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# Tom Myslinski
**Thomas Joseph Myslinski, Jr.** (born December 7, 1968) is an American professional football strength and conditioning coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars. He was strength and conditioning coach for the Cleveland Browns until the end of the 2009 season. He is also a former National Football League (NFL) offensive lineman. He was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the 1992 NFL draft and played nine seasons in the NFL for seven different teams.
## Early life {#early_life}
Myslinski attended Rome Free Academy, where he played as a center. As a junior, he was a part of an undefeated season and a state championship. He received All-state honors as a senior.
In track & field, he was a two-time state champion in the discus throw and finished second in the shot put competition.
## College career {#college_career}
Myslinski accepted a football scholarship from the University of Tennessee. As a redshirt freshman, he was given his first start at right guard in the second game against Duke University. He then suffered an ankle injury which caused him to miss the next 5 games.
He was a starter at left guard in 37 straight games, dating back to his freshman season, helping the team to a 29--6--2 record, 2 SEC championships and to set a school record for total yards each of his last three years.
He was a member of the 1991 NCAA Champion track & field team. In 1990, he finished third in the shot put in the SEC outdoor meet with a career-best 61 \'2\" toss. In 1991, he placed fifth in the hammer throw in the SEC outdoor meet.
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# Tom Myslinski
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### Dallas Cowboys (first stint) {#dallas_cowboys_first_stint}
Myslinski was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the fourth round (109th overall) of the 1992 NFL draft. He got injured on the first day of training camp, which would limit him going forward. He was waived on August 31 and signed to the practice squad on September 2.
### Cleveland Browns {#cleveland_browns}
On September 8, 1992, he was signed by the Cleveland Browns from the Cowboys practice squad. He dressed but did not play in 5 games, before being waived on October 10. On October 14, he was signed to the practice squad. On October 17, he was released.
### Washington Redskins {#washington_redskins}
On October 21, 1992, he was signed to the Washington Redskins\' practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on November 11. He played against the Kansas City Chiefs and the New Orleans Saints. He was released on November 28.
### Buffalo Bills {#buffalo_bills}
On April 6, 1993, he was signed by the Buffalo Bills. He was waived on August 30, and re-signed one day later. He appeared in the season opener, but did not play in the next 3 contests. He was declared inactive in 4 games, before being released on November 15.
### Chicago Bears {#chicago_bears}
On November 30, 1993, he was signed by the Chicago Bears. He was declared inactive in his first four games. He played in the season finale against the Los Angeles Rams.
In 1994, he appeared in four games, while being declared inactive in the sixth game against the New Orleans Saints and the two playoff games. He dressed but did not play in 11 games.
### Jacksonville Jaguars {#jacksonville_jaguars}
Myslinski was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars in the 1995 NFL expansion draft from the Chicago Bears roster. He started in the first 9 games at right guard. He was declared inactive for the final 7 games. He was released on March 4, 1996.
### Pittsburgh Steelers (first stint) {#pittsburgh_steelers_first_stint}
On April 24, 1996, he signed with the Pittsburgh Steelers and was waived on August 25. On August 27, he was re-signed and started 6 out of 8 games at right guard.
In 1997, he started 7 out of 16 games at right guard. He was the team\'s long snapper from game 10 to 14.
### Indianapolis Colts {#indianapolis_colts}
On February 19, 1998, he was signed by the Indianapolis Colts. He was limited by a rotator cuff surgery to four games and was not re-signed.
### Dallas Cowboys (second stint) {#dallas_cowboys_second_stint}
On September 23, 1999, he was signed by the Dallas Cowboys. He played in 10 games (2 starts) and was not re-signed.
### Pittsburgh Steelers (second stint) {#pittsburgh_steelers_second_stint}
On April 7, 2000, he was signed by the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was waived on August 31, 2001. He started in 6 out of 8 games. He started in games 6 through 12 at right guard in place of an injured Brenden Stai.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Myslinski developed the "Tunch Punch Ladder" hand agility pad. While still playing in the NFL, he served as a volunteer strength and conditioning coach at the University of North Florida in 1996. He was a volunteer assistant strength and conditioning coach at the University of Pittsburgh from 1998 to 2001. In 2007, he was named the head strength and conditioning coach for the Cleveland Browns.
In 2005 he was hired as the head strength and conditioning coach at Robert Morris University. In 2010, he was hired as the football strength and conditioning coach at the University of Memphis. In 2011, he was named the football strength and conditioning coach at the University of North Carolina. On January 27, 2012, he was hired as the Jacksonville Jaguars strength and conditioning coordinator.
After the first game of his senior season in high school, he was involved in a car accident, in which he was thrown through a rear door window breaking his right leg and forcing him to have over 100 stitches to his head. Despite these injuries, he was able to pull the two passengers that were in the front seat of the car
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# Concerto for Violin and Strings (Mendelssohn)
The **Concerto for Violin and String Orchestra in D minor**, MWV O 3, was composed by Felix Mendelssohn at the age of thirteen. It has three movements, Allegro--Andante--Allegro, and performance duration is approximately 22 minutes.
## Felix Mendelssohn {#felix_mendelssohn}
Mendelssohn was considered by many of his time to be a prodigy comparable only to the young Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Besides being a brilliant piano virtuoso, his composition took a firm step forward in musical development. In the period when this concerto was composed (from 1821 to 1823 while aged 12 to 14) Mendelssohn composed twelve string symphonies. At the age of eleven, he had written a trio for strings, a violin and piano sonata, two piano sonatas and the beginning of a third, three more for four hands, four for organ, three songs (lieder), and a cantata.
## The concerto {#the_concerto}
Mendelssohn wrote this violin concerto for Eduard Rietz (eldest brother of Julius Rietz), a beloved friend and teacher who later served as concertmaster for Mendelssohn\'s legendary performance of Johann Sebastian Bach\'s *St Matthew Passion*, which has been thought to have resurrected Bach in the public image.
When Mendelssohn died, his widow gave the manuscript of the long forgotten concerto to Ferdinand David, another close friend of Mendelssohn\'s and a leading violinist of the period, who in fact had premiered his Violin Concerto in E minor.
## Structure
The concerto consists of three movements: `{{Ordered list|type=upper-roman
| Allegro
:[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=479]]
| Andante
:[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=480]]
| Allegro
:[[File:Orchesterwerke Romantik Themen.pdf|450px|page=481]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Revival of the concerto {#revival_of_the_concerto}
Yehudi Menuhin, the violin virtuoso, was shown the manuscript of the concerto in the spring of 1951 in London by Albi Rosenthal, an amateur violinist and rare books dealer. He bought the rights to the concerto from members of the Mendelssohn family residing in Switzerland. Menuhin edited the concerto for performance and had it published by Peters Edition.
On 4 February 1952, Menuhin introduced the concerto to a Carnegie Hall audience with a \"string Band\", conducting the concerto from the violin. Menuhin played the work often in recital, and made three recordings of it. The first was made immediately after the New York premiere, with him conducting the RCA Victor String Orchestra (his conducting debut on record), the second made the following year with Sir Adrian Boult and the Philharmonia Orchestra, and the last in 1971 with Rafael Frühbeck de Burgos.
The critics were pleased with the New York premiere. *The New York Times* admired its \"lively jesting finale in the gypsy style\", while the *New York Sun* called it \"utterly delightful\" and thanked Menuhin for bringing the manuscript to the world\'s attention. Menuhin himself loved the concerto and thought Mendelssohn was probably quite proud of it. He also found points of similarity with the later E minor Concerto. He said:
: \"Both are in minor, in a somewhat tumultuous mood: The written out cadenzas, of the second and third movements; a long solo passage of short notes in the last movement reminiscent of the passage of the third of the E minor which ushers in the recapitulation\...
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: \"The Concerto in D minor is full of invention and not in any way inhibited by too-strict traditional concepts. It exhibits, in fact, a remarkable freedom and elasticity of form. There is, for instance, a condensation and amplification with Schubertarian modulations of the exposition in the recapitulation for the first movement, and also a completely spontaneous treatment of the third.\"
However the concerto has not established itself as a staple of the violin repertory, as has the E minor Concerto.
## Recordings
- Marat Bisengaliev (violin), Andrew Penny (conductor), Royal Northern Sinfonia (1996), Naxos 8.553844 (1998)
- Angèle Dubeau (violin), Joseph Rescigno (conductor), Orchestre Métropolitain (Montréal) (1997), FL 2 3098 (??)
- Sergej Krylov (violin), V
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# Great Ashfield
**Great Ashfield** is a village and civil parish in Suffolk, England, about 9 mi east of Bury St Edmunds.
The Domesday Book of 1086 records the village\'s toponym as *Eascefelda*. It means \"open land where ash-trees grow\".
west of the village is the overgrown motte of Great Ashfield Castle.
## Parish church {#parish_church}
The Church of England parish church of All Saints is built of flint. The oldest parts of the building are 12th-century and the south doorway is 13th-century. The west tower, north aisle and current font were added in the 14th century. In the 15th century new windows were inserted in the nave and the present chancel arch was built. There are also 15th-century benches in the nave. The south porch was added in the 16th century and is built of brick. The altar rails and reredos are 17th-century. The church is a Grade I listed building.
The west tower has a ring of five bells. The third and fourth bells were cast at Bury St Edmunds about 1510. John Draper of Thetford cast the tenor bell in 1631. Thomas Newman of Norwich cast the treble and second bells in 1745.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Violet Jessop (1887-1971), Argentine ocean liner stewardess, memoirist and nurse who is known for surviving the disastrous sinkings of RMS *Titanic* in 1912 and her sister ship HMHS *Britannic* in 1916. In addition, she was onboard RMS *Olympic*, when it collided with a British warship, HMS *Hawke*, in 1911
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# Black Velvet (magazine)
***Black Velvet*** is a quarterly independent rock magazine based in the UK. The zine was founded in 1994 and is published/edited by Shari Black Velvet. The zine includes in-depth interviews, concert reviews, album reviews and more. Sugarcult\'s Marko 72 also wrote a regular column for a while although now a different musician writes a column each issue. The zine changed from a printed mag to a free online mag in 2014.
*Black Velvet* primarily features rock and pop-punk bands. Bands/artists that have appeared on the cover of *Black Velvet* include Good Charlotte, My Chemical Romance, Sugarcult, Pitchshifter, Jon Bon Jovi, Less Than Jake, Yellowcard, The All-American Rejects, Madina Lake Papa Roach, Shinedown, Forever the Sickest Kids, Framing Hanley, AFI, The Used, Metro Station, Boys Like Girls, Goldfinger, City Sleeps, The Audition, Paramore, Bullets and Octane, Sugarcult, The Starting Line, Billy Talent, Simple Plan, Funeral For a Friend, Finch, Steriogram, Taking Back Sunday, Lostprophets, Midtown, Bush, Lit, Set It Off, Escape The Fate, Sixx:A.M., Lifehouse, Black Stone Cherry, Nothing More, Andy Black, Hardcore Superstar, and more.
## History
*Black Velvet* began as a photocopied black and white fanzine in 1994. Its first colour cover was of Nicky Wire (Manic Street Preachers) on issue 23. The zine added colour centre pages to mark its tenth anniversary and went full colour to celebrate reaching issue 50 in 2006. It was on sale in a number of independent record stores as well as Tower Records and some HMVs. Issue 80 saw *Black Velvet* convert to a free online pdf magazine. Every issue can now be read online for free. *Black Velvet* reached its 100th issue in March 2019
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# Plasmodium colombiense
***Plasmodium colombiense*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium*.
Like all *Plasmodium* species *P. colombiense* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.
## Description
The parasite was first described by Ayala and Spain in 1976.
## Geographical occurrence {#geographical_occurrence}
This species is found in Venezuela.
## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology}
The only known host of this parasite is the iguanid lizard *Anolis auratus*
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# The Bluest Eyes in Texas
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unexpected '{'
{{singlechart|Billboardcountrysongs|1|artist=Restless Heart}}
^
``
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# Mycobacterium gastri
***Mycobacterium gastri*** is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.
## Description
Moderately long to long, Gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile and acid-fast rods.
**Colony characteristics**
- Nonchromogenic, smooth to rough, white colonies on Löwenstein-Jensen medium and smooth or somewhat granular on Middlebrook 7H10 agar.
**Physiology**
- Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium or on Middlebrook 7H10 agar at 37 °C, (temperature range 25 °C-40 °C), within 7 or more days.
- Does not grow in the presence of ethambutol or isoniazid.
**Differential characteristics**
- Closely related to *M. kansasii*
- M. gastri and *M. kansasii* share an identical 16S rDNA sequence. Species differentiation is possible by differences in the ITS and hsp65 sequences.
- *M. kansasii* produces a photochromogenic yellow pigment.
- AccuProbes for *M. kansasii* are negative.
## Pathogenesis
- Casual resident of human stomachs, but not considered a cause of disease.
- Biosafety level 1
## Type strain {#type_strain}
- First isolated from human gastric specimen. Also found in soil.
Strain ATCC 15754 = CCUG 20995 = CIP 104530 = DSM 43505 = JCM 12407
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# Leopold Buildings
**Leopold Buildings** is a historic tenement block of flats in Bethnal Green, in the East End of London, England, in what is now the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It is located on Columbia Road, not far from Columbia Road Market.
The flats were built in 1872 by The Improved Industrial Dwellings Company, the philanthropic Model dwellings company founded and chaired by Sir Sydney Waterlow. It was built on land leased by Angela Burdett-Coutts - then the richest woman in Britain and, for her philanthropy, nicknamed the \"Queen of the Poor\".
The buildings were Grade II listed by English Heritage in 1994. Following years of neglect, the block was completely refurbished in a £3.5 million project in 1997 by the Floyd Slaski practice for the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and Ujima Housing Association, in conjunction with English Heritage
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# Montevideo units
**Montevideo units** are a method of measuring uterine performance during labor. They were created in 1949 by two physicians, Roberto Caldeyro-Barcia and Hermogenes Alvarez, from Montevideo, Uruguay. They are exactly equal to 1 mmHg within 10 minutes. A standard adequate measurement is 200; this is generally equivalent to 27 kPa of combined pressure change within 10 minutes.
Units are directly equal to pressure change in mmHg summed over a ten-minute window. It is calculated by internally (not externally) measuring peak uterine pressure amplitude (in mmHg), subtracting the resting tone of the contraction, and adding up the numbers in a 10-minute period. Uterine pressure is generally measured through an intrauterine pressure catheter.
Montevideo units can be more simply calculated by summing the individual contraction intensities in a ten-minute period, a process which should arrive at a result identical to the original method of calculation.
Generally, above 200 MVUs is considered necessary for adequate labor during the active phase.
## Example
If, for instance:
- Peak uterine pressure amplitudes were 50 mmHg
- during the 10 minute period of measurement 3 contractions occurred
- subtract the resting tone from the peak intensity of the contraction
- add the 3 contractions together to get the MVUs
- Montevideo units are calculated by obtaining the peak uterine pressure amplitude and subtracting the resting tone. Then adding up those numbers generated by each contraction within a 10-minute window.
- For example, five contractions occurred, producing peak pressures of 55, 50, 45, 65, and 50 mm Hg, respectively. The resting tone of the contractions is 10
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# Hervé Revelli
**Hervé Revelli** (born 5 May 1946) is a French former footballer who played as a forward.
## Career
Revelli scored 31 Ligue 1 goals during the calendar year of 1969. Fifty years later in 2019, Kylian Mbappé became the first French player to score at least 30 goals in a calendar year in Ligue 1 since Revelli\'s feat.
Revelli is the joint-top scorer in the Derby Rhône-Alpes between Saint-Étienne and Lyon with 14 goals along with former Lyon player Fleury Di Nallo. He finished his career in SC Draguignan, having already started a career as playing manager.
In addition to Switzerland and France, he managed in Tunisia and Algeria as well as the national teams of Mauritius and Benin.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He is the brother of former professional footballer, Patrick Revelli
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# Red Lodge Museum, Bristol
**The Red Lodge Museum** (grid reference ST582731) is a historic house museum in Bristol, England. The original building was Tudor/Elizabethan, and construction began in 1579--1580, possibly to the design of Sebastiano Serlio. The main additional building phases are from the 1730s and the early 19th century.
The Red Lodge is a free museum but runs on donations, and is managed as a branch of Bristol City Council.
The artworks on display at the Red Lodge are listed on the Art UK website
## Brief history {#brief_history}
### John Young and the Great House {#john_young_and_the_great_house}
The Red Lodge was originally built at the top of the gardens of \"ye Great House of St. Augustine\'s Back\". The Great House was built in 1568 on the site of an old Carmelite Priory, later still the site of Bristol Beacon (formerly named Colston Hall), by Sir John Young/Yonge, the descendant of a merchant family and courtier to Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
The Red Lodge would have originally been used as an additional guest house and entertainment pavilion, so that the Young family could promenade their guests through their eight ornamental gardens and orchards to wine and dine them.
Sir John Young died in 1589, and the Red Lodge was completed in 1590 by his widow Dame Joan. From an ancient Somerset and Devon family, Dame Joan was a sister and co-heiress of Nicholas Wadham, co-founder with his wife Dorothy Wadham of Wadham College, Oxford. She was married firstly to Sir Giles Strangways (1528-1562) of Melbury Sampford and then to John Young, who was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I when she stayed with the Youngs at The Great House on her visit to Bristol in 1574, and the arms of Young impaling Wadham are carved above the porch entrance to the Great Oak Room at the Red Lodge. A fine monument to Joan Wadham (1533--1603) with her recumbent effigy lies at the west entrance to nearby Bristol Cathedral.
Their son, Robert Young inherited the entire estate. Robert quickly spent his inheritance and had to convey the Red Lodge to his half-brother Nicholas Strangways to avoid seizure. By 1595, the building was rented out to various tenants as a residence separate from the Great House. Robert Young eventually sold the Great House to Sir Hugh Smyth of Ashton Court.
### John and Mary Henley\'s extensions {#john_and_mary_henleys_extensions}
In the 1730s, John and Mary Henley bought the Red Lodge and started major extension work on the north side, doubling the footprint of the building, fitting large Georgian windows, and rebuilding with hipped roofs and eaves, and cornices replacing gables, giving a full-height second floor.
The Henleys refurbished the Lodge\'s Reception Room and partly refurbished the parlour, leaving some original panelling and the original decorated ceiling, but made minimal changes to the Great Oak Room, Small Oak Room and Bedroom, leaving the rich Tudor decoration largely untouched.
Before the end of the extension work, John Henley died, leaving Mary Henley childless and unable to inherit. John wrote into his will that Mary had the right to live in the Red Lodge for one month in every year. This meant that the building could not be leased out long-term or sold to a new owner.
### James Cowles Pritchard and short-term tenants {#james_cowles_pritchard_and_short_term_tenants}
After the Henleys died the Red Lodge was leased to tenants practising medicine working at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, including James Cowles Pritchard who wrote *Researches into the Physical History of Man*, and Francis Cheyne Bowles and Richard Smith, who used the Great Oak Room as a dissection theatre. In the 19th century, the current entrance to the building from Park Row was added, as well as the rooms to the East of the original core.
### Mary Carpenter and the Girls\' Reform School {#mary_carpenter_and_the_girls_reform_school}
In 1854 the building was bought by Lady Byron, using Lord Byron\'s endowment and given to Mary Carpenter to use as a school. Mary Carpenter was a zealous reformer and founded the first ever Girls\' Reformatory at the Red Lodge to encapsulate her radical and progressive ideas of improvement and nurture for the nation\'s poor, in contrast to the harsh workhouses and prisons which were the common solution in the Victorian era.
The Red Lodge was used as a reform school until 1917, during which time Carpenter used her standing as Superintendent to lobby parliamentary and travel the world researching the plight of \'pauper children\'.
### Red Lodge Museum and Bristol 1904 Arts {#red_lodge_museum_and_bristol_1904_arts}
In 1919, James Fuller Eberle saved the Red Lodge\'s historic interior from being pulled apart and sold piecemeal by buying the building for the Bristol 1904 Arts society (previously known as \"Bristol Savages\") and the Bristol Corporation. The arts society couldn\'t cope with the upkeep of the whole historic building, so CFW Dening built the building in the garden in 1920 and converted the Victorian Laundry into their studio, leaving the Tudor, Georgian and Victorian Red Lodge to the corporation, which became Bristol City Council.
The Council renovated the building once in 1920 and again in 1956 before opening the Red Lodge as a museum. From then onwards the building has been a branch of Bristol Museum & Art Gallery, along with The Georgian House Museum, Blaise Castle House Museum, Kings Weston Roman Villa and M Shed.
The next stages of development at the Red Lodge Museum are reinstating the fixtures of the New Oak Room and including interpretation for the well which was discovered; and re-ordering the garden paving to make it safe for visitors.
## Archives
Records of the Red Lodge and Mary Carpenter including journals, accounts, correspondence, reports and published material are held at Bristol Archives. Also held here are the deeds of the Red Lodge and its land dating as far back as 1565.
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# Red Lodge Museum, Bristol
## The rooms {#the_rooms}
### The Great Oak Room {#the_great_oak_room}
The Great Oak Room retains its original oak panelling, moulded plaster ceiling and \'double-decker\' fireplace, making it \"one of the finest rooms in the West Country\". Entrance is via an oak internal porch, similar to that of Montacute House. Carved above the entrance of the porch are the arms of Young (Yonge) impaling Wadham. The only features which have changed since the room was built are the enlarged Georgian windows, giving a view onto the knot garden.
### The Small Oak Room and Bedroom {#the_small_oak_room_and_bedroom}
The Small Oak Room and Bedroom are contemporary with the Great Oak Room but much less richly panelled. The Bedroom has the moulded plaster ceiling upon which the knot garden\'s design is based. The common layout of Tudor rooms in an apartment with people travelling from most public to most intimate suggests that the Great Oak Room was the most public room whilst the Small Oak Room and Bedroom were more private antechambers, possibly bedrooms and cabinets.
### The Print Room {#the_print_room}
The Print Room is part of the 18th-century extension of the Lodge and has been renovated by the museum to look like a typical Print Room of the period. The collection of tiles around the fireplace, examples of marquetry and parquetry in the furniture and the 'japanned' grandfather clock represent the fashion of the early eighteenth century.
### The Mary Carpenter Room {#the_mary_carpenter_room}
The Mary Carpenter Room contains a display of the history of the Red Lodge as a school, a painting by the \"Bristol Savages\" of Mary Carpenter with her first pupil, a photo of Mary Carpenter, and Mary Carpenter\'s Broadwood piano, bought for the house in 1845.
### The Staircase {#the_staircase}
The grand Georgian staircase and landing display portraits of notable people linked with the house -- John and Mary Henley, Robert Yeamans, Robert Poyntz, Florence Poulett, William Herbert, the Third Earl of Pembroke, and Col. Adrian Scrope. The staircase was designed with as many windows as possible and nobly proportioned, with a grand chandelier to illuminate Mary Henley and her guests as they processed into the Reception Room.
### The Reception Room and Parlour {#the_reception_room_and_parlour}
Though the Reception Room and Parlour are in the original Tudor core of the house, they underwent major renovations by the Henleys to present them as fashionable Georgian rooms. The Reception Room shows a beam where the original external south wall stood, but was knocked through to incorporate the loggia and extend the room as far as possible.
The Parlour has a mixture of Georgian Deal panelling and original Tudor oak panelling, and an original moulded plaster ceiling. The Parlour also has niches and hybrid door/windows where the 19th century extensions were made, blocking off bay windows.
### The New Oak Room and the Well {#the_new_oak_room_and_the_well}
The New Oak Room was extensively altered in the nineteenth century, and in 1965 the museum re-used older fixtures and fittings from other sites to decorate the room. The panelling is pre-18th century, bought from the Refectory of St Michael-on-the-Mount, and the mantelpiece and fire surround from Ashley Down House.
### The Second Floor {#the_second_floor}
The Tudor gabled attic was extended into a full-height second floor by the Henleys.
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# Red Lodge Museum, Bristol
## Notable features {#notable_features}
### Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I {#portrait_of_queen_elizabeth_i}
The Portrait of Queen Elizabeth I is in the Great Oak Room. It has recently been assessed as an original, painted in the late 16th century.
### Speke Chair/Table {#speke_chairtable}
The chair in the Great Oak Room folds down so that the back turns into the table-top. Hybrid furniture was not uncommon in the Tudor period (i.e. Chests used as tables and chairs). The Speke family are an aristocratic family from near Ilminster, Somerset.
### Portrait of Florence Smyth and her black \"Page\" {#portrait_of_florence_smyth_and_her_black_page}
In the Small Oak Room is a portrait of Florence Smyth, of the Smyth Family and her black \'page\'. There is no information on the identity of the boy in the portrait, so it can\'t be said whether the boy is a slave, a servant, or a peer of Florence\'s. If the boy is a slave then it is probably the earliest depiction of a slave in the UK.
### Mary Carpenter\'s piano {#mary_carpenters_piano}
The piano in the Mary Carpenter Room is the original Broadwood piano bought by Mary Carpenter in 1845. The fabric panel on the front of a Broadwood is usually made from silk, so it is possible that the fabric and embroidery on this one were a project for the school girls.
### 18th-Century Spinet {#th_century_spinet}
The spinet in the Print Room was made by Benjamin Slade in 1702. It has been at the Red Lodge since at least 1935 when Alec Hodson restored it. The museum and the \"Bristol Savages\" tune it every year and it is used as part of the \"Bristol Savages\"\' festivities.
### Walnut Bureau with hidden compartments {#walnut_bureau_with_hidden_compartments}
The Walnut Bureau and shelves in the Reception Room hide multiple hidden compartments.
### The Skinner Chair {#the_skinner_chair}
The Skinner Chair in the Parlour was carved for Bishop Robert Skinner in the late 17th century. The story told in the relief is that of Actaeon the Hunter who angered Artemis and was punished by being turned into a deer and attacked by his own hunting party.
The back of the chair also carries the Arms of the Skinner family. The same Arms (impaled) are also featured on his grave in Worcester Cathedral.
The chair has been used on two royal occasions -- Prince Albert sat on it in 1843 when he visited Bristol to launch Brunel\'s ship, the `{{SS|Great Britain}}`{=mediawiki}, and Edward VII sat on it in 1908 when the Edward VII Dock was opened.
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# Red Lodge Museum, Bristol
## The Knot Garden {#the_knot_garden}
The Garden viewed from the Parlour and Great Oak Room is a 1980s interpretation of an Elizabethan Knot Garden. The box hedge \'knot\' is copied from the design incorporated into the ceiling of the Bedroom. Herbs and flowers are mixed together in beds as was the fashion in the 1630s, and all the plants used would have been common in a similar garden of the period. The trellis is copied from a French seventeenth century design.
## Media and modern-day usage {#media_and_modern_day_usage}
### Art and sculpture {#art_and_sculpture}
In 2006, Bristol City Council, Arts Council England and Bristol Museum and Art Gallery partnered with Plan 9 for a one-off modern sculpture exhibition at the Red Lodge.
> Responding to the building, the selected artists take on board sensitivities of politics past, ongoing preservation, and today\'s nervy ambiguities. The works contrast and `{{sic|compliment|reason=expecting complement}}`{=mediawiki} the architecture and decoration of the Red Lodge but none sit too comfortably, and the friction they create subtly transforms this Elizabethan house.
### Media and performance {#media_and_performance}
The Ithaca Axis performed a roaming piece of theatre, parts of which were set in the Great Oak Room and the Garden. In 2013, Galliard Films made an online documentary as a fun, informal way of looking into some of the history of the Red Lodge.
On 10 February 2016, the Red Lodge was used in the BBC Four documentary *Queen Elizabeth I: A Timewatch Guide* with shots of Vanessa Collingridge in the Reception Room, Great Oak Room, and knot garden.
In December 2020, local poet Emma Williams published \'The Wicked Girls of Red Lodge\' as Writer in Residence at Red Lodge, part of the Poetic City project. The podcast, artwork and blogpost used the archives including Mary Carpenter\'s journals as a starting point to imagine the lives of the girls living in Red Lodge as a Victorian Reform school
| 320 |
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# Dense-rock equivalent
**Dense-rock equivalent** (DRE) is a volcanologic calculation used to estimate volcanic eruption volume. One of the widely accepted measures of the size of a historic or prehistoric eruption is the volume of magma ejected as pumice and volcanic ash, known as tephra during an explosive phase of the eruption, or the volume of lava extruded during an effusive phase of a volcanic eruption. Eruption volumes are commonly expressed in cubic kilometers (km^3^).
Historical and geological estimates of tephra volumes are usually obtained by mapping the distribution and thickness of tephra deposits on the ground after the eruption is over. For historical volcanic explosions, further estimates must be made of tephra deposits that might have changed significantly over time by other geological processes including erosion. Tephra volumes measured in this way must then be corrected for void spaces (vesicles -- bubbles within the pumice, empty spaces between individual pieces of pumice or ash) to get an estimate of the original volume of magma erupted. This correction can be made by comparing the bulk density of the tephra deposit with the known density of the original gas-free rock-type that makes up the tephra. The result is referred to as the dense-rock equivalent of the erupted volume.
Dense-rock equivalent calculations can also be used to measure the sizes of volcanic eruptions on other planetary bodies, such as Mars. However, the challenge to making these estimates is accurately estimating the density of the tephra deposit or of the dense rock, measuring the thickness of tephra, determining if the tephra is related to the eruption studied or to a nearby one, and estimating changes resulting from other geological processes that may be less understood than on Earth.
Significant studies of the dense-rock equivalent erupted volumes of the Bronze-Age Minoan eruption in Santorini have provided data to archeologists to better understand the effect of the eruption on development of several civilizations including Ancient Greek and Ancient Egyptian cultures. Through careful analysis of pumice and ash deposits (including deep sea core samples), researchers have been able to make dense-rock equivalent volume estimates for each of the major eruptions of Thera
| 356 |
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| 0 |
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# Tlell
**Tlell** is a small, unincorporated area on the east coast of Graham Island, which is part of Haida Gwaii (formerly the Queen Charlotte Islands) in British Columbia, Canada.
