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general_qa | [
{
"content": "What would be the pros and cons of replacing all civilian airplanes with dirigibles?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Replacing all civilian airplanes with dirigibles would have positive and negative effects. The most notable positive effect would be reduced environmental impact: although dirigibles, like airplanes, need engines, dirigibles are filled with lighter-than-air gas and therefore no power is needed to counteract gravity, so they consume less fuel. However, there would be a significant negative economic impact because dirigibles fly much more slowly than airplanes, thus the items airplanes carry (e.g. people and freight) would take much longer to get to their destination. In addition, another problem with dirigibles is that they are less able to handle strong winds compared to airplanes, so it might be necessary for the dirigible to take a more circuitous route than an airplane, or simply delay the flight until the bad weather passes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What would be the pros and cons of replacing all civilian airplanes with dirigibles? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The Greeks in Uzbekistan number approximately 9,000. The community is made up of Greeks from Russia who were deported by force from that country to Uzbekistan in the 1940s, and political refugees from Greece. About 30,000 Greeks lived in the country before World War II and a further 11,000 arrived after the Greek Civil War and the defeat of Democratic Army of Greece. Their numbers have dwindled from a high of some 40,000 in the 1960s. The main reason is emigration to Greece after the end of the Cold War when laws allowed the return of all ethnic Greeks who had been exiled for political reasons after the Greek Civil War. The biggest Greek community in the country is in the capital city of Tashkent where most of the Greek political refugees were relocated by the Soviet authorities. In ancient times the south of the country was part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom but the few Greek communities there have since assimilated. The most important organization representing ethnic Greeks is the Greek Cultural Association of Tashkent. The activities of this organization include Greek language instruction (19 classes with a total of 571 students, classes for adults) and the teaching of Greek dances and music. Why does the capital of Uzbekistan contain the biggest Greek community?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Most of the Greek political refugees in Uzbekistan were relocated by the Soviet authorities to the capital city of Tashkent.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Greeks in Uzbekistan number approximately 9,000. The community is made up of Greeks from Russia who were deported by force from that country to Uzbekistan in the 1940s, and political refugees from Greece. About 30,000 Greeks lived in the country before World War II and a further 11,000 arrived after the Greek Civil War and the defeat of Democratic Army of Greece. Their numbers have dwindled from a high of some 40,000 in the 1960s. The main reason is emigration to Greece after the end of the Cold War when laws allowed the return of all ethnic Greeks who had been exiled for political reasons after the Greek Civil War. The biggest Greek community in the country is in the capital city of Tashkent where most of the Greek political refugees were relocated by the Soviet authorities. In ancient times the south of the country was part of the Hellenistic Seleucid Kingdom but the few Greek communities there have since assimilated. The most important organization representing ethnic Greeks is the Greek Cultural Association of Tashkent. The activities of this organization include Greek language instruction (19 classes with a total of 571 students, classes for adults) and the teaching of Greek dances and music. Why does the capital of Uzbekistan contain the biggest Greek community? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Is the manatee an endangered species?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "All three species of manatee (Amazonian manatee, West Indian manatee, and the West African manatee) are listed by the World Conservation Union as vulnerable to extinction. However, The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) does not consider the West Indian manatee to be \"endangered\" anymore, having downgraded its status to \"threatened\" as of March 2017. They cite improvements to habitat conditions, population growth and reductions of threats as reasoning for the change.",
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}
]
| Is the manatee an endangered species? |
classification | [
{
"content": "What type of animal was: Hobbes, Snoopy, Garfield, and Dumbo.",
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},
{
"content": "Hobbes was a tiger. Snoopy was a dog. Garfield was a cat. Dumbo was an elephant.",
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]
| What type of animal was: Hobbes, Snoopy, Garfield, and Dumbo. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are the primary causes of obesity?",
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},
{
"content": "The primary causes are eating significantly more calories than you burn daily, lack of exercise/movement, lack of sleep and increased stress, your genetic makeup.",
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}
]
| What are the primary causes of obesity? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is freedom?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Freedom is what you make out of it. The dictionary could provide you with one definition but at a personal level freedom for me means to be able to walk in to a coffee shop at a time I would like, express my thoughts and have the money to pay for that coffee.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is freedom? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Susanna Gossweiler (1740–1793), was a Swiss educator. She was appointed the first principal of the girls' school Töchterschule in Zürich in 1774, and regarded a pioneer of women's education in Switzerland. From the passage provided, extract when Susanna started as a principal.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Susanna started as a principal of Töchterschule in 1774.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Susanna Gossweiler (1740–1793), was a Swiss educator. She was appointed the first principal of the girls' school Töchterschule in Zürich in 1774, and regarded a pioneer of women's education in Switzerland. From the passage provided, extract when Susanna started as a principal. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Elson joined the Hilltoppers staff as a defensive backs coach in 1996. He served as defensive coordinator for the 2001 and 2002 season before he was promoted to head coach. The rise to college football's highest level was difficult for the program, and Hilltoppers went 2-20 in Elson's final two seasons.\n\nOn November 9, 2009 Elson was fired by the university, finishing out the 2009 season. WKU alumnus and Stanford running backs coach Willie Taggart replaced him.\n\nIn March 2010, Indiana University head football coach Bill Lynch announced that Elson will be a defensive quality control coach. Coach Lynch noted this would mainly be an administrative role, but that he would be involved in coaching decisions. The Hoosiers made their first road trip of the year to play Elson's former team, the WKU Hilltoppers in Bowling Green, Kentucky.\n\nElson spent the 2011 football season as defensive coordinator for KHSAA state finalist Franklin-Simpson High School in Franklin, Kentucky.\n\nOn January 4, 2012, Elson was announced as the defensive coordinator at New Mexico State University.\n\nOn January 13, 2013, Elson was announced as the new secondary coach for the Southern Illinois University Carbondale, where he was a graduate assistant from 94 to 95. On January 20, 2016, after two years at Southern Illinois, Elson accepted the position as defensive coordinator at Western Illinois under new head coach Charlie Fisher. What was the first road trip after Elson joined Indiana University?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The roadtrip was to play the WKU Hilltoppers in Bowling Green, Kentucky",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Elson joined the Hilltoppers staff as a defensive backs coach in 1996. He served as defensive coordinator for the 2001 and 2002 season before he was promoted to head coach. The rise to college football's highest level was difficult for the program, and Hilltoppers went 2-20 in Elson's final two seasons.
On November 9, 2009 Elson was fired by the university, finishing out the 2009 season. WKU alumnus and Stanford running backs coach Willie Taggart replaced him.
In March 2010, Indiana University head football coach Bill Lynch announced that Elson will be a defensive quality control coach. Coach Lynch noted this would mainly be an administrative role, but that he would be involved in coaching decisions. The Hoosiers made their first road trip of the year to play Elson's former team, the WKU Hilltoppers in Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Elson spent the 2011 football season as defensive coordinator for KHSAA state finalist Franklin-Simpson High School in Franklin, Kentucky.
On January 4, 2012, Elson was announced as the defensive coordinator at New Mexico State University.
On January 13, 2013, Elson was announced as the new secondary coach for the Southern Illinois University Carbondale, where he was a graduate assistant from 94 to 95. On January 20, 2016, after two years at Southern Illinois, Elson accepted the position as defensive coordinator at Western Illinois under new head coach Charlie Fisher. What was the first road trip after Elson joined Indiana University? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What are modifiers in English?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A word, especially an adjective or noun used attributively, that restricts or adds to sense of a head noun",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are modifiers in English? |
classification | [
{
"content": "tell me the category for these movies \"Star Trek, Star Wars, John Wick, Indiana Jones\"",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Star Trek and Star wars are sci-fi movies. John Wick is an action movie, while Indiana Jones is an adventure genre.",
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}
]
| tell me the category for these movies "Star Trek, Star Wars, John Wick, Indiana Jones" |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Is Leucascidae a sponge",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Leucascidae is a family of calcareous sponges in the order Clathrinida.",
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}
]
| Is Leucascidae a sponge |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of the last five european golden boots winner and tell me how many goals they scored and in which league they scored these goals.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. Robert Lewandowski, 2022-2021, 35 goals, Bundesliga\n2. Robert Lewandowski, 2021-2020, 41 goals, Bundesliga\n3. Ciro Immobile, 2020-2019, 36 goals, Serie A\n4. Lionel Messi, 2019-2018, 36 goals, La Liga\n5. Lionel Messi, 2018-2017, 34 goals, La Liga",
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}
]
| Give me a list of the last five european golden boots winner and tell me how many goals they scored and in which league they scored these goals. |
summarization | [
{
"content": "On a supercontinent version of Earth that has four Moons, powerful monsters and supervillains wreak havoc. The millionaire Agoni creates the Hero Association, which employs superheroes to fight evil. Saitama, an unassociated hero, hails from City Z and performs heroic deeds as a hobby. For three years, he has trained enough to defeat any enemy with a single punch, his unmatched strength leaving him bored. He becomes a reluctant mentor to Genos, a cyborg seeking revenge against another cyborg who killed his family and destroyed his hometown, after Saitama defeats a monster that defeated Genos. What is the plot of One-Punch Man?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "One-Punch Man is a manga and an anime about a protagonist, Saitama, who can defeat all of his enemies with one punch. It takes place on a version of Earth with one supercontinent and 4 moons, which has regular monster and supervillain attacks. To combat this, a Hero association was formed, but the protagonist is not part of this association and simply performs heroic deeds because he was bored. One of the highest ranked heros of the Hero association, Genos, sees Saitama's strength and becomes his disciple after Saitama beat a monster that beat Genos.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| On a supercontinent version of Earth that has four Moons, powerful monsters and supervillains wreak havoc. The millionaire Agoni creates the Hero Association, which employs superheroes to fight evil. Saitama, an unassociated hero, hails from City Z and performs heroic deeds as a hobby. For three years, he has trained enough to defeat any enemy with a single punch, his unmatched strength leaving him bored. He becomes a reluctant mentor to Genos, a cyborg seeking revenge against another cyborg who killed his family and destroyed his hometown, after Saitama defeats a monster that defeated Genos. What is the plot of One-Punch Man? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "what are some things you can do on a snowy day",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- skip school\n- make a snowman\n- make a snow angel\n- make a snow castle\n- have a snow ball fight\n- shovel snow\n- use a snow blower\n- go sledding\n- go cross country skiing \n- slip and fall",
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}
]
| what are some things you can do on a snowy day |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers. Where can I find Leptodactylus tapiti?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog that are native to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Leptodactylus tapiti is a species of frog in the family Leptodactylidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, and rivers. Where can I find Leptodactylus tapiti? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Another Hindu term that is sometimes translated as deity is Ishvara, or alternatively various deities are described, state Sorajjakool et al., as \"the personifications of various aspects of one and the same Ishvara\". The term Ishvara has a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism. In ancient texts of Indian philosophy, Ishvara means supreme Self, Brahman (Highest Reality), ruler, king or husband depending on the context. In medieval era texts, Ishvara means God, Supreme Being, personal god, or special Self depending on the school of Hinduism.\n\nAmong the six systems of Hindu philosophy, Samkhya and Mimamsa do not consider the concept of Ishvara, i.e., a supreme being, relevant. Yoga, Vaisheshika, Vedanta and Nyaya schools of Hinduism discuss Ishvara, but assign different meanings.\n\nEarly Nyaya school scholars considered the hypothesis of a deity as a creator God with the power to grant blessings, boons and fruits; but these early Nyaya scholars then rejected this hypothesis, and were non-theistic or atheists. Later scholars of Nyaya school reconsidered this question and offered counter arguments for what is Ishvara and various arguments to prove the existence of omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent deity (God). As per the passage which schools of Hinduism discuss Ishvara?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Yoga, Vaisheshika, Vedanta and Nyaya.",
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}
]
| Another Hindu term that is sometimes translated as deity is Ishvara, or alternatively various deities are described, state Sorajjakool et al., as "the personifications of various aspects of one and the same Ishvara". The term Ishvara has a wide range of meanings that depend on the era and the school of Hinduism. In ancient texts of Indian philosophy, Ishvara means supreme Self, Brahman (Highest Reality), ruler, king or husband depending on the context. In medieval era texts, Ishvara means God, Supreme Being, personal god, or special Self depending on the school of Hinduism.
Among the six systems of Hindu philosophy, Samkhya and Mimamsa do not consider the concept of Ishvara, i.e., a supreme being, relevant. Yoga, Vaisheshika, Vedanta and Nyaya schools of Hinduism discuss Ishvara, but assign different meanings.
