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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%20%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%81
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Ференц Естергальос
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Ференц Естергальос (4 березня 1927, Сегед — 31 липня 2002, Будапешт) — угорський дипломат. Посол Угорщини в США (1975—1981). Постійний представник Угорщини при Організації Об'єднаних Націй (1986—1990).
Життєпис
Народився 4 березня 1927 року. Після закінчення середньої освіти він був залучений до Угорської демократичної молодіжної ліги (Мадіш) у своєму рідному місці між 1946 та 1947 роками. Після цього він приєднався до поліції і незабаром став членом Державної служби охорони. З 1950 по 1952 рік, після звільнення, він обіймав посаду начальника відділу розвідки ДСО. Він працював заступником генерального секретаря Всесвітньої федерації угорців (MVSZ) між 1952 і 1956 роками.
Після розгрому Угорської революції 1956 року він працював в посольстві Угорщини у Відні, де був призначений головою комітету репатріації (1957—1960). Повернувшись додому, став заступником начальника 2-го територіального управління МЗС Угорщини (1960—1963). Він був посланником, потім послом у Швеції з 1963 по 1969 рік, також акредитований в Ісландії (1963—1969) та Норвегії (1963—1967). З 1969 по 1973 роки він працював начальником 6-го територіального (скандинавського району) міністерства.
Естергальос недовго очолював угорський контингент Міжнародної комісії з контролю та нагляду (ICCS) під час війни у В'єтнамі в 1973 році. Він знову був головою 6-го територіального відділу міністерства з 1973 по 1975 рік. Він був послом у Сполучених Штатах між 1975 та 1981 роками. Втретє очолював 6-е територіальне управління міністерства з 1981 по 1984 рік. У 1984—1986 роках працював заступником міністра закордонних справ Угорщини.
Він був Постійним представником Угорщини при Організації Об'єднаних Націй з 1986 по 1990 рік.
31 жовтня 1990 року — вийшов у відставку.
Примітки
Угорські дипломати
Постійні представники Угорщини при ООН
Посли Угорщини у Швеції
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24124388
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne%20Soulange-Bodin
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Étienne Soulange-Bodin
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Étienne Soulange-Bodin (1774–1846) was the French biologist botanist and army officer who is commemorated by his hybrid magnolia, Magnolia × soulangeana. Though he is otherwise scarcely remembered today, he played a major role in the organization of professional horticulture in France, 1815–1845.
Born at Tours (Indre-et-Loire), he initially followed a course in medicine and grounded himself in the still closely related field of botany. In 1796, he served for a year as secretary to the French embassy to Constantinople, and then fulfilled several administrative functions upon his return to France. In 1807, he was nominated Intendant in the cabinet of advisors to prince Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy, whom he followed in his diplomatic campaigns. Napoleon conferred upon him the cross of the Légion d'honneur and that of the Iron Cross.
In 1814, Mr. Soulange-Bodin retired to France after the first exile of Napoleon. His Beauharnais service subsequently recommended him for superintendence of the gardens at Empress Josephine's Malmaison. He purchased the 70 hectare château de Fromont at Ris-Orangis (Essonne), where he laid out what was virtually a botanical garden, which gained him the breadth of horticultural experience that informed his publications. He planted an arboretum of exotic trees and amassed a collection of brooms, which were at the time little employed in horticulture. He then assembled every new vegetable he could find, raising the quality of the gardens to the highest level set by the English at Kew. founded an Institut horticole, which Charles X declared royal on the occasion of a state visit in 1829; it dissolved with the Revolution of 1830, but Soulange-Bodin remained a member, and then perpetual secretary of the Société royale d'agriculture. He was a founder of the Société d'horticulture de Paris, and organised the first of the floral expositions at the Louvre (1832).
He died at his château of Fromont in 1846.
Among his publications are his Notice sur une nouvelle espèce de magnolia (Paris, 1826), which brought M. x soulangeana to wide attention, a Discours sur l'importance de l'horticulture (Paris, 1826), his annual catalogues of the plants at Fromont, published from 1822, the editing of the Annales de l'institut royal horticole de Fromont (Paris, 1829–1834), a Catalogue des dahlias nains d'origine anglaise (Paris, 1831) and a Rapport sur le reboisement des montagnes (Paris, 1842), recommending afforestation of high slopes too steep for effective agriculture.
Notes
Additional Sources
Quérard, J.M., (1838). La France littéraire, ou Dictionnaire bibliographique des savants... volume 9: 221
French agronomists
1774 births
1846 deaths
Scientists from Tours, France
French Army officers
Military personnel from Tours, France
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70540915
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropidurus%20mucujensis
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Tropidurus mucujensis
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Tropidurus mucujensis is a species of lizard of the Tropiduridae family. It is found in Brazil.
References
Tropidurus
Reptiles described in 1987
Endemic reptiles of Brazil
Lizards of Brazil
Taxa named by Miguel Trefaut Rodrigues
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59272903
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volodymyr%20Borysovsky
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Volodymyr Borysovsky
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Volodymyr Borysovsky
Volodymyr Zakharovych Borysovsky (1933-2012) was a Ukrainian builder, electrical engineer, politician.
Borysovsky was from Donetsk Oblast. He graduated Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute in 1956 and until 1963 worked as an electrician and electrical engineer in Kryvyi Rih. In 1961 he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. In 1963–70 Borysovsky worked at the Dnipropetrovsk regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. He died 11 February 2012.
External links
Volodymyr Zakharovych Borysovskyi. Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute website.
Volodymyr Borysovsky at the Official Ukraine Today
1933 births
2012 deaths
People from Debaltseve
Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union) members
Kyiv Polytechnic Institute alumni
Tenth convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Eleventh convocation members of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Ukrainian electrical engineers
Laureates of the State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology
Laureates of the Honorary Diploma of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine
Recipients of the Honorary Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine
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4100815
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%20%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD
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Карлос Шерман
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Карлос Шерман (білор. Карлас Шэрман, 25 жовтня 1934 — 4 березня 2005) — народжений в Уругваї білоруський перекладач з іспанської, письменник, борець за права людини і почесний віце-президент білоруського ПЕН-клубу (міжнародної асоціації письменників, метою якої є захист письменницьких прав, боротьба за свободу слова і особистості). Шерман переклав іспанською твори кількох білоруських письменників і поетів (таких як Якуб Колас, Янка Купала, Ригор Бородулін, Василь Биков), на білоруською — твори Лорки, Неруди і багатьох інших, писав вірші іспанською.
Життєпис
Шерман народився в Монтевідео, столиці Уругваю. Його батько був єврейським емігрантом із Західної Білорусії, а мати була індіанкою. Виріс в Аргентині, вивчав філологію в Національному інституті імені М. Морена в Буенос-Айресі з 1951 по 1956 і там само почав свою кар'єру письменника. Товаришував з поетом Пабло Нерудою. Працював у видавництві «Лосада» (1954–1956), в 1955 став головним редактором газети «Mi Pueblo».
У 1956 під впливом совєцької пропаганди його батько вирішив повернутися до Білорусі всією родиною. Там Шерман спочатку працював токарем на сірниковій фабриці, старшим продавцем книгарні в Пінську Брестської області (1956–1962), позаштатним перекладачем, а потім в якості перекладача і бібліотекаря (з 1964 бібліограф, з 1977 завідувач редакційно-видавничим сектором Фундаментальної бібліотеки імені Якуба Коласа Національної академії наук Білорусі). З 1980 присвятив себе літературній діяльності.
В кінці 1980-х Шерман почав кампанію зі створення Білоруського центру міжнародної письменницької правозахисної організації ПЕН, і після створення Білоруського ПЕН-центру був його віце-президентом до 2001, коли був змушений піти у відставку через проблеми зі здоров'ям.
Шерман помер в лікарні Норвегії на 71 році життя. Відспівування і прощання з ним відбулося 10 березня 2005 в католицькому соборі норвезького містечка Крістіансанн, де сім'я жила останні роки. Після цього тіло було піддане кремації, а прах Карлоса Шермана перевезений до Білорусі.
Творчість
В Аргентині Шерман публікувався з 1952, в російській періодиці Білорусі — з 1964, на білоруською мовою — з 1975. З іспанської переклав білоруською твори різних авторів, серед яких були Ніколас Гільєн, Габрієль Гарсія Маркес, Фелікс Піт Родрігес, Армандо Техадо Гомес, Габріела Містраль, антологія сучасної кубинської поезії.
У його перекладі з білоруської іспанською вийшли збірки віршів і прози більше 10-х авторів, в тому числі:
вибрані твори Янки Купали і Якуба Коласа «Папараць-кветка» (1982)
твори Аркадія Кулєшова «Мая Бесядзь» (1976)
Ригора Бородуліна «Чорны вол маёй трывогі» (1985)
роман Івана Чигринова «Плач перепёлки» (1988)
повісті Василя Бикова «Дажыць да світання» (1980), «Абеліск» (1984), « В тумане» (1989) та інші.
Твори Карлоса Шермана:
поема «Дождь в Королищевичах» (переклад з іспанської Р. Бородуліна, 1984)
збірка віршів «Сни» (переклад з іспанської Р. Бородуліна і В. Сьомухи, 1989)
збірнка літературно-критичних есе «Тайны почерка» (1995)
поема «Направления света» (іспанською та в перекладах Віри Річ англійською, Р. Бородуліна білоруською, 2000)
Шерман був членом Спілки білоруських письменників (з 1979) і членом Міжнародної асоціації літературних критиків.
Примітки
Пам'ять
У 2016 році на честь Карлоса Шермана була названа премія імені Карлоса Шермана за переклад іноземних творів білоруською мовою.
Посилання
Члени ПЕН-клубу
Поховані в Білорусі
Уругвайські перекладачі
Уругвайські письменники
Білоруські письменники
Білоруськомовні письменники
Письменники за алфавітом
Білоруські перекладачі
Перекладачі на іспанську
Перекладачі з білоруської
Перекладачі з іспанської
Персоналії за алфавітом
Померли в Норвегії
Померли 2005
Померли 4 березня
Уродженці Монтевідео
Народились 1934
Народились 25 жовтня
Премія імені Карлоса Шермана
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%28%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Гладке (Гагарінський район)
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Гладке (Гагарінський район)
Гладке — присілок Гагарінського району Смоленської області Росії. Входить до складу Єльнинського сільського поселення.
Населення — 15 осіб (2007 рік).
Примітки
Населені пункти Гагарінського району
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4460673
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%20%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96
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Роберт Саві
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Роберт Саві (народився 28 жовтня 1931 року в Ліможі (Верхня В'єнна)) — професор права і французький політик, колишній депутат і колишній президент Лімузенської регіональної ради.
Першим віце-президентом у 1982 році, а з 1986 року він став президентом регіональної ради Лімузену, і цей мандат він зберігав до 2004 року (його наступником став ).
Член керівного комітету Соціалістичної партії з 1977 по 1982 роки, він очолював місію в кабінеті з 1981 по 1983 рік; Потім він очолював Комісію національних конфліктів Соціалістичної партії з 1984 по 1990 рік.
У 1985 році увійшов до складу Державної ради.
З 1992 по 1993 рік він обіймав посаду титулярного судді у Високому суді Франції.
Він також був віце-президентом Асамблеї європейських регіонів та очолював Комісію з питань сільського господарства та сільського розвитку Комітету регіонів Європейського Союзу.
У 2016 році він опублікував книгу «Сутінки соціалістів у Верхньому В'єні» на 320 сторінок, присвячену останнім 45 рокам існування ПС у Верхньому В'єнні у формі заповітного наративу, безжального опису десятиліть внутрішньої розрив серця на тлі проблем з владою.
Примітки
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%20%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F
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Електромагнітне випромінювання
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Електромагнітне випромінювання
Електромагн́ітне випром́інювання — взаємопов'язані коливання електричного (Е) i магнітного (B) полів, що утворюють електромагнітне поле, а також процес утворення вільного електромагнітного поля за нерівномірного руху та взаємодії електричних зарядів. Розповсюдження випромінення здійснюється за допомогою електромагнітних хвиль. Електромагнітні хвилі випромінюються зарядженими частинками, атомами, молекулами, антенами та іншими випромінювальними системами. Електромагнітне випромінювання — це потік фотонів, який лише за великої їх кількості можна розглядати як неперервний процес.
Види електромагнітних коливань
Розрізняють вимушені (під впливом зовнішніх джерел) і власні електромагнітні коливання. У необмеженому просторі або в системах з втратами енергії можливі електромагнітні коливання з неперервним спектром частот. Просторово обмежені системи мають дискретний спектр частот, причому кожній частоті відповідає один або кілька незалежних типів коливань (мод).
Представлення коливань у вигляді суперпозиції мод з неперервним або дискретним спектром можливе для довільної складної системи провідників та діелектриків, якщо поля, струм або заряди в них зв'язані між собою лінійними співвідношеннями.
Основні характеристики
Основними характеристиками електромагнітного випромінювання заведено вважати частоту, довжину хвилі і поляризацію.
Довжина хвилі прямо пов'язана з частотою через (групову) швидкість поширення випромінювання. Групова швидкість поширення електромагнітного випромінювання у вакуумі дорівнює швидкості світла, в інших середовищах ця швидкість є меншою. Фазова швидкість електромагнітного випромінювання у вакуумі також дорівнює швидкості світла, у різних середовищах вона може бути як меншою, так і більшою від швидкості світла.
Інші процеси та явища
У неоднорідному середовищі спостерігаються явища відбивання, заломлення, дифракції та інтерференції електромагнітних хвиль.
Наукові галузі, що займаються вивченням електромагнітного випромінювання
Описом властивостей і параметрів електромагнітного випромінювання у цілому займається класична електродинаміка, хоча властивостями випромінювання окремих областей спектра займаються певні спеціалізовані розділи фізики (частково так склалося історично, частково обумовлено істотною конкретною специфікою, особливо щодо взаємодії випромінювання різних діапазонів з речовинами, частково також специфікою прикладних задач). До таких спеціалізованих розділів належать оптика (та її розділи) і радіофізика. Жорстким електромагнітним випромінюванням короткохвильового діапазону спектра займається фізика високих енергій.
Існують з різницею у деталях та ступені спільності різні теорії, що дозволяють змоделювати й дослідити властивості й прояви електромагнітного випромінювання. Найбільш основоположною із завершених та перевірених теорій такого роду є квантова електродинаміка, з якої шляхом тих чи інших спрощень можна в принципі отримати усі перераховані нижче теорії, що мають широке застосування у своїх областях. Для опису низькочастотного електромагнітного випромінювання в макроскопічній області використовують, зазвичай, класичну електродинаміку, що ґрунтується на рівняннях Максвелла, причому існують її спрощення у прикладних застосуваннях. Для оптичного випромінювання (аж до рентгенівського діапазону) застосовують оптику (зокрема, фізичну оптику, коли розміри деяких частин оптичної системи близькі до довжин хвиль; квантову оптику, коли істотними є процеси поглинання, випромінювання і розсіювання фотонів; геометричну оптику — граничний випадок хвильової оптики, коли довжиною хвилі випромінювання можна знехтувати). Гамма-випромінювання найчастіше є предметом ядерної фізики, з інших — медичних і біологічних — позицій вивчається вплив електромагнітного випромінювання у радіології. Існує також низка областей — фундаментальних і прикладних — таких, як астрофізика, фотохімія, біологія фотосинтезу і зорового сприйняття, ряд областей спектрального аналізу, для яких електромагнітне випромінювання (найчастіше — певного діапазону) і його взаємодія з речовиною відіграють ключову роль. Всі ці області межують і навіть перетинаються з описаними вище розділами фізики.
Діапазони електромагнітного випромінювання
Електромагнітне випромінювання заведено розділяти за частотними діапазонами (див. таблицю). Між діапазонами немає чітких переходів, іноді вони перекриваються, а межі між ними є умовними. Оскільки швидкість поширення випромінювання (у вакуумі) стала, то частота його коливань жорстко пов'язана з довжиною хвилі у вакуумі.
Радіохвилі. Ультракороткі радіохвилі заведено поділяти на метрові, дециметрові, сантиметрові, міліметрові й субміліметрові (мікрометрові). Хвилі довжиною прийнято також називати мікрохвилями або хвилями надвисоких частот (НВЧ).
Іонізаційне електромагнітне випромінювання. До цієї групи традиційно відносять рентгенівське і гамма-випромінювання, хоча, іонізувати атоми може й ультрафіолетове випромінювання, і навіть видиме світло. Межі областей рентгенівського й гамма-випромінювання можуть бути визначеними лише досить умовно. Для загальної орієнтації можна прийняти, що енергія рентгенівських квантів лежить у межах , а енергія гамма-квантів — вище від . У вузькому розумінні гамма-випромінювання здійснюється ядром, а рентгенівське — атомною електронною оболонкою при вибиванні електрона з низькорозташованих орбіт, хоча ця класифікація незастосована до жорсткого випромінювання, що генерується без участі атомів і ядер (наприклад, синхротронного чи гальмівного випромінювання).
Вплив на організм людини
Правове регулювання в Україні
Гранично допустимі рівні електромагнітного випромінювання визначаються відповідно до Державних санітарних норм і правил захисту населення від впливу електромагнітних випромінювань, затверджених наказом Міністерства охорони здоров'я України від 01 серпня 1996 року № 239, зареєстрованих у Міністерстві юстиції України 29 серпня 1996 року за № 488/1513.
Див. також
Електромагнітна хвиля
Електромагнітний спектр
Електромагнітне забруднення
Електромагнетизм
Енергія випромінювання (оптика)
Примітки
Література
Глосарій термінів з хімії // Й. Опейда, О. Швайка. Ін-т фізико-органічної хімії та вуглехімії ім. Л. М. Литвиненка НАН України, Донецький національний університет. — Донецьк: Вебер, 2008. — 758 с. — ISBN 978-966-335-206-0
Физика. Большой энциклопедический словарь/Гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. — 4-е изд. — М.: Большая Российская энциклопедия, 1999. — С. 874—876. ISBN 5-85270-306-0
Посилання
Вплив електромагнітного випромінювання на живі організми на сайті «Прилади для вимірювання і контролю радіації»
Електротехніка
Електромагнітне поле
Базові поняття фізики
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4498662
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%20%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9
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Медолюб малий
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Медолюб малий (Meliphaga notata) — вид горобцеподібних птахів родини медолюбових (Meliphagidae). Ендемік Австралії.
Опис
Довжина птаха становить 16-20 см, вага 23-30 г, розмах крил 8-9 см. Самиці дещо менші за самців. Верхня частина тіла оливково-коричнева, нижня частина тіла оливково-сіра, на скронах жовтуваті плями, за дзьобом вузькі жовтуваті смуги. Очі карі, дзьоб і лапи коричневі.
Підвиди
Виділяють два підвиди:
M. n. notata (Gould, 1867) — острови Торресової протоки, півострів Кейп-Йорк;
M. n. mixta (Mathews, 1912) — південний схід півострова Кейп-Йорк, північно-східний Квінсленд.
Поширення і екологія
Малі медолюби мешкають на північному сході Австралії. Вони живуть в тропічних і мангрових лісах, в чагарникових заростях, парках і садах. Зустрічаються поодинці або парами, на висоті до 1200 м над рівнем моря, переважно на висоті від 200 до 500 м над рівнем моря. Живляться комахами, нектаром і плодами. Сезон розмноження триває з серпня по січень. Гніздо чашоподібне, робиться з кори та інштого рослинного матеріалу, розміщується в чагарниках або на деревах. В кладці 2-3 білих яйця, поцяткованих коричневими або пурпуровими плямками. Інкубаційний період триває 2 тижні, пташенята покидають гніздо через 2 тижні після вилуплення.
Примітки
Медолюбові
Птахи, описані 1867
Ендемічні птахи Австралії
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993769
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knipowitschia%20iljini
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Knipowitschia iljini
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Knipowitschia iljini — вид риби з родини Gobiidae. Ендемік Каспійського моря, де зустрічається на глибинах в центральній частині. Сягає максимальної довжини 4,7 см.
Література
Кніповичія
Риби Каспійського моря
Риби Росії
Риби Азербайджану
Риби Ірану
Тварини, описані 1931
Ендемічна фауна Каспійського моря
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28722503
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final%20Destination%205
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Final Destination 5
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Final Destination 5 is a 2011 American 3D supernatural horror film directed by Steven Quale and written by Eric Heisserer. It is the fifth installment in the Final Destination film series and a prequel to Final Destination (2000). Final Destination 5 stars Nicholas D'Agosto, Emma Bell, Miles Fisher, Arlen Escarpeta, David Koechner, and Tony Todd, and follows a young man (played by D'Agosto) who has a premonition and saves a group of people from death when a suspension bridge begins to collapse. However, they soon learn that they cannot escape Death's plan.
Despite The Final Destination (2009) being announced as the final film in the franchise, that film's financial success led to the development of Final Destination 5, which began in 2010. Filming took place in Vancouver, as with the first three installments.
Final Destination 5 was theatrically released on August 12, 2011, and on DVD on December 27, 2011, by Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. The film received mixed reviews from critics, some of whom considered it both a return-to-form for the franchise and an improvement over the previous installment. Other reviewers criticized the film for failing to bring anything new to the franchise, weak character development, and average dialogue, but also praised the use of 3D, the visual effects, the inventive death scenes, and the return of suspense as opposed to a campy feel (particularly both the opening sequence and the twist ending). The film grossed $157 million worldwide against a $40 million budget, becoming the second highest-grossing film in the franchise. A sixth installment, Final Destination: Bloodlines, is scheduled to be released in 2025.
Plot
Sam Lawton is on his way to a company retreat with his colleagues. While their bus crosses the North Bay Bridge, Sam has a premonition that high winds will cause the bridge under construction to collapse, killing everyone except his ex-girlfriend Molly Harper, whom he manages to get across the bridge safely. Panicked, he persuades Molly, his friends Nathan Sears and Peter Friedkin, Peter's girlfriend Candice Hooper, his boss Dennis Lapman, and co-workers Olivia Castle and Isaac Palmer to leave just as the bridge collapses. After being interrogated by FBI agent Jim Block, the survivors attend a memorial service for their deceased co-workers where they are being watched by coroner William Bludworth.
Later, Candice dies during her gym practice from a chain reaction that causes her to fall off the uneven bars and snap her spine. The next day, Isaac's head is crushed by a falling Budai statue during an acupuncture session at a Chinese spa. Bludworth, who has been present for both deaths, tells the remaining survivors that if they wish to cheat Death, they must kill someone who was never meant to die on the bridge and thereby claim their remaining lifespan. At the same time, Sam and Molly fail to save Olivia, who falls out of a window to her death at an eye surgery clinic. Sam learns that the survivors are dying in the order they were meant to die on the bridge and realizes that Nathan is next.
Nathan, who has returned to the factory, accidentally kills his co-worker Roy Carson during an argument. He relays this information to the remaining survivors, who believe that Nathan must have claimed Roy's remaining lifespan. When Dennis arrives to question the incident, a wrench launched by a belt sander splits his face, killing him. That evening, Sam and Molly rekindle their relationship at the restaurant where the former is working. Peter, who has become unstable after Candice's death, interrupts the date and decides to kill Molly to take her lifespan. After Peter draws a gun, Sam and Molly both escape to the kitchen as Block overhears the gunshots from outside and enters the restaurant, only to be shot dead by Peter. The former attempts to kill Molly and Sam to eliminate witnesses, but Sam kills Peter with a meat spit to save Molly.
Two weeks later, Sam and Molly board a plane to Paris. Before taking their seats, they notice a fight between high school students Carter Horton and Alex Browning; both are removed from the plane with teacher Ms. Lewton and a handful of fellow students, revealing that the plane they are boarding is Volée Airlines Flight 180. Upon take-off, Sam overhears Alex's vision from a flight attendant's conversation with a passenger. He realizes that it is too late for him and Molly to escape, and both of them perish along with everyone else on the plane in the explosion that follows. At Roy's memorial, Nathan learns from a co-worker about Roy's autopsy and the discovery of his brain aneurysm that would have resulted in his death in a short time anyway. As the co-worker leaves the bar, the landing gear from the plane breaks through the roof and crushes and kills Nathan.
Cast
Production
Development
Alan Horn, the head of Warner Bros., confirmed at ShoWest in March 2010 that Final Destination 5 was in works at ShoWest. Producer Craig Perry later added that the film would be shot in 3D. Eric Heisserer was announced as screenwriter in April 2010. The studio initially picked August 26, 2011, as the release date, but later changed it to August 12, 2011. In June 2010, New Line Cinema announced that Steven Quale would direct, and that the movie would be renamed 5nal Destination. The name change was reversed only a few months later.
Writing
According to Heisserer, Final Destination 5 was always meant to be a prequel, set before the first film; the idea having come from franchise producer Craig Perry. Heisserer said that one major problem he encountered while writing the film was coming up with good death sequences, believing that managing to do so in the world of Final Destination is "ridiculously hard". The inspiration for Olivia's death sequence involving LASIK eye surgery came after his wife underwent the same type of surgery.
Casting
In August 2010, actor and musician Miles Fisher was the first to be cast in the film as Peter Friedkin. Fisher had appeared in numerous short films and in a small role in the comedy film Superhero Movie (2008). Fisher said during an interview that "I've done a little bit of television and a little bit of film, but 3-D is almost an entirely different sport." Three days after Fisher's casting, Arlen Escarpeta was cast in the film as Nathan Sears. Escarpeta explained that "I think what they're going to do really, really well this time around, they're going to go back—the story, the plot, a lot of stuff is really going to matter, I think the last movie it was just death. It was death, death, death, which is fine because that's what people want to see. But this time we're going to give them a little bit of everything – good story, great director—it's going to be good."
In late August 2010, Nicholas D'Agosto was cast to portray the film's main visionary Sam Lawton. D'Agosto had recently starred in the 2007 comedy film Rocket Science before he was cast in the film after his appearance in Fired Up! since 2009. Along with D'Agosto, newcomer actress Ellen Wroe joined the cast as Candice Hooper. One day later, Tony Todd, who portrayed William Bludworth from the first two installments, returned to join the film's cast after not appearing in the fourth film due to scheduling commitments to work on Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. On August 30, 2010, the production hired David Koechner and P. J. Byrne to join the cast. Koechner portrays the characters' company executive Dennis Lapman while Byrne, after his appearance in Dinner for Schmucks, portrays Isaac Palmer. Emma Bell, who made her major film debut appearance in the 2010 thriller film Frozen, was cast on September 2 to co-lead with D'Agosto as Molly Harper. In mid-September, both Courtney B. Vance and Jacqueline MacInnes Wood are the last main cast members to join the film. Law & Order: Criminal Intent's Vance plays FBI agent Jim Block while Wood, who is starring as Steffy Forrester in the soap opera The Bold and the Beautiful, portrays co-worker Olivia Castle.
Filming
Location filming returned to Vancouver, where parts of the first three films were shot. Principal photography took place between September 13 and December 14, 2010. Producers stated that this installment would be darker and more suspenseful in the style of the original film. Final Destination 3 star Chelan Simmons revealed that the opening scene would be filmed on the Lions Gate Bridge in Vancouver.
Music
Soundtrack
The soundtrack to Final Destination 5 was released on August 16, 2011, by Varèse Sarabande, four days after the release of the film. The soundtrack contains 19 tracks composed by Brian Tyler, music composer of The Final Destination. It is also the second Final Destination soundtrack album to be released. Miles Fisher also released a tie-in video for his single "New Romance" which features the key actors in the film in a Saved by the Bell parody in which most are killed in freak accidents, in keeping with the series.
Commercial songs from the film, but not on the soundtrack
"I Will Buy You a New Life" by Everclear
"Successful Leader" by Jeff Tymoschuk
"Ballroom" and "Girl on the Run" by Terry Poison
"Dust in the Wind" by Kansas
"Walk Like Water" by Cliff P. deMarks, Jr.
"Me, Myself and I" by Excellence
"The Orbiting Suns" by Jens Gad
"If You Want Blood (You've Got It)" by AC/DC
Score
The album contains 19 cues composed by Brian Tyler and performed by the Slovak National Symphony Orchestra, omitting commercially released songs that were featured in the film. It is first and only film in the series not to use original themes by Shirley Walker from the previous films.
"Main Title" (3:47)
"Fates Bridge" (6:31)
"Repercussions" (4:06)
"Kill or Be Killed" (4:30)
"Cheating Death" (2:13)
"Bludworth" (2:43)
"Death's Work" (10:12)
"Olivia" (1:35)
"Eye Can't See No Good" (4:16)
"The Gift Certificate" (2:50)
"Meet the Gang" (1:10)
"Hook in Mouth" (2:09)
"Isaac's Got a Point" (2:08)
"Recognition" (0:59)
"Mystery" (2:47)
"Bend Over Backwards" (4:38)
"The Order of Death" (7:20)
"Plans Within Plans" (3:45)
"Infinite Finale" (1:31)
Release
Marketing
The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) in the UK ruled that the original theatrical poster, which had been used on buses and trains during the summer, "was likely to cause fear and undue distress to children". It ruled that the advert must not appear in the original form again.
Warner Bros. countered by stating that the poster "accurately reflected the content of the film in an appropriate manner without causing excessive fear or distress". They also added that the poster's dark grey and black colors were "unlikely to engage the attention of young children", and that the "surreal" image did not feature people, blood or display any real-life violence.
The ASA, which had received 13 complaints, with three stating that their children (aged between 1 and 3) had been upset, ruled "We considered the image was likely to catch the attention of children, especially because it was shown on a poster on the Underground, where it was an untargeted medium. Because very young children might view this ad depicting violence, it was likely to cause fear and undue distress to children."
Box office
Final Destination 5 ranked #3 at the weekend box office with $18.4 million behind Rise of the Planet of the Apes ($27.5 million), which held the top spot for two weeks, and The Help ($25.5 million). It was also the third biggest Final Destination opening to date behind 2009's The Final Destination ($27.4 million) and 2006's Final Destination 3 ($19.1 million). Final Destination 5 grossed $42,587,643 domestically, and $115,300,000 internationally, for a worldwide total of $157,887,643, becoming the second-highest-grossing film in the franchise.
Home media
Final Destination 5 was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc on December 27, 2011. The Blu-ray Disc comes in two forms: the movie only edition and the Blu-ray Disc/DVD/UltraViolet edition. A Blu-ray 3D edition was released exclusively through Best Buy. The film was released in the UK on December 26, 2011; however, only the special edition Blu-ray Disc contained the 3D cut of the film. An UltraViolet copy was available in all formats. The film grossed $10.5 million in home sales.
Before the film appeared in theaters, Fisher released a music video. Starring the main cast of Final Destination 5 and featuring Fisher's original song "New Romance", the video parodied the 1990s sitcom Saved by the Bell and included a clue to the plot of the film. Fisher, a fan of the show, and video director Dave Green watched every episode, and contemporary shows like Boy Meets World and Clarissa Explains It All. "We thought, 'Gosh wouldn't it be fun and subversive to have Final Destination-type deaths in this safe, [sitcom] world?'" Fisher, who plays a Zack Morris-type character, said. He joked, "I basically have always been looking for a way to dance with Kelly Kapowski my whole life".
Reception
Critical response
Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63% of 136 critic reviews are positive, and the average rating as 5.9 out of 10. The site's critical consensus reads, "It's still only for the gore-thirsty faithful, but Final Destination 5 represents a surprising return to form for the franchise." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted score, gives the film a score of 50 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". It is the highest-rated film of the franchise on both sites. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.
Richard Roeper stated in his review "From the opening credits to the final kill this film displays a great use of 3-D." Todd Gilchrist of Boxoffice Magazine has declared the film in his review for being "the best 3D horror movie ever made." He described Final Destination 5 as "a clean, glossy thriller shot in native 3D (not post-conversion) that maximizes the technology without straining the audience's credulity or their constitutions." He also stated "Calling anything the 'best 3D horror film' has the ring of crowning the world's tallest midget, but Quale uses 3D almost shockingly well." In a review for Toronto.com, Linda Barnard has stated "this could be a case where the 3-D-shot movie is worth the extra few bucks to see".
The visual effects were praised for improving on the weak CGI from the previous installment. Betty Jo Tucker of ReelTalk Movie Reviews said in her review "The film boasts some of the best visual effects ever, especially the bridge-crumbling sequence at the beginning of the film." In his review of Final Destination 5, Roger Ebert said "... the special effects do an excellent job of beheading, incinerating, vivisecting, squishing and so on." "Final Destination 5 contain some of the most fun effects ever seen that purely enhance the thrills and bloody spills, rather than detract from them," stated Lisa Giles-Keddie from uk.real.com.
The death scenes in the film have been praised as being suspenseful, creative, and shocking. Boxoffice Magazine said in praise, "viewers connect to both the relatable pain of everyday injury and the gory gratification of a well-constructed, larger-than-life set piece." NJ.com opined, "Admitted, there is a certain inventiveness to the way director Steven Quale stages the violence." San Francisco Chronicle said that the characters are "killed in gruesome and spectacular ways". The gymnastic set piece has been praised as "anxiety-filled", "a beautiful example of successful comic suspense", "Hitchcockian edge-of-your-seat suspense", and "inventively grotesque". Film.com stated in their review "The subsequent deaths are hit-or-miss, but they all show some creative spark. Quale sets them up like a cross between a joke and a magic trick, carefully establishing crucial details."
The opening bridge collapse has garnered considerable critical acclaim, with many stating it as being on par with the pile-up sequence from Final Destination 2. It has been said to be "one of the single best sequences of any film all year" by Boxoffice Magazine. Uk.real.com stated that the opening bridge collapse sequence is "beautifully directed and choreographed". Eric D. Snider has stated in his review for Film.com that "The opening premonition is nerve-janglingly effective." New York Post called the bridge collapse sequence "spectacular", and Daily News deemed it "terrifying". USA Today commented on the sequence, saying "The effect is terrific and reminiscent of the bridge destruction from Mission: Impossible III." Betsy Sharkey, a Los Angeles Times film critic stated in her negative review "I will say, the bus, and the bridge it must cross, does make for a pretty incredible wham-bam opening sequence," and further added "The big crumble is a stunner of an opener." In a review for MSN.com, Kat Murphy said "the fifth chapter starts out with a slambang catastrophe", then stated that the bridge collapse is "skillfully orchestrated", and "this sequence is actually enhanced by 3-D: Holes in the disintegrating bridge seem to pull the gaze down—dizzyingly—to the river below, and jagged camera angles on hanging railings and sliding debris muddle our sense of what's up, what's down." Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter praised "This film's opening sequence is undeniably spectacular." Aaron Hillis from The Village Voice called the bridge collapse "breathtakingly staged". The Advocate stated that "Director Steve Quale and writer Heisserer stage the bridge's collapse in swift but exacting detail." The Austin Chronicle said the bridge collapse sequence is "spectacularly gruesome".
In 2017, John Squires, writing for Bloody Disgusting, gave five reasons as to why Final Destination 5 is the franchise's best sequel; highlighting the opening sequence, the inventive death scenes, the level of gore in the film, the new mythology to defeat Death and the ending encompassing scenes with the first film.
Future
In early 2011, Tony Todd said in an interview with Dread Central that if Final Destination 5 was a success at the box office, then two sequels would be filmed back-to-back. On August 23, when asked whether he would be directing a sequel, Steven Quale elaborated: "Who knows. Never say never. I mean, it'll be up to the fans. We'll see how this one performs internationally, and if it makes as much money as the fourth one, I'm sure Warner Brothers will want to make another one".
In January 2019, a new installment was announced to be in development, from Warner Bros. Pictures and New Line Cinema. Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan will write the script, with the plot described as a "re-imagining" of the franchise. In August, Devon Sawa expressed interest in returning to the franchise in the reboot.
In March 2020, the film was revealed to be set in the same canon as the first five films and would focus on first responders, with series producer Craig Perry stating: "We're toying with having it take place in the world of first responders: EMTs, firemen, and police. These people deal with death on the front lines every day and make choices that can cause people to live or die. We rely on their good judgment, expertise, and calm demeanor. So why not put those people in the nightmare situation where every choice can bring about life and death – but now for themselves? We're thinking that world might be an interesting way into a Final Destination movie, and one which can also generate unique set pieces in a very credible way".
Later in October, series creator Jeffrey Reddick confirmed that a sixth film had been in the works prior to the COVID-19 pandemic.
References
Notes
External links
2011 films
2011 3D films
2011 horror films
2010s supernatural horror films
American teen horror films
American supernatural horror films
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films scored by Brian Tyler
Films directed by Steven Quale
Films with screenplays by Eric Heisserer
Films about death
Films set in 2000
Films set in the United States
Films set on airplanes
Films shot in Vancouver
Final Destination films
IMAX films
New Line Cinema films
Warner Bros. films
2010s English-language films
2010s American films
American prequel films
Bridge disasters in popular culture
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajid%20Ali%20Shah
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Wajid Ali Shah
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Wajid Ali Shah
Mirza Wajid Ali Shah (30 July 1822 – 1 September 1887) was the eleventh and last King of Awadh, holding the position for 9 years, from 13 February 1847 to 11 February 1856.
Wajid Ali Shah's first wife was Alam Ara who was better known as Khas Mahal because of her exquisite beauty. She was one of two Nikahi wives. His second wife, Muhammadi Khanum, better known as the Begum Hazrat Mahal, rose against the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 as the regent of Awadh.
His kingdom, long protected by the East India Company (EIC) under a treaty, was annexed by the EIC on 11 February 1856, two days before the ninth anniversary of his coronation. The Nawab was exiled to Garden Reach in Metiabruz, then a suburb of Kolkata, where he lived out the rest of his life on a generous pension. He was a poet, playwright, dancer and great patron of the arts. He introduced Kathak, a major form of classical Indian dance as a court dance after the decline of Mughals for recreation activity.
As a King
Wajid Ali Shah succeeded the throne of Awadh when the kingdom was in decline. The British East India Company (EIC) had annexed much of the kingdom under its rule in a treaty signed with the Nawabs in 1801 and stymied the Awadh economy by imposing the costs of maintaining the Bengal Army on the kingdom's coffer, in addition to repeatedly demanding loans. However, the EIC refrained from annexing the remainder of the kingdom because they needed a buffer state between their territories to the east and south, and the Mughal Empire to the north.
Wajid Ali Shah ascended the throne of Oudh at a time when the East India Company was determined to annex the throne of the prosperous Awadh, which was "the garden, granary, and queen-province of India"- the royal predecessors and successors of Awadh were one of the major threats to the dominance of the Mughal Empire before the arrival of the East India Company to the Indian subcontinent.
In different circumstances perhaps, he might have succeeded as a ruler because he had many qualities that made a good administrator. He was generous, kind and compassionate towards his subjects, besides being one of the most magnanimous and passionate patrons of fine arts in the Indian tradition. When he ascended the throne, he took keen interest in the administration of justice, introduced reforms, and reorganised the military. Wajid Ali Shah was widely regarded as a debauched and detached ruler, but some of his notoriety seems to have been misplaced. The main cause for condemnation comes from the British Resident of Lucknow, General William Sleeman, who submitted a report highlighting "maladministration" and "lawlessness" he described as prevailing there, although Sleeman himself was strictly opposed to outright annexation for a variety of reasons, including political, financial and ethical ones.
This provided the British with the facade of benevolence they were looking for, and formed the official basis for their annexation. Recent studies have, however, suggested that Oudh was neither as bankrupt nor as lawless as the British had claimed. In fact, Oudh was for all practical purposes under British rule well before the annexation, with the Nawab playing little more than a titular role. The Bengal presidency army was recruited largely from Oudh; while, under direction by the Governor-General Lord Dalhousie in 1855, any tax revenue from Oudh not required for state government costs was appropriated by the East India Company.
In his book "Awadh Under Wajid Ali Shah", Dr. G.D. Bhatnagar gives the following assessment of this ill-starred prince:
{{Quote box
|quote = Cast by providence for the role of an accomplished dilettante, he found himself a misfit for the high office to which he was elevated by chance. Wajid Ali Shah's character was complex. Though he was a man of pleasure, he was neither an unscrupulous knave nor a brainless libertine. He was a lovable and generous gentleman. He was a voluptuary, still he never touched wine, and though sunk in pleasure, he never missed his five daily prayers.''' It was the literary and artistic attainments of Wajid Ali Shah which distinguished him from his contemporaries.
|source = Dr. G.D. Bhatnagar, Awadh Under Wajid Ali Shah
|width = 50%
|align = center
}}
Patron of the arts
Contributions to music
A large number of composers who thrived under the lavish patronage of the Nawab rulers of Lucknow enriched the light classical form of thumri; the most prominent among these was Wajid Ali Shah. He was not only a munificent patron of music, dance, drama, and poetry but was also a gifted composer. He had received vocal training under great Ustads like Basit Khan, Pyar Khan and Jafar Khan. Pyar Khan, Jafar Khan and Basit Khan were the direct descendants of Mian Tansen and were the sons of famous Tanseni Chajju Khan.Bahadur Hussain Khan was the descendant of Tansen's son-in-law Naubat Khan, and was one of Wajid Ali Shah's favorite musicians, so much that the Nawab bestowed upon the singer the title Zia-ud-Daulah. Although Wajid Ali Shah's poetic takhallus was "Qaisar", he used the pseudonym "Akhtarpiya" for his musical compositions. Under this name, he wrote over forty works – poems, prose and thumris. The collections Diwan-i-Akhtar and Husn-i-Akhtar contain his ghazals. He is said to have composed many new ragas and named them Jogi, Juhi, Shah-Pasand, etc.
The source for much information on music in Nawabi Lucknow comes from the text Ma’danul Moosiqui ('The Mine of Music') of Hakim Mohammed Karam Imam, courtier of Wajid Ali Shah. During his time, complicated ragas like hori and dhrupad were ignored and easier raginis like tilak, pilu, sendura, khammach, bhairvi and jhanjhauti were encouraged. As these were liked by the king and easily understood by all sections of the society. They came to be well-loved by the commoners. Wajid Ali Shah has been accused of cheapening the classical tradition and promoting lighter forms of music such as ghazals and thumris. But then, as argued by scholars like Ravi Bhatt, this is how popular music has always been criticised. Popular belief has it that the light classical form, thumri was created by Wajid Ali Shah.
However, James Kippen argued that evidence suggests that thumri had almost certainly already become an independent vocal form somewhat influenced by khayal by 1800, becoming extremely popular and pervasive in the time of Wajid Ali Shah. Wajid Ali wrote and performed ghazals, and the modern-day style of ghazals was certainly evolved by his innovative ideas and experimentations in ghazals, some of which were noted for their inclusion of obscenities and sexually explicit references to his own private life.
Contributions to dance: Kathak
Not only music but dance also developed strongly in Lucknow and became a pre-eminent art under the patronage of Wajid Ali Shah. In the ancient times Kathak being the part of the temple ritual was performed at temples. With the change of time the Kathak performers in search of better prospects and rich patronage left the temple and entered into royal courts. The transformation was inevitable. The dance started adapting itself to the demands of the court, but it was under the artistic guidance and patronage of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, that Kathak achieved greater dimensions.
He gave it a definite form, made it more artistic, and gave to it an aesthetic touch, he enriched it with rasa and bhava, and he added literature to it, lent it sensuality, and furnished it with grandeur and splendor to its presentation, argued Abdul Halim Sharar. During this period, Kathak was also extensively performed by tawaifs, who themselves developed the art in parallel to its refinement in court. They frequently performed on lighter classical music of such as dadra, kajri and tappa as well as thumri. Given the tawaifs' environment, their performance style of Kathak also differed from the court style, involving more of what in Kathak is termed nakhra (mischievous playfulness).
Wajid Ali Shah started two distinct forms one is Rahas and the other one is called Raas. He himself choreographed a dance based on the moves of Kathak called, Rahas, that he danced himself with the ladies of his court. For him, Rahas was a dramatic form of theatre including acting, dancing, and music and with different scenes the whole setting and locale changes. On the other hand, Raas was purely a religious form. Primarily Dhrupad was sung in Raas and the performance began with its singing. Raas was a circular form of dance where many gopis danced with one Krishna. Radhakamal Mukerjee in his book, The Lord of the Autumn Moons, says that the Raspancadhyayi or the five chapters pertaining to the circular group dance of Krishna with the Gopis, distill the embody the full maturity of the mystical emotions.
Kathak dance attained new heights of popularity and glory under his expert guidance and lavish patronage. Thakur Prasadji was his Kathak guru, and the unforgettable Kalka-Binda brothers performed in his court. What with the grand pageantry of the Rahas, Jogiya Jashan, Dance-dramas, and Kathak performances, Lucknow became the magnetic cultural centre where the most reputed musicians, dancers and poets of the time flourished. The greatest musicians, dancers and instrumentalists of the time enjoyed his munificent patronage and hospitality. It was during his reign that Lucknow Gharana came into existence. It was in this period that the Lucknow Gharana of Kathak attained maturity, through the efforts of the stalwarts like Thakur Prasadji and others. The Lucknow style of Kathak dance is characterized by graceful movements, elegance and natural poise with dance. Abhinaya, concern for movement shape and creative improvisations are the hallmarks of this style. He not only made Kathak the official court dance, but using it in performances of rahas made it popular among the people.
Contributions to Hindustani theatre
When Wajid Ali Shah was a young boy, some astrologers warned his parents that he would become a Yogi, and advised them that the boy should be dressed up as a Yogi on each birthday of his so as to counteract the effect of the evil stars. He established the famous Parikhaana (abode of fairies) in which hundreds of beautiful and talented girls were taught music and dancing by expert-teachers engaged by the royal patron. These girls were known as Paris (fairies) with names such as Sultan pari, Mahrukh pari and so on. On each birthday, the Nawab would dress up as a Yogi with saffron robes, ash of pearls smeared on his face and body, necklaces of pearls around his neck, and a rosary in his hand, and walk pompously into the court with two of his paris dressed up as Jogans. Gradually he made it into a spectacular pageant or Mela known as Jogia Jashan, in which all citizens of Lucknow could participate, dressed as Yogis, irrespective of caste and creed. Later, when his favourite venue, the Qaisarbagh Baradari was built, he began to stage his magnificent Rahas (a Persianised name for Rasleela) full of sensuous poetry, his own lyrical compositions and glamorous Kathak dances.
Ranbir Singh gives details of Wajid Ali Shah's book entitled Bani in which the author mentions 36 types of Rahas all set in Kathak style (with colourful names like Mor-Chchatr, Ghunghat, Salami, Mor Pankhi and Mujra), and gives exhaustive notes about the costumes, jewellery, and stage- craft. Rahas, prepared at a fabulous cost of several lakhs (hundred thousands) of rupees, became very popular, and was performed at the Kaisarbagh-Rahas Manzil, (most probably the first Hindustani Theatre Hall). Many have regarded Wajid Ali Shah as "the first playwright of the Hindustani theatre", because his "Radha Kanhaiyya Ka Qissa" staged in the Rahas Manzil was the first play of its kind. It featured the Goddess Radha, Lord Krishna, several sakhis, and a Vidushaka-like character named "Ramchera". Songs, dances, mime, and drama were all delightfully synthesised in these Rahas performances. He dramatised many other poems such as Darya-i-Tashsq, Afsane-i-Isbaq, and Bhahar-i-Ulfat. It is said that Amanat's Inder Sabha was inspired by these dance-dramas, written, produced and staged by Nawab Wajid Ali Shah.