## History
Besides Mexican Tom, who set up camp at Tlell in 1904, Eric Richardson was one of -- if not the first -- to make this camp a permanent settlement, by establishing the Richardson Ranch, which is still active and on the spot.
Tlell was connected to Port Clements and Skidegate (43 km) via a paved Highway 16 in 1969.
The village frames the southern end of Naikoon Provincial Park, known for the nearby Pesuta Shipwreck, and its long stretches of sandy beach. Other tourist attractions include the Tlell River and Mayer Lake, with the Tlell river hosting many salmon in fall. Services offered include some bed and breakfasts, a general store, several arts and crafts galleries, the Naikoon Park headquarters and a camp site.
## Demographics
Some 607 people reside in the greater periphery, additionally encompassing other small communities like Tow Hill, Lawn Hill and Miller Creek.
## Culture
Once every August, the Edge of the World Music Festival takes place in Tlell, as well as the Tlell Fall Fair in August; both attract many visitors from off the islands.
Apart from this there, is little municipal infrastructure and no such thing as a town center or a harbour. Tlell is rather a scattered cluster of separate homes, many of them occupied by artisans living alternative lifestyles.
## Climate
The climate is generally mild with no extremes in temperature, oceanic (*Cfb*), very similar to the west coast of Scotland. `{{Weather box
|location = Tlell
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 12.8
|Feb record high C = 12.0
|Mar record high C = 19.4
|Apr record high C = 20.6
|May record high C = 25.0
|Jun record high C = 30.6
|Jul record high C = 32.2
|Aug record high C = 28.5
|Sep record high C = 25.0
|Oct record high C = 19.4
|Nov record high C = 14.0
|Dec record high C = 12.2
|year record high C = 32.2
|Jan high C = 5.3
|Feb high C = 5.8
|Mar high C = 7.6
|Apr high C = 9.8
|May high C = 12.9
|Jun high C = 15.3
|Jul high C = 17.7
|Aug high C = 18.4
|Sep high C = 16.0
|Oct high C = 11.5
|Nov high C = 7.2
|Dec high C = 5.3
|year high C = 11.1
|Jan mean C = 3.1
|Feb mean C = 3.4
|Mar mean C = 4.6
|Apr mean C = 6.4
|May mean C = 9.4
|Jun mean C = 11.8
|Jul mean C = 14.2
|Aug mean C = 14.7
|Sep mean C = 12.5
|Oct mean C = 8.6
|Nov mean C = 4.7
|Dec mean C = 3.1
|year mean C = 8.0
|Jan low C = 0.9
|Feb low C = 0.9
|Mar low C = 1.6
|Apr low C = 2.9
|May low C = 5.8
|Jun low C = 8.4
|Jul low C = 10.5
|Aug low C = 10.9
|Sep low C = 9.0
|Oct low C = 5.6
|Nov low C = 2.1
|Dec low C = 0.8
|year low C = 4.9
|Jan record low C = -15.0
|Feb record low C = -13.0
|Mar record low C = -8.9
|Apr record low C = -3.9
|May record low C = -2.2
|Jun record low C = 1.1
|Jul record low C = 4.4
|Aug record low C = 3.3
|Sep record low C = 1.1
|Oct record low C = -6.5
|Nov record low C = -14.5
|Dec record low C = -16.7
|year record low C = -16.7
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 146.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 121.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 95.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 96.1
|May precipitation mm = 64.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 60.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 55.8
|Aug precipitation mm = 71.2
|Sep precipitation mm = 92.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 177.8
|Nov precipitation mm = 174.5
|Dec precipitation mm = 164.6
|year precipitation mm = 1321.1
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 137.0
|Feb rain mm = 110.0
|Mar rain mm = 92.8
|Apr rain mm = 95.2
|May rain mm = 64.4
|Jun rain mm = 60.5
|Jul rain mm = 55.8
|Aug rain mm = 71.2
|Sep rain mm = 92.6
|Oct rain mm = 177.5
|Nov rain mm = 170.0
|Dec rain mm = 156.4
|year rain mm = 1283.5
|Jan snow cm = 9.1
|Feb snow cm = 11.8
|Mar snow cm = 2.8
|Apr snow cm = 0.9
|May snow cm = 0.0
|Jun snow cm = 0.0
|Jul snow cm = 0.0
|Aug snow cm = 0.0
|Sep snow cm = 0.0
|Oct snow cm = 0.3
|Nov snow cm = 4.5
|Dec snow cm = 8.2
|year snow cm = 37.6
|unit precipitation days = 0.2 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 23.4
|Feb precipitation days = 20.0
|Mar precipitation days = 22.3
|Apr precipitation days = 21.2
|May precipitation days = 17.8
|Jun precipitation days = 17.1
|Jul precipitation days = 15.1
|Aug precipitation days = 16.6
|Sep precipitation days = 18.9
|Oct precipitation days = 25.8
|Nov precipitation days = 25.6
|Dec precipitation days = 24.0
|year precipitation days = 247.9
|unit rain days = 0.2 mm
|Jan rain days = 22.2
|Feb rain days = 18.8
|Mar rain days = 21.9
|Apr rain days = 21.2
|May rain days = 17.8
|Jun rain days = 17.1
|Jul rain days = 15.1
|Aug rain days = 16.6
|Sep rain days = 18.9
|Oct rain days = 25.8
|Nov rain days = 25.2
|Dec rain days = 22.9
|year rain days= 243.5
|unit snow days = 0.2 cm
|Jan snow days = 2.9
|Feb snow days = 3.1
|Mar snow days = 1.6
|Apr snow days = 0.6
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.3
|Nov snow days = 1.8
|Dec snow days = 2.6
|year snow days = 12.8
|source 1 = <ref name=metadata >{{cite web |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/station_metadata_e.html?StnId=370 |title=Calculation Information for 1981 to 2010 Canadian Normals Data |publisher=Environment Canada |accessdate=9 July 2013 |archive-date=25 February 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140225015601/http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/station_metadata_e
| 1,075 |
Tlell
| 0 |
9,980,076 |
# Muriel Angelus
**Muriel Angelus** (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} **Findlay**; 10 March 1912 -- 26 June 2004) was an English stage, musical theatre, and film actress.
## Early life {#early_life}
The daughter of a chemist, young Muriel was educated at the Ursuline Convent in London. At age 12, she acted in a production of *Henry VIII*. She went on to sing in music halls and to dance in a West End production of *The Vagabond King* (1927).
## Film career {#film_career}
She entered films toward the end of the silent era with *The Ringer* (1928), the first of three movie versions of the Edgar Wallace play. Her second film, *Sailor Don\'t Care* (1928) was important only in that she met her first husband, Scots-born actor John Stuart on the set; her role was excised from the film.
In her first sound picture, *Night Birds* (1930), she got to sing a number but most of her films did not use her musical talents. The sweet-natured actress who played both ingenues and \'other woman\' roles co-starred with husband Stuart in *No Exit* (1930), *Eve\'s Fall* (1930) and *Hindle Wakes* (1931), and appeared with British star Monty Banks in some of his film farces, including *My Wife\'s Family* (1931) and *So You Won\'t Talk* (1935). She appeared in the British serial *Lloyd of the C.I.D.*.
She portrayed Adriana in the original Broadway production of *The Boys From Syracuse* (1938), and Marie Sauvinet in the Broadway production of *Sunny River* (1941). In turn, she received a contract with Paramount Pictures, but never became a star and is largely remembered solely by the acting buffs and nostalgists. Her last known film role was in *The Great McGinty* (1940). She revived her Broadway career and had a great success in the musical comedy, *Early to Bed* (1943). Her final performance came in 1946, after her marriage to Paul Lavalle. In 1959, she resisted the efforts of Richard Rodgers to secure her for the part of the Mother Abbess in the first Broadway production of *The Sound of Music*. Interviewed in 1996, she said it had been a mistake for her to leave England. \"I was caught up in the glamour, but once in Hollywood I was nothing more than a tiny craft battling in an ocean beside much weightier ships.\"
## Death
Muriel Angelus died at a nursing home in Harrisonburg, Virginia, aged 92, survived by her daughter (Suzanne Lavalle Bothamley) from her second marriage. She was cremated and her ashes returned to her surviving daughter
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# The Worrying Kind
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{{singlechart|Germany|99|songid=296201|artist=The Ark|song=The Worrying Kind|access-date=14 May 2020}}
^
``
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# Plasmodium coulangesi
***Plasmodium coulangesi*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium* subgenus *Vinckeia*. As in all *Plasmodium* species, *P. coulangesi* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.
## Taxonomy
The parasite was first described by Lepers *et al.* in 1989.
## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology}
The only known host for this species is the lemur *Lemur macaco macaco*
| 68 |
Plasmodium coulangesi
| 0 |
9,980,124 |
# Steve Blatherwick
**Steven Scott Blatherwick** (born 20 September 1973) is an English football coach and former footballer
He played as a defender from 1991 to 2006. He spent much of his career playing for Chesterfield; however, he had previously played in the Premier League with Nottingham Forest. He also played in the Football League with Notts County, Wycombe Wanderers, Hereford United, Reading and Burnley. He retired from the game at the age of 32, on medical advice after suffering a back injury. He later became a coach at non-league club Gainsborough Trinity and briefly managed the club in a caretaker capacity before leaving the game to set up his own sports management company.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
He started his career at Notts County but did not make a first team appearance for the Magpies. In August 1992, he made the short trip across the River Trent to Nottingham Forest. During a five-year spell at the City Ground he started 10 league matches and had spells on loan at Wycombe Wanderers, Hereford United and Reading.
In July 1997 he signed for Burnley for a £150,000 fee. But just over a year later he was loaned to Chesterfield, making the move permanent in December 1998 for a fee of £50,000. He was to spend the rest of his career at Saltergate and helped them win promotion to Division Two in 2001. He retired from playing in October 2006 at the age of 33. He had a testimonial match with former club Nottingham Forest, in which Chesterfield won 1--0 thanks to a goal by veteran striker Wayne Allison.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
In 2007 Blatherwick joined former Chesterfield teammate Dave Reeves on the coaching staff at Gainsborough Trinity, with new manager Steve Charles installing Reeves as Assistant Manager, and Blatherwick as a Coach. He was also registered as a makeshift player but had not been named on any squad sheet due to the injury problems that caused his retirement. In August 2009, following the dismissal of Steve Charles, Blatherwick and Reeves were appointed joint caretaker managers, but following the completion of one game in this role, the pair departed the club. Steve continued to study and gained his \'A and B\' licence coaching badges. He also gained qualifications as an advanced personal trainer, sports therapist and nutritional adviser. He passed his FA licence agent examination in September 2011 and is studying Sports Psychology.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Blatherwick now lives and works in Nottingham and Manchester, where he has set up his own sports management company called \"Elevate Sports Management\"
His nephew Jack Blatherwick is a cricketer who has played for Nottinghamshire and Lancashire
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| 0 |
9,980,164 |
# August Jack Khatsahlano
**August Jack** (**Khatsahlano, X̱ats\'alanexw**) (July 16, 1877 -- June 5, 1971) was an Indigenous/Aboriginal chief of the Squamish people. He was born in the village of X̱wáýx̱way or *Chaythoos* on the peninsula that is now Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the son of Supple Jack \"Khay- Tulk\" of Chaythoos and Sally \"Owhaywat\" from the Yekwaupsum Reserve north of Squamish, British Columbia. His grandfather was Chief Khahtsahlano of Senakw (aka Snauq or Sun\'ahk) who had migrated from his home at Toktakanmic on the Squamish River to Chaythoos, and the man from whom he inherited his name. The suffix \"*lan-ogh*\" in their name means \"man\".
## Life
August Jack\'s father died when he was about 6 years old, and his mother remarried Shinatset (Jericho Charlie). One day soon after Supple Jack\'s burial at Chaythoos, city surveyors unexpectedly started chopping down his family\'s house while they were inside. They were to build a road around the area, naming it Park Road. As August Jack recalls in his conversations with J. S. Matthews, the road around the park \"did not touch my father\'s grave, so they left it there, but when it came we had to move away. We had to move out of the house and they tore it down, but they left the grave for a long time, until after Lord Stanley named the park Stanley Park. Then they took the coffin up to Squamish.\" August Jack\'s family home and village were destroyed, and himself and the other members of the community were relocated to Snauq, the area under the southern end of the Burrard Bridge at the mouth of False Creek, while some people went to live on the reserve at Kitsilano Point. He lived in the village of Snauq for most of his early life, working at a sawmill nearby. At this Squamish village around 1900, in a ceremony attended by visiting people from Musqueam, Nanaimo, Sechelt, and Ustlawn (North Vancouver) his grandfather\'s name was given to him as his own. In this same ceremony, his brother Willie was named Khay-Tulk after his father. August Jack gave a potlatch and feast for the guests in attendance and distributed over one hundred blankets to them.
He lived at the village of Snauq until 1913 when the government bought the reserve land. He then moved to the Squamish reserve and married his wife Swanamia (Mary Anne) They had five children together: Emma, Celestine, Wilfred, Irene, and Louise. August Jack and his family lived in Squamish for years, and moved to multiple Sḵwxwú7mesh villages including Xwemelch\'stn, Stawamus and Snauq for a short time, but they ultimately moved back to Squamish where they had their own home on the reserve. August Jack worked in logging and trapping in the area. built canoes and totem poles, made carvings, drove logs down the Squamish River, and \"often ferried many of the Squamish Indians to Vancouver in his large, heavy canoes.\" Swanamia and August Jack remained here until his death.
## History of the area {#history_of_the_area}
European settlement in the Burrard Inlet area began in the 1860s, but historical evidence shows that native settlements in the area were present three thousand years ago. During the time of European settlement, Xwayxway was the largest village in the Burrard Inlet, and one of the \"largest, most densely populated nations in aboriginal North America\... \[it\] was unique because it did not depend on agriculture\", but thrived off of fishing and hunting. The Squamish nation that August Jack was a part of was only the most recent group of people inhabiting the part of Coast Salish Territory known as the Stanley Park peninsula. There have been land claims of historical settlement on the land by the Sto:Lo, Musqueam, Tseil Waututh and the Hul Qumi Num, but the Squamish people had migrated to the Burrard Inlet and Snauq every summer to gather food, and would move north to Squamish again in the winter.
After the settlement of the Europeans, sawmills were erected and began employing indigenous Squamish people. This was a time when many indigenous people from further north moved permanently to the area around the Burrard Inlet. In the 1890s, the areas around the village of Snauq were purchased by land developers David Oppenheimer, C.D. Rand and R.G. Tatlow without federal authority, for \$218,750. Khahtsahlano and the people of Snauq were forcibly moved to the Capilano Indian Reserve. In 1976, the Squamish \"launched a retroactive appeal\" on the federal government for compensation. They did not accept the proposed \$92.5 million trust.
## Legacy
Chief August Jack Khahtsahlano was a Squamish medicine man, and was instrumental in the recording of his people\'s oral history and worked closely with many of Vancouver\'s first settlers. His talks with J.S. Matthews, the first City Archivist of Vancouver, are transcribed in \"Conversations with Khahtsahlano\", 1932--1954, and are now available to read online. They discussed \"everything from area history, legends, and traditions like the Potlatch, to food preparations and plants for medicine\". These records were designed to follow the work of Oliver Wells, with whom August Jack had also collaborated to record his personal stories and history in the book \"Squamish Legends... The First People\" (1966), published by Oliver Wells and Domanic Charlie, who operated a cafe in North Vancouver and displayed August Jack\'s carvings.
Part of the Vancouver neighbourhood that is now known as Kitsilano, was once a village named Senakw. The name Kitsilano is an Anglicization of Khatsahlano\'s name, and was appropriated for this use by the Canadian Pacific Railway when it developed the neighbourhood known by that name. A high school, Kitsilano Secondary School, and the Khatsahlano Music + Arts Festival, held in Vancouver, also use his name
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# Vizontele
***Vizontele*** is a 2001 Turkish comedy-drama film, written and directed by Yılmaz Erdoğan and co-directed by Ömer Faruk Sorak, based on the writer-director\'s childhood memories of the arrival of the first television to his village in the early 1970s. The film, which went on nationwide release on `{{start date|2001|2|2}}`{=mediawiki}, won three Golden Orange awards and was one of the most successful Turkish films to that date. A sequel, entitled Vizontele Tuuba, involving the director and most of the original cast followed in 2004.
## Production
The film was shot on location in Gevaş, Van Province, Turkey.
## Synopsis
The mayor (Altan Erkekli) of a small village in Southeastern Turkey in 1974 bitterly opposes the activities of sleazy opportunist Latif (Cezmi Baskın) who runs open-air film screenings and seeks to break his monopoly over village entertainment with the introduction of the first television (called Vizontele by the locals). However, the TRT team sent to deliver the television leave in a hurry after the delivery, leaving them clueless as to how to set it up.
The mayor recruits an eccentric electrician called Emin (Yılmaz Erdoğan) and some of his office staff to help him to set up a television transmitter. While Latif seeks to undermine his efforts by convincing the local imam to decry television as the work of the Devil and a slap in the face of Islamic tradition, the mayor and Emin\'s team are initially ridiculed with their initial failures to get a signal until they get it atop the highest peak in town. However, they are disheartened when the television only receives channels from neighboring Iran.
As they return, one of their companions hits the TV set in frustration, inadvertently switching the channels to Turkish and prompting celebrations. However, their joy is short-lived as the first news broadcast they watch is about the death of the mayor\'s son in the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. The mayor\'s wife, who has been wary of the television, orders Emin to bury the TV set in place of their son.
The story is based on the childhood memories of the writer-director Yılmaz Erdoğan of the arrival of the first television to Hakkâri in the early 1970s.
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# Vizontele
## Societal conflicts {#societal_conflicts}
The movie tries to represent one of the main conflicts in the Turkish society of the late 1970s, continuing well into the 1980s; that of the religious versus secular groups. \"\[T\]here have always been struggles and contests between secular groups and religious groups over the nature of the political system.\" This is partly shown through the image of the clergyman of the town, who stutters a lot, and apparently feels vitriolic toward the new-coming television, but later on turns out to be a pawn at the hands of Latif. Children escape his Quran reading class in order to go into the wild and frolic. An obvious point the movie makes in favor of secular ideas is the character of \[crazy\] Emin (played by one of the directors: Yılmaz Erdoğan). He is pictured as someone who is secluded and one whose only interest is modern technology. But the movie makers are clever enough not to take sides with either side of the conflict. As put eloquently by Başkan, \"According to secularization theory, modernization leads to a decline in religion\'s role in the public realm, with it turning into a matter for the private sphere. Instead, however, the contemporary world has witnessed a resurgence of religion with the emergence of religious movements throughout the world.\" The first piece of news that the inhabitants get to hear on the new television - that the Mayor\'s son, who was serving in the Army, was killed during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in 1974 - is so devastating that a burial of the TV set is in order; an iconic replacement of the burial of the beloved son. And the man who has to bury the TV set is no other than the technocrat of the town, on allegations that it has brought evil to the small community of the religious people
| 313 |
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| 1 |
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# South Carleton High School
**South Carleton High School** is a high school situated in the southwestern sector of the city of Ottawa, in the town of Richmond, Ontario. The school is under the jurisdiction of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board. The SCHS attendance boundaries cover a major section of the southern part of the Ottawa-Carleton District School Board. Students come from all over the southwestern sector of the city but mainly from the communities of Stittsville, Manotick, Richmond, Riverside South, North Gower, Munster, Kars, Fallowfield, Ashton, Burritts Rapids and the area connecting these communities. SCHS feeder schools include Goulbourn Middle School, Kars on the Rideau Public School, and A. Lorne Cassidy Elementary School.
The school opened in 1952 to 263 students and 13 teachers under the leadership of its first principal, W.W. Powell. South Carleton\'s 60th anniversary was celebrated in 2012.
## Athletics
South Carleton has a wide range of athletic activities.
The Alpine ski team has won 8 OFSAA titles to date and 32 OFSAA team medals overall, including the boys\' team with 2 titles (GS, Sl) in 2002 as well as 2008(Sl), 2009(Sl) and 2015 (GS) and their first girls\' team title in 2012 (Sl) with followups in 2014 (Sl) and 2015 (Sl). It has sent a total of 27 teams to OFSAA who once there have collected a grand total of 32 team and 16 individual medals since 1999. The level 1 boys team won 9 consecutive NCSSAA titles from 2011-2019 with the boys and girls together winning the Art Lovett level 1 combined trophy 11 straight times. 2024 saw the boys team return to OFSAA winning silver medals in the slalom event. 2025 saw the girls team win medals in both events while winning the combined, overall provincial title.
Its wrestling program has won the NCSSAA championship for the past several years and produces nearly a dozen OFSAA wrestlers each year. This has led to the coining of the term \"wrestle with the best\".
The Senior Men\'s Rugby team was undefeated in regular season in 2007 and 2008, including a 2008 NCSSAA championship win.
South Carleton\'s varsity swim team was formed during the 2010--11 season, and won two NCSSAA medals, both of which were gold, sending one swimmer to OFSAA. In the 2011--12 season once again one swimmer qualified for OFSAA, winning a bronze medal for SC.
The Storm basketball team has won several city titles in its history, including the most recent visit to the NCSSAA championship in the 2008--09 season.
The South Carleton Junior Boys\' soccer team captured the 2008 NCSSAA Gold Medal after an undefeated season.
The Senior Boys\' Soccer team won the 2016 NCSSAA final and qualified for OFSAA.
South Carleton\'s football team had reached the NCSSAA finals in 2006 and 2008, losing both times, and lost in the NCSSAA semi-finals in 2007.
The South Carleton Mock trial team won the OBA OJEN city-wide tournament in 2023.
The baseball team captured their 3rd NCSSAA tier 2 title in 4 years in 2012 and have won 5 titles overall (including a Tier 1 title in 2004) since 2003. 2023 saw the team\'s most recent title, claiming the tier 1 championship with a hard fought, 5-2 victory over St.FX
## Arts
South Carleton High School is home to one of the largest arts programs in the OCDSB. All attending students have the opportunity to enroll in Visual Arts, Music, Dance, Drama, and Media Studies.
### Dance Shows {#dance_shows}
The annual dance show is the institution\'s largest arts display, typically attracting a cumulative 500-600+ audience.
The Fall 2016 Dance Performance was dedicated in honour of Prince under the name of \"Tribute to Broadway,\" and the Spring 2017 Show paid tribute to the 150th anniversary of Canadian Confederation. The Fall 2017 Show honoured Pink, and the Spring 2018 Show paid homage to the town of Richmond\'s 200th anniversary of foundation.
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| 0 |
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# South Carleton High School
## Bob Erwin Football Field {#bob_erwin_football_field}
On October 6, 2005, during half-time at the Senior Football game, the South Carleton Football Field was dedicated to Bob Erwin, teacher and coach at South Carleton for 33 years
| 41 |
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| 1 |
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# Mycobacterium genavense
**Mycobacterium genavense** is a slow-growing species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.
## Description
Nonmotile, acid-fast coccobacilli (1.0 μm x 2.0 μm). No formation of spores, capsules or aerial hyphae.
**Colony characteristics**
- Tiny, transparent, nonphotochromogenic and dysgonic colonies (on solid Middlebrook 7H11 medium MJ (Allied Laboratories).
**Physiology**
- Slow, fastidious growth in liquid media within 3--12 weeks at 31 °C, 37 °C and 42 °C, with slightly better growth at 45 °C.
- Primary cultures for isolation require liquid broth media such as BACTEC 12B medium, Middlebrook 7H9 medium.
- Acid broth media such as, BACTEC pyrazinamidase test medium, may facilitate primary isolation.
- No growth on standard solid media like Löwenstein-Jensen, unsupplemented Middlebrook 7H11 or Middlebrook 7H10 media.
- Visible growth on solid Middlebrook 7H11 medium supplemented with MJ after inoculation with a broth culture within 3--9 weeks.
- Susceptible to streptomycin and rifampicin
- Resistant to isoniazid
**Differential characteristics**
- Differentiation from other slowly growing mycobacteria by its fastidious growth.
- Closely related to *M. simiae* by evaluation of 16S rDNA sequences.
## Pathogenesis
- Opportunistic pathogen. Clinically indistinguishable from generalised infections in patients with AIDS due to M. avium complex strains, but more related to gastro-intestinal disorders.
- Most common cause of mycobacterial disease in parrots and parakeets
| 234 |
Mycobacterium genavense
| 0 |
9,980,218 |
# Great Barton
**Great Barton** is a large village and civil parish in the West Suffolk district of Suffolk, England, about 3 mi East of Bury St Edmunds on the A143. At the 2011 census the village had a population of 2,191 rising to 2,236 at the 2018 mid year estimate.
All the recorded details of burials in Great Barton Churchyard from 1563 to 1992 have been transcribed from the original registers into alphabetical order, together with cross references to the 517 gravestones, as recorded by the Women\'s Institute Survey in 1979.
Great Barton is also home to a radio transmission site in the North of the village. The Puttocks Hill transmitter is 69m tall with a total operating power of 5.8kW, broadcasting three DAB multiplexes including BBC & local radio services.
## History
The village\'s name derives from Old English words *Bere* meaning barley and *tūn* meaning enclosure, demesne farm, or outlying grange.
The village is first recorded as ***Bertune*** in 942 in the will of Bishop Theodred granting lands to *his kinsman Osgot, Eadulf\'s son*.
The *Domesday Book* of 1086 records the village as being in the Theivardestreu Hundred, now known as Thedwastre, and the population was 103 households made up of 22 villagers, 70 freemen, 7 smallholders, and 4 slaves along with 4 cobs, 18 cattle, 44 pigs, 402 sheep, and 2 beehives. The lands were held by Bury Abbey before and after the Norman conquest of England
Great Barton Hall was a country house first built by Robert Audley in 1572. He was the nephew of Thomas Audley, 1st Baron Audley of Walden, who had been Lord Chancellor until his death in 1544.
Around 1783 a post mill was built North East of the main village near Mill Road, this was demolished *circa* 1920.
In 1816 Sir Henry Bunbury, 7th Baronet, the major land owner in the area, founded one of the earliest allotment schemes in the country. He started granting land to his labouring tenants at the end of 1816 and early 1817 shortly after the food and anti-machinery riots, commonly known as the \'Bread or Blood\' riots. The allotments were situated in the land bounded by Vicarage Farm Lane, Mill Road, and Livermere Road. He wrote in his memoirs of the allotments:`{{quote|My earliest trials, with mere gardens, soon showed me that, while the condition of the cottagers' families was in some degree improved, the men to whom these patches of ground were allotted became more domestic and moral in their habits.}}`{=mediawiki}
### Church of the Holy Innocents {#church_of_the_holy_innocents}
The medieval grade I listed parish church is located to the south of the main village and is one of only five churches in the country to be dedicated to the Holy Innocents.
The tower dates from the later half of 15th century. Bequests for its construction were left in wills of Thomas Gatle of Great Livermere (10 marks) and John Stacey of Thurston (5 marks). The tower\'s parapets feature fine flushwork, which bears some similarities with St Mary\'s Church in Rougham.
Six bells from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries hang in the tower with the largest weighing 8.75 long cwt.
The chancel is the earliest part of the building, dating from the late 13th century, with hexagonal buttresses at the East end. Four windows with plate tracery featuring a quatrefoil above two trefoil-cusped lancets feature on the North and South sides, two on each all with 19th-century stained glass. The East window mixes plate with bar tracery and has three lancets with the central one cusped and ogee-pointed and three encircled quatrefoils at the top.
## Conyer\'s Green {#conyers_green}
**Conyer\'s Green** (52.276 0.766 type:city_region:GB-SFK display=inline) is a village in Great Barton.
| 617 |
Great Barton
| 0 |
9,980,218 |
# Great Barton
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
### People
- Bunbury baronets
- Robert Evans (1899--1981), cricketer
- Preston King (1863--1943), Mayor of Bath
- John Marshall (1837--1879), clergyman and a cricketer
- Edward Adams (1824--1856), naval surgeon and naturalist
### Horses
- Sorcerer (1796--1821), ran mainly at Newmarket and won fifteen of his twenty-one races.
- Smolensko (1810--1829), won the 1813 Epsom Derby and 2,000 Guineas Stakes, raced for two years and was retired to stud in 1815
| 79 |
Great Barton
| 1 |
9,980,266 |
# Edward P. Stritter
**Edward P. (\"Skip\") Stritter**, engineer and entrepreneur, was the chief architect of the Motorola 68000 microprocessor (used in the original Apple Computer Macintosh), a co-founder of the first commercial RISC company MIPS Computer Systems, the founder of Clarity Wireless, (acquired by Cisco Systems for \$157 million) and founder of NeTPower. He also served on the Board of Overseers of the Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College. He was nominated by the United States Justice Department to serve on a three-member technical board of overseers to ensure that Microsoft complied with the judgements of *United States v. Microsoft*.
He received his bachelor\'s degree from Dartmouth College in 1968 and his master\'s degree (1969) and PhD (1976) from Stanford University
| 123 |
Edward P. Stritter
| 0 |
9,980,300 |
# Veteran's pension
A **veteran\'s pension** or \"wartime pension\" is a pension for veterans of the United States Armed Forces, who served in the military but did not qualify for military retirement pay from the Armed Forces. It was established by the United States Congress and given to veterans who meet the eligibility requirements. Along with payments, they are also given additional benefits depending on their eligibility and needs. The veteran\'s pension system is managed by the Department of Veterans Affairs.
