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9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Bill Belichick and Modell\'s move (1991--1995) {#bill_belichick_and_modells_move_19911995} ### Modell\'s Move to Baltimore {#modells_move_to_baltimore} As the Browns recaptured a hint of past success in 1994, all was not well behind the scenes. Modell was in financial trouble. The origins of Modell\'s woes dated to 1973, when he worked out a deal to lease Cleveland Municipal Stadium from the city for a pittance: only enough to service the facility\'s debt and pay property taxes. Cleveland Browns Stadium Corporation, or Stadium Corp., a company Modell and a business associate created and owned, held the 25-year lease. Stadium Corp. then subleased the stadium to the Browns and the Cleveland Indians, and rented it out for concerts and other events. While the deal worked fine for the city and Modell early on, the owner was later dogged by excessive borrowing and lawsuits. When the stadium was profitable, Modell had used Stadium Corp. to buy land in Strongsville that he had previously acquired as the potential site for a future new stadium. Modell originally paid \$625,000 for the land, but sold it to his own Stadium Corp. for more than \$3 million. Then, when the stadium was taking losses in 1981, he sold Stadium Corp. itself to the Browns for \$6 million. This led to a fight the following year with Bob Gries, whose family had been part of the Browns\' ownership group since its founding and had 43% of the team to Modell\'s 53%. Gries\'s complaint was that Modell treated the Browns and Stadium Corp. as his own fiefdom, rarely consulting him about the team\'s business. The sale of Stadium Corp. to the Browns, he argued, enriched Modell at the team\'s expense. Gries\'s case went to the Ohio Supreme Court, where he won. In 1986, Modell had to reverse the Browns\' purchase of Stadium Corp. and pay \$1 million in Gries\'s legal fees. This left Modell in need of financial help, and it came in the form of Al Lerner, a banking and real estate executive who bought half of Stadium Corp. and 5% of the Browns in 1986. His reputation damaged by the lawsuits, Modell was eager to get out of Cleveland. He met with Baltimore officials about selling the Browns to Lerner and buying an expansion team to replace the Colts, who had left for Indianapolis in 1984. He also discussed moving the Browns. Proposals were made to spend \$175 million on a stadium renovation after the Indians and Cleveland Cavaliers got new facilities in downtown Cleveland, but it was not enough. As the Browns started the 1995 season with a 4--4 record, word leaked that Modell was moving the team. Beset by rising player salaries and political indifference to the team\'s financial plight, he said he was forced to move. The day after Modell formally announced the move, Cleveland voters overwhelmingly approved the \$175 million of stadium renovations. Despite this, Modell ruled out a reversal of his decision, saying his relationship with Cleveland had been irrevocably severed. \"The bridge is down, burned, disappeared\", he said. \"There\'s not even a canoe there for me.\" The city immediately sued to prevent the move, on the basis that the lease of the stadium was active until 1998. Fans were in an uproar, staging protests, signing petitions, filing lawsuits and appealing to other NFL owners to block the relocation. Advertisers pulled out of the stadium, fearing fans\' ire. Talks between the city, Modell and the NFL continued as the Browns finished the season with a 5--11 record. At the team\'s final home game against the Bengals, unruly fans in the Dawg Pound bleachers section rained debris, beer bottles and entire sections of seats onto the field, forcing officials to move play to the opposite end to ensure players\' safety. Cleveland won the game, its only victory after the announcement of the move. The following February, the warring parties reached a compromise. Under its terms, Modell would be allowed to take his personnel to Baltimore, but would leave Cleveland the Browns\' colors, logos and heritage for a reactivated Browns franchise that would take the field no later than 1999. The \$175 million earmarked for stadium improvements was to be used instead build a new stadium, with up to \$48 million of additional financial assistance from the NFL. Further, Modell was ordered to pay Cleveland \$9.3 million to compensate for lost revenues and taxes during the Browns\' three years of inactivity, plus up to \$2.25 million of the city\'s legal fees. As a result of the deal Modell\'s team, later named the Baltimore Ravens, is officially considered an expansion franchise, while the Browns were officially regarded as suspended by the NFL from 1996 to 1998.	784	History of the Cleveland Browns	13