Contributions to literature
Like the performing arts, Wajid Ali Shah also patronised literature and several poets and writers in his court. Notable among them were 'Barq', 'Ahmad Mirza Sabir', 'Mufti Munshi', and 'Aamir Ahmad Amir', who wrote books at the orders of Wajid Ali Shah, Irshad-us-Sultan and Hidayat-us-Sultan, Amanat the famous author of Indra Sabha and Bekhud wrote Jalwa-Akhatar, Hajjo Sharaf and Afsana-i-Lucknow have presented a picture of the times and life of Wajid Ali Shah. The famous poet Mirza Ghalib also received the gracious patronage of Wajid Ali Shah, who granted him a pension of Rupees five hundred per year in 1854.
Wajid Ali Shah used to write himself and was a poet of a considerable merit. He used to write under the nom-de-plume of ‘Akhtar’. He had equal command over Persian and Urdu and wrote several books in both languages. According to his court chronicler Masih-ud-Din he received a liberal western education and was well versed in ancient and modern history and literature. Garcin de Tassy, while travelling in the sub-continent during the mid-nineteenth century wrote in his journal about Wajid Ali Shah and noted, "I do not have to appreciate here this very political resolution, neither do I have to appreciate the qualities or defects of Wajid Ali Shah, as a sovereign, but I am interested in him as a distinguished scholar and as eminent poet in Hindustani".
Wajid Ali Shah wrote extensively and adopted a simple language that easily conveyed meaning to all. It showed sprinkling of Awadhi, the local dialect. He was a prolific writer. His work Sawat-ul-Qalub runs into 1061 pages and comprises a collection of 44,562 couplets, and was completed in a short span of three years.
Notable works
Abdul Lais Siddiqi in Lucknow Ka Dabistan-i-Shairi noted that it was common for kings to employ poets to write on their behalf but this was not true of Wajid Ali Shah, and every single word has been written by himself and no one else. One of his most important works is the autobiographical Huzn-i-Akhtar, which is in verse and contains nearly 1276 couplets. It is faithful records of the hazardous journey that he undertook from Lucknow to Calcutta, after having relinquished his crown. It speaks of the unkind and unceremonious treatment accorded to him by the British authorities. Vivid details of the people and the places he encountered on his journey. It also evokes his desperation at his arrest and subsequent deportment to Calcutta's Matiya Burj. Another important work of his is Bani which runs into 400 pages.
It is a treatise on Music and Dance, which offers details of the mushairas held at Matiya Burj, of the buildings raised there at his command. There are also descriptions of the animals at his personal zoo, besides vignettes of life and the time at Matiya Burj. Although it is estimated that he wrote over 60 books but most of his works are not available and hence no critical assessment of his writing has been made till date.
Exile years
After losing the kingdom, the King first went to Kanpur and then progressed to Calcutta in a steamer accompanied by his close relatives and large entourage comprising musicians, nautch girls, cooks and animals from his menagerie and came ashore at Bichali Ghat near Metiabruz, Calcutta on 13 May 1856.
He had made up his mind to go and plead his case to Queen Victoria because of his firm belief in the British sense of justice. However, his physicians did not think his health would permit such a long voyage and it was his mother, brother and heir apparent who left for England. A year later when the Indian Rebellion of 1857 spread to Lucknow and rebelling sepoys installed one of his sons to the throne of Awadh, Wajid Ali Shah was imprisoned in Fort William by the British along with his Prime Minister, due to apprehensions that he would become a rallying figure for the sepoys.
HEA Cotton wrote that on Panic Sunday (14 June 1857), there was widespread apprehension among the European inhabitants of Kolkata because he had "one, two, three thousand" (no one knew) armed men under him. The suppression of the Indian Rebellion by the British Army dashed all his hopes of returning to Lucknow. After his release from Fort William, he was allotted a building called BNR House in Garden Reach near the headquarter of South Eastern Railway, Calcutta. In those days, it is said, it was called Parikhana.
However, heartbroken after leaving Lucknow, he had carried his dear city in his heart and proceeded to carve out a miniature of Lucknow in Metiabruz. In his exile in Metiabruz, he tried to keep the sweet memories of his Lucknow era alive by recreating the musical environments of his Kaisarbagh Baradari. The banished king had been "given" a number of fine houses with vast grounds stretching along the banks of the river Hooghly three to four miles south of Kolkata. Because of the presence there of an earthen dome (or raised platform), people would refer to it as Matiya Burj. The king spent lavishly out of his income of 12 lakhs (or, 1.2 million) rupees per annum and before long a "second Lucknow" arose in this area.
Legacy: "Babul Mora" Thumri
His bhairavi thumri Babul Mora Naihar Chhooto Jaay has been sung by several prominent singers, but a particularly popular rendition remembered today was performed by Kundan Lal Saigal for the 1930s movie Street Singer.
bābul morā naihar chhūṭo hī jāye
O My father! I'm leaving home.
chār kahār mil, morī ḍoliyā uṭhāeṃ
The four bearers lift my palanquin.
morā apnā bigānā chhūṭo jāye.
I am leaving those who were my own.
āngan to parbat bhayo aur dehrī bhayī bidesh
Your courtyard is now like a mountain, and the threshold, a foreign country.
jāye bābul ghar āpnoṃ meṃ chalī pīyā ke desh
I leave your house, father, I am going to my beloved.
In popular culture
In Satyajit Ray's Shatranj Ke Khilari, Wajid Ali Shah is shown as a very enthusiastic patron of dance and music. The role was played by Amjad Khan.
Muzaffar Ali made an Indian television series, Jaan e Alam, about Wajid Ali Shah and his queen. Ali played the role of Shah himself while Zarina Wahab essayed the role of his wife.
External links
National Informatics Centre, Lucknow – Rulers of Awadh
Much of the content here has been extracted from an article by Susheela Mishra.
"Awadh Under my Wajid Ali Shah", Dr. G.D. Bhatnagar
"Wajid Ali Shah: The Tragic King", Ranbir Sinh
Baabul Moraa
Wajid Ali Shah: The Naturalist King by Shakunt Pandey
References
Nawabs of India
1822 births
1887 deaths
19th-century Indian musicians
People from Lucknow
Indian Muslims
Nawabs of Awadh
Kathak exponents
Thumri
Musicians from Uttar Pradesh
Hindustani instrumentalists
Indian poets
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%20%28%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%29
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Дару (місто)
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Дару (місто)
Дару — місто в південній частині Папуа - Нової Гвінеї, у Західній провінції країни.
Географія
Розташоване на однойменному острові в Торресовій протоці, поблизу південного узбережжя острова Нова Гвінея, біля гирла річки Флай.
Клімат
Місто знаходиться у зоні, котра характеризується кліматом тропічних саван. Найтепліший місяць — листопад із середньою температурою 27.8 °C (82 °F). Найхолодніший місяць — липень, із середньою температурою 25 °С (77 °F).
Населення
За даними на 2013 рік чисельність населення міста становила 20 053 людини .
Динаміка чисельності населення міста:
Примітки
Міста Папуа Нової Гвінеї
Провінційні центри Папуа Нової Гвінеї
Західна провінція (Папуа Нова Гвінея)
Засновані в Океанії 1884
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34071118
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Give%20Me%20All%20Your%20Luvin%27
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Give Me All Your Luvin'
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Give Me All Your Luvin'
"Give Me All Your Luvin'" is a song by American singer Madonna from her twelfth studio album, MDNA (2012). It features guest vocals by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj and English rapper M.I.A. The song was written and produced by Madonna and Martin Solveig, with additional writing by M.I.A., Minaj and Michael Tordjman. After working with Solveig on one song, Madonna continued recording others including "Give Me All Your Luvin". Madonna chose to work with M.I.A. and Minaj on the track since she felt they were both strong women with unique voices. She also liked their music and what they represented.
A demo version of the song, titled "Give Me All Your Love", was leaked on November 8, 2011, resulting in a man from Spain being arrested for copyright violations. The final version of the song was released on February 3, 2012, as the lead single from MDNA. The track was her debut single from her three-album deal with Interscope Records. Backed by bouncing synthesizers, marching drums and a cheer, "Give Me All Your Luvin" is a dance-pop song, with elements of new wave and disco. Madonna executes the chorus in high-pitched vocals while during its dubstep breakdown, Minaj raps her verse as her alter-ego Roman Zolanski, followed by M.I.A. rapping her verse.
"Give Me All Your Luvin" received mixed reviews from music critics. Its chorus was noted as a highlight by critics, who described it as catchy; however, they felt that the musical composition was inferior to Madonna's previous singles. Commercially, the song attained success, topping the charts in Canada, Finland, Hungary, and Israel while peaking within the top ten in several European countries. In the United States, it became Madonna's 38th top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, extending her record as the artist with the most top-ten singles in the chart's history, a record that would be surpassed later by Drake in 2020.
The song's accompanying music video featuring both Minaj and M.I.A. was directed by Megaforce. It shows Madonna, Minaj, and M.I.A. along with cheerleaders wearing animegao masks and football players. Madonna first performed the song with Minaj and M.I.A. at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show. During the performance, M.I.A. extended her middle finger towards the camera while rapping her verse. She was criticized in the media and broadcaster NBC and the National Football League (NFL) issued apologies. They also fined the rapper which was resolved through a confidential agreement. Later that year, Madonna also performed "Give Me All Your Luvin" on The MDNA Tour, where she wore a majorette outfit.
Background and writing
In December 2010, Madonna posted a message on her Facebook, exclaiming: "Its official! I need to move. I need to sweat. I need to make new music! Music I can dance to. I'm on the lookout for the maddest, sickest, most badass people to collaborate with. I'm just saying". One of the collaborators was French DJ and producer Martin Solveig, who was invited to a writing session by Madonna in London in July 2011. Originally, Madonna wanted to work with Solveig on one song, but eventually it turned into three tracks—"Give Me All Your Luvin", "I Don't Give A", and "Turn Up the Radio". In an interview with Billboard, Solveig explained that Madonna had enough time for the project, hence after working on one song, they continued recording. Solveig described the sessions as fun and labeled them a "privileged time".
"Give Me All Your Luvin" was written by Madonna, Martin Solveig, Nicki Minaj, M.I.A., and Michael Tordjman, while production was helmed by Madonna and Solveig. Madonna had wanted to work with M.I.A. and Minaj on a song, since she felt that they are both "strong women with a unique voice". She paid tribute to the stars, saying "[Minaj and M.I.A. are] not conventional pop stars and I really admire them both". M.I.A. confirmed the collaboration on her Twitter account, saying that she had been asked to come to New York City on November 29, 2011. The rapper felt that the collaboration was an achievement her mother would be proud of, "way [more] than me putting 'Galang' out in a club."
Release and leaks
On November 8, 2011, a demo version of the song, named "Give Me All Your Love", was leaked. According to Keith Caulfield from Billboard, "Within a few hours, [the song and its leak] was one of the top 10 trending topics worldwide on Twitter." Madonna's manager, Guy Oseary, addressed the leak on Twitter adding the singer's statement on the situation: "My true fans wouldn't do this". Oseary also clarified that their initial plan was for new music to come out in 2012 itself. He was happy with the positive reaction to the demo, but asked fans to help him police any more leaks. The leaked demo lacked vocals from both Minaj and M.I.A. which Madonna reflected upon, "It's really disappointing because you don't want things to come out till you're done with them, till you're ready. It's like everybody looking at your unfinished painting. It's like, 'Wait a minute. I didn't finish that. That's not fair."
On December 22, 2011, the police arrested a 31-year-old man from Spain who had reportedly leaked the demo. They confirmed the suspect's initials as J.M.R. and described him as "a big Madonna fan"; they found recordings of the song in his belongings. He was arrested in Zaragoza, charged and subsequently released, pending a trial. It was confirmed by WENN in The Huffington Post that the person did not seek to achieve a profit from the release. In 2014, several demos from Madonna's thirteenth studio album Rebel Heart leaked and an Israeli hacker named Adi Lederman was arrested: the indictment papers said that Lederman was also responsible for the leak of "Give Me All Your Luvin'".
A month later, Interscope Records announced that the song would be released on February 3, 2012, three days before she was to perform at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show. The track was her debut single from her three-album deal with Interscope Records. Along with the announcement Madonna revealed the cover art for the single. It depicted three black-and-white images of the singer side-by-side, making faces and posing, while wearing a t-shirt emblazoned with the song title. "Give Me All Your Luvin" was sent to United States Mainstream radio on February 7, 2012. Madonna partnered with Clear Channel media to launch radio support for the track, and from February 3 it was played across 95 Mainstream and Rhythmic radio stations owned by them. The single was also played in the United Kingdom through Clear Channel's partnership with UK's Capital radio networks. They played the track at the top of every hour throughout the day until February 5, along with a megamix of songs from MDNA. The single was also released for streaming on iHeartRadio websites with online contests and promotional drives for buying it from iTunes.
Recording and composition
"Give Me All Your Luvin" was recorded at MSR Studios, New York City and Sarm West Studios, Notting Hill, London. Demacio "Demo" Castellon recorded and mixed the track. Philippe Weiss and Graham Archer assisted Castellon on the recording, while Angie Teo assisted on the mixing. Jason "Metal" Donkersgoed did the additional editing of the song and Jean Baptiste Gaudray played guitars. Alongside his producing duty, Solveig also arranged the synths and drums for the track. He recalled that the track was recorded in two days, with Madonna and him continuously discussing the chord progression and the music. The initial version of the song's breakdown was "too much" of dubstep, which Madonna asked him to change, while adding Minaj and M.I.A.'s rapping over them.
"Give Me All Your Luvin" is a dance-pop song, with elements of new wave and disco. The song starts with a cheer: "L-U-V Madonna, Y-O-U you wanna" with the vocal tone reminiscent off Gwen Stefani's single "Hollaback Girl" (2005) and "Mickey" (1982) by Toni Basil. A "polished 60s shakedown" succeeds the chant, which is backed by bouncing synthesizers and hard drums. Priya Elan of NME said that the composition resembled Madonna's own songs like "Beautiful Stranger" (1999), "Amazing" (2000) and the songs on her studio albums, Ray of Light (1998) and Hard Candy (2008).
The chorus of the song follows, which Madonna performs in a high-pitched voice: "Don't play the stupid game / Cause I’m a different kind of girl / Every record sounds the same / You’ve got to step into my world / Give me all your luvin', give me your love / Give me all your love today." Entertainment Weeklys Lanford Beard observed that the song "blends Katy Perry-meets-Gwen Stefani chanting, echoes of Ashlee Simpson's regrettable foray into New Wave-y synth-guitar sounds, and a 'Hold It Against Me' redux breakdown." John Mitchell of MTV News commented that the instrumentation of the song consists of "glittery synths, marching band drums, claps and a catchy-as-hell chorus." Lewis Corner of Digital Spy called the song an "'80s-inspired electro-thumper complete with a cheerleader chant of 'L-U-V Madonna!'" "Give Me All Your Luvin" is written in the key of D major and has a moderately fast tempo of 144 beats per minute. It follows a basic chord progression of D–G–A in the verses, and D–F–C–G in the chorus and intermediate bridge. Madonna's vocals span from the tonal nodes of C4 to A4.
After the leak of the song in November 2011, media reported on the similarities between the song and singer Nicola Roberts' "Beat of My Drum", due to the "cheerleader-style" verses in both. "Give Me All Your Luvin" has the lyrics "L-U-V Madonna" while Roberts track features the lyrics "L.O.V.E/ Dance to the beat of my drum". Soon after, Roberts called Madonna a "copycat" for the alleged similarities between the songs. However, she later insisted that people had been "quick to jump the gun" and claimed she had not even heard the song. Brazilian music producer Joao Brasil alleged that the chorus of "Give Me All Your Luvin" was plagiarized from his 2011 single "L.O.V.E Banana". Both songs start with the shouts of cheerleaders, who in Brazil's song say "L.O.V.E Banana" and in Madonna's song, "L.U.V. Madonna".
Critical reception
"Give Me All Your Luvin" was met with generally mixed reviews from music critics. Priya Elan from NME said the song "seems to soar effortlessly" and that "what Madonna's doing in this song is so much more impossibly fun than we could have imagined." She also stated the song was a progress from the sound of her previous album, Hard Candy. Jim Farber from the New York Daily News considered that the song is "a pure snap of bubble gum, closer to an early single like 'Burning Up' than any of her more recent club hits. Only the rap cameos from the quite camp Nicki Minaj, and the less so M.I.A., tell us what decade we're in." Michael Cragg from The Guardian felt that the track was not bad. "Musically it's a pretty joyful four minutes, featuring bouncing beats, acoustic riffs and Gwen Stefani-style cheerleader chants, but there's something a bit flat about Madonna's delivery. Given all the love she's demanding, you'd think she'd be more excited." Speaking of the rap part, he thought that "Minaj certainly does her best, her typically frantic rap an exercise in squeezing as many words into a 10-second space as possible, while MIA's more laconic drawl loses momentum." Chris Willman of Reuters called it "risible" and infectious: "Everything here is as dumb as the titular spelling, but the campiness has its charm, at least if you like the old musicals that some of the tracking shots here are paying homage to". MTV News journalist Bradley Stern wrote about the "Hey Mickey" comparisons, complimenting the guest rapping of Minaj and M.I.A. even though he felt it was "one of the album’s least compelling moments". In a review of MDNA, Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph felt that the prime purpose of the "lightest, frothiest track" from the album was to represent next generation's female pop stars. Emily Mackay of The Quietus wrote in detail about the song:
Andrew Hampp from Billboard negatively reviewed the signing of Minaj and M.I.A. as guest artists, adding that "It's a subpar effort from all parties, particularly Madonna, who hasn't sounded this robotic since the more tweaked-out moments on Hard Candy." In another review, Keith Caulfield from the same magazine deemed the track as a commercial for Madonna's Super Bowl appearance, rather than being a promotional tool for MDNA, criticizing it for misleading the listener about the vibe of the album. Gareth Grundy from The Guardian shared this view, while describing the track as "clumsy rave-pop". Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone rated it two out of five stars, describing its lyrics and composition as "dashed off" and "in the doldrums", and was displeased by the track's "aggressive, assaultive spunkiness". Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described the song as "decidedly vapid" and "catchy" but also stated that "its few charms—'60s surf-pop guitar, vintage video-game effects, and references to her past songs—are fleeting at best." He felt that Minaj and M.I.A. were "tacked on for added marketability" and that the song actually lacked "authenticity". While reviewing MDNA, The New York Times critic Jon Pareles described the song as "one of the album's weakest tracks". Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle wrote that the song's "shiny-happy" sound is "nowhere near representative of the full album."
Alexis Petridis from The Guardian listed the song as the weakest effort on MDNA, adding that "its position as the album's lead single seems to have had more to do with showing off the presence of Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. than its featherweight melody." A writer for Virgin Media gave the song three out of five stars, writing: "Like most Madonna singles, it skips along at a furious pace with a gleam in its eye, but the self-references get tiresome and ultimately she is just trying too hard." Nick Levine, writing for The National, relegated the track as a "lighter pop morsel". Matthew Parpetua from Pitchfork panned the song, saying that Solveig's production on the track was paired with equally "bland lyrics". Brad O'Mancey from Popjustice declared that the track was "proof that sometimes you can listen to something many, many times and still not have any idea whether it's any good or not." Chicago Tribune journalist Greg Kot was disappointed with the song and its lyrics, which he found to be meaningless, while Bernard Zuel of The Sydney Morning Herald relegated it as "trite and disposable". Alex Macpherson from Fact found the song to be "sheer misconceived awfulness". Jude Rogers from The Guardian criticized its "unforgivable spelling" and pointed out that the "candy-pop chorus really fizzes, but [Minaj and M.I.A.’s] cheerleading whoops and raps quickly dissolve". She placed the song at number 66 on her ranking of Madonna's singles, in honor of her 60th birthday. In August 2018, Billboard picked it as the singer's 95th greatest single; "[Madonna's] undeniably the squad captain on this surf-rock-inspired workout, but her collaborators deserve a big thank Y-O-U for providing the catchiest part of the song with their cheerleader chants".
Chart performance
In the United States, "Give Me All Your Luvin" was played from 9 am on February 3, 2012 by Clear Channel radio stations. It debuted at number 24 on the Billboard Mainstream Top 40 chart, with weekly accumulation of 2,766 plays (Clear Channel accumulated for 79% of those plays). It was Madonna's seventh top-25 debut on the chart, the most since its inception in 1992. Along with the debut on Mainstream Top 40, "Give Me All Your Luvin" also debuted at number 33 on the Rhythmic airplay, number 35 on Adult Top 40 and number 20 on Dance/Mix Show Airplay chart. "Give Me All Your Luvin" debuted at number seven on the Hot Digital Songs chart selling 115,000 copies, the amount sold in the first three days of its availability and end of Billboards tracking week. It consequently debuted at number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 with 44 million total radio airplay. Following the performance at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show, digital downloads for the song increased by 44% the next week to 165,000 copies, and the song reached number 10 on the Hot 100. It became Madonna's first top-ten single since "4 Minutes" (2008) and was her 38th song to reach the top-ten, thereby extending her record as the artist with the most top-ten songs on the Hot 100. The record would remain until Drake's "Greece" and "Popstar", with DJ Khaled, broke the record in 2020, becoming his 39th and 40th Hot 100 top ten entries. The song plummeted to number 39 the next week as the promotional effects of the Super Bowl wore off. With the release of "Give Me All Your Luvin", Madonna tied with Dionne Warwick and Connie Francis for amassing the second highest number (56) of Billboard Hot 100 entries by female artists, only behind Aretha Franklin who had 73 entries. Madonna also extended her record as the artist with the most number-one songs on the Dance Club Songs chart, when "Give Me All Your Luvin" became her 41st song to top it. In June 2012, the song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for sales of more than 500,000 copies. As of 2023, this song remains to be Madonna's latest entry on the Top 40 in the United States.
In Canada, the song debuted at number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100 for issue date of February 10, 2012. The next week, the song jumped to number one, becoming both greatest digital and airplay gainer of the week. The song also reached number one on the Digital Songs chart, with a 76% download increase to 24,000 copies, and number 10 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart with a 143% audience increase to over 14 million. It became Madonna's 24th number-one hit in Canada and her second chart-topper in the Hot 100 era after "4 Minutes". In Japan, the song debuted at number 42 on the Japan Hot 100, and moved to a peak of number three after two weeks. "Give Me All Your Luvin" had low chart placement in Australia, where the song debuted at its peak of number 25 for the issue dated February 19, 2012, before falling out of the chart from number 44 the next week. Similarly, in New Zealand, the song debuted and peaked at number 26 for only one week.
In the United Kingdom, the song peaked at number 37 on the UK Singles Chart with sales of 8,577 copies, becoming Madonna's 67th entry on the chart. The low sales were due to two days worth of download sales being discounted by the Official Charts Company as a result of a promotional offer that allowed the song to be downloaded for free if pre-ordering the album MDNA. It resulted in her worst performance for a lead single since "Everybody" (1982). The song dropped down to number 51 the next week, selling a further 7,070 copies but climbed to a peak of number 12 on the UK Airplay Chart. With the release of the CD single, "Give Me All Your Luvin" sold a further 1,460 copies reaching number two on the UK Physical Singles chart. "Give Me All Your Luvin" debuted atop the charts in Finland, but it quickly dropped off within three weeks. In Italy, the song peaked at number two and was certified platinum by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry (FIMI) for shipment of 30,000 copies of the single. "Give Me All Your Luvin" debuted at number four on the French Singles Chart and jumped to its peak of number three the next week. It was present on the chart for 21 weeks. The song peaked within the top ten in Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Spain and Switzerland, reaching a peak of number seven on Billboards Euro Digital Songs chart.
Music video
Background
On December 8, 2011, Minaj tweeted that she was on set with Madonna filming the music video for "Give Me All Your Luvin". She also said that Madonna kissed her on the lips, as a gift for her birthday. M.I.A. then tweeted about filming the video with Madonna, saying, "Madonna killed it! A legend! said she'd have me, I said ill have her too". Directed by the team Megaforce—which consists of Léo Berne, Charles Brisgand, Raphaël Rodriguez and Clément Gallet—the video has a football and cheerleader theme, inspired by her then-upcoming Super Bowl halftime performance. Rodriguez explained to MTV News that they discussed the song with Solveig and understood that the video should be "about happiness and something really sunny". The whole look was also dictated by the fact that Megaforce had never collaborated with Madonna, Minaj and M.I.A., feeling that it was a "different universe" for them. The video was shot for over two days in New York, with very strict timings which Megaforce found as challenging. Describing the process as like working with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Megaforce told Swiss newspaper 20 minutes that the set was surrounded by police patrol and security guards and mobile phones were not allowed. A total budget of US$1.5 million was allotted for the video. Some of the sequences in the video was Madonna's idea like one scene featuring her dancing in front of a wall, which Megaforce felt would not go with the main narrative. However, the singer insisted on keeping it and by the second day of filming she wrapped up early and left.
Retouching was applied during post-production where Minaj wanted her body to look like a plastic doll. Production for the music video was handled by US based company Bureau and UK based Riff Raff Films. Paris based visual effects, animation and motion design studio Mathematic was given the task of adding the graphics on the video. A team of 14 artists worked for two weeks in Paris to finish the task, accompanied by Megaforce. Different methods used included rotoscoping and keying for creating artificial fireworks and sparkling rain, 3D and 2D backgrounds, set-extensions, buildings, as well as the sky which they created using Autodesk Maya. Costumes worn in the video included Adidas uniforms for Minaj and M.I.A. and a retro inspired look for a sequence, wearing white lace dresses reminiscent of Madonna's look in her 20s, as well as Marilyn Monroe. Another ensemble for Madonna included a crop top, leopard printed bra and a huge cross across her neck. Dress designer for the video was Arianne Phillips with cloths provided by brands like Burberry, Dolce & Gabbana, Bebe, Norma Kamali and jewelry from Swarovski, vintage Yves Saint Laurent, Prada and Eddie Borgo.
Release and synopsis
Madonna had first previewed the video in an American Idol exclusive on February 2, 2012, and the full video premiered the next day on her YouTube channel. The video starts as the words "Fans can make you famous, a contract can make you rich, the press can make you a superstar, but only luv can make you a player" appear on a brick wall. Cheerleaders M.I.A. and Minaj then sing the opening lyrics in a suburban neighborhood alongside other cheerleaders wearing animegao masks. Madonna sings the first verse as she exits a house with a baby stroller and wears a trench coat and sunglasses, all of which are soon discarded. Emerging football players protect her from obstacles, golden raindrops and destroy a car that gets in her way. They hold her perpendicular to a wall and she walks horizontally. Throughout the video, Madonna can be seen dancing and singing in front of a brick wall, and in one scene she holds a baby doll.
During the second verse, Madonna walks across the city with M.I.A. and Minaj and is still followed by cheerleaders and football players. She walks down a city street, as players are shot down by an unseen shooter who opens fire from a passing vehicle. She climbs a pyramid of football players and is eventually taken to a club with Minaj and M.I.A., who sing their parts in a room filled with other cheerleaders and football players. Madonna then falls from the building but two players catch her. She makes her way to a town square, then starts dancing with her cheerleaders as they bash heads off of football players using baseball bats, revealing a climactic firework spectacle. Madonna grabs one of the heads and proudly displays it to a cheering audience. The video ends with Madonna in front of a brick wall, laughing and throwing away the baby doll, as the word "Touchdown!" appears in front of a pink backdrop.
Reception
Writing for Spin Caryn Ganz was pleased by the video, saying "[Madonna's] attempt to find a bridge between sports, love, and fame falls a bit flat... but in the end, the football players and cheerleaders in the video are all literally faceless passersby. They, like the two high-profile MCs, are all here in service of [the singer]." Becky Bain Idolator found a number of topics to discuss about the video, including trick photography, golden rains and the appearance of the singers as "triple Marilyn or triple Madonna". Though she believed that it was not Madonna's best video, nevertheless it was successful as a release. Christopher John Farley from The Washington Post gave another positive review, saying that the singer "appears to be in better shape than many college students, which is crazy" and also complimented her for picking "M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj–and getting them to literally serve as cheerleaders for the Madonna brand." MTV News' Jocelyn Vena described it as "funky, fun and surreal (and almost cartoony)" as well as fun and light-hearted: "Madonna looks like she's having an incredibly fun time throughout the visual, smiling and shimmying her way through this fictional, hyper-fantasy world. Watching the clip, one may wonder what doesn't happen in the video."
Nicole James from MTV News opined that the video gave another impression that although "Madonna's never been the cute and innocent homecoming queen, but those wholesome, all-American football players still wanna kick it with her." Cragg from The Guardian declared the video as a "hoot" with the "creepy cheerleaders and Madonna breastfeeding a doll". Bradley Stern from MuuMuse found similarities in the video with those of singer Björk's video for "It's Oh So Quiet" (1995) and Kylie Minogue's "Come into My World" (2002) with the "walk-talk and walk-crawl" formula in it. He added that the video is "self-aware, thoroughly modern, cheeky, sarcastic, glamorous and entirely camp all at the same time". Chris Wilman from TheWrap noted similarities to Madonna's own "Material Girl" (1985) video with the scenes showing her being carried off by the footballers, adding that "everything here is as dumb as the titular spelling, but the campiness has its charm, at least if you like the old musicals that some of the tracking shots here are paying homage to."
A writer from Rolling Stone gave a mixed review for the video saying that "It's a goofy and fun clip, though the faceless cheerleaders in the background are more creepy than amusing." In a pre-release screening of MDNA, Matthew Todd from Attitude believed that the last scene showing Madonna throwing off a baby doll implied that she was moving away from domestic life and embracing a party attitude. Amanda Dobbins from New York found some "attempted weirdness" in the video with the scenes of the triple Marilyns and the baby on Madonna's lap, but added that "Madonna still looks crazy bonkers good".
Live performances
In February 2012, Madonna performed "Give Me All Your Luvin" with M.I.A. and Nicki Minaj at the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show at Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. Madonna collaborated with Cirque du Soleil in producing the show. 36 image projectors were utilized to create a spectacle of lights. The whole performance consisted of 500 total outfits including customized looks for musical guests LMFAO, Minaj, M.I.A. and Green as well as costumes for 100 drum line performers, 150 gladiators—who wore pairs of black underwear designed by Calvin Klein—and 200 choir singers. As the performance of "Music" ended, a group of female dancers in cheerleader uniforms joined Madonna onstage for performing "Give Me All Your Luvin". Minaj and M.I.A. joined her onstage, both dressed in Egyptian inspired clothing. Together they danced as cheerleaders while holding pom-poms. During the intermediate section, all three of them stood on separate elevated platforms where Minaj and M.I.A. performed their respective verses.
The performance gained widespread attention from the media after M.I.A. extended her middle finger to the camera near the end of her verse instead of singing the word "shit". Media criticized M.I.A. for the gesture and compared the incident to Janet Jackson's 2004 wardrobe malfunction. People said, "Call it a finger malfunction? Madonna was supposed to be the center of attention during the Super Bowl halftime show Sunday, but the Queen of Pop was upstaged by her collaborator M.I.A., who flipped off the camera at one point during the performance, prompting swift apologies from the NFL and NBC." Madonna herself expressed her disappointment during an interview with host Ryan Seacrest on his talk show, On Air with Ryan Seacrest. She felt that it was a "teenager... irrelevant thing" for M.I.A. to do during the show since it was "out of place". Brian McCarthy, spokesman for the NFL said, "Our system was late to obscure the inappropriate gesture and we apologize to our viewers. The NFL hired the talent and produced the halftime show. There was a failure in NBC's delay system. The obscene gesture in the performance was completely inappropriate, very disappointing, and we apologize to our fans." McCarthy also clarified that the gesture was not revealed during rehearsals, M.I.A. improvised it on stage. The league later fined the rapper a total of $16.6 million as penalty, which was resolved through a confidential agreement in 2014.
Madonna also performed "Give Me All Your Luvin" the same year on The MDNA Tour. After the performance of "Express Yourself" ended, she began performing "Give Me All Your Luvin" dressed as a drum majorette in a white-and-red uniform with tall white boots. Phillips explained that the ensemble was created and inspired by a 1940s majorette look, and she added Swarovski crystals to the dress. Madonna sang the song on stage while a drumline was suspended in mid-air, and M.I.A. and Minaj appeared on the video screen. Caryn Ganz from Spin called the performance as the "night's most innovative moment" while Brian McManus from Rolling Stone was impressed with the drumline levitation on top of the stage. Niv Elis from The Jerusalem Post declared the performance as one of the show's "wow" moments. The November 19–20, 2012, performance of "Give Me All Your Luvin" at Miami's American Airlines Arena, was recorded and released in Madonna's fourth live album, MDNA World Tour.
Track listings and formats
Digital download
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.) – 3:22
Digital download – Party Rock Remix
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Party Rock Remix; featuring LMFAO and Nicki Minaj) – 4:03
CD single
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (featuring Nicki Minaj and M.I.A.) – 3:22
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Party Rock Remix; featuring LMFAO and Nicki Minaj) – 4:01
Digital Remix EP
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Laidback Luke Remix) – 6:06
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Nicky Romero Remix) – 5:54
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Party Rock Remix; featuring LMFAO and Nicki Minaj) – 4:01
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Sultan + Ned Shepard Remix) – 5:59
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Oliver Twizt Remix) – 4:48
"Give Me All Your Luvin" (Demolition Crew Remix) – 7:02
Credits and personnel
Management
Recorded at MSR Studios, New York City and Sarm West Studios, Notting Hill, London
Nicki Minaj Appears Courtesy of Young Money Entertainment/Cash Money Records | M.I.A. Appears Courtesy of Interscope Records
Webo Girl Publishing, Inc. (ASCAP), EMI Music Publishing France (SACEM), Money Mack Music/Harajuku Barbie Music, adm. by Songs of Universal, Inc. (BMI), N.E.E.T. Noise/Imagem Music (PRS)
Personnel
Madonna Ciccone – writer, singer and record producer
Martin Solveig – writer, record producer, synths, drums
Onika Maraj – writer, singer
Maya Arulpragasam – writer, singer
Michael Tordjman – writer
Demacio "Demo" Castellon – recording, mixing
Philippe Weiss – recording assistant
Graham Archer – recording assistant
Jason "Metal" Donkersgoed – additional editing
Jean Baptiste Gaudray – guitars
Angie Teo – mixing assistant
LMFAO – remixing, additional production
Credits and personnel adapted from MDNA album liner notes.
Charts
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Certifications and sales
Release history
See also
List of most expensive music videos
List of Billboard Dance Club Songs number ones of 2015
List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles in 2012
List of Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles of 2012
List of number-one pop hits of 2012 (Brazil)
List of number-one singles of 2012 (Finland)
List of top 10 singles in 2012 (France)
References
External links
2012 singles
2012 songs
Canadian Hot 100 number-one singles
Interscope Records singles
Madonna songs
Nicki Minaj songs
M.I.A. (rapper) songs
Number-one singles in Finland
Number-one singles in Israel
Songs involved in plagiarism controversies
Record Report Pop Rock General number-one singles
Songs written by Madonna
Songs written by Nicki Minaj
Songs written by Martin Solveig
Song recordings produced by Madonna
Song recordings produced by Martin Solveig
Songs written by M.I.A. (rapper)
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Кубок Франції з футболу 2008—2009
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Кубок Франції з футболу 2008—2009
Кубок Франції з футболу 2008–2009 — 92-й розіграш кубкового футбольного турніру у Франції. Титул вперше здобув Генгам, який на момент проведення змагань виступав у Лізі 2, другому за силою дивізіоні у французькому футболі.
Регламент
Кубок Франції складається з двох етапів:
відбіркового, який складається з шести регіональних етапів (перші два організовуються в кожному регіоні за своєю схемою для клубів регіональних ліг, наступні чотири організовуються в регіонах централізовано за участі клубів з національних аматорських і напівпрофесіональних ліг) та двох національних етапів (7-й і 8-й етап, з 7-го стартують клуби Ліги 2 та представники заморських територій);
фінального, який починається з 1/32 фіналу — з цього раунду стартують клуби провідної Ліги 1.
1/32 фіналу
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1/16 фіналу
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Фінал
Примітки
Посилання
Кубок Франції на soccerway
Кубок Франції на rsssf
2008–2009
Франція
Франція
2008 у французькому спорті
2009 у французькому спорті
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3026748
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D1%84%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%20%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Юфа Семен Вікторович
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Юфа Семен Вікторович
Семен Вікторович Юфа — організатор першої і найбільшої фінансової піраміди в Україні «Меркурій», що існувала в 1992—1995 роках. Юфу називають «українським Мавроді».
Біографія
Перші серйозні гроші майбутній фінансовий комбінатор заробив ще під час строкової служби в радянській армії. На рибкомбінаті в карельському Біломорську, де на початку 1980-х служив Юфа, нікому було займатися завантаженням риби, оскільки місцеве населення страждало від алкоголізму. Юфа і кілька товаришів по службі виміняли на флотський спирт поламаний автонавантажувач, відремонтували його і запропонували свої послуги комбінату. Зароблених грошей вистачило на однокімнатну квартиру в Києві.
Повернувшись в 1982 році з армії, Юфа влаштувався кухарем у престижний київський ресторан «Лейпциг» у столичному Палаці спорту, але через якийсь час перекваліфікувався в «яточники». Вулична торгівля морозивом обіцяла куди більший заробіток. Юфа розповідав, що працював по 18 годин на добу, і зовсім скоро його офіційний місячний дохід, який залежав від виторгу, перевалив за 1000 рублів, при тому, що офіційна зарплата директора ресторану, де працював Юфа, становила 140 рублів.
В 1992 році Семен Юфа разом з партнерами Гаррі Габовічем (який значно пізніше став засновником провайдера «Lucky.Net») і з майбутнім нардепом-регіоналом Олександром Пресманом (його називали представником легендарного кримінального авторитета Семена Могилевича), створили класичну фінансову «піраміду», яка стала найбільшою в Україні — за часів гіперінфляції 90-х років «Меркурій» обіцяв 429 % річних. Підприємливим бізнесменам допомагав відомий тоді «авторитет» Віктор Авдишев.
«Меркурій» став першою структурою, яка отримала право на приватизацію. Меркурій контролював акції ЦУМу, «Дитячого світу», універмагу «Україна» в Києві, донецького торгового центру «Білий лебідь», частки в Київському молокозаводі № 2, Житомирському заводі металоконструкцій та іншого.
У 1994 році бізнесмен Семен Юфа балотувався до Верховної Ради, але не пройшов. Тоді ж командою з «Меркурія» зацікавилися міліція. Юфа, побоюючись кримінального переслідування (розповідали, що він серйозно посварився з тодішнім керівництвом МВС), виїхав до Ізраїлю.
У лютому 1995 року ошукані люди влаштували облогу офісу компанії. Але це не допомогло: обіцяних грошей ніхто не отримав. У ЗМІ нарахували: 25 млн доларів з кишень 25 тисяч вкладників зникли в нікуди. Саме тоді Семена Юфу почали порівнювати з Сергієм Мавроді і його «МММ».
Див. також
Кий-Траст
Джерела
Бог торговли
Человек из бандитских 90-х: Кто такой Семен Юфа, и зачем он едет в Украину
Шахраї
Авантюристи
Фінансові піраміди
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4367234
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%90%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%20%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Меремінський Артур Йосипович
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Меремінський Артур Йосипович (10 травня 1926, Житомир — 5 березня 2007, Рівне) — український еколог, ветеринарний лікар, вчений, викладач, доктор ветеринарних наук, професор. Зробив внесок у розвиток ветеринарної та природоохоронної галузі на Рівненщині.
Життєпис
Народився у Житомирі, закінчив там середню школу. У 1942—1944 роках навчався у Московській сільськогосподарській академії ім. К. А. Тимірязєва, у 1949 році закінчив Київський ветеринарний інститут.
У 1949—1960 роках працював завідувачем паразитологічного відділу Рівненської обласної ветеринарно-бактеріологічної лабораторії.
У 1960—1979 роках працював на Рівненській науково-дослідній ветеринарній станції. Розробив систему прогнозування фасціольозу та парамфістоматозу жуйних тварин. За це відкриття був нагороджений срібною медаллю ВДНГ (Виставки досягнень народного господарства).
У 1971 році захистив докторську дисертацію, був першим на Рівненщині доктором ветеринарних наук.
У 1979 році був делегатом ХХІ Всесвітнього ветеринарного конгресу у м. Москва.
У 1979—1997 роках — завідувач кафедри природничих дисциплін Рівненського державного педагогічного інституту. Розробляв і читав лекційні курси, проводив лабораторно-практичні заняття, публікував статті і методичні рекомендації, зокрема «Екологічне виховання під час вивчення основ ботаніки і зоології», «Про систему безперервної екологічної освіти у педагогічному вузі», «Навчально-польова практика в системі екологічного виховання майбутніх вчителів початкових класів», «Краєзнавчий напрям екологічної підготовки вчителів початкових класів» та інші.
З 1997 року — професор кафедри менеджменту організацій і зовнішньо-економічної діяльності Рівненського інституту слов'янознавства Київського славістичного університету.
Був нагороджений медаллю «Ветеран праці», знаком «Відмінник освіти України», Почесною Грамотою Українського товариства охорони природи.
Коло наукових інтересів
дослідження паразитарних захворювань сільськогосподарських та домашніх тварин
біологія та екологія трематод
боротьба з фасціольозом і парамфістоматоїдозом жуйних тварин на Поліссі України
вивчення унікальних ландшафтів, рідкісних та зникаючих видів флори і фауни Рівненщини та їх збереження
Наукові праці і публікації
Автор численних статей і публікацій, зокрема:
«Прогнозування фасціольозу і парамфістоматоїдозу жуйних тварин» (Київ, 1970)
«Інвазійні хвороби сільськогосподарських тварин», співавтор (Київ, 1980)
«Природа України та її охорона», співавтор (Рівне, 1993)
«Туризм і охорона природи», співавтор (Рівне, 1993)
«Основи екології: Соціоекологічний аспект»(Рівне, 1999)
«Заповідними стежками», співавтор (Рівне, 2001)
«Рідкісні рослини і тварини Рівненщини» (Рівне, 2002)
«Ландшафти і рослини Поліського краю» (Рівне, 2005)
Громадська діяльність
входив до складу президії Обласного товариства охорони природи
був лектором Обласного товариства «Знання»
пропагував здоровий спосіб життя серед учнівської і студентської молоді
Джерела
Тхор І. В. Меремінський Артур Йосипович / І. В. Тхор // Енциклопедія сучасної України / НАН України, Наук. тов. ім. Шевченка. — Київ, 2018. — Т. 20 : Медична-Мікоян. — С.213–214.
Меремінський Артур Йосипович: науковець, природознавець, читач: біобібліогр. покажч. / Рівнен. держ. обл. б-ка, Рівнен. обл. орг. Укр. т-ва охорони природи ; уклад.: Н. О. Нікітіна ; наук. ред.: О. Л. Промська ; ред.: З. М. Тирак ; відп. за вип.: В. П. Ярощук. — Рівне: О. Зень, 2012. — 63 с. : фотоіл. — (Серія «Дослідники Рівненського краю»).
Посилання
Біобібліографічний покажчик «Меремінський Артур Йосипович: науковець, природознавець, читач»
Примітки
Українські професори
Українські екологи
Українські ветеринари
Українські природознавці
Українські природоохоронці
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21319094
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clam%20Lake%2C%20Wisconsin
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Clam Lake, Wisconsin
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Clam Lake, Wisconsin
Clam Lake is an unincorporated, census-designated place in the town of Gordon in Ashland County, Wisconsin, United States. It is located on Wisconsin Highway 77 near County Highway GG. The entire area lies within the Chequamegon National Forest, an 860,000 acre area spread across northern Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, its population was 37.
Situated near the headwaters of the Chippewa Flowage, the area encompasses several smaller lakes that host prime Musky fishing.
Clam Lake is well known as the site of the reintroduction of elk in Wisconsin with a herd of 25 in 1995 by the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, which has grown to an estimated 180.
Clam Lake is the site of a U.S. Navy extremely low frequency (ELF) transmitter site, used to communicate with deeply submerged submarines. It was used between 1985 and 2004 but is now decommissioned.
Geography
Clam Lake is located at (46.164, -90.902).
Climate
References
External links
Clam Lake, Wisconsin website
Census-designated places in Ashland County, Wisconsin
Census-designated places in Wisconsin
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1167850
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B0
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Хеляса
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Хеляса — село у повіті Сучава в Румунії. Адміністративно підпорядковане місту Броштень.
Село розташоване на відстані 312 км на північ від Бухареста, 61 км на південний захід від Сучави, 141 км на захід від Ясс.
Населення
За даними перепису населення 2002 року у селі проживали особи, усі — румуни. Усі жителі села рідною мовою назвали румунську.
Примітки
Села повіту Сучава
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71763298
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udy%2C%20Kharkiv%20Oblast
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Udy, Kharkiv Oblast
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Udy, Kharkiv Oblast
Udy is a village (selo) in Bohodukhiv Raion, Kharkiv Oblast, Ukraine. It belongs to the Zolochiv settlement hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. The village was founded in 1677 and was known as Prystinne until 1706.
Geography
The village is located on the banks of the Udy River and is approximately 4 km. from the Russian border.
History
The village was founded on 14 November 1677 and was originally known as Prystinne.
In 1706, the village was renamed Udy, after the river of the same name.
During the Russian Empire, Udy was the administrative center of the Udyansk Volost[uk], a volost of the Kharkovskiy Uyezd.
In 1864, the village consisted of 432 farms and had a population of 3,742 (1,834 males and 1,908 females).
By 1914, the population had increased to 5,167.
406 village residents died as a result of the Holodomor.
In late August 2022, Udy was captured by Russian forces as part of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The village was liberated during the eastern counteroffensive.
See also
2022 Ukrainian Kharkiv counteroffensive
Russian occupation of Kharkiv Oblast
References
1677 establishments in Europe
Villages in Bohodukhiv Raion
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45384198
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bal%C5%A1a%20Hercegovi%C4%87
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Balša Hercegović
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Balša Hercegović (1455) was the titular "Duke of St. Sava" (dux sancti Save), as son of Vladislav Hercegović, the Grand Duke of Bosnia, sprung from the marriage to Byzantine princess Anna Kantakouzene. Historian D. Lovrenović noted that it was possible that he was Jelena Nelipić's son. Some time after 1455, Vladislav sent Anna and Balša and his niece Mara to live in the Republic of Ragusa. Balša's brother was Petar. His father was given the estate of Kalnik near Križevci, Croatia in 1469 by Matthias Corvinus, where Balša seems to have retired.
References
15th-century births
15th-century deaths
Ragusan nobility
Hercegović noble family
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67501248
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn%20%28surname%29
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Quinn (surname)
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Quinn (surname)
Quinn is an Anglicised form of the Irish Ó Coinn or Mac Cuinn. The latter surname means "descendant of Conn". The surname Quinn is also rendered Ó Cuinn or Mac Cuinn in Irish. The surname is borne by several unrelated families in Ireland, especially in the northern province of Ulster and also the counties of Clare, Longford, and Mayo. According to the historian C. Thomas Cairney, the O'Quins were part of the Conmaicne Rein tribe in Ireland who came from the Erainn tribe who were the second wave of Celts to settle in Ireland from about 500 and 100 BC. The most notable family of the name are that of Thomond, a Dalcassian sept, who derive their surname from Niall Ó Cuinn who was slain at the Battle of Clontarf in 1014. This family was formerly represented by the Earls of Dunraven. Another family is that seated in Annaly, who were related to the O'Farrell lords of Longford. Another Quinn family was seated at An Chraobh, County Tyrone and they were related to the O'Neill Kings of Tír Eoghain and for whom they acted as Hereditary Quartermasters. Other families include one seated in Antrim; one seated in Raphoe; and one called Clann Cuain, seated near Castlebar. In the seventeenth century, the surname Quinn was common in Waterford. In 1890, the surname was numerous in Dublin, Tyrone, Antrim, and Roscommon. Quinn is one of the twenty most common surnames in Ireland. the surname Quinn is sometimes associated with Catholics, while Quin is associated with Protestants.
