of the Karawanks range at the border of Austria and Slovenia, stretching from the Sava River in the west to the Savinja in the east, where the adjacent Slovenian Prealps with the Pohorje range, the Celje Hills at the Dravinja River, as well as the Sava Hills are located. In the northwest, the valley of Vellach Creek (at ) leading to Bad Vellach is the southernmost point of both the Austrian state of Carinthia and Austria as a whole.
The entire main chain is today part of Slovenia. Historically it formed the border between the Inner Austrian duchies of Carinthia, Styria, and Carniola. The tripoint was located at the Carinthia Mount Rinka.
There is also a small glacier below Mount Skuta, which is the easternmost glacier in the Southern Alps.
Mountains and passes
The most important peaks are:
Grintovec –
Kočna –
Skuta –
Ojstrica –
Storžič –
Planjava –
Brana –
Carinthia Mount Rinka –
Cold Mountain –
Krofička –
Kalce Ridge –
In total, 28 peaks surpass 2,000 m. The total area of the Slovene part is about 900 km2. About three-quarters of the area is covered with forest, and many of the higher peaks are bleak and rocky.
The most important passes are the Seebergsattel between Austrian Carinthia and Slovenia's Municipality of Jezersko, as well as the Pavlič Pass. On the Slovenian side, there is a skiing area, whereas tourism in the Vellach Valley focuses on health spas.
Gallery
See also
List of mountains in Austria
List of mountains in Slovenia
References
External links
Kamnik–Savinja Alps on Hiking Trail
Southern Limestone Alps
Mountain ranges of the Alps
Mountain ranges of Carinthia (state)
Mountain ranges of Slovenia
Natura 2000 in Slovenia
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213309
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0
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Бездротова мережа
|
Бездротова мережа — тип комп'ютерної мережі, яка використовує бездротове з'єднання для передачі даних й підключення до мережевих вузлів.
Класифікація бездротових мереж
Залежно від технологій та передавальних середовищ
мережі на радіомодемах;
мережі на стільникових модемах;
інфрачервоні системи;
системи VSAT;
системи з використанням низькоорбітальних супутників;
системи з технологією SST;
радіорелейні системи;
системи лазерного зв'язку.
За дальністю дії
Бездротові персональні мережі (WPAN — Wireless Personal Area Networks). Приклади технологій — Bluetooth.
Бездротові локальні мережі (WLAN — Wireless Local Area Networks). Приклади технологій — Wi-Fi.
Бездротові мережі масштабу міста (WMAN — бездротовий Metropolitan Area Networks). Приклади технологій — WiMAX.
Бездротові глобальні мережі (WWAN — бездротова глобальна мережа). Приклади технологій — CSD, GPRS, EDGE, EV-DO, HSPA, LTE.
Типи бездротових мереж
Залежно від використовуваної технології бездротові мережі можна розділити на три типи:
локальні обчислювальні мережі;
розширені локальні обчислювальні мережі;
мобільні мережі (переносні комп'ютери).
Основні відмінності між цими типами мереж — параметри передачі. Локальні і розширені локальні обчислювальні мережі використовують передавачі і приймачі, що належать тій організації, в якій функціонує мережа. Для переносних комп'ютерів середовищем передачі служать загальнодоступні мережі, наприклад телефонна мережа або Інтернет.
Бездротові точки доступу
Трансивер, який ще й іноді називають точкою доступу, забезпечує обмін сигналами між комп'ютерами з бездротовим підключенням і кабельною мережею. У бездротових ЛОМ використовуються невеликі настінні трансивери. Вони встановлюють радіоконтакт з переносними пристроями. Наявність цих трансиверів і не дозволяє назвати таку мережу строго бездротовою.
Див. також
Wi-Fi
WiMAX
Бездротові технології
Джерела
Буров, Євген Вікторович. Комп'ютерні мережі / Є. Буров; За ред. В. Пасічника. — 2-е вид, оновлене і доп. — Львів : БаК, 2003. — 584 с. : іл. — ISBN 966-7065-41-3
Проектування ефективних систем безпровідного зв'язку / М. М. Климаш, В. О. Пелішок. – Л. : [б. в.], 2010. – 232 с. : іл. – Бібліогр.: с. 217-232 (179 назв).
Комп'ютерні мережі
Бездротові мережі
Мобільна технологія
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299844
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Успенка (Конотопський район)
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Успенка (Конотопський район)
Успенка (до 1918 року — Велике Неплюєве) — село в Україні, в Буринському районі Сумської області. Населення становить 1885 осіб. До 2017 орган місцевого самоврядування — Успенська сільська рада.
Географія
Село Успенка розташоване на березі річки Куриця, неподалік від її витоків, нижче за течією село Воскресенка.
На річці декілька загат.
Через село пролягає автомобільний шлях .
Історія
Виникло в середині XVII століття.
За даними на 1862 рік у власницькому селі Велике Неплюєве (Успенське) Путивльського повіту Курської губернії мешкало 3406 осіб (1685 чоловіків та 1721 жінка), налічувалось 390 дворових господарств, існувала православна церква.
Станом на 1880 рік у колишньому власницькому селі, центрі Великонеплюївської волості, мешкало 3686 осіб, налічувалось 675 дворових господарств, існували православна церква, богодільня, 5 лавок, постоялий двір, 34 вітряних млина, цегельний завод.
Успенська богадільня (шпиталь). Сільський шпиталь на 8 осіб у с. Велике Неплюєве перебував у відомстві МВС. Був відкритий 1863 року для старих, нездатних до праці місцевих жителів різної статі, де їм надавалося для життя тепле приміщення. Шпиталь розміщувався у приватному будинку. Нужденні з проханнями про поселення там мали звертатися до сільського старости. Богадільня ця утримувалася на кошти волості. У ній доглядалося 8 осіб чоловічої та жіночої статі.
Село постраждало внаслідок геноциду українського народу, проведеного урядом СССР 1932—1933 та 1946–1947 роках, встановлено смерті 69 людей.
12 червня 2020 року, відповідно до розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України № 723-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Сумської області», село увійшло до складу Буринської міської громади.
19 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи та ліквідації Буринського району, увійшло до складу новоутвореного Конотопського району.
Відомі особистості
В поселенні народився:
Волкогон Віталій Васильович (* 1955) — мікробіолог, доктор біологічних наук, член-кореспондент НААНУ, заслужений діяч науки і техніки України, Лауреати Державної премії України в галузі науки і техніки/
Головинський Гай Петрович (1926—1945) — український вояк.
Пам'ятки та культура
У селі знайдені залишки раньослов'янського поселення і могильник черняхівської культури. Тут відкопано 1600 поховань IV-VII століття.