9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Preparations For a Return (1996--1998) {#preparations_for_a_return_19961998} Preparations for a reactivated franchise began shortly after Modell, the city and the NFL struck their compromise. The NFL established the Cleveland Browns Trust to direct the Browns\' return in early 1996, and in June appointed Bill Futterer as its president. Futterer, who had helped bring the Carolina Panthers and Charlotte Hornets expansion teams to North Carolina, was charged with marketing the team, selling season tickets and representing the NFL\'s interests in the construction of a new stadium. The trust also leased suites, sold personal seat licenses in the new stadium and reorganized Browns Backers fan clubs. By September 1996, architects were finalizing the design of a new stadium to be built following the destruction of Cleveland Municipal Stadium. Demolition work began on the old stadium in November, and the ground-breaking for the new stadium took place the following May. As the stadium\'s construction got underway, the NFL began to search for an owner for the team, which the league decided would be an expansion franchise March 23, 1998. A litany of potential owners lined up, including Kosar and a group backed partly by HBO founder Charles Dolan, comedian Bill Cosby and former Miami coach Don Shula. The ultimate winner was Al Lerner, the Baltimore man who had helped Modell in 1986 by buying a small stake in the Browns. A seven-member NFL expansion committee awarded the team to Lerner for \$530 million in September 1998. Lerner, then 65 years old, had a majority share, while Carmen Policy, who helped build the 49ers dynasty of the 1980s, owned 10% of the team and was to run football operations. thumb\\|right\\|upright=2.0\\|Cleveland Browns Stadium in 2006 As the Browns geared up to reactivate, the Browns Trust set up a countdown clock for the team\'s return and used Hall of Famers such as Lou Groza and Jim Brown extensively to promote the team, alongside celebrity fans including Drew Carey. Lerner and Policy hired Dwight Clark, a former 49ers wide receiver, as the team\'s operations director in December 1998. The owners then signed Jacksonville Jaguars offensive coordinator Chris Palmer in January 1999 as the reactivated team\'s first head coach. The NFL then conducted the 1999 expansion draft the following month to stock the new Browns team with players. The team added to its roster through free agency, and was also given the first pick in the draft in April 1999, which it used to draft quarterback Tim Couch. Construction on the new stadium finished on time in August 1999, paving the way for Cleveland to host a football game for the first time in more than three years. During the years after Modell\'s move and the Browns\' suspension, a dozen new stadiums were built for NFL teams. Citing the precedent set by the Browns\' relocation, NFL owners used the threat of a move to convince their cities to build new stadiums with public funds.	492	History of the Cleveland Browns	14
9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Rejoining the NFL (1999--2003) {#rejoining_the_nfl_19992003} Cleveland fans\' hopes were high upon the arrival of the new team. However, as an expansion team the Browns were forced to build a new roster from scratch using rookies, free agents, and the players other teams chose not to protect in the expansion draft. With a new team composed of a mix of fresh faces and castoffs, the Browns floundered. The Steelers shut out the Browns 43--0 in the season opener at Cleveland Browns Stadium on September 12, 1999, the first of seven straight losses. A 2--14 season in 1999 was followed by a 3--13 record in 2000 after Couch suffered a season-ending thumb injury. Early in 2001, Policy and Lerner fired Palmer. The coach and the team, Policy said, were not headed in the right direction. Mike McCarthy, New Orleans\' offensive coordinator, Herman Edwards, a Tampa Bay assistant coach, and Marvin Lewis, Baltimore\'s defensive coordinator, were mentioned as possible replacements for Palmer. Policy also met with Butch Davis, the head coach of the University of Miami\'s football team. After rejecting an initial offer in December, Davis accepted the job the following month. Davis had turned around Miami\'s football program and put the team back in championship contention; Policy and Lerner hoped he could do the same in Cleveland. ### Butch Davis era: 