Surname
A
Abby Quinn (born 1996), American actress
Adam Quinn (born 1973), American bagpipe player
Aidan Quinn (born 1959), American actor
Alan Quinn (born 1979), Irish footballer
Albert Quinn (1920–2008), English footballer
Alex Quinn (racing driver) (born 2000), British racing driver
Alexander Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Alexandra Quinn (born 1973), Canadian porn star
Alison Quinn (born 1977), Australian Paralympic athlete
Alistair Quinn (born 1993), Australian footballer
Andrea Quinn (born 1964), English conductor
Andrew Quinn (born 1983), Irish hurler
Anthony Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Aodhan Quinn (born 1992), American soccer player
Austin Quinn (1892–1974), Irish prelate
Austin Quinn-Davidson (born 1979), American politician
B
Barry Quinn (born 1979), Irish footballer
Bart Quinn (1917–2013), American basketball player
Bernard Quinn (born 1947), Scottish footballer
Bernard J. Quinn (1888–1940), American priest
Bertha Quinn (1873–1951), British suffragette
Bill Quinn (1912–1994), American actor
Billy Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Bob Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Bradley Quinn (born 1976), Northern Irish photographer
Brady Quinn (born 1984), American football player
Brandon Quinn (born 1977), American actor
Brendan Quinn (born 1960), Irish runner
Brian Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
C
Cameron Quinn, American lawyer and professor
Carl Quinn, Canadian singer-songwriter
Carmel Quinn (1925–2021), Irish-American entertainer
Carolyn Quinn (born 1961), British journalist
Celia Quinn, Irish camogie player
Charles Quinn (1930–2013), American journalist
Chris Quinn (born 1983), American basketball player
Chris Quinn (rugby league) (born 1968), Australian rugby league footballer
Christine Quinn (born 1966), American politician
Christopher Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Clare Quinn, Irish soprano
Clark Quinn, American brigadier general
Colin Quinn (born 1959), American actor and comedian
C. Patrick Quinn (1900–1969), American politician
D
Daire Quinn, Irish sportsperson
Damien Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Damon Quinn (born 1964), Northern Irish actor
Daniel Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Danny Quinn (born 1964), Italian actor
David Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Declan Quinn (born 1957), American cinematographer
Deirdre Quinn (born 1973), American model
Deirdre Quinn (entrepreneur), American businesswoman
Dennis Michael Quinn (1944–2021), American historian
Derry Quinn (1918–1987), English novelist and screenwriter
Don Quinn (1900–1967), American comedy writer
Doris M. Quinn (1923–2003), American politician
E
Ed Quinn (born 1968), American model
Eddie Quinn (1906–1965), American wrestling manager
Edel Quinn (1907–1944), Irish missionary and saint
Edmond Thomas Quinn (1868–1929), American sculptor
Edward Quinn (1920–1997), Irish photographer
Edward W. Quinn, American politician
Eimear Quinn (born 1972), Irish singer
Elmer F. Quinn (1895–1952), American politician
Emmett Quinn (1877–1930), Canadian ice hockey executive and businessman
Ethan Quinn (born 2004), American tennis player
Evans Quinn (born 1983), Nicaraguan boxer
F
Feargal Quinn (1936–2019), Irish politician and businessman
Felix Patrick Quinn (1874–1961), Canadian industrialist and politician
Frances Quinn (born 1981), British baker
Frances Elizabeth Quinn, Irish-American soldier
Francesco Quinn (1963–2011), American actor
Francis Quinn (1921–2019), American prelate
Francis Quinn (racing driver) (1903–1931), American racing driver
Frank Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Freddy Quinn (born 1931), Austrian singer and actor
G
Gavin Quinn, Australian rugby league footballer
Ged Quinn (born 1963), English artist
Geraldine Quinn (born 1975), Australian songwriter
Gerard Quinn, American law professor
Gerry Quinn (hurler) (born 1980), Irish sportsperson
Gerry Quinn (sportsman, born 1917) (1917–1968), Irish cricketer and rugby union footballer
Glenn Quinn (1970–2002), Irish actor
Gordon Quinn (born 1942), American documentary filmmaker
Gordon Quinn (footballer) (1932–2018), English footballer
Graham Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
H
Hayden Quinn (born 1986), Australian chef
Helen Quinn (born 1943), Australian physicist
I
I. T. Quinn (1887–1972), American conservationist
Isaac N. Quinn (1795–1865), American politician
Ivan Quinn (1899–1969), American football player
J
Jack Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Jacqueline Quinn (born 1965), Irish fashion designer
James Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Jamie Quinn (actor), Scottish actor
Jane Bryant Quinn (born 1939), American financial journalist
Jason Quinn (chef), American chef
Jeanne Quinn (born 1953), American ceramic artist
Jeff Quinn (born 1962), American college football coach
Jennifer Quinn, American mathematician
Jimmy Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Joanna Quinn (born 1962), English film director
Joanna R. Quinn (born 1973), Canadian political scientist
Joe Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
John Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Johnny Quinn (born 1983), American football player and bobsledder
Jonathan Quinn (born 1975), American football player
Jonny Quinn (born 1972), Irish drummer
Joseph Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Josephine Crawley Quinn, American archaeologist
Judy Quinn (born 1974), Canadian writer
Julia Quinn (born 1970), American author
Justin Quinn (born 1968), Irish poet
K
Karla Quinn (born 1988), British figure skater
Kate Quinn, American writer
Keith Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Kellin Quinn (born 1986), American singer
Kelly Quinn (born 1963), American football player
Kenneth Quinn (cricketer) (born 1971), Antiguan cricketer
Kenneth M. Quinn (born 1942), American diplomat
Kermit Quinn, American singer
Kevin Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Kimberly Quinn (born 1961), American journalist
Kimberly Quinn (actress), American actress
L
Larry Quinn (born 1963), American lacrosse player
Larry Quinn (ice hockey) (born 1952), American ice hockey executive
Lawrie Quinn (born 1956), English politician
Liam Quinn (born 1949), American-Irish army officer
Lisa Quinn (born 1967), American television host
Lochlann Quinn (born 1940), Irish businessman and philanthropist
Lonnie Quinn (born 1963), American weatherman
Lorenzo Quinn (born 1966), Italian artist and sculptor
Louis Quinn (1915–1988), American actor
Louis Joseph Quinn (1928–2007), English missionary
Louise Quinn (born 1990), Irish footballer
Lucy Quinn (born 1993), English footballer
M
Maire Quinn (1872–1947), Irish actress
Marc Quinn (born 1964), English artist
Marcus Quinn (born 1959), American football player
Marguerite Quinn, American politician
Mark Quinn (born 1974), American baseball player
Martha Quinn (born 1959), American media personality
Martin Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Marty Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Mary Alice Quinn (1920–1935), American schoolgirl
Mary Ellen Quinn (born 1949), American librarian
Matt Quinn (born 1993), English-New Zealand cricketer
Matthew Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Maureen E. Quinn, American civil servant
Maz Quinn (born 1976), New Zealand surfer
Michael Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Mickey Quinn, Irish Gaelic footballer
Micky Quinn (born 1962), English footballer
Mike Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Molly Quinn (born 1993), American actress
N
Nancy Quinn (1919–2014), American public figure
Naomi Quinn (1939–2019), American anthropologist
Ned Quinn (1923–2019), Irish hurler
Nesanel Quinn (1910–2005), American rabbi and educator
Neville Quinn (1908–1934), South African cricketer
Niall Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Nicholas Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Noel Quinn (born 1962), British banking executive
Noelle Quinn (born 1985), American basketball player
O
Oisín Quinn (born 1969), Irish politician
Ollie Quinn (1893–1949), American mob boss
Owen J. Quinn (born 1941), American parachutist
P
Padraig Quinn (1899–1974), Irish officer
Paddy Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Pat Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Patricia Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Paul Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Paula Quinn (born 1961), American novelist
Percy Quinn (1876–1944), Canadian athlete and ice hockey executive
Peter Quinn (disambiguation), multiple people
Philip L. Quinn (1940–2004), American philosopher
Q
Quinn (born 1995), Canadian soccer player and Olympic gold medalist
R
R. Joseph Quinn (born 1942), American lawyer, judge, and politician
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Daniel Quinn, the main character in Paul Auster's City of Glass, the first of three novels in The New York Trilogy
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Michaela A. Quinn, in the American television series Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
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Love Quinn, a character in the American psychological thriller television series You
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Attorney General Quinn (disambiguation), a disambiguation page with Attorneys General surnamed "Quinn"
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Quinn (soccer) (born 1995), Canadian soccer player
O'Quinn, a page with people with the surname "O'Quinn"
Quin (disambiguation), a disambiguation page for "Quin"
Quinn (given name), a page with people with the given name "Quinn"
Pre-Norman invasion Irish Celtic kinship groups, from whom many of the modern Irish surnames came from
References
External links
Quinn at Araltas
English-language surnames
Anglicised Irish-language surnames
Septs of the Dál gCais
Surnames of Irish origin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20%C5%BDi%C5%BEka
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Jan Žižka
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Jan Žižka z Trocnova a Kalicha (1360 – 11 October 1424) was a Czech general who was a contemporary and follower of Jan Hus and was a Radical Hussite and led the Taborites. Žižka was a successful military leader and is now a Czech national hero. He was nicknamed "One-eyed Žižka", having lost one and then both eyes. Jan Žižka led Hussite forces against three crusades and never lost a single battle although he was completely blind in his last stages of life.
He was born in the small village of Trocnov in the Kingdom of Bohemia into a family from the Czech nobility. According to Piccolomini's Historia Bohemica, he had some connections with the royal court from his youth, and later held the office of Chamberlain to Queen Sofia of Bavaria. He fought in the Battle of Grunwald (15 July 1410), where he defended Radzyń against the Teutonic Order. Later, he played a prominent role in the civil wars in Bohemia. He led the Hussites during the first important clashes of the conflict in the Battle of Sudoměř (1420) and in the Battle of Vítkov Hill (1420). In the Battle of Kutná Hora (1421) he defeated the army of the Holy Roman Empire and the Hungarian Kingdom. The effectiveness of his field artillery against the royal cavalry in this battle made it a successful element of Hussite armies.
Žižka's tactics were unorthodox and innovative. In addition to training and equipping his army according to their abilities, he used armored wagons fitted with small cannons and muskets, anticipating the tank of five hundred years later. He exploited geographic features to the full and maintained good discipline in his armies. He had to train peasants quickly to face highly-trained and -armored opponents repeatedly, who usually outnumbered his own troops. For those reasons, he is often regarded as one of the greatest military commanders of all time.
A monument was erected on the Vítkov Hill in Prague to honor Jan Žižka and his victory on this hill in 1420. It is the third-largest bronze equestrian statue in the world.
Early life
Jan Žižka was born in one of two Meierhofs of the village Trocnov (nowadays part of Borovany). An old legend says that he was born in the forest under an oak growing just next to the fields and little ponds belonging to the Meierhof. Žižka's family belonged to the lower Czech gentry but did not own much estate. Little is known of the rest of the family. Jan Žižka had several siblings but the only names known to historians are brother Jaroslav and sister Anežka. The family had a crayfish in their coat of arms.
The date of Žižka's birth is not known. A document dated 3 April 1378 mentions (Jan called Zizka of Trocnov) as a witness on a marriage contract. On the basis of this document, it is assumed that Žižka must have been of legal age at this time and was born around 1360. Nevertheless, there is no direct evidence whether Jan Žižka listed on this document was identical with the Hussite general. For example, Czech historian Tomek and his followers supposed it could have been the military leader's father. They argued that if Žižka were adult in 1378, he would be too old to become such an able commander after 1419. Others, such as Šmahel, admitted that even such an age might not have prevented him from successful leadership. Furthermore, historian Petr Čornej notes that "Žižka" was not a family name but a specific nickname that is not attested in any other member of Žižka's family.
In the years 1378–1384, Žižka's name appears on several property documents, which indicate that he was struggling with long-term financial problems. In 1381, Žižka is attested in Prague, in connection with the settlement of the inheritance on the Trocnov estate. It is unclear how to connect this stay with Piccolomini's later report that young Žížka received an education at the Prague royal court. A 1384 document also mentions some Kateřina, a wife of Johannes dictus Zizka. This document states that Žižka sold the field he had once acquired from Kateřina as a dowry. After this date, Žižka's name disappears from historical documents for 20 years and it is generally assumed that he became a mercenary soldier.
Žižka as an outlaw
Although some of the south Bohemian nobility led by Henry III of Rosenberg took part in various revolts against king Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia at the turn of the 14th and 15th century (the king was even held captive in the Rosenberg castles of Příběnice and Český Krumlov for a short time), there is no evidence of Žižka's participation in these conflicts. It is supposed that in the early years of the 15th century Jan Žižka already controlled his family property. However, the family probably got into financial problems and started selling parts of their estate. Some sources suggest that Žižka's father took the place of the royal gamekeeper before he died in 1407 near Plzeň and Žižka himself might have been taken into the royal service, too, but the evidence is not clear enough.
However, beginning in 1406, Žižka starts appearing in the black book of the Rosenberg estate as an accused bandit. Unfortunately the reasons of this charge are not known, but the fact that he declared open hostility to Henry of Rosenberg and also to the city of Budějovice and their allies suggests that he was trying to fight some injustice against his house and to enforce some of his rights in this way. Šmahel assigns the boom of south-Bohemian banditry in that time to the continual growth of the estates of the rich house of Rosenberg (and of the church estates) and simultaneous indebtedness and pauperization of the lower gentry together with the thirst for land among their subjects, which resulted in social tension in the area. These circumstances may have eventually forced Žižka to leave his residence in Trocnov. Historian Tomek also speculated that he might have been forcibly deprived of his small hereditary property, which was not uncommon in that time. As a result, he started leading the life of an outlaw, partly supported by the local nobleman Valkoun.
In any case, violence broke out and Žižka tried to harm his enemies on any possible occasion using as his allies, also local bandits, led by Matěj Vůdce (Matthew the Leader) who were seeking only financial profit. The group camped in various places, including a farm in the village of Sedlo (nowadays part of Číměř), a mill not far from Lomnice nad Lužnicí, at a house of an unknown woman in Hlavatce or simply in the woods. During that period, robbery, holding people for ransom, and attacking small towns were the main source of the group's income. They used it to pay their living expenses (including paying temporary hosts) and to pay spies. Žižka took part in these raids and at least one murder: a man belonging to the cohort of Henry of Rosenberg. Žižka and the bandits were also in touch with some more powerful enemies of Henry of Rosenberg. For example, in 1408 Žižka took part in preparations for conquering the castle Hus near Prachatice (whose burgrave was Mikuláš of Hus who later became one of first commandants in Žižka's army in the beginning of the Hussite Wars). He also negotiated with Aleš of Bítov to secure Jan's help attempting to conquer the towns of Nové Hrady and Třeboň. Another nobleman asking Jan's help was Erhart of Kunštát who wanted to capture the stronghold of Slověnice.
Some of Žižka's companions were eventually captured, tortured, and executed, including Matěj Vůdce. Žižka's situation changed on 25 of April 1409 when king Wenceslas agreed that his conflict with the city of Budějovice should be finished and on 27 June he pardoned him (calling him "faithful and beloved") by a special letter. At the same time he ordered the city council of Budějovice to do so too. This suggests that the king admitted that Žižka was at least partly justified in the conflict.
Grunwald (1410)
According to the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz, in the following year (1410) Žižka served as a mercenary during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. It is assumed that he was on the winning Polish-Lithuanian side of the Battle of Grunwald, also called the 1st Battle of Tannenberg, one of the largest battles in Medieval Europe. It was fought on 15 July 1410, and the alliance of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respectively by King of Poland Jogaila (Władysław II Jagiełło) and Grand Duke Vytautas (Witold), decisively defeated the Teutonic Knights, led by Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen. Długosz reports that after the battle, Žižka was serving in the garrison of the town of Radzyń.
A stay in Prague
The place of Žižka's activity in the years 1411–1419 is not entirely certain. According to a later report by Lukáš Pražský (from 1527), Žižka entered the service of Sophia of Bavaria, the wife of Wenceslas IV, as her chamberlain, and he accompanied her when she was attending the preachings of Jan Hus. Given that Hus went to the South Bohemian exile in 1413, this report must relate to the years 1411–1412. According to the Hussite historian Vavřinec z Březové (Vavřinec of Březová), who knew Žižka personally and referred to the events of 1419, the future Hussite leader then served as a familiaris regis Bohemiae (literally "a family member of the Bohemian king", i.e. a king's courtier). This is confirmed by later chronicles from the 16th century, which specifically highlight the exceptional position that Žižka had among the servants of Wenceslas IV. It is possible that Žižka took part in the unsuccessful war of the Polish king against the Teutonic Knights in 1414, but concrete evidence is lacking. However, it is interesting that just one month after the end of this war campaign, on 7 November 1414, a house in Na Příkopě street in Prague was bought by the one-eyed royal "doorman" Janek (Janek portulanus regius). Czech historiography generally accepts that this "doorman" was identical with Žižka. On 27 May 1416, the "doorman" Janek sells this house and buys another, smaller one in the Old Town.
Rise to prominence
Jan Žižka made his first significant mark in history on 30 July 1419 in Prague, when he joined a Hussite procession led by the priest Jan Želivský. The crowd gathered in front of the New Town hall and demanded the release of several Hussites held in prison. When these demands were rejected by the councilors, the crowd stormed the town hall and threw the councilors out of the windows. This so-called First Defenestration of Prague is regarded as the beginning of the Hussite revolution. Wenceslaus IV died 17 days after hearing about these events, likely from a heart attack. The Hussites subsequently seized the city and expelled all their opponents.
On 13 November 1419 a temporary armistice was concluded between the partisans of King Sigismund, the last Emperor of the House of Luxemburg and the citizens of Prague. Žižka disapproved of this compromise and left Prague for Plzeň, one of the richest cities of the kingdom, with his followers, but soon left that city. On 25 March 1420 he defeated the partisans of Sigismund at Sudoměř, the first pitched battle of the Hussite wars. He later arrived at Tábor, the then-recently established stronghold of the Hussite movement. The ecclesiastical organization of Tabor had a somewhat puritanical character with a very strict military discipline being instituted though the government was established on a thoroughly democratic basis. Žižka took a large part in the organization of the new military community and became one of the four captains of the people (hejtman) who were at its head.
Wagenburg tactics
Žižka helped develop tactics of using wagon forts, called vozová hradba in Czech or Wagenburg by the Germans, as mobile fortifications. When the Hussite army faced a numerically superior opponent they prepared carts for the battle by forming them into squares or circles. The carts were joined wheel to wheel by chains and positioned aslant, with their corners attached to each other, so that horses could be harnessed to them quickly, if necessary. In front of this wall of carts a ditch was dug by camp followers. The crew of each cart consisted of 16–22 soldiers: 4–8 crossbowmen, 2 handgunners, 6–8 soldiers equipped with pikes or flails (the flail was the Hussite "national weapon"), 2 shield carriers and 2 drivers.
The Hussites' battle consisted of two stages, the first defensive, the second an offensive counterattack. In the first stage the army placed the carts near the enemy army and by means of artillery fire provoked the enemy into battle. The artillery would usually inflict heavy casualties at close range.
In order to avoid more losses, the enemy knights finally attacked. Then the infantry hidden behind the carts used firearms and crossbows to ward off the attack, weakening the enemy. The shooters aimed first at the horses, depriving the cavalry of its main advantage. Many of the knights died as their horses were shot and they fell.
As soon as the enemy's morale was lowered, the second stage, an offensive counterattack, began. The infantry and the cavalry burst out from behind the carts, striking violently at the enemy, mostly from the flanks. While fighting on the flanks and being shelled from the carts the enemy was not able to put up much resistance. They were forced to withdraw, leaving behind dismounted knights in heavy armor who were unable to escape the battlefield. The enemy armies suffered heavy losses and the Hussites soon had the reputation of not taking captives.
Gunpowder weapons
The Hussite wars also marked the earliest successful use of pistols on the battlefield and Žižka was an innovator in the use of gunpowder. He was the first European commander to maneuver on the field with cannon of medium caliber mounted on carts in between the wagons. The Czechs called the handgun a píšťala, and anti-infantry field guns houfnice, from which the English words "pistol" and "howitzer" have been derived. The Germans had just started corning gunpowder, making it suitable for use in smaller, tactical weapons. A handgunner on an open field armed with only a single-shot weapon and without a bayonette was no match for a charging knight on a horse; however, from behind a castle wall, or from within the enclosure of the wagenburg, massed and disciplined gunmen could use the handgun to its greatest potential. From his experiences at the Battle of Grunwald, Žižka knew exactly how his enemies would attack, and he found new ways to defeat forces numerically superior to his own.
Hussite Crusades
The Hussite Wars were fought to win recognition of faith of the Hussites, the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation, and though predominantly a religious movement, it was also propelled by social issues and strengthened Czech national awareness. The Catholic Church deemed Hus's teachings heretical. He was excommunicated in 1411, condemned by the Council of Constance, and burned at the stake in 1415. The wars proper began in July 1419, with the First Defenestration of Prague, when protesting Hussites threw the town councillors and the judge out the windows of the New Town Hall. It has been reputed that King Wenceslaus IV was so stunned by the defenestration that he died from the shock shortly afterward on 16 August 1419. This led to the armed conflict in which Žižka was to earn his fame.
The first anti-Hussite crusade
King Sigismund was king of Hungary but only the titular king of Bohemia. Sigismund had acquired a claim on the Bohemian crown, though it was then in question (and remained so till much later) whether Bohemia was a hereditary or an elective monarchy, especially as the line through which Sigismund claimed the throne had accepted that the Kingdom of Bohemia was an elective monarchy elected by the nobles, and thus the regent of the kingdom (Čeněk of Wartenberg) also explicitly stated that Sigismund had not been elected as reason for Sigismund's claim to not be accepted. A firm adherent of the Church of Rome, Sigismund was successful in obtaining aid from Pope Martin V, who issued a bull on 17 March 1420 which proclaimed a crusade "for the destruction of the John Wycliffe, Hussites and all other heretics in Bohemia". Sigismund and many German princes arrived before the walls of Prague on 30 June at the head of a vast army of crusaders from all parts of Europe, largely consisting of adventurers attracted by the possibility of pillage. They immediately began a siege of the city and Žižka was compelled to defend the Kingdom. He was a pragmatist in developing his military strategy. His army consisted of farmers and peasants, lacking both the funds and equipment to be classic soldiers with sword, horse and armor, so Žižka used their farmers' skills to boost their military efficiency. He adapted tools of agriculture into tools of war. The agricultural flail was transformed into the flail.
Menaced by Sigismund, the citizens of Prague entreated the Taborites for assistance. Led by Žižka and their other captains, the Taborites set out to take part in the defence of the capital. At Prague, Žižka and his men took up a strong position on the hill just outside the city known as the Vítkov, now in Žižkov, a district of Prague named after the battle in his honour. On 14 July the armies of Sigismund made a general attack. A strong German Crusader-led force assaulted the position on the Vítkov, the stronghold that secured the Hussite communications with the open country. Thanks to Žižka's personal leadership, the attack was thrown back and the forces of Sigismund abandoned the siege. On August 22 the Taborites left Prague and returned to Tábor. Though Sigismund had retired from Prague, the castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany remained in possession of his troops. The citizens of Prague laid siege to the Vyšehrad (see Battle of Vyšehrad), and towards the end of October the garrison was on the point of capitulating through famine. Sigismund attempted to relieve the fortress, but was decisively defeated by the Hussites on November 1 near the village of Pankrác. The castles of Vyšehrad and Hradčany now capitulated, and shortly afterwards almost all Bohemia fell into the hands of the Hussites.
Žižka now engaged in constant warfare with the partisans of Sigismund, particularly with the powerful Romanist, Oldřich II of Rožmberk. Through this struggle, the Hussites obtained possession of the greater part of Bohemia from Sigismund. It was proposed to elect the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas to the throne. However, the estates of Bohemia and Moravia met at Čáslav on 1 June 1421 and decided to appoint a provisional government, consisting of twenty members chosen from all the political and religious parties of the country. Žižka, who took part in the deliberations at Čáslav, was elected as one of the two representatives of Tábor.
Žižka summarily suppressed some disturbances on the part of a fanatical sect called the Adamites. He then continued his campaigns against the Romanists and the adherents of Sigismund, and having captured and rebuilt a small castle near Litoměřice (Leitmeritz), he retained possession of it, the only reward for his great services that he ever received or claimed. According to the Hussite custom he gave the Biblical name of Chalice (Kalich in Czech) to this new possession, and henceforth adopted the signature of Žižka of the Chalice. Jan Žižka did not capture any more properties for himself during the Hussite Wars. This fact was unusual for the time and distinguished Žižka from his contemporaries.
Later that year he was severely wounded while besieging the Rabí Castle, and lost the use of his remaining eye. Though now totally blind, he continued to command the armies of Tábor.
The second anti-Hussite crusade
At the end of 1421, Sigismund again attempted to subdue Bohemia and gained possession of the important town of Kutná Hora. The mainly German citizens of the city killed a few of the Hussites in the town and closed the city to Žižka, whose armies were camped outside the city walls. Sigismund's armies arrived and surrounded the Hussites. Žižka was at the head of the united armies of Tábor and Prague and though trapped managed to execute what some historians call the first mobile artillery manoeuver in history. Žižka broke through the enemy lines and retreated to Kolín, but having received reinforcements he attacked and defeated Sigismund's unsuspecting army at the village of Nebovidy between Kolín and Kutná Hora on 6 January 1422. Sigismund lost 12,000 men and only escaped himself by rapid flight. Sigismund's forces made a last stand at Battle of Německý Brod on 10 January, but the city was stormed by the Czechs, and contrary to Žižka's orders, its defenders were put to the sword.
Civil war
Early in 1423, internal dissent among the Hussites led to civil war. Žižka, as leader of the Taborites, defeated the men of Prague and the Utraquist nobles at Hořice on 20 April. Shortly afterwards came news that a new crusade against Bohemia was being prepared. This induced the Hussites to conclude an armistice at Konopiště on 24 June. As soon as the crusaders had dispersed, internal dissent broke out anew. During his temporary rule over Bohemia, Prince Sigismund Korybut of Lithuania had appointed Bořek, the lord of Miletínek, governor of the city of Hradec Králové. Bořek belonged to a moderate Hussite faction, the Utraquist party. After the departure of Sigismund Korybut, the city of Hradec Králové refused to recognize Bořek as its ruler, due to the democratic party gaining the upper hand. They called Žižka to its aid. He acceded to the demand and defeated the Utraquists under Bořek at the farm of Strachov (in the area of today's Kukleny within Hradec Králové) on 4 August 1423.
Žižka now attempted to invade Hungary, which was under the rule of his old enemy King Sigismund. Though this Hungarian campaign was unsuccessful owing to the great superiority of the Hungarians, it ranks among the greatest military exploits of Žižka, on account of the skill he displayed in retreat. In 1424, civil war having again broken out in Bohemia, Žižka decisively defeated the "Praguers" and Utraquist nobles at the battle of Skalice on 6 January, and at the battle of Malešov on 7 June. In September, he marched on Prague. On the 14th of that month, peace was concluded between the Hussite parties through the influence of John of Rokycany, afterwards Utraquist archbishop of Prague. It was agreed that the now reunited Hussites should attack Moravia, part of which was still held by Sigismund's partisans, and that Žižka should be the leader in this campaign.
However, Žižka died on the Moravian frontier near Přibyslav, during the siege of the castle in Přibyslav in what is today Žižkovo Pole, on 11 October 1424. Traditionally, it was said that he died of the plague; however, modern knowledge of historians excludes this theory. Even the theory of arsenic poisoning was ruled out after examining the skeletal remains. According to historians, the purulent disease carbuncle is considered the most likely cause of death.
According to chronicler Piccolomini, Žižka's dying wish was to have his skin used to make drums so that he might continue to lead his troops even after death. Žižka was so highly regarded that when he died, his soldiers called themselves Sirotci ("the Orphans") because they felt as if they had lost their father. His enemies said that "The one whom no mortal hand could destroy was extinguished by the finger of God."
He was interred in the church of Saints Peter & Paul in Caslau, but in 1623 his remains were removed and his grave destroyed by order of the Emperor Ferdinand II.
He was succeeded by Prokop the Great.
In popular culture
Literature
Žižka appears as one of the main characters in the Armed Garden graphic novella (The Armed Garden and Other Stories) by David B. He is the hero of a novel by George Sand, of a German epic by Meissner, and of a Bohemian tragedy by Alois Jirásek.
Films
Jan Žižka is a central figure of the "Hussite Revolutionary Trilogy" directed by Otakar Vávra. The films starred Zdeněk Štěpánek as Žižka. It consists of Jan Hus, Jan Žižka and Against All. Jan Žižka appeared in a 1960 Polish film Knights of the Teutonic Order. He is played by Tadeusz Schmidt. In 1968 Czechoslovak film Na Žižkově válečném voze, Žižka was played by Ilja Prachař.
The 2013 animated film The Hussites is set during the Hussite wars. The protagonist of the film, Záboj serves as the film's version of Žižka.
A film Jan Žižka (English title Medieval) by director Petr Jákl was released in 2022. It follows Jan Žižka during his youth. It is the most expensive Czech film ever made. Žižka was portrayed by Ben Foster. It was released on Netflix in 2022.
Games
In the game Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition - Dawn of the Dukes, there is a single player campaign during which player takes role of Jan Žižka.
Age of Empires III features Hussite wagons as a unit used by Germans. Unit infobox directly mentions Žižka with the anglicized version of his name: John Zizka.
Žižka appears in Europa Universalis II as a default general for the Bohemia faction.
Field of Glory II: Medieval features Hussite campaign during which player takes role of Jan Žižka.
Žižka is the main protagonist of the upcoming independent 3D real-time strategy game Songs of the Chalice, which is set in the years 1419–1420.
Jan Žižka is one of the legendary cavalry commanders in the mobile game ROK (Rise of Kingdoms).
Hrot includes a power-up called Calvaria of Čáslav which is a nod to the Calva of Caslav, the top part of a human skull found in Čáslav which is attributed to Jan Žižka.
Jan Žižka is a [Age I] leader in the expansion New Leaders and Wonders released in 2020 to the board game Through the Ages: A New Story of Civilization.
Žižka appears in a DLC for 1428: Shadows over Silesia called Tourney at the Bear Rock which is set in 1409.
Other
Early in 1917, the 3rd Czechoslovak Rifle Regiment of the Czechoslovak legions in Russia was named after "Jan Žižka z Trocnova".
During World War II, a number of military units were named after Jan Žižka. One of them, the 1st Czechoslovak Partisan Brigade of Jan Žižka, was among the first anti-Nazi guerrilla units in occupied Czechoslovakia. A Yugoslav partisan brigade of the same name was formed in western Slavonia on 26 October 1943 and operated in areas inhabited by a large Czech and Slovak minority.
Jan Žižka is one of the main characters in the manga series (2013) by .
Citations
General and cited sources
Bílek, Jiří (2007), Hádanky naší minulosti 7. Čtyři Janové a bratr Prokop, Euromedia Group Praha. pp. 172–173. . Count Lützow, The Hussite Wars, J. M. Dent & Sons London, E. P. Dutton & Co. New York (1909).
Čornej, Petr (2019), Jan Žižka. Nakladatelství Paseka.
Fudge, Thomas A., The Crusade Against Heretics in Bohemia, 1418–1437: Sources and Documents for the Hussite Crusades (Crusade Texts in Translation). Höfler, Konstantin, Geschichtsquellen Böhmens.
Heymann, Frederick G. (1969), John Zizka & the Hussite Revolution, Russell & Russell New York (1955).
Šmahel, František, Die Hussitische Revolution I–III, MGH-Schriften. 43/I–III, Hannover (2002).
Turnbull, Stephen, The Hussite Wars (1419–36), Osprey Publishing. .
Verney, Victor (2009), Warrior of God: Jan Žižka and the Hussite Revolution, Frontline Books London. .
External links
1360 births
1424 deaths
15th-century deaths from plague (disease)
15th-century soldiers
Czech people with disabilities
Czech generals
Czech military leaders
Hussite people
People from Borovany
People in the Battle of Grunwald
Czech revolutionaries
People of the Hussite Wars
15th-century people from Bohemia
Nobility from medieval Bohemia
Blind royalty and nobility
Eyepatch wearers
Czech outlaws
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609838
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%20%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Сваричевський Анатолій Володимирович
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Сваричевський Анатолій Володимирович
Анатолій Володимирович Сваричевський (29 січня 1930, село Баговиця, нині Кам'янець-Подільського району Хмельницької області — 6 лютого 2014, Хмельницький) — український літературознавець, краєзнавець.
Біографія
Народився в учительській сім'ї. 1953 року закінчив факультет фізичного виховання Кам'янець-Подільського педагогічного інституту (нині Кам'янець-Подільський національний університет імені Івана Огієнка). 1962 року в цьому ж інституті заочно закінчив філологічний факультет (спеціальність — українська мова і література). Після закінчення Кам'янець-Подільського педагогічного інституту вчителював у Хмельницькому, викладав у технікумі, завідував кабінетом української мови і літератури, а згодом — лабораторією гуманітарних предметів обласного інституту вдосконалення вчителів. Педагогіку поєднував з краєзнавчими дослідженнями. І писав про це в місцеві і всеукраїнські газети та журнали. А з часом і сам став редактором обласного журналу «Педагогічний вісник». Був членом Національної спілки журналістів України, активно працював у Хмельницькій міській журналістській організації.
Література
— С. 340.
Анатолій Володимирович Сваричевський // Кам'янець-Подільський державний університет в особах. — Т. 2. — Кам'янець-Подільський: Оіюм, 2005. — С. 782—792.
Будзей Олег. Спортсмен-філолог із Баговиці: Ювілеї // Подолянин. — 2010. — 29 січня. — С. 7.
Сіяч духовної ниви: До 80-річчя з дня народження А. В. Сваричевського: Біобібліогр. покажч. / Упр. культури, туризму і курортів Хмельниц. облдержадмін.; Хмельниц. ОУНБ ім. М.Островського. — Хмельницький, 2010. — 73 с.
Персоналії за алфавітом
Українські літературознавці
Українські краєзнавці
Випускники Кам'янець-Подільського університету
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16858619
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAM57B
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FAM57B
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FAM57B
Protein FAM57B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FAM57B gene.
References
Further reading
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210151
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock%2C%20Stock%20and%20Two%20Smoking%20Barrels
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Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels
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Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels is a 1998 British crime film written and directed by Guy Ritchie. It follows a heist involving a confident young card sharp who loses £500,000 to a powerful crime lord in a rigged game of three-card brag, prompting him to pay off his debts by enlisting his friends to help him rob a small-time gang operating out of the apartment next door. It stars an ensemble cast featuring Jason Flemyng, Dexter Fletcher, Nick Moran, Jason Statham, Steven Mackintosh, Vinnie Jones, and Sting.
The film brought Ritchie international acclaim and introduced Statham (a former diver) and Jones (a former footballer) to worldwide audiences in their feature film debuts. It was also a commercial success, grossing over $28 million at the box office against a $1.35 million budget. A television spin-off called Lock, Stock... followed in 2000, running for seven episodes.
Plot
Long-time friends and small-time London criminals Eddie, Tom, Soap, and Bacon put together £100,000 so that Eddie, a card sharp, can participate in one of "Hatchet" Harry Lonsdale's high-stakes three-card brag games. The game, however, is rigged and they wind up owing £500,000 to Harry, to be paid within a week. Harry sends his debt collector Big Chris to Eddie's father JD, since Harry's true intention is to acquire JD's bar in payment of the debt.
Also interested in two expensive antique Holland & Holland shotguns up for auction, Harry gets his enforcer Barry "the Baptist" to hire two thieves, Gary and Dean, to steal them from a bankrupt lord. After the incompetent thieves unwittingly sell them to Nick "the Greek", a local fence, Barry threatens them into retrieving the guns. Meanwhile, Eddie returns home and overhears his neighbours, a gang of robbers led by a brutal man called "Dog", planning a heist on some cannabis growers loaded with cash and drugs. He tells the other three and they decide to rob the neighbours after they return from their heist. Tom buys the shotguns from Nick (both unaware of their true value), for use in the plan.
Dog's gang execute their heist, and despite a gang member's death by his own Bren gun and an incriminating encounter with a traffic warden, they succeed, returning with a duffel bag full of money and a van loaded with bags of cannabis. Eddie and his friends ambush them and escape in the van containing the cannabis and the warden. They transfer the loot to their own van and return home, knocking out the warden and dumping him by the road before arranging for Nick to fence the drugs to violent gangster Rory Breaker. Rory agrees to buy the cannabis at half price but two of his men visit the house of the growers, discover that they have been robbed and the cannabis he just bought has been stolen from his own growers. Rory threatens Nick into giving him Eddie's address and tasks one of the growers, Winston, to identify the robbers.
While the friends celebrate at JD's bar, Dog's crew, having accidentally discovered that they were robbed by their neighbours, set up an ambush in Eddie's flat. Rory and his gang arrive at the flat instead and in the ensuing shoot-out, all except Dog and Winston are killed. Winston leaves with the drugs. Dog attempts to escape with the shotguns and the cash but Big Chris arrives, incapacitates him, and takes both. Attempting to recover the guns, Gary and Dean follow Chris, oblivious to the fact that Chris is bringing them to Harry.
Having delivered the money and guns to Harry, Chris returns to his car to find Dog holding his son Little Chris at knifepoint, demanding the cash be returned to him. Chris complies and starts the car. Meanwhile, Gary and Dean burst into Harry's office. The ensuing confrontation results in the deaths of Gary, Dean, Barry and Harry.
Having discovered the carnage at their flat and their loot missing, the four friends head to Harry's office, finding a second set of corpses, and decide to take the money for themselves. Chris deliberately crashes into their car to disable Dog and then fatally bludgeons him with his car door. He then retrieves the cash from the unconscious Eddie but allows Tom to leave with the shotguns after a brief stand-off.
The friends are arrested but soon acquitted after the warden identifies Dog and his crew as the culprits. Back at the bar, Eddie, Bacon and Soap dispatch Tom to discard the guns, as they are the only remaining evidence linking them to the case. Chris then arrives to return the bag, from which he has taken all the cash for himself and his son and which now contains a catalogue of antique weapons. Leafing through the catalogue, the three friends learn that the shotguns are actually far more valuable than they had realised and frantically call Tom to dissuade him from disposing of them. The film ends with Tom leaning over Southwark Bridge, holding his mobile phone ringing in his mouth, as he prepares to drop the guns into the River Thames.
Cast
Nick Moran as Eddie
Jason Flemyng as Tom
Dexter Fletcher as Soap
Jason Statham as Bacon
Steven Mackintosh as Winston
Vinnie Jones as Big Chris
Peter McNicholl as Little Chris
Nicholas Rowe as J
Lenny McLean as Barry "the Baptist"
P. H. Moriarty as "Hatchet" Harry Lonsdale
Frank Harper as Dog
Sting as JD
Huggy Leaver as Paul
Stephen Marcus as Nick "the Greek"
Vas Blackwood as Rory Breaker
Vera Day as Tanya
Alan Ford as Alan
Danny John-Jules as Barfly Jack
Victor McGuire as Gary
Jake Abraham as Dean
Rob Brydon as the traffic warden
Steve Collins as boxing gym bouncer
Steve Sweeney as Plank
Soundtrack
The soundtrack to the film was released in 1998 in the United Kingdom by Island Records. Madonna's Maverick Records label released the soundtrack in the United States in 1999 but omitted nine tracks from the UK release.
"Hundred Mile High City" by Ocean Colour Scene
"It's a Deal, It's a Steal" by Tom, Nick & Ed*
"The Boss" by James Brown
"Truly, Madly, Deeply" by Skanga*
"Hortifuckinculturist" – Winston
"Police and Thieves" by Junior Murvin
"18 With a Bullet" by Lewis Taylor & Carleen Anderson*
"Spooky" by Dusty Springfield
"The Game" by John Murphy & David A. Hughes*
"Muppets" by Harry, Barry & Gary
"Man Machine" by Robbie Williams*
"Walk This Land" by E-Z Rollers
"Blaspheming Barry" by Barry
"I Wanna Be Your Dog" by The Stooges
"It's Kosher" by Tom & Nick
"Liar, Liar" by The Castaways*
"I've Been Shot" by Plank & Dog
"Why Did You Do It" by Stretch
"Guns 4 show, knives for a pro" by Ed & Soap
"Oh Girl" by Evil Superstars
"If the Milk Turns Sour" by John Murphy & David A. Hughes (with Rory)*
"Zorba the Greek" by John Murphy & David A. Hughes
"I'll Kill Ya" by John Murphy & David A. Hughes (with Rory)*
"The Payback" by James Brown
"Fool's Gold" by The Stone Roses*
"It's Been Emotional" by Big Chris
"18 With a Bullet" by Pete Wingfield
* Track omitted from 1999 US release.
Release history
Production
The production of the film followed Guy Ritchie's single short film which preceded Lock, Stock. As stated in filmscouts.com:Although it was Ritchie's first feature, his previous short film The Hard Case was sufficiently impressive to secure interest not only from financial backers but also persuaded Sting to take the role of JD. "I'd seen Guy's short film and was excited by the pace and energy in it. The way in which he handles violence and action appealed to me. I don't like gratuitous violence. I think it's much more chilling when it's suggested rather than graphic." For Ritchie, getting exactly the right actor for each role was essential. "The casting took forever and we auditioned hundreds of people, but I was determined to hold out until we got the real McCoy." This led to employing several genuine ex-cons, who certainly invest the film with its menacing undertones. Ritchie also looked to the celebrity arena to secure the right cast such as Vinnie Jones. "I didn't hesitate in casting Vinnie as I have the most incredible respect for his acting capabilities."
A one-hour documentary of the production of the film was released featuring much of the cast along with Ritchie.
Locations include Shoreditch for the gang hideout and Clerkenwell for JD's bar.
Reception
Box office
The film was released on 28 August 1998 in the United Kingdom and was the second-highest grossing local production for the year behind Sliding Doors with a gross of $18.9 million. It was released on 5 March 1999 in the United States, where its total gross was .
Critical reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 75% based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 6.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels is a grimy, twisted, and funny twist on the Tarantino hip gangster formula". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
John Ferguson in Radio Times called the film "the best British crime movie since The Long Good Friday". Roger Ebert in Chicago Sun-Times wrote: "Lock, Stock is fun, in a slapdash way; it has an exuberance, and in a time when movies follow formulas like zombies, it's alive".
Accolades
The film was nominated for a British Academy Film Award in 1998 for the outstanding British Film of the Year. In 2000, Ritchie won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. In 2004, Total Film named it the 38th greatest British film of all time. In 2016, Empire magazine ranked Lock, Stock 75th on their list of the 100 best British films.
Television
A spin-off television series, co-written by Ritchie was developed for Channel 4. The show featured a new cast of characters: Moon, Jamie, Bacon, and Lee (portrayed by Daniel Caltagirone, Scott Maslen, Shaun Parkes, and Del Synnott, respectively); who comedically fail at various criminal business ventures, similar to the cast of the feature film. Lock, Stock... aired from May 29 through July 11, 2000.
See also
Hyperlink cinema – the film style of using multiple interconnected story lines
Heist film
Phir Hera Pheri - An unofficial remake of the movie, with a similar plot but a slightly different storyline.
References
Further reading
External links
1998 films
1998 independent films
1998 black comedy films
1998 crime comedy films
1990s gangster films
1990s heist films
1990s comedy thriller films
1990s English-language films
1998 directorial debut films
1990s American films
1990s British films
British black comedy films
British crime comedy films
British gangster films
British heist films
British independent films
British comedy thriller films
British neo-noir films
Edgar Award-winning works
Films scored by John Murphy (composer)
British films about cannabis
Films about drugs
Films adapted into television shows
Films directed by Guy Ritchie
Films set in London
Hood films
Films about gambling
Gramercy Pictures films
HandMade Films films
PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Summit Entertainment films
Films produced by Matthew Vaughn
Films with screenplays by Guy Ritchie
Hyperlink films
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4980656
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Лія Рейчел Йоффі
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Лія Рейчел Йоффі
Лія Рейчел Клара Йоффі (Катеринослав, Російська імперія — , Клірвотер, Флорида, США) — американська письменниця, педагог і фольклористка.
Біографія
Лія Йоффі народилася в Катеринославі в єврейській родині Авраама Йоффі. У 1891 році родина переїхала до Сполучених Штатів, а в 1909 році вона стала громадянкою США. Лія здобула ступінь бакалавра у Вашингтонському університеті в Сент-Луїсі в 1911 році, здобула ступінь магістра в Університеті Пенсільванії. У п'ятдесят років здобула ступінь доктора філософії.
Кар'єра
Йоффі викладала уроки англійської мови для іммігрантів у Сент-Луїсі, штат Міссурі, поки навчалася в коледжі. З 1915 по 1931 рік викладала англійську мову у середній школі Солдан у Сент-Луїсі.
З 1944 по 1949 рік була професором англійської мови та політології в коледжі Котті в Міссурі. Антрополог Франц Боас спонукав її вивчати культуру єврейських іммігрантів у Сент-Луїсі, і багато її наукових праць присвячені цій темі.
Вона писала вірші та фотографувала.
Збірка віршів Йоффі була опублікована в 1926 році під назвою Темні вівтарні сходи. «Кожен вірш має повноту й кришталеву прозорість, які варті згадки в наш час фрагментарної поезії», — писав рецензент у газеті Сент-Луїса. «Міс Йоффі досягла якості співу та певного розмаху і сили в деяких своїх текстах, що рідко зустрічається в наш час поетичних примх і непоетичних фантазій».
Публікації
Поезія та художня література
«Ad Gloriam» (1913, поема)
«Переселенець» (1913, поема)
«Плач чужоземця» (1920, вірш)
«Молитва на великий білий піст» (1920, вірш)
«Віра» (1920, поема)
«Sarah Miriam Goes to College» (1922, оповідання)
«Реб Шолом Довід» (1923, оповідання)
«Голос» (1923, вірш)
«The Lost Vision» (1924, поема)
Темні вівтарні сходи (1926, поетична збірка)
«Вірші Палестини» (1929, п'ять коротких віршів і п'ять фотографій Йоффі)
Стипендія
«Сучасні пережитки стародавніх єврейських звичаїв» (1916)
«Прислів'я, приказки на їдиш тощо в Сент-Луїсі, Міссурі.» (1920)
«Популярні вірування та звичаї серед їдишомовних євреїв Сент-Луїса, Місурі». (1925)
«Три покоління дитячих співочих ігор у Сент-Луїсі» (1947)
«Пісні „Дванадцяти чисел“ і єврейський спів» (1949)
«Білий отець Чосера, ангели Мільтона та єврейська нічна молитва» (1951)
Спадок
Йоффі померла в Клірвотері, штат Флорида, в 1956 році у віці 73 років Вона заповідала свій маєток і понад 14 тисяч доларів Єврейській федерації Сент-Луїса для фінансування стипендій.