Курський міщанин І. А. Золотарьов 1812 року брав участь у закладанні саду поміщиків Головіних у їх маєтку в с. Велике Неплюєве Путивльського повіту, для чого приготував понад тисячу дволітніх саджанців яблунь та груш різних сортів.
Фольклорно-етнографічний колектив сільського Будинку культури носить звання народного.
Соціальна сфера
Школа.
Будинок культури.
Дитячий садок.
Див. також
Перелік населених пунктів, що постраждали від Голодомору 1932-1933, Сумська область
Примітки
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4012203
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%28%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Константиновка (Татарський район)
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Константиновка (Татарський район)
Константиновка — село у Татарському районі Новосибірської області Російської Федерації.
Входить до складу муніципального утворення Константиновська сільрада. Населення становить 447 осіб (2010).
Історія
Згідно із законом від 2 червня 2004 року органом місцевого самоврядування є Константиновська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Села Новосибірської області
Населені пункти Татарського району
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2721923
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%28%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%20%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F%20%D0%97%D0%92%D0%93%29
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Каєнна (трубопровід для ЗВГ)
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Каєнна (трубопровід для ЗВГ) — трубопровід в Луїзіані, введений в експлуатацію на початку 2018 року для транспортування зріджених вуглеводневих газів на установку фракціонування.
В 2010-х роках на узбережжі Мексиканської затоки внаслідок «сланцевої революції» з'явились великі додаткові обсяги гомологів метану (зріджені вуглеводневі гази — етан, пропан, бутан). Втім, розробка традиційних офшорних родовищ також забезпечувала вилучення з їх продукції зростаючих обсягів ЗВГ. Для подачі останніх з газопереробного заводу Веніс (сюди зокрема виходить газозбірна мережа Mississippi Canyon Gas Pipeline) до фракціонатору в Норко традиційно використовувався трубопровід VP Pipeline (наразі складова частина River Parish Pipeline System) діаметром 200 мм. В 2016 році вирішили створити новий шлях поставок — трубопровід Каєнна. Він починається біля Веніс на правобережжі основного русла Міссісіппі, перетинає річку та далі прямує лівобережжям до району ГПЗ Toca (два десятки кілометрів на південний схід від Нового Орлеана). Звідси вуглеводні транспортуються по прокладеному ще в 20 столітті трубопроводу діаметром 250 мм, котрий раніше окрім ГПЗ Toca обслуговував газопереробний завод Yscloskey (закритий у 2012-му).
Власне трубопровід Каєнна створили шляхом викупу та перепрофіліювання ділянки газопровідної системи High Point Gas Transmission, котра забезпечує подачу блакитного палива з офшорних родовищ навколо дельти Міссісіппі до району ГПЗ Toca, де під'єднується до Southern Natural Gas Pipeline. Одна з її ліній проходить через ГПЗ Веніс, а на завершальному етапі до Toca прямують одразу три нитки. Враховуючи, що видачу продукції з Веніс здійснювали ще три газопроводи інших власників (з подачею продукції в Texas Eastern Transmission, Gulf South Pipeline та Columbia Gulf Transmission), наявна конкуренція не забезпечувала ефективного використання відповідної лінії High Point Gas Transmission. Тому ділянку довжиною 61,3 милі та діаметром від 300 до 450 мм вирішили перепрофілювати під подачу ЗВГ в об'ємах 40 тисяч барелів на добу (з можливістю збільшення до 50 тисяч барелів).
Проект реалізували компанії American Midstream Partners (AMID) і Targa Resources (остання є оператором ГПЗ Веніс). Вони законтрактували ексклюзивне право протягом 15 років здійснювати транспортування вироблених у Веніс зріджених вуглеводневих газів.
Примітки
Трубопроводи для зріджених вуглеводневих газів
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1172409
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Падіна
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Падіна — комуна в Румунії, у повіті Бузеу.
Падіна — село в Румунії, у повіті Бузеу. Адміністративний центр комуни Падіна.
Падіна — село в Румунії, у повіті Вилча. Входить до складу комуни Амерешть.
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4494437
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9
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Стамбульський ностальгічний трамвай
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Стамбульський ностальгічний трамвай — дві лінії історичного трамваю у Стамбулі, Туреччина.
У місті діє дві повністю окремі лінії історичного трамваю, одна на фракійській стороні (лінія T2, або Таксим-Тюнель), інша на анатолійській стороні (лінія T3, або Кадикьой-Мода).
Стамбул історично мав велику трамвайну мережу як з анатолійської, так і фракійської сторони.
Перша конка була відрита в 1871. Найбільшого розвитку стамбульський трамвай набув в 1956 році, коли було перевезено 108 мільйонів пасажирів у 270 вагонах на 56 лініях.
Але з 1956 року трамвайне сполучення в Стамбулі почало скорочуватись і повністю припинилося в 1966 році.
Опис
Лінія T2 (Таксім - Тюнель)
Загальна довжина – 1,6 км;
Відкриття – 29 грудня 1990;
Графік роботи – з 7:00 до 20:00;
Інтервал – 10-20 хвилин;
Вартість проїзду – 1,75 TL;
Лінія T3 (Кадикьой - Мода)
Загальна довжина – 2,6 км;
Відкрито – 1 листопада 2003;
Години роботи – з 7:00 до 21:00;
Інтервал – 10 хвилин (година пік);
Час в дорозі, наскрізь – 20 хвилин;
Вартість проїзду – 1,75 TL;
Примітки
Посилання
– Taksim Nostalgic Tramvay official site (IETT)
T3 Kadıköy – Moda Heritage Tramline official page
Official History of Istanbul Tram with old photos
Heritage tram of Istanbul at a glance
Стамбульський трамвай
засновані в Туреччині 1990
1990 у залізничному транспорті
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42225218
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabet%20Tursynbaeva
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Elizabet Tursynbaeva
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Elizabet Tursynbaeva (Elizabet Tūrsynbaeva; born 14 February 2000) is a Kazakh retired figure skater. She is the 2019 World silver medalist, the 2019 Four Continents silver medalist, the 2017 CS Ice Star champion, the 2018 CS Finlandia Trophy silver medalist, the 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb silver medalist, the 2019 Winter Universiade silver medalist, and a three-time Kazakhstani national champion (2015–2017). She placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics. Having successfully landed a quadruple Salchow at the 2019 World Figure Skating Championships, Tursynbaeva is the first female skater to land a quadruple jump in senior international competition.
Competing in the junior ranks, Tursynbaeva won bronze at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics and silver at two ISU Junior Grand Prix events.
Tursynbaeva placed 12th at the 2018 Winter Olympics and was the 20th highest ranked ladies' singles skater in the world by the International Skating Union following the 2019–20 figure skating season.
In September 2021, she announced her retirement due to a chronic back injury.