2001--2004 {#butch_davis_era_20012004} The Browns improved under Davis, and contended for a spot in the 2001 playoffs until a loss in the 15th week against Jacksonville that featured one of the most controversial calls in team history. As time expired in the fourth quarter with the Jaguars ahead 15--10, Couch led a drive into Jacksonville territory. On a fourth-down play that the team needed to convert to stay in the game, Couch threw to receiver Quincy Morgan over the middle. Morgan appeared to bobble the ball before grasping it firmly as he hit the ground. After the pass was ruled complete and Couch spiked the ball to stop the clock, officials reversed Morgan\'s catch on a replay review. As Davis pleaded his case that the play could not be reviewed because another play had been run, frustrated fans began throwing plastic beer bottles onto the field. Amid the bedlam, later named \"bottlegate\", officials ended the game with 48 seconds on the clock and left the field as objects rained down on them from the stands. After most of the fans had left, NFL commissioner Paul Tagliabue called and ordered the game to be completed. Jacksonville ran down the clock for the win, and the Browns finished the season at 7--9. Cleveland improved again in 2002, but Lerner did not live to see his team make the playoffs. He died in October 2002 at 69 of brain cancer. Browns players wore a patch with the initials \"AL\" for the remainder of the season. Ownership of the team, meanwhile, passed to his son Randy. Cleveland finished the season with a 9--7 record, earning a spot in the playoffs as a wild-card team. Couch suffered a broken leg in the final game of the season, however, and backup Kelly Holcomb started in the Browns\' first playoff game versus the Steelers. Cleveland held the lead for most of the game as Holcomb passed for 429 yards. But a defensive collapse helped Pittsburgh come charging back in the fourth quarter and win 36--33 to end the Browns\' season. This was the only postseason appearance for the Browns since resuming operations in 1999 until they made the playoffs in 2020.	589	History of the Cleveland Browns	15
9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Playoff drought and continuous change (2003--2020) {#playoff_drought_and_continuous_change_20032020} The team\'s progress under Davis screeched to a halt in 2003. The Browns finished 5--11, and Randy Lerner embarked upon a major front-office reshuffling. Policy resigned unexpectedly as president and chief executive of the Browns in April 2004, saying things had changed after Al Lerner\'s death. \"I opened the door and it was like someone sucked the air and the life out of Berea\", he said. \"He was a major presence for the organization. I\'m talking about the aura, and the inner power of the man.\" John Collins was named as his replacement. Several other front-office executives also stepped down, including chief contract negotiator Lal Heneghan and lead spokesman Todd Stewart. The 2004 season was little better, and Davis resigned in November with the team at 3--8. Lerner had given him a contract extension through 2007 that January, but Davis said \"intense pressure and scrutiny\" made the move necessary. Offensive coordinator Terry Robiskie was named head coach for the remainder of the season, which the Browns finished 4--12. On January 6, 2005, while the Browns were still searching for a new head coach, the team announced Phil Savage\'s appointment as general manager. Savage, who was director of player personnel for the Baltimore Ravens for two years, had a hand in drafting Ed Reed, Jamal Lewis, Ray Lewis and other stars for the Ravens. A month later, Cleveland brought in Romeo Crennel as the head coach, signing him to a five-year deal worth \$11 million. Crennel was the defensive coordinator for the New England Patriots, who had just won the Super Bowl. His style was described as \"quiet, reserved and gentlemanly\", but he said he wanted to stock the team with tough, physical players. Before the start of training camp, the Browns acquired veteran quarterback Trent Dilfer from the Seattle Seahawks. In the draft that year the Browns took wide receiver Braylon Edwards with the third pick in the first round. Dilfer was the starting quarterback to begin the 2005 season. The team started 2--2, but had two three-game losing streaks later in the season and finished with a 6--10 record. In the team\'s final five games, rookie Charlie Frye took over as the starting quarterback, winning two of those contests. Before the Browns\' final regular-season game, the front office was embroiled in a controversy that threatened to