Примітки
Українські фольклористки
Натуралізовані громадяни США
Письменниці США XX століття
Українські емігранти до США
Українки США
Американці українсько-єврейського походження
Американські поетеси
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2871077
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8-%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96
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Буди-Стриєвські
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Буди-Стриєвські — село в Польщі, у гміні Ласьк Ласького повіту Лодзинського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Серадзького воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Ласького повіту
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3338514
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BF%20%28%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%20%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%2C%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%29
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Вашингтон Тауншип (округ Батлер, Пенсільванія)
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Вашингтон Тауншип (округ Батлер, Пенсільванія)
Вашингтон Тауншип — селище в США, в окрузі Батлер штату Пенсільванія. Населення — 1288 осіб (2020).
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у селищі мешкало осіб у 512 домогосподарствах у складі 376 родин. Було 558 помешкань
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,1 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 0,3 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 21,2 % — особи молодші 18 років, 62,3 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 16,5 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 42,7 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у селищі припадало 102,5 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 99,4 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — долари . Медіана доходів становила долари для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 9,3 % осіб, у тому числі 7,9 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 5,0 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 613 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: роздрібна торгівля — 21,0 %, виробництво — 17,3 %, освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 16,2 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Селища Пенсільванії
Населені пункти округу Батлер (Пенсільванія)
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4929762
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%20to%20Sleep
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Go to Sleep
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Go to Sleep — пісня англійського рок-гурту Radiohead, випущена 18 серпня 2003 року як другий сингл з їхнього шостого студійного альбому Hail to the Thief. Вона посіла друге місце в Canadian Singles Chart, дев'яте місце в Italian Singles Chart, і 12 місце в UK Singles Chart.
Композиція
«Go to Sleep» написана з використанням тактових розмірів 4/4 і 6/4. У пісні присутній «заїкаючий» гітарний звук, створений Джонні Ґрінвудом. Також Radiohead випустили концертну версію, записану в Осаці, для благодійної організації «War Child» у 2004 році.
Музичне відео
На пісню «Go to Sleep» вийшов CGI-анімаційний кліп режисера Алекса Раттерфорда. У ньому співак Том Йорк сидить у парку, а повз нього швидко проходять люди в ділових костюмах. Класичні будівлі спонтанно руйнуються і знову збираються в сучасному стилі.
Трек-лист
UK versions
CD 1 CDR6613
«Go to Sleep»
«I Am Citizen Insane»
«Fog (Again)» (Live)
CD 2 CDRS6613
«Go to Sleep»
«Gagging Order»
«I Am a Wicked Child»
12" 12R6613
«Go to Sleep»
«I Am Citizen Insane»
«I Am a Wicked Child»
US version
CD 52953 випущено 3 вересня 2003 Capitol Records
«Go to Sleep»
«Gagging Order»
«I Am a Wicked Child»
7" R-19218
«Go to Sleep»
«I Am Citizen Insane»
Canada version
CD
«Go to Sleep»
«I Am Citizen Insane»
«Fog (Again)» (Live)
Персоналії
Том Йорк — вокал, гітара
Джонні Ґрінвуд — гітара, лептоп, іграшкове піаніно
Ед О'Браєн — гітара, бек-вокал
Колін Ґрінвуд — бас
Філ Селвей — барабани, бек-вокал
Примітки
Посилання
Офіційний сайт Radiohead
Musicbrainz
«Go to Sleep» video на YouTube
Пісні Radiohead
Пісні 2003
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661023
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%BB%D0%B5-%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96%D1%84
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Монтрей-ле-Шетіф
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Монтрей-ле-Шетіф — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Пеї-де-ла-Луар, департамент Сарта. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 190 км на захід від Парижа, 165 км на північний схід від Нанта, 31 км на північний захід від Ле-Мана.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 130 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 318,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Сарта
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Сарта
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475143
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial%20natriuretic%20peptide
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Atrial natriuretic peptide
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Atrial natriuretic peptide
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) or atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a natriuretic peptide hormone secreted from the cardiac atria that in humans is encoded by the NPPA gene. Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, and CNP) are a family of hormone/paracrine factors that are structurally related. The main function of ANP is causing a reduction in expanded extracellular fluid (ECF) volume by increasing renal sodium excretion. ANP is synthesized and secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria in the heart. These cells contain volume receptors which respond to increased stretching of the atrial wall due to increased atrial blood volume.
Reduction of blood volume by ANP can result in secondary effects such as reduction of extracellular fluid (ECF) volume, improved cardiac ejection fraction with resultant improved organ perfusion, decreased blood pressure, and increased serum potassium. These effects may be blunted or negated by various counter-regulatory mechanisms operating concurrently on each of these secondary effects.
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) – a misnomer; it is secreted by cardiac muscle cells in the heart ventricles – is similar to ANP in its effect. It acts via the same receptors as ANP does, but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP. The biological half-life of BNP, however, is twice as long as that of ANP, and that of NT-proBNP is even longer, making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing.
Clinical significance
A member of the natriuretic peptide gene family, NPPA encodes an important cardiac signaling molecule known as atrial natriuretic peptide/factor (ANP). ANP carries out endocrine functions of the heart. It acts as a diuretic by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys. ANP also acts in the heart to prevent cardiac hypertrophy and to regulate vascular remodeling and energy metabolism. NPPA expression is varied throughout mammalian development into adulthood. Fetal expression of NPPA is associated with the formation of chamber myocardium, muscle cells of the atria and ventricles in the early developing heart. Early expression of this gene has been associated with ventricular hypertrophy in both in vitro and in vivo models. NPPA variants affect plasma ANP concentrations, blood pressure levels, and cardiovascular diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF).https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/6/5/433/476067?login=false ANP-deficient mice were found to have a large increase in heart and left ventricular weight in response to volume overload, which is normally prevented by proper regulation of blood pressure. Using a knock-in (KI) rat model, researchers found an AF-associated human variant in NPPA caused inflammation, fibroblast activation, atrial fibrosis, and AF in KI rats. These findings suggest NPPA is a critical gene in cardiac development and dysfunction of this gene can lead to heart problems via altered ANP levels.
Discovery
The discovery of a natriuretic factor (one that promotes kidney excretion of salt and water) was first reported by Adolfo José de Bold in 1981 when rat atrial extracts were found to contain a substance that increased salt and urine output in the kidney. Later, the substance was purified from heart tissue by several groups and named atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) or ANP.
Structure
ANP is a 28-amino acid peptide with a 17-amino acid ring in the middle of the molecule. The ring is formed by a disulfide bond between two cysteine residues at positions 7 and 23. ANP is closely related to BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), which all share a similar amino acid ring structure. ANP is one of a family of nine structurally similar natriuretic hormones: seven are atrial in origin.
Production
ANP is synthesized as an inactive preprohormone, encoded by the human NPPA gene located on the short arm of chromosome 1. The NPPA gene is expressed primarily in atrial myocytes and consists of 2 introns and three exons, with translation of this gene yielding a high molecular mass 151 amino acid polypeptide known as preproANP. The preprohormone is activated via post-translational modification that involves cleavage of the 25 amino acid signal sequence to produce proANP, a 126 amino acid peptide that is the major form of ANP stored in intracellular granules of the atria. Following stimulation of atrial cells, proANP is released and rapidly converted to the 28-amino-acid C-terminal mature ANP on the cell surface by the cardiac transmembrane serine protease corin. Recently, it was discovered that ANP also can be O-glycosylated.
ANP is secreted in response to:
Stretching of the atrial wall, via Atrial volume receptors
Increased Sympathetic stimulation of β-adrenoceptors
Increased sodium concentration (hypernatremia), though sodium concentration is not the direct stimulus for increased ANP secretion
Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor
Receptors
Three types of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors have been identified on which natriuretic peptides act. They are all cell surface receptors and designated:
guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPRA/ANPA) or NPR1
guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B) also known as natriuretic peptide receptor-B (NPRB/ANPB) or NPR2
natriuretic peptide clearance receptor (NPRC/ANPC) or NPR3
NPR-A and NPR-B have a single membrane-spanning segment with an extracellular domain that binds the ligand. The intracellular domain maintains two consensus catalytic domains for guanylyl cyclase activity. Binding of a natriuretic peptide induces a conformational change in the receptor that causes receptor dimerization and activation.
The binding of ANP to its receptor causes the conversion of GTP to cGMP and raises intracellular cGMP. As a consequence, cGMP activates a cGMP-dependent kinase (PKG or cGK) that phosphorylates proteins at specific serine and threonine residues. In the medullary collecting duct, the cGMP generated in response to ANP may act not only through PKG but also via direct modulation of ion channels.
NPR-C functions mainly as a clearance receptor by binding and sequestering ANP from the circulation. All natriuretic peptides are bound by the NPR-C.
Physiological effects
Maintenance of the ECF volume (space), and its subcompartment the vascular space, is crucial for survival. These compartments are maintained within a narrow range, despite wide variations in dietary sodium intake. There are three volume regulating systems: two salt saving systems, the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) and the renal sympathetic system (RSS); and the salt excreting natriuretic peptide (NP) hormone system. When the vascular space contracts, the RAAS and RSS are "turned on"; when the atria expand, NP's are "turned on". Each system also suppresses its counteracting system(s). NP's are made in cardiac, intestinal, renal, and adrenal tissue: ANP in one of a family of cardiac NP's: others at BNP, CNP, and DNP.
ANP binds to a specific set of receptors – ANP receptors. Receptor-agonist binding causes the increase in renal sodium excretion, which results in a decreased ECF and blood volume. Secondary effects may be an improvement in cardiac ejection fraction and reduction of systemic blood pressure.
Renal
ANP acts on the kidney to increase sodium and water excretion (natriuresis) in the following ways:
The medullary collecting duct is the main site of ANP regulation of sodium excretion. ANP effects sodium channels at both the apical and basolateral sides. ANP inhibits ENaC on the apical side and the Sodium Potassium ATPase pump on the basolateral side in a cGMP PKG dependent manner resulting in less sodium re-absorption and more sodium excretion.
ANP increases glomerular filtration rate and glomerular permeability. ANP directly dilates the afferent arteriole and counteracts the norepinephrine induced vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole. Some studies suggest that ANP also constricts the efferent arteriole, but this is not a unanimous finding. ANP inhibits the effect of Angiotensin II on the mesangial cells, thereby relaxing them. ANP increases the radius and number of glomerular pores, thereby increasing glomerular permeability and resulting in greater filter load of sodium and water.
Increases blood flow through the vasa recta, which will wash the solutes (sodium chloride (NaCl), and urea) out of the medullary interstitium. The lower osmolarity of the medullary interstitium leads to less reabsorption of tubular fluid and increased excretion.
Decreases sodium reabsorption at least in the thick ascending limb (interaction with NKCC2) and cortical collecting duct of the nephron via guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) dependent phosphorylation of ENaC.
It inhibits renin secretion, thereby inhibiting the production of angiotensin and aldosterone.
It inhibits the renal sympathetic nervous system.
ANP has the opposite effect of angiotensin II on the kidney: angiotensin II increases renal sodium retention and ANP increases renal sodium loss.
Adrenal
Reduces aldosterone secretion by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex.
Vascular
Relaxes vascular smooth muscle in arterioles and venules by:
Membrane Receptor-mediated elevation of vascular smooth muscle cGMP
Inhibition of the effects of catecholamines
Promotes uterine spiral artery remodeling, which is important for preventing pregnancy-induced hypertension.
Cardiac
ANP inhibits cardiac hypertrophy in heart failure as well as fibrosis. Fibrosis is inhibited by preventing fibroblasts from entering heart tissue and replicating, as well as decreasing inflammation. ANP prevents hypertrophy by inhibiting calcium influx that is caused by norepinephrine.
Re-expression of NPRA rescues the phenotype.
Adipose tissue
Increases the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue. Plasma concentrations of glycerol and nonesterified fatty acids are increased by i.v. infusion of ANP in humans.
Activates adipocyte plasma membrane type A guanylyl cyclase receptors NPR-A
Increases intracellular cGMP levels that induce the phosphorylation of a hormone-sensitive lipase and perilipin A via the activation of a cGMP-dependent protein kinase-I (cGK-I)
Does not modulate cAMP production or PKA activity.
Immune System
ANP is produced locally by several immune cells. ANP is shown to regulate several functions of innate and adaptive immune system as well as shown to have cytoprotective effects.
ANP modulates innate immunity by raising defence against extracellular microbes and inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory markers and expression of adhesion molecules.
There is evidence of cytoprotective effects of ANP in myocardial, vascular smooth, endothelial, hepatocytes and tumour cells.
Degradation
Modulation of the effects of ANP is achieved through gradual degradation of the peptide by the enzyme neutral endopeptidase (NEP). Recently, NEP inhibitors have been developed, such as Sacubitril and Sacubitril/valsartan. They may be clinically useful in treating patients in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction .
Biomarker
Fragments derived from the ANP precursor, including the signal peptide, N-terminal pro-ANP and ANP, have been detected in human blood. ANP and related peptides are used as biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases such as stroke, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction and heart failure. A specific ANP precursor called mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide (MRproANP) is a highly sensitive biomarker in heart failure. MRproANP levels below 120 pmol/L can be used to effectively rule out acute heart failure.
Large amounts of ANP secretion has been noted to cause electrolyte disturbances (hyponatremia) and polyuria. These indications can be a marker of a large atrial myxoma.
Therapeutic use and drug development
Opinions regarding the use of ANP for the treatment of acute heart failure and kidney disease are varied. While this molecule has been shown to successfully restore some hemodynamic parameters following heart failure, and yield clinical improvement for kidney injury, whether it ultimately reduces mortality and its long-term effects are unknown. Therefore, more studies need to be conducted to better understand the therapeutic effects of ANP. Newly synthesized homologues of ANP molecule are being assessed for the treatment of acute heart failure. Preliminary research on one of such molecules, ularitide, has shown that this drug is safe, well tolerated, and effective in the treatment of acute heart failure.
Other natriuretic peptides
Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) – a misnomer; it is secreted by ventricular myocytes – is similar to ANP in its effect. It acts via atrial natriuretic peptide receptors but with 10-fold lower affinity than ANP. The biological half-life of BNP, however, is twice as long as that of ANP, and that of NT-proBNP is even longer, making these peptides better choices than ANP for diagnostic blood testing.
In addition to the mammalian natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP, CNP), other natriuretic peptides with similar structure and properties have been isolated elsewhere in the animal kingdom. A salmon natriuretic peptide known as salmon cardiac peptide has been described, and dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) has been found in the venom of the green mamba, as well as an NP in a species of African snake.
Beside these four, five additional natriuretic peptides have been identified: long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP), vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide, urodilatin, and adrenomedullin.
Pharmacological modulation
Neutral endopeptidase (NEP) also known as neprilysin is the enzyme that metabolizes natriuretic peptides. Several inhibitors of NEP are currently being developed to treat disorders ranging from hypertension to heart failure. Most of them are dual inhibitors (NEP and ACE). In 2014, PARADIGM-HF study was published in NEJM. This study considered as a landmark study in treatment of heart failure. The study was double blinded; compared LCZ696 versus enalapril in patients with heart failure. The study showed lower all cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality and hospitalization in LCZ696 arm.
Omapatrilat (dual inhibitor of NEP and angiotensin-converting enzyme) developed by BMS did not receive FDA approval due to angioedema safety concerns. Other dual inhibitors of NEP with ACE/angiotensin receptor are (in 2003) being developed by pharmaceutical companies.
Synonyms
ANP is also called atrial natriuretic factor (ANF), atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), cardionatrine, cardiodilatin (CDD), and atriopeptin.
Notes
References
External links
Peptide hormones
Hormones of the heart
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790752
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauce%20Robert
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Sauce Robert
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Sauce Robert is a brown mustard sauce and one of the small sauces, or compound sauces, derived from the classic French demi-glace, which in turn is derived from espagnole sauce, one of the five mother sauces in French cuisine (béchamel, velouté, espagnole, sauce tomate, and hollandaise).
Sauce Robert is made from chopped onions cooked in butter without color, a reduction of white wine, pepper, an addition of demi-glace and is finished with mustard.
It is suited to red meat, specifically pork, typically grilled pork.
History
Sauce Robert is one of the earliest compound sauces on record. Of the 78 compound sauces systematized by Marie-Antoine Carême in the early 19th century, only two—sauce Robert and remoulade—were present in much older cookbooks, such as Massaliot's Le Cuisinier Roial et Bourgeois, from 1691. In Charles Perrault's canonical telling of Sleeping Beauty (1696), the ogress Queen Mother insists that Sleeping Beauty and her children be served to her à la sauce Robert.
A version of sauce Robert also appears in Francois-Pierre de la Varenne's Le Cuisinier François (1651), the founding text of modern French cuisine.
Footnotes
External links
A recipe for Sauce Robert
Brown sauces
French sauces
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2872803
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%20%28%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%29
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Полесе (гміна Лишковіце)
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Полесе (гміна Лишковіце)
Полесе — село в Польщі, у гміні Лишковиці Ловицького повіту Лодзинського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Скерневицького воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Ловицького повіту
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5107705
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F
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Дарунок моря
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Дарунок моря
«Дарунок моря» — книга американської письменниці Енн Морроу Ліндберг, яка вперше вийшла 1955 року у видавництвім Pantheon Books.
Сюжет
Під час відпустки на острові Каптіва у Флориді на початку 1950-х років Ліндберг написала цю роботу в стилі есе, збираючи на пляжі мушлі для натхнення та розмірковуючи про життя американців, зокрема американських жінок, у середині XX століття. Під час свого візиту вона ділиться своїми роздумами про молодість і старість, кохання і шлюб, мир, усамітнення і задоволення.
Теми
Іноді її класифікують як приклад літератури, що надихає, але вона пророкує багато тем цього жанру популярної літератури: простоту, усамітнення і турботу про душу.
Огляди
«Дарунок моря» продано накладом понад 3 мільйони примірників і перекладено 45 мовами світу. За версією Publishers Weekly, книга стала головним нон-фікшн бестселером у США за 1955 рік.
Примітки
Посилання
From One Life to Another, Spiritual Connections Light Up Our Journey на Read the Spirit.
Англомовні книги
Книги 1955
Книги Енн Морроу Ліндберг
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4386181
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%20%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE
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Рохеліо Дельгадо
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Рохеліо Дельгадо (12 жовтня 1959, Асунсьйон) — парагвайський футболіст, що грав на позиції захисника.
Виступав, зокрема, за клуби «Олімпія» (Асунсьйон), «Індепендьєнте» та «Універсідад де Чилі», а також національну збірну Парагваю. У складі збірної — учасник трьох Кубків Америки та чемпіонату світу 1986 року. На клубному рівні — шестиразовий чемпіон Парагваю, чемпіон Аргентини, чемпіон Чилі, володар Кубка Лібертадорес та Міжконтинентального кубка.
Клубна кар'єра
Народився 12 жовтня 1959 року в місті Асунсьйон. Вихованець футбольної школи клубу «Олімпія» (Асунсьйон). Для отримання ігрової практики в 1976 році його ненадовго віддали в оренду до болівійського клубу «Енріке Апп» з міста Кочабамба.
Повернувшись до «Олімпії» він виграв чемпіонат Парагваю в 1978 році, і повторив це досягнення у 1979 році. Він також того року виграв Кубок Лібертадорес, а потім в Міжамериканський кубок і Міжконтинентальний кубок, який дав «Олімпії» титул найкращого клубу в світі. Згодом у 1981—1983 роках Дельгадо разом з «Олімпією» ще тричі поспіль вигравав чемпіонат Парагваю, а у 1985 році він вшосте у своїй кар'єрі виграв чемпіонат країни. Всього відіграв за команду з Асунсьйона наступні 12 сезонів своєї ігрової кар'єри.
Влітку 1987 року уклав контракт з клубом «Індепендьєнте» (Авельянеда), у складі якого провів наступні п'ять років своєї кар'єри гравця і виграв чемпіонат Аргентини в 1989 році. Загалом у цьому клубі провів 96 ігор, забивши 4 голи.
У 1992 році, прийнявши пропозицію Артуро Салаха, він прийшов до чилійського клубу «Універсідад де Чилі». Через два роки після прибуття клуб здобув свій перший титул чемпіона країни після 25 років перерви.
Завершив ігрову кар'єру у команді «Коло-Коло», де був помічником свого тренера-співвітчизника Густаво Бенітеса, зігравши в тому числі за цей клуб і кілька ігор, в тому числі і у Кубку Лібертадорес 1995 року проти клубу «Депортес Темуко».
Виступи за збірні
У складі молодіжної збірної Парагваю взяв участь у молодіжному чемпіонаті світу 1979 року в Японії, де Парагвай дійшов до чвертьфіналу, а Дельгадо зіграв у всіх чотирьох іграх — проти Південної Кореї (3:0), Португалії (0:1), Канади (3:0) та СРСР (2:2, 5:6).
2 червня 1983 року дебютував в офіційних матчах у складі національної збірної Парагваю в товариській грі проти Уругваю і того ж року взяв учать у розіграші Кубка Америки 1983 року, на якому команда здобула бронзові нагороди, зігравши в обох матчах з Бразилією.
З 1985 року Дельгадо став основним гравцем збірної і брав участь у кваліфікації до фіналу чемпіонату світу 1986 року, де провів усі 8 матчів і допоміг своїй збірній вперше за 28 років вийти на «мундіаль». На самому чемпіонаті світу 1986 року у Мексиці Рохеліо зіграв у всіх чотирьох іграх — проти Іраку (1:0), Мексики (1:1), Бельгії (2:2) та Англії (0:3), а Парагвай дійшов до 1/8 фіналу.
Надалі у складі збірної був учасником розіграшу Кубка Америки 1987 року в Аргентині, де Парагвай вибув на груповому етапі, а Дельгадо зіграв у обох іграх — проти Болівії (0:0) та Колумбії (0:3), а також розіграшу Кубка Америки 1989 року у Бразилії, де Парагвай посів четверте місце. Рохеліо зіграв на цьому турнірі у всіх семи іграх — у чотирьох матчах групового етапу проти Перу (5:2), Колумбії (1:0), Венесуели (3:0) і Бразилії (0:2) та у трьох матчах на фінальному етапі проти Уругваю (0:3), Бразилії (0:3) та Аргентини (0:0).
Загалом протягом кар'єри у національній команді, яка тривала 8 років, провів у її формі 53 матчі, забивши 6 голів.
Титули і досягнення
Чемпіон Парагваю (6):
«Олімпія» (Асунсьйон): 1978, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985
Чемпіон Аргентини (1):
«Індепендьєнте»: 1988/89
Чемпіон Чилі (1):
«Універсідад де Чилі»: 1994
Володар Кубка Лібертадорес (1):
«Олімпія» (Асунсьйон): 1979
Володар Міжконтинентального кубка (1):
«Олімпія» (Асунсьйон): 1979
Примітки
Посилання
парагвайські футболісти
Гравці молодіжної збірної Парагваю з футболу
Гравці розіграшу Кубка Америки з футболу 1983
Гравці розіграшу Кубка Америки з футболу 1987
Гравці розіграшу Кубка Америки з футболу 1989
Футболісти «Олімпії» (Асунсьйон)
Футболісти «Індепендьєнте» (Авельянеда)
Футболісти «Універсідад де Чилі»
Футболісти «Коло-Коло»
парагвайські футбольні легіонери
Футбольні легіонери в Болівії
Футбольні легіонери в Аргентині
Футбольні легіонери в Чилі
Уродженці Асунсьйона
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15930825
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blot-l%27%C3%89glise
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Blot-l'Église
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Blot-l'Église is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes in central France.
Population
See also
Communes of the Puy-de-Dôme department
References
Communes of Puy-de-Dôme
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20878115
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamnica%2C%20Dol%20pri%20Ljubljani
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Kamnica, Dol pri Ljubljani
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Kamnica, Dol pri Ljubljani
Kamnica is a settlement northeast of Ljubljana in the Municipality of Dol pri Ljubljani in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia. It includes the hamlet of Sveta Helena.
History
In the past, Kamnica was known for black slate, which was mined here and used for slate roofing. It was also known for millstones. Saint Helena's Church, first mentioned in 1495, and Žerjav Castle, dating from the 16th-century, stand in the hamlet of Sveta Helena.
Notable people
Notable people that were born or lived in Kamnica include:
Josip Armič (1870–1937), education specialist and writer of beekeeping and hunting articles
References
External links
Kamnica on Geopedia
Populated places in the Municipality of Dol pri Ljubljani
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4598198
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F
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Серебрениця
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Серебрениця — присілок в Шенкурському районі Архангельської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 0 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Ровдинське муніципальне утворення.
Історія
Від 1937 року належить до Архангельської області.
Від 2004 року належить до муніципального утворення Ровдинське муніципальне утворення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Шенкурського району
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2251445
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%20%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%20%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87
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Парипса Михайло Сергійович
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Парипса Михайло Сергійович
Миха́йло Сергійович Парипса (15.11.1946, Росоша, Вінницька область — 4.04.2023, Павлодар, Казахстан) — голова Павлодарського обласного товариства української культури ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, голова асоціації «Українці Казахстану».
Життєпис
Народився у Вінницькій області (Україна). 25 років працював головою обласної профспілки працівників державних установ Павлодарщини. 1992 року очолив українську громаду Павлодару, ставши ініціатором створення обласного товариства української культури ім. Т. Г. Шевченка. 1999 року обрано головою Асоціації «Українці Казахстану». 2010 року за його сприяння в місті з'явився ансамбль бандуристів «Чарівні струни».
Нагороди
заслужений працівник культури України (1997 рік)
Відзнака Президента України — ювілейна медаль «25 років незалежності України» (22 серпня 2016) — за вагомий особистий внесок у зміцнення міжнародного авторитету Української держави, популяризацію її історичної спадщини і сучасних надбань та з нагоди 25-ї річниці незалежності України
нагрудний знак «За заслуги перед Павлодарською областю» (2012 рік)
орден Української православної церкви (КП) Святого Архістратига Михаїла
Почесна грамота папи римського Франциска (2016 рік)
Примітки
Джерела
Голос домбри і бандури
Календар
Уродженці Росоші (Липовецький район)
Українські громадські діячі
Українці Казахстану
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4332201
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-64/I-164
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I-64/I-164
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I-64/I-164 — підводний човен Імперського флоту Японії, який взяв участь у бойових діях Другої світової війни. Споруджений як І-64, корабель 20 травня 1942-го (на той момент японське командування ще не знало про його загибель) був перейменований на І-164, щоб звільнити нумерацію для нових крейсерських підводних човнів (так само вчинили щодо всіх субмарин KD типів).
Довоєнна служба
Корабель, який спорудили у 1930 році на верфі ВМФ у Куре, належав до типу KD4.
Станом на момент вступу Японії у Другу світову війну І-64 входив до 29-ї дивізії підводних човнів.
Перший похід
26 листопада 1941-го, незадовго до вступу Японії у Другу світову війну, І-64 вирушив до Палау (важлива база на заході Каролінських островів), проте ще на шляху туди був перенаправлений до порту Самах (китайський острів Хайнань).
5 грудня, за кілька діб до відкриття бойових дій, І-64 вже вирушив з Самаху до визначеного йому району в Південнокитайському морі, де разом з цілим рядом інших човнів сформував патрульну лінію поблизу півострова Малакка, на який вже 8 грудня (тобто у день нападу на Перл-Гарбор — тільки останній відбувся по інший бік лінії зміни дат) висадились японські десанти. У цьому поході І-64 не зміг досягнути якогось успіху, а 27 грудня звершив його у бухті Камрань (центральна частина узбережжя В'єтнаму).
Другий похід
7 січня 1942-го І-64 вирушив для дій у Індійському океані (можливо відзначити, що японські човни через побоювання мінної загрози прямували до цього району через східну частину Яванського моря та протоку Ломбок).
22 січня 1942-го за сімсот кілометрів західніше від північної частини острова Суматра І-64 атакував торпедами нідерландське судно Van Overstraten (4482 GRT), яке прямувало з Бомбею до Остхафену (наразі Бандар-Лампунг на південному завершення Суматри). Коли одна з випущених торпед пройшла під кілем Van Overstraten, а друга не влучила в ціль, І-64 почав обстрілювати вороже судно з палубної гармати. Атакований корабель зупинився та спустив рятувальні човни, після чого субмарина добила його ще однією торпедою.
28 січня 1942-го неподалік від східного входу до Полкської протоки (розділяє Індію та острів Цейлон) І-65 атакував артилерією невеликий колісний пароплав Idar (391 GRT). Команда покинула це судно, після чого тут висадилась та підпалила пароплав абордажна партія І-65. У підсумку Idar викинуло на берег, причому є відомості, що судно вдалось врятувати.
29 січня 1942-го за три десятки кілометрів на схід від Мадраса І-65 послідовно поцілив двома торпедами та потопив американське вантажопасажирське судно Florence Luckenbach (5049 GRT), яке полишило щойно зазначений індійський порт і прямувало до Нью-Йорка з марганцевою рудою та генеральним вантажем. Наступної доби за сім десятків кілометрів на схід від Мадрасу човен торпедував, а потім добив артилерією британський пароплав Jalatarang (2498 GRT), що прямував з Кочіну до бірманського Рангуну. Нарешті, 31 січня майже в тому ж районі човен таким саме чином — торпеди та артилерія — знищив інше британське судно Jalapalaka (4215 GRT), яке йшло з Бомбею до Рангуну в баласті.
5 лютого 1942-го І-64 завершив похід на західному узбережжі півострова Малакка у Пенанзі, який на найближчі кілька років стане базою японського підводного флоту для дій у Індійському океані.
Третій похід
6 березня 1942-го І-64 вирушив для дій на ворожих комунікаціях у Індійському океані. 13 березня за дві сотні кілометрів на північний схід від Мадрасу човен спершу уразив артилерією, а потім добив торпедою норвезьке судно Mabella (1513 GRT), яке прямувало в баласті з Коломбо до Калькутти.
27 березня 1942-го І-64 завершив похід поверненням до Пенангу, а 2–12 квітня перейшов до японського порту Сасебо.
Загибель корабля
16 травня 1942-го І-64 вирушив з Сасебо до атола Кваджелейн на Маршаллових островах, де на початковому етапі війни була значна база японського підводного флоту. Передбачалось, що він візьме участь у операції проти атола Мідвей, проте 17 травня за чотири сотні кілометрів на південний схід від виходу з протоки Бунго (розділяє Кюсю та Сікоку) І-64 перестрів американський підводний човен USS Triton. Останній мав лише одну торпеду, якою зміг поцілити японську субмарину з дистанції понад 5,5 км. І-64 затонув за дві хвилини. Хоча з Triton бачили у воді кілька десятків ворожих моряків, проте в підсумку не врятувався жоден з 81 члена екіпажу І-64.
Бойовий рахунок
Примітки
Підводні човни Імперського флоту Японії
Підводні човни Японії періоду Другої світової війни
Кораблі Японії втрачені у Філіппінському морі
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4229500
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%20%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81
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Ґленніс Ґрейс
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Ґленніс Ґрейс
Ґленда Хуліта Елізабет Батта (19 червня 1978, Амстердам, Нідерланди), більш відома під іменем Ґленніс Ґрейс — нідерландська співачка з Амстердама. У 2005 році Грейс представляла Нідерланди в 50-му конкурсі Євробачення, а в 2018 році вона вийшла в 13-му сезоні America's Got Talent і вийшла у фінал. Ґрейс отримала увагу в Інтернеті через схожість її голосу з голосом Вітні Г'юстон .
Життя та кар'єра
Ґленніс Ґрейс народилася 1978 року в Амстердамі у матері голландки та батька з Кюрасао. Вона стала відомою у 15річному віці після того, як вона виграла голландське шоу талантів у 1994 році під назвою Soundmixshow, де виконала пісню Вітні Г'юстон «One Moment in Time».
Конкурс пісні Євробачення
У 2005 році Ґрейс прийняла пропозицію взяти участь у Національному пісенному фестивалі, національному відборі в Нідерландах на Євробачення 2005. Ґрейс виконала баладу «My Impossible Dream» («Моя нездійсненна мрія») і виграла фінал з цією піснею. Потім вона представляла Нідерланди в Києві, де проводилося 50-тий ювілейний конкурс Євробачення. У Києві Ґрейс не пройшла до півфіналу.
У квітні 2011 року вона потрапила на вершину голландського чарту синглів, виконавши «Afscheid», хіт групи Volumia 1998 року, яку вона заспівала в нідерландській телевізійній програмі Beste Zangers.
У 2012 році Ґрейс була одним із засновників нідерландського супергурту імені пані Душі, разом з іншими співаками Канді Дулфер, Бергерт Льюїс, Едсилії Ромблі і Трентье Остергейс. Остергейс залишив гурт у 2017 році. Ґленніс Ґрейс мала виступити на Євробаченні-2020 у Роттердамі, Нідерланди, разом з ді-джеєм та музичним продюсером Afrojack, хоча ця подія була скасована через пандемію COVID-19.
Ї виступ відбудеться 22 травня 2021 року під час фіналу Євробачення-2020.
Америка має талант
Ґленніс Ґрейс з'явилася в 13-му сезоні Америки отримала талант у 2018 році. Під час прослуховування, 27 червня, Ґрейс заспівала пісню Вітні Г'юстон « Run to You». Ґрейс отримала голоси «так» від усіх чотирьох суддів і перейшла до наступного туру, де вона виконала "Nothing Compares 2 U / Нічого не порівняти 2 U " від Прінса. Вона отримала схвальні відгуки суддів і увійшла до чвертьфіналу. У чвертьфіналі Ґрейс заспівала " Never Enough " із фільму The Greatest Showman, що допомогло вийти до півфіналу. У другому півфіналі вона виконала пісню Кейт Буш "This Woman's Work ". Так вона взяла участь у фіналі разом з дев'ятьма іншими фіналістами. У фіналі вона заспівала пісню Run Snow Patrol і отримала бурхливі овації суддів та глядачів. Через день в окремому фінальному ефірі Ґрейс виконала пісню «Meant To Be» з американською співачкою Бібі Рекса. Публіка схвально прийняла виступ, і багато хто коментував, що Ґрейс співала пісні краще, ніж сама Рекса. Утім, Ґленніс не потрапила до п'ятірки найкращих фіналістів.
Дискографія
Студійні альбоми
Прямий ефір
Компіляція
Розширені версії
Пісні
Співпраця
Співпраця: Live
Співпраця: пісні
Примітки
Посилання
https://web.archive.org/web/20070428105747/http://www.esctoday.com/an Year/2005/page/15
https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040703/http://www.esctoday.com/news/read/4500? PHPSESSID = 34c
https://soundcloud.com/glennisgrace
Учасники Євробачення 2005
Представники Нідерландів на Євробаченні
Народились 1978
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2010673
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%20%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%97%20%D0%A2%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96%20%28%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96%29
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Костел Найсвятішої Трійці (Чернавчиці)
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Костел Найсвятішої Трійці (Чернавчиці)
Костел Найсвятішої Трійці (Троіцкі касцёл са званіцай) (біл. Касцёл Найсвяцейшай Тройцы) — пам'ятка архітектури республіканського значення, зведений у 1583 році, розташований у центрі села Чернавчиці Берестейської області на шосе Брест — Каменець. Разом з ярусною дзвіницею утворює висотну домінанту в малоповерховій забудові, нагадує композицію оборонної замкової вежі Несвіжа, побудованої також наприкінці XVI століття.
Історичні відомості
У XV столітті Чернавчицями володів рід Ілліничів, тоді й був побудований перший храм. Останній з роду, Юрій, не мав спадкоємців та заповідав усе своє майно кузинові Миколі-Криштофу Радзивілу, який і побудував новий храм-фортецю. Спорудження костелу ознаменувало повернення Миколи, відомого мецената, політичного діяча і заможного вельможі, з паломництва в Єрусалим.
Згідно «Каталогу Брестської єпархії» 1925 року існуюча будівля датується 1583 роком (за іншими джерелами в 1585–1595, р.), побудовано при М. К. Радзивіллі.
У 1661 році за наказом Смоленського єпископа Юрія Білозора проведена реставрація костелу, після закінчення ремонту його повторно освячено в ім'я Святої Трійці.
Після польського національно-визвольного повстання російська влада ухвалила рішення про закриття католицьких церков. У 1867 році храм переданий православній церкві та набув візантійських рис.
На початку XX століття костел повернений римо-католикам. Під час німецької окупації в ньому скоєні масові розстріли, про що нагадує обеліск, встановлений коло його стін. За часи радянської влади храм не діяв.
У 2010 році костел передали вірянам, які провели реконструкцію. Сьогодні — це діючий римо-католицький храм.
Архітектура
Костел Найсвятішої Трійці — єдиний у своєму роді зразок національної архітектурної спадщини, що включає готичні форми, прийоми ренесансу і раннього бароко, традиції оборонної архітектури.
Спроектував костьол чернець-єзуїт, якого Радзивілли викликали з Італії (потім архітектор переїхав для роботи у Несвіж), інженери прибули зі Швейцарії. Довжина храму складає 30 метрів, ширина — 15 метрів.
За думкою Т. В. Габрусь, архітектура костьолу має готико-ренесансну основу. Храм однонефний, безкупольний з витягнутим пресбітерієм і подібністю трансепту, має виражені оборонні риси: масивні стіни, вузькі бійниці, високу дзвіницю, з якої можна оглядати околиці.
Прийоми готичної архітектури: апсида і бічні фасади, масивні стіни з контрфорсами і вузькими витягнутими вікнами, крутий та високий щипцевий дах.
До крил трансепту і сторін апсиди примикають нижчі прибудови з односхилими дахами, що створюють поступове наростання об'ємів і надають композиції художню виразність. До головного фасаду прибудований вхідний тамбур.
Характерні прикмети ренесансу: прямокутні та круглі ніші — фільонки, тонкі карнизи та вертикальна тяга головного фасаду, зведення інтер'єру, декороване скульптурними візерунчастими тягою-нервюрами. У Білорусі збереглися лише одиничні будівлі подібного типу.
Нове у структурі храму (порівняно з культовими будовами епохи реформації) — наявність елементів поперечної нефи, які на плані мають вигляд латинського хреста.
Особливістю композиції храму є кругла вежа на південному бічному фасаді, що має риси архітектури оборонного типу, побудована з цеглини і обштукатурена зовні. Потрапити у неї можна з костьольного двору.
Масивні стіни зведені у техніці готичної кладки, їх товщина складає 1,3 метра. У щиті фронтону розташовані бійниці, головний фасад зроблений без башні. У вівтарній частині розташована циліндрична вежа із шатровим покриттям та гвинтовими сходами, що ведуть на горище. Вежа має нетрадиційне розміщення, але є характерним елементом оборонної архітектури. Відсутню вежу компенсує монументальна дзвіниця, яка включена в огорожу та органічно доповнює архітектуру костьолу.
Свідками епохи бароко виступають три дерев'яні скульптури: «Святий Домінік», розміщений у вівтарі, «Святий Антоній» і «Святий Мартин», розташовані у нішах головного фасаду. На поверхні скульптур збереглися сліди фарби золотисто-коричневих і червоних тонів.
Галерея
Примітки
Література
Белоруссия, Литва, Латвия, Эстония: Справочник-путеводитель.- М., 1986.- 488 с.
От Беловежской пущи до полесских болот: путеводитель по Брестской области / Т. Хвагина, А. Варавва. — Минск, 2013. — 225 с.
Чернавчиці
Берестейський район
Костели Білорусі
Культові споруди, побудовані 1595
Білорусь XVI століття
Історико-культурні цінності Республіки Білорусь
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnacle
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Binnacle
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Binnacle
A binnacle is a waist-high case or stand on the deck of a ship, generally mounted in front of the helmsman, in which navigational instruments are placed for easy and quick reference as well as to protect the delicate instruments. Its traditional purpose was to hold the ship's magnetic compass, mounted in gimbals to keep it level while the ship pitched and rolled. A binnacle may be subdivided into sections and its contents typically include one or more compasses and an oil lamp or other light source. Other devices such as a sand timer for estimating speed may have been stored in the binnacle as well.
Binnacle can also refer to the cluster of instruments and switches mounted in a circular casing on or near the steering column of a car.
Etymology
Before 18th century bittacle, through French bitacle, from Latin habitaculum, "little dwelling".
History
The construction of many early (mid-18th century) binnacles used iron nails, which were later discovered to cause magnetic deviations in compass readings. As the development of the compass and understanding of magnetism progressed, greater attention was given to binnacle construction to avoid compass disturbances caused by iron.
With the introduction of iron-clad ships the magnetic deviation observed in compasses became more severe. Methods of compensation by arranging iron or magnetic objects near the binnacle were developed. In 1854, a new type of binnacle was patented by John Gray of Liverpool which directly incorporated adjustable correcting magnets on screws or rack and pinions. This was improved again when Lord Kelvin patented in the 1880s another system of compass and which incorporated two compensating spheres. These are colloquially known as "Kelvin's balls" in the UK, and "navigator's balls" in the United States. The Royal Maritime museum at Greenwich, London, has an extensive collection of binnacles.
The ship's "binnacle list" is the medical department's report of personnel at sick bay, excused from that day's duty.
See also
Gyrocompass
Logbook
References
Alan Gurney, Compass: A Story of Exploration and Innovation, W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, .
External links
Sailing ship components
Sailboat components
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%20%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80
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Ітон Менор
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Ітон Менор — споруда літніх Паралімпійських ігор 2012 у Лондоні.
Місткість арени становить 10 500 місць. Арена прийме Теніс на візках. Також арена є тренувальним центром для плавців.
Посилання
Профіль на сайті Ігор
Споруди літніх Олімпійських ігор 2012 року
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2070524
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE
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Кузяново
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Кузяново — село у складі Ішимбайського району Башкортостану, Росія. Адміністративний центр Кузяновської сільської ради.
Населення — 847 осіб (2010; 866 в 2002).
Національний склад:
башкири — 97%
Відомі люди
Рашитова Сагіда Фареївна — башкирська театральна артистка.
Сагітова Фарзана Фаткуллівна — педагог та співачка.
Примітки
Посилання
На Вікімапії
Населені пункти Ішимбайського району
Села Башкортостану
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19956612
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karniszyn
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Karniszyn
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Karniszyn is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Bieżuń, within Żuromin County, Masovian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Bieżuń, south of Żuromin, and north-west of Warsaw. It is situated on the Luta River, a tributary of Wkra.
Karniszyn was a private town, administratively located in the Szreńsk County in the Płock Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province of the Kingdom of Poland.
References
Populated riverside places in Poland
Villages in Żuromin County
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peklenica
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Peklenica
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Peklenica is a village in Međimurje County, Croatia. It is located 3.1 km from Mursko Središće, 11 km from Čakovec, and is adjacent to Križovec and Vratišinec. As of the 2011 census, there were 1217 inhabitants.
Peklenica is known for its natural source of crude oil known to local population since at least the Middle Ages. The toponym, first recorded in 1391, is derived from words paklina or pekel, which is what the locals called the greasy substance they used for lubrication of horse-drawn carriages as well as for medicinal purposes. According to Ottoman explorer Evliya Çelebi's writings, the town of Szigetvár was burnt during the 1566 siege using oil from Peklenica.
The oil was first commercially exploited by count Georg Festetics in 1856, arguably predating the well-known Drake Well in Pennsylvania by three years. From the 1880s to the early 20th century, Viennese entrepreneur Wilhelm Singer drilled dozens of oil wells in the village. Due to diminishing returns, oil exploitation in Peklenica ended in 1967.
References
Bibliography
Populated places in Međimurje County
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81
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Івано-Франківський тролейбус
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Івано-Франківський тролейбус — тролейбусна система Івано-Франківська, яка була відкрита 31 грудня 1983 році (Івано-Франківськ став передостаннім обласним центром, в якому відкрили тролейбусний рух). Забезпечує рух тролейбусів у м. Івано-Франківську комунальне підприємство «Електроавтотранс».
Станом на 1 січня 2024 р. мережа налічує 8 тролейбусних маршрутів. За 2023 рік тролейбуси перевезли 8,4 млн пасажирів і виконали 2,21 млн км транспортної роботи.
Довжина контактної мережі становить 72,3 км (без мережі в депо), а протяжність маршрутів 137,6 км.
Таблиця чинних маршрутів
Станом на 08.2023:
Історія
Тролейбусний рух у місті Івано-Франківськ було відкрито 31 грудня 1983 року. Тоді на маршрут №1 «вулиця Хіміків – Вокзал» протяжністю 10,5 км вийшло 10 тролейбусів моделі ЗіУ-682 (№ 101 – 110). З нагоди запуску нового виду транспорту і святкування Нового року усіх пасажирів перевозили безоплатно. В перші дні – це було щось на зразок атракціону.
Директором Івано-Франківського тролейбусного управління (ІФТУ, як воно називалось в той час) став Леонід Іванович Яковець. Цікавий факт, що Яковець до 1983 року працював у тролейбусному депо м. Сімферополь, а після відкриття тролейбусного депо в Івано-Франківську очолив його та переїхав до Івано-Франківська.
У 1984 році до Івано-Франківська надійшло 5 нових тролейбусів ЗіУ-682 (№111 – 115). Керівництво тролейбусного управління докладало всіх зусиль, щоб машини заводу імені Урицького замінили на сучасніші чехословацькі тролейбуси нової модифікації. Наприкінці року тролейбуси №102, 104 – 107 передані у Полтаву.
У 1985 році на заміну ЗіУ-682, які залишилися і були передані до Севастополя, надійшло 10 вживаних Škoda 14Tr з Луганська, які одержали №116 – 125.
У лютому 1986 року (за іншими даними 25 грудня 1985 року) введена нова тролейбусна лінія до ВАТ «Карпатпресмаш» куди поїхав новий тролейбусний маршрут №2 Вокзал – ВАТ «Карпатпресмаш». Також певний час (у 1987 році) діяв піковий маршрут №3 вул. Хіміків – ВАТ «Карпатпресмаш», який з'єднав мікрорайон «Пасічна» з промисловим районом. Даний маршрут проіснував короткий час і незабаром був скасований.
В цьому ж 1986 році для відкриття нових маршрутів надійшло 15 тролейбусів Škoda 14Tr (№126 – 140), у 1988 – 1989 роках – ще 16 тієї ж моделі (№141–156).
1 червня 1989 року введено односторонню лінію вулицями Дністровська і Галицька через ЦУМ.
15 липня 1989 року введено в експлуатацію ланку тролейбусної мережі від вул.Хіміків до промислового вузла в селі Ямниця. Відкрито новий тролейбусний маршрут №4 Центр – завод «ТОС», який проліг через села Угринів та Ямницю. Таким чином цей маршрут став приміським, одним з небагатьох в Україні такого виду.
У першій половині 1990-х років, у перші роки відновлення незалежності України, Івано-Франківський тролейбус потерпав від нестабільності. Кількість діючих тролейбусів зменшилася із 41 до 29, коефіцієнт використання рухомого складу — з 76% до 47%, а витрати підприємства перекривались доходами лише на 10%.
В 1993 році на посаду директора повернувся Л. Яковець, який кілька років не був директором підприємства. Після того почалось відновлення значної кількості тролейбусів, які не працювали. Таким чином було відновлено розвиток тролейбусного руху в місті.
Нової лінії довелося чекати аж до червня 1994 року, коли відкрили новий маршрут №3 «Вокзал – ВАТ «Родон».