Early Nyaya school scholars considered the hypothesis of a deity as a creator God with the power to grant blessings, boons and fruits; but these early Nyaya scholars then rejected this hypothesis, and were non-theistic or atheists. Later scholars of Nyaya school reconsidered this question and offered counter arguments for what is Ishvara and various arguments to prove the existence of omniscient, omnipresent, omnipotent deity (God). As per the passage which schools of Hinduism discuss Ishvara? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "I want to become a pro MMA fighter. How can I go about doing so?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are many different avenues that you can take in order to become a pro Mixed-Martial Arts fighter. To be successful will require a lot of discipline and hard work. Here is one potential path which you may consider: \n\n1) Improve you general fitness: In order to become a successful MMA athlete you need to have good general fitness. This can include things like strength training, yoga (flexibility) and cardio (swimming, running, etc). \n\n2) Get a breadth of experience: It is helpful to get competency in the various specialties that are found in MMA fights so you can adequately handle all styles that may be employed at the time. At a high level, this can be split into two sections: \n - Striking: Relevant marital arts you may want to consider training is Boxing, Kickboxing, Muai-Thai. \n - Grappling: Relevant marital arts you may want to consider training in is Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Sambo, Freestyle Wresting. \n\n3) Consider specializing: While it is good to have a breadth of different techniques, really honing in on one sub-discipline can give you an edge in comparison to other fighters. For example, Khabib Nurmagomedov has found success with a wrestling base. \n\n\nThese are just some starting points to consider when thinking about becoming a professional MMA athlete. Soft Skills like networking and marketing are also very important once you reach more professional levels of the sport.",
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}
]
| I want to become a pro MMA fighter. How can I go about doing so? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "2003: Cricket World Cup\nTendulkar made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, helping India reach the final. While Australia won, Tendulkar was given the Man of the Tournament award.\n\nHe continued to score heavily in ODI cricket that year, with two hundreds in a tri-series involving New Zealand and Australia. As a part-time bowler, he dismissed an exhausted centurion, Matthew Hayden, in the tri-series final. How many runs did Sachin score in the 2011 world cup?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Tendulkar made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, helping India reach the final. While Australia won, Tendulkar was given the Man of the Tournament award",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| 2003: Cricket World Cup
Tendulkar made 673 runs in 11 matches in the 2003 Cricket World Cup, helping India reach the final. While Australia won, Tendulkar was given the Man of the Tournament award.
He continued to score heavily in ODI cricket that year, with two hundreds in a tri-series involving New Zealand and Australia. As a part-time bowler, he dismissed an exhausted centurion, Matthew Hayden, in the tri-series final. How many runs did Sachin score in the 2011 world cup? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "In the UK, the recommended daily values for magnesium are 300 mg for men and 270 mg for women. In the U.S. the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are 400 mg for men ages 19–30 and 420 mg for older; for women 310 mg for ages 19–30 and 320 mg for older. Given this reference test, what is the daily recommended amount of magnesium for women in the U.S.?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The daily recommended amount of magnesium for women in the U.S. is 310 mg for ages 19-30 and 320 mg for older.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In the UK, the recommended daily values for magnesium are 300 mg for men and 270 mg for women. In the U.S. the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are 400 mg for men ages 19–30 and 420 mg for older; for women 310 mg for ages 19–30 and 320 mg for older. Given this reference test, what is the daily recommended amount of magnesium for women in the U.S.? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Richard Louis Proenneke (/ˈprɛnəkiː/; May 4, 1916 – April 20, 2003) was an American self-educated naturalist, conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer who, from the age of about 51, lived alone for nearly thirty years (1968–1998) in the mountains of Alaska in a log cabin that he constructed by hand near the shore of Twin Lakes. Proenneke hunted, fished, raised and gathered much of his own food, and also had supplies flown in occasionally. He documented his activities in journals and on film, and also recorded valuable meteorological and natural data. The journals and film were later used by others to write books and produce documentaries about his time in the wilderness. When he lived in the mountains of Alaska, was Richard Proenneke in full autonomy?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, he was getting some of his food by plane.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Richard Louis Proenneke (/ˈprɛnəkiː/; May 4, 1916 – April 20, 2003) was an American self-educated naturalist, conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer who, from the age of about 51, lived alone for nearly thirty years (1968–1998) in the mountains of Alaska in a log cabin that he constructed by hand near the shore of Twin Lakes. Proenneke hunted, fished, raised and gathered much of his own food, and also had supplies flown in occasionally. He documented his activities in journals and on film, and also recorded valuable meteorological and natural data. The journals and film were later used by others to write books and produce documentaries about his time in the wilderness. When he lived in the mountains of Alaska, was Richard Proenneke in full autonomy? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Mar-a-Lago was built for businesswoman and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, former owner of General Foods Corporation, between the years 1924 to 1927. At the time of her death in 1973, Post bequeathed the property to the National Park Service, hoping it could be used for state visits or as a Winter White House, but because the costs of maintaining the property exceeded the funds provided by Post, and because it was difficult to secure the facility (as it is located in the flight path of Palm Beach Airport), the property was returned to the Post Foundation by an act of Congress in 1981. When was Mar-a-Lago built?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mar-a-Lago was built between the years 1924 to 1927.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Mar-a-Lago was built for businesswoman and socialite Marjorie Merriweather Post, former owner of General Foods Corporation, between the years 1924 to 1927. At the time of her death in 1973, Post bequeathed the property to the National Park Service, hoping it could be used for state visits or as a Winter White House, but because the costs of maintaining the property exceeded the funds provided by Post, and because it was difficult to secure the facility (as it is located in the flight path of Palm Beach Airport), the property was returned to the Post Foundation by an act of Congress in 1981. When was Mar-a-Lago built? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify the below substances based on their natural physical state.\nWater, Mercury, Copper, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Wood",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Solid - Copper, Wood\nLiquid - Water, Mercury\nGas - Oxygen, Nitrogen",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify the below substances based on their natural physical state.
Water, Mercury, Copper, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Wood |
summarization | [
{
"content": "This is a list of Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1980.\n\nNo.\tTitle\tArtist(s)\n1\t\"Call Me\"\tBlondie\n2\t\"Another Brick in the Wall, Part II\"\tPink Floyd\n3\t\"Magic\"\tOlivia Newton-John\n4\t\"Rock with You\"\tMichael Jackson\n5\t\"Do That to Me One More Time\"\tCaptain & Tennille\n6\t\"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\"\tQueen\n7\t\"Coming Up\"\tPaul McCartney\n8\t\"Funkytown\"\tLipps Inc\n9\t\"It's Still Rock and Roll to Me\"\tBilly Joel\n10\t\"The Rose\"\tBette Midler What is the billboard number one in the top 10 of 1980?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "\"Call Me\" is a song by the American new wave band Blondie and the theme to the 1980 film American Gigolo. \"Call Me\" was No. 1 for six consecutive weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it became the band's biggest single and second No. 1.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| This is a list of Billboard magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 1980.
No. Title Artist(s)
1 "Call Me" Blondie
2 "Another Brick in the Wall, Part II" Pink Floyd
3 "Magic" Olivia Newton-John
4 "Rock with You" Michael Jackson
5 "Do That to Me One More Time" Captain & Tennille
6 "Crazy Little Thing Called Love" Queen
7 "Coming Up" Paul McCartney
8 "Funkytown" Lipps Inc
9 "It's Still Rock and Roll to Me" Billy Joel
10 "The Rose" Bette Midler What is the billboard number one in the top 10 of 1980? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a bond",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A bond is a fixed-income instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower (typically corporate or governmental). A bond could be thought of as an I.O.U. between the lender and borrower that includes the details of the loan and its payments. Bonds are used by companies, municipalities, states, and sovereign governments to finance projects and operations. Owners of bonds are debtholders, or creditors, of the issuer.\n\nBond details include the end date when the principal of the loan is due to be paid to the bond owner and usually include the terms for variable or fixed interest payments made by the borrower.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a bond |
summarization | [
{
"content": "The Masters is the first major championship of the year. Since 1948, its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April, with several exceptions.\n\nThe Masters has the smallest field of the four golf major championships.\n\nThe Masters is an invitation only tournament.\n\nPrevious Champions are eligible to play for life. Please give me a list of qualities that make the Masters is golf's top tournament unique?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "As with the other majors, winning the Masters gives a golfer several privileges which make his career more secure. Masters champions are automatically invited to play in the other three majors (the U.S. Open, The Open Championship, and the PGA Championship) for the next five years (except for amateur winners, unless they turn pro within the five-year period), and earn a lifetime invitation to the Masters. They also receive membership on the PGA Tour for the following five seasons and invitations to The Players Championship for five years.\n\nBecause the tournament was established by an amateur champion, Bobby Jones, the Masters has a tradition of honoring amateur golf. It invites winners of the most prestigious amateur tournaments in the world. Also, the current U.S. Amateur champion always plays in the same group as the defending Masters champion for the first two days of the tournament.\n\nAmateurs in the field are welcome to stay in the \"Crow's Nest\" atop the Augusta National clubhouse during the tournament. The Crow's Nest is 1,200 square feet (110 m2) with lodging space for five during the competition.\n\nThe total prize money for the 2021 Masters Tournament was $11,500,000, with $2,070,000 going to the winner. In the inaugural year of 1934, the winner Horton Smith received $1,500 out of a $5,000 purse. After Nicklaus's first win in 1963, he received $20,000, while after his final victory in 1986 he won $144,000. In recent years the purse has grown quickly. Between 2001 and 2014, the winner's share grew by $612,000, and the purse grew by $3,400,000.\n\nGreen jacket\nIn addition to a cash prize, the winner of the tournament is presented with a distinctive green jacket, formally awarded since 1949 and informally awarded to the champions from the years prior. The green sport coat is the official attire worn by members of Augusta National while on the club grounds; each Masters winner becomes an honorary member of the club. The recipient of the green jacket has it presented to him inside the Butler Cabin soon after the end of the tournament in a televised ceremony, and the presentation is then repeated outside near the 18th green in front of the patrons. Winners keep their jacket for the year after their victory, then return it to the club to wear whenever they are present on the club grounds. Sam Snead was the first Masters champion to be awarded the green jacket after he took his first Masters title in 1949.\n\nThe green jacket is only allowed to be removed from the Augusta National grounds by the reigning champion, after which it must remain at the club. Exceptions to this rule include Gary Player, who in his joy of winning mistakenly took his jacket home to South Africa after his 1961 victory (although he has always followed the spirit of the rule and has never worn the jacket); Seve Ballesteros who, in an interview with Peter Alliss from his home in Pedreña, showed one of his two green jackets in his trophy room; and Henry Picard, whose jacket was removed from the club before the tradition was well established, remained in his closet for a number of years, and is now on display at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood, Ohio, where he was the club professional for many years.\n\nBy tradition, the winner of the previous year's Masters Tournament puts the jacket on the current winner at the end of the tournament. In 1966, Jack Nicklaus became the first player to win in consecutive years and he donned the jacket himself. When Nick Faldo (in 1990) and Tiger Woods (in 2002) repeated as champions, the chairman of Augusta National put the jacket on them.\n\nIn addition to the green jacket, winners of the tournament receive a gold medal. In 2017, a green jacket that was found at a thrift store in 1994 was sold at auction for $139,000.\n\nThere are several awards presented to players who perform exceptional feats during the tournament. The player who has the daily lowest score receives a crystal vase, while players who score a hole-in-one or a double eagle win a large crystal bowl. For each eagle a player makes, they receive a pair of crystal goblets.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Masters is the first major championship of the year. Since 1948, its final round has been scheduled for the second Sunday of April, with several exceptions.
The Masters has the smallest field of the four golf major championships.
The Masters is an invitation only tournament.
Previous Champions are eligible to play for life. Please give me a list of qualities that make the Masters is golf's top tournament unique? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Earth's mass is approximately 5.97×1024 kg (5,970 Yg). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1% by mass), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to gravitational separation, the core is primarily composed of the denser elements: iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are oxides. Over 99% of the crust is composed of various oxides What are the major elements found on earth?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Earth's mass is made of primarily iron, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, sulfur, nickel, calcium and aluminum.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Earth's mass is approximately 5.97×1024 kg (5,970 Yg). It is composed mostly of iron (32.1% by mass), oxygen (30.1%), silicon (15.1%), magnesium (13.9%), sulfur (2.9%), nickel (1.8%), calcium (1.5%), and aluminum (1.4%), with the remaining 1.2% consisting of trace amounts of other elements. Due to gravitational separation, the core is primarily composed of the denser elements: iron (88.8%), with smaller amounts of nickel (5.8%), sulfur (4.5%), and less than 1% trace elements. The most common rock constituents of the crust are oxides. Over 99% of the crust is composed of various oxides What are the major elements found on earth? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who is considered the G.O.A.T. in basketball?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Michael Jordan, Lebron James, Kobe Bryant",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is considered the G.O.A.T. in basketball? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each as either an amphibian, bird, or fish: salmon, trout, salamander, cardinal, owl, falcon, frog",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Salmon: Fish\nTrout: Fish\nSalamander: Amphibian\nCardinal: Bird\nOwl: Bird\nFalcon: Bird\nFrog: Amphibian",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each as either an amphibian, bird, or fish: salmon, trout, salamander, cardinal, owl, falcon, frog |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the average interest rate for a 30 year mortgage in the United States?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The average interest rate for a 30 year mortgage in the United States as of Tuesday, March 28th is 7.9%. The interest rate that you'll actually for a mortgage get depends on your lender, credit score, and debt to income ratio, among other things.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the average interest rate for a 30 year mortgage in the United States? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me a list of 5 first date ideas",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "- Grab coffee \n- Dine out for a meal\n- Do something active, like a hike\n- Go to the museum\n- Have a picninc",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me a list of 5 first date ideas |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Best film in Motion Picture 27th Screen Actors Guild(SAG) Awards was given to which film?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Chicago 7",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Best film in Motion Picture 27th Screen Actors Guild(SAG) Awards was given to which film? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "In different cultures and situations, a clan usually has different meaning than other kin-based groups, such as tribes and bands. Often, the distinguishing factor is that a clan is a smaller, integral part of a larger society such as a tribe, chiefdom, or a state. In some societies, clans may have an official leader such as a chief, matriarch or patriarch; or such leadership role is performed by elders. In others, leadership positions may have to be achieved.\n\nThe term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. Its definition is contested, in part due to conflicting theoretical understandings of social and kinship structures, and also reflecting the problematic application of this concept to extremely diverse human societies. The concept is often contrasted by anthropologists with other social and kinship groups, being hierarchically larger than a lineage or clan, but smaller than a chiefdom, nation or state. These terms are equally disputed. In some cases tribes have legal recognition and some degree of political autonomy from national or federal government, but this legalistic usage of the term may conflict with anthropological definitions.\n\nIn the United States, Native American tribes are legally considered to have \"domestic dependent nation\" status within the territorial United States, with a government-to-government relationship with the federal government. What is the difference between a clan and a tribe",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In different cultures and situations, a clan usually has different meaning than other kin-based groups, such as tribes and bands. Often, the distinguishing factor is that a clan is a smaller, integral part of a larger society such as a tribe, chiefdom, or a state. In some societies, clans may have an official leader such as a chief, matriarch or patriarch; or such leadership role is performed by elders. In others, leadership positions may have to be achieved.\n\nThe term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. Its definition is contested, in part due to conflicting theoretical understandings of social and kinship structures, and also reflecting the problematic application of this concept to extremely diverse human societies. The concept is often contrasted by anthropologists with other social and kinship groups, being hierarchically larger than a lineage or clan, but smaller than a chiefdom, nation or state. These terms are equally disputed. In some cases tribes have legal recognition and some degree of political autonomy from national or federal government, but this legalistic usage of the term may conflict with anthropological definitions.\n\nIn the United States, Native American tribes are legally considered to have \"domestic dependent nation\" status within the territorial United States, with a government-to-government relationship with the federal government.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In different cultures and situations, a clan usually has different meaning than other kin-based groups, such as tribes and bands. Often, the distinguishing factor is that a clan is a smaller, integral part of a larger society such as a tribe, chiefdom, or a state. In some societies, clans may have an official leader such as a chief, matriarch or patriarch; or such leadership role is performed by elders. In others, leadership positions may have to be achieved.