send the team into rebuilding mode. Citing sources, ESPN reported that president John Collins was going to fire general manager Phil Savage over \"philosophical differences\" in managing the salary cap. The resulting uproar from fans and local media was so strong that it was Collins who resigned on January 3, 2006. A replacement for Collins was not immediately named, and Randy Lerner assumed his responsibilities. Cleveland regressed in the ensuing season, finishing with a 4--12 record. Edwards and tight end Kellen Winslow Jr., who the Browns had drafted in 2004, put up respectable numbers, but the Browns were close to the bottom of the league in points scored and offensive yards gained. Frye injured his wrist toward the end of the season and shared starts with quarterback Derek Anderson, who showed promise in the five games he played in. During the season, the team produced a series of articles on its website called 60th Moments. The series commemorated the establishment of the Browns 60 years before in 1946, recapturing the 60 greatest moments in franchise history. Beginning on September 6, 2006, the Browns\' site ran articles covering those 60 moments; the final article ran on December 31, 2006. After two losing seasons, the Browns made it back to contention in 2007. After opening with a 34--7 loss to the Steelers, the Browns traded Frye to the Seahawks and put Anderson in as the starter. In his first start, Anderson led the Browns to a surprise 51--45 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, throwing five touchdown passes and tying the franchise record. More success followed, and the Browns finished the regular season with a 10--6 record, the team\'s best mark since finishing 11--5 in 1994. While the Browns tied with the Steelers for first place in the AFC North, the team missed the playoffs because of two tie-breaking losses to Pittsburgh earlier in the season. Still, six players were selected for the Pro Bowl, including Anderson, Winslow, Edwards, kick returner Josh Cribbs and rookie left tackle Joe Thomas. Crennel agreed to a two-year contract extension until 2011, and the team hired Mike Keenan as team president, filling a position left vacant upon the departure of Collins two years before. Expectations were high for the 2008 season, but Cleveland finished last in the AFC North with a 4--12 record. Anderson shared starts with Ken Dorsey, who the Browns had acquired by trading away Trent Dilfer, and Brady Quinn, a young quarterback the team drafted in 2007. The Browns never contended during 2008 and failed to score a touchdown in the final six games. Near the end of the season, two scandals shook the team. It was revealed that several Browns players, including Winslow, were suffering from staph infections, which raised questions about sanitation in the Browns\' Berea practice facilities. In November, Savage found himself in the center of a media storm after an angry e-mail exchange with a fan was published on Deadspin, a sports blog. Shortly after the final game, a 31--0 loss to the Steelers, Lerner fired Savage and, a day later, Crennel.	913	History of the Cleveland Browns	16
9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Playoff drought and continuous change (2003--2020) {#playoff_drought_and_continuous_change_20032020} ### Holmgren/Heckert: 2009--2011 {#holmgrenheckert_20092011} Cleveland pursued former Steelers coach and Browns linebacker Bill Cowher and former Browns scout Scott Pioli for the head coaching job. The team, however, hired former New York Jets coach Eric Mangini in January 2009. Before the start of the season, Mangini and the front office traded Winslow to the Buccaneers after five seasons marked by injuries and a motorcycle crash that threatened to end the tight end\'s career. The Browns showed little sign of improvement in Mangini\'s first year, finishing 5--11 in 2009. While Cleveland lost 11 of its first 12 games, the team won the final four games of the season, including a 13--6 victory over the rival Steelers. At the end of the season, Lerner hired former Packers coach Mike Holmgren as team president, moving Keenan to chief financial officer. A month later, the owner hired Eagles front-office executive Tom Heckert as general manager. Heckert replaced former general manager George Kokinis, who was fired the previous November. The new management said Mangini would return for a second season. Under Holmgren and Heckert\'s watch, the Browns overhauled the quarterbacking corps. Brady Quinn was traded to the Denver Broncos for running back Peyton Hillis in March, while Derek Anderson was released. Meanwhile, Jake Delhomme