Personal life
Elizabet Tursynbaeva was born on 14 February 2000 in Moscow, Russia. She is the daughter of Padishakhan Sultanalieva and Baitak Tursynbaev. Her family is originally from Kazakhstan. Her brother, Timur Tursynbaev, who is two years older than her, is a two-time Kazakhstan national figure skating champion. Tursynbaeva is a professional violinist and can also play the piano. She attended a special music school in Moscow. She and her mother settled in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, in May 2015, where she was home-schooled. In 2018 they relocated back to Moscow, Russia. Tursynbaeva speaks Russian and English.
Because of her small stature, she is known to many of her fans as "Lilbet".
Career
Early career
Tursynbaeva started skating at the age of five after following her brother, Timur, into figure skating. As a child, she was coached by Natalia Dubinskaya and Alexander Shubin. She was also briefly coached by Elena Buianova and Svetlana Sokolovskaya from 2011 to 2012, before switching to Eteri Tutberidze.
Representing Kazakhstan, Tursynbaeva made her international debut in April 2011, placing fourth in the novice ladies' category at the Rooster Cup. She won the novice bronze medal at the 2011 NRW Trophy. After finishing thirteenth at the 2013 Russian Junior Championships, she decided to continue representing Kazakhstan. She made no international appearances for Russia.
Her coaching relationship with Tutberidze ended in 2013 because Russian coaches no longer had the right to work with non-Russian skaters during the 2014 Olympic season. Having difficulty finding a coach in Russia, Tursynbaeva and her mother wrote a letter to Brian Orser, whom she had always wanted as a coach, and sent him videos of her, asking if he could coach her. Orser, impressed by her talent, responded that he would love to work with her.
2013–2014 season: Junior international debut
Before the 2013–2014 season, Tursynbaeva began training under Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson in Toronto, Canada. In September 2013, she won the silver medal in her ISU Junior Grand Prix (JGP) debut, in Minsk, Belarus. She placed fifth at her second JGP event, in Tallinn, Estonia, and eleventh at the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria. She ended her season with gold at the 2014 Triglav Trophy in Slovenia.
2014–2015 season
During the 2014 JGP series, Tursynbaeva won bronze in Aichi, Japan and silver in Dresden, Germany, finishing as the second alternate for the JGP Final. She then won the junior ladies' titles at the International Cup of Nice, Merano Cup, and NRW Trophy. At the 2015 World Junior Championships in Tallinn, she placed seventh in the short program, fourth in the free skate, and fourth overall.
For most of this season, Tursynbaeva experienced visa problems, which meant that she spent only part of the season training in Toronto under Orser and instead trained mainly at a shopping mall ice rink in Moscow with her mother.
2015–2016 season: Senior international debut
Tursynbaeva became eligible to compete internationally at the senior level for the first time in the 2015-16 season. She was invited to two Grand Prix events. Due to her ongoing visa problem, her first short program, Send In the Clowns, was created in Russia. Her exhibition program, I Got Rhythm, became her short program later during the season.
Tursynbaeva began her season by winning silver at the 2015 U.S. Classic, her first ISU Challenger Series (CS) event, and gold at the 2015 Skate Canada Autumn Classic. Making her Grand Prix debut, she placed fourth at the 2015 Skate America and seventh at the 2015 Skate Canada International. She then won silver medals at the 2015 CS Tallinn Trophy and 2015 CS Golden Spin of Zagreb.
In February 2016, Tursynbaeva won the individual bronze medal, behind Russians Polina Tsurskaya and Maria Sotskova, at the Winter Youth Olympics in Hamar, Norway. In March, she rose from fourteenth after the short to finish fifth overall (fourth in the free) at the 2016 World Junior Championships in Debrecen, Hungary. In April, she finished twelfth at the 2016 World Championships in Boston after placing twelfth in the short and tenth in the free. Later that month, she competed at her first team event, the 2016 Team Challenge Cup in Spokane, Washington.
2016–2017 season
Tursynbaeva won the bronze medal at the 2016 CS Autumn Classic International. She appeared as a torch-bearer for the 2017 Winter Universiade but was too young to compete. At the 2017 Four Continents Championships in Gangneung, South Korea, she received a small bronze medal for her short program and finished eighth overall. Later that month, she placed third at the 2017 Asian Winter Games. Tursynbaeva would go on to finish ninth at the 2017 World Championships, scoring personal bests in the free skate and combined total scores. Her ninth-place finish qualified two spots for the ladies' singles event for the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang and 2018 World Championships in Milan. During the season, videos surfaced of Tursynbaeva completing fully rotated quad Salchow jumps, along with quadruple Salchows in combination with double and triple toe-loops.
2017–2018 season
Tursynbaeva won the bronze medal at the 2017 CS Autumn Classic International and then placed eighth at the 2017 Rostelecom Cup. She went on to win the 2017 CS Minsk-Arena Ice Star. She scored a personal best, placing fifth, at the 2017 Internationaux de France. At her next competition, the 2018 Four Continents Championships, she received her lowest scores of the season and finished twelfth. She went on to place twelfth at the 2018 Winter Olympics, and eleventh at the 2018 World Figure Skating Championships.
2018–2019 season: World and Four Continents silver
In June, Tursynbaeva announced that she had changed coaches from Brian Orser and Tracy Wilson back to her previous coach, Eteri Tutberidze. Beginning on the Challenger series, Tursynbaeva won silver medals at both the Finlandia Trophy and the Ondrej Nepela Trophy. Assigned to two Grand Prix events, she finished fifth at the 2018 Skate Canada International and sixth at the 2018 Rostelecom Cup.
At the 2019 Four Continents Championships, she placed sixth in the short program after turning out of her double Axel. She placed third in the free skate, which included an attempted quad Salchow that she fully rotated but fell on, and won the silver medal overall. This was only the second Four Continents medal for a Kazakh skater (after Denis Ten) and the first for a lady. Speaking afterward, Tursynbaeva admitted that she did not expect to make the podium. Regarding the quad, she said, "I still have work to do on it, but it wasn’t bad for a first time in competition."
Tursynbaeva next competed in the 2019 Winter Universiade. She placed fourth after the short program and first in the free skate. Her free skate included an attempted quad Salchow that she fell on. She was able to deliver the rest of her program without any mistakes, winning the silver medal. In doing so, she became the second Kazakh skater (again after Denis Ten) to medal at a Winter Universiade and the first to medal in ladies' singles.
At the 2019 World Championships, Tursynbaeva placed third in the short program after executing a triple Salchow-triple toe loop combination in the second half of the program, which earned a bonus 10% for the element's score. She then placed fourth in the free skate, where she successfully landed the quad Salchow, becoming the first woman to ever land a quadruple jump at the World Championships and the first senior female skater to ever land a quadruple jump in competition. She finished in second place overall, becoming the second Kazakh skater to medal at the World Championships and the first to do so in ladies' singles. In an interview, when asked about her performance and the quad, she said "I can't believe I landed it, it was good in practice this morning. I couldn't do it at the last two competitions so I was really glad to be able to do it here."