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. Its definition is contested, in part due to conflicting theoretical understandings of social and kinship structures, and also reflecting the problematic application of this concept to extremely diverse human societies. The concept is often contrasted by anthropologists with other social and kinship groups, being hierarchically larger than a lineage or clan, but smaller than a chiefdom, nation or state. These terms are equally disputed. In some cases tribes have legal recognition and some degree of political autonomy from national or federal government, but this legalistic usage of the term may conflict with anthropological definitions.
In the United States, Native American tribes are legally considered to have "domestic dependent nation" status within the territorial United States, with a government-to-government relationship with the federal government. What is the difference between a clan and a tribe |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a Put option in finance?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "This is a right to sell foreign currency at a particular exchange rate.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a Put option in finance? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the best way to approach a new cat?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "First, it's important to know the background of the cat. If it is a stray, you might want to keep your distance since you don't know its vaccination status. If it is a known, healthy cat, then you can approach it. Do so with care so that you do not scare it away.\n\nThere are several techniques to make yourself more approachable. Ideally, the cat will approach you; you will not approach the cat.\n\nMake yourself look smaller. Crouch down, and do not look threatening or overly anxious to approach the cat.\n\nTry the \"slow blink.\" Look at the cat and slowly close and open your eyes. Also try looking away lazily. If the cat respond with its own slow blink, that's a good sign.\n\nIf the cat comes near, try offering your hand down low, with the palm turned down. Hopefully the cat will come to you and rub against the back of your hand. If so, then you can try petting the cat more actively.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the best way to approach a new cat? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Where can I ride roller coasters in the united states?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here are some of the places you can ride roller coasters in the united states: Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania; Universal Studios in Orlando, Florida; Disneyland in Anaheim, California; Cedar Point in Sandusky, Ohio; Busch Gardens in Williamsburg, Virginia; Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri; Magic Mountain in Valencia, CA; Kings Island in Mason, Ohio; Dollywood in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee; Knoebels in Elysburg, Pennsylvania; Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania; Knott’s Berry Farm in Buena Park, California; Sea World in Orlado, Florida; Kennywood in West Mifflin, Pennsylvania; Holiday World in Santa Claus, Indiana; or Carowinds in Charlotte, North Carolina.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where can I ride roller coasters in the united states? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Why are some reasons to vacation in New Zealand?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "People love to vacation in New Zealand for many reasons. Some of the most popular are because of its beautiful and varied landscapes, the opportunities to see unique wildlife, and the ability to participate in extreme activities such as paragliding, jet boating, bungee jumping, sky diving, canyoning, and mountaineering.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Why are some reasons to vacation in New Zealand? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Queen Elizabeth II coffin rested on a raised platform called a catafalque at",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Westminster Hall",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Queen Elizabeth II coffin rested on a raised platform called a catafalque at |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are 5 things to do in Taveuni, Fiji?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here are 5 things to do when visiting Taveuni, Fiji:\n1. Go scuba diving in the world-famous rainbow reef to experience the biodiversity of Fiji’s marine life.\n2. Go to the Waitavala Waterslide or ‘Sliding Rock’ to experience a natural rock waterslide.\n3. Visit Tavoro Falls at Bouma National Park for a beautiful hike through the Fijian jungle to 3 separate waterfalls.\n4. Experience local Fijian cuisine and enjoy the sunset while having dinner at Tramonto.\n5. Enjoy relaxing on one of many of the beautiful white sand beaches the island has to offer.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are 5 things to do in Taveuni, Fiji? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "In 1999, Jensen Huang was named Entrepreneur of the Year in High Technology by Ernst & Young.[citation needed] In 2003, Huang received the Dr. Morris Chang Exemplary Leadership Award, which recognizes a leader who has made exceptional contributions to driving the development, innovation, growth, and long-term opportunities of the fabless semiconductor industry, from the Fabless Semiconductor Association. He was also a National Finalist for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2003 and was an Award Recipient for the Northern California region in 1999.[citation needed]\n\nAdditionally, Huang is a recipient of the Daniel J. Epstein Engineering Management Award from the University of Southern California and was named an Alumni Fellow by Oregon State University. Huang was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oregon State University at the June 13, 2009, commencement ceremony.\n\nIn 2018, Huang was listed in the inaugural Edge 50, naming the world's top 50 influencers in edge computing. In October 2019, Harvard Business Review named Jensen Huang best-performing CEO in the world. In November 2020, Jensen Huang was named \"Supplier CEO of the year\" by Eurostars AutomotiveNewsEurope. Huang was awarded an honorary doctorate from National Taiwan University at the school anniversary in November, 2020.[better source needed] In August 2021, the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) announced that Jensen Huang is the 2021 recipient of the industry’s highest honor, the Robert N. Noyce Award. In September 2021, he was included in the Time 100, Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. From the passage provided, extract the awards received by Jensen Huang from 1999-2021.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Jensen Huang's awards include: 1) Entrepreneur of the Year in High Technology by Ernst & Young, 2) Dr. Morris Chang Exemplary Leadership Award, 3) National Finalist for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award, 4) Award Recipient for the Northern California region, 5) Daniel J. Epstein Engineering Management Award, 6) Alumni Fellow of Oregon State University, 7) honorary doctorate from Oregon State University, 8) Edge 50 member 9) best-performing CEO in the world 10) Supplier CEO of the year, 11) honorary doctorate from National Taiwan University, 12) Robert N. Noyce Award, 13) Time 100 member.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In 1999, Jensen Huang was named Entrepreneur of the Year in High Technology by Ernst & Young.[citation needed] In 2003, Huang received the Dr. Morris Chang Exemplary Leadership Award, which recognizes a leader who has made exceptional contributions to driving the development, innovation, growth, and long-term opportunities of the fabless semiconductor industry, from the Fabless Semiconductor Association. He was also a National Finalist for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2003 and was an Award Recipient for the Northern California region in 1999.[citation needed]
Additionally, Huang is a recipient of the Daniel J. Epstein Engineering Management Award from the University of Southern California and was named an Alumni Fellow by Oregon State University. Huang was awarded an honorary doctorate from Oregon State University at the June 13, 2009, commencement ceremony.
In 2018, Huang was listed in the inaugural Edge 50, naming the world's top 50 influencers in edge computing. In October 2019, Harvard Business Review named Jensen Huang best-performing CEO in the world. In November 2020, Jensen Huang was named "Supplier CEO of the year" by Eurostars AutomotiveNewsEurope. Huang was awarded an honorary doctorate from National Taiwan University at the school anniversary in November, 2020.[better source needed] In August 2021, the Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA) announced that Jensen Huang is the 2021 recipient of the industry’s highest honor, the Robert N. Noyce Award. In September 2021, he was included in the Time 100, Time's annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world. From the passage provided, extract the awards received by Jensen Huang from 1999-2021. |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Fleabag is a British comedy-drama television series created and written by Phoebe Waller-Bridge, based on her one-woman show first performed in 2013 at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. It was originally produced by Two Brothers Pictures for digital channel BBC Three in a co-production agreement with Amazon Studios. Waller-Bridge stars as the title character, a free-spirited but angry and confused young woman in London. Sian Clifford stars as Fleabag's sister Claire, while Andrew Scott joined the cast in the second series as 'Hot Priest'. The protagonist frequently breaks the fourth wall to provide exposition, internal monologues, and a running commentary to the audience. Who wrote the TV show Fleabag?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Fleabag is a British comedy-drama television series created and written by Phoebe Waller-Bridge.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Fleabag is a British comedy-drama television series created and written by Phoebe Waller-Bridge, based on her one-woman show first performed in 2013 at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. It was originally produced by Two Brothers Pictures for digital channel BBC Three in a co-production agreement with Amazon Studios. Waller-Bridge stars as the title character, a free-spirited but angry and confused young woman in London. Sian Clifford stars as Fleabag's sister Claire, while Andrew Scott joined the cast in the second series as 'Hot Priest'. The protagonist frequently breaks the fourth wall to provide exposition, internal monologues, and a running commentary to the audience. Who wrote the TV show Fleabag? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Is cacao good for you?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Cacao is very good for the body. It is a good source of antioxidants, and other minerals. It has manganese, iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium, zinc, and selenium. These are also elements the body needs. There is 5 grams of protein in one ounce of cacao, and some of the amino acids in the cacao protein help with regulating mood and sleep. Cacao may also help with cognitive function, cardiovascular and gut health.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Is cacao good for you? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The Ming treasure voyages were the seven maritime expeditions undertaken by Ming China's treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433. The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of the treasure fleet in 1403. The grand project resulted in far-reaching ocean voyages to the coastal territories and islands in and around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond. Admiral Zheng He was commissioned to command the treasure fleet for the expeditions. Six of the voyages occurred during the Yongle reign (r. 1402–24), while the seventh voyage occurred during the Xuande reign (r. 1425–1435). The first three voyages reached up to Calicut on India's Malabar Coast, while the fourth voyage went as far as Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. In the last three voyages, the fleet traveled up to the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. Based on this paragraph about the Ming treasure voyages, who commanded the fleet?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Based on this text, Admiral Zheng He commanded the Ming treasure voyages.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Ming treasure voyages were the seven maritime expeditions undertaken by Ming China's treasure fleet between 1405 and 1433. The Yongle Emperor ordered the construction of the treasure fleet in 1403. The grand project resulted in far-reaching ocean voyages to the coastal territories and islands in and around the South China Sea, the Indian Ocean, and beyond. Admiral Zheng He was commissioned to command the treasure fleet for the expeditions. Six of the voyages occurred during the Yongle reign (r. 1402–24), while the seventh voyage occurred during the Xuande reign (r. 1425–1435). The first three voyages reached up to Calicut on India's Malabar Coast, while the fourth voyage went as far as Hormuz in the Persian Gulf. In the last three voyages, the fleet traveled up to the Arabian Peninsula and East Africa. Based on this paragraph about the Ming treasure voyages, who commanded the fleet? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "When does Ramsay Bolton kill his stepmother and half-brother?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "In the second episode of the sixth season of Game of Thrones (\"Home\"), Ramsay Bolton tricks his stepmother, Walda Frey, into going into the kennels with her newborn son (and Ramsay's half-brother), where the two are killed by Ramsay's dog.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| When does Ramsay Bolton kill his stepmother and half-brother? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is SAS language?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The SAS language is a computer programming language used for statistical analysis, created by Anthony James Barr at North Carolina State University.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is SAS language? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "when was the first digital electronic calculating machine developed?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The first digital electronic calculating machines were developed during World War II. The first semiconductor transistors in the late 1940s were followed by the silicon-based MOSFET (MOS transistor) and monolithic integrated circuit chip technologies in the late 1950s, leading to the microprocessor and the microcomputer revolution in the 1970s.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| when was the first digital electronic calculating machine developed? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How do you become more successful?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "While success is defined as the accomplishment of an aim or purpose, there are many different ways to find success. Many believe as long as you are passionate, do what you love and work hard, the possibilities and heights of success are unlimited.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How do you become more successful? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Can AI fully replace software engineer job?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "AI can generate software code for a well described model. The general code may need software engineers to validate and evaluate it. It can help speed up software development, but for some complex product, it still needs software engineers to divide the development to many small modules and well define each module before AI can generate the software code for it. AI is a good tool to help software engineers, but it can't fully replace software engineer jobs",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Can AI fully replace software engineer job? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "India's Last 10 Prime Ministers",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Narendra Modi\nManmohan Singh\nAtal Bihari Vajpayee\nInder Kumar Gujral\nH. D. Deve Gowda\nAtal Bihari Vajpayee\nP. V. Narasimha Rao\nChandra Shekhar\nVishwanath Pratap Singh\nRajiv Gandhi",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| India's Last 10 Prime Ministers |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Different theorists have different categorizations and conceptualizations of defence mechanisms. Large reviews of theories of defence mechanisms are available from Paulhus, Fridhandler and Hayes (1997) and Cramer (1991). The Journal of Personality published a special issue on defence mechanisms (1998).\n\nIn the first definitive book on defence mechanisms, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), Anna Freud enumerated the ten defence mechanisms that appear in the works of her father, Sigmund Freud: repression, regression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against one's own person, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation or displacement.\n\nSigmund Freud posited that defence mechanisms work by distorting id impulses into acceptable forms, or by unconscious or conscious blockage of these impulses. Anna Freud considered defense mechanisms as intellectual and motor automatisms of various degrees of complexity, that arose in the process of involuntary and voluntary learning.\n\nAnna Freud introduced the concept of signal anxiety; she stated that it was \"not directly a conflicted instinctual tension but a signal occurring in the ego of an anticipated instinctual tension\". The signalling function of anxiety was thus seen as crucial, and biologically adapted to warn the organism of danger or a threat to its equilibrium. The anxiety is felt as an increase in bodily or mental tension, and the signal that the organism receives in this way allows for the possibility of taking defensive action regarding the perceived danger.