## Wartime pension, wartime period {#wartime_pension_wartime_period}
The veteran\'s pension is sometimes called the \"wartime pension\" due to a requirement that the veteran served at least one day during a U.S. wartime period. The Department of Veterans Affairs [publishes a list](http://www.benefits.va.gov/pension/wartimeperiod.asp) of Eligible Wartime Periods for determining if the Veteran meets the wartime service criterion. As of February 2017 to determine eligibility for the veteran\'s pension the Veterans Administration recognizes the following wartime periods:
- Mexican Border Period (May 9, 1916 -- April 5, 1917 for Veterans who served in Mexico, on its borders, or adjacent waters)
- World War I (April 6, 1917 -- November 11, 1918)
- World War II (December 7, 1941 -- December 31, 1946)
- Korean War (June 27, 1950 -- January 31, 1955)
- Vietnam War (two periods) February 28, 1961 -- May 7, 1975 for Veterans who served **in** the Republic of Vietnam; or August 5, 1964 -- May 7, 1975 for Veterans who served anywhere **during** the Vietnam War wartime period
- Gulf War (August 2, 1990 -- through a future date to be set by Congress, or Presidential Proclamation)
## Wartime exclusions {#wartime_exclusions}
A source of confusion can be use of the term \"wartime pension.\" Some mistakenly interpret this to mean the pension is awarded only to Veterans who participated in combat or served in a combat or war zone. The veteran\'s and wartime pensions do not require the veteran to have participated in combat, nor to have served in a combat or war zone.
## History
A pension plan for disabled veterans was established by congress in 1792. Pension legislation for all surviving veterans was passed in 1818. This was unique to federal legislation. Money was shifted from the national treasury to individuals who were perceived as having the right to preferential treatment. The recipients were entitled to these payments because the pensions were viewed as delayed payments for the people who served during the American Revolution.
## Eligibility
Someone is generally eligible for veteran\'s pension if he or she:
1. Was not discharged for dishonorable reasons; and,
2. Served 90 days of active military duty; and,
3. Served at least one day during wartime (\"wartime\" as determined by the VA); and,
4. Had countable family income below a certain yearly limit; and,
5. Is age 65 years or older; or
6. Regardless of age is permanently disabled, not due to willful misconduct
## Calculation
The annual pension is calculated by adding all of the person\'s countable income. Any deductions are then subtracted from that total. The remaining total is deducted from the maximum pension limit (taking into account the number of dependents, spouse, etc.). This final number is the yearly pension; dividing it by 12 results in the monthly pension.
## Tax-free benefit {#tax_free_benefit}
The veteran\'s pension is a tax-free benefit not subject to federal income tax. Regarding state tax, the veteran or beneficiary must check with the taxing authority in his or her state of residence to determine if the pension is subject to state income tax.
### Income received per month {#income_received_per_month}
- Married veterans -- federal tax-free up to \$2054 per month
- Single veterans -- federal tax-free up to \$1732 per month
- Surviving spouses -- federal tax-free up to \$1113 per month `{{irrelevant citation|{{February 2015}}|this reference only links to other websites that likely don't contain the quoted information either.|date=February 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
### Additional benefits {#additional_benefits}
In addition to monthly payments, certain veterans may be eligible for additional benefits such as automobile grants, special adaptive housing, traumatic service members group life insurance, educational benefits and health care.
#### Aid and Attendance {#aid_and_attendance}
Aid and Attendance is an amount awarded in addition to the basic pension. This benefit takes into account a person\'s unreimbursed (out-of-pocket) medical expenses. These medical expenses are subtracted from a person\'s gross income to determine eligibility.
A veteran is eligible for Aid and Attendance when he or she
1. Requires the regular aid of another person to perform everyday functions (bathing, eating, dressing, etc.)
2. Is bedridden
3. Is a patient in a nursing home
4. Is blind or nearly blind
#### Housebound
A veteran is eligible for housebound benefits when he or she:
1. Has a single permanent disability that results in confinement to his or her immediate premises
2
| 798 |
Veteran's pension
| 0 |
9,980,305 |
# Holýšov
**Holýšov** (`{{IPA|cs|ˈɦoliːʃof}}`{=mediawiki}; *Holleischen*) is a town in Plzeň-South District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 5,600 inhabitants.
## Administrative division {#administrative_division}
Holýšov consists of two municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):
- Holýšov (4,902)
- Dolní Kamenice (123)
## Geography
Holýšov is located about 25 km southwest of Plzeň. It lies mostly in the Švihov Highlands, only the western part of the municipal territory lies in the Plasy Uplands. The highest point is a nameless hill at 516 m above sea level. The town is situated on the right bank of the Radbuza River.
## History
The first written mention of Holýšov is in a deed of Pope Gregory X from 1273. Transformation from a small village to a town began after 1897, when one of the biggest glassworks in Austria-Hungary were founded and the population significantly increased. The glassworks went bankrupt due to the world crisis in the 1930s.
During World War II, Holýšov was occupied by Germany. The glassworks building was rebuilt to an ammunition factory. In 1944, two subcamps of the Flossenbürg concentration camp were founded: one for French, Polish, Russian and Jewish women, and one for Polish, Jewish, Czech and Russian men. The men\'s subcamp was presumably dissolved in January 1945, whereas the women\'s subcamp was liberated by Polish partisans in May 1945. After the German occupation, the town was restored to Czechoslovakia.
In 1960, Holýšov obtained the town status. From 1 January 2021, Holýšov is no longer a part of Domažlice District and belongs to Plzeň-South District.
## Demographics
## Transport
Holýšov is located on the railway line Prague--Munich via Plzeň.
## Sights
The oldest building in Holýšov is the Church of Saints Peter and Paul. It was first mentioned in 1352 and in 1384, it was referred to as a parish church. During the Thirty Years\' War, it was partly demolished. It was completely rebuilt in the Baroque style in 1743 and a three-story tower was also built, which is 39 39 m tall and topped with a tall slender spire.
Exposition dedicated to the history of Holýšov and the history of World War II in Holýšov are in the town museum named *Dům dějin Holýšovska* (\"House of history of the Holýšov region\")
| 380 |
Holýšov
| 0 |
9,980,322 |
# Edward Chavez (politician)
**Edward \"Ed\" Chavez** (born 1943) is a former American politician and law enforcement officer who served as the 76th mayor of Stockton, California from 2005 until 2009. Prior to that, Chavez served as the city\'s police chief from 1993 to 2005.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Edward Chavez was born in Stockton, California, in 1943 to Pilar and Santiago Chavez. He attended Jackson School in South Stockton, then completed elementary school at St. Agnes School. After graduating from St. Mary\'s High School in 1961, in February 1962 he enlisted in the United States Air Force, being stationed in Southern California, Texas, and Vietnam. He was discharged in 1970.
Chavez obtained an Associate of Arts from San Joaquin Delta College in 1970, earned a Bachelor of Arts in Criminal Justice from California State University, Sacramento in 1972, and a Master of Science in Management from Cal Poly Pomona in 1992.
## Stockton Police {#stockton_police}
Chavez joined the Stockton Police Department in 1973 as a police officer. Aside from being an officer, he also served as a sergeant, lieutenant, captain, and deputy chief. He became Chief of Police in February 1993.
## Political career {#political_career}
Chavez was elected mayor of Stockton in the 2004 election, winning with 52.2% of the vote. He was sworn in on January 1, 2005, succeeding Gary Podesto. As mayor he was a member of the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition. He initially said he would likely run for re-election in 2008, but on December 18, 2007, Chavez announced he would leave at the end of his term, saying it was time for him and his wife, Barbara, to live a private life.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chavez has two children, a son, Eric, and a daughter, Jill. Upon his term as mayor ending, Chavez now resides in Indio, California.
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
`{{Election box begin no party no change |title=2004 Stockton mayoral election<ref>{{cite web |title=San Joaquin County, CA Ballot |url=http://www.smartvoter.org/2004/03/02/ca/sj/ballot.html |website=www.smartvoter.org |accessdate=14 September 2020}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box winning candidate no party no change
|candidate = Edward Chavez
|votes = 20,052
|percentage = 52.2
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate no party no change
|candidate = [[Ann Johnston (American politician)|Ann Johnston]]
|votes = 15,037
|percentage = 39.1
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate no party no change
|candidate = Ralph Lee White
|votes = 2,300
|percentage = 6.0
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate no party no change
|candidate = Harvey N. Bills, Sr.
|votes = 1,047
|percentage = 2.7
}}`{=mediawiki}\
`{{Election box candidate no party no change
|candidate = ''[[Write-in candidate|Write-ins]]''
|votes = 75
|percentage = 0
| 429 |
Edward Chavez (politician)
| 0 |
9,980,342 |
# Diarmuid Hegarty (academic)
**Diarmuid Hegarty** is the president of Griffith College in Ireland. He is also chairman of the Friends of the Vocal Arts.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Diarmuid Hegarty was born in Dublin. He studied Commerce (BComm) at University College Dublin and obtained a Barrister at Law (BL) degree from the Honorable Society of King\'s Inns.
From 1969 to 1973, he trained to be an accountant with Coopers and Lybrand.
Hegarty is a Barrister-at-Law and a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland.
## Career
In 1974, Hegarty became a Taxation Consultant with constituent firm of Deloitte and Touche. That same year, Hegarty founded *Business and Accounting Training*, which grew into Griffith College Ireland. The college operated from Milltown, St. Stephen\'s Green and Morehampton Road, Dublin, In 1978, BAT college was incorporated. The name was changed to Griffith College when the college moved to the former Griffith Barracks in 1991.
In 1992, he became president of Griffith College Ireland. From 1999 to 2006, he served as a board member of Griffith College Karachi. As president of Griffith College, Hegarty has been involved in promoting the Bologna Process for a Europe-wide Higher Education Network.
In 2018 he was elected to the Council of Dublin Chamber of Commerce.
## Selected roles {#selected_roles}
- 2011: Chairman of the Higher Education Colleges Association (HECA),
- 2012: Received an Honorary Professorship from the Beijing Information Science & Technology University (BISTU) in China and was made an Honorary Member of the University\'s academic board
- 2018 - Elected as a Council Member to Dublin Chamber of Commerce
- Chairman of the Las Adelfas Hotel partnership, in which he has a business interest.
- Vice-Chairman of the Ireland-Pakistan Business Council
| 289 |
Diarmuid Hegarty (academic)
| 0 |
9,980,364 |
# Mycobacterium gilvum
***Mycobacterium gilvum*** is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.
Etymology: gilvum, Latin for pale yellow.
## Description
Pleomorphic gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods.
**Colony characteristics**
- Pale yellow, Scotochromogenic, and smooth pleomorphic colonies.
**Physiology**
- Rapid growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium at 25 °C and 37 °C, but not at 45 °C, within 7 days.
- Resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin, and sodium aminosalicylate.
**Differential characteristics**
- 5 species-specific antigens, demonstrable in immunodiffusion tests.
## Pathogenesis
- Not assumed to be pathogenic.
- Biosafety level 1
## Type strain {#type_strain}
First isolated from sputum and pleura fluid (London). Strain ATCC 43909 = CCUG 37676 = CIP 106743 = DSM 44503 = JCM 6395 = NCTC 10742
| 138 |
Mycobacterium gilvum
| 0 |
9,980,370 |
# Plasmodium mackerrasae
***Plasmodium mackerrasae*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium*.
Like all *Plasmodium* species *P. mackerrasae* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.
## Description
The parasite was first described by Telford in 1979.
## Geographical occurrence {#geographical_occurrence}
This parasite is found in Australia.
## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology}
This species occurs naturally in the Australian skinks *Egernia cunninghami* and *Egernia striolata*. It will also infect *Egernia whitei*
| 79 |
Plasmodium mackerrasae
| 0 |
9,980,415 |
# Julian Edward Wood
**Julian Edward Wood** (May 3, 1844 -- June 2, 1911) was an American medical doctor, soldier, and a founder of Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He was also a member of the Virginia Military Institute\'s cadet corp at the Battle of New Market.
## Early life {#early_life}
Wood was born in 1844 in Currituck County, North Carolina. His parents were Sophia Marchant (née Trotman) and William Edward Wood, a physician, and farmer. When he was young, his father moved to Hampton, Virginia to a Hickory Grove, later the site of Hampton University. He attended the Hampton Military Academy.
Wood entered Virginia Military Institute (V.M.I.) on January 16, 1862. He served as a second cadet corporal in Company C in the V.M.I. Cadet Corps which helped secure a victory at the Battle of New Market. In this battle, Wood was a member of the color guard. On May 15, 1864; he was promoted to cadet sergeant of Company A with the Corps of Cadets. In this capacity, he was stationed in the trenches of Richmond, Virginia from 1864 to early 1865.
He resigned from V.M.I. on January 21, 1865, and became a first lieutenant in First North Carolina Regiment under General James Green Martin. He was a drill master and colonel of the First Division of the North Carolina Naval Reserves, until the end on the war. After the war, he returned to V.M.I.; he was made an honorary graduate of the class of 1866 on July 2, 1869.
In the fall of 1867, Wood enrolled in the University of Virginia to study medicine. On March 1, 1868, Wood and friends from V.Mi. who were also attending the university, founded of Pi Kappa Alpha. After attending the University of Virginia for two years, he transferred to Washington College of Baltimore and graduated with an M.D. in 1869.
## Career
Wood received his medical license in 1869. He established a medical practice in Elizabeth City, North Carolina where he worked for more than thirty years, becoming one of the leading physicians in Eastern North Carolina. He was also a surgeon for the Norfolk and Southern Railway. In 1889, he was selected as a delegate to the American Medical Association by the State Medical Society. In May 1911, Wood was appointed county health official by the Board of County Commissioners. However, he retired from private practice in 1911 because of his declining health.
## Pasquotank Rifles {#pasquotank_rifles}
In October 1881, Wood was an organizer of the Pasquotank Rifles military corp of Elizabeth City and served as its captain. In December 1881, Wood sent a telegram to North Carolina\'s Governor Thomas J. Jarvis, offering the assistance of the Pasquotank Rifles in the Plymouth race riot. Wood and his Rifles were armed with 45 caliber rifles and became Company E First Regiment of the North Carolina State Guard. In May 1888, the state provided uniforms for the Pasquotank Rifles, still under the leadership of Wood. They participated in the inauguration of Governor Daniel Gould Fowle in 1889.
In January 1891, Wood was elected colonel (commander) of the First Regiment of the North Carolina State Guard. He had a reputation as \"a well informed and discreet officer.\" One of his assignments was to protect the state\'s oyster interests from oyster pirates. In late July 1892, Wood resigned from the First Regiment because it was conflicting with his responsibilities to his medical practice. *The Sentinel* of Winston-Salem wrote, \"The loss of Col. Wood will be a heavy loss to the Guard, in which he has taken so much pride and used his energies for its success.\" However, in December 1992, the First Regiment\'s field officers elected Wood as its colonel for a two-year term. In April 1893, he was back patrolling for oyster pirates.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Wood married Mary Jane Scott of Elizabeth City on February 17, 1874. They had two children, a son William Edward Wood and a daughter Annie Mae Wood.
In April 1890, Wood was the Democratic nominee for the 5th ward of Elizabeth City\'s council and was elected to serve. Although he was not a man of significant wealth, Wood donated the pedestal for the \"Edenton Tea Pot\", a memorialto the Edenton Tea Party in Edenton, North Carolina. He was a member of the B.P. O. Elks and the Baptist church in Gatesville, North Carolina.
On November 2, 1910, Wood was stricken with a heart issue and slipped into unconsciousness. When reporting on his illness,*The News and Observer* noted, \"He is one of the State\'s most distinguished and beloved citizens\...\" On June 3, 1911, Wood died at his home in Elizabeth City, at the corner of Church Street and Martin Street. He was buried in the Hollywood Cemetery in Elizabeth City
| 793 |
Julian Edward Wood
| 0 |
9,980,453 |
# Laxton, East Riding of Yorkshire
**Laxton** is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The village is situated approximately 2 mi east from Howden and 19 mi south-east from the county town of York. The civil parish is formed by the village of Laxton and the hamlets of Cotness, Metham and Saltmarshe. A very small part of Yokefleet also falls within the parish. According to the 2011 UK census, Laxton parish had a population of 314, a reduction on the 2001 UK census figure of 322.
Laxton lies within the Parliamentary constituency of Goole and Pocklington.
The village is served by Saltmarshe railway station on the Sheffield to Hull Line.
In 1823 Laxton was in the civil parish of Howden, and in the Wapentake and Liberty of Howdenshire. Population at the time was 268. Occupations included seven farmers, two carpenters, a corn miller, a tailor, a shopkeeper, a shoemaker, a schoolmaster and public house landlords of the White Horse; the Mason\'s Arms, who was also a bricklayer; and the Cross Keys, who was also a blacksmith. Resident was the ecclesiastical parish curate and a Philip Saltmarshe, Esquire of Saltmarshe
| 195 |
Laxton, East Riding of Yorkshire
| 0 |
9,980,489 |
# Al Christy
**Albert Christopher Ladesich** (September 7, 1918 -- March 3, 1995), better known as **Al Christy**, was an American actor, advertising executive, and radio and television announcer.
He was born in Kansas City, Kansas, the son of Croatian parents who had immigrated to the United States a few years before. He graduated from Wyandotte High School in 1937. This was where he first became interested in dramatics.
Ladesich began his career working under his father, selling insurance for Armour Packing Company in Kansas City. He then served in World War II, and upon his discharge, returned to Kansas City and became an announcer for radio station WDAF. It was here that he first adopted the stage name \"Al Christy.\" While with WDAF, Ladesich also did acting on various dramatic radio programs being produced in Kansas City, most notably *The Air Adventures of Jimmie Allen*, where he starred as mechanic \"Flash\" Lewis during the show\'s 1946-47 run. He also found acting work in educational and industrial films being produced by the Calvin Company of Kansas City, including films directed by Robert Altman. Ladesich would continue to appear in Calvin films (and ones produced by Centron Corporation in Lawrence, Kansas) until the early 1980s.
In 1950 shortly after the new WDAF-TV station was begun in Kansas City, Ladesich became one of three weathercasters there. In 1953 when popular weather announcer Shelby Storck left WDAF, Ladesich, who by now was assistant program director for the station, took over his spot and the name Al Christy became more well known in the Kansas City area. The Ladesich family was very much involved in Kansas City media. Al\'s brother and sister were associated with WDAF-TV as well, as directors and producers.
In 1956 Ladesich left WDAF-TV and became a director, writer, producer, and account manager for a Kansas City advertising agency which primarily produced radio and television commercials. Taking normal work hours and not being required to work at night like when toiling in radio and TV, Ladesich now had time in the evenings to devote to what soon became his chief hobby and avocation, acting. In 1956 he began regularly appearing in productions of Kansas City\'s top little theater group, the Resident Theater. He missed appearing in only four or five Resident productions over a course of twelve years. In 1961 while vacationing in Los Angeles, he visited his old Kansas City friend Robert Altman, who by now was directing episodic television in Hollywood. Altman told Ladesich about an episode of a TV series he was currently directing, titled Bonanza, that he needed an actor for to play a bartender. Ladesich spent one day on the set, playing \"Joe the Bartender,\" and scored his first screen credit. In 1966 director Richard Brooks planned to shoot his film *In Cold Blood* in and around Kansas City, and endeavored to use local talent for many of the smaller roles. Ladesich was among the local actors enlisted, portraying a sheriff.
In the late 1960s the Resident Theater closed down and soon professional theater was established for the first time in Kansas City, via the Missouri Repertory Theater. Ladesich was a regular there throughout the 1970s and 1980s and was well-known to Kansas City theatergoers during that time as a versatile character actor who could \"do everything from Shakespeare to light comedy.\" He also, by this time, had been promoted to a vice-president and board member of a Kansas City ad agency and retired early in the 1980s. He spent his \"retirement\" years primarily in California, scoring small roles in various feature films and television shows. He appeared in episodes of *Falcon Crest*, *The Twilight Zone*, *Knots Landing*, and *Punky Brewster*, played Dr. Holmes in the 1985 film *Stand Alone*, and played one half of the third \"documentary couple\" in *When Harry Met Sally\...* from 1989.
By 1990, Ladesich had returned to Kansas City and played a judge in the film Mr. and Mrs. Bridge which was shot there that year. Soon after, he began to suffer from severe heart trouble and then officially \"retired.\" He died in March 1995 of heart failure at his home in Kansas City, Missouri. Al having been a lifelong bachelor, the only remaining Ladesich relative was Al\'s older brother, who died three years later. Al Christy was interred at Mount Calvary Cemetery in Kansas City, Missouri.
## Partial filmography {#partial_filmography}
- *In Cold Blood* (1967) - Sheriff
- *Der Preis fürs Überleben* (1980)
- *Stand Alone* (1985) - Dr. Holmes
- *When Harry Met Sally\...* (1989) - Documentary Couple #5
- *Mr. and Mrs
| 764 |
Al Christy
| 0 |
9,980,510 |
# Broadway station (Sacramento)
**Broadway** is a side platformed Sacramento RT light rail station in Sacramento, California, United States, served by the Blue Line. The station was opened on September 26, 2003, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is located south of Broadway near Freeport Boulevard, and was the initial station of the Phase 1 south side extension. In addition, it is the southernmost station in the Central City service area (the former fare zone)
| 79 |
Broadway station (Sacramento)
| 0 |
9,980,511 |
# De Havilland DH.65 Hound
The **de Havilland DH.65 Hound** was a 1920s British two-seat day bomber built by de Havilland at Stag Lane Aerodrome.
## History
The **Hound** was designed as a two-seat general purpose biplane, a private venture to meet Air Ministry Specification 12/26. The prototype *G-EBNJ* first flew on 17 November 1926. It was of all-wooden construction, powered by a Napier Lion engine. In 1927, the nose and rudder were modified, it was fitted with a geared engine and received the modified designation **DH.65A**. It was delivered to the Royal Air Force in January 1928 receiving serial number *J9127* for evaluation. While it showed superior performance to the other competitors for the specification, it was rejected because of its wooden construction and the order was placed with the Hawker Hart.
Despite its rejection by the RAF, on 26 April 1928 the aircraft set a world record for carrying a load of 2,205 lb (1,000 kg) over 62 mi (100 km) at 160 mph (257 km/h) piloted by H.S. Broad.
A project to further develop the Hound as a four-seat passenger transport under the designation **DH.74** was left unrealised.
The design being otherwise unsuccessful, the second aircraft *G-EBNK* was not completed.
## Operators
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
## Specifications (DH.65A) {#specifications_dh
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# Grotesque body
The **grotesque body** is a concept, or literary trope, put forward by Russian literary critic Mikhail Bakhtin in his study of François Rabelais\' work. The essential principle of grotesque realism is degradation, the lowering of all that is abstract, spiritual, noble, and ideal to the material level. Through the use of the grotesque body in his novels, Rabelais related political conflicts to human anatomy. In this way, Rabelais used the concept as \"a figure of unruly biological and social exchange\".
It is by means of this information that Bakhtin pinpoints two important subtexts: the first is *carnival* (carnivalesque), and the second is *grotesque realism* (grotesque body). Thus, in *Rabelais and His World* Bakhtin studies the interaction between the social and the literary, as well as the meaning of the body.
## Carnival
thumb\|upright=1.15\|Grotesque masks are shown here, worn by many at a carnival. The Carnival, or feast of fools, is a religious celebration where people consume copious amounts of food and wine and have a large party to celebrate. The grotesqueness in the carnival is seen as the abundance and large amount of food consumed by the body. There is much emphasis put on the mouth (where the body can be entered). Eating, drinking, burping from excess, etc. is all done through the mouth. Rabelais uses the Carnival to refer to politics and critique the world based on human anatomy.
In the Italian celebration of Carnival, masks play a major role as many people wear them during the celebration. Many of these masks can be seen as an exaggeration of the grotesque as they feature enlarged facial elements such as an enlarged nose (which is a part of the grotesque body). The Italian celebration of carnival is similar to that of Mardi Gras where food and alcohol are consumed in excess.
Both renditions of Carnival are celebrated immediately before the Christian season of Lent which is about a 40-day season for people of Christian (primarily Catholic) faith to cleanse themselves and become pure before Easter Sunday.
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# Grotesque body
## Grotesque realism {#grotesque_realism}
Exaggeration, hyperbole, and excessiveness are all key elements of the grotesque style. Certain aspects of the body are referenced when talking about the grotesque. These things include elements of the body that either protrude from the body or an opening part of the body that can be entered. This is because the body in many cases is seen as pure where as the outside world is not. Therefore, parts of the body that allow the outside world in or allow elements inside the body out, are seen and used as an exaggeration of the grotesque. In the article, \"Absurdity and Hidden Truth: Cunning Intelligence and Grotesque Body Images as Manifestations of the Trickster\", Koepping refers back to Bakhtin\'s statement, \"The themes of cursing and of laughter are almost exclusively a subject of the grotesqueness of the body.\" Italian satirist Daniele Luttazzi explained: \"satire exhibits the grotesque body, which is dominated by the primary needs (eating, drinking, defecating, urinating, sex) to celebrate the victory of life: the social and the corporeal are joyfully joint in something indivisible, universal and beneficial\".
Bakhtin explained how the grotesque body is a celebration of the cycle of life: the grotesque body is a comic figure of profound ambivalence: its positive meaning is linked to birth and renewal and its negative meaning is linked to death and decay. In Rabelais\' epoch (1500--1800) \"it was appropriate to ridicule the king and clergy, to use dung and urine to degrade; this was not to just mock, it was to unleash what Bakhtin saw as the people\'s power, to renew and regenerate the entire social system. It was the power of the people\'s festive-carnival, a way to turn the official spectacle inside-out and upside down, just for a while; long enough to make an impression on the participating official stratum. With the advent of modernity (science, technology, Industrial Revolution), the mechanistic overtook the organic, and the officialdom no longer came to join in festive-carnival. The bodily lower stratum of humor dualized from the upper stratum.\"
## Early uses of grotesque {#early_uses_of_grotesque}
Before people began to develop literature or art, leaders would sit in their halls surrounded by their warriors amusing themselves by mocking their opponents and enemies. The warriors would laugh at any weakness or defect, either physical or mental, giving nicknames which exaggerated these traits.
Soon warriors sought to give a more permanent form to their ridicule, which led to rude depictions on bare rocks, or any other surface that was convenient.
In the Medieval Grotesque Carnival, emphasis is put on the nether regions of the body as the center and creation of meaning. The spirit rather than coming from above comes from the belly, buttocks, and genitals
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# 4th Avenue/Wayne Hultgren station
**4th Avenue/Wayne Hultgren station** is an at-grade light rail station on the Blue Line of the SacRT light rail system operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. The station is located in an exclusive right of way alongside the Union Pacific Railroad\'s Sacramento Subdivision at its intersection with 4th Avenue, after which the station is named, in the city of Sacramento, California.
It is located southeast of the 21st Street and Freeport Boulevard intersection, and serves the residential areas of Land Park and Curtis Park, commercial development along Freeport Boulevard, and C. K. McClatchy High School. The station is named in honor of Wayne Hultgren, a community activist who was essential in the establishment of light rail in Sacramento.
## Platforms and tracks {#platforms_and_tracks}
Like nearly all stations built as part of the Blue Line Southwest Extension, 4th Avenue/Wayne Hultgren station has a rather unique layout with an island platform serving northbound trains and a side platform boarding area for southbound trains, integrated into a small plaza that leads to the nearby bus stops. The southbound tracks are embedded in the pavement, allowing passengers to cross to the northbound platform from any point on the southbound platform. The layout is both efficient and a cost-effective way of providing a pedestrian-train interface
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# Nth-term test
In mathematics, the ***n*th-term test for divergence** is a simple test for the divergence of an infinite series:
> If $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n \neq 0$ or if the limit does not exist, then $\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n$ diverges.
Many authors do not name this test or give it a shorter name.
When testing if a series converges or diverges, this test is often checked first due to its ease of use.
In the case of p-adic analysis the term test is a necessary and sufficient condition for convergence due to the non-Archimedean ultrametric triangle inequality.
## Usage
Unlike stronger convergence tests, the term test cannot prove by itself that a series converges. In particular, the converse to the test is not true; instead all one can say is:
> If $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0,$ then $\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n$ may or may not converge. In other words, if $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0,$ the test is inconclusive.
The harmonic series is a classic example of a divergent series whose terms approach zero in the limit as $n \rightarrow \infty$. The more general class of *p*-series,
$$\sum_{n=1}^\infty \frac{1}{n^p},$$
exemplifies the possible results of the test:
- If *p* ≤ 0, then the *n*th-term test identifies the series as divergent.
- If 0 \< *p* ≤ 1, then the *n*th-term test is inconclusive, but the series is divergent by the integral test for convergence.
- If 1 \< *p*, then the *n*th-term test is inconclusive, but the series is convergent by the integral test for convergence.
## Proofs
The test is typically proven in contrapositive form:
> If $\sum_{n=1}^\infty a_n$ converges, then $\lim_{n \to \infty} a_n = 0.$
### Limit manipulation {#limit_manipulation}
If *s*~*n*~ are the partial sums of the series, then the assumption that the series converges means that
$$\lim_{n\to\infty} s_n = L$$ for some number *L*. Then
$$\lim_{n\to\infty} a_n = \lim_{n\to\infty}(s_n-s_{n-1}) = \lim_{n\to\infty} s_n - \lim_{n\to\infty} s_{n-1} = L-L = 0.$$
### Cauchy\'s criterion {#cauchys_criterion}
Assuming that the series converges implies that it passes Cauchy\'s convergence test: for every $\varepsilon>0$ there is a number *N* such that
$$\left|a_{n+1}+a_{n+2}+\cdots+a_{n+p}\right|<\varepsilon$$ holds for all *n* \> *N* and *p* ≥ 1. Setting *p* = 1 recovers the claim
$$\lim_{n\to\infty} a_n = 0.$$
## Scope
The simplest version of the term test applies to infinite series of real numbers. The above two proofs, by invoking the Cauchy criterion or the linearity of the limit, also work in any other normed vector space or any additively written abelian group
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
This article details the **history of the Baltimore Ravens**, a professional American football team which plays in the National Football League. The Ravens were formed to fill in the void left by Baltimore\'s previous team, the Colts, who had controversially moved to Indianapolis. Ironically, the Ravens\' formation necessitated the relocation of the Cleveland Browns\' players and personnel, leaving Cleveland without a team until the Browns resumed operations as an expansion team three years later. Since then, the Ravens have usually featured a strong defense and have won two Super Bowl championships.