2019–2020 season: Struggles and retirement from competition
Tursynbaeva suffered from recurring injury issues that compelled her to withdraw from the 2019 CS Lombardia Trophy. Although she was able to compete at the 2019 Shanghai Trophy, where she won the silver medal, she again withdrew from competition, missing her first Grand Prix assignment, 2019 Skate America. She then subsequently withdrew from the 2019 Cup of China as well, stating that she hoped to be well enough to participate in ice shows later in the year.
Following the season, Tursynvaeva announced her retirement from competition on September 20, 2021, through an Instagram post, citing difficulty in overcoming a persistent back injury.
Post-retirement
Elizabet Tursynbayeva, along with another famous Kazakh ice skater Kseniya Pankratova, went viral in 2021 for their Instagram video of their ice skating performances on a frozen lake in Kazakhstan.
Programs
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: Junior Grand Prix
Detailed results
Senior level
Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only.
Junior level
References
External links
2000 births
Living people
Figure skaters from Moscow
Kazakhstani female single skaters
Figure skaters at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Medalists at the 2017 Asian Winter Games
Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan
Figure skaters at the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics
Figure skaters at the 2018 Winter Olympics
Olympic figure skaters for Kazakhstan
Asian Games medalists in figure skating
FISU World University Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan
Winter World University Games medalists in figure skating
Competitors at the 2019 Winter Universiade
Four Continents Figure Skating Championships medalists
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Путятинський майдан (Житомир)
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Путятинський майдан (Житомир)
Путятинський майдан — майдан в Корольовському районі міста Житомира.
Характеристики
Розташований на перетині вулиць Святослава Ріхтера та Юрія Вороного. Знаходиться у Старому місті, розпланованому та сформованому до початку XX століття на теренах Путятинки. Від майдану бере початок 2-й Госпітальний провулок.
Історія
Майдан сформувався у другій половині ХІХ століття внаслідок реалізації генерального плану міста 1845 — 1855 рр., яким передбачалася радіально-кільцева структура міських вулиць, зокрема, створення декількох майданів прямокутної форми у периферійних частинах міста та передмістях, серед яких Базарний майдан на Путятинці.
До кінця ХІХ століття на майдані знаходилися ринок, провіантські склади, а також дерев'яна церква Св. Іоанна Милостивого.
Наприкінці ХІХ століття торговельна функція майдану згасла, тому Базарний майдан був перейменований на Путятинський.
У першій половині ХХ століття Путятинський майдан мав форму наближену до квадрату; був значно більшим: його колишніми межами є нинішні провулки, що виникли у 1950-х роках, а саме: 3-й Госпітальний (південно-східна та північно-східна межа майдану), Парашутний (північна межа майдану), 2-й Госпітальний (північно-західна межа майдану), безіменний проїзд до будинку по вул. Юрія Вороного, 18 (південно-західна межа майдану).
У 1923 році дерев'яна церква Св. Іоанна Милостивого згоріла.
З 1927 року на майдані, завдяки його вагомому розміру, проводилися першотравневі демонстрації; тоді ж Путятинський майдан був перейменований на Першотравневий.
У 1950 — 1960-х роках здійснювалася забудова території майдану житловими будинками (двоповерховими — №№ 4, 6, 7, №№ 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19/1 по вулиці Юрія Вороного, №№ 65, 69 по вулиці Святослава Ріхтера; одноповерховими — №№ 3, 11, 13, 15 по пров. 3 Госпітальному, №№ 60, 62, 71, 73 по вулиці Святослава Ріхтера, а також чотириповерховим багатоквартирним будинком по вулиці Юрія Вороного, 13/67). У першій половині 1960-х років на місці колишньої церкви Св. Іоанна Милостивого збудовано кінотеатр «Першотравневий». У 1970-х роках на теренах північно-західної сторони майдану постала будівля облсільгосптехніки (нині бізнес-центр «Путятинський»), а на південному сході — багатоквартирний будинок № 64а по вулиці Святослава Ріхтера.
У 1958 — 1974 рр. крізь майдан курсував трамвай.
У 1973 році отримав назву майдан 1-го Травня.
У 1991 році майдан 1-го Травня перейменований на Путятинський майдан.
Примітки
Джерела
Геопортал Житомирської міської ради з використанням шару «Історичні плани».
Мокрицький Георгій Павлович. Вулиці Житомира / Мокрицький Георгій Павлович ; [худож. В. Кондратюк та ін.]. — Житомир: Волинь, 2007. — 640 с. : ілюстр., фотогр., карти, табл., діагр. — (Енциклопедія Житомира. Т. 1). — Бібліогр.: с. 210-213, 548, 551. — ISBN 966-690-84-X.
Костриця Микола Юхимович, Кондратюк Руслан Юрійович. Житомир: Підручна книга з краєзнавства.— Житомир: Косенко, 2006. — 464 с., іл. — Бібліогр.: с. 106. — ISBN 966-8123-41-7.
Мокрицький Георгій Павлович. Житомирське трамвайно-тролейбусне управління : 100 років трамвайному руху : іст.-краєзн. нарис / Г. П. Мокрицький ; [за заг. ред. С. І. Кутішенка ; фотоілюстр. Г. П. Мокрицького]. — Житомир: Волинь, 1999. - 144 с. : фотогр. - (Історія підприємств Житомирщини). — ISBN 966-7390-54-3.
Вулиці Житомира
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Храм сонця в Конарку
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Храм сонця в Конарку або Чорна пагода — храм у місті Конарк в індійському штаті Орісса. Чорною пагодою споруду називали колонізатори і європейці. Храм збудований з окисленого залізистого пісковику за наказом монарха Нарасімхадева I (1236—1264 н. е.) зі Східної гангської династії. Храм є одним з найвідоміших в Індії та об'єктом Світової спадщини.
Індійська назва
Конарк або «Конарак» у перекладі з санскрита означає «сонячний куточок», «сонячна ділянка», тобто ділянка у краї Орісса, де шанували бога Сонця. Храмовий комплекс було створено у 13 ст. У давнину ця ділянка була узбережжям моря. Але за декілька століть берег збільшився і море відступило майже на три кілометри.
Опис споруди
Храмовий комплекс мав три частини —
зали для вірян (джагамохана)
святилища (деул)
павільйон для танців.
Зала для вірян та святилище були поєднані та вибудовані на одній платформі. Перед храмом були розташовані сім кам'яних коней з багатим декором. До коней було поважне ставлення і вони дорого коштували. Але у храмовому комплексі вони відігравали символічну роль і були уособленням семи днів тижня.