\n\nBoth Freuds studied defence mechanisms, but Anna spent more of her time and research on five main mechanisms: repression, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. All defence mechanisms are responses to anxiety and how the consciousness and unconscious manage the stress of a social situation.\n\nRepression: when a feeling is hidden and forced from the consciousness to the unconscious because it is seen as socially unacceptable\nRegression: falling back into an early state of mental/physical development seen as \"less demanding and safer\"\nProjection: possessing a feeling that is deemed as socially unacceptable and instead of facing it, that feeling or \"unconscious urge\" is seen in the actions of other people\nReaction formation: acting the opposite way that the unconscious instructs a person to behave, \"often exaggerated and obsessive\". For example, if a wife is infatuated with a man who is not her husband, reaction formation may cause her to – rather than cheat – become obsessed with showing her husband signs of love and affection.\nSublimation: seen as the most acceptable of the mechanisms, an expression of anxiety in socially acceptable ways\nOtto F. Kernberg (1967) developed a theory of borderline personality organization of which one consequence may be borderline personality disorder. His theory is based on ego psychological object relations theory. Borderline personality organization develops when the child cannot integrate helpful and harmful mental objects together. Kernberg views the use of primitive defence mechanisms as central to this personality organization. Primitive psychological defences are projection, denial, dissociation or splitting and they are called borderline defence mechanisms. Also, devaluation and projective identification are seen as borderline defences.\n\nIn George Eman Vaillant's (1977) categorization, defences form a continuum related to their psychoanalytical developmental level.[non-primary source needed] They are classified into pathological, immature, neurotic and \"mature\" defences.\n\nRobert Plutchik's (1979) theory views defences as derivatives of basic emotions, which in turn relate to particular diagnostic structures. According to his theory, reaction formation relates to joy (and manic features), denial relates to acceptance (and histrionic features), repression to fear (and passivity), regression to surprise (and borderline traits), compensation to sadness (and depression), projection to disgust (and paranoia), displacement to anger (and hostility) and intellectualization to anticipation (and obsessionality).\n\nThe Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) includes a tentative diagnostic axis for defence mechanisms. This classification is largely based on Vaillant's hierarchical view of defences, but has some modifications. Examples include: denial, fantasy, rationalization, regression, isolation, projection, and displacement. What are the defense mechanisms?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are multiple definitions of defense mechanism based on different theories. Generally, defense mechanisms are human responses responses to anxiety and how the consciousness and unconscious manage the stress of a social situation. Some of the most common defense mechanisms include:\n\nRepression: forcing a feeling from the consciousness to the unconscious because it is seen as socially unacceptable\n\nRegression: falling back into an early state of mental/physical development seen as less demanding and safer\n\nProjection: possessing a feeling that is deemed as socially unacceptable and instead of facing it, that feeling or \"unconscious urge\" is seen in the actions of other people\n\nReaction formation: acting the opposite way that the unconscious instructs a person to behave, \"often exaggerated and obsessive\". For example, if a wife is infatuated with a man who is not her husband, reaction formation may cause her to – rather than cheat – become obsessed with showing her husband signs of love and affection.\n\nSublimation: seen as the most acceptable of the mechanisms, an expression of anxiety in socially acceptable ways",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Different theorists have different categorizations and conceptualizations of defence mechanisms. Large reviews of theories of defence mechanisms are available from Paulhus, Fridhandler and Hayes (1997) and Cramer (1991). The Journal of Personality published a special issue on defence mechanisms (1998).
In the first definitive book on defence mechanisms, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence (1936), Anna Freud enumerated the ten defence mechanisms that appear in the works of her father, Sigmund Freud: repression, regression, reaction formation, isolation, undoing, projection, introjection, turning against one's own person, reversal into the opposite, and sublimation or displacement.
Sigmund Freud posited that defence mechanisms work by distorting id impulses into acceptable forms, or by unconscious or conscious blockage of these impulses. Anna Freud considered defense mechanisms as intellectual and motor automatisms of various degrees of complexity, that arose in the process of involuntary and voluntary learning.
Anna Freud introduced the concept of signal anxiety; she stated that it was "not directly a conflicted instinctual tension but a signal occurring in the ego of an anticipated instinctual tension". The signalling function of anxiety was thus seen as crucial, and biologically adapted to warn the organism of danger or a threat to its equilibrium. The anxiety is felt as an increase in bodily or mental tension, and the signal that the organism receives in this way allows for the possibility of taking defensive action regarding the perceived danger.
Both Freuds studied defence mechanisms, but Anna spent more of her time and research on five main mechanisms: repression, regression, projection, reaction formation, and sublimation. All defence mechanisms are responses to anxiety and how the consciousness and unconscious manage the stress of a social situation.
Repression: when a feeling is hidden and forced from the consciousness to the unconscious because it is seen as socially unacceptable
Regression: falling back into an early state of mental/physical development seen as "less demanding and safer"
Projection: possessing a feeling that is deemed as socially unacceptable and instead of facing it, that feeling or "unconscious urge" is seen in the actions of other people
Reaction formation: acting the opposite way that the unconscious instructs a person to behave, "often exaggerated and obsessive". For example, if a wife is infatuated with a man who is not her husband, reaction formation may cause her to – rather than cheat – become obsessed with showing her husband signs of love and affection.
Sublimation: seen as the most acceptable of the mechanisms, an expression of anxiety in socially acceptable ways
Otto F. Kernberg (1967) developed a theory of borderline personality organization of which one consequence may be borderline personality disorder. His theory is based on ego psychological object relations theory. Borderline personality organization develops when the child cannot integrate helpful and harmful mental objects together. Kernberg views the use of primitive defence mechanisms as central to this personality organization. Primitive psychological defences are projection, denial, dissociation or splitting and they are called borderline defence mechanisms. Also, devaluation and projective identification are seen as borderline defences.
In George Eman Vaillant's (1977) categorization, defences form a continuum related to their psychoanalytical developmental level.[non-primary source needed] They are classified into pathological, immature, neurotic and "mature" defences.
Robert Plutchik's (1979) theory views defences as derivatives of basic emotions, which in turn relate to particular diagnostic structures. According to his theory, reaction formation relates to joy (and manic features), denial relates to acceptance (and histrionic features), repression to fear (and passivity), regression to surprise (and borderline traits), compensation to sadness (and depression), projection to disgust (and paranoia), displacement to anger (and hostility) and intellectualization to anticipation (and obsessionality).
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) includes a tentative diagnostic axis for defence mechanisms. This classification is largely based on Vaillant's hierarchical view of defences, but has some modifications. Examples include: denial, fantasy, rationalization, regression, isolation, projection, and displacement. What are the defense mechanisms? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Plowman?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Pate the Plowman",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, who is the founder of House Plowman? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "5 fruits more healthy than apples",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Orange\nPlums\nIndian Gooseberry\nDates\nKiwi",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| 5 fruits more healthy than apples |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is Ad valorem in finance?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "If a duty is ad valorem the duty varies with the price of the asset which is being transferred.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is Ad valorem in finance? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who is the company Roche",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, commonly known as Roche, is a Swiss multinational healthcare company that operates worldwide under two divisions: Pharmaceuticals and Diagnostics. Its holding company, Roche Holding AG, has shares listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. The company headquarters are located in Basel. Roche is the fifth largest pharmaceutical company in the world by revenue, and the leading provider of cancer treatments globally.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is the company Roche |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "I need to move a large piece of furniture out of my second-story apartment. I assembled it in my apartment and would rather not disassemble it. What can I do?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "If it's not too heavy, you might be able to lower it over the balcony of your apartment to some helpers at the street level below.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I need to move a large piece of furniture out of my second-story apartment. I assembled it in my apartment and would rather not disassemble it. What can I do? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Bee pollen, also known as bee bread and ambrosia, is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals and vitamins, fatty acids, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored in brood cells, mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop of honey. Bee pollen is harvested as food for humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits. Extract the ingredients in bee pollen from the text.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bee pollen consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and some other components.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Bee pollen, also known as bee bread and ambrosia, is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees, and used as the primary food source for the hive. It consists of simple sugars, protein, minerals and vitamins, fatty acids, and a small percentage of other components. Bee pollen is stored in brood cells, mixed with saliva, and sealed with a drop of honey. Bee pollen is harvested as food for humans and marketed as having various, but yet unproven, health benefits. Extract the ingredients in bee pollen from the text. |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is the sun sign of someone born november 12",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "scorpio",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is the sun sign of someone born november 12 |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "When was the last time the Raiders won the Super Bowl?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Raiders have won three Super Bowl championships (1977, 1981, and 1984), one American Football League (AFL) championship (1967), and four American Football Conference (AFC) titles. The most recent Super Bowl ring was won in 1984 against the Washington Redskins of the NFC.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| When was the last time the Raiders won the Super Bowl? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which of these are electronic and which are found in nature: a laptop, a tree, Pixel phone, a calculator, an Apple Watch, a bee, and a volcano.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The electronic items are a a laptop, Pixel phone, a calculator, and an Apple Watch. The items found in nature are a tree, a bee, and a volcano.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which of these are electronic and which are found in nature: a laptop, a tree, Pixel phone, a calculator, an Apple Watch, a bee, and a volcano. |
classification | [
{
"content": "Which is a species of fish? Reedfish or Reed",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Reedfish",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which is a species of fish? Reedfish or Reed |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Where should I keep my car keys when I'm home?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It's best to have a single designated spot for your car keys so you never lose them. Some good places in your home might be:\n\n- On a key rack near the door\n- On a console table near the door\n- In a decorative tray on your dresser\n- A knickknack bowl in the kitchen",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Where should I keep my car keys when I'm home? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What was Lieutenant Columbo's catch phrase on his TV show?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Columbo frequently said \"just one more thing\" in episodes of the show.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What was Lieutenant Columbo's catch phrase on his TV show? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. Set within the Academical Village, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the university is referred to as a \"Public Ivy\" for offering an academic experience similar to that of an Ivy League university. It is known in part for certain rare characteristics among public universities such as its historic foundations, student-run honor code, and secret societies. According to this paragraph, when was the university of virginia founded?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The University of Virginia was founded in 1819.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The University of Virginia (UVA) is a public research university in Charlottesville, Virginia. It was founded in 1819 by Thomas Jefferson. Set within the Academical Village, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the university is referred to as a "Public Ivy" for offering an academic experience similar to that of an Ivy League university. It is known in part for certain rare characteristics among public universities such as its historic foundations, student-run honor code, and secret societies. According to this paragraph, when was the university of virginia founded? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What are some of the most popular womens sports in North America",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Popular sports include soccer, ice hockey, tennis & basketball. There is a wide variety of sports and some have more developed professional leagues while others are more mature NCAA sports or Olympic driven",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are some of the most popular womens sports in North America |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "The King's Building is a Grade I listed building that forms part of the Strand Campus of King's College London in the United Kingdom. Originally named the College Building, the King's Building was designed by Sir Robert Smirke in the course of the College's foundation in 1829. As the founding building, it was built between 1829 and 1831 on land granted to King's College by the Government to complete the riverside frontage of Somerset House.\n\nThere are today a total of eight floors in the King's Building: Basement level, Ground level, Levels 1 to 4, Level 4U and Level 6. The King's Building houses a number of administrative departments (Estates & Facilities Offices, Admissions Office, Accommodation and Cashiers' Office), lecture theatres (most notably the Edmond J. Safra Lecture Theatre and Anatomy Lecture Theatre), the College Chapel, the Great Hall, various function rooms (Old Council Room, Committee Room, River Room, Somerset Room, St David's Room), study rooms and a catering outlet. What is the top floor of the King's Building based on this article? What floor is found below that?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The top floor is Level 6, and below that is level 4U.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The King's Building is a Grade I listed building that forms part of the Strand Campus of King's College London in the United Kingdom. Originally named the College Building, the King's Building was designed by Sir Robert Smirke in the course of the College's foundation in 1829. As the founding building, it was built between 1829 and 1831 on land granted to King's College by the Government to complete the riverside frontage of Somerset House.