У 1994 році до міста надійшов один новий тролейбус ЮМЗ Т2 (№157) та 3 вживаних Škoda 14Tr (№158 – 160); у 1995 році – 4 ЮМЗ Т1 (№161 – 164) та 6 тролейбусів ЮМЗ Т2 (№165 – 170).
27 серпня 1995 року збудовано нове розворотне кільце поблизу тролейбусного депо. Воно стало початковою зупинкою тролейбусного маршруту №5 «вул. Дністровська – ДКП «Електроавтотранс»».
У 1997 році поступило 5 вживаних тролейбусів Škoda 14Tr з Пльзеня (№ 171 – 175). У 1997 році був введений в дію маршрут №6 «вул. Хіміків – вул. Дністровська». Він працював у пікові години. Його роботу забезпечували 3 тролейбуси. Маршрут був скасований у 2002 році.
Також на початку 2000-х років тимчасово працював маршрут №7 «ВАТ «Івано-Франківськцемент» - Вокзал, який був спеціально організований для доїзду працівників цементно-шиферного заводу в с. Ямниця.
У серпні 2001 року було збудовано нову лінію до мікрорайону «Каскад» та введено в дію тролейбусний маршрут №7 (Вокзал – мікрорайон «Каскад»).
У 2002 році було розпочато будівництво кільцевої лінії від перехрестя вул. А. Мельника і вул. Незалежності, а потім вул. А. Мельника – вул. Сахарова – вул. С. Бандери – вул. Незалежності. 5 грудня 2002 року цю лінію було введено в експлуатацію і з'явилися маршрути №7 «мікрорайон «Каскад» – вул. Сахарова» та №8 «вул. Хіміків – вул. Сахарова».
4 лютого 2005 року було введено в експлуатацію нове розворотне кільце поблизу АС-4 та введено в дію новий маршрут №9 «Вулиця Сахарова – АС-4».
31 грудня 2005 року було введено в експлуатацію ще одне нове кільце поблизу АС-2 та змінено маршрут №6 на «АС-2 – Вокзал».
Нових тролейбусів місту довелось чекати досить довго, більше 10-ти років. Тільки у 2006 році було придбано 1 тролейбус ЛАЗ Е183 (№176), у 2007 році ще 3 тролейбуси даної моделі (№177 – 179), а у 2009 році ще 1 (№180).
4 квітня 2007 року було введено в експлуатацію нову ланку тролейбусної мережі від перехрестя вул. Академіка Сахарова і С. Бандери до Європейської площі. Будівництво пускового комплексу тролейбусної лінії вулицею С. Бандери до Європейської площі розпочато у вересні 2006 року. Довжина нової тролейбусної лінії становила бл. 3 км. До нової кінцевої продовжено маршрут №6 «АС-2 – Європейська площа».
Будівництво нової односторонньої лінії, яка з'єднала кінцеві маршрутів №3 і №7 розпочалося восени 2011 року. У грудні 2011 року введено в експлуатацію нову (880 метрів в одношляховому вимірі) ділянку тролейбусної мережі вул. В. Симоненка між вулицями І. Миколайчука і Вовчинецькою. Витрати на будівництво і облаштування нової ділянки становили бл. 800 тис. грн. Новою тролейбусною лінією подовжено маршрут №3.
З 1 січня 2016 року в місті запрацювала нова маршрутна мережа, в якій більш значну роль почали відігравати тролейбуси (зменшилось дублювання тролейбусних ліній автобусними маршрутами приватних перевізників). В цей же рік почалась закупка вживаних тролейбусів із Європи. В 2016 році місто закуповує 5 високопідлогових тролейбусів та 3 низькопідлогових тролейбусів моделі Gräf & Stift. Всі вони були «спареними/зчленованими» (у народі "гармошки").
15 жовтня 2016 року розпочалося будівництво тролейбусної лінії по вул. Пасічній і вул. Федьковича до Обласної клінічної лікарні.
30 грудня 2016 року відкрито новий тролейбусний маршрут №8 «Обласна лікарня – Європейська площа». Ця лінія стала доповненням маршруту №6, який сполучав Європейську площу з АС-2.
28 серпня 2017 року тролейбусний маршрут №10 подовжено від АС-4 до кінцевої зупинки ВАТ «Карпатпресмаш».
29 вересня 2017 року маршрут №9 був скасований.
26 січня 2018 року було введено в експлуатацію нову ланку мережі від вул. Василіянок по вул. Вовчинецькій до Привокзальної площі.
З 2 квітня 2018 року були оптимізовані деякі тролейбусні маршрути. Маршрути №1 та №6 були об'єднані в один маршрут №6 «Радіозавод – Європейська площа». Маршрут №3 було продовжено до Обласної лікарні. Таким чином він отримав назву «Обласна лікарня – АТ «Родон». Натомість маршрут №8 був скасований.
З 1 листопада 2019 року маршрут №5 «Тролейбусне депо – вул. Дністровська» було відновлено. У робочі дні курсувало 2 тролейбуси, в суботу – 1 тролейбус; у неділю маршрут не працював.
Впродовж 2017-2020 років тролейбусне депо поповнилось ще 15-ма вживаними (9 Gräf & Stift, 2 Škoda 14Tr, 4 Volvo 7000AT) та 29-ма новими тролейбусами моделі БКМ-321.
У листопаді 2021 року введено в експлуатацію нову тягову підстанцію на вул. Р. Гурика. Роботи фінансувалися Європейським банком реконструкції та розвитку у співфінансуванні з міським бюджетом. Підрядна компанія «Плутон» (м. Запоріжжя) провела доставку двох модулів та монтаж тягової підстанції. Паралельно тривали роботи із встановлення опор, контактної мережі тролейбусної лінії від вул. Галицької до кільця вул. Гетьмана Мазепи (біля АС-3) та у зворотному напрямку завдовжки 7 км. В рамках проєкту проведена заміна вуличного освітлення на цій ділянці та облаштування декількох зупинок громадського транспорту.
19 грудня 2022 року у Івано-Франківську відкрита нова тролейбусна лінія за маршрутом №5 «Тролейбусне депо – АС-3», що сполучила два мікрорайони: «Пасічну» та «БАМ». Маршрут тролейбусів проходить такими вулицями: Тролейбусна, Галицька, Північний та Південний бульвари, Р. Гурика та Гетьмана Мазепи. Особливістю даного маршруту є те, що він є повністю «маятниковим» (наразі єдиним такого роду в Івано-Франківську).
Маршрути
В Івано-Франківську діє 7 тролейбусних маршрутів. Випуск тролейбусів на маршрути подано станом на листопад 2019 року. У робочі дні випуск на маршрут поділяється у «години-пік» та у звичайний час.
Тролейбусне депо
Тролейбусне депо розташоване за адресою: місто Івано-Франківськ, вул. Тролейбусна, 40.
Рухомий склад
Станом на 1 листопада 2018 року на балансі депо — 53 пасажирських та 1 службовий тролейбус. Понад 70% рухомого складу — це вже давно амортизовані тролейбуси, деяким навіть 28 років. Середній вік рухомого складу — 19 років, з них 9 одиниць віком від 10 до 15 років, 31 одиниця — понад 20 років.
Впродовж 2016—2017 років списані 2 тролейбуса ЮМЗ Т1 списані (№ 162, 163).
Вартість проїзду
Вартість проїзду в електротранспорті встановлюється на підставі рішенням виконавчого комітету Івано-Франківської міської ради.
З відкриттям тролейбусного руху вартість проїзду становила 4 копійки (0,04 руб.). Протягом існування мережі вона поступово підвищувалася:
Відповідно з рішенням виконавчого комітету Івано-Франківської міської ради № 145 «Про пільговий проїзд у міському пасажирському транспорті», в тролейбусах муніципального перевізника КП «Електроавтотранс» для студентів з 15 березня 2017 року передбачена знижка 50 %. Вартість проїзду становить 1 гривню, за умови пред'явлення дійсного студентського квитка.
З 12 липня 2021 року вартість однієї поїздки у тролейбусах та автобусах КП «Електроавтотранс» становить 10 гривень, а в приватних маршрутках — 8 грн. Досі тарифи на проїзд становили — 6 гривень. Проте у пасажирів, які користуються комунальним транспортом, є можливість заощадити. При оплаті безконтактною банківською карткою або за допомогою SMS вартість поїздки становитиме 8 грн. При оплаті транспортною карткою «Галка» — 6 грн, а при оплаті студентською карткою «Галка» — 5 грн.
Якщо пасажир обрав оплату готівкою, то має знати, що водій не зобов'язаний давати решту коштів із більших купюр, ніж 50 грн. Про це йдеться у пункті 3.9.3 «Правил користування міським пасажирським транспортом у Івано-Франківській МТГ». Також слід знати, що купюри мають бути без ознак значних пошкоджень. Якщо ж є купюри більшого номіналу, ніж 50 грн, а водій не має коштів для видачі решти, то є інші способи оплати за проїзд, зокрема, оплатити є можливість:
транспортною карткою «Галка»;
банківською безконтактною карткою;
sms із мобільного телефону;
через мобільний додаток «Easy Wallet»;
QR-код.
До речі, за проїзд треба оплачувати, якщо поїздка триває навіть одну зупинку.
Рентабельність
Фактичні витрати на перевезення одного платного пасажира за 2009 рік склали 2,26 (у 2006 році — 1,05 ; у 2007 році — 1,47 , у 2008 році — 1,68 ), а рентабельність перевезень знизилась до 72 %.
Виручка, яку підприємство отримує від одного платного пасажира (середній тариф), склала у 2009 році тільки 0,57 , що пов'язано з перевезенням учнів, студентів та громадян по здешевлених місячних проїзних квитках, якими в тролейбусах користується 30 % пасажирів.
Для забезпечення безперебійної роботи електротранспорту та надання надійних та безпечних послуг з пасажироперевезень на міських маршрутах вартість перевезення одного платного пасажира в тролейбусі в розрахунку станом на 2010 рік становив 4,44 без інноваційної складової; а з врахуванням інноваційної складової вартість перевезення 1 платного пасажира становить 4,97 .
Перспективи
В рамках проекту «Міський громадський транспорт в Україні» планується:
за рахунок залучених кредитних коштів Європейського інвестиційного банку під державні гарантії побудувати тролейбусну лінію довжиною 3,3 км на суму в 1,2 млн євро;
за рахунок залучених кредитних коштів Європейського банку реконструкції та розвитку під місцеві гарантії придбати 40 тролейбусів на суму в 8 млн євро.
У 2017 році планувалося звести додаткові 7 км тролейбусних мереж, які сполучать досі не охоплений електротранспортом мікрорайон «БАМ».
У найближчому майбутньому планується будівництво нового тролейбусного маршруту. В першій черзі буде зведена ділянка від Європейської площі по вулицях Євгена Коновальця — Симона Петлюри до кільця на вул. В.Чорновола, в другій черзі — по вул. Довженка до розворотного кільця на вул. Гетьмана Мазепи. Аби тролейбус з'єднав і південну частину міста з іншими його мікрорайонами та курсував від Європейської площі вулицями Петлюри та Довженка, необхідно збудувати тягову підстанцію вартістю вісім млн грн.
У далекій перспективі планується будівництво тягових підстанцій та двох тролейбусних ліній по вулиці Гетьмана Мазепи і Південному бульвару, що дозволить об'єднати всі тролейбусні маршрути в кільце.
Примітки
Джерела
Посилання
Офіційний сайт КП «Електроавтотранс»
КП «Електроавтотранс» на Facebook
Інтерактивна карта тролейбусних маршрутів Івано-Франківська
Повний перелік актуальних тролейбусних маршрутів Івано-Франківська
Івано-Франківський тролейбус на сайті «Міський електротранспорт»
Тролейбуси Івано-Франківська (маршрути, їх схема та рухомий склад) на сайті «Міський пасажирський транспорт в Україні та світі»
Сайт про Івано-Франківський тролейбус
Транспорт Івано-Франківська
В Івано-Франківську тролейбус рекламує «Садочок» і матюкається
Транспорт Івано-Франківська
Тролейбусні системи України
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171165
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyfford%20Still
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Clyfford Still
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Clyfford Still (November 30, 1904 – June 23, 1980) was an American painter, and one of the leading figures in the first generation of Abstract Expressionists, who developed a new, powerful approach to painting in the years immediately following World War II. Still has been credited with laying the groundwork for the movement, as his shift from representational to abstract painting occurred between 1938 and 1942, earlier than his colleagues like Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, who continued to paint in figurative-surrealist styles well into the 1940s.
Biography
Still was born in 1904 in Grandin, North Dakota and spent his childhood in Spokane, Washington and Bow Island in southern Alberta, Canada. In 1925 he visited New York, briefly studying at the Art Students League. He attended Spokane University from 1926 to 1927 and returned in 1931 with a fellowship, graduating in 1933. That fall, he became a teaching fellow, then faculty member at Washington State College (now Washington State University), where he obtained his Master of Fine Arts degree in 1935 and taught until 1941. He spent the summers of 1934 and 1935 at the Trask Foundation (now Yaddo) in Saratoga Springs, New York.
In 1937, along with Washington State colleague Worth Griffin, Still co-founded the Nespelem Art Colony that produced hundreds of portraits and landscapes depicting Colville Indian Reservation Native American life over the course of four summers.
In 1941 Still relocated to the San Francisco Bay area where he worked in various war industries while pursuing painting. He had his first solo exhibition at the San Francisco Museum of Art (now San Francisco Museum of Modern Art) in 1943. He taught at the Richmond Professional Institute (RPI), now Virginia Commonwealth University, from 1943 to 1945, then went to New York City.
Mark Rothko, whom Still had met in California in 1943, introduced him to Peggy Guggenheim, who gave him a solo exhibition at her gallery, The Art of This Century Gallery, in early 1946. The following year Guggenheim closed her gallery and Still, along with Rothko and other Abstract Expressionists, joined the Betty Parsons gallery.
Still returned to San Francisco, where he became a highly influential professor at the California School of Fine Arts (now San Francisco Art Institute), teaching there from 1946 to 1950. In 1950, he moved to New York City, where he lived most of the decade, the height of Abstract Expressionism, but also a time when he became increasingly critical of the art world. In the early 1950s, Still severed ties with commercial galleries. In 1961 he moved to a 22-acre farm near Westminster, Maryland, removing himself further from the art world. Still used a barn on the property as a studio during the warm weather months. In 1966, Still and his second wife purchased a 4,300-square-foot house at 312 Church Street in New Windsor, Maryland, about eight miles from their farm, where he lived until his death.
Family life
Still married Lillian August Battan circa 1930. They had two daughters, born in 1939 and 1942. The couple separated in the late 1940s and divorced in 1954. In 1957, Still married Patricia Alice Garske, who had been one of his students at Washington State and was sixteen years his junior.
Paintings
Having developed his signature style in San Francisco between 1946 and 1950 while teaching at the California School of Fine Arts, Still is considered one of the foremost Color Field painters – his non-figurative paintings are non-objective, and largely concerned with juxtaposing different colors and surfaces in a variety of formations. Unlike Mark Rothko or Barnett Newman, who organized their colors in a relatively simple way (Rothko in the form of nebulous rectangles, Newman in thin lines on vast fields of color), Still's arrangements are less regular. In fact, he was one of the few painters who combined practices of Color Field paintings with that of Gestural, Action Paintings. His jagged flashes of color give the impression that one layer of color has been "torn" off the painting, revealing the colors underneath. Another point of departure with Newman and Rothko is the way the paint is laid on the canvas; while Rothko and Newman used fairly flat colors and relatively thin paint, Still uses a thick impasto, causing subtle variety and shades that shimmer across the painting surfaces. His large mature works recall natural forms and natural phenomena at their most intense and mysterious; ancient stalagmites, caverns, foliage, seen both in darkness and in light lend poetic richness and depth to his work. By 1947, he had begun working in the format that he would intensify and refine throughout the rest of his career – a large-scale color field applied with palette knives. Among Still's well known paintings is 1957-D No. 1, 1957 (right), which is mainly black and yellow with patches of white and a small amount of red. These four colors, and variations on them (purples, dark blues) are predominant in his work, although there is a tendency for his paintings to use darker shades.
Exhibitions
In 1943, Still's first solo show took place at the San Francisco Museum of Art. In 1947, Jermayne MacAgy, assistant director of the California Palace of the Legion of Honor, gave him a solo show there. The artist then declined all public exhibitions from 1952 to 1959. A first comprehensive Still retrospective took place at the Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York, in 1959. Later solo exhibitions of Still's paintings were presented by the Institute of Contemporary Art of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia in 1963 and at the Marlborough-Gerson gallery, New York, in 1969 to 1970. In 1975, a permanent installation of a group of his works opened at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. In 1979, New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art organized the largest survey of Still's art to date and the largest presentation afforded by this institution to the work of a living artist.
Awards
Still received the Award of Merit for Painting in 1972 from the American Academy of Arts and Letters, of which he became a member in 1978, and the Skowhegan Medal for Painting in 1975.
Estate and Museum
Still wrote a will in 1978 that left a portion of his work, along with his archives, to his wife Patricia and stated: "I give and bequeath all the remaining works of art executed by me in my collection to an American city that will agree to build or assign and maintain permanent quarters exclusively for these works of art and assure their physical survival with the explicit requirement that none of these works of art will be sold, given, or exchanged but are to be retained in the place described above exclusively assigned to them in perpetuity for exhibition and study." After Still's death in 1980, the Still collection of approximately 2,400 works was sealed off completely from public and scholarly access for more than twenty years.
In August 2004, the City of Denver, Colorado announced it had been chosen by Patricia Still to receive the artworks contained within the Clyfford Still Estate (roughly 825 paintings on canvas and 1575 works on paper – drawings and limited-edition fine-art prints). The Clyfford Still Museum, an independent nonprofit organization, opened under the directorship of Dean Sobel in November 2011. The museum also houses the complete Still archives of sketchbooks, journals, notebooks, the artist's library, and other archival materials, inherited upon Patricia Still's death in 2005.
The building was designed by Allied Works Architecture, led by Brad Cloepfil. The museum is recognized as a successful implementation of contemporary architecture and an icon for the city of Denver. From January 24 to April 17, 2016, the Denver Art Museum hosted a temporary exhibit called "Case Work", which showcased the design process used for this museum and other major works by Allied and Cloepfil. After Denver, the exhibit was planned to show at the Portland Art Museum and then embark on a two-year international tour.
In March 2011, a Maryland court with jurisdiction over Patricia Still's estate ruled that four of Still's works could be sold before they officially became part of the museum's collection. In November 2011, Sotheby's in New York sold the four works; PH-351 (1940) for US$1.2 million, 1947-Y-No. 2 (1947) for US$31.4 million, 1949-A-No. 1 (1949) for US$61.7 million and PH-1033 (1976) for US$19.6 million. The proceeds from the sales, US$114 million, went to the Clyfford Still Museum "to support its endowment and collection-related expenses." In the decade prior to the sale, only 11 of Still's works came up at auction. The Clyfford Still Museum opened on November 18, 2011.
In December 2011, a visitor to the museum was accused of causing $10,000 worth of damage to Still's 1957-J no.2 oil painting.
In 2013, the Clyfford Still Museum Research Center was launched. Its aim is to explore the period of art and history in which the abstract painter worked. Plans include a fellowship program, cross-disciplinary scholarly publications, and research symposia.
Other collections
Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York (33 paintings, 1937–1963
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (30 paintings, ca. 1936–1974)
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (12 paintings, 1943–1977)
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Washington, D.C. (8 paintings, ca. 1935–1962)
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
The Phillips Collection, Washington, D.C.
Whitney Museum of American Art, New York
Tate collection, London (on loan to Middlesbrough Institute of Modern Art)
Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza Art Collection, Albany, New York
The Kreeger Museum, Washington, D.C.
Glenstone, Potomac, Maryland
Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford, Connecticut
Quotes
From Still
"I never wanted color to be color. I never wanted texture to be texture, or images to become shapes. I wanted them all to fuse together into a living spirit."
"It's intolerable to be stopped by a frame's edge."
"I am not interested in illustrating my time. A man's 'time' limits him, it does not truly liberate him. Our age – it is one of science, of mechanism, of power and death. I see no point in adding to its mechanism of power and death. I see no point in adding to its mammoth arrogance the compliment of a graphic homage."
"How can we live and die and never know the difference?"
From others
"Still makes the rest of us look academic." --Jackson Pollock
"His show (at Peggy Guggenheim's The Art of This Century Gallery in 1946), of all those early shows [Pollock, Rothko, Motherwell], was the most original. A bolt out of the blue. Most of us were still working through images ... Still had none."--Robert Motherwell
"When I first saw a 1948 painting of Still's ... I was impressed as never before by how estranging and upsetting genuine originality in art can be."--Clement Greenberg, art critic; "American-Type Painting", Partisan Review, 1955, p. 58.
"It was in the mid-1940s that Still asserted himself as one of the most formally inventive artists of his generation."
--John Golding, art historian; Paths to the Absolute, 2000, Princeton University Press
"With their crude palette-knifed and troweled surfaces, their immense space, their strong color, their relentless vertical and horizontal expansiveness, Still's abstract works project a forcefulness perhaps unequaled in Abstract Expressionist painting."
--Stephen Polcari, art historian; Abstract Expressionism and the Modern Experience, 1991, Cambridge University Press
"A singular talent whose dimension will not be fully known in his own lifetime."--Robert Hughes, former Time art critic; Time, Prairie Coriolanus, February 9, 1976
See also
List of single-artist museums
Notes
Further reading
Repeat/Recreate: Clyfford Still's 'Replicas''', David Anfam and Neal Benezra and Dean Sobel. Publisher: Clyfford Still Museum Research Center (2015),
Clyfford Still: The Artist's Museum, David Anfam and Dean Sobel. Publisher: Skira Rizzoli (2012), ,
Nancy Marmer, "Clyfford Still: The Extremist Factor," Art in America, April 1980, pp. 102–113.
Clyfford Still: Paintings, 1944–1960, James T. Demetrion (Editor). David Anfam, Neal Benezra, Brooks Adams. Publisher: Yale University Press (June 1, 2001), ,
Clyfford Still: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City, John P. O'Neill (Editor). Publisher: Harry N. Abrams (1979),
Clyfford Still: The Late Works'', David Anfam. Publisher: Skira Rizzoli (2020), https://www.amazon.co.uk/Clyfford-Still-Works-David-Anfam/dp/0847868605/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&__mk_en_GB=%C3%85M%C3%85Z%C3%95%C3%91&dchild=1&qid=1619444430&refinements=p_27%3AAnfam&s=books&sr=1-1&unfiltered=1
External links
Clyfford Still Museum
Albright Knox
Albright Knox images
Clyfford Still artist page
1904 births
1980 deaths
Abstract expressionist artists
American abstract painters
American modern artists
20th-century American painters
American male painters
Pacific Northwest artists
Artists from Spokane, Washington
People from Grandin, North Dakota
Artists from North Dakota
Painters from Washington (state)
San Francisco Art Institute faculty
Painters from New York (state)
People from New Windsor, Maryland
20th-century American male artists
Painters from North Dakota
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B4
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Ірбід
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Ірбід, за античної доби Арбела або Арабелла — третє за величиною місто Йорданії. Лежить на півночі країни, являючись адміністративним центром провінції Ірбід. За переписом 2015 року в межах Ірбіду проживало 502 714 особи та 1 911 600 — в межах агломерації.
Географія
Місто лежить посеред родючого плато в історичній області Галаад на відстані близько 70 км від Амману, столиці країни, та приблизно 20 км на південь від кордону із Сирією. Ірбід є основним транспортним вузлом транспорту між Амманом, Сирією на півночі та Ель-Мафраком на сході. Поруч із Ірбідом розташовані численні стародавні міста, зокрема Пелла, Капітоліда та Умм-Кайс. Станом на 2010 рік площа Ірбіду складала 30 км2, з якої житлова зона становила 74,3%.
Клімат
Місто знаходиться у зоні, котра характеризується середземноморським кліматом. Найтепліший місяць — липень із середньою температурою 25 °C (77 °F). Найхолодніший місяць — січень, із середньою температурою 8.9 °С (48 °F).
Історія
Археологічні знахідки та могили, виявлені в околицях Ірбіду, наштовхують на думку, що місто було заселене ще за ранньої бронзової доби. За розрахунками, фрагменти кераміки та настінні камені, знайдені в Телль-Ірбіді, були виготовлені близько 3200 року до нашої ери.
В елліністичний період Ірбід, що тоді був великим торговим центром, назвивався Арабелла або Арбіла Декаполіська за назвою об'єднання міст, яке існувало в І столітті до н. е. — ІІ столітті н. е. Місто також згадується і в Старому Заповіті як Вет-Арбел (переклад Огієнка), Бет-Арбел (переклади Хоменка та Філарета), Бет-Арбель (переклад Куліша) або Єроваал (переклад Турконяка).
До появи ісламу Арабелла була відома завдяки місцевим винам, що вважалися одними з найкращими в стародавньому світі. Територія регіону мала надзвичайно родючий ґрунт, що разом з помірним кліматом сприяло вирощуванню високоякісного винограду.
Після ісламського завоювання місто опинилося під владою Халіфату та стало називатися Ірбід. У той же час воно перейшло від виготовлення вина до виробництва оливкової олії та вирощування пшениці.
У 1596 році місто з'явилося в османському дефтері (податковому реєстрі) під назвою Ірбід, що відносилося до нахії (району) Бані-Джухма в санджаку Хавран. Тодішнє населення Ірбіду складалося з 72 сімей та 35 неодружених чоловіків, усі з яких були мусульманамии. Селяни сплачували фіксовану податкову ставку в розмірі 25 % на сільськогосподарську продукцію, що загалом становила 38 116 акче.
Сучасність
Сьогодні в Ірбіді поєднується яскравий близькосхідний колорит та нічне життя університетського міста. Ірбід має чотири великі університети: Університет Ярмук, Йорданський науково-технічний університет, Ірбідський національний університет та Університет Джадара. До того ж, в Ірібді розташовані два кампуси Університету прикладних наук Ель-Балки та декілька приватних коледжів. Університетська вулиця, яка проходить західною межею кампуса Університета Ярмук, є популярною з-поміж місцевих жителів та іноземців, оскільки на ній розташовані численні кафе та ресторани, що працюють аж до пізньої ночі.
Хоча Ірбід не входить до числа найпопулярніших туристичних напрямків країни, він має два відомих музеї: Музей спадщини Йорданії та Йорданський музей природної історії, обидва з яких розташовані на території університету Ярмук. Варто зазначити, що вдале розташування Ірбіду на півночі Йорданії робить його зручною відправною точкою для відвідування долини річки Йордан, Умм-Кайсу, Капітоліди, Пелли, Аджлуну, Умм-ель-Джималя та поїздок до сусідньої Сирії.
Міста-побратими
Газіантеп, Туреччина
Чженчжоу, Китай
Примітки
Населені пункти провінції Ірбід
Міста Старого Заповіту
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5213765
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC-%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82
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Брум-стріт
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Брум-стріт — вулиця зі сходу на захід у Нижньому Мангеттені в Нью-Йорку. Проходить майже по всій ширині острова Манхеттен, від Хадсон-стріт на заході до Льюїс-стріт на сході, біля входу на Вільямсбурзький міст. Вулиця переривається в ряді місць парками, будівлями та серединою Аллен-стріт. Вулиця була названа на честь народженого на Стейтен-Айленді , який був колоніальним купцем і політиком і став віце-губернатором штату Нью-Йорк.
Історія
Відповідно до карти, отриманої з колекції Нью-Йоркської публічної бібліотеки, територія навколо Брум-стріт була забудована в першому десятилітті 1800-х років як частина району, відомого в той час як «Площа Нью-Ділані», хоча це, ймовірно, помилка скоріше всього «Делансі», оскільки родина Делансі володіла землею протягом багатьох десятиліть і вже почала планувати забудову в 1760-х роках.
Вулиця названа на честь Джона Брума, раннього міського олдермена та віце-губернатора Нью-Йорка в 1804 році. Архітектура вздовж вулиці вирізняється використанням чавуну та має сильний вплив архітектора , який спроектував кілька будівель уздовж Брум-стріт, у тому числі будівлю Гюнтера. Костел Матері Божої Вільнюської стояв на вулиці між 1910 і 2015 роками.
Примітки
Вулиці Мангеттена
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4765532
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Матчино (Мещовський район)
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Матчино (Мещовський район)
Матчино — присілок в Мещовському районі Калузької області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 4 особи. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Село Гаврики.
Історія
Від 2004 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Село Гаврики.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Мещовського району
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384897
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA
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Капітан-поручник
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Капітан-поручник — військовий чин X класу (VIII класу в гвардії) Табеля про ранги, що існувало в армії Російської імперії з 1705 по 1798 роки. У 1798 звання перейменоване на штабскапітана. Чин відповідає нинішньому старшому лейтенантові; за посадою — заступник командира роти.
Військово-морський чин IX класу до 1764, VIII класу в 1764 — 1798, у 1798 перейменований в капітан-лейтенанта.
Військове звання капітан-поручника в переважній більшості оберофіцерського складу, титулувалося як «Ваше благородіє».
Капітан-поручник — чин в імператорській армії піхотний, в кінноті йому відповідав чин ротмістра-поручника. Поява в Росії чину капітан-поручника пов'язана з подальшим розвитком організації та управління військами, значними змінами у військовій справі і запозиченням у західних країн, супротивників і сусідів більш регулярної та структурованої, ніж в Московській державі, військової організації.
Чин капітан-поручника був присутній тільки в перших полковницьких або генеральських ротах солдатських і драгунських полків. Капітан-поручник був помічником і заступником командира полку — полковника або генерала — і практично здійснював командування 1-ї роти полку, разом з командиром полку підбирав собі помічника та заступника — поручника, прапороносця — прапорщика, сержантів та інші урядницькі чини роти.
Відповідно до своїх обов'язків капітан-поручник разом з поручником силами урядників організовував навчання нижніх чинів роти, несення ними вартової служби, підтримував у роті дисципліну, очолював роту в поході й командував нею в бою. Функції капітан-поручника практично повністю відповідали функціям капітана.
Див. також
Унтер-лейтенант
Кадет
Поручник
Зауряд-поручник
Штабсротмістр
Військовий старшина
Посилання
Капитан-поручик
Капитан-поручик
Капитан-поручик 2
«ТАБЕЛЬ О РАНГАХ» (1722–1917 гг.)
Військові звання
Чини у Російській імперії
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4741664
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%20%E2%84%964625
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Конвой №4625
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Конвой №4625
Конвой № 4625 — японський конвой часів Другої світової війни, проведення якого відбувалось у червні — липні 1943-го.
Вихідним пунктом конвою був атол Трук у центральній частині Каролінських островів, де ще до війни створили потужну базу японського ВМФ, з якої до лютого 1944-го провадились операції у цілому ряді архіпелагів. Пунктом призначення став розташований у Токійській затоці порт Йокосука, що під час війни був обраний як базовий для логістики Труку.
До складу конвою увійшли транспорти «Нічії-Мару» (Nichii Maru) та «Сея-Мару» (Seia Maru), тоді як охорону забезпечував кайбокан (фрегат) «Окі».
Загін вийшов у море 25 червня 1943-го. Його маршрут пролягав через кілька традиційних районів патрулювання американських підводних човнів, які зазвичай діяли на підходах до Труку, біля Маріанських островів, островів Огасавара та поблизу східного узбережжя Японського архіпелагу. Втім, у підсумку проходження конвою № 4625 відбулось успішно і 4 липня він без втрат досягнув Йокосуки.
Примітки
4625
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4798228
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%20%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9
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Грицик чорнохвостий
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Грицик чорнохвостий (Limosa fedoa) — вид сивкоподібних птахів родини баранцевих (Scolopacidae).
Поширення
Вид поширений в преріях на півдні Канади та у центральній та північній частині Великих рівнин США. Мешкає поблизу боліт або лагун. Восени зграями мігрує до узбережжя Каліфорнії, Мексиканської затоки та Південної Америки.
Опис
Довжина тіла 42-48 см, розмах крил 70-80 см; маса тіла самців 278–396 г, самиць 312–510 г. Дзьоб довгий, зігнутий, половина дзьоба від основи лососевого забарвлення, кінчик чорний. Довгі темно-сірі ноги. Спинка темна з червоними плямами. Низ тулуба коричнево-палевий, зі смугами. Хвіст з вузькими чорними смугами, кольору кориці або палевого кольору.
Спосіб життя
Ці птахи годуються на болотах, вологих луках або на березі моря. Харчуються переважно комахами та ракоподібними; інколи можуть поїдати м'які частини водних рослин. Гніздяться на землі, зазвичай у низькій траві. У кладці 3–5 яєць. Інкубація триває 21–23 дні, і обоє батьків піклуються про кладку. Пташенята залишають гніздо незабаром після вилуплення, здатні самостійно добувати їжу, але все ще залишаються під опікою батьків. Молодняк повністю оперяється через 26–30 днів після вилуплення.
Примітки
Посилання
Marbled Godwit Species Accounty - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Marbled Godwit - Limosa fedoa - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
Баранцеві
Птахи, описані 1758
Птахи США
Птахи Канади
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3187077
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%95%D0%A1%20%D0%A4%D1%83%D1%88%D1%96
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ГЕС Фуші
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ГЕС Фуші (浮石水电站) — гідроелектростанція на півдні Китаю у провінції Гуансі. Знаходячись між ГЕС Маші (вище за течією) та ГЕС Гудінг, входить до складу каскаду на річці Rongjiang, лівій твірній Liujiang, яка впадає ліворуч до основної течії річкової системи Сіцзян (завершується в затоці Південнокитайського моря між Гуанчжоу та Гонконгом) на межі ділянок Hongshui та Qian.
У межах проєкту річку перекрили бетонною гравітаційною греблею висотою 30 метрів та довжиною 500 метрів. Вона утримує водосховище з об'ємом 450 млн м3 та максимальним рівнем під час повені до 121,3 метра НРМ. В операційному режимі рівень коливається між позначками 110,2 та 113 метрів НРМ, що забезпечує корисний об'єм у 47 млн м3. У складі греблі також облаштовано судноплавний шлюз із розмірами камери 80х8 метрів.
Інтегрований у греблю машинний зал обладнали трьома турбінами потужністю по 18 МВт, які використовують напір у 9 метрів та забезпечують виробництво 288 млн кВт·год електроенергії на рік.
Примітки
Фуші
Гуансі-Чжуанський автономний район
Засновані в Китаї 2000
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD
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Малий Дирчин
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Малий Дирчин — село в Україні, у Седнівській селищній громаді Чернігівського району Чернігівської області.
Див. також
Перелік населених пунктів, що постраждали від Голодомору 1932—1933 (Чернігівська область)
Посилання
Погода в селі
Села Чернігівської області
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2556385
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C.%20%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%E2%80%9347
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Молодість. Пролог–47
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Молодість. Пролог–47 — спеціальна фестивальна подія Київського міжнародного кінофестивалю «Молодість», яка проходила 21—22 жовтня 2017 року в Києві, Україна, як тизер 47-го Київського міжнародного кінофестивалю «Молодість», проведення якого заплановано у новому форматі 27 травня — 3 червня року. Відкриття події відбулося 21 жовтня в Національній опері України. Фільмом відкриття події став «Мир вашому дому!» режисера Володимира Лерта. Фільмом закриття «Молодість. Пролог–47» стала словацько-українська стрічка «Межа» режисера Петера Баб'яка.
У рамках спеціальної події «Молодість. Пролог–47» пройшов національний конкурс короткометражних фільмів, були презентовані позаконкурсна програма «Свобода: кіно соціальних змін», присвячена темі свободи та толерантності, Спеціальні покази, програми «Фестиваль фестивалів» та «Сонячний зайчик».
Переможцем Національного конкурсу короткометражних фільмів став фільм Павла Острікова «Випуск'97». Режисер отримав статуетку «Золотий скіфський олень» і грошовий приз у розмірі 50 тисяч гривень.
Журі національного конкурсу
Віланд Шпек, продюсер та режисер, засновник секції «Панорама» на Берлінському кінофестивалі
Іван Мадео, продюсер
Сергій Лавренюк, продюсер компанії Solar Media Entertainment
Конкурсна програма
Національний конкурс
Наступні короткометражні фільми увійшли до національного конкурсу:
Інші програми
Свобода: кіно соціальних змін
Спеціальні покази
Фестиваль фестивалів
Сонячний зайчик
Нагороди
Наступні фільми отримали нагороди спеціальної події:
Гран-прі Золотий Скіфський Олень — «Випуск'97», реж. Павло Остріков
Спеціальна відзнака журі («за вдумливе та зворушливе поєднання витриманої форми та тонке відображення стану душі в часи війни») — «Ма», реж. Марія Стоянова
Примітки
Посилання
Київський міжнародний кінофестиваль «Молодість»
Жовтень 2017
2017 у Києві
2017 у кіно
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4626747
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%28%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%29
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Попово (Воскресенський район)
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Попово (Воскресенський район)
Попово — присілок в Воскресенському районі Нижньогородської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 109 осіб. Входить до складу муніципального утворення Глуховська сільрада.
Історія
Від 2009 року входить до складу муніципального утворення Глуховська сільрада.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Воскресенського району Нижньогородської області
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15803434
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geloux
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Geloux
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Geloux is a commune in the Landes department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
Population
References
See also
Communes of the Landes department
Communes of Landes (department)
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4110388
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%95%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%BB
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Фіона Еппл
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Фіона Еппл (13 вересня 1977) — американська співачка, авторка пісень, піаністка.
Дитинство
Фіона Еппл народилася 13 вересня 1977 році в сім'ї співачки Дайан Макафі та актора Брендона Маґґарта. Її батьки познайомилися під час участі у бродвейському мюзиклі, однак офіційно шлюб не оформлювали. Дайан і Брендон розійшлися, коли Фіоні було чотири. Майбутня співачка та її старша сестра Ембер залишилися з матір'ю в Нью-Йорку.
Навчання у школі не задалося. Дівчинку не сприймали однокласники й часто цькували її через зовнішній вигляд, тому Фіона трималася від них осторонь. У 11 років після бурхливої сварки з сестрою дівчинку відправили на психіатричне обстеження.
Коли Фіоні було 12, її зґвалтували в під'їзді біля дверей квартири, де вона мешкала разом із мамою, сестрою та вітчимом. Після цього у неї почалися панічні атаки, нічні кошмари та розлад харчової поведінки. Фіона схудла так, що їй діагностували підозру на анорексію.
Кар'єра
З дитинства займалася фортепіано, а з восьмирічного віку почала писати пісні. Втім, Фіона не планувала кар'єру музикантки.
Коли Фіоні було 16 років, вона поїхала до батька у Лос-Анджелес та записала там 3 пісні та 27 демонстраційних версій пісень. Під час поїздки Фіона познайомилася з Ленні Кравіцем, який став її близьким другом.
1996 року, після виходу дебютного альбому співачки Tidal, на жахливій історії зґвалтування Фіони Еппл почали хайпувати різні видання. Однак головним приводом до цього стала промова Фіони на врученні премії MTV Video Music Award у номінації «Найкращий новий виконавець» у 1997 році. Фіона Еппл за дві хвилини зазначила, що їй не місце у світі музичної індустрії зі штучним блиском. І назвала цей світ лайном прямо під час прямого ефіру.
1998 рік — на 40-й церемонії співачка отримує «Гремі» в номінації «Best Female Rock Vocal Performance» за пісню «Criminal».
1999 рік — Фіона випускає альбом з дуже дивною назвою, яка є одночасно і віршем. Звичайно, що вся ця назва не помістилася б на обкладинці диска, і була скорочена до «When the Pawn…».
Після виходу «When the Pawn…», співачка взяла тривалу творчу відпустку.
Третій альбом Extraordinary Machine вийшов через 6 років — у 2005-му.
2012 рік — альбом «The Idler Wheel», де Фіона Еппл повністю змінила музику та стиль звучання.
2020 рік — випуск альбому «Fetch the Bolt Cutters». На піснях Фіони чути гавкіт собак, жарти й навіть невдалі дублі, які вона вирішила залишити. Найдивнішим інструментом альбому стали кістки померлого пітбуля Фіони, на ім'я Джанет, якого співачка дуже любила. Настільки любила, що під час хвороби тварини Фіона відклала свій міжнародний тур у 2012 році. А після смерті зберігала кістки в коробці у спальні.
Дискографія
Tidal — 1996
When The Pawn... — 1999
Extraordinary Machine — 2005
The Idler Wheel… — 2012
Fetch The Bolt Cutters — 2020
Благодійність
30 червня 2019 року Еппл пообіцяла пожертвувати дворічний дохід від розміщення її пісні «Criminal» на телебаченні й в кіно в фонд «Поки вони чекають», який допомагає біженцям з предметами першої необхідності, імміграційними зборами і юридичними послугами . У 2020 році Скотт Гечінгер з «Поки вони чекають» розповів Vulture, що співачка пожертвувала 90 000 доларів, які допоможуть 15 сім'ям .
Погляди
Зараз Еппл не вживає алкоголю. Є веганкою протягом багатьом років.
Особисте життя
У 1997 році Фіона зустріла на фотосесії Пола Томаса Андерсона (майбутнього провідного режисера Голлівуду 2000-х і 2010-х), який тоді починав свою кар'єру. Вони зустрічалися кілька років, а потім розійшлися.
Примітки
Посилання
Американські попспівачки
Вегани
Музикантки-феміністки
Музиканти Epic Records
Авторки-виконавиці США
Лауреати премії «Греммі»
Піснярі штату Нью-Йорк
Музиканти Columbia Records
Автори-виконавці США
Уродженці Нью-Йорка
Музиканти Гарлема
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8
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Мороськи
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Мороськи — село в складі Молодечненського району Мінської області, Білорусь. Село підпорядковане Лебедівській сільській раді, розташоване в західній частині області.
Джерела
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 1. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2010. — 736 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0302-3.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 2. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2011. — 464 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0554-6.
«Гарады і вёскі Беларусі: Энцыклапедыя ў 15 тамах» Т.8, кн. 3. Мінская вобласьць. Рэдкалегія: Т. У. Бялова (дырэктар) і інш. — Мн.: БелЭн, 2012. — 624 с.: іл. ISBN 978-985-11-0636-9.
Посилання
Вебресурс Молодечненського району
Каталог сіл Молодечненського району
Села Мінської області
Населені пункти Молодечненського району
Лебедівська сільська рада (Молодечненський район)
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2563993
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D1%83%20%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%20%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%96
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Океан у кінці вулиці
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Океан у кінці вулиці
«Океан у кінці вулиці» — роман Ніла Ґеймана 2013 року. Твір розповідає про те, як неназваний оповідач повертається у своє рідне містечко, щоб відвідати похорони близької людини, але неочікувано починає згадувати про страхітливі події, що трапилися з ним сорок років тому, коли йому було всього сім років. Серед найважливіших порушених в романі тем: пошуки самоідентифікації та . 2013 року твір приніс автору Британську книжкову премію, а 2014 — премію «Локус» за найкращий фентезійний роман.
Ніл Гейман так описав свою нову книгу:
Ідея
Гейман написав «Океан у кінці вулиці» для своєї дружини Аманди Палмер, яка хотіла довідатися більше про дитинство свого чоловіка. Так, 2011 року Гейман розпочав роботу над оповіданням про свій дитячий будинок у Сассексі, але несподівано для себе написав ще один роман, який першопочатково мав назву «Океан Летті Гемпсток» . Пишучи «Океан…» Гейман намагався щонайбільше помістити у розповідь речей, що б сподобались Палмер, яка «насправді не дуже любить фентезі». В одному зі своїх інтерв'ю письменник розповів про жіночих персонажів книги:
Окремі події, зображені у книзі, фактично беруть свій початок з дитинства письменника. Зокрема, епізод з викраденням машини в романі відзеркалює подію, що трапилася в дитинстві Геймана, коли злодій викрав машину його батька, а потім наклав на себе руки всередині автівки.
За словами Геймана роман «Океан наприкінці дороги» — третя частина трилогії, до якої письменник також зараховує графічні романи «Рипучі футляри» та «Містер Панч».
Синопсис
Неназваний оповідач повертається у своє рідне містечко, щоб відвідати похорони близької людини. Перед тим, він, однак, вирішує навідатись на ферму Гемпстоків, що знаходиться наприкінці вузької дороги. В часи його дитинства там мешкали одинадцятирічна дівчинка Летті Гемпсток, її мати Джінні Гемпсток та її бабуся Стара місіс Гемпсток. Зайшовши в будинок, оповідач починає відтворювати в пам'яті страхітливі події, надприродні створіння та інші жахливі речі, що трапились з ним сорок років тому, коли йому було всього лише сім років. Для хлопчика, який потрапив у неймовірну небезпеку, єдиною надією на порятунок стає дівчинка Летті, яка стверджувала, що ставок позаду їхнього будинку насправді є океаном. «Цілком ймовірно це правда. Зрештою, її бабуся пам'ятає, як стався Великий вибух».
Сюжет
На початку книги головний герой повертається у своє рідне містечко на похорони близької йому людини. Він проїжджає повз будинок, де зростав разом із сестрою, а також починає згадувати дівчинку на ім'я Летті Гемпсток, яка, зокрема, стверджувала, що ставок позаду її будинку є океаном. Навідавшись до будинку, де дівчина жила з мамою та бабусею, оповідач зустрічає місіс Джінні Гемпсток та починає згадувати події, що трапились з ним у семирічному віці.
Основна розповідь починається з того, як оповідач згадує, як добувач опалів, який винаймав у них кімнату, викрав машину його батька і наклав на себе руки всередині автівки через те, що програв гроші свого друга. Його смерть впускає до нашого світу надприродну істоту, яка залишає людям монетки у цілком неочікуваних місцях.
Одного разу хлопчик прокидається від задухи: монетка застрягла у нього в горлі. Оповідач шукає допомоги у дівчинки на ім'я Летті, яка живе наприкінці дороги. Дівчина погоджується допомогти, а невдовзі вони вже вирушають на пошуки і знешкодження злого духа, який робить людям такі капості. Вона наказує хлопцеві не відпускати її руки, але, злякавшись, він забуває про цю настанову. Неочікувано в його ногу раптом щось впивається. Повернувшись додому, хлопець витягає зі стопи щось схоже на хробака, але якась його частина й далі залишається всередині.
Наступного дня мама повідомляє, що знайшла нову роботу і тепер за хлопцем і його сестрою доглядатиме молода жінка на ім'я Урсула Монктон. Оповідачеві вона відразу ж не припадає до душі, а згодом до нього взагалі приходить усвідомлення, що його нова доглядачка насправді не та, за кого себе видає, а є тим самим хробаком, що його хлопець витягнув зі своєї ноги. Вона використала хлопця, щоб потрапити до їхнього світу, а тепер оселилась у його будинку. Урсула швидко втирається в довіру до сім'ї, завойовує прихильність сестри та спокушає батька. Водночас хлопець починає віддалятись від родини, зокрема, юнак ледь не гине, коли батько намагається втопити його у ванні на очах Урсули.