## Origins
Ahead of the 1995 league expansion, eleven years after the Colts\' controversial move to Indianapolis, the city of Baltimore expected to be granted an NFL franchise and put together its most attractive financial package. However, to make way for Jack Kent Cooke\'s ultimately unsuccessful plan to move the Washington Redskins to Laurel, Maryland, then-commissioner Paul Tagliabue convinced the league\'s team owners to pass over Baltimore. In 1995, the NFL Expansion Draft saw the creation of the Carolina Panthers and Jacksonville Jaguars, franchises granted to smaller TV markets in Charlotte, North Carolina and Jacksonville, Florida respectively. In response to outrage in Baltimore, including then-governor William Donald Schaefer\'s threat to announce over the loudspeakers Tagliabue\'s exact location in Camden Yards any time he attended a Baltimore Orioles game, Tagliabue remarked, \"Maybe (Baltimore) can open another museum with that money.\" Having failed to obtain a franchise via the expansion, the city, despite having \"misgivings,\" turned to the possibility of obtaining an existing franchise, namely the Cleveland Browns, whose then-owner Art Modell was financially struggling and at odds with the city of Cleveland over needed improvements to the team\'s stadium.
On November 6, 1995, Modell announced his intention to move the team to Baltimore, citing the inadequacy of Cleveland Stadium and the lack of a sufficient replacement along with his heavy debt. Initially, the team was to be known as the \"Baltimore Browns.\" The plan was for the \"Baltimore Browns\" to play at Memorial Stadium until a new stadium could be built. However, the decision triggered a flurry of legal activity that ended when representatives of Cleveland and the NFL reached a settlement on February 8, 1996. It stipulated that the Browns\' name, colors, and history of the franchise were to remain in Cleveland, including past records and the attribution of its Pro Football Hall of Fame players. A reactivated Cleveland Browns team would then begin play in 1999, while Modell\'s relocated club would technically and legally be a \"new franchise,\" and an expansion team, the Ravens. The NFL teams approved the agreement on February 9, 1996.
The Canadian Football League team, the Baltimore Stallions, had proved such a success and the fans showed up in droves to prove they deserved an NFL franchise. This caught the attention of Modell. Modell\'s decision to relocate cause hardship for the Stallions, as the team would win the 83rd Grey Cup two weeks later and realizing they could not compete with the incoming franchise, the team relocated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada and became the third incarnation of the Montreal Alouettes.
After relocating his franchise, retaining the current contracts of former Browns players and personnel as per the agreement made by the city of Cleveland and the NFL, owner Art Modell fired Bill Belichick and promptly hired Ted Marchibroda as head coach, who had previous experience with the Baltimore Colts during the 1970s and the Indianapolis Colts during the early 1990s. This in turn made Marchibroda the only man to serve as head coach of both Baltimore\'s NFL franchises. Ozzie Newsome, the Browns tight end for many seasons, joined Modell in Baltimore as director of football operations. He was later promoted to Vice President/general manager.
Focus groups, a telephone survey, and a fan contest were all held to help select a name for the new franchise. Team management started with a list of 17 names from an original list of more than 100. From there, focus groups of a total of 200 Baltimore area residents reduced the list of names to six, and then a phone survey of 1000 people trimmed it down to three, Marauders, Americans, and Ravens. Finally, a fan contest drawing 33,288 voters picked \"Ravens,\" a name that alludes to the famous poem, *The Raven*, by Edgar Allan Poe, who spent the early part of his career in Baltimore, and is also buried there. The name was announced on March 29, 1996. Edgar Allan Poe also had distant relatives who played football for the Princeton Tigers in the 1880s through the early 1900s. These brothers were infamous players in the early days of American football.
When Modell moved to Baltimore, the team brought along players such as Anthony Pleasant, Vinny Testaverde, Michael Jackson, Matt Stover, Eric Turner and Rob Burnett.
Due to continual financial hardships, the NFL directed Modell to initiate the sale of his franchise. On March 27, 2000, NFL owners approved the sale of 49% of the Ravens to Steve Bisciotti. In the deal, Bisciotti had an option to purchase the remaining 51% for \$325 million in 2004 from Art Modell. On April 9, 2004, the NFL approved Bisciotti\'s purchase of the majority stake in the club.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 1996--1999: first years {#first_years}
### 1996: Inaugural season {#inaugural_season}
The 1996 season was the inaugural season of the Baltimore Ravens, and the first time a regular season NFL game was hosted at Memorial Stadium in 13 years. They won their first game at home against the Oakland Raiders, but lost the next two against the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Houston Oilers. After their bye week, they beat the New Orleans Saints at home with a score of 17--10, but were not able to beat the New England Patriots in the following game. On October 13 they faced the former team in Baltimore, the Indianapolis Colts, but lost 26--21. Two weeks later they won against the St. Louis Rams in an overtime victory. They were not able to repeat this mostly for the remainder of the season, but managed to win against Pittsburgh in Week 14. They ended their season with a record of 4--12. Even though they did not have a winning season, quarterback Vinny Testaverde was voted into the Pro Bowl, and wide receivers Michael Jackson and Derrick Alexander surpassed the 1,000-yard receiving mark.
### 1997
In 1997 the team played their final season at Memorial Stadium. They lost their first game at home to the Jacksonville Jaguars by one point, then won the next three games against the Cincinnati Bengals, New York Giants and Tennessee Oilers. They then lost their next two games against the San Diego Chargers and their division rivals, the Steelers. After their bye week, they won only one out of the next four games, and lost one in overtime. On November 19 they played against the Philadelphia Eagles, holding them to a 10--10 tie. They lost their next two games, then won two, and ended the season with a home loss to the Bengals, ending with a record of 6--9--1, the lowest in the AFC Central Division. Peter Boulware, with 11.5 sacks, was named AFC Defensive Rookie of the Year.
### 1998: new stadium {#new_stadium}
Baltimore began the season by moving into their new stadium Ravens Stadium at Camden Yards (later named to PSINet Stadium, and as of 2003 named M&T Bank Stadium). Testaverde, who had left for the New York Jets, was replaced by Eric Zeier, and later, former Indianapolis Colt Jim Harbaugh . Defensive back Rod Woodson joined the team after a successful stint with the Pittsburgh Steelers, and Priest Holmes started getting the first playing time of his career and ran for 1,000 yards, but the Ravens finished with a 6--10 record. After three consecutive losing seasons, Marchibroda was succeeded by Brian Billick, who had served as the offensive coordinator for the record setting offense of the Minnesota Vikings the season before.
### 1999 season
In the 1999 season, with a newly renamed stadium, PSINet Stadium (now M&T Bank Stadium), Baltimore showed a marked improvement. Quarterback Tony Banks came to Baltimore from the St. Louis Rams and had the best season of his career with 17 touchdown passes and an 81.2 pass rating. He was joined by receiver Qadry Ismail, who posted a 1,000-yard season. The Ravens struggled early, starting 3--6; but rattled off four consecutive wins to put themselves in playoff contention. A loss in the final week sent them home early with an 8--8 record.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2000: First Super Bowl championship {#first_super_bowl_championship}
The 2000 season saw the Ravens defense, led by defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis, develop into a rock-solid unit that emerged as one of the most formidable defenses in NFL history. The Ravens defense set a new NFL record in holding opposing teams to 165 total points; the feat eclipsed the mark set previously by the Chicago Bears of 187 points for a 16-game season. Linebacker Ray Lewis was named Defensive Player of the year and, with two of his defensive teammates, Sam Adams and Rod Woodson, made the Pro Bowl.
Baltimore\'s season started strong with a 3--1 record. Tony Banks began the 2000 season as the starting quarterback and was replaced by Trent Dilfer when the Ravens fell to 5--4, and failed to score an offensive touchdown the entire month of October. Coach Brian Billick announced that the change at quarterback would be for the rest of the season. The thousand yard rushing season by rookie running back Jamal Lewis combined with the stout Ravens defense kept Baltimore competitive in games even when the offense struggled. At one point in the season the team played five consecutive games without scoring an offensive touchdown but still managed two wins during that stretch. The team regrouped and won each of their last seven games, finishing 12--4. The Ravens had made the playoffs for the first time.
Since the divisional rival Tennessee Titans had a record of 13--3, Baltimore had to play in the wild card round. In their first ever playoff game, they dominated the Denver Broncos 21--3 in front of a then record-crowd of 69,638 at then called PSINet Stadium. In the divisional playoffs, they went on the road to Tennessee. Tied 10--10 in the fourth quarter, an Al Del Greco field goal attempt was blocked and returned for a touchdown by Anthony Mitchell, and a Ray Lewis interception return for a score put the game squarely in Baltimore\'s favor. The 24--10 win put the Ravens in the AFC Championship against the Oakland Raiders. Shannon Sharpe\'s 96-yard touchdown catch early in the second quarter, followed by an injury to Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon, highlighted the Ravens\' 16--3 victory.
Baltimore then went to Tampa for Super Bowl XXXV where they met the New York Giants, cruising to a 34--7 win for their first championship in franchise history. The Ravens recorded four sacks, forced five turnovers, one of which was a Kerry Collins interception returned for a touchdown by Duane Starks. The Giants\' only score was a Ron Dixon kickoff return for another touchdown (after Starks\' interception return), making the 2000 Ravens the third Super Bowl team whose defense did not allow an opponent\'s offensive score; however, Baltimore immediately countered with a TD return by Jermaine Lewis. The Ravens became only the third wild-card team to win a Super Bowl championship. The interception return for a touchdown, followed by two kick return TDs, marked the quickest time in Super Bowl history that three touchdowns had been scored.
The title made the Ravens the fourth Baltimore-based pro football team to win a league championship. They were preceded by the NFL Baltimore Colts in 1958, 1959 and 1970, the USFL Stars in 1985 and the CFL Stallions in 1995.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2001--2011 {#section_1}
### 2001 {#section_2}
In 2001 the Ravens attempted to defend their title with a new quarterback, Elvis Grbac, but an injury to Jamal Lewis and poor offensive performance stymied the team. After a 3--3 start, the Ravens defeated the Minnesota Vikings in the final week to clinch a wild card berth at 10--6. In the first round the Ravens showed flashes of their previous year with a 20--3 blowout over the Miami Dolphins, in which the team forced three turnovers and outgained the Dolphins 347 yards to 151. In the divisional playoff the Ravens played the Pittsburgh Steelers. Three interceptions by Grbac ended the Ravens\' season, as they lost 27--10.
### 2002: Salary Cap Problems and Player Removals {#salary_cap_problems_and_player_removals}
Baltimore ran into salary cap problems in 2002 and was forced to cut several players, including Sam Adams, Rod Woodson and Shannon Sharpe. The Ravens replaced Woodson by drafting safety Ed Reed in the first round. Longtime backup QB Chris Redman took over behind center. The Ravens stayed somewhat competitive, before a December slide cost them a playoff spot with a 7--9 final record.
### 2003 {#section_3}
The Ravens needed a quarterback but drafting after all the top quarterbacks were gone, used their 10th pick to select Arizona State defensive end Terrell Suggs. They then traded their 2003 2nd round pick and 2004 1st round pick to the New England Patriots for the 19th overall selection which they used to draft Cal quarterback Kyle Boller. The Patriots eventually used the Ravens\' 2004 1st round selection to take defensive tackle Vince Wilfork.
The Ravens named Boller their starting QB just prior to the start of the 2003 season, but he was injured midway through the season and was replaced by Anthony Wright. The Ravens held a 5--5 record until, in a home game against the Seattle Seahawks, they wiped out a 41--24 gap in the final seven minutes of regulation, then won on a Matt Stover field goal in overtime for a 44--41 triumph. From there the Ravens won five of their last six games. With a 10--6 record, Baltimore won their first AFC North division title. Running back Jamal Lewis ran for 2,066 yards on the season, including a then NFL single-game record of 295 yards at home against the Cleveland Browns on September 14. In doing so, Lewis became only the fifth player to eclipse the 2,000-yard rushing mark in league history, with his single-season total placing second all-time; just 39 yards short of the NFL record held by Eric Dickerson. Their first playoff game, at home against the Tennessee Titans, went back and forth, with the Ravens being held to only 100 yards total rushing. The Ravens lost, though, by three, 20--17.
For his remarkable season, Jamal Lewis was named as the NFL Offensive Player of the Year, while linebacker Ray Lewis, with another stand-out year that included 6 interceptions, was also recognized as Defensive Player of the Year for the second time in his career. This marked the first time ever that teammates received these respective individual honors in the same season.
After the season Art Modell officially transferred the remaining bulk of his ownership to Bisciotti, ending over 40 years of tenure as an NFL franchise majority owner. Modell still held an office at the Ravens\' headquarters in Owings Mills, Maryland, and remained with the team as a consultant.
### 2004 {#section_4}
The Ravens attempted to engineer a trade for Terrell Owens in the 2004 offseason, but the NFLPA filed a grievance with the NFL, claiming Terrell Owens should have been granted free agency. Just before a judge made a decision in the case, the NFL and NFLPA came to a settlement, which set up a 3-way trade between the Eagles, 49ers, and Ravens. Owens went to the Eagles, and the Ravens got back the pick they had traded to the 49ers, and were also granted a 5th round draft pick. Boller remained quarterback through the entire season. Ed Reed became a full-fledged star on defense, with nine interceptions. Reed was also named the NFL Defensive Player of the Year. He broke the NFL record for longest INT return, with a 106-yard return against the Cleveland Browns. Baltimore remained in playoff contention the entire season, but with a 9--7 record did not go to the playoffs.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2001--2011 {#section_1}
### 2005 {#section_5}
In the 2005 offseason the Ravens looked to augment their receiving corps (which was second-worst in the NFL in 2004) by signing Derrick Mason from the Titans and drafting star Oklahoma wide receiver Mark Clayton in the first round of the 2005 NFL draft.
The 2005 season (the Ravens\' 10th Anniversary season) began as the featured *Sunday Night Football* game televised by ESPN. This game against the Indianapolis Colts led the announcer to state, \"What a wonderful way to begin the season, the game between the team that plays here now and the team which used to play here.\" The game\'s first half was a defensive slugfest, with the score at the half 3--0 Colts, but the second half saw the Ravens fall apart and starting QB Kyle Boller was lost to a foot injury (Colts 24, Ravens 7).
In the 2nd week road opener versus historic rival Tennessee, backup QB Anthony Wright failed to spark the offense and the defense couldn\'t hold the Titans back, allowing the second straight loss (25--10). During the team\'s bye week, coach Billick tried to install the idea that after the bye, the season starts anew and they forget about their past losses. This strategy led the Ravens to a Week 4 Win against the Jets (13--3), but the Ravens fell apart against the Lions (35--17), setting a franchise record for penalties in a single game (21). The Ravens rebounded at home the next week against the Cleveland Browns, with a final score of 16--3. However, from Week 7 to Week 10, the Ravens would lose to the Chicago Bears (10--6), the Pittsburgh Steelers (20--19), the Cincinnati Bengals (21--9), and the Jacksonville Jaguars (30--3).
The Ravens turned the tide in a Week 11 rematch with the Steelers at home, winning 16--13 in OT, but were season-swept by the Bengals the next week, 42--29. The Ravens won their next game against the hapless Houston Texans 16--15, but lost a week later on the road to the Denver Broncos 12--10. Then, the Ravens played their final two home games under the prime time light. First, they manhandled the Green Bay Packers on *Monday Night Football* 48--3. Then, they destroyed any playoff chance that the Minnesota Vikings had by winning on *Sunday Night Football* 30--23. Despite the resurgence of Kyle Boller, they couldn\'t carry their momentum entirely. Despite leading the Browns 13--6 at halftime, they lost the lead in the 3rd quarter and trailed for the rest of the game, ultimately losing 20--16.
The Ravens ended their season 6--10. Despite having the same regular season record as the Cleveland Browns, the Ravens were technically third in the AFC North, since they beat the Browns on the division records tiebreaker: In the AFC North, the Ravens were 2--4, while the Browns were 1--5.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2001--2011 {#section_1}
### 2006 {#section_6}
The 2006 Baltimore Ravens season began with the team trying to improve on their 6--10 record in 2005. The Ravens, for the first time in franchise history, started 4--0 under the surprising leadership of former Titans quarterback Steve McNair. With miracle offensive plays engineered primarily in the second half of games by players Todd Heap, Jamal Lewis, Mark J. Clayton, and even backup quarterback Kyle Boller, the team scored key victories over playoff-bound teams such as San Diego and New Orleans.
The Ravens then lost 2 straight games mid-season on offensive troubles, prompting coach Brian Billick to drop their offensive coordinator Jim Fassel in their week 7 bye. Also during the mid-season, the Ravens won an important victory when McNair and wide receiver Derrick Mason returned with the Ravens to their former stomping grounds of Tennessee to defeat the Titans.
Riding the influence of their winning streak, the Ravens sought a sweep of the AFC North division in a rematch against the Bengals late in the season. Baltimore was unable to produce offensively enough to overcome a team led by their own former defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis. The loss ended Baltimore\'s hopes of a division sweep.
Still ranked second overall to the first-place San Diego, Baltimore continued. They slowed down the surging Chiefs, continued dominance over rival Cleveland, and held the defending Super Bowl champion Pittsburgh Steelers to only one touchdown at Heinz Field, allowing the Ravens to still clinch the AFC North.
The Ravens ended the regular season with a franchise-best 13--3 record. Still considered one of the better teams in the NFL, and a Super Bowl favorite by some the Ravens had secured the AFC North title, the No. 2 AFC playoff seed, and clinched a 1st-round bye. The Ravens were slated to face the Indianapolis Colts in the second round of the playoffs, in the first meeting of the two teams in the playoffs. Many Baltimore and Indianapolis fans saw this historic meeting as a sort of \"Judgment Day\" with the new team of Baltimore facing the old team of Baltimore (the former Baltimore Colts having left Baltimore on March 28, 1984). In one of the most bizarre playoff games in NFL history, both Indianapolis and Baltimore were held to scoring only field goals as the two defenses slugged it out all over M&T Bank Stadium. McNair threw two costly interceptions, including one at the 1-yard line. The Super Bowl bound Colts won 15--6, ending Baltimore\'s season.
During this offseason the Ravens waived Jamal Lewis, who signed with the Cleveland Browns, and failed to re-sign Adalius Thomas who signed with the New England Patriots, and Ovie Mughelli who signed with the Atlanta Falcons. Ravens then traded for Willis McGahee with a 3rd and 7th round draft pick in 2007 and a 3rd round pick in 2008.
### 2007 {#section_7}
After a stellar 2006 season, the Ravens hoped to improve upon their 13--3 record but injuries and poor play plagued the team. The Ravens finished the 2007 season in the AFC North cellar with a disappointing 5--11 record. A humiliating 22--16 overtime loss to the previously winless Miami Dolphins on December 16 ultimately led to Billick\'s dismissal on New Year\'s Eve, one day after the end of the regular season. He was replaced by John Harbaugh, the special teams coach of the Philadelphia Eagles and the older brother of former Ravens quarterback Jim Harbaugh (1998).
### 2008: Arrival of John Harbaugh, Flacco, and Ray Rice {#arrival_of_john_harbaugh_flacco_and_ray_rice}
With rookies at head coach (John Harbaugh) and quarterback (Joe Flacco), the Ravens entered the 2008 campaign with much uncertainty. Their Week 2 contest at the Houston Texans was postponed until two months later because of Hurricane Ike, forcing the Ravens to play for what would eventually be 18 straight weeks. With its record at 2--3 after consecutive losses to the Pittsburgh Steelers, Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts, its triumph over the Dolphins in Week 7 was redemption for what had happened against the same opponent in the previous season. Eight victories in its last ten regular season matches enabled them to clinch the sixth seed in the AFC playoffs at an 11--5 record. Possibly the biggest win during that stretch came in Week 16 with a 33--24 humbling of the Dallas Cowboys in the final game at Texas Stadium. Willis McGahee\'s 77-yard touchdown run in the fourth quarter established a new stadium record which would last until Le\'Ron McClain, on the very first offensive play of the Ravens\' next possession, secured the victory with an 82-yarder.
On the strength of four interceptions, one resulting in an Ed Reed touchdown, the Ravens began its postseason run by winning a rematch over Miami 27--9 at Dolphin Stadium on January 4, 2009, in a wild-card game. Six days later, they advanced to the AFC Championship Game by avenging a Week 5 loss to the Titans 13--10 at LP Field on a Matt Stover field goal with 53 seconds left in regulation time. The Ravens fell one victory short of Super Bowl XLIII by losing to the Steelers 23--14 at Heinz Field on January 18, 2009.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2001--2011 {#section_1}
### 2009 {#section_8}
With Jonathan Ogden retiring after the 2007 season and Matt Stover going into free agency, Baltimore\'s only remaining player from its first season was Ray Lewis. The Ravens held the 26th pick in the 2009 NFL draft but went up to the 23rd pick by trading its 26th pick and a 5th round pick to the New England Patriots. The Ravens selected Michael Oher (who later had a movie named *The Blind Side* made after his life during his early years) in the first round of the NFL Draft.
In the season opener the offense continued its improvements from the year before as it scored 38 points and accounted for over 500 yards in a 38--24 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs. In week 2, the Ravens defeated the San Diego Chargers 31--26. Although the Ravens secondary struggled, Ray Lewis made a crucial tackle on fourth down of the Chargers\' final drive to seal the Baltimore win. In week 3, the Ravens defeated the Cleveland Browns in a 34--3 blowout while celebrating Derrick Mason\'s 800th pass reception in his career. In week 4, the Ravens lost to the New England Patriots, 27--21, with their final drive ending with a dropped pass by Mark Clayton on 4th down within the 10-yard line with 28 seconds left on the clock. The following week, the Ravens hosted the Cincinnati Bengals, but lost with the Bengals\' final drive resulting in a touchdown. The Ravens then played an away game against the Minnesota Vikings lost 33--31, putting them behind both the Bengals and the Steelers in the AFC North. The Ravens had rallied from 17 points down to the Vikings and managed to drive the ball down the field, but Steve Hauschka missed a 44-yard field goal as time expired on the clock. Joe Flacco made 28 out of 43 passing attempts and threw for a career-high 385 yards, and Ray Rice ran for 117 yards. The very next week they hosted the Denver Broncos, who were undefeated (6--0). After Hauschka kicked a pair of field goals in the 1st and 2nd quarters, the Broncos kicked off at the start of the 3rd quarter and the Ravens immediately returned it for a touchdown, giving the Ravens a 13--0 lead. They finished the game victorious, crushing the Broncos 30--7, handing Denver its first loss of the season.
The following week they looked to avenge the week 5 loss to the Bengals. However, they were out-played on both sides of the ball, suffered a crucial miss by Hauschka, and lost 17--7.
In week 10 the Ravens visited the Cleveland Browns on *Monday Night Football* and shut out their divisional rivals 16--0 despite a slow offensive start. Steve Hauschka missed a field goal and had an extra point blocked, costing the Ravens four points. This led coach John Harbaugh to release Hauschka and replace him with Billy Cundiff.
In week 11 the Ravens played their third undefeated opponent, the Colts, who were (9--0). They lost 17--15, failing to score a single touchdown. Cundiff went 5 for 6 on field goals, scoring the Ravens only points. Joe Flacco threw a late interception and after Ed Reed\'s fumbled attempt to lateral on a punt return, Peyton Manning kneeled to seal the Colts\' seventh consecutive victory against Baltimore. With this loss, the Ravens record stood at 5--5, ranking third in the AFC North.
The Ravens then beat the Steelers, who were playing without quarterback Ben Roethlisberger with an overtime field goal on *Sunday Night Football*. The next week, however, the Ravens lost to the Green Bay Packers on ESPN Monday Night Football.
The Ravens then crushed two opponents from the NFC North at home, beating the Detroit Lions 48--3 and the Chicago Bears 31--7. The Ravens improved to 8--6, second in the AFC North, and in line for the fifth seed. They looked ahead to their division rivals, the Steelers, who were coming off a dramatic last-second win against the Packers. A win would give the Ravens a chance to clinch a playoff spot and would knock the Steelers out of contention. But the Ravens, who committed 11 penalties and blew several chances to put additional points on Pittsburgh, lost 23--20. The Ravens still had a shot at the playoffs with a week 17 victory, and made it defeating the Oakland Raiders 21--13.
In the playoffs they faced the Patriots in the wild card round. The Ravens beat the Patriots 33--14, aided by Ray Rice\'s 83-yard touchdown run on the first play from scrimmage, helping them to a 24--0 lead at the end of the first quarter. Advancing to the AFC divisional round, they next played Indianapolis. Two touchdowns late in the first half gave the Colts a 17--3 lead at halftime, and Baltimore miscues in the second half ensured the end of their season, by a 20--3 score.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2001--2011 {#section_1}
### 2010 {#section_9}
During the 2009--2010 offseason the Ravens made some key additions to their offense by acquiring WR Anquan Boldin from the Arizona Cardinals and free agent T. J. Houshmandzadeh, released after the preseason by the Seattle Seahawks. They also added Donté Stallworth, who most last played for the Cleveland Browns, but was suspended for the 2009 season, and signed back-up quarterback Mark Bulger who was released by the St. Louis Rams after the 1--15 2009 season. Stallworth broke his foot in the third preseason game and came back later in the season. On July 25 Sergio Kindle suffered a head trauma after falling down two flights of stairs in a home in Austin, Texas and was lost for the season. The new additions accounted for a combined 37 starts.
The Ravens finished the season at 12--4 but with a marginally worse divisional record (Steelers 5--1 divisionally versus the Ravens\' 4--2). They then went on to defeat the Kansas City Chiefs 30--7 in the wild card round of the playoffs, with running back Ray Rice becoming the first Raven running back to have a receiving touchdown in a playoff game. The Ravens would then lose to the Steelers 31--24 in the divisional playoffs. Leading at halftime 21--7, the Ravens then turned the ball over three times in the third quarter, in which gave the Steelers 14 points. Baltimore\'s season ended with a potential touchdown drop by Anquan Boldin and, later, another drop by T. J. Houshmandzadeh on 4th down, surrendering the game 31--24.
### 2011 {#section_10}
After the 2011 NFL season labor dispute had ended, the Ravens had informed veterans Willis McGahee, Todd Heap, Kelly Gregg, and Derrick Mason that they would be cut to free up salary cap space. Following these cuts, the Ravens acquired fullback Vonta Leach, wide receiver Lee Evans, safety Bernard Pollard, and running back Ricky Williams. During the pre season, the Baltimore Ravens signed Left tackle Bryant McKinnie from the Minnesota Vikings. On top of that the Ravens signed Pro bowl center Andre Gurode from the Dallas Cowboys. With the new signings, there was a reshuffle within the Offensive line. The signing of McKinnie forced Michael Oher over to the Right Tackle position, which in turn allowed Marshall Yanda to revert to his natural Right Guard position. The Ravens finished their pre season 3--1, with a loss to the Philadelphia Eagles, and victories over the Washington Redskins, the Kansas City Chiefs, and the Atlanta Falcons.
2011 marked one of the most successful seasons in Baltimore Ravens franchise history. The Ravens started their campaign with a big 35--7 victory at home over their rivals the Pittsburgh Steelers. Other key victories included a 34--17 victory over the New York Jets in week three, a week six 29--14 victory over the Houston Texans, and a week nine win over the Steelers, this would be the first time since 2006 that the Ravens would sweep Pittsburgh in the AFC North division.
The Ravens went on and had a big win over the San Francisco 49ers in a week twelve Thursday night thanksgiving game. This was a game where Ravens coach John Harbaugh would face off against his brother Jim Harbaugh who had just taken over as head coach of the 49ers in the 2011 season. The Ravens would go on to end a 49ers win streak in a final score of 16--6. The Ravens recorded a franchise record of nine sacks on 49ers quarterback Alex Smith, three coming from Ravens linebacker Terrell Suggs.
The Ravens went into the final week of the regular season already assured of a play-off place at 11--4, but were tied with the Steelers record wise, and so they had to beat the Cincinnati Bengals on the road, to clinch the AFC North division for the first time since 2006. The Ravens defeated the Bengals for the second time in the 2011 regular season by a score of 24--16. The victory sealed the AFC North crown, a season 12--4 record, and a first round bye in the playoffs, which in turn sent both the Steelers and the Bengals on road in the wildcard playoff games -- which both rivals lost to the Denver Broncos, and the Texans, respectively.
The Ravens accomplished a number of significant achievements during the 2011 season, finishing 6--0 in the division, 6--0 against 2012 playoff teams, and 8--0 at home. The Ravens went into the 2012 NFL playoffs with high expectations, however there were underlying worries, with what many considered to be inconsistent performances throughout the season by starting quarterback Joe Flacco and the Ravens offense -- which many put the blame on for the four questionable road losses that came against teams they were expected to beat, the Tennessee Titans, Jacksonville Jaguars, Seattle Seahawks, and San Diego Chargers.
The Texans would end up beating the Bengals in the wild card playoff round, which meant that they would face the Ravens in the divisional playoff game. The Ravens won the game 20--13 in a defensive struggle, Ed Reed would intercept a pass from the Texans rookie quarterback T. J. Yates in a fourth quarter offensive drive by the Texans, which ended up being the Texans last realistic shot at scoring to tie the game. Despite the victory over the Texans, a significant amount of sports media questioned the Ravens\' offensive capability going into the AFC championship playoff round, after another proposed poor performance by the Ravens offense and Joe Flacco according to certain sports analysts.