There are today a total of eight floors in the King's Building: Basement level, Ground level, Levels 1 to 4, Level 4U and Level 6. The King's Building houses a number of administrative departments (Estates & Facilities Offices, Admissions Office, Accommodation and Cashiers' Office), lecture theatres (most notably the Edmond J. Safra Lecture Theatre and Anatomy Lecture Theatre), the College Chapel, the Great Hall, various function rooms (Old Council Room, Committee Room, River Room, Somerset Room, St David's Room), study rooms and a catering outlet. What is the top floor of the King's Building based on this article? What floor is found below that? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "5 Steps showcasing Yubi Key",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Multi-protocol security key secures modern and legacy systems\nThe YubiKey supports one-time passcodes (OTP)\nThe YubiKey enables smart card authentication\nEnable modern authentication with FIDO U2F\nExperience passwordless authentication with FIDO2",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| 5 Steps showcasing Yubi Key |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a use case?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A use case is considered a business opportunity. Use cases are usually identified as opportunities to deliver business value by the business. Solution architects helped to define the use case and the requirements needed to deliver the use case into development and production. Use case identification is an excellent way to sell platform products and services that help to deliver use case development for business and customers faster.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a use case? |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What is it like to own a dog that sheds everywhere?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "A dog that sheds everywhere is quite a way to live. You wake up with fur in your mouth. Then when you make the bed, fur flies everywhere. You go to get changed and there is fur all over your clothing. When you brush your teeth, you notice fur in your toothbrush. When you're finally ready for the day, you spend a few extra minutes brushing fur off your clothing and vacuuming up behind you before you start your day. Finally, everything you do in the house likely has fur in it so you just get used to it and learn to live with your fur baby.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is it like to own a dog that sheds everywhere? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Wang Labs was one of a large number of New England-based computer companies that faltered in the late 1980s and 1990s, marking the end of the Massachusetts Miracle. For instance, the struggling Digital Equipment Corporation also downsized in the 1990s and was acquired by Compaq.\n\nA common view within the PC community is that Wang Labs failed because it specialized in computers designed specifically for word processing and did not foresee and could not compete with general-purpose personal computers with word-processing software in the 1980s. Word processing was not actually the mainstay of Wang's business by the time desktop computers began to gain in popularity. Although Wang manufactured desktops, its main business by the 1980s was its VS line of minicomputer and \"midframe\" systems. The market for these minicomputers was conquered by enhanced microcomputers like the Apple Macintosh and the Wintel PC and Sun, IBM, and Hewlett-Packard servers.\n\nAn Wang's insistence that his son, Fred Wang, succeed him contributed to the company's failure. Fred Wang was a business school graduate, \"but by almost any definition\", wrote Charles C. Kenney, \"unsuited for the job in which his father had placed him.\" His assignment, first as head of research and development, then as president of the company, led to resignations by key R&D and business personnel. Amid declining revenues, John F. Cunningham, an 18-year employee of the firm, resigned as president and COO of Wang Labs to become chairman and chief executive of Computer Consoles Inc. Cunningham resigned due to disagreement with An Wang on how to pull the company out of the slump, as well as being upset that Fred Wang was positioned, nepotistically, as An Wang's successor.\n\nOne turning point occurred when Fred Wang was head of R&D. On October 4, 1983, Wang Laboratories announced fourteen major hardware and software products and promised dates of delivery. The announcement was well received, but even at the time, there were warning signs. According to Datamation, Wang announced \"everything but the kitchen sink. And if you could attach the kitchen sink to a personal computer, they would announce that too.\" Very few of the products were close to completion, and many of them had not even been started. All were delivered late, if at all. In retrospect, this was referred to as the \"vaporware announcement,\" and it hurt the credibility of Fred Wang and Wang Laboratories.\n\nIn 1986, Fred Wang, then 36 years old, was installed as president of Wang Laboratories. However, the company's fortunes continued to decline. Unlike most computer companies that funded their growth by issuing stock, An Wang had used debt to avoid further dilution of family control of the company. By August 1989, that debt was causing conflicts with its creditors. On August 4, 1989, An Wang fired his son. Richard W. Miller, who had been with the company since 1988, replaced him as the president of Wang Laboratories.\n\nMiller announced in December 1989 that the company would start to embrace established software standards rather than use traditional proprietary designs. An Wang died in March 1990, and Miller took on the additional posts of chairman and CEO. The company underwent massive restructuring and eliminated its bank debt in August 1990, but it still ended the year with a record net loss.\n\nIn November 1990, Wang announced their first personal computers running Unix. In 1987, Wang developed a new typesetting system in conjunction with Arlington, MA-based Texet Corp. The system used Xerox printers and UNIX workstations from Sun, but the product vanished before coming to market, because few Wang employees could use or support UNIX. UNIX ran on the VS – Interactive Systems first ported IN/ix (their IBM 360 version of SYS5 UNIX) to run in a VSOS Virtual machine circa 1985, and then Wang engineers completed the port so that it ran \"native\" on the VS hardware soon thereafter – but performance was always sub-par as UNIX was never a good fit for the batch-mode nature of the VS hardware, and the line-at-a-time processing approach taken by the VS workstations; indeed, the workstation code had to be rewritten to bundle up each keystroke into a frame to be sent back to the host when running UNIX so that \"tty\" style processing could be implemented. PACE, which offered its data dictionary, excellent referential integrity, and speedy application development, was in the process of being ported to UNIX under the name OPEN Pace. A client-server RDBMS model built on the original product's ideology, OPEN Pace was demonstrated at the North American PACE User Group Conferences in both Boston and Chicago. OPEN Pace, along with a new Windows-based word processor called UpWord (which was at the time considered a strong contender to retake Wang's original market leadership from Microsoft), were touted as their new direction. However, after a marketing study[citation needed] suggested that it would require large capital investments in order to be viable competitors against Microsoft, both products were abandoned.\n\nIra Magaziner, who was brought in by Miller in 1990, proposed to take Wang out of the manufacture of computers altogether, and to go big into imaging software instead. In March 1991, the company introduced its Office 2000 marketing strategy, focusing on office productivity.\n\nIn June 1991, Wang started reselling IBM computers, in exchange for IBM investing in Wang stock. Wang hardware strategy to re-sell IBM RS/6000s also included further pursuit of UNIX software.\n\nIn August 1991, Wang won a suit against NEC and Toshiba claiming violation of Wang's patents on single in-line memory modules (SIMMs). The company still recorded a net loss for the 1991 fiscal year.\n\nWang Laboratories filed for bankruptcy protection on August 18, 1992, at a time when the company's attempted concession from proprietary to open systems was deemed by some analysts as \"too little and too late What is the story of the decline of Wang Computer?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Founder An Wang forced his experienced son Fred Wang was going to lead the company after his death.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Wang Labs was one of a large number of New England-based computer companies that faltered in the late 1980s and 1990s, marking the end of the Massachusetts Miracle. For instance, the struggling Digital Equipment Corporation also downsized in the 1990s and was acquired by Compaq.
A common view within the PC community is that Wang Labs failed because it specialized in computers designed specifically for word processing and did not foresee and could not compete with general-purpose personal computers with word-processing software in the 1980s. Word processing was not actually the mainstay of Wang's business by the time desktop computers began to gain in popularity. Although Wang manufactured desktops, its main business by the 1980s was its VS line of minicomputer and "midframe" systems. The market for these minicomputers was conquered by enhanced microcomputers like the Apple Macintosh and the Wintel PC and Sun, IBM, and Hewlett-Packard servers.
An Wang's insistence that his son, Fred Wang, succeed him contributed to the company's failure. Fred Wang was a business school graduate, "but by almost any definition", wrote Charles C. Kenney, "unsuited for the job in which his father had placed him." His assignment, first as head of research and development, then as president of the company, led to resignations by key R&D and business personnel. Amid declining revenues, John F. Cunningham, an 18-year employee of the firm, resigned as president and COO of Wang Labs to become chairman and chief executive of Computer Consoles Inc. Cunningham resigned due to disagreement with An Wang on how to pull the company out of the slump, as well as being upset that Fred Wang was positioned, nepotistically, as An Wang's successor.
One turning point occurred when Fred Wang was head of R&D. On October 4, 1983, Wang Laboratories announced fourteen major hardware and software products and promised dates of delivery. The announcement was well received, but even at the time, there were warning signs. According to Datamation, Wang announced "everything but the kitchen sink. And if you could attach the kitchen sink to a personal computer, they would announce that too." Very few of the products were close to completion, and many of them had not even been started. All were delivered late, if at all. In retrospect, this was referred to as the "vaporware announcement," and it hurt the credibility of Fred Wang and Wang Laboratories.
In 1986, Fred Wang, then 36 years old, was installed as president of Wang Laboratories. However, the company's fortunes continued to decline. Unlike most computer companies that funded their growth by issuing stock, An Wang had used debt to avoid further dilution of family control of the company. By August 1989, that debt was causing conflicts with its creditors. On August 4, 1989, An Wang fired his son. Richard W. Miller, who had been with the company since 1988, replaced him as the president of Wang Laboratories.
Miller announced in December 1989 that the company would start to embrace established software standards rather than use traditional proprietary designs. An Wang died in March 1990, and Miller took on the additional posts of chairman and CEO. The company underwent massive restructuring and eliminated its bank debt in August 1990, but it still ended the year with a record net loss.
In November 1990, Wang announced their first personal computers running Unix. In 1987, Wang developed a new typesetting system in conjunction with Arlington, MA-based Texet Corp. The system used Xerox printers and UNIX workstations from Sun, but the product vanished before coming to market, because few Wang employees could use or support UNIX. UNIX ran on the VS – Interactive Systems first ported IN/ix (their IBM 360 version of SYS5 UNIX) to run in a VSOS Virtual machine circa 1985, and then Wang engineers completed the port so that it ran "native" on the VS hardware soon thereafter – but performance was always sub-par as UNIX was never a good fit for the batch-mode nature of the VS hardware, and the line-at-a-time processing approach taken by the VS workstations; indeed, the workstation code had to be rewritten to bundle up each keystroke into a frame to be sent back to the host when running UNIX so that "tty" style processing could be implemented. PACE, which offered its data dictionary, excellent referential integrity, and speedy application development, was in the process of being ported to UNIX under the name OPEN Pace. A client-server RDBMS model built on the original product's ideology, OPEN Pace was demonstrated at the North American PACE User Group Conferences in both Boston and Chicago. OPEN Pace, along with a new Windows-based word processor called UpWord (which was at the time considered a strong contender to retake Wang's original market leadership from Microsoft), were touted as their new direction. However, after a marketing study[citation needed] suggested that it would require large capital investments in order to be viable competitors against Microsoft, both products were abandoned.
Ira Magaziner, who was brought in by Miller in 1990, proposed to take Wang out of the manufacture of computers altogether, and to go big into imaging software instead. In March 1991, the company introduced its Office 2000 marketing strategy, focusing on office productivity.
In June 1991, Wang started reselling IBM computers, in exchange for IBM investing in Wang stock. Wang hardware strategy to re-sell IBM RS/6000s also included further pursuit of UNIX software.
In August 1991, Wang won a suit against NEC and Toshiba claiming violation of Wang's patents on single in-line memory modules (SIMMs). The company still recorded a net loss for the 1991 fiscal year.