Уникаючи Урсули, оповідач мало не весь час проводить, зачинившись у своїй кімнаті. Однієї ночі хлопцеві вдається втекти і дістатись до ферми Гемпстоків, де йому допомагають та лікують червоточину, яку залишила Урсула. Летті та оповідач переконують Урсулу повернутися туди, звідки вона прийшла, але та відмовляється покинути їхній світ. Вона вважає, що у цьому світі ніщо не може їй зашкодити, але занепокоюється, коли неочікувано нападають «голодні птахи», які виконують функцію чистильників. На цьому птахи, однак, не зупиняються, а також хочуть з'їсти хлопчикове серце, позаяк там знаходиться частинка Урсули. Гемстоки рятують хлопця і приводять до свого будинку через океан, який Летті приносить до нього у відрі.
Сім'я Гемпстоків обіцяє хлопцеві, що він буде у безпеці. Однак, коли голодні птахи починають поглинати його світ, оповідач не витримує та вирішує пожертвувати собою, але між ним і птахами стає Летті. Стара місіс Гемпсток погрожує їм цілковитим знищенням, якщо вони не підуть. Птахи підкоряються, але Летті після їхнього нападу залишилась на межі між життям і смертю. Гемпстоки занурюють її тіло в ставок-океан, що знаходиться позаду їхнього будинку, де вона відпочиватиме доти, поки не буде знову готова повернутися у наш світ. Далі після цих подій пам'ять оповідача стирається. Він не пам'ятає, що насправді сталося з Летті, а думає, що дівчина поїхала до Австралії.
Розповідь знову повертається у теперішнє. Оповідач перестає згадувати. Він шокований, коли місіс Гемсток каже, що він вже не вперше приїжджає до них. Він навідувався вже щонайменше двічі. Простежується натяк, що голодні птахи все-таки з'їли його серце, але Летті принесла себе в жертву та врятувала його. З того часу його серце потрохи почало відновлюватись. Кожен його візит на ферму відбувається тоді, коли Летті хоче перевірити, як у нього справи. Потім оповідач знову забуває всі події і просить передати вітання Летті, коли та подзвонить з Австралії.
Персонажі
Сім'я
Оповідач/ хлопець — головний персонаж, неназваний семирічній хлопець, який любить читати. Не має інших друзів, окрім Летті Гемпсток.
Сестра — сестра протагоніста, молодша від нього на декілька років. Вона просто в захваті від Урсули Монктон і хоче бути схожою на неї, коли виросте. Грає на піаніно та любить дивитись телевізор.
Батько — тато головного героя та його сестри. Ледь не вбиває власного сина, після того як Урсула підбурює та спокушає його.
Мати — мама головного героя та його сестри. Працьовита жінка, яка мало часу проводить вдома. Отримавши посаду окуліста в «Оптика Діксона», наймає Урсулу, аби та доглядала за її дітьми.
Гемпстоки
Летті Гемпсток — одинадцятирічна дівчина, яка живе на фермі наприкінці дороги. Подруга оповідача. Стверджує, що ставок позаду їхнього будинку насправді є океаном.
Стара місіс Гемпсток — бабуся Летті; пам'ятає, як стався Великий вибух.
Джінні Гемпсток — мати Летті, дочка старої місіс Гемпсток.
Істоти
Урсула Монктон — паразит у людській подобі. Належить до істот, яких називають «блохами». Приймає подобу молодої жіночки і стає доглядачкою оповідача та його сестри.
Голодні птахи (чистильники) — доісторичні стерв'ятники, головне завдання яких полягає в тому, щоб знищити будь-які сліди, залишені «блохами».
Сприйняття
Публікації
Роман «Океан у кінці вулиці» побачив світ 19 червня 2013 року у видавництвах «William Morrow Books» (США) та «Headline Review» (Велика Британія. Одночасно з друкованим виданням вийшла однойменна аудіокнига від «HarperAudio». Існує також пронумероване лімітоване видання у 2,000 примірників з підписом автора. Видання має розкішну колекційну обкладинку, кольорові ілюстрації Дейва МакКіна, чотириколірний футляр відштампований та обрамлений шовком, розкішні форзаци та текст надруковані на цупкому матовому папері.
5 листопада 2019 року вийшло ілюстроване видання роману, що містило малюнки австралійської художниці Еліз Герст.
Критика
Загалом книга отримала позитивну оцінку професійних критиків. Зокрема, роман «Океан у кінці вулиці» отримав схвальний відгук від газети «Нью-Йорк Таймз», яка запевнила, що книга приверне увагу різних вікових груп. Газета «США сьогодні» відмітила те, що книга тематично схожа з романом «Кораліна» (2002) та фільмом «Дзеркальна маска» (2005), у яких антагоністи знаходиться , що у свою чергу . Згідно з сайтом-агрегатом http://idreambooks.com, станом на 2017 рік книга має 79 % позитивних відгуків від критиків.
Адаптація
У лютому 2013 року права на екранізацію книги здобула кінокомпанія «Focus Features» Стрічка перебуває у процесі розробки. Продюсером майбутнього фільму має стати Том Генкс, а режисером — Джо Райт.
Наприкінці 2019 року стало відомо, що Саймон Пегг планує створення однойменного телесеріалу.
Американський кінорежисер Генрі Селік назвав роман «Океан у кінці дороги» найкращою книгою Геймана та здійснив спробу анімаційної адаптації твору, написавши сценарій на 50 сторінок. За його словами, одного дня він сподівається втілити цей проєкт у життя.
Також у грудні 2019 року відбулася прем'єра однойменної театральної адаптації на сцені Театру Дорфман, що входить до Королівського національного театру. Сценаристом став Джоель Горвуд, а режисером — Кеті Радд. Музичний супровід до вистави написав Джерек Бішоп, який також співпрацює з Амандою Палмер, колишньою дружиною Геймана. З 11 жовтня по 25 листопада 2023 року п'єсу також ставили на сцені театру Ноела Коварда.
Нагороди
2013 — список бестселерів за версією «Нью-Йорк Таймз», #1 Фантастика у твердій палітурці;
2013 — Британська книжкова премія у категорії «Книга року»;
2013 — найкращі книги 2013 (100 назв) за версією «Кіркус Рев'ю»;
2013 — номінація на премію «Неб'юла» за найкращий роман;
2013 — премія «Вибір Гудрідс» у категорії «Фентезі»;
2014 — премія «Локус» за найкращий фентезійний роман;
2014 — номінація на Всесвітню премію фентезі.
Переклади українською
Українською роман вперше вийшов у березні 2019 року у видавництві KM Books.
Ніл Ґейман. Океан у кінці вулиці. Переклад з англійської: Олесь Петік. Київ: KM Books. 2019. 256 стор. ISBN 978-966-948-207-5
Примітки
Посилання
Фентезійні романи 2013
Фентезійні романи США
Твори Ніла Геймана
Романи, нагороджені премією «Локус»
Англомовні фантастичні романи
Романи, перекладені українською мовою
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3011032
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F%20%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%96-%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8
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Національна художня галерея Шрі-Ланки
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Національна художня галерея Шрі-Ланки — художня галерея, розташована в місті Коломбо (Шрі-Ланка).
Галерея розташована в саду Синнамон поруч з новим театром виконавських мистецтв Нелум Покуна, парком Віхарамахадеві, Національним музеєм Коломбо, ратушею і публічною бібліотекою.
Національна художня галерея складається з двох довгих прямокутних зал: одна містить постійну колекцію галереї, а в іншої розміщуються тимчасові виставки шрі-ланкійських художників. Роботи, представлені в галереї, складаються переважно з портретів і пейзажів.
У галереї представлені деякі дуже цікаві роботи, але в цілому це не зовсім те, чого відвідувачі очікують від національної галереї. Великим недоліком є відсутність під картинами анотаційних табличок із зазначенням назви, автора і часу створення. Практично відсутні сучасні роботи, написані після 80-х років XX століття.
У країні багато обдарованих художників, проте постійна колекція галереї дуже невелика, її огляд не займе більше 10-15 хвилин часу.
Посилання
The National Art Gallery / Yamu
National Art Gallery / Trip Advisor
Музеї Шрі-Ланки
Художні галереї
Коломбо
Національні художні музеї та національні художні галереї
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13217427
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCtow
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Lütow
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Lütow is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
References
External links
Vorpommern-Greifswald
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4597657
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%E2%80%99%D1%94%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F
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Кар’єполля
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Кар’єполля — присілок в Мезенському районі Архангельської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 122 особи. Органом місцевого самоврядування до 2021 року Совпольське муніципальне утворення.
Історія
Від 1937 року належить до Архангельської області.
Від 2004 року належить до муніципального утворення Совпольське муніципальне утворення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Мезенського району
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873150
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%83
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Загасання радіосигналу
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Загасання радіосигналу
В бездротових мережах, затухання радіосигналу або федінг — це різновид затухання частотно-модульованого радіосигналу, що поширюється у визначеному середовищі. Рівень затухання сигналу може змінюватися в часі, залежить від географічного розташування або несучої частоти. В радіосистемах федінг спостерігається як результат відбиття і дублювання при поширенні сигналу (multipath induced fading) або затухання внаслідок перепон на шляху поширення радіосигналу.(shadow fading).
Див. також
Поширення радіохвиль
Джерела
ЗАВМИРАННЯ РАДІОСИГНАЛУ в УРЕ
Поширення радіохвиль
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861203
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%88
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Віш
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Віш — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Гранд-Ест, департамент Нижній Рейн. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 370 км на схід від Парижа, 37 км на захід від Страсбура.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Ельзас. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Гранд-Ест.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 868 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 2152,5 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Посилання
Віш на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Віш на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень
Віш на сайті Quid (загальні відомості, історія, пам'ятки, фото, адреси)
Мапа муніципалітету Віш на сайті Mapquest
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Нижній Рейн
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Нижній Рейн
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5873175
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebeleben
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Ebeleben
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Ebeleben is a town in the Kyffhäuserkreis district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is situated 13 km southwest of Sondershausen. The former municipality Thüringenhausen was merged into Ebeleben in December 2019.
References
Kyffhäuserkreis
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
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19061133
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nowy%20Ro%C5%BCn%C3%B3w
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Nowy Rożnów
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Nowy Rożnów is a village located in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, Głubczyce County and Gmina Głubczyce.
References
Villages in Głubczyce County
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289767
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumbo
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Gumbo
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Gumbo is a stew that is popular in the U.S. state of Louisiana and is the official state cuisine. Gumbo consists primarily of a strongly flavored stock, meat or shellfish (or sometimes both), a thickener, and the Creole "holy trinity"celery, bell peppers, and onions. Gumbo is often categorized by the type of thickener used, whether okra or filé powder (dried and ground sassafras leaves).
Gumbo can be made with or without okra or filé powder. The preferred method in the historical New Orleans variation is with a French dark, even chocolate-like, roux. The flavor of the dish has its origins in many cultures. Creole gumbo generally contains shellfish and a dark roux, filé, or both. Cajun gumbo is generally based on a dark roux and is made with shellfish or fowl. Sausage or ham is often added to gumbos of either variety. After the base is prepared, vegetables are cooked down, and then meat is added. The dish simmers for a minimum of three hours, with shellfish and some spices added near the end. If desired, filé powder is added after the pot is removed from heat. Gumbo is traditionally served with rice. A third, lesser-known variety, the meatless gumbo z'herbes, is essentially a gumbo of slow-cooked greens.
The dish combines ingredients and culinary practices of several cultures, including African, French, Spanish, and Native American Choctaw. Gumbo may have been based on traditional native dishes, or may be a derivation of the French dish bouillabaisse, or Choctaw stew, but most likely all of these dishes contributed to the original recipe. It was first described in 1802, and was listed in various cookbooks in the latter half of the 19th century. The dish gained more widespread popularity in the 1970s, after the United States Senate dining room added it to the menu in honor of Louisiana Senator Allen Ellender. The popularity of chef Paul Prudhomme in the 1980s spurred further interest in the dish.
Etymology
The name of the dish comes most likely from Africa, by way of Louisiana French. Scholars and chefs have offered various explanations for the etymology of the word "gumbo". The dish was likely named after one of its two main ingredients, okra or filé. In the Bantu languages spoken by many enslaved people from Central Africa, the vegetable okra was known as ki ngombo or quingombo; the word is akin to the Umbundu ochinggômbo and the Tshiluba chinggômbô "okra". Even today, Gombo means okra in the Bambara language of the Mande language family in West Africa. The native Choctaw people used filé, or dried, ground sassafras leaves to thicken soups and stews. They called sassafras komho according to Nobles, and called filé kombo according to Usner, or kombo ashish, according to Freedman.
Variations
Gumbo is a heavily seasoned stew that combines several varieties of meat or seafood with a sauce or gravy. Any combination of meat or seafood can be used. Meat-based gumbo may consist of chicken, duck, squirrel, or rabbit, with oysters occasionally added. Seafood-based gumbo generally has shrimp, crab meat, and sometimes oysters. Andouille sausage is often added to both meat and seafood gumbos to provide "piquancy, substance, and an additional layer of flavor" to the dish. The key is to use a tender andouille so it does not become too chewy." Most varieties of gumbo are seasoned with onions, parsley, bell pepper, and celery. Tomatoes are sometimes used in seafood gumbo, but traditionally few other vegetables are included.
Thickeners
Gumbo broth or gravy derives from three primary thickeners: okra, filé powder, and roux. Traditionally, okra and filé powder are not used in the same dish, although this rule is sometimes broken. Roux can be used alone or in conjunction with either of the other thickeners. Okra is more often used as a thickener in seafood gumbos than those with meat. This mucilaginous vegetable is usually cooked first, and other ingredients added once the desired consistency is reached. According to The Oxford Companion to Food, okra-based gumbos are becoming less popular, as the okra texture has become less palatable to changing tastes.
Ground sassafras leaf, known as filé, is generally not added to the gravy until after the vegetables and meats or seafood have finished cooking and have been removed from the heat source. If added during the boiling process, filé makes the gumbo too ropey; when added at the end, the gumbo gains a slightly stringy texture.
Roux has become the most popular thickener, made from cooking together a roughly equal proportion of flour and fat (traditionally hog lard, although increasingly made with butter since the mid-20th century). The length of cooking time determines the final flavor and texture, since the longer the roux is cooked before being added to the gumbo, the darker it becomes and the less thickening power it retains. A very dark roux provides a much thinner sauce with a more intense flavor than a light roux.
Cajun vs. Creole gumbo
Gumbo is typically divided into two varieties. Combinations traditionally common in New Orleans and southeastern Louisiana are known as "Creole" after the Louisiana Creole people, descendants of the area's French, Spanish, and Enslaved Africans. "Cajun" combinations were common in southwestern Louisiana, which was populated primarily by Cajuns, descendants of the French-speaking settlers expelled from Acadia (located within the modern-day Canadian provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island) in the mid-18th century.
Gumbo is usually identified by its dark roux, cooked until it is a color "a few shades from burning". The roux is used with okra or filé powder. Seafood is popular in gumbo the closer to the coast the people are, but the southwestern areas of Louisiana often use fowl, such as chicken or duck, and sausage. The fowl is generally not deboned, and onions, celery, and bell pepper are not strained out of the dish. Cajun gumbo is usually topped with parsley and green onions.
Creole gumbo most often consists of seafood, tomatoes, and a thickener. Before the latter half of the 20th century, celery was rarely used in Creole gumbo.
Gumbo z'herbes
When Catholics were expected to abstain from eating meat during Lent, a meatless variety of gumbo, known as gumbo z'herbes (from gumbo aux herbes, or "gumbo of greens"), was often served. This variety combined varied greens – typically including turnips, mustard greens, and spinach. The greens were cooked to mush and strained through a sieve to produce a thick green liquid. Preparation for this variety of gumbo was time-consuming, and as Lenten restrictions have relaxed, the dish has become less popular. It is very rarely served in restaurants. In modern times, ham or crabmeat is occasionally added to this type of gumbo.
Gumbo z'herbes may have originated with the French/Spanish/West Africans. It has similarities to the French dish potage aux herbes ("soup with greens"), as well as to the Afro-Caribbean callaloo. The meatless dish also bears striking resemblance to a dish often eaten in Germany on Maundy Thursday. German Catholics, obeying the Lenten rules, often served a stew made of seven different greens on this date.
History
Background
Gumbo is often used as a metaphor for the mix of cultures that exist in southern Louisiana. The dish combines the culinary practices of Africans, Native Americans, French, and Spanish. In the 18th and 19th centuries, people from these cultures lived within a fairly small area with minimal mobility. In this environment, cultures could influence each other and combine to create new traditions and cuisine.
The establishment of Mobile in 1702 marked the beginning of the French colony of Louisiana. French settlers allied with various native tribes including the Choctaw, Alabama, and Cherokee, from whom they learned new methods of cooking and ways to identify edible indigenous plants.
Slave ships began arriving in Louisiana in 1719. The first ships carried rice and men who were experienced in its cultivation. The grain adapted well to its new environment, and within a few years, rice was commonly grown along the Mississippi River.
In 1721, 125 Germans settled from New Orleans, and introduced the art of making sausage. By 1746, the white population of Louisiana was estimated to be 3,200, with an estimated 4,730 black people. Enslaved Africans outnumbered whites in most areas of Louisiana for at least the next 40 years.
The colony was transferred from French to Spanish control in 1762. The Spanish government actively recruited settlers for Spanish Louisiana. About 2,000 people from the Canary Islands moved to the area south of New Orleans. These settlers were primarily fishermen who soon began supplying large amounts of shrimp, crab, and oysters to the food markets in New Orleans. The Canary Islanders also brought "a love for well-seasoned food", including use of ground cayenne pepper, a spicy hot red chili pepper. Spanish authorities also granted permission for many French-speaking Acadian exiles to relocate from northeastern North America to Louisiana. From 1755 through 1795, almost 3,000 of these settlers, soon known as Cajuns, moved to the areas south and west of New Orleans. Louisiana was secretly returned to France in 1800, then purchased by the United States in 1803. The southernmost part of territorial Louisiana, including New Orleans, became the state of Louisiana in 1812.
By 1800, the slave trade had introduced new foods to Louisiana, including the African vegetable okra, and hot pepper plants which likely came from Haiti. Onions and bell peppers were long part of cooking in both the Spanish and African traditions. Tomatoes were introduced to the region shortly thereafter.
Origin
Scholars agree that gumbo originated in Louisiana in the early 18th century, but its uncertain etymology makes it difficult to pinpoint the origins of the food. Although no conclusive evidence exists, cultural markers indicate several plausible scenarios.
As aforementioned, while its exact origins are unknown, gumbo is often believed to be a dish of mixed origins of African, French, Spanish, Native American, Caribbean and German influence. Enslaved African-Americans often exchanged or combined ingredients in order to make the dish, allowing it to serve as a means of community and identity.
West Africans use the vegetable okra as a base for many dishes, including soups. In Louisiana, gumbo includes ingredients introduced by several cultural groups. Surviving records indicate that by 1764 Africans in New Orleans mixed cooked okra with rice to make a meal.
Though highly unlikely, gumbo could be a derivation of traditional French soups, particularly the fish stew bouillabaisse. During the cold winters, Acadians generally cooked soups, using whatever ingredients were readily available. When the Acadians moved to Louisiana in the mid-18th century, they were unable to find many of their traditional ingredients, including turnips and cabbage. In this scenario, Acadian colonists substituted local ingredients for those commonly included in the original stew. Instead of the fish, settlers used shellfish. The dish was later modified to include ingredients common in other cultures.
Some culinary experts in the early 20th century, including Celestine Eustis, maintained that gumbo was an early special occasion dish for native tribes. This is further implied by a late 18th-century Cajun practice. At that time, rice was a luxury for many Cajuns. They served gumbo over corn grits, a pairing common in the stews of native tribes. The use of corn and filé powder may imply that the dish was derived from native cuisine.
These theories are intermixed in the local legend of the Frying Pan Revolt, or Petticoat Insurrection. According to legend, in 1722, female French colonists gathered in New Orleans at the home of Governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville, to protest the lack of familiar ingredients. Bienville's housekeeper, Madame Langlois, taught the women how to improve the basic gumbo. Langlois used okra, an ingredient which the women had previously been introduced to by the African people they were enslaving. Spanish and Choctaw introduced ingredients common in Choctaw cuisine – shrimp, crawfish, and filé powder.
Development
The first written references to gumbo appear in the early 19th century. In 1802, John Sibley described "the dish they call gumbo which is made principally of the ochre into a thick kind of soop & eat with rice, it is the food of every body for dinner and supper." The following year, French governor Pierre Clement de Laussat hosted a soirée in which 24 different gumbos were prepared. According to author Cynthia Lejeune Nobles, these two events "give clues to gumbo's Spanish colonial popularity and illustrate that the dish could be both humble and refined".
An 1824 cookbook, Mary Randolph's The Virginia House-Wife, was the first to include a recipe for gumbo. Called "Gumbo – A West India Dish", the simple recipe described how to boil okra and bore little resemblance to the stew commonly known as gumbo. The same book contained a recipe for "Ochra Soup" made with okra, onions, fowl, bacon, tomatoes, and lima beans thickened with flour. Although this recipe bore similarities to gumbo, it more closely resembled the Caribbean dish callaloo.
A more familiar version of the dish was described in an 1879 cookbook by Marion Cabell Tyree. Her Housekeeping in Old Virginia described "Gumbo Filit A La Creole", a filé-based gumbo with chicken and oysters and spiced with allspice, cloves, red and black pepper, parsley, and thyme. The 1881 cookbook What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking, dictated by former slave Abby Fisher, contained three gumbo recipes. "Oyster Gumbo Soup" used a filé base, while "Ochra Gumbo" and "Chicken Gumbo" used okra as a base. Four years later, the cookbook La Cuisine Creole documented eight varieties of gumbo. None used sausage, but almost all of them contained ham.
Until the 1970s, gumbo was primarily popular on the Gulf Coast of the United States. It gained a broader profile after the death of United States Senator Allen Ellender. A native of Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, Ellender had often cooked gumbo for his colleagues, including five American presidents. After Ellender died in 1972, the Senate directed that their cafeteria add Louisiana Creole Gumbo, made with seafood, to its menu in his honor. The dish became more widely popular in the 1980s, when chef Paul Prudhomme's popularity spurred interest in Creole and Cajun cooking.
Preparation and serving
Gumbo is cooked for a minimum of three hours, and often simmers all day. Meat (but not seafood) is often browned beforehand and removed from the heat. Okra and roux are cooked before other vegetables and seafood.
According to Nobles, "proper seasoning of gumbo is essential, and in Louisiana adding just the right zing is considered an art". Because seafood cooks fairly quickly, it is not added to the pot until the end of the process. As the gumbo finishes cooking, green onions and parsley are sometimes sprinkled on it. When desired, filé powder is added last.
Creole and Cajun gumbos are served with hot rice, which helps the dish to feed a larger number of people. Gumbo z'herbes is served with rice on the side. Gumbo is almost always served directly from the pot on the stove, although in wealthier or fancier homes the dish might be transferred to a tureen on the table. Often, gumbo and bread are the sole courses in a meal, although many Cajun families provide a side dish of potato salad. Occasionally, gumbo is served as part of a larger menu.
Soniat gives examples of the main types of creole gumbos, along with descriptions of family traditions about them.
Social aspects
In Cajun Foodways, C. Paige Gutierrez describes gumbo as "an economical dish" useful for "feed[ing] a large number of people with a small amount of meat or seafood". Nobles concurs that "one of the hallmarks of gumbo is that, with a big enough pot, it can easily be doubled or tripled and is always a good choice to feed a crowd". With this dish, cooks can use up small portions of various ingredients that were not sufficient for an individual meal. The dish is an efficient way to use up leftover perishable meats and seafood. Gumbo, contrary to popular belief, is good for leftovers if it is frozen or refrigerated within two hours. Also, gumbo made without filé powder stores better because it will not get stringy.
Since the 19th century, gumbo has often been served at social gatherings or other special occasions in Louisiana. Local fais do-do (dance parties) usually provided gumbo beginning at midnight. Many families "have a gumbo", or host a casual social gathering where friends and family chat and enjoy alcoholic beverages and gumbo.
Gumbo is prepared and enjoyed by Louisianians of all races and ethnicities, and its multicultural influences have evolved it through the years. Gumbo is a feature in both urban and rural areas of Louisiana.
In rural Acadiana in southern Louisiana, gumbo is a central feature of Mardi Gras celebrations. On Mardi Gras, local men wander from house to house and beg for gumbo ingredients in an event known as courir de Mardi Gras. Members of the local community then gather in a central location while the men cook the gumbo. When it is ready, the group eats and dances until midnight, when Lent begins.
Gumbo is the official cuisine of the state of Louisiana. Many southern Louisiana cooking competitions center around gumbo, and it is a central feature of many local festivals. The self-described "Gumbo Capital of the World", Bridge City, Louisiana, holds an annual Gumbo Festival. The festival features gumbo cooked in a cast-iron pot 3 ft (0.9 m) deep and in diameter. More commonly, festival gumbo pots measure 2 ft (0.6 m) in depth and diameter.
See also
Cuisine of New Orleans
List of regional dishes of the United States
List of stews
References
Bibliography
Further reading
External links
Gumbo recipes from 1901; archive link
What Mrs. Fisher Knows About Old Southern Cooking, Soups, Pickles, Preserves, Etc.
American rice dishes
American stews
Cajun cuisine
Cuisine of New Orleans
Louisiana cuisine
Christmas food
Okra dishes
Sausage dishes
Seafood dishes
Meat dishes
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4275052
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE
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Яготово
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Яготово — присілок у Большереченському районі Омської області Російської Федерації.
Орган місцевого самоврядування — Почекуєвське сільське поселення. Населення становить 170 осіб.
Історія
Згідно із законом від 30 липня 2004 року органом місцевого самоврядування є Почекуєвське сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Большереченського району
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4404254
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE
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Кукліло
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Кукліло (Coccyzus) — рід зозулеподібних птахів родини зозулевих (Cuculidae). Представники цього роду мешкають в Північній і Південній Америці.
Опис
Кукліло — зозулі середнього і великого розміру зі стрункими тілами, довгими хвостами і сильними ногами. Їхня довжина варіюється від 25 до 55 см, а вага — від 42–225 г. У багатьох кукліло на нижній стороні хвоста є смугастий, чорно-білий візерунок. Вони живуть в різноманітних лісах, лісових масивах і мангрових заростях.
На відміну від багатьох інших зозуль, кукліло не практикують гніздовий паразитизм, а самі доглядають за пташенятами. Вони будують гнізда на деревах і відкладають два або більше яєць. Північні і чорнодзьобі кукліло іноді підкладають яйця в гнізда інших птахів, однак вони можуть і самостійно насиджувати кладку.
Північні види, такі як північні і чорнодзьобі кукліло, мігрують на далекі відстані і зимують в Центральній і Південній Америці. Іноді бродячі особини цих видів з'являються в Західній Європі. Тропічні види є переважно осілими.
Під час сезону розмноження кукліло є дуже голосистими птахами, їхні гучні крики можно постійно почути. Вони живляться великими комахами, такими як цикади і оси, а також гусінню (зокрема покритими отруйними волосинками і через це неїстивними для більшості інших птахів). Тако, яких раніше відносили до роду Saurothera, є великими і сильними зозулями. Вони живляться на хребетних, зокрема на ящірок.
Види
Виділяють тринадцять видів:
Кукліло бурий (Coccyzus melacoryphus)
Кукліло північний (Coccyzus americanus)
Кукліло білочеревий (Coccyzus euleri)
Кукліло мангровий (Coccyzus minor)
Кукліло кокоський (Coccyzus ferrugineus)
Кукліло чорнодзьобий (Coccyzus erythropthalmus)
Кукліло рудий (Coccyzus lansbergi)
Піая ямайська (Coccyzus pluvialis)
Піая гаїтянська (Coccyzus rufigularis)
Тако ямайський (Coccyzus vetula)
Тако кубинський (Coccyzus merlini)
Тако пуерто-риканський (Coccyzus vieilloti)
Тако гаїтянський (Coccyzus longirostris)
Етимологія
Наукова назва роду Coccyzus походить від слова — кукувати..
Примітки
Джерела
Johannes Erhitzøe, Clive F. Mann, Frederik P. Brammer, Richard A. Fuller: Cuckoos of the World. Christopher Helm, London 2012, ISBN 978-0-7136-6034-0.
Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (Herausgeber) (1997). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
Зозулеві
Роди птахів
Таксони, описані Луї Жаном П'єром В'єйо
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47051384
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preserve%20%28company%29
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Preserve (company)
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Preserve (company)
Preserve is an American sustainable consumer goods company that creates recyclable household products from recycled No.5 polypropylene plastic. The company was founded in 1996 by Eric Hudson, a Babson alum, and it is headquartered in Waltham, Massachusetts. Preserve uses recycled and post consumer plastic to create all of its products from toothbrushes and razors to kitchenware.
History
Preserve's parent company, Recycline, was founded in 1996 by Eric Hudson. Hudson collaborated with dentists and industrial designers to design the Preserve toothbrush (the company's first product), which was launched in March 1997. The company's line has since expanded to include other products such as kitchen tools and tableware.
Products
Preserve razor handles are produced from recycled plastics, 65% of which come from yogurt containers. Preserve also produces and sells mixing bowls, cutting boards, measuring cups, food storage containers and colanders - all made from recycled materials.
Preserve's products are made in the USA, BPA free, microwave safe, not tested on animals, and sold nationally in stores such as Whole Foods Market, Trader Joe's, Hannaford, The TJX Companies, and Amazon.
Process
Preserve sources the plastic used to make their products from both individuals looking to recycle and companies collecting #5 plastic. The company uses the recycled polypropylene plastic - most notably sourced from yogurt and hummus containers - to create eco-friendly, well-designed household products. So far, Preserve has reused over 100 tons of recycled materials.
Gimme 5
To further encourage the recycling of No. 5 plastic, Preserve initiated the Gimme 5 Program in 2009 - a nationwide program run in conjunction with Whole Foods Market. Gimme 5 is a partnership between Preserve and various like-minded companies such as Stonyfield Farm and Berry Plastics. Gimme 5 collection bins are set up in over 200 Whole Foods Markets, nationwide. These bins serve to collect these companies’ #5 plastic containers, as well as Brita pitcher and water bottle filters and Plum Organics caps. Consumers can drop off their clean, rigid plastics stamped with a “5” at any Gimme 5 station nationwide. Berry Plastics, Whole Foods and Preserve manage all of the collection and recycling. As a result of the program, Whole Foods recycled nearly 300,000 pounds of No. 5 plastics in 2012. Approximately 10-20% of the No. 5 materials used in Preserve products came from the Gimme 5 program. A partnership with Recyclebank also allows consumers to earn points for their recycling efforts. As of 2022, Preserve's Gimme 5 program has closed down. Their testimony as to why can be found below "Gimme 5 Overview" on their online store.
References
Companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Massachusetts
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F%20%D0%A8%D1%80%D1%96%20%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%20%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%96
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Джайя Шрі Маха Бодгі
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Джайя Шрі Маха Бодгі
Джая Шрі Маха Бодгі — фікус священний в Анурадхапурі, Шрі-Ланка. Вирощено з відростка Дерева Бодгі, під яким принц Гаутама досяг просвітлення і став Буддою. Дерево висаджено у 288 р. до н. е. і є одним з найстаріших дерев і найстарішим живим деревом, посадженим людиною.
Дерево росте на терасі, що підноситься на 6,5 м над землею. Для буддистів Шрі-Ланки і всього світу воно є однією з головних святинь. У часи царя (1747—1782) навколо дерева було встановлено огорожу для захисту від диких слонів.
Посилання
Rocky Mountain Tree-Ring Research, OLDLIST
Стародавня Шрі-Ланка
Буддизм
Окремі дерева
Найстаріші дерева
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3143889
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20L%C3%B6wy
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Michael Löwy
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Michael Löwy (born 6 May 1938) is a French-Brazilian Marxist sociologist and philosopher. He is emeritus research director in social sciences at the CNRS (French National Center of Scientific Research) and lectures at the École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS; Paris, France). Author of books on Karl Marx, Che Guevara, Liberation Theology, György Lukács, Walter Benjamin, José Carlos Mariátegui, Lucien Goldmann and Franz Kafka, he received the CNRS Silver Medal in 1994.
Academic career
A descendant of Jewish immigrants from Vienna, Löwy grew up in São Paulo, Brazil, becoming a committed socialist at 16 (1954), when he discovered the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. He studied at the University of São Paulo, where he studied under Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Florestan Fernandes and Antônio Cândido); he got his license in Social Sciences in 1960 and lectured in sociology for a year at the University of São José do Rio Preto (State of São Paulo).
In 1961 he received a scholarship for a doctorate in Paris, France, which he did under the guidance of the well-known Marxist philosopher and sociologist of culture Lucien Goldmann, who had a lasting influence on his views. He received his PhD in 1964, with a thesis on "The Young Marx’s Theory of Revolution", at the Sorbonne.
Soon afterwards Löwy went to Israel where his family had migrated. He learned Hebrew and became a lecturer in political philosophy at the University of Tel Aviv, but his political views led to problems, and the University refused to renew his contract in 1968. He was invited - in an act of solidarity - to lecture at the University of Manchester, where he became assistant to the sociologist and founder of the New Left, Peter Worsley (1968–1969).
In 1969 Löwy returned to Paris to work with Nicos Poulantzas at the University of Paris VIII (Vincennes), and from that moment on established himself definitively in France. In the 1970s he worked, under the direction of Louis-Vincent Thomas, on his Habilitation (doctorat d’état) on György Lukács, presented in 1975 at the University of Paris V (Descartes), and graduated with honours. Löwy lectured in sociology at the University of Paris VIII till 1978 when he was admitted as a researcher at the CNRS.
In 1981 Löwy began also to lecture at the prestigious École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS) in París; he has also been invited to lecture at Stanford University, UC Berkeley, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Columbia University and Harvard University, as well as other US Universities. In 1994 he received the CNRS Silver Medal.
He is emeritus research director in social sciences at the CNRS and teaches at the EHESS. He is member of the editorial board of the journals Archives de sciences sociales des religions, Actuel Marx, ContreTemps and Écologie et politique, as well as a fellow and regular lecturer at the International Institute for Research and Education in Amsterdam.
Scientific interests
Until 1985 most of Löwy's works concerned the sociological and historical study of Marxist thought. This applies not only to his doctorate on the young Marx and his Habilitation on György Lukács, but to most of the essays which he published, some of which were collected in books, as well as for two anthologies, on the National Question (with Georges Haupt and Claudie Weill) and on Marxism in Latin America. Marxist epistemology also takes a central place in his work on sociology of knowledge from 1985.
The methodological orientation of his research was inspired by Lucien Goldmann's writings -particularly The Hidden God, 1955)- whose approach, associating sociology and history, heterodox Marxism and German sociology, the internal study of cultural works and their connexion to the social structure, served him as starting point.
From the mid 1980s Löwy became interested in the Central European Jewish Culture, in Romantic anticapitalism and on the complex interrelations between religion and politics, particularly in Latin America. The concept of elective affinity, borrowed from Max Weber, but re-interpreted, became one of the key methodological tools of his research. His latest books concern Walter Benjamin’s Theses on the Philosophy of History (1940), which Löwy considers as one of the most important documents of revolutionary thinking since Marx’s Theses on Feuerbach; and Franz Kafka as an anti-authoritarian author, with Anarchist sympathies, whose novels are inspired by a sort of "religion of liberty".
In spite of the diversity of its thematic contents, most of Michael Löwy writings, since his PhD on Marx till now, belong to a sociology of culture, of Marxist/historicist orientation. Inspired by Lukács and Lucien Goldmann, they also refer to the great tradition of German sociology, from Weber to Karl Mannheim. Their aim is to analyse, interpret and explain the relations between cultural phenomena -particularly religious and political– by situating them in precise social and historical contexts.
Commitments
Löwy is linked to the Revolutionary Marxist current in France, and one of his last books, on Che Guevara, was written in collaboration with Olivier Besancenot, presidential candidate of the LCR (French Revolutionary Communist League), a Trotskyist party linked to the Fourth International. He is a member of the association ATTAC, of the Copernicus Foundation and of Espaces Marx. He has kept intense political contacts in Brazil.
He cooperated with left currents of the Brazilian Workers' Party (PT) for several years but during recent years his main contact has been with the Brazilian Landless Workers Movement (MST), to whom he gave the money of the Prize Sergio Buarque de Hollanda which he received in 2000 for his book The war of Gods. Nowadays Löwy supports Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL), a left dissidence of PT.
Löwy has taken part in the World Social Forum since the beginning, where he has presented several papers, one of which was in collaboration with the Brazilian liberation theologian Frei Betto. More recently, Löwy joined the struggle for ecosocialism; co-author, with Joel Kovel, of the International Ecosocialist Manifesto, he was also one of the organizers of the First Ecosocialist International Meeting in Paris (2007).
Interested since his youth by Surrealism—he met the poet Benjamin Péret during a visit in Paris in 1958—Löwy joined the Paris Surrealist Group, by invitation of Vincent Bounoure, its main organizer since 1969. Two of his books are devoted to Surrealism, in its utopian and revolutionary dimension.
Publications
The Marxism of Che Guevara, New York, Monthly Review Press, 1973. (Second Edition : Rowman and Littlefield, 2007.
"Marxism and Revolutionary Romanticism". Telos 49 (Fall 1981). New York: Telos Press.
Georg Lukács: from Romanticism to Bolchevism, London, Verso, 1981.
The politics of combined and uneven development. The theory of permanent revolution, London, Verso Books, 1981.
Redemption and Utopia. Libertarian Judaism in Central Europe, Stanford University Press, 1992.
Marxism in Latin America from 1909 to the Present, New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1992.
On Changing the World. Essays in political philosophy: from Karl Marx to Walter Benjamin, New Jersey, Humanities Press, 1993. (Also in Japanese and Persian).
The war of gods. Religion and Politics in Latin America, London, Verso, 1996.
Fatherland or Mother Earth? Essays on the national question, London, Pluto Press, 1998.
Morning Star. Surrealism, Marxism, Anarchism, Situationism, Utopia, Austin, University of Texas Press, 2000.
Romanticism against the Tide of Modernity (with Robert Sayre), Durham, Duke University Press, 2001.
Joel Kovel and Michael Löwy (2002), "Manifeste écosocialiste international".
Franz Kafka, rêveur insoumis, Paris, Editions Stock, 2004.
Fire Alarm. Reading Walter Benjamin’s ‘On the Concept of History' , London, Verso, 2005.
The Theory of Revolution in the Young Marx, Leiden/Boston, Brill, 2003.
Che Guevara, une braise qui brûle encore, with Olivier Besancenot, Paris, Mille et une nuits, 2007.
Michael Löwy, "Why Ecosocialism: For a Red-Green Future", Great Transition Initiative (December 2018).
Revolutions, Haymarket Books, 2020.
Romantic Anti-capitalism and Nature. The Enchanted Garden, with Robert Sayre, New York, Taylor & Francis, 2020.
Revolutionary Affinities: Toward a Marxist Anarchist Solidarity, with Olivier Besancenot, PM Press, 2023.
References
Richard Wolin, "A Metaphysical Materialist", The Nation, October 16, 2006, p. 30-35.
External links
All Michael Löwy's articles (french language) on La Brèche Numérique
Interview with Néstor Kohan
Europe Solidaire Includes many of his articles in French and English.
Michael Löwy, a collection of his writings in International Viewpoint
Franz Kafka and Libertarian Socialism by Michael Löwy
TrotskyanaNet provides a biographical sketch and a selective bibliography on Michael Löwy.
An ecosocialist manifesto by Joel Kovel and Michael Lowy on Ozleft
Che Guevara: The Spark that does not Die by Michael Löwy, July 1997
1938 births
20th-century social scientists
20th-century French scientists
20th-century French writers
21st-century social scientists
21st-century French writers
Anti-consumerists
20th-century Brazilian Jews
Brazilian anti-capitalists
Brazilian emigrants to France
Brazilian people of Austrian-Jewish descent
Brazilian Marxists
French National Centre for Scientific Research scientists
Eco-socialists
French male writers
French sociologists
French Trotskyists
Jewish philosophers
Jewish socialists
Living people
New Anticapitalist Party politicians
University of Paris alumni
Academic staff of the University of Paris
Academic staff of Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis
Marxist theorists
People from São Paulo
Research directors of the French National Centre for Scientific Research
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F
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Керування
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Керування
Поняття керування має такі значення:
У кібернетиці керування — гомеостатична доцільна система, призначена для саморегулювання.
У лінгвістиці керування — вид підрядного зв'язку.
В економіці керування, або менеджмент (від старофранцузького слова ménagement «мистецтво супроводжувати, направляти», від «вказувати рукою») — керування економічною системою, оперативне керівництво на підприємстві.
керування ресурсами — сукупність функцій операційної системи, пов'язаних з обліком та розподілом ресурсів.
управління (керування) організацією — це процес планування, організації, мотивації та контролю, необхідний для того, щоб сформулювати та досягти цілей організації. Основні підходи до управління: процесний підхід до управління, адміністративний, бюрократичний, гуманістичний, кількісний, системний, ситуаційний підходи.
У техніці керування — сукупність цілеспрямованих дій, що включає оцінку ситуації та стану об'єкта керування, вибір керівних дій та їх реалізацію. Деколи використовували застарілий, дослівний переклад з російської — управління.
керування процесом — регулювання неперервних дій або процесів з використанням системи оброблення даних.
радіокерування — дистанційне керування об'єктами з використанням радіосигналів.
Числове програмне керування (ЧПК) — автоматичне керування процесом, реалізоване за допомогою пристрою, який інтерпретує числові дані, що вводяться послідовно протягом всього періоду виконання процесу. Воно у свою чергу за способом реалізації поділяється на:
циклове керування — програмне керування обробним устаткованням, за якого послідовність і цикл оброблення задаються в цифровій формі, а значення потрібних параметрів роботи нецифровими пристроями, наприклад, потенціометрами або контактними чи безконтактними перемикачами;
позиційне керування обладнанням — числове програмне керування, за якого переміщення робочих органів у задані точки відбувається без контролю траєкторії руху;
контурне керування обладнанням — числове програмне керування верстатом, за якого переміщення його робочих органів для одержання необхідного контуру оброблення відбувається за заданою траєкторією
Див. також
Управління
Менеджмент
Примітки
Література
«Енциклопедія кібернетики» / відп. ред. В. Глушков. — К, 1973. — Т. 2.
Управління
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2
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Кацпрув
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Кацпрув — село в Польщі, у гміні Воля-Кшиштопорська Пйотрковського повіту Лодзинського воєводства.
Населення — (2011).
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Пйотрковського воєводства.
Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:
Примітки
.
Села Пйотрковського повіту
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3422842
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%20%28%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E-%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%29
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Редінг (Нью-Йорк)
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Редінг (Нью-Йорк)
Редінг — місто в США, в окрузі Скайлер штату Нью-Йорк. Населення — 1719 осіб (2020).
Демографія
Згідно з переписом 2010 року, у місті мешкало осіб у 701 домогосподарстві у складі 484 родин. Було 893 помешкання
Расовий склад населення:
До двох чи більше рас належало 0,8 %. Частка іспаномовних становила 1,8 % від усіх жителів.
За віковим діапазоном населення розподілялося таким чином: 21,6 % — особи молодші 18 років, 58,6 % — особи у віці 18—64 років, 19,8 % — особи у віці 65 років та старші. Медіана віку мешканця становила 46,0 року. На 100 осіб жіночої статі у місті припадало 95,3 чоловіків; на 100 жінок у віці від 18 років та старших — 92,1 чоловіків також старших 18 років.
Середній дохід на одне домашнє господарство становив долари США , а середній дохід на одну сім'ю — доларів . Медіана доходів становила доларів для чоловіків та доларів для жінок. За межею бідності перебувало 13,6 % осіб, у тому числі 19,6 % дітей у віці до 18 років та 4,7 % осіб у віці 65 років та старших.
Цивільне працевлаштоване населення становило 710 осіб. Основні галузі зайнятості: освіта, охорона здоров'я та соціальна допомога — 23,5 %, мистецтво, розваги та відпочинок — 14,6 %, виробництво — 13,5 %.
Примітки
Джерела
Містечка Нью-Йорку
Населені пункти округу Скайлер (Нью-Йорк)
Населені пункти США, засновані 1806
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16982305
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%83nciule%C8%99ti
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Dănciulești
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Dănciulești is a commune in Gorj County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of seven villages: Bibulești, Dănciulești, Hălăngești, Obârșia, Petrăchei, Rădinești and Zăicoiu.
References
Communes in Gorj County
Localities in Oltenia
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2281586
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F
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Арабська алхімія
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Арабська алхімія — алхімія, що існувала протягом IV-XII століть у арабських країнах. Є однією з територіальних стійких алхімічних традицій, поряд з такими як греко-єгипетська, західно-європейська, індійська та китайська. Сама назва «алхімія» була вигадана в арабському світі. Арабське слово الخيمياء («аль-кіміа») було утворене від كيمياء (кімія) і пов'язане або з коптською назвою Єгипту, яка в свою чергу походить від слова «кемі», що означає «чорний», або походить від грецького χύμος — рідина, сік чи походить від грецького chēméia, chéō — ллю, виливаю, що вказує на зв'язок алхімії з мистецтвом плавки й лиття металів. До Європи алхімія потрапила з арабського світу у епоху пізнього Середньовіччя, після завоювання арабами Піренейського півострова.
Про алхімію мусульманського світу відомо доволі багато тому, що вона досить добре задокументована, крім того більш ранні роботи дійшли до нас завдяки арабським прекладам.
Передісторія
Вчення, яке згодом було назване арабами алхімією, виникло у II столітті в Олександрійській академії (Єгипет), в якій викладалося «священе тайне мистецтво» імітації благородних металів. Алхімія виникла внаслідок поєднання грецької філософії і єгипетських знань з хімічних перетворень. Ще до приходу греків у Єгипет, в цій країні протягом століть розвивалися муміфікація, фарбування, скловаріння і металургія, які потребували певних знань про відповідні хімічні процеси. У Єгипті існувало чимало хімічних рецептів для різних цілей, включаючи рецепт виготовлення штучного дорогоцінного каміння і підробного золота.
Після проголошення у 330 році імператором Римської імперії Костянтином християнства офіційною релігією імперії, почалося поступове викорінення всіх поганських філософій, в тому числі і алхімії. Представникам християнської церкви несторіан приписується врятування манускриптів, що містили алхімічне вчення. Після відлучення від церкви Несторія у 431 році, він разом з послідовниками втік до Сирії, де несторіани заснували свої монастирі. Туди вони вивезли й багато письмен різноманітного ґатунку. Близько 500 року несторіанці були вигнані також й з Сирії. Вони оселилися у Персії, де заснували свої школи і переклали елліністичні письмена сирійською мовою. Одним з предметів, що викладався у їхніх школах була алхімія.
Історія
З 640 по 720 роки внаслідок арабських завоювань підконторльні їм землі простягалися від Іспанії до Персії. Хоча в арабських державах немусульмани були оподатковані, вони були вільні у своїх віросповіданнях. Мусульманські правителі часто підтримували учених, незалежно від їхньої релігії, при цьому грецькі і сирійські тексти було перекладено арабською мовою. Арабські філософи отримали відомості про вчення Платона, Аристотеля та інших філософів, а також отримали знання з науки, яку назвали алхімією. Арабів не дуже цікавила містична складова алхімії, натомість їм була цікава практичний бік цієї «науки».
Починаючи з VII століття у країнах Близького Сходу виникли наукові центри, в яких працювало багато арабських алхіміків.
У IX столітті Джабір ібн Хаян, відомий у літературі під ім'ям Гебер, розробив на основі арестотельського вчення сірчано-ртутну «теорію» походження металів.