The Ravens and New England Patriots played for a spot in the Super Bowl. After a close 3 quarters which saw the ball being turned over several times, Tom Brady leaped over the goal line on a 4th and 1 to put the Patriots ahead 23--20. After another couple of turnovers on both ends the Ravens marched down the field with under a minute to go. Joe Flacco threw a pass to Lee Evans with 38 seconds left, who appeared to catch it for the winning touchdown but the ball was knocked out by Patriots defensive back Sterling Moore, resulting in an incomplete pass. After Joe Flacco threw a dropped pass to Lee Evans, Billy Cundiff came out onto the field with 15 seconds to go to try and tie the game up with a 32-yard field goal. The kick went well to the left of the Patriots\' goal post, and New England advanced to Super Bowl XLVI for a rematch with the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII.
The inaugural NFL Honors ceremony was held on Super Bowl\'s eve. At this event, Terrell Suggs was named the Defensive Player of the Year and Matt Birk was named Walter Payton Man of The Year.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2012: Ray Lewis\' final season and 2nd Super Bowl {#ray_lewis_final_season_and_2nd_super_bowl}
Despite early injuries that led to struggles on the defensive side of the football, the Ravens jumped out to a 9--2 start thanks in part to a high powered no-huddle offense led by Joe Flacco. Needing just a single win to secure a second straight division title, the Ravens went on a three-game losing streak, highlighted by the firing of offensive coordinator Cam Cameron, promotion of quarterback coach Jim Caldwell to offensive coordinator, and a 34--17 loss at home to Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos on December 16. Regardless, the Ravens clinched their fifth straight playoff berth after the Steelers lost to the Dallas Cowboys. Despite making the playoffs, this slump led some media outlets to questions the Ravens ability to win football games, but after making a statement with a decisive 33--14 victory over the Super Bowl champion New York Giants and securing back to back division titles for the first time in franchise history, they finished with a regular season record of 10--6 and a rare home playoff game in the Wildcard Round.
The 2012 season also saw long-serving linebacker Ray Lewis announce his retirement heading into the AFC Wildcard game against the Indianapolis Colts. Lewis tore his triceps midway through October in his 17th season with the Ravens after Baltimore selected him with the 26th overall pick in the 1996 NFL Draft. The unusual timing of the announcement was criticized by some, such as former New York Giant Amani Toomer who accused Lewis of being selfish. Nonetheless, many, to include team mate Terrell Suggs, considered the timing to as a \"stroke of genius in regards to Lewis\' strong motivational presence, and credited Lewis with providing the necessary inspiration for the team in what would prove to be a Super Bowl victory season. They defeated the Colts during the Wild Card round on January 6, 2013 at M&T Bank Stadium, with Ray Lewis celebrating his final game at home with his trademark dance both at the start of the game as he was introduced and on the final play of the game when he was brought back onto the field. With the defeat of the Colts in the Wildcard round, the Ravens were primed to face the Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium in Denver in the AFC divisional round. Labeled as huge underdogs coming into the game, especially considering the previous thrashing the Broncos dealt them in a home loss on December 16, 2012, the Ravens shocked the sports world by defeating the Peyton Manning-led Denver Broncos in double overtime, 38--35, in a spectacular divisional round matchup on Saturday, January 12, 2013. It looked as though they had lost the game as they got the ball with just over a minute left on their own twenty-three-yard line, but a clutch 70-yard touchdown pass, known colloquially as \"The Mile High Miracle\", from Joe Flacco to Jacoby Jones sent the game to overtime. In overtime, an interception of Peyton Manning by Corey Graham (who had already returned one interception for a touchdown earlier in the game) put the Ravens in field position to kick the winning field goal. The win vaulted the Ravens to play for the AFC Conference Championship against the New England Patriots on Sunday, January 20, 2013; the Ravens won 28--13 after shutting out Tom Brady and the New England offense in the second half, completely dismantling any offensive attempt(s) thereafter. The win placed the Ravens in Super Bowl XLVII against the San Francisco 49ers on February 3, 2013. The Ravens opened the game in thrilling fashion as their opening drive of the game ended with a touchdown pass from eventual Super Bowl MVP Joe Flacco to wide receiver Anquan Boldin. Flacco threw two second-quarter touchdown passes as Baltimore took a 21--6 lead into halftime. After halftime, the Ravens received the kickoff from the 49ers, and Jacoby Jones returned the kickoff for a record setting 108-yard touchdown. However, soon after the Jacoby Jones touchdown, a power-outage at the stadium led to a 34-minute stoppage in play due to inefficiencies in lighting, on-field visibility, and electrical equipment. After power was restored, the 49ers regained composure and came storming back, scoring 17 unanswered points. The 49ers had a final chance to take the lead late in the game, but a goal-line stand by the Ravens with less than two minutes remaining sealed the contest as the Baltimore Ravens won Super Bowl XLVII 34--31. Super Bowl XLVII has also been dubbed the \"Harbaugh Bowl\" since the 49ers were coached by Jim Harbaugh, the brother of Ravens coach John Harbaugh. The Ravens returned to Baltimore to celebrate with their fans on Tuesday, February 5. A parade saw upwards of 300,000 people line the streets of downtown Baltimore while another 80,000 packed M&T Bank Stadium to cheer the team. Speeches by owner Steve Biscotti, Coach John Harbaugh, Ray Lewis and Ed Reed were met by fans with standing ovations.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2013--present
### 2013 {#section_11}
By virtue of winning Super Bowl XLVII, the Ravens were scheduled to host the Kickoff Game on Thursday, September 5, 2013; however, due to a scheduling conflict with the Baltimore Orioles (with whom they share a parking lot) and the NFL\'s refusal to move the game to a different night, the Baltimore Ravens were the first Super Bowl Champion in 10 years not to host the following year\'s Kickoff Game. The 2013 Kickoff Game was played at Sports Authority Field at Mile High when the Ravens visited the Denver Broncos.
After losing linebacker Ray Lewis and center Matt Birk to retirement, the Ravens\' roster underwent significant changes throughout the 2013 offseason. Free agent linebacker Paul Kruger signed with the Cleveland Browns, linebacker Dannell Ellerbe signed with the Miami Dolphins, cornerback Cary Williams signed with the Philadelphia Eagles, and safety Ed Reed signed with the Houston Texans. Additionally, safety Bernard Pollard was released due to salary cap reasons and later signed with the Tennessee Titans. Wide receiver Anquan Boldin was traded to the San Francisco 49ers for a sixth-round draft pick. The Ravens made some offseason additions as well, signing defensive linemen Chris Canty and Marcus Spears as well as signing key free agent linebacker Elvis Dumervil and safety Michael Huff. As well as drafting first round pick Safety Matt Elam, second round pick Linebacker Arthur Brown, third round pick Defensive Tackle Brandon Williams, and fourth round pick \"hybrid\" Fullback Kyle Juszczyk among others. Unfortunately during training camp the Ravens lost another key player, tight-end Dennis Pitta for the entire season (who was primed for an even greater 2013 season). During a routine drill, he suffered a dislocated/fractured hip after colliding with another teammate (James Ihedigbo) at the back of the end zone. In response, during August, they re-signed wide receiver Brandon Stokley, whom they drafted in 1999, and signed former Colts and Tampa Bay Buccaneers tight end, Dallas Clark.
The season started out badly for the Ravens, as they were defeated by the Broncos in their season opener, thus becoming the second Super Bowl Champion to lose the NFL kickoff game. This meant that they held the first loss of the season, breaking a record for the most points allowed by the defense and ending a 75-game streak of holding a .500 or better win--loss ratio. They would rebound in Week 2 with a 14--6 victory over their division rival, the Cleveland Browns. The following week the Ravens took on the unbeaten Houston Texans at home; this time they would face a familiar face in safety Ed Reed, who played for them for 12 seasons. After a strong showing by the defense, which only allowed 9 points, the Ravens clobbered the Texans 30--9. In Week 4, the Ravens struggled against the Buffalo Bills as Joe Flacco threw a career-high 5 interceptions. The Ravens fell to the Bills 23--20. At 2--2, the Ravens hit the road to Miami to take on the Dolphins. Although they faced a 13--6 deficit at halftime, the offense rallied to score 17 consecutive points giving the Ravens a 23--13 lead in the 4th quarter. However, Miami answered right back with 10 points of their own, tying the game at 23 with 8:03 left. Justin Tucker then kicked a 44-yard field goal with 1:42 left to give the Ravens a 26--23 lead. After the Dolphins comeback attempt stalled, Caleb Sturgis missed a field goal late, giving the Ravens the win. The Ravens then returned home to take on the Green Bay Packers. The offense struggled early, as the Ravens were shut out in the first half. Trailing 16--3 in the 4th quarter Joe Flacco found Jacoby Jones in the end zone for an 11-yard touchdown pass to reduce the deficit to 16--10. After another Packers field goal, the Ravens faced a 19--10 deficit with 4:17 remaining. Joe Flacco was able to find Dallas Clark in the end zone for an 18-yard touchdown pass, making it 19--17. However, the Packers were able to seal the victory by picking up first downs and running out the clock. The following week, the Ravens would fall to their rivals, the Pittsburgh Steelers 16--19 on a last second field goal by Steelers kicker Shaun Suisham. The following week, the Ravens would lose 18--24 to the Cleveland Browns for the first time under John Harbaugh. Facing the probable end to their season at that point, the Ravens would snap their three-game skid with a win against their first-place division rivals, the Cincinnati Bengals 20--17 in overtime. The following week, the Ravens were scheduled to face the Chicago Bears. The game was delayed for two hours due to a heavy storm. The Ravens would, however, fall to the Bears 20--23 in overtime. They would rebound the next week in a home game against the New York Jets. On Thanksgiving, the Ravens would defeat the Steelers 22--20 at home, avenging their Week 7 loss to them, and improving to 2--0 on Thanksgiving games. In Week 14, the Ravens would beat the Minnesota Vikings 26--29. In Week 15, the Ravens would beat the Detroit Lions at Ford Field 18--16 off Justin Tucker\'s 6 field goals, including a 61-yarder that proved to be the game-clinching score followed by a Matthew Stafford interception. In Week 16, the Ravens would lose at home to the New England Patriots 41--7 making it the second worst home loss in Ravens history. In Week 17, the Ravens faced the Cincinnati Bengals. The defense forced 4 interceptions on Andy Dalton but it wasn\'t enough for the offense to take advantage of. Baltimore tied the game 17--17 in the second half, but surrendered 17 unanswered points to the Bengals, thus ending their season at 8--8 and missing the playoffs for the first time since 2007.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2013--present
### 2014 {#section_12}
On January 27, 2014, the Ravens hired former Houston Texans head coach Gary Kubiak to be their new offensive coordinator after Jim Caldwell accepted the new available head coaching job with the Detroit Lions. In the 2014 NFL draft, the Ravens selected C.J. Mosley with the 17th overall pick. During the offseason, the Ravens signed former Carolina Panthers wide receiver Steve Smith to a three-year contract. They also signed tight end Owen Daniels and running back Justin Forsett, as they played for Kubiak in Houston and would seemingly fit in Kubiak\'s new system. On February 15, 2014, star running back Ray Rice and his fiancée Janay Palmer were arrested and charged with assault after a physical altercation at Revel Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Celebrity news website TMZ posted a video of Rice dragging Palmer\'s body out of an elevator after apparently knocking her out. For the incident, Rice was initially suspended for the first two games of the 2014 NFL season on July 25, 2014, which led to widespread criticism of the NFL.
In Week 1, on September 7, the Baltimore Ravens lost to the Cincinnati Bengals, 23--16. The next day, on September 8, 2014, TMZ released additional footage from an elevator camera showing Rice punching Palmer. The Baltimore Ravens terminated Rice\'s contract as a result, and was later indefinitely suspended by the NFL. Although starting out 0--1 for two straight seasons and having received unwanted media attention for the Ray Rice incident, on September 11, 2014, the Ravens rallied back and beat the Pittsburgh Steelers 26--6 on Thursday Night Football, to improve to 1--1 . On the Sunday after the Thursday night victory, the Ravens headed to Cleveland for a third straight division game with the Browns. In a tough fought game, the Baltimore Ravens won 23--21 with a game-winning 32-yard field goal by Justin Tucker as time expired. On September 28, the Ravens hosted the Carolina Panthers, and in a fabulous offensive performance, defeated the Carolina Panthers 38--10; with this victory the Ravens have defeated every visiting franchise at least once at home (and at M&T Bank Stadium). The very next week, the Ravens traveled to Indianapolis to play the Colts in Week 5. However, three turnovers and QB Joe Flacco being sacked four times resulted in a 20--13 loss, breaking the 3--2 Ravens win streak. In week 6, Joe Flacco led the Ravens to an impressive 48--17 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Flacco threw 5 touchdown passes in the first 16:03 of the game, an NFL record, to put the contest out of reach early in the 2nd quarter. In Week 7, the Ravens hosted the Atlanta Falcons and won 29--7. The next week, the Ravens traveled to Cincinnati for a key divisional game. Both defenses forced key turnovers in a game that no passing touchdowns were thrown. In the waning seconds of the 4th quarter as Baltimore trailed, Flacco threw an 80-yard touchdown pass to Steve Smith that seemingly won the game. However, Smith was controversially called for offensive pass interference on Bengals safety George Iloka, who looked to have flopped, that negated the touchdown. The Ravens ended up losing 27--24 and being swept by the Bengals for the first time since 2009. The next week, the Ravens traveled to Pittsburgh for another key division match. Two unfortunate turnovers led to an offensive surge by the Steelers and Ben Roethlisberger throwing six touchdowns on an injury riddled Baltimore secondary, humbling the Ravens 43--23. Afterwards, the Ravens made some changes to their secondary, cutting cornerbacks Chykie Brown and Dominique Franks, and signing former Ravens cornerback Danny Gorrer. The Ravens hosted the Tennessee Titans in Week 10, winning 21--7, and going into their bye week 6--4. After the bye week, the Ravens traveled down to New Orleans for an interconference battle with the New Orleans Saints on Monday Night Football. In the third quarter, with the score tied 17--17, new Ravens free safety Will Hill stepped in front of a Drew Brees pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown. Running back Justin Forsett had a career night, running for 182 yards and 2 touchdowns, as the Ravens won 34--27, improving their record to 7--4 and a 4--0 sweep of the NFC south. In Week 13 against the San Diego Chargers, the Ravens lost 34--33, allowing the Chargers to score 21 points in the 4th quarter. The Ravens rebounded the next week against the Miami Dolphins winning 27--10, and the defense sacking Dolphins quarterback Ryan Tannehill six times. The defense was even more dominant against the Jacksonville Jaguars in a 20--12 win, sacking rookie quarterback Blake Bortles eight times. In Week 16, the Ravens traveled to Houston to take on the Texans. In one of Joe Flacco\'s worst performances, the offense sputtered against the Houston defense and Flacco threw three interceptions, including two inside the Ravens own 20-yard line, falling to the Texans 25--13. With their playoff chances and season hanging in the balance, the Ravens took on the Browns in Week 17 at home. After three-quarters had gone by and down 10--3, Joe Flacco led the Ravens on a comeback scoring 17 unanswered points in the 4th quarter, winning 20--10. With the win, and the Kansas City Chiefs defeating the San Diego Chargers, the Ravens clinched their sixth playoff berth in seven seasons, and the first since winning Super Bowl XLVII.
In the wildcard playoff game, the Ravens won 30--17 against their divisional rivals, the Pittsburgh Steelers, at Heinz Field. In the next game in the Divisional round, the Ravens faced the New England Patriots. Despite a strong offensive effort and having a 14-point lead twice in the game, the Ravens were defeated by the Patriots 35--31, ending their season.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2013--present
### 2015 {#section_13}
The 2015 season marked 20 seasons of the franchise\'s existence, competing in the NFL which the franchise have recognized with a special badge being worn on their uniforms during the 2015 NFL season. After coming up just short against the Patriots in the playoffs, the Ravens were picked by some to win the AFC and even the Super Bowl. However, they lost key players such as Joe Flacco, Justin Forsett, Terrell Suggs, Steve Smith Sr., and Eugene Monroe to season-ending injuries. Injuries and their inability to win close games early in the season led to the first losing season in the John Harbaugh-Flacco era.
### 2016 {#section_14}
The 2016 Ravens improved on their 5--11 record from 2015, finishing 8--8, but failed to qualify the playoffs for the second straight year. They were eliminated from playoff contention after their Week 16 loss to their division rivals, the Steelers. This was the first time the Ravens missed the playoffs in consecutive seasons since 2004--2005, as well as the first in the Harbaugh/Flacco era.
### 2017 {#section_15}
The Ravens were eliminated from playoff contention during the final week of the season against the Cincinnati Bengals. Needing to stop the Bengals offense one last time in the closing seconds of the fourth quarter, they instead allowed Andy Dalton to connect with Tyler Boyd for a 49-yard game-winning touchdown on fourth and long. The Ravens finished at 9--7, losing out on tiebreakers to the Tennessee Titans and Buffalo Bills for the wild card spots in the playoffs.
### 2018 {#section_16}
The Ravens started the season at 4--5 and were in danger of missing the playoffs again. However, after Joe Flacco suffered an injury against the Pittsburgh Steelers in week 9, rookie quarterback Lamar Jackson, one of three first-round draft picks that year, filled in and led the Ravens on a 6--1 stretch to finish out the season. In a reversal of luck from the previous season, the Ravens won their Week 17 game against a resurgent Cleveland Browns team to hold off the Steelers and clinch the division title. They were defeated by the Los Angeles Chargers in the wild card round of the playoffs. Following the season, Flacco was traded to the Denver Broncos, entrenching Jackson as the starting quarterback, and longtime linebacker C. J. Mosley departed for the New York Jets in free agency.
### 2019: Lamar Jackson helps team toward home-field advantage throughout playoffs {#lamar_jackson_helps_team_toward_home_field_advantage_throughout_playoffs}
With Lamar Jackson succeeding Flacco at quarterback, the Ravens started off the 2019 season with two straight wins, then two straight losses, and seemed to finish with a mediocre record. However, the Ravens took off from there, acquiring 12 straight victories to finish with a 14--2 record, the team\'s best since their establishment in 1996, surpassing the team\'s previous best of 13 wins in 2006. The Ravens were also the only team to score at least 20 points in all their regular season games. Also, Lamar Jackson broke the single-season record for most rushing yards by a quarterback with 1,206, previously held by Falcons quarterback Michael Vick in the 2006 season. However, their season would come to an abrupt end at the hands of the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Divisional Playoffs, 28--12.
### 2020 {#section_17}
After their stellar 2019 season, the Ravens acquired star players like Patrick Queen and J. K. Dobbins in the 2020 draft. The 2020 season would be a back-and-forth affair. Despite going 5--1 heading into their bye week, the Ravens would lose four of their next five games, including a shocking loss to the Patriots that ended their record streak at 31 for most consecutive regular season games in which a team scored at least 20 points, with the addition of a Week 12 game against the Steelers that was originally planned to be played on Thanksgiving night, but was postponed to the following Wednesday due to a COVID-19 outbreak within the Ravens organization. After the outbreak cleared, the Ravens went back into their prime, winning their final five games, including a 47--42 Monday Night thriller against the Browns in which Lamar Jackson left the game in the middle of the third quarter, which erased a 34--20 lead that the Ravens had over the Browns, but returned after the two-minute warning to throw a touchdown pass on his first play back to Marquise Brown to keep it alive. The Ravens overall finished 11--5 and secured a wild card berth in the playoffs, defeating the Titans in the wild card round 20--13 to avenge the previous year\'s divisional round, but fell to the Bills the following week, 17--3.
### 2021 {#section_18}
The 2021 Ravens had their first 0--1 start since 2015 after blowing multiple fourth quarter leads on the road against the Las Vegas Raiders before losing in overtime to the Raiders 33--27. They would later rebound to win 5 straight games which included a record-breaking 66-yard field goal by Justin Tucker in Week 3 against the Detroit Lions in which the Ravens won 19--17. However, despite starting the season 8--3, the Ravens suffered a late-season collapse, ending the season with a brutal six game losing streak in which five of the losses were by a combined 8 points, including two of the five losses as a result of a failed two-point conversion late in the fourth quarter, and failed to improve on their 11--5 record from last season after a Week 15 loss to the Green Bay Packers. The Ravens also suffered their first losing season since 2015, finished last place in the AFC North for the first time since 2007, and failed to qualify for the postseason for the first time since 2017 after a loss to the Steelers in Week 18. They finished with an 8--9 record. It was the first time in the Lamar Jackson era that the Ravens failed to qualify for the postseason. The Ravens suffered many injuries to key players throughout the season, including losing J. K. Dobbins, Gus Edwards, Justice Hill, L. J. Fort, and Marcus Peters to season-ending injuries before the regular season started, and losing Ronnie Stanley, Marlon Humphrey, Derek Wolfe, DeShon Elliott and more during the season, while quarterback Lamar Jackson missed the final four games of the season due to an ankle injury.
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# History of the Baltimore Ravens
## 2013--present
### 2022 {#section_19}
The Ravens improved on their 8--9 record from last season to finish at 10--7 and returned to the playoffs after a one-year absence and earned the AFC\'s No. 6 seed before losing 24--17 to the Cincinnati Bengals in the Wild Card Round. However, this was also the first season in franchise history that the Ravens went the entire season without scoring a defensive touchdown.
Injuries on offense again plagued the Ravens for the second straight year, despite it resulting in a playoff appearance. RBs Gus Edwards and J. K. Dobbins missed time during the season, WR Rashod Bateman sustained a season-ending injury in Week 8, and WR Devin Duvernay also sustained a season-ending injury late in the season. QB Lamar Jackson also suffered a knee injury in Week 13. Although it was initially expected to be a short-term injury, he missed the rest of the season. The offense was severely hampered with backup Tyler Huntley under center and the Ravens did not score more than 17 points in any game he started, although Huntley was selected to the Pro Bowl as an injury replacement. The Ravens also had trouble closing out games; they blew four games where they led by at least ten points, including three in the first six weeks of the season; two of which were by 17 or more points.
### 2023 {#section_20}
The Ravens improved on their 10--7 record from last season and they would later finish at 13--4 to win their first AFC North title since 2019, also earning the AFC\'s No. 1 seed of the playoffs after their 56--19 blowout win over the Miami Dolphins. The Ravens blew out the Houston Texans 34--10 in the Divisional Round. This win would allow the Ravens to host the AFC Championship Game for the first time in franchise history. This would also become the first AFC Championship Game hosted by the city of Baltimore since January 1971. However after becoming heavy Super Bowl favorites, the Ravens season would come to an end as they lost to the defending and eventual Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs 17--10.
### 2024 {#section_21}
The Ravens started 0--2 for the first time since 2015, but went 12--3 the rest of the way to finish the season 12--5. With Lamar Jackson\'s five touchdown performance in the Ravens win in Week 7, the Ravens became the first team in NFL history with players winning Offensive Player of the Week in four consecutive weeks (Derrick Henry won the honor in week 4 and 6 while Lamar Jackson won the honor for week 5 and 7). Following a Week 16 victory against the AFC North rival Pittsburgh Steelers, the Ravens clinched a playoff spot for the third consecutive season and their sixth in seven years. In Week 18, they won the AFC North title for the second year in a row with a 35--10 blowout win over the Cleveland Browns.
The Ravens defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 28--14 in the Wild Card round. However, in heartbreaking fashion, the Ravens lost to the Buffalo Bills 27--25, ending their hopes of a Super Bowl appearance
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# Thurzó family
The **House of Thurzó** (*Turzo*; *Turzonowie*) was a Hungarian noble family from the 15th century to the first half of the 17th century. It was in Kraków that the rise of the Thurzó family began, and the family in turn boosted that city into an important center of business, science, and Renaissance high culture. The family\'s long-term involvement in capitalist enterprises, high-level politics, the affairs of the Church, and its patronage of the arts made the family rich, famous and powerful well beyond the city. Its achievements resembled the Medici family in Italy and France, perhaps the Fugger family in Germany. Key family patriarchs were János Thurzó (1437--1508) and his sons János V (1466--1520), bishop of Wrocław, and Stanislav I (1471--1540), bishop of Olomouc, and Palatine György who founded town Turzovka.
Karen Lambrecht argues that the family\'s most important role was in facilitating \"intercultural communications.\" That is they used their vast network of friends, clients and allies to introduce new concepts in the arts, facilitate the exchange of ideas among scientists, and open contacts among different high status social groups.
## Origins
The ancestors of the Thurzó family were perhaps Germans, coming from Lower Austria. Their original land holdings were located around the village of Betlenfalva in the Szepes county (today Betlanovce, Spiš region). From the end of the 15th century, they were mostly businessmen and entrepreneurs in Kraków, Levoča, Szepes, Gemer, central Upper Hungary, Transylvania, Bohemia and Germany.
## Business
In 1495, they established the *Thurzo-Fugger company*, which is sometimes regarded as the first capitalist company in Europe. They soon acquired a monopoly on the trade of copper and opened new places all over Europe. Around the year 1500 they dominated the production of precious and non-ferrous metals in Hungary.
From their earnings they bought lands in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary (today Slovakia), and owned several castles and their surroundings, for example Červený Kameň, Lietava, Tematín, Zvolen, Hlohovec, Orava and so on, as well as land in the other parts of the Kingdom of Hungary and Germany.
In the whole of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century, they were one of the most prominent families of Royal Hungary, and slowly began to control the key top posts in the kingdom. They became perpetual ispáns (hereditary heads) of the Szepes (Spiš) and Árva (today Orava) counties (in today Slovakia).
Members of the Thurzó family still exist today
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# City College station (Sacramento)
**City College station** is an at-grade light rail station on the Blue Line of the SacRT light rail system operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. The station is located in an exclusive right of way alongside the Union Pacific Railroad\'s Sacramento Subdivision and a small rail yard, on the campus of Sacramento City College, after which the station is named, in the city of Sacramento, California.
The station is located northeast of Charles C. Hughes Stadium on campus. In addition to serving the college this station also serves William Land Park and Curtis Park. The 60 ft station provides bus service, drop-off areas, and walkways to the stadium, campus, and parking lots.
The land east of the station has been the site of transit-oriented development community named Crocker Village. The remediated brownfield land was formerly part of a larger Union Pacific rail yard. Early construction includes a bridge over the light rail platform and the remaining rail yard, along with a 91-unit senior housing development called Curtis Park Court.
Altamont Corridor Express and *San Joaquins* services are planned to stop at the station when those lines are extended to Sacramento as part of the Valley Rail project. A new platform will be constructed along the main line to facilitate the commuter rail and inter-city trains. By 2023, the expected start of the new service was 2029.
## Platforms and tracks {#platforms_and_tracks}
Like nearly all stations built as part of the Blue Line Southwest Extension, City College station has a rather unique layout with an island platform serving northbound trains and a side platform boarding area for southbound trains, integrated into a plaza that leads into the Sacramento City College station. The southbound tracks are embedded in the pavement, allowing passengers to cross to the northbound platform from any point in the plaza. The layout is both efficient and a cost-effective way of providing a pedestrian-train interface
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9,980,636 |
# H. Patrick Swygert
**Haywood Patrick Swygert** (born March 17, 1943) was the president of Howard University in Washington, D.C., from 1995 until 2008.
## Career
He is a graduate of South Philadelphia High School and has been inducted into the SPHS Alumni Cultural Hall of Fame. Swygert graduated from Howard University in 1965, the same year President Lyndon B. Johnson delivered his historic speech to the graduating class.
Swygert later was awarded a J.D. degree from Howard University Law School.
Swygert served as president of the State University of New York at Albany from 1990 to 1995 and previously served as executive vice president of Temple University, where he was also a professor of law in the Temple University School of Law.
He is a law professor, member of the Commission on Presidential Elections, Alpha Phi Omega National Service Fraternity, Zeta Phi chapter, Howard University, and Alpha Delta Eta Chapter, State University of New York at Albany (honorary member) and Omega Psi Phi, Alpha chapter.
Swygert resigned as president of Howard University effective June 30, 2008 although he remained active on campus as a professor and fundraiser.
Swygert is a member of the Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee
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9,980,640 |
# Process trailer
A **process trailer**, also known as **insert trailer** and **low loader**, is a trailer towed by a tracking vehicle for the purpose of being used as a moving camera platform. They are generally very low to the ground to give a realistic perspective of height and can be expanded in width to allow the camera to achieve a wider shot. Process trailers are most often used to shoot dialogue scenes inside cars or other vehicles while reducing risk for actors who would otherwise drive while delivering lines.
The trailer is composed of a wheeled platform, low to the ground, with the vehicle secured on top. The vehicle on the platform is known as a \"picture car\". The platform itself is then towed by another vehicle with crew members and camera equipment to film the actors in the vehicle. Although process trailers are safer for actors, there is still a significant risk to the driver and passengers of the towing vehicle - for this reason, process trailers are often led by a police vehicles to prevent traffic accidents. In Australia, process trailers must be accompanied by police and may only be used with a permit
| 197 |
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# Fruitridge station
**Fruitridge station** is an at-grade light rail station on the Blue Line of the SacRT light rail system operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. The station is located in an exclusive right of way alongside the Union Pacific Railroad\'s Sacramento Subdivision at its intersection with Fruitridge Road, after which the station is named, in the city of Sacramento, California. The station serves the commercial areas along Fruitridge Road and the residential neighborhoods of Hollywood Park and South City Farms.