Wang Laboratories filed for bankruptcy protection on August 18, 1992, at a time when the company's attempted concession from proprietary to open systems was deemed by some analysts as "too little and too late What is the story of the decline of Wang Computer? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "In 1971, Sir Martin Ryle described why, in the late 1950s, radio astronomers at MRAO decided on the construction of the new One Mile telescope: \"Our object was twofold. First we wanted to extend the range of our observations far back in time to the earliest days of the Universe, and this required a large increase in both sensitivity and resolution. With greater resolution we hoped that we might be able to draw radio maps of individual radio sources with sufficient detail to give some indication of the physical processes which brought them into being.\" Without quoting the text, explain to me why the One Mile telescope was built",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The One Mile Telescope was built in the late 1950s with the goal of observing the early days of the universe. The construction of the telescope allowed to get more detailed images, allowing a better understanding of the physical phenomena at work.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| In 1971, Sir Martin Ryle described why, in the late 1950s, radio astronomers at MRAO decided on the construction of the new One Mile telescope: "Our object was twofold. First we wanted to extend the range of our observations far back in time to the earliest days of the Universe, and this required a large increase in both sensitivity and resolution. With greater resolution we hoped that we might be able to draw radio maps of individual radio sources with sufficient detail to give some indication of the physical processes which brought them into being." Without quoting the text, explain to me why the One Mile telescope was built |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What would you consider when preparing a Dj set?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "There are many aspects to consider. Initially having an understanding of the audience and setting, can help in thinking about energy levels (BPMs), and duration.\n\nIt is also helpful to plan the direction of the DJ set, ramping from slow BPMs to high ones, perhaps peaking mid-set or just a different series of peaks along the way.\n\nTrack selection is key. Having a pre-defined list of potential tracks to play is a great idea.\n\nAnother consideration is mixing in key or following a harmonic mixing style for a neat flow.\n\nAll of the above require preparation and programming for a well-crafted DJ mix.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What would you consider when preparing a Dj set? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "None of the \"firms\" within the Big Four is actually a single firm; rather, they are professional services networks. Each is a network of firms, owned and managed independently, which have entered into agreements with the other member firms in the network to share a common name, brand, intellectual property, and quality standards. Each network has established a global entity to co-ordinate the activities of the network.\n\nUntil 2020, KPMG was the only Big Four firm not registered as a UK private company, but rather the co-ordinating entity was a Swiss association (verein). However, KPMG International changed its legal structure from a verein to a co-operative under Swiss law in 2003, then to a UK limited company in 2020. For Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young, the co-ordinating entity is a UK limited company. Those entities do not themselves perform external professional services, nor do they own or control the member firms. Nevertheless, these networks colloquially are referred to as \"firms\" for the sake of simplicity and to reduce confusion with lay-people. These accounting and professional services networks are similar in nature to how law firm networks in the legal profession work.\n\nIn many cases, each member firm practices in a single country, and is structured to comply with the regulatory environment in that country.\n\nErnst & Young also includes separate legal entities which manage three of its four geographic areas: the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and EMEIA (Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa) groups, the fourth area being Japan, which has no larger co-ordination branch. These entities coordinate services performed by local firms within their respective areas, but do not perform services or hold ownership in the local entities. There are rare exceptions to this convention; in 2007, KPMG announced a merger of four internationally distinct member firms (in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) to form a single firm, KPMG Europe LLP. List the Big Four accounting firms.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "The Big Four refers to the the four largest professional services networks in the world. It consists of Deloitte, Ernst & Young (EY), KPMG, and PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC). The four are often grouped because they are comparable in size relative to the rest of the market, both in terms of revenue and workforce; they are considered equal in their ability to provide a wide scope of professional services to their clients; and, among those looking to start a career in professional services, particularly accounting, they are considered equally attractive networks to work in, because of the frequency with which these firms engage with Fortune 500 companies.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| None of the "firms" within the Big Four is actually a single firm; rather, they are professional services networks. Each is a network of firms, owned and managed independently, which have entered into agreements with the other member firms in the network to share a common name, brand, intellectual property, and quality standards. Each network has established a global entity to co-ordinate the activities of the network.
Until 2020, KPMG was the only Big Four firm not registered as a UK private company, but rather the co-ordinating entity was a Swiss association (verein). However, KPMG International changed its legal structure from a verein to a co-operative under Swiss law in 2003, then to a UK limited company in 2020. For Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Ernst & Young, the co-ordinating entity is a UK limited company. Those entities do not themselves perform external professional services, nor do they own or control the member firms. Nevertheless, these networks colloquially are referred to as "firms" for the sake of simplicity and to reduce confusion with lay-people. These accounting and professional services networks are similar in nature to how law firm networks in the legal profession work.
In many cases, each member firm practices in a single country, and is structured to comply with the regulatory environment in that country.
Ernst & Young also includes separate legal entities which manage three of its four geographic areas: the Americas, Asia-Pacific, and EMEIA (Europe, the Middle East, India and Africa) groups, the fourth area being Japan, which has no larger co-ordination branch. These entities coordinate services performed by local firms within their respective areas, but do not perform services or hold ownership in the local entities. There are rare exceptions to this convention; in 2007, KPMG announced a merger of four internationally distinct member firms (in the United Kingdom, Germany, Switzerland and Liechtenstein) to form a single firm, KPMG Europe LLP. List the Big Four accounting firms. |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What were the top 5 best-selling British sports cars manufactured by British Leyland?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. MGB; approximately 524,000 were produced\n2. Triumph Spitfire; approximately 315,000 were produced\n3. MG Midget; approximately 235,000 were produced\n4. Triumph TR7; approximately 115,000 were produced\n5. Triumph TR6; approximately 92,000 were produced",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What were the top 5 best-selling British sports cars manufactured by British Leyland? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Wines and spirits\nAo Yun\nArdbeg\nBelvedere\nBodega Numanthia\nCape Mentelle\nChandon\nChâteau d'Esclans\nChâteau Cheval Blanc\nChâteau d'Yquem\nCheval des Andes\nClos des Lambrays\nCloudy Bay\nColgin Cellars\nDom Pérignon\nGlenmorangie\nHennessy\nKrug\nMercier\nMoët & Chandon\nNewton Vineyard\nRuinart\nTerrazas de los Andes\nVeuve Clicquot\nVolcan de mi Tierra\nWoodinville\n\nFashion and leather goods\nBerluti\nBirkenstock\nCeline\nChristian Dior\nEmilio Pucci\nFendi\nGivenchy\nJW Anderson\nKenzo\nLoewe\nLoro Piana\nLouis Vuitton\nMarc Jacobs\nMoynat\nOff-White\nPatou\nPhoebe Philo\nRimowa\nStella McCartney\n\nPerfumes and cosmetics\nAcqua di Parma\nBenefit Cosmetics\nBITE Beauty\nCha Ling\nFenty Beauty by Rihanna\nFresh Beauty\nParfums Givenchy\nGuerlain\nKenzo Parfums\nKVD Vegan Beauty\nMaison Francis Kurkdjian\nMake Up For Ever\nMarc Jacobs Beauty\nOfficine Universelle Buly\nOle Henriksen\nParfums Christian Dior\nPerfumes Loewe\nSephora\n\nWatches and jewelry\nBulgari\nChaumet\nDaniel Roth\nFred\nHublot\nGerald Genta\nRepossi\nTAG Heuer\nTiffany & Co.\nZenith\n\nSelective retailing\nDFS\nLa Grande Epicerie\nLa Samaritaine\nLe Bon Marché\nStarboard Cruise Services\n\nOther activities\nBelmond\nMaisons Cheval Blanc\nConnaissance des Arts\nCova\nInvestir\nJardin d'Acclimatation\nLe Parisien\nLes Echos\nRadio Classique\nRoyal Van Lent Given a reference text that describes LVMH, what brands are part of LVMH?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "U.S. LVMH controls around 60 subsidiaries that manage 75 prestigious brands. These include Tiffany & Co., Christian Dior, Fendi, Givenchy, Marc Jacobs, Stella McCartney, Loewe, Loro Piana, Kenzo, Celine, Sephora, Princess Yachts, TAG Heuer, and Bulgari.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Wines and spirits
Ao Yun
Ardbeg
Belvedere
Bodega Numanthia
Cape Mentelle
Chandon
Château d'Esclans
Château Cheval Blanc
Château d'Yquem
Cheval des Andes
Clos des Lambrays
Cloudy Bay
Colgin Cellars
Dom Pérignon
Glenmorangie
Hennessy
Krug
Mercier
Moët & Chandon
Newton Vineyard
Ruinart
Terrazas de los Andes
Veuve Clicquot
Volcan de mi Tierra
Woodinville
Fashion and leather goods
Berluti
Birkenstock
Celine
Christian Dior
Emilio Pucci
Fendi
Givenchy
JW Anderson
Kenzo
Loewe
Loro Piana
Louis Vuitton
Marc Jacobs
Moynat
Off-White
Patou
Phoebe Philo
Rimowa
Stella McCartney
Perfumes and cosmetics
Acqua di Parma
Benefit Cosmetics
BITE Beauty
Cha Ling
Fenty Beauty by Rihanna
Fresh Beauty
Parfums Givenchy
Guerlain
Kenzo Parfums
KVD Vegan Beauty
Maison Francis Kurkdjian
Make Up For Ever
Marc Jacobs Beauty
Officine Universelle Buly
Ole Henriksen
Parfums Christian Dior
Perfumes Loewe
Sephora
Watches and jewelry
Bulgari
Chaumet
Daniel Roth
Fred
Hublot
Gerald Genta
Repossi
TAG Heuer
Tiffany & Co.
Zenith
Selective retailing
DFS
La Grande Epicerie
La Samaritaine
Le Bon Marché
Starboard Cruise Services
Other activities
Belmond
Maisons Cheval Blanc
Connaissance des Arts
Cova
Investir
Jardin d'Acclimatation
Le Parisien
Les Echos
Radio Classique
Royal Van Lent Given a reference text that describes LVMH, what brands are part of LVMH? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Give me three recipes from different cuisines that I can make with potatoes and chicken",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "You could make potato dumplings in a chicken broth, which comes from German cuisine. Another recipe is mashed potatoes and fried chicken from the American South. You could also try making a Thai curry with chicken and potatoes.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Give me three recipes from different cuisines that I can make with potatoes and chicken |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Who is the best all-time chess player?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "According to the international chess federation (FIDE) and its adopted ELO rating, Magnus Carlsen is the best all-time chess player with an ELO best rating of 2882. Please note, ELO rating was adopted by FIDE in 1970 so there could have been players before that date with higher ELO rating. Still, it is safe to say Magnus Carlsen is one of the all-time best players ever.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Who is the best all-time chess player? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify the following hikes in terms of difficulty: Half dome in Yosemite, Mt Everest in Nepal, Mission Peak in California",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mt Everest is the toughest among the list based on scaling height of 28k feet and requires multiple days of hike, acclimatization at different altitudes, requires carrying oxygen tanks and heavy gear.\n\nHalf-dome is also considered as a difficult hike but less tougher than Mt Everest. Half-dome can be done as a day-hike and is at 4k elevation gain from the Yosemite valley and with moderate fitness & stamina its possible to do.\n\nMission Peak is considered a medium difficulty hike. It takes between 2-3 hours to scale Mission peak, it can be strenuous for people with health difficulties and less stamina.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify the following hikes in terms of difficulty: Half dome in Yosemite, Mt Everest in Nepal, Mission Peak in California |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How to survive Chicago winter?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Chicago winters could be brutal, especially in the months of December, January, and February. Wearing layered cloths could really help resist the chilly winters. Chicago weather is very fluctuating during winters as well. Check the weather report everyday and make sure to avoid traveling during blizzards or snowstorms. Seasonal change disorder could be a real pain, as Chicago gets a lot of less sunlight during winter and hence invest on therapy lamps. Furthermore, take a trip to somewhere warmer down south to avoid winters altogether.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How to survive Chicago winter? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify the following hockey teams as either National Hockey League (NHL) or American Hockey League (AHL): Abbotsford Canucks, Bakersfield Condors, Belleville Senators, Bridgeport Islanders, Calgary Wranglers, Charlotte Checkers, Chicago Wolves, Cleveland Monsters, Coachella Valley Firebirds, Colorado Eagles, Grand Rapids Griffins, Hartford Wolf Pack, Henderson Silver Knights, Hershey Bears, Iowa Wild, Laval Rocket, Lehigh Valley Phantoms, Manitoba Moose, Milwaukee Admirals, Ontario Reign, Providence Bruins, Rochester Americans, Rockford IceHogs, San Diego Gulls, San Jose Barracuda, Springfield Thunderbirds, Syracuse Crunch, Texas Stars, Toronto Marlies, Tucson Roadrunners, Utica Comets, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, Anaheim Ducks, Arizona Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Buffalo Sabres, Calgary Flames, Carolina Hurricanes, Chicago Blackhawks, Colorado Avalanche, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, Detroit Red Wings, Edmonton Oilers, Florida Panthers, Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota Wild, Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Ottawa Senators, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, San Jose Sharks, Seattle Kraken, St Louis Blues, Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vancouver Canucks, Vegas Golden Knights, Washington Capitals, Winnipeg Jets",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "AHL: Abbotsford Canucks, Bakersfield Condors, Belleville Senators, Bridgeport Islanders, Calgary Wranglers, Charlotte Checkers, Chicago Wolves, Cleveland Monsters, Coachella Valley Firebirds, Colorado Eagles, Grand Rapids Griffins, Hartford Wolf Pack, Henderson Silver Knights, Hershey Bears, Iowa Wild, Laval Rocket, Lehigh Valley Phantoms, Manitoba Moose, Milwaukee Admirals, Ontario Reign, Providence Bruins, Rochester Americans, Rockford IceHogs, San Diego Gulls, San Jose Barracuda, Springfield Thunderbirds, Syracuse Crunch, Texas Stars, Toronto Marlies, Tucson Roadrunners, Utica Comets, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins\n\nNHL: Anaheim Ducks, Arizona Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Buffalo Sabres, Calgary Flames, Carolina Hurricanes, Chicago Blackhawks, Colorado Avalanche, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, Detroit Red Wings, Edmonton Oilers, Florida Panthers, Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota Wild, Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Ottawa Senators, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, San Jose Sharks, Seattle Kraken, St Louis Blues, Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vancouver Canucks, Vegas Golden Knights, Washington Capitals, Winnipeg Jets",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify the following hockey teams as either National Hockey League (NHL) or American Hockey League (AHL): Abbotsford Canucks, Bakersfield Condors, Belleville Senators, Bridgeport Islanders, Calgary Wranglers, Charlotte Checkers, Chicago Wolves, Cleveland Monsters, Coachella Valley Firebirds, Colorado Eagles, Grand Rapids Griffins, Hartford Wolf Pack, Henderson Silver Knights, Hershey Bears, Iowa Wild, Laval Rocket, Lehigh Valley Phantoms, Manitoba Moose, Milwaukee Admirals, Ontario Reign, Providence Bruins, Rochester Americans, Rockford IceHogs, San Diego Gulls, San Jose Barracuda, Springfield Thunderbirds, Syracuse Crunch, Texas Stars, Toronto Marlies, Tucson Roadrunners, Utica Comets, Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins, Anaheim Ducks, Arizona Coyotes, Boston Bruins, Buffalo Sabres, Calgary Flames, Carolina Hurricanes, Chicago Blackhawks, Colorado Avalanche, Columbus Blue Jackets, Dallas Stars, Detroit Red Wings, Edmonton Oilers, Florida Panthers, Los Angeles Kings, Minnesota Wild, Montreal Canadiens, Nashville Predators, New Jersey Devils, New York Islanders, New York Rangers, Ottawa Senators, Philadelphia Flyers, Pittsburgh Penguins, San Jose Sharks, Seattle Kraken, St Louis Blues, Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs, Vancouver Canucks, Vegas Golden Knights, Washington Capitals, Winnipeg Jets |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What makes a good teacher?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Throughout history ‘what makes a good teacher?’ has constantly been questioned by both parents and children. Many consider a good teacher to be one who is caring, helpful, yet also strict when necessary. \n One book that focuses on what makes a good teacher is Our day out, by Willy Russel. The book provided people in the 1970s with a perspective on what both children and parents were looking for, inspiring many British teachers. According to Russel, a good teacher cares for the learning of their students and demonstrates it. If a teacher does not demonstrate caring behavior, their students will sense it. Carol, one of the students says to Mr.Briggs “Don't lie, you! I know you hate me. I've seen you goin' home in your car, passin' us on the street. You hate all the kids.” (Russell 48). Carol believes that Mr. Briggs does not care about his students, even though he does as shown earlier in the book: “Briggs: What? About you? Listen ... if I didn't care, why am I here, now, trying to stop you doing something stupid.” (Russell 48). Mr Briggs believes that caring for students implies also disciplining them at times. “Listen, I'm not going to spend any more time arguing with you. You may have organized this visit, but I'm the one who's been sent by the Headmaster to supervise. Now, either you take control of the children in your charge or I'll be forced to abandon this visit and order everyone home.” Thus, even if a teacher cares about their students, they should demonstrate it. Opinions from students of different ages will help further illustrate the image of a good teacher. \nMany people think that a good teacher is primarily kind and loving. However, through multiple interviews it appeared to be only partially true. A good teacher, according to most students, is not overly kind and should apply discipline when needed. For example, 12 year old Monon Mukherjee said that he looks for guidance and ability to teach in a teacher. On the other hand, 40 year old Bilal Aslam looks for discipline and ability to teach. 42 year old Cristian Molina also agrees with the need for discipline, however he also expects teachers to feel an urge to help students no matter who they are. The book and the interviews intersect in many ways. They both highlight the importance of kindness, caring for learning, and teacher’s ability to discipline. However, they also differ in important ways. In the book, teachers were encouraged to be kind and apply discipline when necessary, but through the interviews it has been shown that providing help and guidance are also expected in a good teacher.\nIn conclusion, a good teacher cares about their students' learning, is prepared to help them, yet also disciplines them when necessary. A good teacher should feel an urge to teach students and guide them through the complex path of life.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What makes a good teacher? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "List the 7 most recent US Speakers of the House (newest to oldest).",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Kevin McCarthy\nNancy Pelosi\nPaul Ryan\nJohn Boehner\nNancy Pelosi\nDennis Hastert\nNewt Gingrich",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| List the 7 most recent US Speakers of the House (newest to oldest). |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the \"greatest humorist the United States has produced\", and William Faulkner called him \"the father of American literature\". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the \"Great American Novel\". Twain also wrote A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), and co-wrote The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873) with Charles Dudley Warner. What was Mark Twain's real name?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835 as Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the \"greatest humorist the United States has produced\", and William Faulkner called him \"the father of American literature\". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the \"Great American Novel\".",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has produced", and William Faulkner called him "the father of American literature". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the "Great American Novel". Twain also wrote A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), and co-wrote The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873) with Charles Dudley Warner. What was Mark Twain's real name? |
summarization | [
{
"content": "LeBron Raymone James Sr. (/ləˈbrɒn/; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed \"King James\", he is considered to be one of the greatest basketball players in history and is often compared to Michael Jordan in debates over the greatest basketball player of all time. James is the all-time leading scorer in NBA history and ranks fourth in career assists. He has won four NBA championships (two with the Miami Heat, one each with the Lakers and Cleveland Cavaliers), and has competed in 10 NBA Finals. He has four MVP awards, four Finals MVP awards, and two Olympic gold medals. He has been named an All-Star 19 times, selected to the All-NBA Team 18 times (including 13 First Team selections) and the All-Defensive Team six times, and was a runner-up for the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award twice in his career.\n\nJames grew up playing basketball for St. Vincent–St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio. He was heavily touted by the national media as a future NBA superstar. A prep-to-pro, he was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. Named the 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year, he soon established himself as one of the league's premier players, leading the Cavaliers to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2007 and winning the NBA MVP award in 2009 and 2010. After failing to win a championship with Cleveland, James left in 2010 as a free agent to join the Miami Heat; this was announced in a nationally televised special titled The Decision and is among the most controversial free agency moves in sports history.\n\nJames won his first two NBA championships while playing for the Heat in 2012 and 2013; in both of these years, he also earned the league's MVP and Finals MVP awards. After his fourth season with the Heat in 2014, James opted out of his contract and re-signed with the Cavaliers. In 2016, he led the Cavaliers to victory over the Golden State Warriors in the Finals by coming back from a 3–1 deficit, delivering the team's first championship and ending the Cleveland sports curse. In 2018, James exercised his contract option to leave the Cavaliers and signed with the Lakers, where he won the 2020 NBA championship and his fourth Finals MVP. James is the first player in NBA history to accumulate $1 billion in earnings as an active player. On February 7, 2023, James surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to become the all-time leading scorer in NBA history.\n\nOff the court, James has accumulated more wealth and fame from numerous endorsement contracts. He has been featured in books, documentaries (including winning two Sports Emmy Awards as an executive producer), and television commercials. He has won 19 ESPY Awards, hosted Saturday Night Live, and starred in the sports film Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021). James has been a part-owner of Liverpool F.C. since 2011 and leads the LeBron James Family Foundation, which has opened an elementary school, housing complex, retail plaza, and medical center in Akron. Based on this summary of Lebron James career, what are the key reasons he is considered the greatest basketball player of all time?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "\"King\" James is considered one of basketball's all-time greats because of the dominance and longevity displayed over his career. Lebron has personal accolades for days, including: 4 MVPs, 4 Finals MVPs, 19 All-Star seasons, 1st Team All-NBA 13 times, All-Defensives Team 6 times, and he's still going. When you sum up Lebron's career totals, they are equaling mind-blowing, as the NBA's all-time leading scorer, he is also 4th in career assists. Lebron's greatest achievement on the court is commonly viewed as the time he led the Cleveland Cavaliers back to championship glory, coming back from a 3-1 deficit to the Golden State Warriors in 2016.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| LeBron Raymone James Sr. (/ləˈbrɒn/; born December 30, 1984) is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Lakers in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed "King James", he is considered to be one of the greatest basketball players in history and is often compared to Michael Jordan in debates over the greatest basketball player of all time. James is the all-time leading scorer in NBA history and ranks fourth in career assists. He has won four NBA championships (two with the Miami Heat, one each with the Lakers and Cleveland Cavaliers), and has competed in 10 NBA Finals. He has four MVP awards, four Finals MVP awards, and two Olympic gold medals. He has been named an All-Star 19 times, selected to the All-NBA Team 18 times (including 13 First Team selections) and the All-Defensive Team six times, and was a runner-up for the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award twice in his career.
James grew up playing basketball for St. Vincent–St. Mary High School in his hometown of Akron, Ohio. He was heavily touted by the national media as a future NBA superstar. A prep-to-pro, he was selected by the Cleveland Cavaliers with the first overall pick of the 2003 NBA draft. Named the 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year, he soon established himself as one of the league's premier players, leading the Cavaliers to their first NBA Finals appearance in 2007 and winning the NBA MVP award in 2009 and 2010. After failing to win a championship with Cleveland, James left in 2010 as a free agent to join the Miami Heat; this was announced in a nationally televised special titled The Decision and is among the most controversial free agency moves in sports history.
James won his first two NBA championships while playing for the Heat in 2012 and 2013; in both of these years, he also earned the league's MVP and Finals MVP awards. After his fourth season with the Heat in 2014, James opted out of his contract and re-signed with the Cavaliers. In 2016, he led the Cavaliers to victory over the Golden State Warriors in the Finals by coming back from a 3–1 deficit, delivering the team's first championship and ending the Cleveland sports curse. In 2018, James exercised his contract option to leave the Cavaliers and signed with the Lakers, where he won the 2020 NBA championship and his fourth Finals MVP. James is the first player in NBA history to accumulate $1 billion in earnings as an active player. On February 7, 2023, James surpassed Kareem Abdul-Jabbar to become the all-time leading scorer in NBA history.
Off the court, James has accumulated more wealth and fame from numerous endorsement contracts. He has been featured in books, documentaries (including winning two Sports Emmy Awards as an executive producer), and television commercials. He has won 19 ESPY Awards, hosted Saturday Night Live, and starred in the sports film Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021). James has been a part-owner of Liverpool F.C. since 2011 and leads the LeBron James Family Foundation, which has opened an elementary school, housing complex, retail plaza, and medical center in Akron. Based on this summary of Lebron James career, what are the key reasons he is considered the greatest basketball player of all time? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "An archipelago (/ˌɑːrkəˈpɛləˌɡoʊ/ (listen) AR-kə-PEL-ə-goh), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.\n\nExamples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Galápagos Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Philippine Archipelago, the Maldives, the Balearic Islands, The Bahamas, the Aegean Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Azores, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the British Isles, the islands of the Archipelago Sea, and Shetland. They are sometimes defined by political boundaries. For example, the Gulf archipelago off the northeastern Pacific coast forms part of a larger archipelago that geographically includes Washington state's San Juan Islands; while the Gulf archipelago and San Juan Islands are geographically related, they are not technically included in the same archipelago due to manmade geopolitical borders. What is an archipelago",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "An archipelago is a grouping, or clustering, of islands.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| An archipelago (/ˌɑːrkəˈpɛləˌɡoʊ/ (listen) AR-kə-PEL-ə-goh), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.
Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Galápagos Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Philippine Archipelago, the Maldives, the Balearic Islands, The Bahamas, the Aegean Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Azores, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the British Isles, the islands of the Archipelago Sea, and Shetland. They are sometimes defined by political boundaries. For example, the Gulf archipelago off the northeastern Pacific coast forms part of a larger archipelago that geographically includes Washington state's San Juan Islands; while the Gulf archipelago and San Juan Islands are geographically related, they are not technically included in the same archipelago due to manmade geopolitical borders. What is an archipelago |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "What is John Ellis water and the bond angle of water?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Traditional tap and purified water has a hydrogen bond angle of 104 - 104.5 degrees. John Ellis water takes standard tap or purified water and changes the hydrogen bond angle of it from 104 degrees to 113 - 114 degrees. Changing the bond angle is done using multi-pass distillation by rapidly heating and cooling the water inside the boiling chamber.\n\nWater consumed with a bond angle above 108° degrees eliminates the effect of potential pathogens in our food supply (e.g. bacterium, viruses, or other microorganisms that can cause disease) from affecting our bodies because more oxygen from the water mixes with the superior blood flow to all the extremities of our body. The larger bond angle enables our bodies to use more of the oxygen present in the water.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is John Ellis water and the bond angle of water? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "How can I learn to snowboad?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "While there are many different ways to learn how to snowboard, here are some of the more common ones:\n\n1. Take a professional lesson. These are typically offered as half-day or full-day, and either as a private lesson or in a group of typically up to eight people.\n\n2. Have a friend teach you. This is a more cost-conscious way, however, ensure that your friend knows how to properly teach.\n\n3. Teach yourself. Utilize video tutorials found on various sites and get out there and try it.\n\nRemember that snowboarding, while fun, is still an activity that could cause harm, so be sure to always wear a properly fitting helmet.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| How can I learn to snowboad? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Name all the movies in the Harry Potter series",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Here is the list of all the movies in the Harry Potter Series - Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone ,Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name all the movies in the Harry Potter series |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify each of the following as \"Vegetarian Friendly\" or \"Not Vegetarian Friendly\": chicken, peanuts, eggs, bacon, sausage, lettuce, ketchup",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Chicken: Not Vegetarian Friendly\nPeanuts: Vegetarian Friendly\nEggs: Vegetarian Friendly\nBacon: Not Vegetarian Friendly\nSausage: Not Vegetarian Friendly\nLettuce: Vegetarian Friendly\nKetchup: Vegetarian Friendly",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify each of the following as "Vegetarian Friendly" or "Not Vegetarian Friendly": chicken, peanuts, eggs, bacon, sausage, lettuce, ketchup |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Name the top four benefits and drawbacks of playing Factorio.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Factorio is a highly acclaimed factory automation video game. The top four benefits of playing Factorio are:\n1. Develop logistical management skills\n2. Connect with friends from around the world\n3. The variety of mods keeps the game always fresh\n4. Massive time commitment distracts you from committing crime\nThe four top drawbacks of Factorio are:\n1. The rest of your game library goes unplayed\n2. You are distracted from your non-game relationships\n3. The open-ended nature lacks a definitive goal\n4. Massive save files clutter your hard drive",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Name the top four benefits and drawbacks of playing Factorio. |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "The Tytlers were introduced to photography by Felix Beato and Dr John Murray of Agra. In May 1857 the couple were resident in the military cantonments outside Delhi, where Robert Tytler's regiment, the 38th Bengal Native Infantry was one of the first to mutiny during the great rebellion of that year. Because she was heavily pregnant, Harriet was allowed to stay on and was the only British woman present at the Siege of Delhi. She later gave birth in a donkey cart while escaping to safer areas. They named this third child Stanley Delhi-Force Tytler. From 1862 to 1864 she lived in the Andaman Islands where her husband was posted as a Superintendent of the Ross Island Penal Colony, a Penal Settlement (which was established mainly to house prisoners from the 1857 uprising). The region around a 1100 foot high hill in the South Andamans, which was named after her as Mt. Harriet(now known as mount manipur), was cleared of forest by Tytler. The area is now protected as the Mount Harriet National Park. Tytler's tenure in the Andamans was short and they moved to Shimla. In Shimla, Harriet founded an Asiatic Christian Orphanage. She died in Shimla on 24 November 1907. When did Harriet live in the Andaman Islands?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Between 1862 and 1864.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| The Tytlers were introduced to photography by Felix Beato and Dr John Murray of Agra. In May 1857 the couple were resident in the military cantonments outside Delhi, where Robert Tytler's regiment, the 38th Bengal Native Infantry was one of the first to mutiny during the great rebellion of that year. Because she was heavily pregnant, Harriet was allowed to stay on and was the only British woman present at the Siege of Delhi. She later gave birth in a donkey cart while escaping to safer areas. They named this third child Stanley Delhi-Force Tytler. From 1862 to 1864 she lived in the Andaman Islands where her husband was posted as a Superintendent of the Ross Island Penal Colony, a Penal Settlement (which was established mainly to house prisoners from the 1857 uprising). The region around a 1100 foot high hill in the South Andamans, which was named after her as Mt. Harriet(now known as mount manipur), was cleared of forest by Tytler. The area is now protected as the Mount Harriet National Park. Tytler's tenure in the Andamans was short and they moved to Shimla. In Shimla, Harriet founded an Asiatic Christian Orphanage. She died in Shimla on 24 November 1907. When did Harriet live in the Andaman Islands? |
classification | [
{
"content": "Classify these alcoholic beverages as bourbon, wine, or beer: Budweiser, Blanton's, Devil's Backbone, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Yellowstone, Elijah Craig, Pinot Grigio, Yeungling, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Samuel Adams, Sierra Nevada, Baker's, Basil Hayden, Eagle Rare, Merlot, Jim Beam, Coors Light, Jack Daniels, Heineken, Miller Lite",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Bourbons: Blanton's, Yellowstone, Elijah Craig, Baker's, Basil Hayden, Eagle Rare, Jim Beam, Jack Daniels. Wine: Chardonnay, Pinor Noir, Pinot Grigio, Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot. Beer: Budweiser, Devil's Backbone, Yeungling, Samuel Adams, Sierra Nevada, Coors Light, Heineken, Miller Lite",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Classify these alcoholic beverages as bourbon, wine, or beer: Budweiser, Blanton's, Devil's Backbone, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, Yellowstone, Elijah Craig, Pinot Grigio, Yeungling, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Samuel Adams, Sierra Nevada, Baker's, Basil Hayden, Eagle Rare, Merlot, Jim Beam, Coors Light, Jack Daniels, Heineken, Miller Lite |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "What is a bank run?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "To understand a bank run you have to first understand how a bank works. Banks take deposits from customers and agree to return the deposits at any time. However instead of charging a fee for storing the money, banks make a profit by investing the deposits, either by lending then out to businesses that need loans or by buying safe investments like treasuries.\n\nThe problem is that these investments typically are somewhat illiquid. So if a customer suddenly asks for their deposits back, the bank can’t immediately sell its investments to give it to them. To counter this, banks keep a pool of money on hand to handle day to day deposits and withdrawals.\n\nHowever, if every customer wants to withdraw their deposits at once, the bank does not have enough money to give to every customer. This is a bank run.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What is a bank run? |
general_qa | [
{
"content": "Haven't you always believed that Earth is flat?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "No, I never believed that Earth is flat. The Earth is an irregularly shaped Ellipsoid.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Haven't you always believed that Earth is flat? |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin, featuring thousands of islands. The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions, and has a population of approximately 10.5 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras.\n\nGreece is considered the cradle of Western civilization, being the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, theatre and the Olympic Games. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as poleis (singular polis), which spanned the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to the North Western parts of India. The subsequent Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek culture and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, which was culturally and linguistically predominantly Greek. The Greek Orthodox Church, which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. After falling under Ottoman rule in the mid-15th century, Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830 following a war of independence. Over the first hundred years the kingdom of Greece sought its territorial expansion, which was mainly achieved in the early 20th century, during the Balkan Wars and up until the catastrophe of Greece's Asia Minor Campaign in 1922. The short-lived republic that followed, beset by the ramifications of civil strife, came to an end in 1936, when the imposition of a royalist dictatorship inaugurated a long period of authoritarian rule, marked by military occupation during World War II, civil war and military dictatorship. Greece achieved record economic growth from 1950 through the 1970s, allowing it to join the ranks of developed nations. Democracy was restored in 1974–75, and Greece has been a parliamentary republic ever since. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected in part by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. List the name of the areas surrounding Greece and group by directions from the passage. List the results in comma separated format.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, Turkey to the northeast, the Aegean Sea to the east, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkan Peninsula, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Sea of Crete and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin, featuring thousands of islands. The country consists of nine traditional geographic regions, and has a population of approximately 10.5 million. Athens is the nation's capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki and Patras.
Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization, being the birthplace of democracy, Western philosophy, Western literature, historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematical principles, theatre and the Olympic Games. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as poleis (singular polis), which spanned the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Philip II of Macedon united most of present-day Greece in the fourth century BC, with his son Alexander the Great rapidly conquering much of the ancient world, from the eastern Mediterranean to the North Western parts of India. The subsequent Hellenistic period saw the height of Greek culture and influence in antiquity. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming an integral part of the Roman Empire and its continuation, the Byzantine Empire, which was culturally and linguistically predominantly Greek. The Greek Orthodox Church, which emerged in the first century AD, helped shape modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox world. After falling under Ottoman rule in the mid-15th century, Greece emerged as a modern nation state in 1830 following a war of independence. Over the first hundred years the kingdom of Greece sought its territorial expansion, which was mainly achieved in the early 20th century, during the Balkan Wars and up until the catastrophe of Greece's Asia Minor Campaign in 1922. The short-lived republic that followed, beset by the ramifications of civil strife, came to an end in 1936, when the imposition of a royalist dictatorship inaugurated a long period of authoritarian rule, marked by military occupation during World War II, civil war and military dictatorship. Greece achieved record economic growth from 1950 through the 1970s, allowing it to join the ranks of developed nations. Democracy was restored in 1974–75, and Greece has been a parliamentary republic ever since. The country's rich historical legacy is reflected in part by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. List the name of the areas surrounding Greece and group by directions from the passage. List the results in comma separated format. |
creative_writing | [
{
"content": "What would you do if you had all the resources in the world and nothing to worry about?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Wow, as dreamy as it sounds, I would love to live that dream. I would like to go by see, living on a cliff in a glass house that shows both the sunrise and sunset. And it is windy with a big garden where my dog can run and play. I really can not imagine the sun bask, knowing that I don't have to go back from this vacation ever that this is my home and I can just do this alone for the rest of my life :)",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What would you do if you had all the resources in the world and nothing to worry about? |
open_qa | [
{
"content": "Which country is alphabetically last",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Zimbabwe",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Which country is alphabetically last |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "What are the benefits of collaborating on a tech blog with your customers?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "It will improve visibility of the product. It will help with your customers' career. It will benefit other customers with related use cases.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| What are the benefits of collaborating on a tech blog with your customers? |
closed_qa | [
{
"content": "Stansfeld began his career as a civil servant in HM Customs and Excise. In 1877, he moved to Oxford, and later matriculated as a student at Exeter College, where he studied Medicine, attaining his BA in 1889, MA in 1893 and qualified as a doctor in 1897. In 1897 he started the Oxford Medical Misson in Bermondsey, London, where he founded the Stansfeld Oxford & Bermondsey Club in the same year. In 1909, he decided to take Holy Orders and studied part-time at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford. He was appointed Vicar of St Anne's Church, Thoburn Square, Bermondsey in 1910, and then returned to Oxford in 1912 as Rector of St Ebbe's, Oxford then a slum district until his retirement in 1926. Stansfeld died at Spelsbury, Oxfordshire, aged 85 in December 1939. He campaigned successfully for the erection of a children's playground and public baths in St Ebbe's. His philanthropy is commemorated by a blue plaque in Paradise Square, unveiled in June 2009. When was the Stansfeld's death",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Stansfeld died at Spelsbury, Oxfordshire, aged 85 in December 1939",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Stansfeld began his career as a civil servant in HM Customs and Excise. In 1877, he moved to Oxford, and later matriculated as a student at Exeter College, where he studied Medicine, attaining his BA in 1889, MA in 1893 and qualified as a doctor in 1897. In 1897 he started the Oxford Medical Misson in Bermondsey, London, where he founded the Stansfeld Oxford & Bermondsey Club in the same year. In 1909, he decided to take Holy Orders and studied part-time at Wycliffe Hall, Oxford. He was appointed Vicar of St Anne's Church, Thoburn Square, Bermondsey in 1910, and then returned to Oxford in 1912 as Rector of St Ebbe's, Oxford then a slum district until his retirement in 1926. Stansfeld died at Spelsbury, Oxfordshire, aged 85 in December 1939. He campaigned successfully for the erection of a children's playground and public baths in St Ebbe's. His philanthropy is commemorated by a blue plaque in Paradise Square, unveiled in June 2009. When was the Stansfeld's death |
classification | [
{
"content": "I am planning a trip to Super Mario world and want to know which of the following characters are part of the Super Mario Bros franchise and which are from other games. Princess Peach, Luigi, Bowser, Link, Inkling Boy, Captain Falcon, Koopa Troopa, and Kirby.",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Princess Peach, Luigi, Bowser, and Koopa Troopa are part of the Super Mario Franchise. Link, Captain Falcon, and Kirby are from other Nintendo games.",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| I am planning a trip to Super Mario world and want to know which of the following characters are part of the Super Mario Bros franchise and which are from other games. Princess Peach, Luigi, Bowser, Link, Inkling Boy, Captain Falcon, Koopa Troopa, and Kirby. |
information_extraction | [
{
"content": "Gilding metal is a form of brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) with a much higher copper content than zinc content. Exact figures range from 95% copper and 5% zinc to “8 parts copper to 1 of zinc” (11% zinc) in British Army Dress Regulations.\n\nGilding metal is used for various purposes, including the jackets of bullets, driving bands on some artillery shells, as well as enameled badges and other jewellery. The sheet is widely used for craft metalworking by hammer working. It is also used particularly as a lower-cost training material for silversmiths. Starting in 1944, shell casings made of gilding metal were melted down by the United States Mint to be made into pennies. These pennies replaced the less popular steel cent of 1943, and the pennies of this composition were produced until 1946.\n\nGilding metal was also used for the \"bronze\" Olympic medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan in 2021.\n\nGilding metal may be annealed by heating to between 800–1,450 °F (427–788 °C). It should be cooled slowly afterwards, to reduce risk of cracking. What are some of the uses of gilding metal?",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "Army Dress, weapons, metalworking, penny production, and Olympic medals",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Gilding metal is a form of brass (an alloy of copper and zinc) with a much higher copper content than zinc content. Exact figures range from 95% copper and 5% zinc to “8 parts copper to 1 of zinc” (11% zinc) in British Army Dress Regulations.
Gilding metal is used for various purposes, including the jackets of bullets, driving bands on some artillery shells, as well as enameled badges and other jewellery. The sheet is widely used for craft metalworking by hammer working. It is also used particularly as a lower-cost training material for silversmiths. Starting in 1944, shell casings made of gilding metal were melted down by the United States Mint to be made into pennies. These pennies replaced the less popular steel cent of 1943, and the pennies of this composition were produced until 1946.
Gilding metal was also used for the "bronze" Olympic medal at the 2020 Summer Olympics held in Tokyo, Japan in 2021.
Gilding metal may be annealed by heating to between 800–1,450 °F (427–788 °C). It should be cooled slowly afterwards, to reduce risk of cracking. What are some of the uses of gilding metal? |
brainstorming | [
{
"content": "Best resorts in Maldives",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "1. Discovery Soneva (Soneva fusi Soneva Jani)\n2. Pullman Maldives\n3. The Residence Dhigurah",
"role": "assistant"
}
]
| Best resorts in Maldives |
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