У Іспанії центром алхімії, де працювали арабські алхіміки, було місто Кордова.
Найвідоміші алхіміки
За даними арабського літератора і книготорговця Ібн ан-Надіма, викладеними ним у книзі «Кітаб аль-Фіхріст» (988 рік), першим арабським алхіміком був Халіб ібн-Язід, принц Омеядського халіфату. Йому приписується написання низки творів, однак його авторство ставиться під сумнів.
Одним з найвідоміших арабських алхіміків IX століття був Джабір ібн Хайян, відомий також під скороченим ім'ям Гебер. З понад як 2000 різних за обсягом текстів, що приписувалися ібн-Гаяну, більшість були зібрані після його смерті мусульманською сектою Браття чистоти. Праці написані різними стилями, що вказує на те, що вони були написані різними авторами. Упорядкування творів було завершене близько 1000 року, більш ніж через сто років після смерті Джабіра. Хоча мало відомо про його життя, відомо про його роль у еволюції алхімічної теорії.
На основі аристотелевого вчення ібн-Хаян розробив сірчано-ртутну «теорію» походження металів. За нею, метали є сумішю сірки, ртуті і миш'яку. Винятком є лише золото, що складається лише з сірки і ртуті. При цьому, сірка і ртуть, про які говорив ібн-Гаян, були не тими, що трапляються у природі. Це були очищені есенції, які пізніше європейські алхіміки назвали «філософською сіркою» і «філософською ртуттю». Всі метали, в тому числі й золото, містять більше ртуті і менше сірки. Таким чином, метали можуть бути перетворені на золото, якщо знайдеться спосіб збільшити в них вміст ртуті.
Відомий також перський алхімік Ар-Разі. Він поєднав атомістичну теорію з вченням Аристотеля про первинну матерію.
Основи арабської алхімії
В арабській алхімії вперше з'являються концепції філософського каміння й еліксиру життя. Філософське каміння являло собою субстанцію, що, на загальну думку, була здатна перетворювати основні метали на золото. Не дивлячись на назву, воно не уялялося як каміння і часто описувалося як «червона земля», наприклад. Еліксир молодості був чимось таким, що могло відновлювати молодість і продовжувати життя. Імовірно його можна було зробити з алхімічного золота. Але це була не вся арабська алхімія. Її більш практичний бік містив в собі методики з виробництва фарб. Цілі арабської алхімії були більшими, ніж тільки зробити золото.
Вплив на європейську алхімію
У XI столітті з арабського світу алхімія прийшла у Європу, де до того вона була невідома. Оскільки арабів цікавили лише прктичні досягнення алхімії, з арабського світу алхімія прийшла у вигляді колекції хімічних приписів, рецептів і техніки, а не просто набору містичних догматів.
Дві концепції, що стали центральними у європейській алхімії, — філософське каміння й елексир життя — було перейнято з арабської алхімії.
У Європі найбільш відомими мусульманськими алхіміками були Джабір ібн Хайян і Ар-Разі.
Примітки
Алхімія
Арабський світ
Наука Середньовіччя
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10592550
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%20Ham
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Greg Ham
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Greg Ham
Gregory Norman Ham (27 September 1953 – 19 April 2012) was an Australian musician, best known as a member of the 1980s band Men at Work. He played saxophone, flute, organ, piano, and synthesizer.
Early life
Ham was born in Melbourne and attended Camberwell Grammar School from 1964 to 1971. According to the school's year books, he was remembered for his acting talent in school plays, particularly The World We Live In (the insect comedy) in 1969 where he played the "parasite". In 1970 he played Mr Seekamp, editor of the Ballarat Times, in Lola Montez and, in 1971, Puff in The Critic. In 1967 Ham was photographed airborne by J. Jones in a still photo which won first prize in the Ilford Competition.
Career
Men at Work
In 1972, Ham met Colin Hay via mutual friend Kym Gyngell. In 1979, he joined the original lineup of Men at Work with Hay, Ron Strykert, and Jerry Speiser. Ham and Hay formed the core of the band from 1979 until 1985 when Ham left, and the band broke up shortly afterward. Ham returned to Men at Work when they reformed in 1996 to tour the United States.
Ham played saxophone, keyboards, flute, and harmonica for the group, as well as performing backing vocals. He sang lead vocals on songs such as "Helpless Automaton" and "I Like To." Ham also performed the saxophone solo in the song "Who Can It Be Now?" (a rehearsal take was used in the final mix) and improvised the flute riff in the song "Down Under".
In 1983, Ham, as a member of Men at Work, won a Grammy Award for Best New Artist.
Lawsuit and plagiarism accusation
Larrikin Music bought the rights to the 1930s children's song "Kookaburra" in 1990 for $6,100. In 2009, music publisher Larrikin Music, then headed by Norman Lurie (now retired), sued Men at Work and their record label EMI for plagiarism, alleging that the flute riff copied the 1934 nursery rhyme "Kookaburra", to which they owned the publishing rights. The Federal Court of Australia ruled that "Down Under" did infringe the copyright of "Kookaburra" and awarded Larrikin 5% of the song's royalties backdated to 2002. Several appeals by EMI and Men at Work were unsuccessful. In an interview with The Age newspaper, Ham said he was deeply affected by the judgment and felt it tarnished his reputation, saying: "I'm terribly disappointed that that's the way I'm going to be remembered—for copying something." Colin Hay, Ham's childhood friend and bandmate chooses, however, to remember Ham as “a great, great friend and a great guy” who was a "very inspired and instinctive" musician."
Later career
Ham played brass and keyboard with the R&B band Relax with Max, with frontman Max Vella, girlfriend Linda "Toots" Wostry, on saxophone, James Black on keyboard, David Adam and Ross Hannaford on guitar and John James "JJ" Hackett on drums. Relax with Max played at the Metropol in Fitzroy and on ABC's television comedy While You're Down There and at the Falls Creek music festival. They supported Australian artists including Kylie Minogue and American soul singers James Brown and Bo Diddley. Ham also performed regularly with jazz ensemble Miss Dorothy and His Fools in Love. Later in life, Ham taught guitar at Carlton North Primary School and assessed music students for the Victorian Certificate of Education (VCE).
Death
Ham was found dead on 19 April 2012 at his home in Carlton North, Melbourne. Several newspapers listed the cause as a heart attack. Friends of Ham had told newspapers that he had a long battle with heroin addiction, which had escalated after the Kookaburra Trial. It is known that he was depressed and suffering anxiety over the copyright lawsuit filed against him and the members of Men at Work for the alleged similarities between "Kookaburra" and the flute riff in "Down Under".
Ham's private funeral was held at the Fitzroy Town Hall in Melbourne on 2 May 2012. He was survived by his two children.
References
External links
1953 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Australian pianists
Australian flautists
Australian keyboardists
Australian multi-instrumentalists
Australian new wave musicians
Australian pianists
Australian saxophonists
Australian male saxophonists
Men at Work members
Musicians from Melbourne
People educated at Camberwell Grammar School
Australian male pianists
Deaths from coronary artery diseas
20th-century flautists
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10495976
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koba%20Gogoladze
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Koba Gogoladze
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Koba Gogoladze (born January 7, 1973, in Poti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti) is a professional boxer from Georgia. He competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics as a lightweight, losing on points in the quarterfinals to Leonard Doroftei.
Olympic career
1996 Lightweight competitor at Olympic Games in Atlanta, United States. Results were:
First Round — Defeated Ri Chol (North Korea), 17-9
Second Round — Defeated Julio Gonzalez Valladares (Cuba), 14-9
Quarter Finals — Lost to Leonard Doroftei (Romania), 8-17
Professional career
Gogoladze turned professional in 1999, boxing mainly in England, although he did also fight once in Cyprus (winning the minor World Boxing Federation (WBF) International Lightweight title) and twice in his native Georgia. He took two years off, and moved to Philadelphia. He faced stiffer competition in the US, recording his first loss against Almazbek Raiymkulov. After two more bouts, he faced Scotland's Alex Arthur for the interim WBO title where he was stopped by a 10th round TKO. A final loss, to Ji-Hoon Kim, this time a 1st round TKO, closed out his career.
References
External links
sports-reference
1972 births
Living people
Olympic boxers for Georgia (country)
Boxers at the 1996 Summer Olympics
Male boxers from Georgia (country)
AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists
Lightweight boxers
20th-century people from Georgia (country)
People from Poti
Sportspeople from Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti
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40181378
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20de%20Hemmingburgh
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Robert de Hemmingburgh
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Robert de Hemmingburgh (died 1349) was an English-born judge and priest, who held office as Master of the Rolls in Ireland, and possibly as Lord Chancellor of Ireland.
He took his name from his birthplace, Hemingbrough, in North Yorkshire. William de Hemmingborough, who died in Hemingborough in 1410, may have been a relative of Robert, or may simply, like Robert, have taken his name from his homeplace. Nor is it clear if he was related to the later Robert de Hemynborough, who was appointed Attorney-General for Ireland in 1385.
Robert became a clerk of the English Chancery about 1319. He is said to have been a valued royal servant, who was highly regarded by both Edward II and Edward III. He was a noted religious pluralist, acquiring numerous livings in England, Scotland and Ireland, though we know the names of only two of these livings, Glasgow and Antingham, Norfolk, which had previously been held by a relative who had given good service to the Crown. In Ireland he continued his career of pluralism, and we are told that he and his assistant acquired numerous other livings, the names of which are not recorded.
In 1337 he was sent to Ireland in the entourage of the new Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Thomas Charlton, Bishop of Hereford. He was appointed Master of the Rolls - only the third holder of the office - and served as Master until 1346. According to some sources, he was briefly Lord Chancellor of Ireland himself. He died in 1349.
References
Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 London John Murray 1926
Burke, Oliver The History of the Lord Chancellors of Ireland from A.D.1186 to A.D. 1874 Dublin E. Ponsonby 1879
Burton, Thomas The History and Antiquities of the Parish of Hemingborough in the County of York. Published at York by Sampson Brothers; first edition 1888
Smyth, Constantine Joseph Chronicle of the Law Officers of Ireland Butterworths London 1839
Footnotes
1349 deaths
People from Selby District
Year of birth unknown
Masters of the Rolls in Ireland
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3014636
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukang
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Fukang
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Fukang is a county-level city in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. Its area is and its population in 2007 was reported as approximately 1.5 million. Fukang is located in Northern Xinjiang in Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture, north of Ürümqi.
History
As early as the Han and Tang dynasties, Fukang was an important stopover on the ancient Silk Road. The Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty established it as a county in 1776. Its status was changed to a city in November 1992.
Subdivisions
Fukang is made up of 3 subdistricts, 4 towns, 1 township, and 2 ethnic townships.
Climate
Economy
In 2007, Fukang City's GDP was 4.822 billion yuan, 2.3 times that of 2002, an average annual increase of 17.6%. Per capita GDP reached 30,000 yuan, 2.1 times that of 2002, an average annual increase of 16.5%.
Fukang's economy relies primarily on heavy industry, agriculture and tourism.
Among the tourist attractions in the area are Bogda Peak and the Heavenly Lake of Tianshan.
Bogeda Biosphere Reserve, in the east part of the Tianshan Mountains, was designated a member of UNESCO's Man and Biosphere reserve in 1990.
Irrigated agriculture in the Fukang is enabled by streams flowing from the Tian Shan mountains, as well as by the eastern branch of the Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal, which crosses the Gurbantünggüt Desert, bringing to Fukang water from the Irtysh River.
Transport
China National Highway 216
Special facts
In 2000 a 925 "gemstone meteorite", a pallasite meteorite known as Fukang meteorite, was found near Fukang. It is considered a large and a rare of meteorite. In 2008 the main mass was offered for sale at Bonhams for a value of US $2 million. However the lot remained unsold.
Notes
References
County-level divisions of Xinjiang
Populated places in Xinjiang
Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture
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2528602
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCSAM
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GCSAM
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GCSAM – білок, який кодується однойменним геном, розташованим у людей на 3-й хромосомі. Довжина поліпептидного ланцюга білка становить 178 амінокислот, а молекулярна маса — 21 005.
Кодований геном білок за функцією належить до фосфопротеїнів.
Задіяний у такому біологічному процесі, як альтернативний сплайсинг.
Локалізований у клітинній мембрані, цитоплазмі, мембрані.
Література
Примітки
Див. також
Хромосома 3
Некатегоризовані білки
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252329
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequent%20calculus
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Sequent calculus
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Sequent calculus
In mathematical logic, sequent calculus is a style of formal logical argumentation in which every line of a proof is a conditional tautology (called a sequent by Gerhard Gentzen) instead of an unconditional tautology. Each conditional tautology is inferred from other conditional tautologies on earlier lines in a formal argument according to rules and procedures of inference, giving a better approximation to the natural style of deduction used by mathematicians than to David Hilbert's earlier style of formal logic, in which every line was an unconditional tautology. More subtle distinctions may exist; for example, propositions may implicitly depend upon non-logical axioms. In that case, sequents signify conditional theorems in a first-order language rather than conditional tautologies.
Sequent calculus is one of several extant styles of proof calculus for expressing line-by-line logical arguments.
Hilbert style. Every line is an unconditional tautology (or theorem).
Gentzen style. Every line is a conditional tautology (or theorem) with zero or more conditions on the left.
Natural deduction. Every (conditional) line has exactly one asserted proposition on the right.
Sequent calculus. Every (conditional) line has zero or more asserted propositions on the right.
In other words, natural deduction and sequent calculus systems are particular distinct kinds of Gentzen-style systems. Hilbert-style systems typically have a very small number of inference rules, relying more on sets of axioms. Gentzen-style systems typically have very few axioms, if any, relying more on sets of rules.
Gentzen-style systems have significant practical and theoretical advantages compared to Hilbert-style systems. For example, both natural deduction and sequent calculus systems facilitate the elimination and introduction of universal and existential quantifiers so that unquantified logical expressions can be manipulated according to the much simpler rules of propositional calculus. In a typical argument, quantifiers are eliminated, then propositional calculus is applied to unquantified expressions (which typically contain free variables), and then the quantifiers are reintroduced. This very much parallels the way in which mathematical proofs are carried out in practice by mathematicians. Predicate calculus proofs are generally much easier to discover with this approach, and are often shorter. Natural deduction systems are more suited to practical theorem-proving. Sequent calculus systems are more suited to theoretical analysis.
Overview
In proof theory and mathematical logic, sequent calculus is a family of formal systems sharing a certain style of inference and certain formal properties. The first sequent calculi systems, LK and LJ, were introduced in 1934/1935 by Gerhard Gentzen as a tool for studying natural deduction in first-order logic (in classical and intuitionistic versions, respectively). Gentzen's so-called "Main Theorem" (Hauptsatz) about LK and LJ was the cut-elimination theorem, a result with far-reaching meta-theoretic consequences, including consistency. Gentzen further demonstrated the power and flexibility of this technique a few years later, applying a cut-elimination argument to give a (transfinite) proof of the consistency of Peano arithmetic, in surprising response to Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Since this early work, sequent calculi, also called Gentzen systems, and the general concepts relating to them, have been widely applied in the fields of proof theory, mathematical logic, and automated deduction.
Hilbert-style deduction systems
One way to classify different styles of deduction systems is to look at the form of judgments in the system, i.e., which things may appear as the conclusion of a (sub)proof. The simplest judgment form is used in Hilbert-style deduction systems, where a judgment has the form
where is any formula of first-order logic (or whatever logic the deduction system applies to, e.g., propositional calculus or a higher-order logic or a modal logic). The theorems are those formulae that appear as the concluding judgment in a valid proof. A Hilbert-style system needs no distinction between formulae and judgments; we make one here solely for comparison with the cases that follow.
The price paid for the simple syntax of a Hilbert-style system is that complete formal proofs tend to get extremely long. Concrete arguments about proofs in such a system almost always appeal to the deduction theorem. This leads to the idea of including the deduction theorem as a formal rule in the system, which happens in natural deduction.
Natural deduction systems
In natural deduction, judgments have the shape
where the 's and are again formulae and . Permutations of the 's are immaterial. In other words, a judgment consists of a list (possibly empty) of formulae on the left-hand side of a turnstile symbol "", with a single formula on the right-hand side. The theorems are those formulae such that (with an empty left-hand side) is the conclusion of a valid proof.
(In some presentations of natural deduction, the s and the turnstile are not written down explicitly; instead a two-dimensional notation from which they can be inferred is used.)
The standard semantics of a judgment in natural deduction is that it asserts that whenever , , etc., are all true, will also be true. The judgments
and
are equivalent in the strong sense that a proof of either one may be extended to a proof of the other.
Sequent calculus systems
Finally, sequent calculus generalizes the form of a natural deduction judgment to
a syntactic object called a sequent. The formulas on left-hand side of the turnstile are called the antecedent, and the formulas on right-hand side are called the succedent or consequent; together they are called cedents or sequents. Again, and are formulae, and and are nonnegative integers, that is, the left-hand-side or the right-hand-side (or neither or both) may be empty. As in natural deduction, theorems are those where is the conclusion of a valid proof.
The standard semantics of a sequent is an assertion that whenever every is true, at least one will also be true. Thus the empty sequent, having both cedents empty, is false. One way to express this is that a comma to the left of the turnstile should be thought of as an "and", and a comma to the right of the turnstile should be thought of as an (inclusive) "or". The sequents
and
are equivalent in the strong sense that a proof of either sequent may be extended to a proof of the other sequent.
At first sight, this extension of the judgment form may appear to be a strange complication—it is not motivated by an obvious shortcoming of natural deduction, and it is initially confusing that the comma seems to mean entirely different things on the two sides of the turnstile. However, in a classical context the semantics of the sequent can also (by propositional tautology) be expressed either as
(at least one of the As is false, or one of the Bs is true)
or as
(it cannot be the case that all of the As are true and all of the Bs are false).
In these formulations, the only difference between formulae on either side of the turnstile is that one side is negated. Thus, swapping left for right in a sequent corresponds to negating all of the constituent formulae. This means that a symmetry such as De Morgan's laws, which manifests itself as logical negation on the semantic level, translates directly into a left-right symmetry of sequents—and indeed, the inference rules in sequent calculus for dealing with conjunction (∧) are mirror images of those dealing with disjunction (∨).
Many logicians feel that this symmetric presentation offers a deeper insight in the structure of the logic than other styles of proof system, where the classical duality of negation is not as apparent in the rules.
Distinction between natural deduction and sequent calculus
Gentzen asserted a sharp distinction between his single-output natural deduction systems (NK and NJ) and his multiple-output sequent calculus systems (LK and LJ). He wrote that the intuitionistic natural deduction system NJ was somewhat ugly. He said that the special role of the excluded middle in the classical natural deduction system NK is removed in the classical sequent calculus system LK. He said that the sequent calculus LJ gave more symmetry than natural deduction NJ in the case of intuitionistic logic, as also in the case of classical logic (LK versus NK). Then he said that in addition to these reasons, the sequent calculus with multiple succedent formulas is intended particularly for his principal theorem ("Hauptsatz").
Origin of word "sequent"
The word "sequent" is taken from the word "Sequenz" in Gentzen's 1934 paper. Kleene makes the following comment on the translation into English: "Gentzen says 'Sequenz', which we translate as 'sequent', because we have already used 'sequence' for any succession of objects, where the German is 'Folge'."
Proving logical formulas
Reduction trees
Sequent calculus can be seen as a tool for proving formulas in propositional logic, similar to the method of analytic tableaux. It gives a series of steps that allows one to reduce the problem of proving a logical formula to simpler and simpler formulas until one arrives at trivial ones.
Consider the following formula:
This is written in the following form, where the proposition that needs to be proven is to the right of the turnstile symbol :
Now, instead of proving this from the axioms, it is enough to assume the premise of the implication and then try to prove its conclusion. Hence one moves to the following sequent:
Again the right hand side includes an implication, whose premise can further be assumed so that only its conclusion needs to be proven:
Since the arguments in the left-hand side are assumed to be related by conjunction, this can be replaced by the following:
This is equivalent to proving the conclusion in both cases of the disjunction on the first argument on the left. Thus we may split the sequent to two, where we now have to prove each separately:
In the case of the first judgment, we rewrite as and split the sequent again to get:
The second sequent is done; the first sequent can be further simplified into:
This process can always be continued until there are only atomic formulas in each side.
The process can be graphically described by a rooted tree graph, as depicted on the right. The root of the tree is the formula we wish to prove; the leaves consist of atomic formulas only. The tree is known as a reduction tree.
The items to the left of the turnstile are understood to be connected by conjunction, and those to the right by disjunction. Therefore, when both consist only of atomic symbols, the sequent is accepted axiomatically (and always true) if and only if at least one of the symbols on the right also appears on the left.
Following are the rules by which one proceeds along the tree. Whenever one sequent is split into two, the tree vertex has two child vertices, and the tree is branched. Additionally, one may freely change the order of the arguments in each side; Γ and Δ stand for possible additional arguments.
The usual term for the horizontal line used in Gentzen-style layouts for natural deduction is inference line.
Starting with any formula in propositional logic, by a series of steps, the right side of the turnstile can be processed until it includes only atomic symbols. Then, the same is done for the left side. Since every logical operator appears in one of the rules above, and is removed by the rule, the process terminates when no logical operators remain: The formula has been decomposed.
Thus, the sequents in the leaves of the trees include only atomic symbols, which are either provable by the axiom or not, according to whether one of the symbols on the right also appears on the left.
It is easy to see that the steps in the tree preserve the semantic truth value of the formulas implied by them, with conjunction understood between the tree's different branches whenever there is a split. It is also obvious that an axiom is provable if and only if it is true for every assignment of truth values to the atomic symbols. Thus this system is sound and complete for classical propositional logic.
Relation to standard axiomatizations
Sequent calculus is related to other axiomatizations of propositional calculus, such as Frege's propositional calculus or Jan Łukasiewicz's axiomatization (itself a part of the standard Hilbert system): Every formula that can be proven in these has a reduction tree.
This can be shown as follows: Every proof in propositional calculus uses only axioms and the inference rules. Each use of an axiom scheme yields a true logical formula, and can thus be proven in sequent calculus; examples for these are shown below. The only inference rule in the systems mentioned above is modus ponens, which is implemented by the cut rule.
The system LK
This section introduces the rules of the sequent calculus LK (standing for Logistische Kalkül) as introduced by Gentzen in 1934.
A (formal) proof in this calculus is a sequence of sequents, where each of the sequents is derivable from sequents appearing earlier in the sequence by using one of the rules below.
Inference rules
The following notation will be used:
known as the turnstile, separates the assumptions on the left from the propositions on the right
and denote formulae of first-order predicate logic (one may also restrict this to propositional logic),
, and are finite (possibly empty) sequences of formulae (in fact, the order of formulae does not matter; see ), called contexts,
when on the left of the , the sequence of formulas is considered conjunctively (all assumed to hold at the same time),
while on the right of the , the sequence of formulas is considered disjunctively (at least one of the formulas must hold for any assignment of variables),
denotes an arbitrary term,
and denote variables.
a variable is said to occur free within a formula if it is not bound by quantifiers or .
denotes the formula that is obtained by substituting the term for every free occurrence of the variable in formula with the restriction that the term must be free for the variable in (i.e., no occurrence of any variable in becomes bound in ).
, , , , , : These six stand for the two versions of each of three structural rules; one for use on the left ('L') of a , and the other on its right ('R'). The rules are abbreviated 'W' for Weakening (Left/Right), 'C' for Contraction, and 'P' for Permutation.
Note that, contrary to the rules for proceeding along the reduction tree presented above, the following rules are for moving in the opposite directions, from axioms to theorems. Thus they are exact mirror-images of the rules above, except that here symmetry is not implicitly assumed, and rules regarding quantification are added.
Restrictions: In the rules and , the variable must not occur free anywhere in the respective lower sequents.
An intuitive explanation
The above rules can be divided into two major groups: logical and structural ones. Each of the logical rules introduces a new logical formula either on the left or on the right of the turnstile . In contrast, the structural rules operate on the structure of the sequents, ignoring the exact shape of the formulae. The two exceptions to this general scheme are the axiom of identity (I) and the rule of (Cut).
Although stated in a formal way, the above rules allow for a very intuitive reading in terms of classical logic. Consider, for example, the rule . It says that, whenever one can prove that can be concluded from some sequence of formulae that contain , then one can also conclude from the (stronger) assumption that holds. Likewise, the rule states that, if and suffice to conclude , then from alone one can either still conclude or must be false, i.e. holds. All the rules can be interpreted in this way.
For an intuition about the quantifier rules, consider the rule . Of course concluding that holds just from the fact that is true is not in general possible. If, however, the variable y is not mentioned elsewhere (i.e. it can still be chosen freely, without influencing the other formulae), then one may assume, that holds for any value of y. The other rules should then be pretty straightforward.
Instead of viewing the rules as descriptions for legal derivations in predicate logic, one may also consider them as instructions for the construction of a proof for a given statement. In this case the rules can be read bottom-up; for example, says that, to prove that follows from the assumptions and , it suffices to prove that can be concluded from and can be concluded from , respectively. Note that, given some antecedent, it is not clear how this is to be split into and . However, there are only finitely many possibilities to be checked since the antecedent by assumption is finite. This also illustrates how proof theory can be viewed as operating on proofs in a combinatorial fashion: given proofs for both and , one can construct a proof for .
When looking for some proof, most of the rules offer more or less direct recipes of how to do this. The rule of cut is different: it states that, when a formula can be concluded and this formula may also serve as a premise for concluding other statements, then the formula can be "cut out" and the respective derivations are joined. When constructing a proof bottom-up, this creates the problem of guessing (since it does not appear at all below). The cut-elimination theorem is thus crucial to the applications of sequent calculus in automated deduction: it states that all uses of the cut rule can be eliminated from a proof, implying that any provable sequent can be given a cut-free proof.
The second rule that is somewhat special is the axiom of identity (I). The intuitive reading of this is obvious: every formula proves itself. Like the cut rule, the axiom of identity is somewhat redundant: the completeness of atomic initial sequents states that the rule can be restricted to atomic formulas without any loss of provability.
Observe that all rules have mirror companions, except the ones for implication. This reflects the fact that the usual language of first-order logic does not include the "is not implied by" connective that would be the De Morgan dual of implication. Adding such a connective with its natural rules would make the calculus completely left-right symmetric.
Example derivations
Here is the derivation of "", known as
the Law of excluded middle (tertium non datur in Latin).
Next is the proof of a simple fact involving quantifiers. Note that the converse is not true, and its falsity can be seen when attempting to derive it bottom-up, because an existing free variable cannot be used in substitution in the rules and .
For something more interesting we shall prove . It is straightforward to find the derivation, which exemplifies the usefulness of LK in automated proving.
These derivations also emphasize the strictly formal structure of the sequent calculus. For example, the logical rules as defined above always act on a formula immediately adjacent to the turnstile, such that the permutation rules are necessary. Note, however, that this is in part an artifact of the presentation, in the original style of Gentzen. A common simplification involves the use of multisets of formulas in the interpretation of the sequent, rather than sequences, eliminating the need for an explicit permutation rule. This corresponds to shifting commutativity of assumptions and derivations outside the sequent calculus, whereas LK embeds it within the system itself.
Relation to analytic tableaux
For certain formulations (i.e. variants) of the sequent calculus, a proof in such a calculus is isomorphic to an upside-down, closed analytic tableau.
Structural rules
The structural rules deserve some additional discussion.
Weakening (W) allows the addition of arbitrary elements to a sequence. Intuitively, this is allowed in the antecedent because we can always restrict the scope of our proof (if all cars have wheels, then it's safe to say that all black cars have wheels); and in the succedent because we can always allow for alternative conclusions (if all cars have wheels, then it's safe to say that all cars have either wheels or wings).
Contraction (C) and Permutation (P) assure that neither the order (P) nor the multiplicity of occurrences (C) of elements of the sequences matters. Thus, one could instead of sequences also consider sets.
The extra effort of using sequences, however, is justified since part or all of the structural rules may be omitted. Doing so, one obtains the so-called substructural logics.
Properties of the system LK
This system of rules can be shown to be both sound and complete with respect to first-order logic, i.e. a statement follows semantically from a set of premises if and only if the sequent can be derived by the above rules.
In the sequent calculus, the rule of cut is admissible. This result is also referred to as Gentzen's Hauptsatz ("Main Theorem").
Variants
The above rules can be modified in various ways:
Minor structural alternatives
There is some freedom of choice regarding the technical details of how sequents and structural rules are formalized without changing what sequents the system derives.
First of all, as mentioned above, the sequents can be viewed to consist of sets or multisets. In this case, the rules for permuting and (when using sets) contracting formulae are unnecessary.
The rule of weakening becomes admissible if the axiom (I) is changed to derive any sequent of the form . Any weakening that appears in a derivation can then be moved to the beginning of the proof. This may be a convenient change when constructing proofs bottom-up.
One may also change whether rules with more than one premise share the same context for each of those premises or split their contexts between them: For example, may be instead formulated as
Contraction and weakening make this version of the rule interderivable with the version above, although in their absence, as in linear logic, these rules define different connectives.
Absurdity
One can introduce , the absurdity constant representing false, with the axiom:
Or if, as described above, weakening is to be an admissible rule, then with the axiom:
With , negation can be subsumed as a special case of implication, via the definition .
Substructural logics
Alternatively, one may restrict or forbid the use of some of the structural rules. This yields a variety of substructural logic systems. They are generally weaker than LK (i.e., they have fewer theorems), and thus not complete with respect to the standard semantics of first-order logic. However, they have other interesting properties that have led to applications in theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.
Intuitionistic sequent calculus: System LJ
Surprisingly, some small changes in the rules of LK suffice to turn it into a proof system for intuitionistic logic. To this end, one has to restrict to sequents with at most one formula on the right-hand side, and modify the rules to maintain this invariant. For example, is reformulated as follows (where C is an arbitrary formula):
The resulting system is called LJ. It is sound and complete with respect to intuitionistic logic and admits a similar cut-elimination proof. This can be used in proving disjunction and existence properties.
In fact, the only rules in LK that need to be restricted to single-formula consequents are , (which can be seen as a special case of , as described above) and . When multi-formula consequents are interpreted as disjunctions, all of the other inference rules of LK are derivable in LJ, while the rules and become
and (when does not occur free in the bottom sequent)
These rules are not intuitionistically valid.
See also
Cirquent calculus
Nested sequent calculus
Resolution (logic)
Proof theory
Notes
References
External links
Proof Theory (Sequent Calculi) in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
A Brief Diversion: Sequent Calculus
Interactive tutorial of the Sequent Calculus
Proof theory
Logical calculi
Automated theorem proving
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810156
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA-%D0%BB%D0%B5-%D0%92%27%D1%94
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Баларюк-ле-В'є
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Баларюк-ле-В'є — муніципалітет у Франції, у регіоні Окситанія, департамент Еро. Населення — .
Муніципалітет розташований на відстані близько 610 км на південь від Парижа, 23 км на південний захід від Монпельє.
Історія
До 2015 року муніципалітет перебував у складі регіону Лангедок-Русійон. Від 1 січня 2016 року належить до нового об'єднаного регіону Окситанія.
Демографія
Розподіл населення за віком та статтю (2006):
Економіка
У 2010 році в муніципалітеті числилось 806 оподаткованих домогосподарств, у яких проживали 2056,0 особи, медіана доходів виносила євро на одного особоспоживача
Сусідні муніципалітети
Галерея зображень
Посилання
Баларюк-ле-В'є на сайті французького Національного інституту географії
Баларюк-ле-В'є на сайті французького Національного інституту статистики й економічних досліджень
Див. також
Список муніципалітетів департаменту Еро
Примітки
Муніципалітети департаменту Еро
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4900873
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%20%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F%20%D1%96%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97
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Модуль планерування і корекції
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Модуль планерування і корекції (МПК) — розроблений російським підприємством «Базальт» навісний модуль для перетворення звичайних некерованих бомб (зокрема, РБК-500, ФАБ-250 та ФАБ-500 М-62) на планерні бомби, високоточні боєприпаси зі збільшеним радіусом дії.
Вперше представлено на виставці «Аеро Індія-2003», потім в 2009 році на виставці в Росії.
Задум розробника полягав у тому, аби отримати дешеву систему, яку можна встановлювати навіть в польових умовах. Було запропоновано декілька варіантів з різними можливостями:
некоригована, лише з розкладними крилами, що дає можливість застосування з малих та надмалих висот
з інерціальною системою наведення, завдяки чому бомба може влучно вражати ціль на відстані до 12-15 км
з супутниковою та інерціальною системами наведення, ефективна відстань до цілі в такому випадку становить 40-60 км в залежності від параметрів скидання (висота, швидкість носія, тощо)
те саме що і попередній, з додатковим пульсуючим повітряно-реактивним двигуном.
На початку травня 2023 року російська пропаганда повідомила про створення неназваним виробником подібного модуля для бомб ФАБ-250.
Бойове застосування
Російсько-українська війна
На початку січня 2023 року російські користувачі в соціальних мережах поширили фото ФАБ-500М-62 з під'єднаним комплектом, що нагадує JDAM, однак «кустарна» якість виконання може свідчити про використання дослідного зразка.
В березні 2023 року в Куйбишевському районі Донецька впала авіабомба ФАБ-500 біля якої був знайдений механізм корекції польоту. Однак, за зовнішнім виглядом уламків це міг бути дещо схожий комплекс «Гром» розробки російської корпорації «Тактическое ракетное вооружение».
Також наприкінці березня 2023 року речник Повітряних Сил ЗСУ Юрій Ігнат повідомив, що російські військові стали частіше застосовувати крилаті кориговані авіабомби з бойовою частиною масою 500 кг. Російські літаки скидають їх з відстані в десятки кілометрів по цілях в прифронтовій зоні без заходу в зону ураження української протиповітряної оборони.
Надвечір 20 квітня 2023 року під час прольоту над Білгородом з російського Су-34 відокремилось та впало в місто дві фугасних бомби, одна здетонувала, другу відкопали та відправили на полігон для знешкодження через два дні, 22 квітня. Перед інцидентом наближені до російських військових користувачі соціальних мереж повідомляли про активність бойової авіації та можливе застосування УМПК разом з фугасними бомбами. За іншою версією, на місто впали бомби БетАБ-500ШП.
За словами речника Повітряних Сил ЗСУ Юрія Ігната навесні 2023 року темп застосування зріс до 20 скидань на добу.
В липні 2023 року українські правоохоронці стали повідомляти про застосування росією керованих авіабомб на основі ФАБ-250. Однак, про конкретну модель використаного модуля планування і корекції не повідомлялось. В листопаді 2023 року з'явились повідомлення про застосування модуля разом з разовим бомбовим контейнером (касетною авіабомбою) РБК-500 та касетними бойовими елементами ШОАБ-0,5 в районі села Старомайорське Донецької області.
Можливість скидати бомби зі значної відстані створила для Сил Оборони України значну проблему, оскільки російські літаки, при цьому, залишаються поза зоною ураження більшості наявних в Україні зенітних ракетних комплексів.
Див. також
JDAM
Грім (бомба)
Авіаційні бомби (Росія)
Посилання
Опытная управлямая бомба ФАБ-500М-62 с МПК (Россия. 2009—2010 год)
Примітки
Авіаційна зброя російсько-української війни
Керовані авіаційні бомби
Авіаційна зброя Росії
Військова техніка Росії
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19875837
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure%20skating%20at%20the%201928%20Winter%20Olympics%20%E2%80%93%20Men%27s%20singles
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Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
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Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics – Men's singles
The men's individual skating event was held as part of the figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics. It was the fourth appearance of the event, which had previously been held at the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1920 and was also part of the first Winter Games in 1924. The competition was held from Tuesday, 14 February to Friday, 17 February 1928. Seventeen figure skaters from ten nations competed.
Results
Gillis Grafström successfully defended his 1920 and 1924 title again with Austrian Willy Böckl finishing in second place as four years earlier. Another Austrian Karl Schäfer finished fourth in this event. He went on to win gold medals in the next two consecutive Olympic Games.
Referee:
Ulrich Salchow
Judges:
Kurt Dannenberg
Eduard Engelmann
Paul Baudouin
Herbert J. Clarke
Sakari Ilmanen
Joel B. Liberman
Vojtěch Veselý
References
External links
Official Olympic Report
sports-reference
Figure skating at the 1928 Winter Olympics
1928 in figure skating
Men's events at the 1928 Winter Olympics
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276247
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red%20Rose%20Speedway
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Red Rose Speedway
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Red Rose Speedway — четвертий студійний альбом Пола Маккартні і другий альбом гурту Wings 1973 року (офіційно виданий на ім'я «Пол Маккартні й Вінгз», — таке рішення було прийнято після слабкого комерційного успіху попереднього альбому Wild Life, виданого на ім'я нікому не відомого тоді гурту Wings).
Зайняв 5-те місце в хіт-параді Великої Британії і перше у США.
Історія запису
Список композицій
Усі пісні написано Полом і Ліндою Маккартні.
Big Barn Bed — 3:50
My Love — 4:08
Get on the Right Thing — 4:16
One More Kiss — 2:29
Little Lamb Dragonfly — 6:20
Single Pigeon — 1:53
When the Night — 3:37
Loup (1st Indian on the Moon) — 4:23 (інструментал)
Попурі — 11:16
Hold Me Tight
Lazy Dynamite
Hands of Love
Power Cut
Учасники запису
Пол Маккартні — вокал, фортепіано, бас-гітара, гітара, мелотрон, електрофортепіано
Лінда Маккартні — вокал, електрофортепіано, орган, клавесин, перкусія
Денні Лейн — вокал, гітара, бас, гармоніка
Генрі Маккаллок — гітара, вокал, перкусія
Денні Сайвелл — ударні, вокал, перкусія
Алан Парсонс — звукоінженер
Запрошені учасники
Х'ю Маккракен — гітара
Девід Спінозза — гітара
сингли
My Love / The Mess (Live at the Hague), випущено 23 березня 1973, №9 у хіт-параді Великій Британії, №1 у хіт-параді США U.S. Billboard Hot 100 (перший сингл №1 Пола Маккартні й Вінгз, і другий особисто для Пола Маккартні, після Uncle Albert/Admiral Halsey (1971).
Посилання
JPGR's Beatles site: Paul McCartney's Red Rose Speedway
Огляд альбому Red Rose Speedway на сайті maccafan.net
Рецензія Георгія Старостіна (12/15)
Альбоми Пола Маккартні
Альбоми Wings
Рок-альбоми
Травень 1973
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19000099
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana%20Avitia
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Mariana Avitia
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Mariana Avitia Martínez (born September 18, 1993) is a Mexican recurve archer. She was the first Mexican to win an Olympic medal in archery after taking bronze in the women's individual event at the 2012 Summer Olympics. She is also the youngest Mexican athlete to compete in two Olympic Games, contesting both the 2008 Summer Olympics and 2010 Summer Youth Olympics by the age of seventeen.
Avitia has represented Mexico at international archery events since 2007. In addition to her Olympic medal she has also achieved medals at the 2017 World Archery Championships and the 2011 and 2019 Pan American Games.
Career
Avitia was first introduced to archery at age seven. She competed in the 2007 Pan American Games in Rio de Janeiro, finishing in 10th overall.
2008–2011: Olympic debut
At aged 14, Avitia entered 2008 Summer Olympics as the youngest member of the Mexican Olympic team. She finished the initial 72-arrow ranking round of the women's individual event with a total of 641 points — five fewer than teammate Aída Román — giving her the 20th seed for the knock-out rounds of the tournament. Avitia began her head-to-head matches strongly with victories over North Korea's Son Hye-Yong, Poland's Malgorzata Cwienczek, and Georgia's Khatuna Narimanidze in the first three elimination rounds, the latter result being described as an upset by The Guardian. With Román's defeat in the third round to North Korea's Kwon Un-sil, Avitia advanced to the quarter-finals as the sole Mexican left in the women's competition. Facing Kwon in her quarter-final match, which took place in wet conditions, Avitia lost the twelve-arrow contest by 105 points to 99.
Avitia won five medals at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games, and her participation at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics shortly afterwards made Avitia Mexico's youngest athlete to compete in two Olympic games. She narrowly missed out on a medal result, being eliminated by eventual winner Kwak Ye-ji of South Korea in the semi-finals and losing to Russia's Tatiana Segina in the bronze medal contest.
Because of her performances in the preceding years Avitia was recognised as one of the strongest competitors at the 2011 Pan American Games and a challenger for the women's individual gold medal. She was however eliminated in the second round of the individual competition, although she did succeed in winning the women's team gold medal with Román and Alejandra Valencia.
2012: Olympic medalist
Avitia was re-selected for the Mexican team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, entering the women's individual and women's team events alongside Aída Román and Alejandra Valencia. Scoring 659 points in the 72-arrow ranking round, Avitia earned the tenth seed for the individual competition, and combined with her teammates, the fourth seed for the team event. Her Olympic competition did not begin well with the trio eliminated from the team competition at the quarter-final stage. She however had more success in the individual event, winning her first four matches – including a surprise victory over South Korea's Lee Sung-jin, the second seed and a gold medalist in the team competition – before losing to Román in the semi-finals.
As the two losing archers from the semi-final, Avitia faced Khatuna Lorig of the United States in the bronze medal match. In difficult conditions which saw unpredictable wind gusts, Avitia overcame the five-time Olympian to win her maiden Olympic medal, her bronze and Román's silver in the final securing Mexico's first ever archery Olympic medals. The pair's success marked the first time since the 1984 Summer Olympics that Mexican athletes had shared the podium in any Olympic discipline, and the first time it had been achieved by Mexican women.
2013–2016: International break
Following the 2012 Olympics up to the end of 2015, Avitia prioritised her university studies and life outside of sport over competitive archery. Although her overall form was not consistent enough to be chosen to compete at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games or the 2015 Pan American Games, she nevertheless won the Mexican national championship in 2015 with victory over Aída Román in the final. In early 2016 she was unsuccessful in her bid to win selection for the 2016 Summer Olympics at the national team trials.
2017–2019: Team silver medals
Avitia returned to the national team in 2017 and participated in the World Archery Championships taking place on home soil in México City. Although she did not advance beyond the third round in the women's individual event, she and teammates Aída Román and Alejandra Valencia reached the final of the women's team competition to face the reigning champions South Korea. Despite a strong start the trio were unable to overcome the South Koreans, who recorded their thirteenth title in the women's team discipline. Avitia, Román, and Valencia received silver medals as runners-up.
A mixed 2018 followed for Avitia, as she failed to achieve selection for the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games in March – only entering the competition as the Mexican team's reserve behind Román, Valencia, and Ana Paula Vázquez – before helping win silver medal in the women's team event of August's Pan American Archery Championships in Medellin.
In 2019 Avitia was she successfully re-selected to the national team, her third place in the national trials being rewarded with entries for the year's World Archery Championship in June and Pan American Games in August. She however had a disappointing World Championships when she, Román and Valencia were eliminated from the team competition prior to the quarter-final stage, a loss that ended Mexico's chances of qualifying for the women's team event at the 2020 Summer Olympics. The Pan American Games two months later saw Avitia contributing to another women's team silver medal and achieving Mexico's 134th medal of the games, a new national record.
References
External links
1993 births
Living people
Archers at the 2007 Pan American Games
Archers at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics
Archers at the 2011 Pan American Games
Archers at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Archers at the 2019 Pan American Games
Mexican female archers
Olympic archers for Mexico
Sportspeople from Monterrey
Olympic bronze medalists for Mexico
Olympic medalists in archery
Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics
Pan American Games gold medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games silver medalists for Mexico
Pan American Games medalists in archery
Medalists at the 2019 Pan American Games
Medalists at the 2011 Pan American Games
21st-century Mexican women
21st-century Mexican people
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1768939
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc%20Tarabella
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Marc Tarabella
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Marc Tarabella (born 11 March 1963) is a Belgian politician who has been serving as a Member of the European Parliament for the French Community of Belgium with the Parti Socialiste, part of the Socialist Group. In February 2023 he was charged with corruption and money laundering in connection with the Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament.
Early life
Tarabella was born in Ougrée, a suburb of Seraing from a family originally from Versilia, Italy.
Education
1986: Degree in sociology, University of Liège
1988: Seconded to the office of the Premier of the Walloon Region
1990: Customer adviser, General Savings and Retirement Fund
Political career
Career in national politics
1988–1994: Member of the Anthisnes Municipal Council
since 1994: Mayor of Anthisnes
2000: Member of the executive of the Huy-Waremme Federation of the Socialist Party
2003: President of the Rural Foundation of Wallonia
2002: Belgian coordinator of the committees supporting Ingrid Betancourt
Member of the European Parliament
In parliament, Tarabella sits on the European Parliament's Committee on Agriculture and Rural Development. He is a substitute for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs and a vice-chair of the Delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).
In January 2021, Tarabella became a member of the Italian left-wing party Article One.
Amid the Qatar corruption scandal at the European Parliament in late 2022, Belgian police searched Tarabella's home. He subsequently suspended himself from the S&D group, and his Walloon Socialist party revoked his membership. He also stepped down as member and vice chair of the European Parliament’s delegation to Qatar and other Arabian Peninsula countries.
In February 2023 the European Parliament voted to waive immunity for Tarabella. He was subsequently arrested, charged with corruption and money laundering and remanded into custody. He denied any wrongdoing. In April 2023 he was released from prison and the following month released from house arrest.
See also
2004 European Parliament election in Belgium
References
External links
1963 births
Living people
Belgian sociologists
MEPs for Belgium 2004–2009
MEPs for Belgium 2009–2014
MEPs for Belgium 2014–2019
MEPs for Belgium 2019–2024
Socialist Party (Belgium) MEPs
People from Anthisnes
People from Seraing
University of Liège alumni
Belgian people of Italian descent
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194710
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Hawai%CA%BBi
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University of Hawaiʻi
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University of Hawaiʻi
The University of Hawaiʻi System (University of Hawaiʻi and popularly known as UH) is a public college and university system. The system confers associate, bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees through three universities, seven community colleges, an employment training center, three university centers, four education centers and various other research facilities distributed across six islands throughout the state of Hawaii in the United States. All schools of the University of Hawaiʻi system are accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges. The UH system's main administrative offices are located on the property of the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa in Honolulu CDP.
History
The present-day University of Hawai'i System was created in 1965 which combined the State of Hawai'i's technical and community colleges under one system within the former University of Hawaiʻi.
The former University of Hawai'i was created by the Territory of Hawaiʻi in 1907 as a land-grant college of agriculture and mechanical arts and held its first classes in 1907. In 1912 it moved to its present location in Mānoa Valley and was renamed the College of Hawaii. In 1919 the College of Hawaiʻi obtained university status by the Hawaiʻi Territorial Legislature and was renamed the University of Hawaiʻi.
In 1965, the state legislature created a system of community colleges and placed it within the university. The university was renamed the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa to distinguish it from other campuses in the University of Hawaiʻi System in 1972.
Colleges and universities
The University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa is the flagship institution of the University of Hawaiʻi system. It was founded as a land-grant college under the terms of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890. Programs include Hawaiian/Pacific Studies, Astronomy, East Asian Languages and Literature, Asian Studies, Comparative Philosophy, Marine Science, Second Language Studies, along with Botany, Engineering, Ethnomusicology, Geophysics, Law, Business, Linguistics, Mathematics, and Medicine.