## Platforms and tracks {#platforms_and_tracks}
Fruitridge station has a slightly different design compared to other stations built as part of the Blue Line Southwest Extension. Passengers use an island platform to board trains, but the station also has a small side platform integrated into a plaza on the west side of the station that also contains the westbound bus stop and a crosswalk to the eastbound bus stop. The southbound tracks are embedded in the pavement, allowing passengers to cross to the island platform from any point in the plaza. The layout is both efficient and a cost-effective way of providing a pedestrian-train-bus interface
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9,980,671 |
# West End Line (Brooklyn surface)
The **West End Line** or **New Utrecht Avenue Line** was a surface transit line in Brooklyn, New York City, United States, running along New Utrecht Avenue and other streets between Coney Island and Sunset Park. Built by the **Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad** as a steam line, it became a trolley line, along which elevated trains ran until the new elevated BMT West End Line opened. This route is no longer part of any bus line; its southern part (south of Bath Beach) was part of a bus route (the B64, which replaced the 86th Street Line trolleys, until 2010). In 2013, the B64 route to Coney Island was restored.
## History
### Steam railroad (1863--1893) {#steam_railroad_18631893}
The Brooklyn, Bath and Coney Island Railroad, incorporated in 1862 with Charles Godfrey Gunther as president, opened the first part of its line, from 25th Street and Fifth Avenue to Bath Beach mainly along New Utrecht Avenue (then the Bath Plank Road), on October 9, 1863. The extension to Coney Island was opened on June 9, 1864, making it the first steam railroad to bring beachgoers from downtown Brooklyn. (The Coney Island and Brooklyn Railroad had been operating horse cars to the island since 1862.) At the Brooklyn end, the steam line ended at 36th Street and Fifth Avenue, where the BB&CI\'s own horse cars ran to a connection with those of the Brooklyn Central and Jamaica Railroad\'s Fifth Avenue Line and the Brooklyn City Railroad\'s Greenwood Line at 25th Street and Fifth Avenue. The odd double transfer was made necessary by the City of Brooklyn\'s refusal to allow the line to operate steam cars within its city limits.
The road took its common name from the area of its terminal on Coney Island, where a hotel of the same name, but unconnected to the railroad, existed. Its terminal was known as West End Terminal, a name which survived upon major rebuilding in 1919 as *New West End Terminal* before that name fell into disuse.
The road was reorganized in 1868, on January 22, 1879, and again on December 1, 1885, the latter time changing its name to the **Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad**, formalizing the use of *West End* in the line\'s name. Before that time, the original steam dummy cars, which consisted of a locomotive and passenger car in one railroad-coach-type frame, were replaced by conventional steam locomotives pulling unpowered coaches.
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# West End Line (Brooklyn surface)
## History
### Trolley line (1893--1947) {#trolley_line_18931947}
The Atlantic Avenue Railroad gained control of the West End in January 1893, leased it on May 8, 1893, and began to electrify it immediately without the permission of the town of New Utrecht. Effective May 21, 1893, the Atlantic Avenue extended its Fifth Avenue Line (which was electrified March 14, 1893) along the West End\'s trackage to the Union Depot at 36th Street, where West End trains were subsequently terminated. Electric trolleys began running on the West End Line from the Union Depot to Coney Island on November 18, 1893, and soon from the 39th Street Ferry. The Nassau Electric Railroad leased the Atlantic Avenue, and thus the West End, at midnight at the end of April 4, 1896, implementing its universal five-cent fare between Downtown Brooklyn and Coney Island. In late May the 86th Street Line was placed in operation, using the West End trackage from Bath Beach to Coney Island. Some West End cars were extended over the Brooklyn Bridge to Park Row in Lower Manhattan on February 15, 1898. The Brooklyn, Bath and West End Railroad and Atlantic Avenue Railroad were consolidated into the Nassau Electric Railroad in July 1898.
The Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) gained control of the Nassau Electric in November 1898 and leased it (and the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad, operator of the Fifth Avenue Elevated, among other lines) to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad on April 1, 1899. On June 4, 1899, a new switch at Bath Junction was placed in service, and the Park Row-Coney Island cars were rerouted via the Sea Beach Line; West End cars from Downtown Brooklyn continued to use the West End Line through Bath Beach.
BRT control paved the way for the line to be connected to the elevated system, and, on December 19, 1900, trolleys between 36th Street and Bath Beach were replaced with elevated trains from Park Row in Lower Manhattan; the line beyond Bath Beach to Coney Island was part of the 86th Street Line. Trains operated by third rail power over the Fifth Avenue Elevated to a ramp at 37th Street, and, from that point, trains raised trolley poles to operate using overhead wire to Bath Beach. A new bridge over Coney Island Creek was built to allow heavy elevated trains to run to Coney Island, and this service, from Park Row to Coney Island, began on July 13, 1902, for ten cents.
The Nassau Electric Railroad lease to the Brooklyn Heights Railroad was canceled on June 30, 1904, and dual operation began, where the Brooklyn Heights (later the Brooklyn Union Elevated Railroad and New York Consolidated Railroad) operated the trains to 38th Street, and the surface operation beyond to Coney Island was done by the Nassau Electric.
Elevated operations on the surface ended on June 24, 1916, when the new elevated West End Line, connecting into the Fourth Avenue Subway, opened to 18th Avenue. The line was built as part of Contract 4 of the Dual Contracts, but at the BRT\'s own expense. Trolleys continued to operate on the portion south of the Church Avenue Line (39th Street) until June 28, 1947
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# StanCorp Financial Group
**StanCorp Financial Group, Inc.** is an insurance and financial services company based in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 2006 it ranked as number 731 on the Fortune list with in excess of \$2 billion in annual revenues. Founded in 1906, the company\'s main subsidiary is Standard Insurance Company. From 1999 until 2016, StanCorp was publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange.
## History
The company was founded in Oregon in 1906. On February 24, Leo Samuel founded the Oregon Life Insurance Company. In 1946 the company name was changed to Standard Insurance Company. Then in 1962, the company moved its headquarters into the newly constructed Standard Plaza building. Thirty years later, Standard Insurance acquired the Georgia-Pacific Building in 1982 when Georgia-Pacific moved its headquarters to Atlanta, GA. Then in 1998, StanCorp Financial Group, Inc. was created as the holding company for all the business divisions of the company. The following year the company went public, trading on the New York Stock Exchange.
StanCorp\'s Standard Insurance purchased part of Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) group life and disability portfolio in 2002 for \$75 million.
In May 2004, Ron Timpe was succeeded by CEO Eric Parsons as the company\'s chairman of the board of directors.
In January 2006, StanCorp was named to the Platinum 400 by *Forbes* magazine for the fourth year. Later in 2006, the company purchased investment services firm Invesmart for \$85 million.
In 2007, StanCorp made the Fortune 1000 list at number 746. The company purchased several retirement plan administrators in July 2007 to add to their Retirement Services division. As of 2007, all of the divisions employ a total of 3,280 people at approximately 90 offices across the United States. They are headquartered in the Standard Insurance Center and the Standard Plaza buildings in downtown Portland.
Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company announced it would purchase StanCorp for \$5 billion in July 2015. The deal was completed in March 2016
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# 47th Avenue station
**47th Avenue station** is an at-grade light rail station on the Blue Line of the SacRT light rail system operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. The station is located in an exclusive right of way alongside the Union Pacific Railroad\'s Sacramento Subdivision at its intersection with 47th Avenue, after which the station is named, in the city of Sacramento, California.
The station is located on the northwest side of 47th Avenue, and serves the Campbell Soup Company manufacturing facility, surrounding industrial areas, and the 47th Avenue, Hogan, and 24th Street neighborhoods.
## Platforms and tracks {#platforms_and_tracks}
Like nearly all stations built as part of the Blue Line Southwest Extension, 47th Avenue station has a rather unique layout with an island platform serving northbound trains and a side platform boarding area for southbound trains, integrated into a plaza that leads into the 423 space park and ride lot. The southbound tracks are embedded in the pavement, allowing passengers to cross to the northbound platform from any point in the plaza. The layout is both efficient and a cost-effective way of providing a pedestrian-train interface
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9,980,727 |
# Kenneth Nordtvedt
**Kenneth Leon Nordtvedt** is an American physicist. Nordtvedt graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1960) and Stanford University (Ph.D., 1964) and was a junior fellow in the Harvard Society of Fellows (1963--1965). Soon after witnessing the Sputnik spacecraft cross the Boston sky in fall of 1957, he became a part-time student employee for the Mars Probe project at the MIT Instrumentation Lab, and in early 1960s was staff physicist at the same Laboratory\'s project to develop the Apollo Mission\'s navigation and guidance system.
## Works
### Theories of gravity {#theories_of_gravity}
In 1968 Nordtvedt calculated how and to what degree the gravitational-to-inertial mass ratio of gravitationally compact bodies---bodies with significant gravitational binding energy---will generally differ from one in gravity theories other than general relativity, and he then showed how lunar laser ranging data could be used to measure that key ratio to significant precision for the Earth. He was a board member and scientific advisor overseeing the joint NASA-ESA Space Test of Equivalence Principle mission. In 1986 he was appointed by then President Ronald Reagan to the National Science Board. He showed in 1988 that General Relativity\'s gravitomagnetism between Earth and Moon, as those bodies orbit the Sun, was essential to fitting the synodic month and half synodic month range signals from lunar laser ranging. He had support from NASA and NSF for much of his research, as well as being a Sloan Fellow. His research was the subject of a *Wall Street Journal* article featured on the front page.
### Tax policy {#tax_policy}
Nordtvedt was elected to three terms in the Montana state legislature for a six-year period from 1979 to 1984, and there he wrote one of the first inflation indexing reforms of income tax law in the nation. He served briefly in 1989 as Director of the Montana Department of Revenue.
### Genetic genealogy {#genetic_genealogy}
Nordtvedt is also an active genetic genealogist theorist. He has done his own research into genetic haplogroups, particularly the Y DNA group I, to which he belongs.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- 1968 \"Equivalence Principle for Massive Bodies\" Phys. Rev. 169, 1017
- 1968 \"Testing Relativity with Laser Ranging to the Moon\" Phys. Rev
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# Plasmodium holaspi
***Plasmodium holaspi*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium* subgenus *Lacertamoeba*.
Like all *Plasmodium* species *P. holaspi* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.
## Description
The parasite was first described by Telford in 1986.
## Geographical occurrence {#geographical_occurrence}
This species is found in Tanzania.
## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology}
This parasite infects the flying lacertid *Holaspis guentheri*
| 70 |
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# Florin station
**Florin station** is a side platformed Sacramento RT light rail station in Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on September 26, 2003, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by the Blue Line. The station is located north of Florin Road at Indian Lane, and serves the surrounding residential and commercial areas along Florin Road, the Department of Human Assistance, and Luther Burbank High School.
On March 7, 2024, the decades-old [Florin Certified Farmers\' Market](https://alchemistcdc.org/florin/) moved to the southernmost parking lot of Florin Station from its previous location near the vacant Florin Sears. The market operates every Thursday morning, from 8:00 AM to 12:00 PM.
## Gallery
<File:Florin> Road Light Rail Station.jpg\|The Florin Station parking lot <File:Florin> Road Light Rail Station 2
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# Meadowview station
**Meadowview station** is a side platformed Sacramento RT light rail station in Sacramento, California, United States. The station was opened on September 26, 2003, and is operated by the Sacramento Regional Transit District. It is served by the Blue Line and was its southern terminus until 2015. With a daily average of 5,400 riders, the Meadowview station is the second busiest in the RT light rail system behind 16th Street station
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# Symphony No. 38 (Michael Haydn)
Michael Haydn\'s **Symphony No. 38 in F major**, Perger 30, Sherman 38, MH 477, written in Salzburg in 1788, is the next to last F major symphony he wrote, the fifth of his final set of six symphonies.
The symphony is scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns and strings. Sherman\'s edition of the score has \"Cembalo\" written in square brackets, suggesting continuo is optional in this work, despite his often-repeated statement that Haydn considered continuo essential even in the most fully instrumented works. This work is in three movements:
1. Allegro molto
2. Andantino, in C major
3. Scherzando
Unlike the other symphonies in the final set of six, this one starts out piano and then states its theme forte, whereas the others first state it forte and then piano (though this is not unique among Haydn\'s symphonies). Despite its using horns in F, which became standard, the parts are still fairly limited to few notes in addition to F and C. However, in the recapitulation of the first movement, the first horn doubles the first violins an octave lower on the first theme. In the slow movement, the celli, instead of doubling the bassoons and basses on the bass line, double the first violins an octave lower and are written in tenor clef (changing to bass clef for a few measures in which they rejoin the bass complex).
Completed on February 10, the autograph score was bequeathed by Prince Esterházy to Hungary\'s national library in Budapest. Charles Sherman based his edition for Ludwig Doblinger \"on a set of performance parts, bearing corrections in the composer\'s hand,\" from \"the music collection of the Benedictine Archabbey of St. Peter in Salzburg.\"
## Discography
Like the other symphonies of the 1788 set of six, this one is in the CPO disc with Johannes Goritzki conducting the New German Chamber Academy
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# Billy Meehan
**William \"Billy\" Meehan** was the de facto leader of the Philadelphia Republican Party for the second half of the twentieth century, though he formally held a title of \"of counsel\". His father was Austin Meehan, also an influential Philadelphia Republican and former sheriff of Philadelphia.The Philadelphia Republican Party, in the wake of the political realignment in Philadelphia politics starting with the Home Rule Charter in 1951 and the election of \"reform\" Democrats, Richardson Dilworth and Joseph S. Clark as Mayor of Philadelphia, entered a period of gradual and persistent decline, after having dominated the city\'s politics for a century prior to home rule. Meehan managed the party with an accommodating practice to his counterparts on the Democratic side, often favouring for minor patronage-related jobs for party activists in various levels of city government.
Meehan dominated the Party in a structure roughly analogous to old-style machine politics, with an emphasis on strong personality leadership. With only one exception (Frank Rizzo in 1991), no Republican Party candidate was able to be nominated for citywide office without Meehan\'s blessing. Meehan was noted for the annual summer clambake, which he held at his residence in the Somerton section of Philadelphia, a heavily Republican stronghold. He was succeeded in the role of guiding the Philadelphia Republican Party, in an unofficial manner, by his son, Michael \"Mike\" Meehan
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# Adamo Didur
**Adam Didur** or **Adamo Didur** (24 December 1874`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}7 January 1946) was a famous Polish operatic bass singer. He sang extensively in Europe and had a major career at New York\'s Metropolitan Opera from 1908 to 1932.
## Career
Didur was born on 24 December 1874 in Wola Sękowa near Sanok, Poland. Didur studied in Lwów with Walery Wysocki and later with Franz Emmerich in Milan. He made his vocal debut as a soloist at a concert performance of Ludwig van Beethoven\'s Ninth Symphony in Milan, Italy. His operatic stage debut came in 1894 as Méphistophélès in Gounod\'s *Faust* in Rio de Janeiro. Besides South America, he also toured Egypt and Italy in 1894, including the small town of Pierolo near Turin where he met his first wife, a Mexican singer named Angela Aranda Arellano.
After steady years at Warsaw Opera from 1899 to 1903, Didur launched a career at major European opera houses. His guest appearances in Spain and Russia in 1903 were followed by La Scala years 1903-1906, first appearing there as Wotan in *Das Rheingold*. His debut at London\'s Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, was in the role of Colline in *La bohème* on the opening night of the 1905 season. He travelled later to Argentina, singing in Buenos Aires in the 1905--1908 operatic seasons. In 1914, he returned to London to sing Baron Archibaldo at the British premiere of Montemezzi\'s *L\'amore dei tre re* and a few other roles.
Didur\'s North American debut was as Alvise in Ponchielli\'s *La Gioconda* at the second season opening of Hammerstein\'s Manhattan Opera House. It was the night of \"Golden Age\" stars, also featuring American debuts of Giovanni Zenatello as Enzo and Jeanne Gerville-Réache as La Cieca, while Lillian Nordica sang the title role, Mario Ancona was Barnaba and Eleanora de Cisnero was Laura. A year later, Metropolitan Opera engaged Didur as Méphistophélès in Gounod\'s *Faust* at the inauguration of the new Brooklyn Academy of Music to be followed two days later by his Ramfis in Giuseppe Verdi\'s *Aida*. On this all-star opening night of the 1908 season, Arturo Toscanini was in the pit and the rest of the cast included Emmy Destinn in her Met debut as Aida, Enrico Caruso (Radames), Louise Homer (Amneris) and Antonio Scotti (Amonasro). He remained with the company for a quarter of a century and became one of its principal bass singers, counting 933 performances in 55 roles.
In 1913, Didur appeared at the Met in the title role of *Boris Godunov*, the American premiere of Mussorgsky\'s opera. Didur created roles in the world premieres of three operas by Giacomo Puccini at the Met: *La fanciulla del West* in 1910 and *Il tabarro* and *Gianni Schicchi* of the *Il trittico* trilogy in 1918. He also appeared at the world premiere of Humperdinck\'s *Königskinder*. Didur\'s other important \"firsts\" at the Met include the US premieres of Mozart\'s *Così fan tutte*, Smetana\'s *The Bartered Bride*, Borodin\'s *Prince Igor* (singing both Prince Galitzky and Khan Konchak), and Montemezzi\'s *L\'amore dei tre re*. He also sang under the baton of Gustav Mahler in Mozart\'s *Le nozze de Figaro*, Smetana\'s *The Bartered Bride* and the Met premiere of Tchaikovsky\'s *The Queen of Spades*. Didur\'s last appearance at the Met was in the role of Coppélius in *Les Contes d\'Hoffmann* on 11 February 1932. His voice had been on the wane for some time and he returned to live in Europe.
Two months before the outbreak of World War II, Didur was appointed director of the Warsaw Opera, but the 1939 bombardment, almost completely destroying the opera house, made work impossible. He continued his work as a professor in Lwów and then Katowice, where he also started working on founding an opera company. Soon after the war ended in 1945, he was appointed the first director of the Silesian Opera., which opened with the performance of Moniuszko\'s opera *Halka* that Didur produced.
Didur died on 7 January 1946 in Katowice.
## Family
Didur was twice married; with his first wife, the Mexican singer Angela Aranda Arellano (1874--1928), he had five children, two of whom later became singers themselves, including Eva Didur and Olga Didur-Wiktorowa. After her death he married the French dancer Marguerite Vignon in 1928.
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# Adamo Didur
## Legacy
Didur\'s large, sonorous and magnificently rich-toned voice was in its prime between the late 1890s and the World War I period. It was particularly suited to the performance of Italian operas. He was a versatile stylist with the unusual agility and his vocal range was astonishingly wide, allowing him to also sing baritone roles such as Tonio in *Pagliacci* and Count Almaviva in *Le nozze de Figaro*. Although chiefly a basso cantante, Didur could effectively deliver deep richness of basso profondo that made him one of the foremost interpreters of Boris Godunov. He was also especially praised for his portrayal of Mefistofele in both Gounod\'s and Boito\'s operas, and Rossini\'s Don Basilio. He made many memorable recordings of operatic arias for several labels including Fonotipia and Pathé which are available on CD transfers.
## Selected repertoire {#selected_repertoire}
- Méphistophélès in *Faust* by Gounod
- Boris in *Boris Godunov* by Mussorgskij
- Marcel in *Les Huguenots* by Meyerbeer
- Ramfis in *Aida* by Verdi
- Colline in *La Bohème* by Puccini
- Mefistofele in *Mefistofele* by Boito
- Coppélius in *Les Contes d\'Hoffmann* by Offenbach
- Sparafucile in *Rigoletto* by Verdi
- Galitskij in *Prins Igor* by Borodin
- Leporello in *Don Giovanni* by Mozart
- Archibaldo in *L\'amore dei tre re* by Montemezzi
- Filippo II in *Don Carlo* by Verdi
- Don Basilio in *Il barbiere di Siviglia* by Rossini
- Figaro in *Le nozze di Figaro* by Mozart
- Count Almaviva in *Le nozze di Figaro* by Mozart
- Tomskij in *Spardame* \[The Queen of Spades\] by Tchaikovsky
- Kezal in *Svatební košile* \[The Bartered Bride\] by Smetana
- Tonio in *I pagliacci* by Leoncavallo
- Klingsor in *Parsifal* by Wagner
- Oberthal in *Le prophète* by Meyerbeer
- Don Alfonso in *Così fan tutte* by Mozart
- Mustafà in *L'Italiana in Algeri* by Rossini
- Alvise Badoero in *La Gioconda* by Ponchielli
- Scarpia in *Tosca* by Puccini
- Billy Jackrabbit in *La Fanciulla del West* by Puccini
- Talpa in *Il Tabarro* by Puccini
- Simone in *Gianni Schicchi* by Puccini
- Trehogger in *Königskinder* by Humperdinck
- Il Cieco in *Iris* by Mascagni
- Franz in *Lodoletta* by Mascagni
- Gremin in *Eugene Onegin* by Tchaikovsky
- Pistol in *Falstaff* by Verdi
- Giovanni Filippo Palm in *Germania* by Franchetti
- Hu-Tsin in *L'Oracolo* by Leoni
## Discography
Didur recorded for G & T, Fonotipia, Pathé and Brunswick labels. Selections from his recorded arias and songs were reissued on compact discs:
- Lebendige Vergangenheit, Preiser (89198)
- Club \"99\" (CD 99-89)
- Hafg (Hamburger Archiv für Gesangskunst ) Vol. 1, 1904-16 (10073)
- Hafg (Hamburger Archiv für Gesangskunst ) Vol
| 450 |
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| 1 |
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# De Havilland Hercules
The **de Havilland DH.66 Hercules** was a British 1920s seven-passenger, trimotor airliner built by de Havilland Aircraft Company. With the Hercules, Imperial Airways took over responsibility for the airmail service from the Royal Air Force, which had been operating the obsolete Airco DH.10 Amiens.
The Hercules effectively provided long-distance service to far-flung regions for Imperial Airways. Although slow, they pointed the way for future airliners.
## Design and development {#design_and_development}
The **Hercules** was designed for Imperial Airways when it took over the Cairo--Baghdad air route from the Royal Air Force. The Hercules was a three-engine two-bay biplane with room for seven passengers and the ability to carry mail. Using three engines reduced the risk of forced landings over remote desert areas. To reduce the risk of deterioration in tropical areas the fuselage was a tube steel frame, with the cabin and rear baggage compartment of plywood mounted inside it. The two pilots were in an open cockpit above the nose while the cabin had room for a wireless operator and seven passengers.
With a contract for five years to run the Cairo to Baghdad air mail service, and a requirement to start a service between Cairo and Karachi, Imperial Airways ordered five aircraft. In June 1926, while the prototype was still being built, the type name **Hercules** was chosen in a competition in the *Meccano Magazine*. The prototype first flew on 30 September 1926 at Stag Lane Aerodrome.
Four were built in 1929 for West Australian Airways with modifications to meet Australian requirements including an enclosed cockpit and seating for 14 passengers while retained space for mail and baggage.
Two additional aircraft were built for Imperial Airways in 1929 with the enclosed cockpit, which were retro-fitted to the earlier aircraft.
| 294 |
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| 0 |
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# De Havilland Hercules
## Operational history {#operational_history}
Imperial Airways
Following a period of crew training the prototype left the United Kingdom for Cairo on 18 December 1926 to be based at Heliopolis. The second aircraft left Croydon for Cairo on 27 December 1926, carrying the Secretary of State for Air Samuel Hoare. It flew on to India and arrived in Delhi on 8 January 1927. The prototype, later to be named the *City of Cairo* by King Fuad, operated the first commercial service between Basra and Cairo on 7 January 1927. The service to Karachi did not start until two years later after permission was granted from the Persian Government.
With the start of the service between Cairo and Delhi in 1929 a sixth Hercules, the *City of Basra* entered service. With the fatal loss of the *City of Jerusalem* in September 1929 a seventh new aircraft was ordered and delivered in January 1930. With the aircraft now out of production when the *City of Tehran* forced-landed and was destroyed, Imperial Airways bought an aircraft from West Australian Airways to replace it.
In 1931 two experimental air mail services between Croydon, England and Melbourne, Australia were attempted. The *City of Cairo* was to fly the mail from Karachi to Australia but ran out of fuel and forced landed at Koepang on 19 April 1931. West Australian Airways was approached again and another aircraft was sold to Imperial Airways. On the delivery flight to Karachi it carried the first through Australia to England mail.
In December 1931 the former West Australian Airways, *City of Cape Town* operated a survey flight to Cape Town pending the extension of the Empire Air Route to South Africa. The *City of Cape Town* was briefly used in South Africa from October 1932 until 1933 by Sir Alan Cobham for his itinerant air pageant. The *City of Jodhpur* was used in an aerial ant-locust campaign in Rhodesia in 1934 and the following year it crashed into a swamp near Lake Salisbury in Uganda and was destroyed. Imperial withdrew the Hercules from service between 1934 and 1935; three were sold to the South African Air Force.
South Africa Air Force
The South African Air Force bought three Hercules from Imperial Airways in 1935.. At the start of the Second World War they were used as military transport aircraft supporting South African forces around Africa. One was broken up for spares in 1939 and the other two were withdrawn from service and scrapped in 1943.
Stephens Aviation
Two former West Australian Airways aircraft, the *City of Perth* and the *City of Adelaide* were operated on the ferry service in New Guinea between Lae and Wau from 1936. The *City of Perth* crashed in February 1941 and the **City of Adelaide** was destroyed by enemy action in 1942.
West Australian Airways
West Australian Airways ordered four Hercules aircraft for a new passenger and mail service between Perth and Adelaide. Following acceptance testing in England the four aircraft were shipped to Perth, Australia and re-assembled. The first eastbound service was flown by two aircraft, the *City of Adelaide* and the *City of Perth*. They arrived in Perth on 29 May 1929 after flying the 1450 miles in 14 hours. Two aircraft were later sold to Imperial Airways and the remaining two were sold to Stephens Aviation when the airline was taken over by Australian National Airways.
## Operators
`{{AUS}}`{=mediawiki}
- West Australian Airways
- Adelaide Airways
`{{flag|South Africa|1928}}`{=mediawiki}
- South African Air Force
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Imperial Airways
| 588 |
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| 1 |
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# De Havilland Hercules
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
- On 6 September 1929 an Imperial Airways DH.66 Hercules, registration G-EBMZ, crashed on landing at Jask, Iran, due to pilot error, killing three of five on board.
- On 14 February 1930 an Imperial Airways DH.66 Hercules, registration G-EBNA, was damaged beyond repair during a forced landing in Gaza, Egypt.
## Specifications (DH.66A) {#specifications_dh.66a}
`{{Aircraft specs
|ref=''de Havilland aircraft since 1909.''<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=A.J. |last2=Jackson |first2=R.T. |title=de Havilland aircraft since 1909 |date=1988 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis MD |isbn=0870218964 |edition=Rev. and updated |pages=269–274}}</ref>
|prime units?=imp
<!-- General characteristics -->
|crew=Three
|capacity=7 passenger and up to {{cvt|465|cuft|1}} of mail
|length ft=55|length in=6
|span ft=79|span in=6
|height ft=18|height in=3
|wing area sqft=1547
|airfoil=<!--'''root:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]; '''tip:''' [[NACA airfoil|NACA ]]<ref name="Selig">{{cite web |last1=Lednicer |first1=David |title=The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage |url=https://m-selig.ae.illinois.edu/ads/aircraft.html |website=m-selig.ae.illinois
| 140 |
De Havilland Hercules
| 2 |
9,980,942 |
# Stadion An der Alten Försterei
**Stadion An der Alten Försterei** (`{{IPA|de|ˌʃtaːdi̯ɔn ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈʔaltn̩ fœʁstəˈʁaɪ̯|-|De-Stadion An der Alten Försterei.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; **Stadium at the old forester\'s house**) is a football stadium in Köpenick and the largest single-purpose football stadium in the German capital of Berlin. It has been home to football club 1. FC Union Berlin since its predecessor SC Union Oberschöneweide started playing in the stadium in 1920.
The stadium\'s capacity was last redeveloped in 2009 and expanded in 2013. Some of the redevelopment work was carried out by over 2,300 Union Berlin supporters volunteering their services. During league matches the arena features a total capacity of 22,012. There are 3,617 seats available while the rest of the ground remains terracing.
The stadium became also known for events like the annual \"Weihnachtssingen\" (*Christmas Carols Event*) and the \"WM-Wohnzimmer\" (*World Cup Living Room*) in 2014.
## History
### Opening
In 1920, SC Union Oberschöneweide had to find a new home ground in Berlin as its former pitch had been built over by developers with residential buildings. The club moved away from the city to the north-western part of the borough of Köpenick. The inaugural match at the new stadium was played on 17 March 1920 between Oberschöneweide and Viktoria 89 Berlin in a friendly. The new stadium was officially opened in August 1920 with a match between Oberschöneweide and the then German champions 1. FC Nürnberg.
### Expansion
In 1966, the stadium required expansion when Union won promotion to the DDR-Oberliga, the then top flight in East Germany. The stadium was first expanded in 1970 when the *Gegengerade* terrace was raised, while further extensions to the terracing at both ends in the late 1970s and early 1980s increased the capacity to 22,500. The stadium started showing signs of depreciation with the club unable to properly maintain the same as attendances went into a serious decline in common with the majority of clubs during the 1980s.
### Post-reunification {#post_reunification}
After German reunification, when Union were assigned to play in the 3rd league by the German Football Association with the outdated stadium proving to be one of the factors that hampered the club\'s push for promotion to higher leagues.
The terracing at the ground was in a poor state thereby reducing the capacity to 18,100 spectators. In the late 1990s, Union were only allowed to continue playing at the stadium on special temporary license until DFL stopped renewing these in 2006. The stadium was no longer eligible to stage any matches in the top three tiers of German football thereby forcing the club to redevelop the stadium or make a move to a different ground.