Зала для вірян і їх молитов була непогано збереженою щодо споруди, яка випадково збереглася до кінця 20 ст. Споруда імітувала колісницю (важкий віз), але відтворену у камені. Цією парадною колісницею їхав бог Сонце Сур'я. Тому її деталі імітували деревину. Колісниця спиралась на дванадцять коліс — по кількості дванадцяти місяців року. Кам'яні колеса мають висоту три метри.
Залізні (саме залізні) колоди утримували важкий дах, але в 20 ст. приміщення забили піском і дрібним камінням, аби не обвалився важкий дах.
Святилище (деул) було давно поруйноване. Були спроби відновити його старовинний вигляд у паперовій архітектурі. За цими спробами храм мав висоту до сімдесяти метрів (70) заввишки. Серед руїн — декілька скульптурних образів слонів, коней і фантастичних тварин. Серед них і скульптура молодого вояка. В ньому вбачають самого бога Сонця. Його фігура розташована у нижній частині святилища. Серед істориків є чимало сперечань через чоботи бога Сур'я — у істориків Західної Європи є лише відомості про чоботи такої форми тільки у скіфів. Чи були скіфи у Стародавній Індії ?
Залізні колоди, що підтримують важкий дах, мають довжину десять (10) метрів. Чомусь старовинне залізо не вкрито іржею у спекотній і вологій країні, хоча вік заліза — сім століть на кінець 20 ст. Пересічні відвідувачі знають лише залізну колону у місті Делі. Але довжина залізної колони у Делі менше семи (7) метрів. Це ще одна загадка храмового комплексу і майстрів сивої старовини Індії.
Релігійні легенди
Ще до будівництва храмового комплексу у Конарку місцина вважалась священною. Це тому, що мешканці наголошували, що саме у цьому краї вилікував власну проказу (важку інфекційну хворобу) Шамба, син самого бога Крішни. Шамба (рухливий і балуваний підліток) підглядав за сексом свого батька. Крішна помітив сина, прогнівався і покарав того хворобою. Шамба звернувся до мудреця і той порадив відвідати «ділянку Сонця», де просити у бога вилікуватися.
Покараний Шамба і прибув у край з «ділянкою Сонця», де всемогутнє Сонце і сприяло одужанню сина Крішни. Одужання він отримав лише після дванадцяти (12) років каяття у Конарку.
За доби британських колонізаторів
Збережена частина храмового комплексу (так звана Чорна пагода) використовувалась матросами колонізаторів як маяк. Ще 1837 року храмовий комплекс у Конарку відвідав археолог Джеймс Фергюссон (1808—1886). Храмова вежа вже була поруйнована, але її бічна частина ще височила. Була створена літографія храмового комплексу на той час, де видно як збережену, так поруйновану частини. 1848 року під час чергового буревію залишок вежі упав.
Британські джерела стверджують, що колоніальна влада витрачала кошти на консервацію руїн (Незрозуміло, навіщо це було робити колонізаторам у поневоленому краї ?). Але як справжні колонізатори, вони познімали усі вартісно художні скульптури храмового комплексу і повивозили їх у музеї Великої Британії.
Рукописна традиція у Оріссі
У штаті існувала давня традиція: один раз на сто років переписувати рукописи, що попсувались за термін використання. Старі рукописи з гаснучими текстами і затертими сторінками не знищували, на це існувала заборона, котра виконувалась. Рукописи в цьому краї вважались священними. Після ретельного копіювання зникаючих текстів рукопис опускали у річку, що несла їх водою у небуття.
Рукописи копіювали, навіть не дуже розуміючи, що переписують. У Індії до 55 відсотків мешканців залишаються неписьменними.
Про традицію переписування-копіювання дізнався науковець Садасів Рахт Шарма. Він витратив вісім років спостережень і зборів місцевих рукописів, створених на пальмовому листі. Знавець мов, він встиг перекласти їх тексти на англійську. Садасів Рахт Шарма мандрував тридцяти двома поселеннями, розташованими неподалік Конарку. Саме ці села були головними постачальниками каменярів, скульпторів, декораторів, візників, вантажників на будівельні майдани Конарку та інших храмових комплексів. Здобутком науковця (і відтак науки індійської і світової) стануть дев'ятсот сімдесят чотири (974) старовинні рукописи. Сім рукописів (у копіях) мають безпосереднє відношення до будівництва храму: чотири — про саме будівництво, а три — художні твори про красу і святість храму, про служби, що там правили.
Найголовнішими були рукописи, котрі науковець отримав від родичів, предки котрих і були або будівничими, або виконробами на будівництві. Лише один рукопис, що зберігся, подав імена архітекторів, будівничих і виконробів, каменярів-декораторів і скульпторів, навіть їх зарплатню. Цей рукопис, можливо, тогочасний бухгалтерський звіт про витрачені кошти. Традиція переписування врятувала найцінніші факти.
Гіпотези щодо причин руйнації
Існує низка гіпотез щодо руйнації храмового комплексу. Серед них одної причини просто не може бути, бо були і землетруси (Індія — сейсмічно небезпечний край), і буревії, і вандалізм мешканців, і вандалізм колонізаторів. Найважливіші фактори відкрили старовинні рукописи.
Аврали на будівництві
Аналіз віднайдених рукописів відкрив чимало… сучасного і старовинного. Замовник і головний спонсор храму цар Нарамсінха І, як виявилося, був рабом магічних цифр. Він наказав архітекторам створити новий храм за десять (10) років, десять (10) місяців, десять (10) днів, а все будівництво закінчити до дня народження бога сонця Сурьї, котре припадало на той період на недільний день. Адже це обіцяло зміцнення його влади, як у сучасного політика, що робить усе, аби утримати подовше отриману владу.
Будівництво розпочали з урахуванням вже сталих засад і за наказом магічних термінів. Почався видобуток каменю, брили котрого складали насухо. Роботи припиняли лише на період дощового сезону, але не припиняли думати. (У дощовий період працівників відпускали по селам, щоби ті відновили сили, виспались, встигли попестити жінок і побачити власних дітей). Непогано рахувати уміли і тоді. Розрахунки показали, що при таких темпах робіт упоратись у наданий термін — неможливо. І на будівельному майдані почалися аврали. Все робилося поспіхом. Почали працювати у будь-яку погоду, а відпускати працівників заборонили.
Здається, занепокоєним був лише головний архітектор. За припущеннями він перший побачив небезпечні тріщини на велетенській споруді. Острахи, що велетенська споруда упаде, примусили архітектора змінити технологію. Так, він наказав (і реалізував) класти завершальні кам'яні брили не насухо, а вже на вапняковому розчині. Так були покладені округлий плаский камінь (амла) та кам'яна ваза (каліша), що вінчала купол вежі…
У день народження бога Сур'ї, що прийшовся на сьомий недільний день місяця магх, відбулося освячення нового храму. Відбулось свято, на своєму троні радів як цар, так і простий люд долу. На честь закінчення будівництва облаштували два невеликі стовпа (юпа), вони збереглися донині.