The second-largest institution is the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo on the "Big Island" of Hawaiʻi, with over 3,000 students. The University of Hawaiʻi – West Oʻahu in Kapolei primarily serves students who reside in Honolulu's western and central suburban communities.
The University of Hawaiʻi Community College System comprises four community colleges island campuses on O'ahu and one each on Maui, Kauaʻi, and Hawaii. The colleges were created to improve accessibility of courses to more Hawaiʻi residents and provide an affordable means of easing the transition from secondary school/high school to college for many students. University of Hawaiʻi education centers are located in more remote areas of the State and its several islands, supporting rural communities via distance education.
Universities
University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (established 1907)
University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo (established 1945)
University of Hawaiʻi – West Oʻahu (established 1976)
Colleges
University of Hawaiʻi Maui College
Community colleges
Hawaiʻi Community College in Hilo
Hawaiʻi Community College in Kailua Kona
Honolulu Community College
Kapiʻolani Community College
Kauaʻi Community College
Leeward Community College
Windward Community College
Professional schools
Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
John A. Burns School of Medicine
William S. Richardson School of Law
Shidler College of Business
Research facilities
Center for Philippine Studies
Cancer Research Center of Hawaiʻi
East-West Center
Haleakalā Observatory
Hawaiʻi Natural Energy Institute
Institute for Astronomy
Institute of Geophysics and Planetology
Institute of Marine Biology
Lyon Arboretum
Mauna Kea Observatory
W. M. Keck Observatory
Waikīkī Aquarium
University centers
University of Hawaiʻi Center West Hawaiʻi
University of Hawaiʻi Center Kauaʻi
University of Hawaiʻi Center Maui
Education centers
Molokaʻi Education Center
Lānaʻi Education Center
Hāna Education Center
Waiʻanae Education Center
Lāhainā Education Center
Board of Regents
In accordance with Article X, Section 6 of the Constitution of Hawaii, the University of Hawaiʻi is governed by a Board of Regents, composed of 15 unpaid members who are nominated by a Regents Candidate Advisory Council, appointed by the governor, and confirmed by the state legislature. The board oversees all aspects of governance for the university system, including its internal structure and management. The board also appoints, evaluates, and if necessary removes the president of the University of Hawaiʻi.
Student regents
The university's governing board includes a current student appointed by the governor of Hawaiʻi to serve a two-year term as a full voting regent. The practice of appointing a student to the board was approved by the Hawaiʻi State Legislature in 1997.
Notable alumni
Alumni of the University of Hawaiʻi system include many notable persons in various walks of life. Senator Daniel Inouye and Tammy Duckworth both are veterans of the US military who were injured in the line of duty then later entered government service. Bette Midler and Georgia Engel are successful entertainers on the national stage. Composer Hsiung-Zee Wong also attended the University of Hawai'i. President Barack Obama's parents, Barack Obama Sr. and Ann Dunham, and half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng, also earned degrees from the Mānoa campus, where his parents met in a Russian language class. His mother earned three degrees from the University of Hawaiʻi including a PhD in anthropology.
Mazie Hirono is a current U.S. senator. She graduated from the University of Hawaii with a BA in psychology. She is the first elected female senator from Hawaii, the first Asian-American woman elected to the Senate, the first U.S. senator born in Japan, and the nation's first Buddhist senator.
Alice Augusta Ball was not only the first woman to graduate from the College of Hawaiʻi (now the University of Hawaiʻi) in 1915, but was also the first African American research chemist and instructor in the college's chemistry department. In addition, she was the first person to successfully develop a water-soluble form of chaulmoogra oil that was used for decades to relieve the symptoms of Hansen's disease (leprosy).
Notable faculty
The University of Hawaiʻi system has had many faculty members of note. Many were visiting faculty or came after they won major awards like Nobel Laureate Georg von Békésy. Ryuzo Yanagimachi, principal investigator of the research group that developed a method of cloning from adult animal cells, is still on the faculty.
In July 2019, Bob Huey, a professor of Japanese literature in the Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, was presented the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon, one of Japan's highest honors for those without Japanese citizenship.
Further reading
Notes
References
External links
University of Hawaiʻi Athletics
American Association of State Colleges and Universities
Buildings and structures in Honolulu
Education in Honolulu
Public universities and colleges in Hawaii
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
1907 establishments in Hawaii
Public university systems in the United States
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313773
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5
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Момотове
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Момотове — селище в Україні, у Вільхівській сільській громаді Харківського району Харківської області. Населення становить 234 осіб. Колишній орган місцевого самоврядування — Кулиничівська селищна рада. У 2022 перебувало під окупацією РФ, звільнено.
Географія
Селище Момотове знаходиться біля витоків пересихаючої річечки, яка через 10 км впадає в річку Харків (ліва притока). На річці невелика загата. До селища примикає село Кутузівка, на відстані до 2-х км розташовані села Бутенкове, Байрак, Олександрівка і Ключки (зняте з обліку в 1999 році).
Посилання
Погода в селі Момотове
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4574762
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https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%28%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%29
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Оксово (Новгородська область)
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Оксово (Новгородська область)
Оксово — присілок у Любитинському районі Новгородської області Російської Федерації.
Населення становить 7 осіб. Належить до муніципального утворення Неболицьке сільське поселення.
Історія
До 1927 року населений пункт перебував у складі Новгородської губернії. У 1927-1944 роках перебував у складі Ленінградської області.
Орган місцевого самоврядування від 2010 року — Неболицьке сільське поселення.
Населення
Примітки
Населені пункти Любитинського району
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155935
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L7%20%28band%29
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L7 (band)
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L7 (band)
L7 is an American all-female punk rock band founded in Los Angeles, California, first active from 1985 to 2001 and re-formed in 2014. Their longest standing lineup consists of Suzi Gardner (guitars, vocals), Donita Sparks (vocals, guitars), Jennifer Finch (bass, vocals), and Dee Plakas (drums, vocals). L7 has released seven studio albums and has toured widely in the US, Europe, Japan, Australia, and South America. "Pretend We're Dead" was heavily played on US alternative radio and entered the top 10 on the Billboard Modern Rock chart in 1992.
Due to their sound and image, L7 is often associated with the grunge movement of the late 1980s and early 1990s, and as an all-female band, L7 have, at times, been linked to riot grrrl; although they preceded and are outliers of both the grunge and riot grrrl movements. L7 have been supportive of political causes, and formed Rock for Choice in 1991. A documentary film about the band, L7: Pretend We're Dead, premiered in 2016.
History
Formation and early years (1985–1989)
L7 were formed by Donita Sparks and Suzi Gardner in 1985. Both artists were active in the Art punk community of Echo Park and had met in 1984 through mutual contacts at the cultural hub of the LA Weekly. Of their meeting and on hearing Gardner play a tape of her songs in progress, Sparks described it as "one of the happiest days of my life" with a clear synchronicity in the music they were each interested in creating. At the time, Gardner was also active as a poet. A year prior, Gardner had performed backing vocals on the college radio hit "Slip It In" by Black Flag. Gardner and Sparks began performing regularly in Los Angeles at punk and metal venues along with a revolving list of supporting musicians in the early years.
The punk rock duo brought Jennifer Finch on board as bass guitarist and Roy Koutsky on drums. Finch, with the strongest Californian roots of the four, connected the band with an even wider network, including Brett Gurewitz of Epitaph Records where the band recorded their first demo. Their eponymous debut album, described as "intense, energetic" and "fast straightforward punk music" was released by Epitaph Records in 1987. L7 reported challenges in the early years with finding a suitable, stable drummer. Shortly after the release of L7, Koutsky quit the band and was replaced by Anne Anderson. Subsequently, Anderson left at the end of the touring cycle for the L7 record, and Demetra "Dee" Plakas was recruited by the band in late 1989 which completed the band's first stabilized lineup as an all-female band.
Time with Sub Pop (1989–1991)
The band released (“Shove”/“Packin’ a Rod”) in 1989 as the Sub Pop Single of the Month. L7 reportedly spent a short time in Seattle in the early 1990s. L7's next album, Smell the Magic, was released in 1990 on Sub Pop and earned a four star review by Rolling Stone who stated "With Donita Sparks' and Suzi Gardner's twin lockstep guitars racing down the highway to hell, Smell the Magic was one of Sub Pop's finest hours." L7 traveled to England and opened for Nirvana on several dates in 1990.
In August 1991, L7 performed at the International Pop Underground Convention (IPU) held in Olympia, Washington. The IPU was organized around a fiercely independent DIY ethic, with L7 the only band with major label representation, having recently signed with Slash Records (a subsidiary of London Records).
Major label releases with Slash (1991–1997)
Their 1992 third album, Bricks Are Heavy, produced by Butch Vig, was featured in Rolling Stone May 1999 list of 'Essential recordings of the 1990s', and was their most critically and commercially successful release. When Donita Sparks reached out to Yoko Ono to request permission to sample her scream in the opening track "Wargasm," Ono reportedly replied that she had her fingers crossed for the group as it was time for their music to get popular. Their 1992 single "Pretend We're Dead" spent 13 weeks on the US Alternative Songs chart while peaking at the No. 8 position, and it had also peaked at No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart. The singles "Everglade" and "Monster" also made appearances on the UK Singles chart. In their listing of the top 50 grunge songs, Paste magazine included "Pretend We're Dead" as number 21. L7 went on a year long tour to promote Bricks Are Heavy. Variety reported in 1992 that L7 had built a huge underground following all over the world due to repeatedly touring. The popularity of Bricks Are Heavy was also boosted by frequent video play on MTV. By June 2000, Bricks Are Heavy had sold 327,000 copies in the US.
In a July 1993 article for Spin which featured L7 on the magazine's cover, Renée Crist described L7 as "four of the funniest, meanest, strongest, coolest, most pissed-off women I know" and as "wild, rambunctious, spontaneous" with a stage show that "is a wash of buddy love, crowd working, and acrobatics".
L7's fourth album, Hungry for Stink, was released in July 1994. The album peaked at No. 117 on the Billboard 200 chart, their highest position to date. "Andres" was the lead single off the album, which peaked at No. 20 on the US Alternative Songs and No. 34 on the UK Singles charts. The band continued to be regarded as a strong live act and performed on the main stage of the Lollapalooza tour in 1994, which also included The Smashing Pumpkins, the Beastie Boys, George Clinton, Nick Cave, A Tribe Called Quest, and The Breeders. In January 1995, L7 played a set of benefit concerts for Voters for Choice at Constitution Hall along with Neil Young, Lisa Germano, and Pearl Jam. Finch created a "slight fuss" after reportedly playing the final song of one show after removing her shirt.
In 1995, L7 was one of four bands featured in the documentary film Not Bad For a Girl. The film, which focused on several all female bands, was awarded Best Documentary at the New York Underground Film Festival in 1996.
Finch left the band in 1996, during the recording of their fifth album,The Beauty Process: Triple Platinum. Sparks and Greta Brinkman played bass on the album, after which Gail Greenwood – formerly of the band Belly – became the band's full-time bassist. L7 performed at the Bumbershoot festival in Seattle, Washington in 1997.
Independent output and initial disbandment (1997–2001)
In 1998, the pseudo-documentary film L7: The Beauty Process was released, directed by Krist Novoselic. The film contains actual concert footage of L7's trials and travails of being a “punk-like band in a pop-like marketplace.”
L7's sixth studio album, Slap-Happy, was released on the band's own label Wax Tadpole Records in 1999. To promote the record, on July 17, 1999, L7 had a plane fly over the crowd at the Lilith Fair at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, with a banner that read, "Bored? Tired? Try L7." The following day, an airplane towed a banner over the crowd at the Warped Tour at the Stone Pony lot in Asbury Park, New Jersey. The banner read "Warped needs more beaver...love, L7." Greenwood later left the band and was replaced by Janis Tanaka, formerly of the San Francisco band, Stone Fox.
Record sales continued to wane during the late 1990s, and the band grew increasingly low on funds. However, the band's live performances consistently garnered praise, including a September 1999 review by rock critic Greg Kot in the Chicago Tribune that stated "Gardner and Sparks favor low-end guitar chug, a sound that suggests the idling engine of a Harley-Davidson more than the high-end squeal of most lead guitarists. They intersect with bassist Janis Tanaka to create a thick, sludgy bottom that rumbles the floorboards and shoots right through the sternums of innocent passersby. Their secret weapon remains drummer Dee Plakas."
By 2001, L7 were no longer touring. The band listed the following statement on their website, "L7 are on an indefinite hiatus. We know that's vague, but that's just the way it is. The future of the band is a bit up in the air at the moment." L7 appeared to be defunct for all practical purposes. From 2007 to 2012, Sparks pursued another project, along with Plakas on drums, in their band Donita Sparks and The Stellar Moments. Finch formed several projects including OtherStarPeople and her punk rock group The Shocker. Tanaka played bass for Pink and Greenwood played with Bif Naked and later, the reformed Belly.
In 2012, Sparks started a Facebook page for the band, posting videos and archival images of L7, where their fan base quickly began to regroup.
Reunion (2014–present)
On December 10, 2014, L7 announced, on their official Facebook page, that they were reuniting, featuring Donita Sparks, Suzi Gardner, Jennifer Finch and Demetra Plakas. As part of the reunion, the band revamped their website and included a mailing list for fans.
The reunited band kicked off a European tour at Rock am Ring in Germany on June 6, 2015 with shows in the Czech Republic, Austria, UK, France, and Spain. This was followed by North American dates in New York, Toronto, and at Riot Fest in both Denver and Chicago, and the Fun, Fun, Fun Festival in Austin, Texas. Exclaim! reviewed their Toronto show and stated that "Their subversive sense of humour and brash confidence provides feminism with some much-needed comic relief and audacity, and on this night, as 50-somethings in a 30-year-old band, they looked, acted and sounded every bit as brazen as they did 25 years back."
On February 15, 2016, L7's original drummer Koutsky passed away at the age of 53. Later in 2016, the documentary film L7: Pretend We're Dead, directed by Sarah Price, premiered in Los Angeles. The film, largely funded through Kickstarter, features original footage and interviews with the band members and eyewitness accounts of their development from Lydia Lunch, Shirley Manson, Krist Novoselic and Butch Vig. The film was nominated for a VO5 NME Award for Best Music Film.
In 2016, L7 played a series of shows in the US, South Africa, the UK, and Australia. Chris Lane of Houston Press described the synergy of Sparks and Gardner's guitar playing and the strength of the band's live show stating "Their percussive styles seemed to be locked together, producing a glorious, unified wall of sound. Bass player Jennifer Finch bounced about the stage while propelling each song forward, and drummer Dee Plakas proved that she should be a lot more famous as a rock drummer with every fill."
On January 13, 2017, L7 released Detroit (Live) on record label Easy Action. The live album was originally recorded at a concert in the Motor city on September 1, 1990, and coincided with the group's initial release of Smell the Magic on Sub Pop records. Their performance at the established punk venue Clutch Cargo's in Detroit expressed the raw, kinetic energy of the era. L7 released Fast and Frightening (a collections of rarities, covers, and live performances) as a double album in 2016 with music critic Robert Christgau granting it an A minus in a 2018 review.
On September 29, 2017, L7 released its first new song in 18 years, "Dispatch from Mar-a-Lago" on Don Giovanni Records. The title is a reference to the Mar-a-Lago resort owned by Donald J. Trump. A follow-up single, "I Came Back to Bitch", was released in February 2018.
L7 continued to tour heavily in the US, Canada, and Europe in 2018. April 2018 saw the band announce their plans to record a seventh studio album via PledgeMusic, scheduled for release in 2019.
The band went on tour shortly afterward. Including dates with Le Butcherettes as openers.
L7 released the first single from their first album in 20 years, "Burn Baby", on February 28, 2019. The full album, Scatter the Rats, was released on May 3, 2019, through Joan Jett's record label Blackheart Records. The album received generally favorable reviews. Hyperallergic referred to the band's legacy as "feminist punks, metal snarlers, (and) grunge comedians" and stated of their return album that Sparks and Gardner "pound out one solid, catchy, immediately identifiable power riff after another, more punk-minimalist than in their molten grunge period".
In April 2022, L7 announced a tour commemorating the 30th anniversary release of their third album, Bricks Are Heavy. The band played the entire album, along with several other songs. The tour consisted of eighteen scheduled shows through the month of October. L7 also announced a deluxe reissue of Bricks Are Heavy. Remastered by Howie Weinberg, the limited-edition release comes pressed on gold and black vinyl via Licorice Pizza, and pre-orders begun on September 30.
Politics and activism
The band's name, L7, derives from a slang term for square. Forming and gaining exposure a time when female musicians and bands were still routinely referred to with terms such as "chicks" and "foxcore", they deliberately chose a name that didn't draw attention to being an all-female band, to resist being typecast into roles the music industry typically expected of women. Sparks said, "We get letters from young girls who say that we’re their inspiration for picking up an instrument, and that makes us really proud. We didn’t really have role models growing up."
In 1991, the band formed Rock for Choice, a pro-choice women's rights group and concert series that raised funds to cover legal expenses due to the prolonged Anti-abortion violence and women's clinic bombings of the 1980s and 1990s. The concept for Rock for Choice, generated by L7 and Sue Cummings, senior editor at the LA Weekly, was loosely modeled on Bob Geldof's Live Aid. L7 performed along with Nirvana, Sister Double Happiness, and Hole at the inaugural event held at the Hollywood Palace on October 25, 1991. Thanks to a conversation between members of L7 and Dave Grohl at an afterparty following the first show, subsequent Rock for Choice posters were designed in a distinctive underground comix style by SoCal artist Jim Evans/TAZ collective.
Rock for Choice founders L7 and Cummings, along with punk rock promoter and Cochella co-founder Rick Van Santen of Goldenvoice, laid the framework for the inaugural concert. The group created kits with information to empower activists to stage a Rock for Choice benefit in their own towns. The New York Times reported that within two years of launching Rock for Choice, there had already been 37 such concerts nationwide.
L7 performed at the September 27, 1992, Rock for Choice benefit concert at the Hollywood Palladium along with Exene Cervenka, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, and Mudhoney. In October 1993, seven bands played a sold out Rock for Choice benefit including the beloved Los Angeles bands X and Firehose, and featuring the headliner Rage Against the Machine. L7 band members took to the stage, each in a guise of a beauty contestant wearing a sash listing a city where anti-abortion violence had erupted: Sparks as "Ms Bakersfield, CA," Plakas as "Ms. Lancaster, PA," Finch as "Ms. Peoria, IL," and Gardner as “Ms. Newport Beach, CA."
Later Rock for Choice concerts included the Foo Fighters, Ween, Pearl Jam, and other prominent bands of the era. L7 returned their focus to their music, reducing their involvement with Rock for Choice, which continued on independently through 2001.
Other appearances
The band appeared in John Waters' 1994 film Serial Mom under the name "Camel Lips".
Their songs have been featured on the soundtracks of numerous films, including Natural Born Killers, Point of No Return, and Pet Sematary Two. "Shove" appears on the soundtrack of the movie Tank Girl and "Pretend We're Dead" appears on the soundtrack of the video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas. "Andres" is available as downloadable content for the Rock Band 4.
Finch and Plakas performed several times with Japanese artist hide in 1994.
L7 appeared on TV shows such as Late Night with David Letterman, The Jon Stewart Show, The Word, 120 Minutes, and Alternative Nation. The band played at the Reading Festival in 1992 having been chosen for the concert by Nirvana band leader Kurt Cobain, Glastonbury Festival in 1994, Lollapalloza in 1994, Finsbury Park in 1997, and on the Warped Tour in 1995 and 1999. They toured with and opened for artists including Bad Religion in 1988, GWAR in 1989, Nirvana and Alice in Chains in 1990, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Faith No More, Rollins Band and Beastie Boys in 1992, Pearl Jam in 1994, Marilyn Manson and The Offspring in 1997, and Ministry in 1999.
The band, with Finch returning on bass, appeared in the 1999 cult video Decoupage: Return of the Goddess, performing the Sonny and Cher song "Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)" with actress Karen Black, and being interviewed individually by Decoupage hostess Summer Caprice.
The video for "Pretend We're Dead" was featured on an episode of Beavis and Butthead. In a later episode, while discussing who would win in a battle between Tiffany, Wilson Phillips, and Debbie Gibson, the characters state their belief that "one chick from L7 could kick all their asses combined".
Throughout the mid-2000s, the band's song "Shitlist" was used as the entrance music of professional wrestler Jon Moxley, who would later become widely known under the name Dean Ambrose upon joining WWE in 2011. The song was also used in ECW by Brian Pillman (under his loose cannon gimmick) in 1996, until his departure the following year.
Controversies
During their performance at the 1992 Reading Festival, the band experienced "technical difficulties with their audio equipment" and were forced to stall their set. The rowdy crowd grew restless and began throwing mud onto the stage, repeatedly pelting the band. In protest, lead vocalist Donita Sparks removed her tampon on-stage and threw it into the crowd yelling "Eat my used tampon, fuckers!" Sparks has remained unapologetic about the incident, and the tampon has been referred to as one of the "most unsanitary pieces of rock memorabilia in history."
Later in 1992, Sparks caused controversy in the United Kingdom when she dropped her jeans and underwear on live television, appearing nude from the waist down, during an L7 performance on the late night UK programme The Word. Of the incident, Sparks later commented that the Word show L7 appeared on had a number of chaotic aspects already underway including "a men’s bum contest" and a "hidden camera in Oliver Reed’s dressing room, showing him intoxicated with his shirt off, which was really fucked up. So I added my contribution to this craziness."
In 2000, the band raffled a one-night stand with Demetra Plakas at a London gig. The winner got to spend the night on the tour bus. Rolling Stone reported that Plakas and her bandmates decided "We're not being hypocritical about rock & roll anymore. Rock & roll is prostitution."
Musical style, influences, and legacy
L7's sound has been described as "unique and unforgiving, mixing a punk rock attitude with heavy sludge metal." A 2019 article on L7 in Alternative Press stated that "In the early-'90s underground, L7 were positively bulletproof and larger than life. Not as come-hither nymphs or saucy rock star minxes bestowed with privilege but as a hard-rocking unit" that could not be messed with.
Aesthetically, their style was subversive with a long-standing resistance to the expectation to be eye-candy. L7 called themselves "slob girls" with ratty hair and clothes and bassist Jennifer Finch frequently performed barefoot onstage. Sparks summarized "If we were gonna be looked at, we were gonna be thrashin."
A reviewer in 1995 stated that "L7 plays slow-riffing hard rock, fast punk rock and bluesy, catchy midtempo songs: generic forms upgraded by smart lyrics and pure irreverence on stage."
Influences on the group include the Ramones and Frightwig.
The Prodigy covered the Hungry for Stink track "Fuel My Fire" on their 1997 album The Fat of the Land. In 2015, Spin listed Bricks Are Heavy as number 249 on their list of the top 300 Best Albums of the Past 30 Years (1985–2014). Decibel ranked the songs from L7's Bricks Are Heavy as part of their Hall of Fame Countdown in 2016. In 2016, Ugly Things ranked Smell the Magic at number 24 on a list of the top 40 punk albums of all-time. In 2017, Metal Injection ranked L7 at number 7 on their list of "10 Heaviest Grunge Bands".
The band was listed by Kerrang! in 2019 as one of "Ten Bands No One Expected to be So Influential Today." The group was described as "one of rock’s most volatile and respected acts. Predictable on paper, anything but on stage".
Band members
Current
Donita Sparks – lead vocals, guitars (1985–2001, 2014–present)
Suzi Gardner – guitars, vocals (1985–2001, 2014–present)
Jennifer Finch – bass, vocals (1985–1996, 2014–present)
Demetra Plakas – drums, vocals (1989–2001, 2014–present)
Past
Roy Koutsky – drums (1985–1988); died 2016
Anne Anderson – drums (1988–1989)
Greta Brinkman – bass (1996–1997)
Gail Greenwood – bass, vocals (1997–1999)
Janis Tanaka – bass (1999–2001)
Timeline
Discography
L7 (1988)
Smell the Magic (1990)
Bricks Are Heavy (1992)
Hungry for Stink (1994)
The Beauty Process: Triple Platinum (1997)
Slap-Happy (1999)
Scatter the Rats (2019)
References
External links
1985 establishments in California
2001 disestablishments in California
All-female punk bands
Alternative rock groups from California
Sub Pop artists
Epitaph Records artists
Grunge musical groups
Proto-riot grrrl bands
Slash Records artists
Musical groups established in 1985
Musical groups disestablished in 2001
Musical groups reestablished in 2014
Musical groups from Los Angeles
Musical quartets from California
American feminist musicians
American all-female bands
Female-fronted musical groups
American abortion-rights activists
American alternative metal musical groups
Activists from California
Don Giovanni Records artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremenchuk%20Hydroelectric%20Power%20Plant
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Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Power Plant
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Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Power Plant
The Kremenchuk Hydroelectric Power Plant is a run-of-river power plant on the Dnieper River just upstream of Kremenchuk in Svitlovodsk, Ukraine. The primary purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation and navigation. It is the third dam in the Dnieper cascade and creates the largest reservoir on the river. The dam has an associated lock and a power station with an installed capacity of . Construction on the dam began in May 1954, the reservoir began to fill in October 1959, the last generator was commissioned in 1960 and the dam and power plant were inaugurated in 1961. It is operated by Ukrhydroenergo.
See also
Hydroelectricity in Ukraine
References
External links
Dams completed in 1959
Energy infrastructure completed in 1960
Dams in Ukraine
Dams on the Dnieper
Hydroelectric power stations in Ukraine
Run-of-the-river power stations
Hydroelectric power stations built in the Soviet Union
Economy of Kirovohrad Oblast
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Graham%20Sumner
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William Graham Sumner
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William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was an American clergyman, social scientist, and neoclassical liberal. He taught social sciences at Yale University, where he held the nation's first professorship in sociology and became one of the most influential teachers at any other major school.
Sumner wrote extensively on the social sciences, penning numerous books and essays on ethics, American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. He supported laissez-faire economics, free markets, and the gold standard, in addition to coining the term "ethnocentrism" to identify the roots of imperialism, which he strongly opposed. As a spokesman against elitism, he was in favor of the "forgotten man" of the middle class—a term he coined. He had a prolonged influence on American conservatism.
Biography
Sumner wrote an autobiographical sketch for the fourth of the histories of the Class of 1863 Yale College. In 1925, the Rev. Harris E. Starr, class of 1910 Yale Department of Theology, published the first full-length biography of Sumner. A second full-length biography by Bruce Curtis was published in 1981.
Early life and education
Sumner was born in Paterson, New Jersey, on October 30, 1840. His father, Thomas Sumner, was born in England and immigrated to the United States in 1836. His mother, Sarah Graham, was also born in England. She was brought to the United States in 1825 by her parents. Sumner's mother died when he was eight.
In 1841, Sumner's father went prospecting as far west as Ohio, but came back east to New England and settled in Hartford, Connecticut, in about 1845. Sumner wrote about his high regard for his father: "His principles and habits of life were the best possible." Earlier in his life, Sumner said, that he accepted from others "views and opinions" different from his father's. However, "at the present time," Sumner wrote, "in regard to those matters, I hold with him and not with the others." Sumner did not name the "matters."
Sumner was educated in the Hartford public schools. After graduation, he worked for two years as a clerk in a store before going to Yale College, graduating in 1863. Sumner achieved an impressive record at Yale as a scholar and orator. He was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in his junior year and in his senior year to the secretive Skull and Bones society.
Sumner avoided being drafted to fight in the American Civil War by paying a "substitute" $250, given to him by a friend, to enlist for three years. This and money given to him by his father and friends allowed Sumner to go to Europe for further studies. He spent his first year in the University of Geneva studying Latin and Hebrew and the following two years in the University of Göttingen studying ancient languages, history and Biblical science. All told, in his formal education, Sumner learned Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and German. In addition, after middle age he taught himself Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Polish, Danish, and Swedish.
In May 1866, he went to Oxford University to study theology. At Oxford, Henry Thomas Buckle planted the sociology seed in Sumner's mind. However, Herbert Spencer was to have the "dominating influence upon Sumner's thought."
Tutor, clergyman and professor
Except for a stint as a clergyman, Sumner's whole career was spent at Yale.
While at Oxford, Sumner was elected a tutor in mathematics. He was made a lecturer in Greek at Yale, beginning in September 1867.
On December 27, 1867, at Trinity Church, New Haven, Sumner was ordained a deacon in the Episcopal Church. In March 1869, Sumner resigned his Yale tutorship to become assistant to the rector of Calvary Episcopal Church (Manhattan). In July 1869, Sumner was ordained as a priest.
From September 1870 to September 1872, Sumner was rector of the Church of the Redeemer in Morristown, New Jersey. On April 17, 1871, he married Jeannie Whittemore Elliott, daughter of Henry H. Elliott of New York City. They had three boys: one died in infancy, Eliot (Yale 1896) became an officer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Graham (Yale 1897) became a lawyer in New York City.
Robert Bierstedt writes that Sumner preached two sermons every Sunday at the Church of the Redeemer. They "stressed without surcease the Puritan virtues of hard work, self-reliance, self-denial, frugality, prudence, and perseverance". Furthermore, writes Bierstedt, "it may be said that Sumner spent his entire life as a preacher of sermons". However, Sumner "preferred the classroom to the pulpit", so he left the ministry and returned to Yale in 1872 as "professor of political and social science" until he retired in 1909. Sumner taught the first course in North America called "sociology".
Other than what he said in the ordination service, there is no information about what motivated Sumner to be ordained. At his ordination, Sumner said that he thought that he was "truly called" to the ministry.
Sumner did not make known, at least publicly, his reasons for leaving the ministry. However, he and historians suggest that it might have been a loss of belief and/or a dim view of the church and its clergy.
Clarence J. Karier says, "Sumner found that his deity vanished with the years." "I have never discarded beliefs deliberately", Sumner said later in life, but "I left them in a drawer and, after a while, when I opened it there was nothing there at all." Harris E. Starr found that Sumner "never attacked religion" or "assumed a controversial attitude toward it." At the same time, Starr found that during Sumner's time as a professor he stopped attending Trinity Church, New Haven, where he had been ordained deacon. After that, Sumner attended church only occasionally. However, in the closing years of his life, he baptized a little grandson, and not long before his death he attended New Haven's St. John's Church to receive Holy Communion. Starr wrote that these two events "suggest that deep down in his nature a modicum of religion remained."
In his book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883), Sumner argued that the "ecclesiastical prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich" worked "to replunge Europe into barbarism." Furthermore, Sumner asserted, that this prejudice still lives, nourished by the clergy. "It is not uncommon," he said, "to hear a clergyman utter from the pulpit all the old prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich, while asking the rich to do something for the poor; and the rich comply."
The Yale University Library's guide to Sumner's papers ranks him as "Yale's most dynamic teacher of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Students clamored to enroll in his classes." Sumner's "genuine love for aspiring students, commanding personality, wide learning, splendid dogmatism, and mastery of incisive English" makes it easy to understand his reputation.
Sumner himself described his life as a professor as "simple and monotonous." "No other life could have been so well suited to my taste as this," he wrote in his autobiographical sketch.
In spite of Sumner's description of his life as "simple and monotonous," he was "a champion of academic freedom and a leader in modernizing Yale's curriculum." This led Sumner into conflict with Yale's President, Noah Porter who, in 1879, asked Sumner not to use Herbert Spencer's Study of Sociology in his classes. "Sumner saw this as a threat to academic freedom and bluntly refused Porter's request. The faculty soon split into two factions one supporting and the other opposing Sumner's defiance." Sumner stood his ground and won out.
Until his 1890 illness, Sumner wrote and spoke constantly on the economic and political issues of the day. His "acidic style" outraged his opponents, but it pleased his supporters. The rest of Sumner's life at Yale was routine. In 1909, the year of his retirement, Yale awarded Sumner an honorary degree.
Although Sumner was a professor of political science, his actual involvement in politics was limited to two things he reported in his autobiographical sketch. In 1873–1876, he served as an alderman in New Haven. In 1876, researching the contested presidential election, he went with a group to Louisiana to find "what kind of a presidential election they had that year." Sumner said that was his "whole experience in politics." From this experience, he concluded, "I did not know the rules of the game and did not want to learn."
Retirement and death
Sumner's health deteriorated steadily beginning in 1890, and after 1909, the year of his retirement, it "declined precipitously." In December 1909, while in New York to deliver his presidential address to the American Sociological Society, Sumner suffered his third and fatal paralytic stroke. He died April 12, 1910, in Englewood Hospital in New Jersey.
Sumner spent much of his career as a muckraker, exposing what he saw as faults in society, and as a polemicist, writing, teaching, and speaking against these faults. In spite of his efforts, his career ended with pessimism about the future. Sumner said, "I have lived through the best period of this country's history. The next generations are going to see wars and social calamities."
Economics
Sumner was a staunch advocate of laissez-faire economics, as well as "a forthright proponent of free trade and the gold standard and a foe of socialism." Sumner was active in the intellectual promotion of free-trade classical liberalism. He heavily criticized state socialism/state communism. One adversary he mentioned by name was Edward Bellamy, whose national variant of socialism was set forth in Looking Backward, published in 1888, and the sequel Equality.
Anti-imperialism
Like many classical liberals at the time, including Edward Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, and Grover Cleveland, Sumner opposed the Spanish–American War and the subsequent U.S. effort to quell the insurgency in the Philippines. He was a vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League which had been formed after the war to oppose the annexation of territories. In 1899 he delivered a speech titled "The Conquest of the United States by Spain" before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University. In what is considered by some to be "his most enduring work," he lambasted imperialism as a betrayal of the best traditions, principles, and interests of the American people and contrary to America's own founding as a state of equals, where justice and law "were to reign in the midst of simplicity." In this ironically titled work, Sumner portrayed the takeover as "an American version of the imperialism and lust for colonies that had brought Spain the sorry state of his own time." According to Sumner, imperialism would enthrone a new group of "plutocrats," or businesspeople who depended on government subsidies and contracts.
Sociologist
As a sociologist, his major accomplishments were developing the concepts of diffusion, folkways, and ethnocentrism. Sumner's work with folkways led him to conclude that attempts at government-mandated reform were useless.
In 1876, Sumner became the first to teach a course titled "sociology" in the English-speaking world. The course focused on the thought of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, precursors of the formal academic sociology that would be established 20 years later by Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and others in Europe. He was the second president of American Sociological Association serving from 1908 to 1909, and succeeding his longtime ideological opponent Lester F. Ward.
In 1880, Sumner was involved in one of the first cases of academic freedom. Sumner and the Yale president at the time, Noah Porter, did not agree on the use of Herbert Spencer's "Study of Sociology" as part of the curriculum. Spencer's application of supposed "Darwinist" ideas to the realm of humans may have been slightly too controversial at this time of curriculum reform. On the other hand, even if Spencer's ideas were not generally accepted, it is clear that his social ideas influenced Sumner in his written works.
Sumner and Social Darwinism
William Graham Sumner was influenced by many people and ideas such as Herbert Spencer and this has led many to associate Sumner with social Darwinism.
In 1881, Sumner wrote an essay titled "Sociology." In the essay, Sumner focused on the connection between sociology and biology. He explained that there are two sides to the struggle for survival of a human. The first side is a "struggle for existence," which is a relationship between man and nature. The second side would be the "competition for life," which can be identified as a relationship between man and man. The first is a biological relationship with nature and the second is a social link, thus sociology. Man would struggle against nature to obtain essential needs such as food or water and in turn this would create the conflict between man and man in order to obtain needs from a limited supply. Sumner believed that man could not abolish the law of "survival of the fittest," and that humans could only interfere with it and in so doing, produce the "unfit."
According to Jeff Riggenbach, the identification of Sumner as a social Darwinist
Historian Mike Hawkins, however, argues that it is accurate to describe Sumner as a social Darwinist because Sumner draws directly upon evolutionary theory to explain society and dictate policy.
Sumner was a critic of natural rights, famously arguing
Warfare
Another example of social Darwinist influence in Sumner's work was his analysis of warfare in one of his essays in the 1880s. Contrary to some beliefs, Sumner did not believe that warfare was a result of primitive societies; he suggested that "real warfare" came from more developed societies. It was believed that primitive cultures would have war as a "struggle for existence," but Sumner believed that war in fact came from a "competition for life." Although war was sometimes man against nature, fighting another tribe for their resources, it was more often a conflict between man and man, for example, one man fighting against another man because of their different ideologies. Sumner explained that the competition for life was the reason for war and that is why war has always existed and always will.
"The Forgotten Man"
The theme of "the forgotten man" was developed by Sumner over a series of 11 essays published in 1883 in Harper's Weekly, and further developed in two speeches delivered that year. Sumner argued that, in his day, politics was being subverted by those proposing a "measure of relief for the evils which have caught public attention." He wrote:
Sumner's "forgotten man" and its relationship to Franklin Roosevelt's "forgotten man" is the subject of Amity Shlaes's The Forgotten Man.
Legacy
Sumner's popular essays gave him a wide audience for his laissez-faire advocacy of free markets, anti-imperialism, and the gold standard. Sumner had a long-term influence over modern American conservatism as a leading intellectual of the Gilded Age.
Thousands of Yale students took his courses, and many remarked on his influence. His essays were very widely read among intellectuals, and men of affairs. Among Sumner's students were the anthropologist Albert Galloway Keller, the economist Irving Fisher, and the champion of an anthropological approach to economics, Thorstein Bunde Veblen.
The World War II Liberty Ship was named in his honor.
Yale University has maintained a professorship named in Sumner's honor. The following have been the William Graham Sumner Professor of Sociology at Yale University:
1909–1942: Albert Galloway Keller (1874–1956)
1942–1954: Maurice Rae Davie (1914–1975)
1963–1970: August Hollingshead (1907–1980)
1970–1993: Albert J. Reiss Jr. (1922–2006)
1999–2009: Iván Szelényi
2011–2015: Richard Breen
Works
Sumner's works number "around 300 items" including books and articles on "economics, political science and sociology."
Books and pamphlets
The Books of the Kings (Scribner, Armstrong & Co, 1872) Sumner wrote section on 2 Kings.
A History of American Currency: with chapters on the English bank restriction and Austrian paper money: to which is appended "The bullion report" (New York: H. Holt and Co., 1874)
What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (New York: Harper and Bros., 1883)
Protection and revenue in 1877: a lecture delivered before the "New York Free Trade Club," April 18, 1878 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878)
Our Revenue System and the Civil Service: Shall They Be Reformed? (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878)] contains preface by Sumner.
Bimetalism: from the Princeton Review, 1879
Andrew Jackson as a Public Man (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1882)
Lectures on the History of Protection in the United States: delivered before the International Free-Trade Alliance (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1883)
Problems in Political Economy (New York: H. Holt and Company, 1883)
Protectionism: the -ism Which Teaches that Waste Makes Wealth (New York: H. Holt and Company, 1885)
Collected Essays in Political and Social Science (New York: Henry Holt and company, 1885)
Alexander Hamilton (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1890)
The Financier & the Finances of the American Revolution, Vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1891)
The Financier & the Finances of the American Revolution, Vol 2 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1891)
Robert Morris (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1892). Morris' life adapted from The Financier & the Finances of the American Revolution
A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, Vol 1, edited by the editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin (New York: The Journal of Commerce, 1896).
The Conquest of the United States by Spain: a lecture before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University, January 16, 1899 (Boston: Dana Estes, 1899).
The Predominant Issue: Reprinted from The International Monthly, November 1900 (Burlington, VT, The International Monthly, 1901)
Folkways: a study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1906)
Address of William Graham Sumner (New York: Reform Club Committee on Tariff Reform, June 2, 1906)
The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller and Maurice Rea Davie, Vol .4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
Collected Essays
War, and other essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911). Keller's "Introduction" contains a verbal portrait of Sumner.
Earth Hunger and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, Yale University, 1913)
The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1914)
The Forgotten Man, and Other Essays ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1918)
Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, eds. Albert Galloway Keller and Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934)
Sumner Today: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, with Comments by American leaders, ed. Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940)
The Forgotten Man's Almanac Rations of Common Sense from William Graham Sumner , ed. A. G. Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press,1943)
Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed. Stow Persons (Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
The Conquest of the United States by Spain, and Other essays ed. Murray Polner (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1965)
On Liberty, Society, and Politics: The Essential Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed. Robert C. Bannister (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1992)
Periodical Publications (not in collections)
"The Crisis of the Protestant Episcopal Church", The Nation 13 (October 5, 1871): 22–23
"The Causes of the Farmer's Discontent", The Nation 16 (June 5, 1873): 381–382
"Monetary Development", 1875, Harper's 51:304.
"Professor Walker on bi-Metallism", The Nation 26 (February 7, 1878): 94–96
"Socialism", Scribner's Monthly 16:6 (1878): 887–893.
"Protective Taxes and Wages", North American Review 136 (1883): 270–276
"The Survival of the Fittest:" Index n.s. 4 (May 29, 1884): 567 (June 19, 1884), 603–604
"Evils of the Tariff System", North American Review 139 (1884): 293–299
"The Indians in 1887", Forum 3 (May 1887): 254–262
"The Proposed Dual Organization of Mankind", Popular Science Monthly 49 (1896): 433–439
"Suicidal Fanaticism in Russia", Popular Science Monthly 60 (1902): 442–447
"The Bequests of the Nineteenth Century to the Twentieth", Yale Review 22 (1933 [ written 1901] ), 732–754
"Modern Marriage", Yale Review 13 (1924): 249–275.
Notes
Further reading
Bannister, Robert C., Jr. "William Graham Sumner's Social Darwinism: a Reconsideration". History of Political Economy 1973 5(1): 89–109. Looks at Sumner's ideas, especially as revealed in Folkways (1906) and his other writings. Contrary to the position of the kind of social Darwinism sometimes attributed to him, he insisted equally on a distinction between the "struggle for existence" of man against nature and the "competition of life" among men in society. Sumner did not really equate might and right, and did not reduce everything finally to social power.
Barnes, Harry Elmer, "Two Representative Contributions of Sociology to Political Theory: The Doctrines of William Graham Sumner and Lester Frank Ward", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jul., 1919), pp. 1–23
Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster, "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900", Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575.
Bledstein, Burton J., "Noah Porter versus William Graham Sumner", Church History, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. 340–439.
Carver, T. N, "William Graham Sumner (1840–1910)", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 10 (Sep. 1918), pp. 865–867.
Curtis, Bruce. William Graham Sumner. (Twayne's United States Authors Series, no. 391.) Twayne, 1981. 186 pp.
Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth'". Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823–832. Fulltext in Jstor. Sumner has usually been considered a dogmatic defender of laissez-faire and of conservative social Darwinism. But an examination of his unpublished essay of 1909, "On the Concentration of Wealth" (here published in full), reveals that his earlier views were subject to modification. In this 1909 essay he shows his concern for pervasive corporate monopoly as a threat to social equality and democratic government. His analysis was akin to that of a Wilsonian Progressive, although his remedies were vague and incomplete. This stand against plutocracy was consistent with his life and consisted of a long defense of a middle-class society against the pressures of greedy self-interest groups and demos, the mob. Earlier he was most concerned with threats from corrupt politicians. Later plutocracy threatened the middle classes through abuses which might have led to class warfare.
Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sumner and the Problem of Progress". New England Quarterly 1978 51(3): 348–369. Fulltext in Jstor. Sumner was one of the few late-19th-century Americans to reject a belief in inevitable human progress. Influenced by his understanding of Darwinism, Malthusian theory, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, he came to believe the ancient doctrine of cycles in human affairs and in the universe. Based on Sumner's classroom notes and other writings.
Curtis, Bruce. "Victorians Abed: William Graham Sumner on the Family, Women and Sex". American Studies 1977 18(1): 101–122. . Asks, did a Victorian consensus concerning sexuality exist? Sumner's life reveals many tensions and inconsistencies, although he generally supported the sexual status quo. His ideal of the middle-class family, nonetheless, led him to oppose the double sexual standard and to question the idea of a stable Victorian consensus on sexuality. He supported humane divorce policies and kinder treatment for prostitutes, and recognized women as sexual beings.
Garson, Robert and Maidment, Richard. "Social Darwinism and the Liberal Tradition: the Case of William Graham Sumner". South Atlantic Quarterly 1981 80(1): 61–76. . Argues Sumner, drew upon themes and ideas that were firmly established in the political consciousness of Americans. The introduction of such devices as the struggle for survival and the competition of life served in fact to dramatize and highlight some of the central concerns of liberalism. When Sumner did repudiate certain fundamental premises of the liberal tradition, he did so on the grounds that the tradition was misconstrued and not because it was unsustainable. He did not discard liberal theory nor did he lose sight of its principal threads.
Hartnett, Robert C., S. J. "An Appraisal of Sumner's Folkways", The American Catholic Sociological Review, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Dec., 1942), pp. 193–203.
Hofstadter, Richard. "William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinist", The New England Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep. 1941), pp. 457–477, reprinted in Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (1944).
Keller, A. G., "William Graham Sumner", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 6 (May, 1910), pp. 832–35. Eulogy written shortly after Sumner died.
Lee, Alfred Mcclung. "The Forgotten Sumner". Journal of the History of Sociology 1980–1981 3(1): 87–106. . Sumner as sociologist.
Marshall, Jonathan. "William Graham Sumner: Critic of Progressive Liberalism". Journal of Libertarian Studies 1979 3(3): 261–277.
McCloskey, Robert Green. "American conservatism in the age of enterprise, 1865–1910: A study of William Graham Sumner, Stephen J. Field, and Andrew Carnegie" (1964). It discusses Sumner's support for laissez-faire economics, free markets, anti-imperialism and the gold standard. It discusses Sumner's influence over modern conservatism as a leading intellectual of the Gilded Age.
Pickens, Donald. "William Graham Sumner as a Critic of the Spanish American War". Continuity 1987 (11): 75–92.
Pickens, Donald K. "William Graham Sumner: Moralist as Social Scientist". Social Science 1968 43(4): 202–209. . Sumner shared many intellectual assumptions with 18th-century Scottish moral philosophers, such as Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, and Dugald Stewart. They were part of ethical naturalism. The major reason for this ideological kinship was the historical fact that Scottish moral philosophy was one of the major sources for modern social science. Sumner's Folkways [1907] illustrates the Scottish influence.
Shone, Steve J. "Cultural Relativism and the Savage: the Alleged Inconsistency of William Graham Sumner". American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2004 63(3): 697–715. Fulltext online in Swetswise, Ingenta, and Ebsco
Sklansky, Jeff. "Pauperism and Poverty: Henry George, William Graham Sumner, and the Ideological Origins of Modern American Social Science". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1999 35(2): 111–138. Fulltext online at Swetswise and Ebsco
Smith, Norman E. and Hinkle, Roscoe C. "Sumner Versus Keller and the Social Evolutionism of Early American Sociology". Sociological Inquiry 1979 49(1): 41–48. Based on the contents of two recently discovered unpublished manuscripts of Sumner, concludes that he came to reject the basic premises of social evolutionism, 1900–10, and that his apparent support for the theory as stated in The Science of Society (1927, printed 17 years after Sumner's death) was actually the thought of Albert Galloway Keller, with whom he collaborated.
Smith, Norman Erik. "William Graham Sumner as an Anti-social Darwinist". Pacific Sociological Review 1979 22(3): 332–347. Sumner clearly rejected social Darwinism in the final decade of his career, 1900–10.
External links
William Graham Sumner papers at Yale University Library
Connecticut's Heritage Gateway
Biography at ASA
Works by William Graham Sumner
Major Works of William Graham Sumner
Review materials for studying William Graham Sumner
William Graham Sumner, Selected writings
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