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# Stadion An der Alten Försterei
## History
### Redevelopment
#### Phase 1 {#phase_1}
In the late 1990s, the first plans for the redevelopment were drawn up. After several years of planning and discussion on various proposals, the redevelopment finally began at the end of the 2007--08 season. The major works included replacing the crumbling stone and cinder terracing with concrete terracing and installing a roof over the previously open terraces. Other minor improvements such as the installation of new perimeter fencing, new seats in the main stand and installation of undersoil heating and digital scoreboard were carried out. During the redevelopment, over 2,300 supporters volunteered their services with specialist firms undertaking complex tasks such as installing the cantilever roof.
Union Berlin played their home matches at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Berlin\'s Prenzlauer Berg district during the 2008--09 season as the stadium was redeveloped. The stadium was re-opened on 8 July 2009 in time for a friendly against fellow Berlin side Hertha BSC.
#### Phase 2 {#phase_2}
Originally planned for 2010, the second stage of refurbishment commenced when funding was secured in May 2012. The old main stand was torn down and the foundation-stone for the new, 3,617-capacity stand was laid in the following month. The new building is 100.5 m wide and 23.5 m high, also includes hospitality, media and other functional facilities. The cost for its construction was €15 million of which €2 million was contributed by the club with the sponsors accounting for €10 million. The remaining €3 million injected by a holding formed to own and manage to stadium, shares in which were made publicly available and over four thousand members of the club and sponsors bought shares in the company so formed.
Work on it was completed in the summer of 2013, when the fully renovated stadium was inaugurated with a friendly match between Union and Celtic F.C. The newly renovated stadium was sold out for the first time on 31 August 2013, when 21,717 spectators saw Union beat FC St. Pauli 3--2.
In 2023, the Försterei hosts Union Berlin\'s U19s in the UEFA Youth League as the first team hosts their UEFA Champions League games at Hertha Berlin\'s Olympiastadion due to UEFA requirements.
### Future development {#future_development}
During the general assembly of October 2024, the club announced plans for the future of the An der Alten Försterei stadium. The stadium\'s capacity is set to increase to 40,500 seats. The main stand will be expanded to include an additional VIP area and media zone, while the three standing terraces will be replaced with two-tier seated stands. Construction work on the stadium itself will begin only after the completion of the Alte Försterei Training Center. The club management estimates the work will start in the summer of 2026. During the renovation, Union plans to temporarily move to the Olympiastadion.
## Events
Since the redevelopment, the stadium has also been used for a small number of non-football events, among them rock concerts and bike shows.
### Christmas Carols {#christmas_carols}
In 2003 the yearly Union *Weihnachtssingen* (Christmas Carols Singing) started as an unofficial gathering to which just 89 fans showed up. In 2015, 28,500 people attended, including players and supporters of other teams from around Germany and Europe. Fans drink Glühwein, wave candles around, light flares and sing a combination of Christmas carols and football chants.
### World Cup Living Room {#world_cup_living_room}
In 2014 the club came up with the idea of inviting fans to take their own sofas to the ground for the whole of the World Cup. The event was called *WM Wohnzimmer* (World Cup Living Room). More than 800 sofas were placed on the pitch in rows in front of the big screen.
### Concerts
On 3 September 2015, Linkin Park played the first ever music show in the stadium, performing in front of 35,000 fans
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# Symphony No. 30 (Michael Haydn)
Michael Haydn\'s **Symphony No. 30 in D major**, Perger 21, Sherman 30, MH 399, was written in Salzburg in 1785.
Scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns and strings, in three movements:
1. Adagio - Allegro spiritoso
2. Andante sostenuto, in G major
3. Vivace molto
This symphony is the last of four by Michael Haydn to include a slow introduction before the first movement (the others are Symphonies Nos. 21, 22, and 27). All four were written between 1778 and 1785 and attached to symphonies cast in three movements (without minuets).
## Discography
On the CPO label, this symphony is available on a CD that also includes Symphonies Nos. 21, 31 and 32. There is also an Olympia remastering to CD from an LP recording of Ervin Acél conducting the Oradea Philharmonic; that one also includes Symphonies Nos. 18 and 29 (the latter with Miron Raţiu instead of Acél)
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# Decanter (magazine)
***Decanter*** is a wine and wine-lifestyle media brand owned by Future plc. It includes a print and digital magazine, fine wine tasting events, a news website, a subscription website -- *Decanter Premium*, and the *Decanter World Wine Awards*. The magazine, published in about 90 countries on a monthly basis, includes industry news, vintage guides and wine and spirits recommendations.
## History and profile {#history_and_profile}
Following the success of wine columns in British newspapers, the *Decanter* magazine was founded in London in 1975. *Decanter* is the oldest consumer wine publication in the United Kingdom. According to author Evelyne Resnick, it has a comparable function in the UK as the *Wine Spectator* has in the United States. As of 2011, it was published in 91 countries, including China. Columnists and regular contributors include several Masters of Wine.
The magazine focuses mainly on wines available in the United Kingdom, as well as the United States. While it is aimed at consumers, a significant part of the magazine\'s audience consists both of traders and producers. Its contents include news, topical commentary, travel surveys, interviews, analysis and market reports. Unlike other magazines, which focus on many wines from various regions and countries, *Decanter* issues offer in-depth reviews of wines from two regions at a time. The readers of *Decanter* are generally younger than the readers of similar publications, with 41% of readers under 45 years of age.
*Decanter* launched its website, Decanter.com, in 1999. The website is one of the largest globally, based on traffic figures. In 2017 it launched a subscription service called *Decanter Premium*
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| 0 |
9,981,042 |
# The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart
***The Button-Down Mind of Bob Newhart*** is a 1960 live album by comedian Bob Newhart. Recorded at the Tidelands Club in Houston, Texas by recording engineer Bill Holford, Newhart\'s debut album reached No. 1 on the *Billboard* Mono Action Albums chart (later the *Billboard* 200) on August 1, 1960, and remained at the top for 14 weeks. In Canada, the album was No. 1 for 17 of 18 weeks between June 13 and October 10. The album stayed on the chart for two years, selling over 600,000 copies near release and ranking as the 20th best-selling album of all time on the *Billboard* charts. It won Album of the Year at the 1961 Grammy Awards, where Newhart was named Best New Artist; it was the first comedy album to win Album of the Year and the only time a comedian had won Best New Artist.
Newhart wanted the title to be *The Most Celebrated New Comedian Since Attila the Hun*, but Warner Bros. executives created the album\'s title and Newhart had to settle for his idea as a subtitle.
The album was a 2006 entry into the Library of Congress\' National Recording Registry.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Pete Campbell listens to the album in *Mad Men* Season 1, Episode 4, \"New Amsterdam\".
In the pilot episode of *The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel*, Joel Maisel performs routines from the album at a cafe, passing them off as his own work. Set in 1958, two years before the album was released, this is either anachronistic or suggesting that Maisel had heard the works before the album\'s release.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Abe Lincoln vs. Madison Avenue\" -- 7:31
: An ad man convinces President Lincoln not to change the text of the Gettysburg Address.
2. \"The Cruise of the U.S.S. *Codfish*\" -- 5:01
: The captain of a nuclear submarine reflects on the crew\'s disastrous voyage.
3. \"Merchandising the Wright Brothers\" -- 3:12
: A new product corporation helps Orville Wright market the brand-new airplane to potential passengers.
4. \"The Krushchev Landing Rehearsal\" -- 4:47
: A television director runs through a rehearsal of Kruschchev\'s arrival to the United States.
5. \"Driving Instructor\" -- 8:03
: A driving instructor risks life and limb when he has a woman named Mrs. Webb for a student.
6. \"Nobody Will Ever Play Baseball\" -- 3:21
: A game manufacturer ridicules Abner Doubleday\'s invention of baseball as overly complicated
| 411 |
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| 0 |
9,981,049 |
# Plasmodium tribolonoti
***Plasmodium tribolonoti*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium*.
Like all *Plasmodium* species *P. tribolonoti* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.
## Description
The parasite was first described by Telford and Wellehan in 2005.
## Geographical occurrence {#geographical_occurrence}
This species is found in New Guinea.
## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology}
This species infects the crocodile skink *Tribolonotus gracilis*
| 71 |
Plasmodium tribolonoti
| 0 |
9,981,064 |
# Steve Emery
**Stephen Roger Emery** (born 7 February 1956) is an English former footballer who played for 13 seasons in the Football League. He spent much of his career at Hereford United, where he made 333 competitive appearances, and also played League football for Derby County and Wrexham.
He was a versatile midfield player and started his career at Hereford when he became the club\'s first apprentice professional, signing just before his 18th birthday. Initially he spent seven seasons at Edgar Street and was a first team regular as Hereford rose to the Second Division and during their decline back down to the Fourth. In 1979, he was sold to Derby County for £100,000, making the step up to the First Division.
After three seasons, and a brief spell at Newport County, he returned to Hereford in 1983 before moving to Wrexham. He finished his career in non-league football with Gloucester City and Westfields, where he was player-manager while also working in the licensed trade. He also managed Ledbury Town for nearly five years, and returned as manager in late 2008, but was dismissed after only three months.
His son Josh Emery had a spell playing for Hereford
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# Ministry of Climate and Enterprise (Sweden)
The **Ministry of Climate and Enterprise** (*Klimat- och näringsdepartementet*) is a ministry in the Government of Sweden responsible for policies related to the climate, the natural environment, energy, enterprise, innovation, radiation safety, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, outdoor life and circular economy.
The ministry is currently headed by the Minister for Energy, Business and Industry Ebba Busch of the Christian Democrats. Busch is also Deputy Prime Minister of Sweden.
## History
The ministry originally held the name of **Ministry of Industry** (*Industridepartementet*) from its establishment in 1969. The ministry has later been called **Ministry of Industry, Employment and Communications** (*Näringsdepartementet*), **Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation** (*Näringsdepartementet*), **Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation** (*Näringsdepartementet*), and **Ministry of Climate and Enterprise** (*Klimat- och näringslivsdepartementet*).
The ministry was reshaped on 1 January 2023 when the Ministry of the Environment was merged into the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation, forming the Ministry for Climate and Enterprise.
It\'s located on Herkulesgatan 17 in Stockholm
| 166 |
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| 0 |
9,981,094 |
# Minister for Infrastructure (Sweden)
The **Minister for Infrastructure** (*Infrastrukturminister*) is a cabinet minister within the Government of Sweden and appointed by the Prime Minister of Sweden.
## History
The office was formed in 1920 as the **Minister of Communications (Transport)** (*Kommunikationsminister*) which headed the Ministry of Communications (Transport). The office was renamed to **Minister for Infrastructure** in 2000.
The minister is responsible for issues regarding railways, rapid transit, roads, bridges, ferries, shipping, sea lanes, ports, aviation, transportation, communication and communication research. The current Minister for Infrastructure is Andreas Carlson, appointed on 18 October 2022
| 95 |
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| 0 |
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
The **History of the Cleveland Browns** American football team began in 1944 when taxi-cab magnate Arthur B. \"Mickey\" McBride secured a Cleveland, Ohio, franchise in the newly formed All-America Football Conference (AAFC). Paul Brown, who coach Bill Walsh once called the \"father of modern football\", was the team\'s namesake and first coach. From the beginning of play in 1946 at Cleveland Municipal Stadium, the Cleveland Browns were a great success. Cleveland won each of the AAFC\'s four championship games before the league dissolved in 1949. The team then moved to the more established National Football League (NFL), where it continued to dominate. Between 1950 and 1955, Cleveland reached the NFL championship game every year, winning three times.
McBride and his partners sold the team to a group of Cleveland businessmen in 1953 for a then-unheard-of \$600,000 (`{{inflation|US|600000|1953|fmt=eq|r=-3}}`{=mediawiki}). Eight years later, the team was sold again, this time to a group led by New York advertising executive Art Modell. Modell fired Brown before the 1963 season, but the team continued to win behind running back Jim Brown. The Browns won the championship in 1964 and reached the title game the following season, losing to the Green Bay Packers. The team subsequently reached the playoffs three times in the late 1980s, but fell short of playing in the Super Bowl, the inter-league championship game between the NFL and the rival American Football League (AFL) that started in 1966.
When the AFL and NFL merged before the 1970 season, Cleveland became part of the new American Football Conference (AFC). While the Browns made it back to the playoffs in 1971 and 1972, they fell into mediocrity through the mid-1970s. A revival of sorts took place in 1979 and 1980, when quarterback Brian Sipe engineered a series of last-minute wins and the Browns came to be called the \"Kardiac Kids\". Under Sipe, however, the Browns did not make it past the first round of the playoffs. Quarterback Bernie Kosar, who the Browns drafted in 1985, led the team to three AFC Championship games in the late 1980s but lost each time. In 1995, Modell announced he was relocating the Browns to Baltimore, sowing a mix of outrage and bitterness among Cleveland\'s dedicated fan base. Negotiations and legal battles led to an agreement where Modell was allowed to move the team, but Cleveland kept the Browns\' name, colors and history. After three years of suspension while the old stadium was demolished and Cleveland Browns Stadium built in its place, the Browns started play again in 1999 under new owner Al Lerner. Since resuming operations, the Browns have made the playoffs only three times, as a wild-card team in 2002, 2020, and 2023.
The Browns are only one of 12 NFL franchises to predate the 1960 launch of the American Football League, and are only one of three such teams in the AFC.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Founding and dominance in the AAFC (1946--1949) {#founding_and_dominance_in_the_aafc_19461949}
In 1944 Arch Ward, the influential sports editor of the *Chicago Tribune*, proposed a new professional football league called the All-America Football Conference. The AAFC was to challenge the dominant National Football League once it began operations at the end of World War II, which had forced many professional teams to curtail activity, merge or go on hiatus as their players served in the U.S. military. It was a bold proposition, given the failure of three previous NFL competitors and the dominance of college football, which was more popular than the professional game at the time. Ward, who had gained fame and respect for starting all-star games for baseball and college football, lined up deep-pocketed owners for the new league\'s eight teams in hopes of giving it a better chance against the NFL. One of them was Arthur B. \"Mickey\" McBride, a Cleveland businessman who grew up in Chicago and knew Ward from his involvement in the newspaper business. McBride spent his early career as a circulation manager for the *Cleveland News*, and went into business for himself in the 1930s, buying a pair of Cleveland taxi companies and running a wire service that supplied bookies with information about the results of horse races. He had connections to organized crime in Chicago and Cleveland arising from the wire service.
McBride developed a passion for football attending games at Notre Dame, where his son went to college. In the early 1940s he tried to buy the NFL\'s Cleveland Rams, owned by millionaire supermarket heir Dan Reeves, but was rebuffed. Having been awarded the Cleveland franchise in the AAFC, McBride asked *Cleveland Plain Dealer* sportswriter John Dietrich for head coaching suggestions. Dietrich recommended Paul Brown, the 36-year-old Ohio State Buckeyes coach. After consulting with Ward, McBride followed Dietrich\'s advice in early 1945, naming Brown head coach and giving him an ownership stake in the team and full control over player personnel. Brown, who had built an impressive record as coach of a Massillon, Ohio high school team and brought the Buckeyes their first national championship, at the time was serving in the U.S. Navy and coached the football team at Great Lakes Naval Station near Chicago.
The name of the team was at first left up to Brown, who rejected calls for it to be christened the Browns. McBride then held a contest to name the team in May 1945; \"Cleveland Panthers\" was the most popular choice, but Brown rejected it because it was the name of an earlier failed football team. \"That old Panthers team failed\", Brown said. \"I want no part of that name.\" In August, McBride gave in to popular demand and named the team the Browns, despite Paul Brown\'s objections.
For several years, Brown would occasionally cite an alternate history of the team name. He claimed that the second name-the-team contest yielded the name \"Brown Bombers,\" after then-world heavyweight boxing champion Joe Louis, whose nickname was \"The Brown Bomber.\" According to this version, Brown wanted his team to have a nickname befitting a champion, and felt the nickname \"Brown Bombers\" was apropos. The name was reportedly shortened to simply \"Browns.\" This alternate history of the name was even supported by the team as being factual as recently as the mid-1990s, and it continues as an urban legend. However, Paul Brown never held fast to the Joe Louis story, and later in his life admitted that it was invented in part because of his wariness of having the team being named after him. The Browns and the NFL now both support the position that the team was indeed named after Paul Brown.
As the war began to wind down with Germany\'s surrender in May 1945, the team parlayed Brown\'s ties to college football and the military to build its roster. The first signing was Otto Graham, a former star quarterback at Northwestern University who was then serving in the Navy. The Browns later signed kicker and offensive tackle Lou Groza and wide receivers Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie. Fullback Marion Motley and nose tackle Bill Willis, two of the earliest African-Americans to play professional football, also joined the team in 1946. Cleveland\'s first training camp took place at Bowling Green University in northwestern Ohio. Brown\'s reputation for winning notwithstanding, joining the team was a risk; the Browns and the AAFC were nascent entities and faced tough competition from the NFL. \"I just went up there to see what would happen\", center Frank Gatski said many years later.
The Browns initially faced the prospect of competing directly with the NFL\'s Rams, who won the 1945 NFL title. However, a month after the game, Rams owner Reeves announced that he was moving the team to Los Angeles. While Reeves cited massive losses and lackluster attendance, he also knew that he could not hope to go head-to-head with a team that boasted McBride\'s wealth, Brown\'s name recognition, and a roster laden with collegiate stars. The Browns appeared to be the only AAFC team that even potentially had a chance of forcing its NFL rival out of town.
Cleveland\'s first regular-season game took place September 6, 1946, at Cleveland Municipal Stadium against the Miami Seahawks before a then-record crowd of 60,135. That contest, which the Browns won 44--0, kicked off an era of dominance. With Brown at the helm, the team won all four of the AAFC\'s championships from 1946 until its dissolution in 1949, amassing a record of 52 wins, four losses and three ties. This included the 1948 season, in which the Browns became the first unbeaten and untied team in professional football history. The Browns had few worthy rivals among the AAFC\'s eight teams, but the New York Yankees and San Francisco 49ers were their closest competition.
While the Browns excelled on defense, Cleveland\'s winning ways were driven by an offense that employed Brown\'s version of the T formation, which emphasized speed, timing and execution over set plays. Brown liked his players \"lean and hungry\", and championed quickness over bulk. Graham became a star under Brown\'s system, leading all passers in each of the AAFC\'s seasons and racking up 10,085 passing yards. Motley, who Brown in 1948 called \"the greatest fullback that ever lived\", was the AAFC\'s all-time leading rusher. Brown and six players from the Browns\' AAFC years were later elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame: Graham, Motley, Groza, Lavelli, Willis and Gatski.
The Cleveland area showered support on the Browns from the outset. Meanwhile, the Browns unexpectedly had Cleveland to themselves; the NFL\'s Cleveland Rams, who had continually lost money despite winning the 1945 NFL championship, moved to Los Angeles after that season. The Browns\' on-field feats only amplified their popularity, and the team saw average attendance of 57,000 per game in its first season. The Browns, however, became victims of their own success. Cleveland\'s dominance exposed a lack of balance among AAFC teams, which the league tried to correct by sending Browns players including quarterback Y. A. Tittle to the Baltimore Colts in 1948. Attendance at Browns games fell in later years as fans lost interest in lopsided victories, while attendance for less successful teams fell even more precipitously. The Browns led all of football during the undefeated season in 1948 with an average crowd of 45,517, but that was more than 10,000 less than the average per game the previous year. These factors -- combined with a war for players between the two leagues that raised salaries and ate into owners\' profits -- ultimately led to the dissolution of the AAFC and the merger of three of its teams, including the Browns, into the NFL in 1949. The NFL does not acknowledge AAFC statistics and records because these achievements -- including the Browns\' perfect season -- did not take place in the NFL or against NFL teams, and not in a league fully absorbed by the NFL.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Success and challenges in the NFL (1950--1956) {#success_and_challenges_in_the_nfl_19501956}
The AAFC proposed match-ups with NFL teams numerous times during its four-year existence, but no inter-league game ever materialized. That made Cleveland\'s entry into the NFL in the 1950 season the first test of whether its early supremacy could continue into a more established league. The proof came quickly: Cleveland\'s NFL regular-season opener was against the two-time defending champion Philadelphia Eagles on September 16 in Philadelphia. The Browns lit up the Eagles\' vaunted defense for 487 total yards---including 246 passing yards from Graham and his receivers---in a 35--10 win before a crowd of 71,237. This decisive win quashed any doubts about the Browns\' prowess. Behind an offense that featured Graham, Groza, Motley, Lavelli and running back Dub Jones, Cleveland finished the 1950 season with a 10--2 record, tied for first place in the Eastern Conference. After winning a playoff game against the New York Giants, the Browns advanced to the NFL championship match against the Los Angeles Rams in Cleveland. The Browns won 30--28 on a last-minute Groza field goal. Fans stormed the field after the victory, carting off the goalposts, ripping off one player\'s jersey and setting a bonfire in the bleachers. \"It was the greatest game I ever saw\", Brown later said.
After five straight championship wins in the AAFC and NFL, the Browns appeared poised to bring another trophy home in 1951. The team finished the regular season with 11 wins and a single loss in the first game of the season. Cleveland faced the Rams on December 23 in a rematch of the previous year\'s title game. The score was deadlocked 17--17 in the final period, but a 73-yard touchdown pass by Rams quarterback Norm van Brocklin to wide receiver Tom Fears broke the tie and gave Los Angeles the lead for good. The 24--17 loss was the Browns\' first in a championship game.
The 1952 and 1953 seasons followed a similar pattern: Cleveland reached the championship game but lost both times to the Detroit Lions. In 1952\'s championship game, Detroit won 17--7 after a muffed punt by the Browns, several Lions defensive stands and a 67-yard touchdown run by Doak Walker scuttled Cleveland\'s chances. The team finished 11--1 in 1953, but lost the championship to the Lions 17--16 on a 33-yard Bobby Layne touchdown pass to Jim Doran with just over two minutes left. While the championship losses disappointed Cleveland fans who had grown accustomed to winning, the team continued to make progress. Len Ford, who the Browns picked up from the defunct AAFC\'s Los Angeles Dons team, emerged as a force on the defensive line, making the Pro Bowl each year between 1951 and 1953. Second-year wideout Ray Renfro became a star in 1953, also reaching the Pro Bowl.
During the summer before the 1953 season, the Browns\' original owners sold the team for a then-unheard-of \$600,000 (`{{inflation|US|600000|1953|fmt=eq|r=-3}}`{=mediawiki}). The buyers were a group of prominent Cleveland men: Dave R. Jones, a businessman and former Cleveland Indians director, Ellis Ryan, a former Indians president, Homer Marshman, an attorney, and Saul Silberman, owner of the Randall Park Race Track. McBride had been called in 1950 to testify before the Kefauver Committee, a congressional body investigating organized crime, which partly exposed his ties to mafia figures but did not result in any charges. While McBride never said so, the Kefauver hearings and the growing public association between him and the mafia may have played a role in his decision to get out of football.
While the Browns came into 1954 as one of the top teams in the NFL, the future was far from certain. Graham, whose leadership and throwing skills were instrumental in the Browns\' championship runs, said he planned to retire after the season. Motley, the team\'s best rusher and blocker, retired at the beginning of the season with a bad knee. Star defensive lineman Bill Willis also retired before the season. Still, Cleveland finished the regular season 9--3 and met Detroit the day after Christmas in the championship game for a third consecutive time. This time Cleveland dominated on both sides of the ball, intercepting Bobby Layne six times while Graham threw three touchdowns and ran for three more. The Browns, who lost the last game of the regular season to the Lions only a week before, won their second NFL championship 56--10. \"I saw it, but still hardly can believe it\", Lions coach Buddy Parker said after the game. \"It has me dazed.\"
Cleveland\'s success continued in 1955 after Brown convinced Graham to come back, arguing that the team lacked a solid alternative. Cleveland finished the regular season 9--2--1 and went on to win its third NFL championship, beating the Los Angeles Rams 38--14. It was Graham\'s last game; the win capped a 10-year run in which he led his team to the league championship every year, winning four in the AAFC and three in the NFL. Rams fans gave Graham a standing ovation when Brown pulled him from the game in the final minutes.
Without Graham, the Browns floundered in 1956. Injuries to two Browns quarterbacks left the relatively unknown Tommy O\'Connell as the starter, and Cleveland finished with a 5--7 record, its first losing season. Dante Lavelli and Frank Gatski retired at the end of the season, leaving Groza as the only original Browns player still on the team. While the Browns\' on-field play in 1956 was uninspiring, off-the-field drama developed after a Cleveland-based inventor let Brown test a helmet with a radio transmitter inside. After trying it out in training camp, Brown used the helmet to call plays during the pre-season with long-time backup George Ratterman behind center. The device allowed the coach to direct his quarterback on the fly, giving him an advantage over franchises who had to use messenger players to relay instructions. The Browns used the device off and on into the regular season, and other teams began to experiment with their own radio helmets. Bert Bell, the NFL commissioner, banned the device in October 1956. Today, however, all NFL teams use in-helmet radios to communicate with players.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Jim Brown era and new ownership (1957--1965) {#jim_brown_era_and_new_ownership_19571965}
With Otto Graham and most of the other original Browns in retirement, by 1957 the team was struggling to replenish its ranks. In the first round of that year\'s draft, Cleveland took fullback Jim Brown out of Syracuse University. In his first season, Brown led the NFL with 942 yards of rushing and was voted rookie of the year in a United Press poll. Cleveland finished 9--2--1 and again advanced to the championship game against Detroit. The Lions dominated the game, forcing six turnovers and allowing only 112 yards passing in a 59--14 rout.
Before the 1958 season, O\'Connell, who lacked the stature and durability Paul Brown wanted in a starter, retired to take a coaching job in Illinois, and Milt Plum was named as his replacement. Cleveland, however, was relying increasingly on the running game, in contrast to its pass-happy early years under Graham. As the team built up a 9--3 regular-season record, Brown in 1958 ran for 1,527 yards -- almost twice as much as any other back and a league record at the time.
Entering the final game of the 1958 season, Cleveland needed to either win or tie against the New York Giants to clinch the Eastern Conference title and the right to host the championship game. Cleveland lost that game under snowy conditions on a 49-yard field goal by Pat Summerall as time expired, and then lost a playoff game against the Giants the following week to end the season. The Giants went on to play the Baltimore Colts in the championship, a game often cited as the seed of professional football\'s popularity surge in the U.S.
Cleveland\'s campaigns in 1959 and 1960 were unremarkable, aside from Brown\'s league-leading rushing totals in both seasons. Plum, meanwhile, became the established starting quarterback, bringing a measure of stability to the squad not seen since Graham\'s retirement. He led the team to a 7--5 record in 1959 and an 8--3--1 record in 1960, but neither was good enough to win the Eastern Conference and advance to the championship. Behind the scenes, however, all was not well. A conflict took shape between Paul Brown and Jim Brown; emboldened by his success, the fullback began to question his coach\'s autocratic methods. He called the coach \"Little Caesar\" behind his back. At halftime during a game in 1959, Paul Brown questioned the severity of an injury Jim Brown was sidelined for, which further inflamed tensions between the two.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Jim Brown era and new ownership (1957--1965) {#jim_brown_era_and_new_ownership_19571965}
### Art Modell takes ownership {#art_modell_takes_ownership}
Fred \"Curly\" Morrison, a former Browns running back who worked as an advertising executive for CBS television, learned in 1960 that Dave Jones was looking to sell the Browns and told the story to Art Modell, a 35-year-old advertising and television executive from Brooklyn. Modell was intrigued, partly because of the potentially lucrative television rights that one of the NFL\'s most successful franchises could bring as football began to challenge baseball as America\'s biggest sport. Having borrowed as much money as he could, Modell completed the purchase in March 1961 for \$3.925 million. Bob Gries, who had a share in the Browns from the beginning, agreed to buy in again at the new valuation and take a stake of almost 40%, defraying Modell\'s costs substantially. As McBride and Jones had done, Modell quickly assured Cleveland fans that Brown would \"have a free hand\" in running the football side of the organization and awarded him a new eight-year contract. \"As far as I\'m concerned Paul Brown can send \[plays\] in by carrier pigeon\", Modell said. \"In my opinion he has no peer as a football coach. His record speaks for itself. I view our relationship as a working partnership.\"
The 1961 season was typical on the field: Jim Brown led the league in rushing for the fifth straight season and the team ended with an 8--5--1 record. That left Cleveland two games out of a berth in the championship. During that year, however, Paul Brown\'s strict and often overbearing demeanor grated on the players. They went as far as to openly challenge his control over the team\'s strategy. Milt Plum spoke out against Brown calling all the team\'s offensive plays, and Jim Brown said on a weekly radio broadcast that the coach\'s play-calling and handling of Plum were undermining the quarterback\'s confidence. As more players chafed under Paul Brown\'s autocratic coaching style, they found a willing listener in Modell, a bachelor who was closer to their age than the coach\'s.
Further cracks appeared in the \"working partnership\" between Paul Brown and Modell before the 1962 season. Brown made a trade without informing Modell, giving up star halfback Bobby Mitchell to acquire the rights to Syracuse running back Ernie Davis, the first African-American to win the Heisman Trophy. Davis was chosen by the Washington Redskins with the first overall pick in the 1962 draft, but while Davis was the first black player ever selected by Washington, team owner George Preston Marshall made the move only after being given an ultimatum to add an African-American player or risk losing his stadium lease. Davis demanded a trade, leaving the door open to the Browns, who signed him to a three-year contract worth \$80,000. As Davis was preparing for the College All-Star Game, however, he came down with a mystery illness and was later diagnosed with leukemia. Brown ruled Davis out for the season, but the running back returned to Cleveland and began a conditioning program after one of his doctors said playing football would not exacerbate his condition. Modell thought Davis could be prepared to play, and Davis, who by then knew he was dying, wanted to be part of the team. Brown, however, continued to insist that he sit out, driving a deeper wedge between him and Modell. Davis died the following May.