Але в рукописі «Падмакшетрі деула кармангі» знайшли такий запис: «Вже дванадцять років, як священство не править служби. Бог сонця покинув цей храм». Руйнації розпочались з падіння великого кам'яного лева на східній стіні храму. Невдовзі упала майже уся велетенська стіна зі сходу… Заходи головного фахівця-архітектора 13 ст. таки спрацювали. Храм обвалився лише на початку 17 ст., коли давно померли і цар і архітектор.
Привабливі еротичні рельєфи
Мало хто знається на архітектурі і поціновує її значущість як таку. Але всі вважають себе знавцями і шанувальниками сексу. В краї були свої шанувальники тантричного сексу. У 13 ст. Тантрика і тантричний секс ще належали до утаємничених знань. Приховані знання передавалися лише від вчителя до перевіреного і надійного учня, здатного зберігати секрет.
Щось змінилося у світогляді на ту добу. Бо знання і еротичні рельєфи (ця «книга» для неписьменних) раптово перестають бути знанням утаємниченим . Скульптори-декоратори у подробицях подали на храмових мурах різноманітні еротичні пестощі і сексуальні сцени. Західноєвропейців, вихованих у заборонних, репресивних формах сексуальних стосунків, приголомшують групові сексуальні сцени і присутність при них сторонніх наставників (жерців ? вчителів? мудрих старців ?) Європейці дійшли до того, що пояснили наявність сексуальних рельєфів вимогами придворних кіл царя і їх святкової культури. Тоді незрозуміло, чому стільки сексуальних сцен облаштовано саме на мурах храму, а не в палацових приміщеннях давно зниклого царського двору ? Вивчення храму сонця Сур'ї у Конарку поки лише множить загадки.
Панорама збережених решток храмового комплексу
Галерея обраних фото
Посилання
Джерела
Surya: The God and His Abode, Parijat, 2010, ISBN 81-903561-7-8
«Konarak- The Heritage of Mankind (Set of 2)», by Karuna Sagar Behera, 1996, ISBN 978-81-7305-076-3
Світова спадщина в Індії
Штат Орісса
Архітектура Індії
Індуїстські храми
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4572701
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D1%8F%20%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Задор’я (Боровицький район)
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Задор’я (Боровицький район)
Задор’я — присілок у Боровицькому районі Новгородської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 71 особу. Належить до муніципального утворення Железковське сільське поселення.
Історія
До 1927 року населений пункт перебував у складі Новгородської губернії. У 1927-1944 роках перебував у складі Ленінградської області.
Орган місцевого самоврядування від 2010 року — Железковське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Боровицького району
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872497
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Count%20of%20Monte%20Cristo%20%282002%20film%29
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The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)
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The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)
The Count of Monte Cristo is a 2002 American historical adventure film, which is an adaptation of the 1844 novel of the same name by Alexandre Dumas, produced by Roger Birnbaum, Gary Barber, and Jonathan Glickman, and directed by Kevin Reynolds. The film stars Jim Caviezel, Guy Pearce, Richard Harris, James Frain, Dagmara Dominczyk, Luis Guzmán and Henry Cavill in one of his earliest roles. It follows the general plot of the novel, with the main storyline of imprisonment and revenge preserved, but many elements, including the relationships between major characters and the ending were modified.
The Count of Monte Cristo was released in North America on January 25, 2002 to generally positive reviews from critics. It was commercially successful, grossing $75 million.
Plot
In 1815, Edmond Dantès, second mate of a French merchant vessel, and his friend Fernand Mondego, a representative of the shipping company, seek medical help on Elba for their ailing captain. Napoleon Bonaparte is in exile on the island. Having kept his guardians from killing the pair, Bonaparte privately requests that Edmond deliver a letter to the mainland in exchange for his physician's services. Edmond is sworn to secrecy, but Fernand witnesses the exchange. In Marseille, the company owner, Morrell, commends Edmond for his bravery, promoting him to captain over first mate Danglars, who had given Edmond explicit orders not to land at Elba. Edmond thereafter states his intention to marry his girlfriend, Mercédès, whom Fernand lusts after.
Envious of Edmond’s good fortune, Fernand and Danglars inform on Edmond regarding Bonaparte's letter, which reveals information that could be used to aid Bonaparte's escape from Elba. Villefort, the city's chief magistrate, has Edmond arrested, but initially prepares to exonerate him until he learns the letter is addressed to his own father, Monsieur Clarion, a Bonapartist. He burns the letter and orders Edmond imprisoned in the Château d'If. Edmond escapes from Villefort and goes to Fernand for help, but Fernand instead turns him over to the pursuing gendarmes. Edmond is consigned to the island prison and its sadistic warden, Armand Dorleac. In exchange for persuading Mercédès that Edmond has been executed for treason and that she should take comfort in Fernand, Villefort has Fernand assassinate his father.
Six years later, Edmond is startled in his cell by an eruption in the ground revealing another prisoner, Abbé Faria, who has been imprisoned for 11 years after refusing to tell Bonaparte the whereabouts of the treasure of the Spada family. Faria has been digging an escape tunnel, but upon seeing that he is in Edmond's cell, he realizes he dug in the wrong direction. In exchange for Edmond's help digging a new tunnel, Faria educates him in a wide array of academic and martial disciplines. Faria is fatally injured in a tunnel cave-in, but before dying he gives Edmond a map to the treasure and implores him to use it only for good. Edmond escapes the prison by taking Faria's place in the disposal of his corpse, and is thrown into the sea, pulling Dorleac along with him and drowning him.
Wading ashore, Edmond encounters a band of pirates preparing to execute one of their own, Jacopo. Their leader, Luigi Vampa, decides justice and entertainment would be better served by pitting Edmond against Jacopo in a knife fight. Edmond wins but spares Jacopo, who swears himself to Edmond for life. They both work with the pirates until they arrive in Marseille. Edmond learns from Morrell, who does not recognize him, that Fernand and Danglars were complicit in his betrayal, his father committed suicide out of grief, and that Fernand and Mercédès wed shortly after Edmond was imprisoned. With Faria's map, he and Jacopo locate the treasure on the island of Montecristo. With his newfound wealth and comprehensive education, Edmond establishes himself in Parisian society as "The Count of Monte Cristo" with Jacopo as his manservant, and swears vengeance on those who conspired against him.
Edmond ingratiates himself to the Mondegos by staging the kidnap and rescue of their son, Albert. He lures Fernand, Villefort, and Danglars into a trap by letting slip the notion that he has located the treasure of Spada, and is shipping it through Marseille. His plans result in Danglars being caught red-handed in the act of theft, and Villefort being tricked into revealing his role in his father's death; both are arrested. Fernand is brought to financial ruin as Edmond has his gambling debts called in. Even though his appearance has changed dramatically, Edmond is recognized by Mercédès. Eventually, she softens him, and they rekindle their relationship. As Fernand prepares to flee the country, Mercédès reveals the only reason she married him was that she was pregnant with Albert, who is actually Edmond's son.
Edmond ambushes Fernand in the ruins of his family's country estate, having led him to believe that the treasure of Spada would be waiting for him. Albert intervenes when Edmond attempts to kill Fernand, but Mercédès tells him of his true parentage. Fernand attempts to flee, but changes his mind upon realizing he has nowhere to go, and challenges Edmond to a fight to the death; Edmond prevails.
Edmond purchases Château d'If, intending to raze it, but instead leaves it standing as he swears to Faria to use his vast resources for good and departs with his new family.
Cast
Production
Most of filming took place on the island of Malta, where the capital of Valletta stood in for Marseilles. The fortified city of Vittoriosa, part of the Grand Harbour of Valletta, was chosen for its strong resemblance to early 19th century Port of Marseilles. The waterfront stretch of Vittoriosa known as Xatt Ir-Risq and Fort St Elmo featured specifically in the "Marseilles" scenes. The Grand Harbour had the added advantage of being one of a very few ports deep enough to allow the huge period sailing ships brought from the UK to dock. Saint Mary's Tower on the island of Comino was used for the exteriors of the Château d'If; the Azure Window of Gozo also makes an appearance in the scenes set on the island of Montecristo.
In Ireland, locations included Powerscourt Estate, which stood in for the estate which Dantès buys and where he hosts his grand introduction to Paris society, while Kilruddery House appears as Mondego's home early in the film. The climactic fight scene between Dantès and Mondego was filmed near Slane in County Meath.
Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 73% based on 143 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Though it may not reach for any new artistic heights, The Count of Monte Cristo is an old-fashioned yet enjoyable swashbuckler." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4, writing: "The Count of Monte Cristo is a movie that incorporates piracy, Napoleon in exile, betrayal, solitary confinement, secret messages, escape tunnels, swashbuckling, comic relief, a treasure map, Parisian high society and sweet revenge, and brings it in at under two hours, with performances by good actors who are clearly having fun. This is the kind of adventure picture the studios churned out in the Golden Age—so traditional it almost feels new."
Soundtrack
The official soundtrack for the film was composed and conducted by Edward Shearmur and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra.
References
External links
2002 films
2002 action films
2002 romantic drama films
2000s action adventure films
2000s American films
2000s British films
2000s English-language films
2000s prison drama films
American action adventure films
American films about revenge
American prison drama films
American romantic drama films
American swashbuckler films
British action adventure films
British films about revenge
British prison drama films
British romantic drama films
Depictions of Napoleon on film
Films about treasure hunting
Films based on The Count of Monte Cristo
Films directed by Kevin Reynolds
Films produced by Roger Birnbaum
Films scored by Edward Shearmur
Films set in 1815
Films set in Marseille
Films set in Rome
Films shot in Malta
Irish action films
Irish adventure films
Irish films about revenge
Irish romantic drama films
Spyglass Entertainment films
Touchstone Pictures films
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0
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Фуенте-Обехуна
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Фуенте-Обехуна — муніципалітет в Іспанії, у складі автономної спільноти Андалусія, у провінції Кордова. Населення — осіб (2010).
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 280 км на південний захід від Мадрида, 70 км на північний захід від Кордови.
На території муніципалітету розташовані такі населені пункти: (дані про населення за 2010 рік)
Ель-Алькорнокаль: 98 осіб
Аргальйон: 385 осіб
Каньяда-дель-Гамо: 38 осіб
Ла-Карденчоса: 268 осіб
Ла-Коронада: 378 осіб
Куенка: 264 особи
Фуенте-Обехуна: 2800 осіб
Лос-Моренос: 68 осіб
Навалькуерво: 51 особа
Охуелос-Альтос: 212 осіб
Охуелос-Бахос: 65 осіб
Лос-Панчес: 36 осіб
Піконсільйо: 77 осіб
Порвенір-де-ла-Індустрія: 287 осіб
Посаділья: 198 осіб
Демографія
Галерея зображень
Посилання
Офіційна сторінка муніципальної ради
Фуенте-Обехуна згори
Фуенте-Обехуна
Примітки
Муніципалітети провінції Кордова
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1701848
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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Розум (значення)
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Розум (значення)
Розум — пізнавальні та аналітичні здібності людини.
Розум (філософія) — філософське поняття, яке виражає здатність мислити.
Розумова карта — діаграма на якій відображають слова, ідеї, завдання, або інші елементи, розташовані радіально навколо основного слова або ідеї.
Розум Олексій — Розумовський Олексій Григорович (1709 —1771), російський генерал-фельдмаршал українського походження.
Див. також
Інтелект
Мислення
Свідомість
Сприйняття
Пам'ять
Розумовський
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1952325
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/637%20%28%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%29
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637 (значення)
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637 (значення)
Натуральне число 637
637 рік до нашої ери
637 рік нашої ери
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4737811
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0
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Ластівка рудоголова
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Ластівка рудоголова (Alopochelidon fucata) — вид горобцеподібних птахів родини ластівкових (Hirundinidae). Поширений в Південній Америці.
Поширення
Трапляється в Аргентині, Болівії, Бразилії, Колумбії, Парагваю, Перу, Уругваю та Венесуели, а бродяжні птахи залітають до Чилі та на Фолклендських островах. Мешкає у відкритих і переважно відкритих тропічних і субтропічних районах, особливо біля невеликих водойм, у лісових галявинах біля струмків і в пампасах. Його також можна знайти на вологих або затоплених ділянках відкритих луків.
Примітки
Джерела
Ластівкові
Птахи, описані 1822
Птахи Колумбії
Птахи Перу
Птахи Болівії
Птахи Бразилії
Птахи Венесуели
Птахи Парагваю
Птахи Уругваю
Птахи Аргентини
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1848357
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80-%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96%20%28%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%29
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Сілвер-Сіті (Невада)
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Сілвер-Сіті (Невада)
Сілвер-Сіті — маленьке містечко в штаті Невада, США. Входить до складу округу Лайона. Населення — 170 осіб (за переписом 2000).
Географія та клімат
Сілвер-Сіті розташоване на заході штату Невада, в пустельній місцевості Дикого Заходу. На схід від міста розташовано Великий Басейн, на захід починаються гори Сьєрра-Невада.
Приблизно за 18 км на північний захід розташовується місто Карсон-Сіті.