The rift between Brown and Modell only widened as the 1962 season progressed. Frank Ryan took Milt Plum\'s place as the team\'s starting quarterback by the end of the season, and the Browns finished with a 7--6--1 record. Jim Brown was not the NFL\'s leading rusher for the only time in his career.
### Paul Brown is fired {#paul_brown_is_fired}
On January 9, 1963, Art Modell sent a statement to the newswires: \"Paul E. Brown, head coach and general manager, will no longer serve the team in those capacities\", it said. Immediate reaction to the decision was muted due to a newspaper strike that kept the Cleveland Plain Dealer and Cleveland Press off the newsstands until April. A printing company executive, however, got together a group of sportswriters and published a 32-page magazine fielding players\' views on the firing. Opinions were mixed; Modell came in for his share of criticism, but tackle and team captain Mike McCormack said he did not think the team could win under Brown. Nonetheless, it was a shocking end to the 17-year career of a coach who was already a seminal figure in Cleveland\'s sports history. Among many innovations, Brown was the first coach to call plays for his quarterback, give players IQ and personality tests and use game film to evaluate opponents. Even Jim Brown lauded his pioneering role in integrating the game:
> Paul Brown integrated pro football without uttering a single word about integration. He just went out, signed a bunch of great black athletes, and started kicking butt. That\'s how you do it. You don\'t talk about it. \... \[I\]n his own way, the man integrated football the right way -- and no one was going to stop him.
Modell named Brown\'s chief assistant, Blanton Collier, as the team\'s new head coach. Collier was a friendly, studious man who became a player favorite as an assistant on both offense and defense under Brown. He installed an open offense and allowed Ryan to call his own plays. In Collier\'s first season, the Browns finished with a 10--4 record but fell short of a division title. Jim Brown won the MVP award in 1963 with a record 1,863 yards rushing. Dominant blocking from the Browns\' offensive line, which included guard Gene Hickerson and left tackle Dick Schafrath, helped boost his totals.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Jim Brown era and new ownership (1957--1965) {#jim_brown_era_and_new_ownership_19571965}
### 1964 championship
Cleveland climbed back to the top of the Eastern Conference in 1964 with a 10--3--1 record behind Jim Brown\'s league-leading 1,446 yards of rushing. Rookie wide receiver Paul Warfield led the team with 52 catches, and Frank Ryan cemented his place as the team\'s starting quarterback, recording the best game of his career in the season closer against the New York Giants, a game the Browns needed to win to advance to the championship. Yet despite Cleveland\'s prowess, the Browns went into the championship game as heavy underdogs against the Baltimore Colts. Most sportswriters predicted an easy win for the Colts, who led the league in scoring behind quarterback Johnny Unitas and halfback Lenny Moore. The Browns\' defense, moreover, was suspect. The team gave up 20 more first downs than any other in the league. The teams, however, had not faced each other for three years. Before the game, Collier and Colts coach Don Shula agreed to give each other full access to video of regular-season games. Ever the student, Collier took full advantage of the opportunity. The Browns had run what was dubbed a \"rubber band\" pass defense, allowing short throws while trying to prevent big plays. The Colts\' top receivers, however, Raymond Berry and Jimmy Orr, were not fast. They tended to pick apart defenses with short, tactical completions, which led Collier to institute a man-to-man pass defense for the game. This, he figured, would buy more time for the defensive line and force Unitas to scramble -- not his forte.
The strategy paid off, and in the wind-whipped Cleveland Municipal Stadium two days after Christmas, the Browns beat the Colts 27--0. Neither team scored in the first half, prompting *New York Times* columnist Red Smith to quip, \"Never have so many paid so dearly -- \$10, \$8, and \$6 -- and suffered so sorely to see so little.\" In the second half, the Browns\' defense held on and the offense kicked into gear. Baltimore\'s cornerbacks were double-teaming Warfield, which Ryan exploited by throwing three touchdowns to his second wideout, Gary Collins. The Browns scored 10 points in the third quarter and a further 17 in the fourth, clinching the first title since Otto Graham\'s departure after the 1955 season. Collins was named the game\'s MVP. This would be the last time that any professional sports team from Cleveland would win a league title until 2016, when the NBA\'s Cleveland Cavaliers won the 2016 NBA Finals. To date, this remains the last time that the Browns have won the NFL title.
The following year was a strong one as Jim Brown gritted out another league-leading rushing season. The Browns ended with an 11--3 record and comfortably won the eastern division. That set up a second straight appearance in the NFL Championship game against the Packers on a slippery, mucky Lambeau Field on January 2, 1966. While the score was close early on, Vince Lombardi\'s team held the Browns scoreless in the second half, winning 23--12 in an upset on a Paul Hornung touchdown. After the season, the NFL and the competing American Football League agreed to merge starting in 1970, but would play an inter-league championship from the 1966 season onward. The 1965 championship thus became the NFL\'s last before the Super Bowl era, which ushered in a new age of popularity and prosperity for professional football.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Playoff disappointments (1966--1973) {#playoff_disappointments_19661973}
In early 1966 Jim Brown, who had begun an acting career two years before, was shooting for his second film in London. *The Dirty Dozen* cast Brown as Robert Jefferson, a convict sent to France during World War II to assassinate German officers meeting at a castle near Rennes in Brittany. Production delays due to bad weather meant he would miss at least the first part of training camp on the campus of Hiram College, which annoyed Modell, who threatened to fine Brown \$1,500 for every week of camp he missed. Brown, who had previously said that 1966 would be his last season, announced his retirement instead. At the end of his nine-year career, Brown held records for most rushing yards in a game, a season and a career. He also owned the record for all-purpose yards in a career and best average per carry for a running back at 5.22 yards, a mark that still stands.
With Brown gone, halfback Leroy Kelly became the team\'s primary rusher in 1966. Kelly, an eighth-round draft choice who saw limited playing time in two years as a backup, ably filled his predecessor\'s shoes. Cleveland missed the playoffs in 1966, but made it to the postseason the following year after a realignment of the NFL\'s divisions that placed the Browns in the new Century Division. The Browns, however, lost the 1967 eastern conference championship to the Dallas Cowboys. After a year in which he made just 11 of 23 field goal attempts, placekicker Lou Groza, the last remaining player from the inaugural 1946 Browns team, retired before the start of the 1968 season. Groza, who had been on the roster for 21 seasons and was 44 years old when he hung up his spikes, said in his memoir that retiring was \"the saddest day of my football life.\"
Further playoff defeats followed. In 1968, as a 32-year-old Ryan was benched in favor of Bill Nelsen, the Browns finished with a 10--4 record but lost to the Colts in the playoffs. Another playoff loss ended the Browns\' season in 1969, this time to the Minnesota Vikings. After the American Football League\'s merger with the NFL was finalized in early 1970, the Browns, Pittsburgh Steelers and Baltimore Colts moved to the new American Football Conference along with the 10 teams of the former AFL. The Browns were slotted in the AFC Central in the 26-team league, alongside the Steelers, the Houston Oilers and the Cincinnati Bengals, a team Paul Brown founded in 1968 in the AFL. Cleveland\'s first big move under the new league structure was to trade star receiver Paul Warfield in January 1970 to the Miami Dolphins for the rights to draft Purdue University quarterback Mike Phipps as a replacement for Bill Nelsen, who had a pair of bad knees.
The Browns opened the first post-merger season of 1970 by beating Joe Namath and the New York Jets in the first-ever broadcast of Monday Night Football on September 21. The following month, Cleveland faced Paul Brown\'s Bengals for the first time in a regular-season game, winning 30--27. That game was a highlight in an otherwise unsuccessful season. The Browns lost their second match against the Bengals 14--10 in November, when Phipps made his first start -- Brown called it \"my greatest victory\" -- and finished 7--7.
Plagued by hearing problems, the 64-year-old Collier announced his retirement before the end of the 1970 season. In eight years as coach, Collier led Cleveland to a championship and a 74--33--2 record. Nick Skorich was named as his replacement the following year. Skorich came to the Browns as offensive coordinator in 1964, when the team won the championship. In Cleveland\'s first year under Skorich, the team improved to 9--5 but lost to the Colts in a divisional playoff. Mike Phipps was promoted to starting quarterback over Nelsen before the 1972 season. After a sluggish start, the Browns went on tear and finished with a 10--4 record. That put Cleveland in a playoff against the undefeated Miami Dolphins. The Browns took a lead in the fourth quarter on a touchdown catch by wide receiver Fair Hooker, but the Dolphins responded with a long drive of their own, aided by a pair of Paul Warfield receptions. Running back Jim Kiick ran for a touchdown, sealing a 20--14 win and preserving the Dolphins\' perfect season. The following year, Phipps threw 20 interceptions and completed less than half of his passes. After winning four of the first six games, the Browns slumped and placed third in the division with a 7--5--2 record.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Brian Sipe era and the Kardiac Kids (1974--1984) {#brian_sipe_era_and_the_kardiac_kids_19741984}
Transition and poor play marked the mid- to late-1970s. Though Collier agreed to come back to the Browns as a quarterbacks coach on an informal basis, his retirement severed the last direct link to Brown and the team\'s early years. Meanwhile, a new generation of players began to replace the old hands who kept Cleveland in playoff contention through most of the 1960s. Gene Hickerson, an anchor on the offensive line in the 1960s, retired at the end of the 1973 season. An aging Leroy Kelly left the same year to play in the short-lived World Football League. Offensive lineman Dick Schafrath, a six-time Pro Bowl selection, retired in 1971.
Against that backdrop, the Browns finished the 1974 season with a 4--10 record, only the second losing season in the team\'s history. Phipps\' woes persisted, and he shared playing time with rookie quarterback Brian Sipe, who Cleveland selected in the 13th round of the 1972 draft out of San Diego State. Modell fired Skorich after the season. \"You\'ve got to be a winner in this game, and I just didn\'t produce\", Skorich said at the time. After pursuing Dolphins offensive line coach Monte Clark, Modell hired Forrest Gregg as Skorch\'s replacement. Gregg, an assistant coach and former Green Bay Packers offensive lineman, preached a hard-nosed, physical brand of football, learned as an offensive lineman on Green Bay\'s dynastic 1960s teams under Lombardi. His success as a player, however, did not immediately translate into success as a coach. The regular season began with the worst losing streak in Cleveland\'s history. Gregg\'s first win did not come until November 23 against Paul Brown\'s Cincinnati Bengals, and Cleveland finished with a 3--11 record.
The team improved the following year, ending with a 9--5 record but missing the playoffs. The highlight of that season was an 18--16 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers on October 10. Kicker Don Cockroft booted four field goals, while defensive end Joe \"Turkey\" Jones\' pile-driving sack of quarterback Terry Bradshaw added fuel to the heated rivalry between the teams. While Gregg won the NFL\'s Coach of the Year award for turning the Browns around as Sipe became the starting quarterback, by the beginning of the 1977 season the same kind of friction that dogged Paul Brown\'s relationship with Modell was surfacing between the owner and the hotheaded Gregg. Cleveland got off to a strong start that year, but Sipe hurt his shoulder and elbow in a November 13 game against the Steelers, and backup Dave Mays took the reins. With Mays as the quarterback -- Modell traded Phipps to the Chicago Bears for a couple of draft picks -- Cleveland slipped to 6--7 going into the final game of the season and Modell asked Gregg to resign.
Modell said he would look outside the Browns organization for a new coach, a break from past hirings that drew from the team\'s own ranks. Peter Hadhazy, who Modell had hired as the Browns\' first general manager, recommended a 45-year-old New Orleans Saints receivers coach named Sam Rutigliano. After an interview before Christmas in which Modell and Rutigliano spent hours talking and watching game film in Modell\'s basement, the owner named him head coach on December 27, 1977. An affable, charismatic man with an even temper, Rutigliano was a stark contrast to Gregg. Sipe immediately flourished under Rutigliano, racking up 21 touchdowns and 2,906 passing yards during the 1978 season, when the NFL moved to a 16-game schedule. His prime targets were Reggie Rucker, a veteran receiver the Browns signed in 1975, and Ozzie Newsome, a rookie tight end out of Alabama who the Browns drafted with a pick acquired in the Phipps trade. Cleveland won its first three games, but poor defense dashed the team\'s playoff chances and the Browns finished with an 8--8 record.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Brian Sipe era and the Kardiac Kids (1974--1984) {#brian_sipe_era_and_the_kardiac_kids_19741984}
### Kardiac Kids {#kardiac_kids}
Rutigliano was a gambler: he tinkered with offenses, took chances on trick plays and was not afraid to break with the play-calling conventions of his time. The coach, who earned the nickname \"Riverboat Sam\" for his risk-taking approach, once said that security was \"for cowards\". \"I believe in gambling\", he said. \"No successful man ever got anywhere without gambling.\" This seat-of-your-pants philosophy began to manifest itself on the field in 1979. The campaign started with a nail-biter against the New York Jets that the Browns won in overtime on a Cockroft field goal as time expired. \"If we continue to play \'em that way all year, I\'ll be gone before the 10th game because my heart just won\'t take it\", Rutigliano said after the game. In the second week, Cleveland beat the Kansas City Chiefs 27--24 on a Sipe touchdown to Rucker with 52 seconds left. The third game was an equally improbable 13--10 win against the Baltimore Colts. *Cleveland Plain Dealer* sports editor Hal Lebovitz wrote after the game that these \"Kardiac Kids\" were lucky to have pulled off the win after Colts kicker Toni Linhart missed three field goals.
After a string of four wins and three losses, the late-game heroics returned in an overtime victory on November 18 against the Miami Dolphins. \"You should never pipe Browns games into an intensive care unit, expose them to anyone weak of pulse\", wrote Toledo Blade columnist Jim Taylor. \"They\'re one of those teams that stands 8--4, and could easily be 1--11.\" While the Browns\' 9--7 record did not get the team into the playoffs -- the defense struggled all year, forcing Sipe and the offense to compensate with late-game comebacks -- a sense of optimism and excitement took hold.
The Kardiac Kids magic returned in the third game of the next season against the Chiefs, when the Browns scored a touchdown in the fourth quarter to win 20--13. More down-to-the-wire games followed, including one against Green Bay on October 19 in which the team won on a touchdown to receiver Dave Logan on the last play of the game. After a close win over the Steelers and a victory over the Bears in which Sipe broke Otto Graham\'s club record for career passing yards, the Browns met the Colts and eked out a 28--27 win. The team ended with an 11--5 record.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Brian Sipe era and the Kardiac Kids (1974--1984) {#brian_sipe_era_and_the_kardiac_kids_19741984}
### Red Right 88 {#red_right_88}
That was good for first place in the AFC Central and a trip to the postseason for the first time since 1972. The Browns began their playoff run against the Oakland Raiders on January 4, 1981, in a bitterly cold Cleveland Municipal Stadium. The game started slowly: each team scored only a touchdown in the first half, although Cockroft missed Cleveland\'s extra point because of a bad snap. In the third quarter, Cleveland went ahead 12--7 on a pair of Cockroft field goals, but the Raiders came back in the final period, driving 80 yards down the field for a touchdown. That put Oakland ahead 14--12. The ball changed hands five times with no scoring from either side, and with 2:22 on the clock, Cleveland had a final shot to win the game. Sipe and the offense took over at the Browns\' 15-yard line. In eight plays, Cleveland drove down to Oakland\'s 14, leaving 56 seconds on the clock.
After a one-yard Mike Pruitt run, Rutigliano called a timeout. A short field goal would have been the safe bet -- that was all Cleveland needed to win. Rutigliano, ever the risk-taker, decided to go for a touchdown. The coach was reluctant to stake the game\'s outcome on the usually sure-footed Cockroft, who had missed two field goals and an extra point earlier in the game. The play he called was Red Right 88, a passing formation in which a slanting Logan would be Sipe\'s primary target, while Newsome was insurance. If everyone was covered, Rutigliano told Sipe on the sidelines, \"if you feel you have to force the ball, throw it into Lake Erie, throw it into some blonde\'s lap in the bleachers.\" Sipe took the snap, dropped back and threw to Newsome as he crossed to the left. But Oakland safety Mike Davis leaped in front and intercepted the ball, cementing the Oakland win. The Raiders went on to win Super Bowl XV, while Red Right 88 became an enduring symbol of Cleveland\'s postseason stumbles.
Despite 1980\'s playoff defeat, the Browns were widely expected to be even better the following year, with many sportswriters and football experts predicting that the Browns\' quarterback would lead them to a *\"Siper Bowl\"* in the 1981 season . But that season came with none of the comebacks or late-game magic the Kardiac Kids were known for. Several games were close, but most were losses. Sipe threw only 17 touchdowns and was intercepted 25 times. Despite beating both eventual Super Bowl participants, the San Francisco 49ers and the Cincinnati Bengals, during the regular season, the team finished 5--11. The 1982 NFL strike, which began in September and lasted until mid-November, shortened the regular season the following year to nine games. Coming off a poor year, Sipe split starts with his backup, Paul McDonald, and neither was able to bring back the old Kardiac Kids spark. The team ended with a 4--5 record, which qualified for an expanded Super Bowl playoff tournament created to accommodate the shorter season. The Browns faced the Raiders in a rematch of 1980\'s playoff thriller. This time, though, McDonald was the starter and the ending was far from tense. The Raiders won 27--10.
The following two years brought the Sipe era and the short-lived success of the Kardiac Kids to an end. Sipe returned to form in 1983, and the team narrowly missed a spot in the playoffs after a loss to the Houston Oilers in the second-to-last game of the regular season. Sipe signed before the end of the season to play for the New Jersey Generals, a team owned by real estate mogul Donald Trump in the upstart United States Football League.
In training camp before the 1984 season, cornerback Hanford Dixon tried to motivate the team\'s defensive linemen by barking at them between plays in practice and calling them \"the Dogs\". \"You need guys who play like dogs up front, like dogs chasing a cat\", Dixon said. The media picked up on the name, which gained traction in part because of the improvement of the Browns\' defense during the regular season. Fans put on face paint and dog masks, and the phenomenon coalesced in rowdy fans in Cleveland Stadium\'s cheap bleachers section close to the field. The Dawg Pound, as the section was eventually nicknamed, is a continuing symbol of Cleveland\'s dedicated fan base.
Despite the defensive improvement, Sipe\'s departure left Cleveland\'s offense in disarray in 1984. Browns began the season 1--7 with McDonald at quarterback, and fans\' frustration with the team and Rutigliano boiled over. The breaking point came in an October 7 game against the New England Patriots that bore an eerie resemblance to Cleveland\'s 1980 playoff loss to the Raiders. The Browns were down 17--16 in the fourth quarter, and lost on an interception in New England\'s end zone as time expired. Chants of \"Goodbye Sam\" rung out from the stands after the New England game. Modell called the play-calling \"inexcusable\" and fired Rutigliano two weeks later. Defensive coordinator Marty Schottenheimer took over, and the Browns ended with a 5--11 record.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Bernie Kosar years, The Drive and The Fumble (1985--1990) {#bernie_kosar_years_the_drive_and_the_fumble_19851990}
The selection of University of Miami quarterback Bernie Kosar in 1985\'s supplemental draft ushered in a new, largely successful era for Cleveland. With Schottenheimer, Kosar and a cast of talented players on offense and defense, the team reached greater heights than Rutigliano and Sipe ever did. Though they became consistent playoff contenders in this era, the Browns did not reach the Super Bowl, falling one win short three times in the late 1980s.
Kosar, who wanted to play for Cleveland because his family lived in a suburb of nearby Youngstown, signed a five-year contract worth nearly \$6 million in 1985 and was immediately embraced by the Browns organization and the team\'s fans. \"It\'s not an everyday occurrence that somebody *wants* to play in Cleveland\", Modell said. \"This has lent such an aura to Bernie.\" Kosar saw his first action in the fifth week of the 1985 season against the New England Patriots, when he substituted before halftime for Gary Danielson, a 34-year-old veteran who the Browns had acquired in the offseason from the Lions. Kosar fumbled his first-ever NFL snap, but rebounded and led the team to a 24--20 win. A mix of success and failure followed, but Kosar progressed a bit more each Sunday and led the team to an 8--8 record. Two young running backs, Earnest Byner and Kevin Mack, complemented Kosar\'s aerial attack with more than 1,000 yards rushing each.
While not stellar, the Browns\' record won first place in a weak AFC Central, and the team looked poised to shock the heavily favored Miami Dolphins in a divisional playoff game on January 4, 1986. Cleveland surged to a 21--3 halftime lead, and it took a spirited second-half comeback by Dan Marino and the Dolphins to win it 24--21 and end the Browns\' season. Despite the loss, many people expected Cleveland to be back the following year. \"The Browns\' days, the good days, are here and ahead of us\", radio personality Pete Franklin said.
Prior to the 1986 season the Browns lost standout safety and former defensive rookie of the year Don Rogers. Rogers died of a cocaine overdose leaving the team without one of its best defenders in the secondary for the 1986 season. Despite the tumultuous off season, 1986 marked Cleveland\'s entry into the ranks of the NFL\'s elite as Kosar\'s play improved and the defensive unit came together. Kosar threw for 3,854 yards to a corps of receivers that included Brian Brennan, Newsome and rookie Webster Slaughter. On defense, cornerbacks Frank Minnifield and Hanford Dixon emerged as one of the NFL\'s premiere pass-defending duos. After a slow start, the Browns rose to the top of the divisional standings, twice beating the Pittsburgh Steelers and ending a 16-game losing streak at Three Rivers Stadium. A 12--4 record earned Cleveland home-field advantage throughout the playoffs.
The Browns\' first opponents in the 1986 playoffs were the New York Jets. The Jets were ahead for most of the game and held a 20--10 lead as time wound down in the final quarter. But Cleveland took over and began a march down the field, ending with a Kevin Mack touchdown. The defense forced the Jets to punt after the ensuing kickoff, leaving the offense with less than a minute to get within field goal range and even the score at 20--20. A pass interference penalty and a completion to Slaughter put the ball at the Jets\' five-yard line, and kicker Mark Moseley booted through the tying score with 11 seconds left. In an initial 15-minute overtime period, Moseley missed a short field goal and neither team scored, sending the game into double overtime. This time, Moseley made a field goal and won the game for the Browns 23--20. It was the team\'s first playoff victory in 17 years.
### The Drive {#the_drive}
The following week, the Browns matched up against the Denver Broncos in the AFC Championship game in Cleveland. Denver got out to an early lead, but Cleveland tied the game and then went ahead 20--13 in the fourth quarter. After the ensuing kickoff, the Broncos were pinned at their own 2-yard line with 5:32 remaining. Denver quarterback John Elway then engineered a 98-yard drive for a touchdown with the cold, whipping wind in his face. \"The Drive\", as the series came to be known, tied the score and sent the game into overtime. Cleveland received the ball first in the sudden-death period but was stopped by the Denver defense. On Denver\'s first possession, Elway again led the Broncos on a long drive ending with a Rich Karlis field goal that sailed just inside the left upright and won the game. The drive that tied the game has since come to be seen as one of the best in playoff history, and is remembered by Cleveland fans as an historic meltdown. Denver went on to lose Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants.
Although downtrodden by 1986\'s playoff defeat, Cleveland continued to win the following season. Minnifield and Dixon excelled defending the pass, while Matthews and defensive tackle Bob Golic kept runners in check. The Browns finished with a 10--5 record in 1987 and won the AFC Central for the third year in a row. In the divisional playoff round, the Browns faced the Indianapolis Colts and won 38--21.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Bernie Kosar years, The Drive and The Fumble (1985--1990) {#bernie_kosar_years_the_drive_and_the_fumble_19851990}
### The Fumble {#the_fumble}
The win set up a rematch with the Broncos in the AFC Championship in Denver. The Broncos held a 21--3 lead at halftime, but a pair of rushing touchdowns and another by receiver Reggie Langhorne brought Cleveland to within seven points. Cleveland scored again in the fourth quarter, but the Broncos went ahead again by seven points on a touchdown with four minutes left. After Denver\'s kickoff, Kosar and the offense reached the Broncos\' eight-yard line with 1:12 remaining. Kosar handed the ball to Earnest Byner on a second down. Byner ran left and broke inside with a clear path to the end zone, but was stripped by Denver\'s Jeremiah Castille just before crossing the goal line. The Broncos ran down the clock before intentionally taking a safety and winning 38--33. \"The Fumble\" quickly entered the lexicon of the Browns\' modern-era disappointment, just as The Drive had a year before.
The 1988 season was marred by injuries to the Browns\' quarterbacks. Kosar was injured in the opener against Kansas City Chiefs and two backups were subsequently injured, leaving Don Strock, who the Browns signed as an emergency fill-in, to start before Kosar\'s return. Kosar came back but was hurt again at the end of the regular season. Despite the rotating cast of quarterbacks, Cleveland managed to finish with a 10--6 record and made the playoffs as a wild-card team. Cleveland met the Houston Oilers in the wild-card playoff round at home, but lost the game 24--23. Four days after the Oilers loss, Schottenheimer and Modell announced that the coach would leave the team by mutual consent. Modell felt hiring an offensive coordinator was necessary to keep pace with the Oilers and the Bengals, a pair of divisional opponents then on the rise, but Schottenheimer said it \"became evident that some of the differences we had, we weren\'t going to be able to resolve.\" Modell named Bud Carson as his replacement.
Carson, an architect of Pittsburgh\'s 1970s \"Steel Curtain\" defenses, made several changes to Cleveland\'s lineup. Byner was traded to the Washington Redskins in April, while the Browns moved up in the draft to acquire Eric Metcalf. Kevin Mack, meanwhile, was suspended for the first four games of the 1989 season after pleading guilty to cocaine possession. Despite these changes, Kosar led Cleveland to a division-winning 9--6--1 record in 1989, including a season-opening 51--0 shutout of the rival Pittsburgh Steelers and the team\'s first victory over the Denver Broncos in 15 years. Cleveland narrowly survived a scare from the Buffalo Bills in the first playoff game, staving off a comeback thanks to an interception in the Browns\' end zone by Clay Matthews with 14 seconds on the clock. The victory set up the third AFC championship matchup in four years between the Browns and Broncos. The Broncos led from start to finish, and a long Elway touchdown pass to Sammy Winder put the game way in the fourth quarter. Denver won 37--21.
The defeat in Mile High Stadium proved to be the last of Cleveland\'s streak of playoff appearances in the mid- to late-1980s. Kosar played through numerous injuries in 1989, including bruising on his right arm and a bad knee. Strong defense had carried the Browns to the playoffs even when the offense faltered, but that all crumbled in 1990. Kosar threw more interceptions than touchdowns for the first time in his career, and the defense allowed more points than any other in the league. The Browns\' 2--7 start cost Carson his job. Jim Shofner was named interim head coach, and the team finished 3--13. After the season Bill Belichick, the defensive coordinator of the then-Super Bowl champion New York Giants, was named head coach.
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# History of the Cleveland Browns
## Bill Belichick and Modell\'s move (1991--1995) {#bill_belichick_and_modells_move_19911995}
### Belichick era {#belichick_era}
Belichick, who came to the Browns after 12 years mostly with the Giants under Bill Parcells, quickly made his mark by restricting media access to the team. He acted gruff or bored at press conferences, shrugging, rolling his eyes and often giving short answers to long questions. This bred the perception that the new coach was not a good communicator and lacked a vision for the team. Behind the scenes, however, he was trying to remake the Browns. He reformed Cleveland\'s scouting methods and, in conjunction with player personnel director Mike Lombardi, tried to form a coherent identity: a big and strong cold-weather team. Belichick\'s new way forward, however, did not immediately translate to on-field success. Cleveland\'s record only improved slightly in 1991 to 6--10 as the offense struggled to produce scoring drives and the defense was plagued by injuries. Kosar was a rare bright spot, passing for almost 3,500 yards and 18 touchdowns. Bridging the end of the 1990 season and the beginning of 1991, the quarterback threw a then-record 307 straight passes without an interception. Kosar broke his ankle twice and sat out for most of the 1992 season, leaving quarterback Mike Tomczak under center. The team finished with a 7--9 record and did not make the playoffs.
By the end of 1992, Kosar\'s physical decline had long been apparent to Belichick, which left the coach with a difficult choice. Kosar was Cleveland\'s most popular athlete, a hometown boy who had forgone big money and a bigger profile to lead a struggling team back to the top. While he recognized it would be an unpopular decision, Belichick wanted to bench Kosar, and in 1992 the team picked up a potential replacement in Vinny Testaverde from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Belichick named Kosar the starter before the 1993 season, but in the third game against the Raiders, Belichick pulled Kosar after he threw his third interception of the night. Taking over with Los Angeles ahead 13--0, Testaverde led two touchdown drives to win the game. Two weeks later, Belichick named Testaverde the starter. On the verge of tears after a loss to the Dolphins, Kosar said he was disappointed with the decision and felt he had done what he could with what was at his disposal.
Kosar returned after Testaverde suffered a separated right shoulder in a win against the Steelers on October 24, but it was only temporary. The day after a loss against the Broncos the following week, the team cut him. Belichick cited his declining skills, while Modell said it was the right move and asked fans to \"bear with us.\" Fans brought out grills and set fire to their season tickets. A 20-year-old student at Baldwin--Wallace College picketed outside the team\'s training facilities with a sign that read, \"Cut Belichick, Not Bernie.\" Cleveland won only two of the eight games after Kosar\'s release, finishing with a 7--9 record for the second year in a row.
Cleveland managed to right the ship in 1994. While the quarterback situation had not stabilized, the defense led the league in fewest points allowed. The Browns finished 11--5, making the playoffs for the first time in five years. The Browns beat the Patriots in a wild-card game, but arch-rival Pittsburgh won a 29--9 victory in the divisional playoff, ending the Browns\' season.
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