Примітки
Посилання
Silver City Фотографії Сілвер-Сіті і його околиць
The Nevada Silver Rush About.com
Міста Невади
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4484594
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Чагаровський Руслан Леонідович
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Чагаровський Руслан Леонідович (12 травня 1975, с. Чорна, Подільський район, Одеська область) — директор ДП Жовтневе лісове господарство (з 2014 р.), який першим вивів на загально-національний рівень дискурс щодо нелегальних рубок лісів керівництвом лісгоспів під час першого візіту голови держави на Харківщину в липні 2019 р.
Життєпис
Народився 12 травня 1975 у с. Чорна, Окнянської селищної громади Подільського району, Одеської області.
Освіта
У 1995 р. закінчив Мигіївський радгосптехнікум, де навчався за спеціальністю «Агрономія». Вищу освіту здобув у Харківському національному аграрному університеті ім. В. В. Докучаєва, де у 2004 р. на факультеті захисту рослин отримав кваліфікацію агронома із захисту рослин. Протягом 2016—2018 рр. навчався в тому ж виші на факультеті лісового господарства й одержав освітній ступінь бакалавра за спеціальністю «Лісове і садово-паркове господарство», а згодом став магістром лісового господарства за спеціальністю «Лісове господарство».
У 2009 р. обраний членом-кореспондентом Міжнародної кадрової академії. З метою фахового вдосконалення у 2011 р. закінчив Міжрегіональну академію управління персоналом за спеціальністю «Правознавство, комерційне та трудове право», здобувши кваліфікацію юриста.
Професіональна діяльність
Фахову стежину розпочав у 1995 р. із посади провідного агронома на Красноокнянській районній станції захисту рослин, де пропрацював до 2000 р.
Впродовж 2000—2014 рр. Р. Л. Чагаровський працював у приватній сфері на посадах старшого менеджера, начальника відділу та директора.
З 2014 р. обіймає посаду директора та головного лісничого ДП «Жовтневе лісове господарство» — одне з найбільших та найстаріших державних підприємств лісової галузі, розташоване у північно-західній частині Харківської області на території Харківського, Богодухівського та Чугуївського адміністративних районів. Після укрупнення та приєднання Гутянського лісгоспу у 2021 р. загальна площа господарства складає 79 483 га. Серед основних видів діяльності Жовтневого лісового господарства:
проведення заходів щодо відновлення лісів;
здійснення протипожежних заходів;
охорона лісів і захисних лісонасаджень від незаконних порубів;
лісозаготівля;
лісопильне та стругальне виробництво.
На території Державного підприємства «Жовтневе лісове господарство» розташовано дванадцять об'єктів природо-заповідного фонду, один ботанічний заказник, дев'ять ботанічних пам'яток природи, одна гідрологічна пам'ятка природи та одне лісове заповідне урочище.
Протистояння з «лісовою мафією»
Під час ревізії після виходу з відпустки Чагаровський виявив факти незаконної вирубки дерев у лісництві під Чугуєвом. Після перевірки 10 % від загальної площі лісництва він нарахував збитків на 80 млн гривень — це понад 8 тисяч кубічних метрів деревини. Втім загальну суму збитків керівник лісгоспу оцінив понад 200 млн гривень, а в масштабах Харківської області — близько мільярда грн. Про це він доповів особисто президенту Володимиру Зеленському під час засідання в Українському НДІ лісового господарства та агролісомеліорації ім. Г. М. Висоцького у 2019 році.
Крім того, Руслан Чагаровський поінформував про незаконну вирубку найдорожчих і найцінніших порід дуба з подальшою реалізацією деревини за кордон, яку організувала група осіб, на чолі з директором Гутянського лісгоспу Віктором Сисою. Президент зателефонував тому просто під час наради та запросив наступного дня до Офісу Президента. Це було у липні 2019 р., а вже у жовтні того року Сису затримали на спробі підкупити детектива НАБУ. Обвинувачений пропонував $100 000 в обмін на закриття кримінального провадження щодо Гутянського лісгоспу. На початку 2020 року Сису звільнили з посади керівника лісгоспу, а 17 лютого 2022 р. Вищий антикорупційний суд визнав його винним у спробі підкупити детектива НАБУ. Віктору Сисі призначили покарання у вигляді позбавлення волі на 5 років і 6 місяців за ч. 3 ст. 369 Кримінального кодексу.
Робота лісгоспу під час російської агресії
Напередодні війни лісництва Жовтневого лісгоспу взяли участь у Всеукраїнському Дні Єдності. З першого дня війни Русланом Чагаровським було організовано постачання для потреб ЗСУ та підрозділів територіальної оборони Харківщини дрів та мішків с піском з кар'єру на території лісгоспу. Жовтневе лісове господарство також постачає необхідну деревину для посилення бліндажів та укріплень Збройних Сил України. Ще на початку російської агресії Руслан Чагаровський звернувся до харків'ян із закликом блокувати дороги, використовувати коктейлі Молотова та будь які способи задля того, щоб зупинити ворожу техніку. «Так, порада від керівника лісгоспу нищити дерева, напевно, звучить трохи дивно. Проте зараз такі часи. Якщо побачили, що ворожа колона зайшла у лісосмугу, валіть ліс попереду і позаду неї — блокуйте ворожу техніку, не дайте їм вийти. Про решту подбають військові та загони територіальної оборони Харківщини. Слава Україні! Честь — усім хто боронить її зараз! Слава — усім вам», — заявив керівник Жовтневого лісгоспу.
Сім'я
Чагаровський одружений, має трьох неповнолітніх дітей. Родину довелося ховати під час боротьби з т.з. «лісової мафією», після того, як дружині спалили машину і гараж.
Примітки
Українські лісівники
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3027408
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD
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Анастасієвський район
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Анастасієвський район Ростовської області — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця, що існувала в РРФСР в 1937—1959 роках.
Історія
Анастасієвський район 13 вересня 1937 року увійшов до складу Ростовської області.
У червні 1959 року Анастасієвський район було скасовано та його територія увійшла в Матвієво-Курганський район Ростовської області.
Див. також
Анастасієвське сільське поселення
Адміністративно-територіальний поділ Ростовської області
Примітки
Посилання
Адміністративні перетворення в Ростовській області
Історія Матвієво-Курганського району
Колишні райони Ростовської області
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579088
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82
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Бурдетт
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Бурдетт — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Нова Аквітанія, департамент Атлантичні Піренеї. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 660 км на південь від Парижа, 185 км на південь від Бордо, 14 км на південний схід від По.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році у муніципалітеті числилось 150 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 427,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача.
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Атлантичні Піренеї
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Атлантичні Піренеї
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335877
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD
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Тіфон
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Тіфон — могутній потворний велетень, уособлення вогненних руйнівних сил землі та її випарів.
Тіфон — син троянського володаря Лаомедонта, брат Пріама, коханий богині Еос, яка забрала його до себе на край землі й неба.
Див. також
Тифон (значення)
Тітон (значення)
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