was acquired from Carolina and Seneca Wallace from Seattle. The team also drafted quarterback Colt McCoy from the University of Texas. With Delhomme as the starting quarterback, Cleveland lost its first three games and continued to struggle. Wallace started four games, but was replaced by McCoy in the second half of the season. Hillis had a breakout season, rushing for 1,177 yards, and was later chosen to appear on the cover of the Madden NFL 12 video game. Despite the emergence of Hillis, the Browns finished with a 5--11 record for the second season in a row, and Mangini was fired in January 2011. Following Mangini\'s firing, the Browns named Pat Shurmur as his replacement. Formerly the offensive coordinator for the St. Louis Rams, Shurmur helped groom quarterback Sam Bradford. Holmgren and Heckert hoped he could do the same with McCoy. Contract negotiations between the NFL Players Association and the league shortened the 2011 off-season, which gave Shurmur little time to coach McCoy or institute his version of the West Coast offense. The team started at 2--1, then 3--3, but McCoy\'s struggles and a lack of offensive production led to a series of defeats, including six straight losses to end the year. The Browns finished the season at 4--12. During that same season, comedian and frustrated Browns fan Mike Polk made a video to complain about the team\'s futility, screaming \"You are a factory of sadness!\" while facing Cleveland Browns Stadium. \"Factory of Sadness\" has since become a colloquial nickname for the stadium. In the offseason, Hillis signed as a free agent with the Kansas City Chiefs after a lackluster season and unsuccessful contract talks with the Browns. In the 2012 draft, the Browns chose running back Trent Richardson with the third selection and took quarterback Brandon Weeden with the 22nd pick. Weeden was expected to replace McCoy at quarterback after McCoy\'s limited success in one and a half seasons as the starter. On September 6, Art Modell died in Baltimore at the age of 87. Although the Browns planned to have a moment of silence on their home opener for their former owner, his family asked the team not to, well aware of the less-than-friendly reaction it was likely to get. Weeden started the Browns\' first game of the season. The 28-year-old rookie threw four interceptions in a 17--16 loss to Philadelphia in which the Browns\' only touchdown was scored by the defense. In July 2012, owner Randy Lerner announced he planned to sell the Browns to businessman Jimmy Haslam. The sale was finalized on August 2, 2012, in excess of \$1 billion. Haslam officially was approved as the new owner on October 16, 2012, at the NFL owners\' meetings, and the very next day former Eagles president Joe Banner was named as the Browns\' new CEO. The Browns began the 2012 season by losing their first five games. Having lost their last six games to end the 2011 season, this marked an 11-game losing streak, tied for the longest in team history with the 1974--1975 teams. On October 12, the Browns defeated the Bengals 34--24 in Cleveland, behind two touchdown passes from rookie quarterback Brandon Weeden (on his 29th birthday) to end the streak. On December 31, 2012, head coach Pat Shurmur and general manager Tom Heckert were fired. Shurmur went 9--23 in his two seasons as head coach.	784	History of the Cleveland Browns	17
9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Playoff drought and continuous change (2003--2020) {#playoff_drought_and_continuous_change_20032020} ### Banner/Lombardi/Chudzinski: 2013 {#bannerlombardichudzinski_2013} After interviewing numerous candidates such as Chip Kelly and Ken Whisenhunt, the Browns decided to hire former offensive coordinator and tight ends coach, Rob Chudzinski, on January 10, 2013. On January 15, 2013, Haslam and Banner announced the naming rights to Cleveland Browns Stadium were sold to FirstEnergy, and the stadium would be renamed FirstEnergy Stadium. The name change officially received Cleveland City Council approval on February 15, 2013. On January 18, 2013, the Browns hired Michael Lombardi -- who had a previous stint with the Browns in the player personnel department in the 1980s and 90s -- as Vice President of Player Personnel (two months later he was officially given the title of general manager), making him Tom Heckert\'s replacement. The Browns would finish with a 4--12 record in the first season under the new regime, finishing last in the AFC North Division, and losing seven in a row to finish the 2013 campaign. Following the 2013 season finale on December 29, 2013, the Browns fired Chudzinski after only one year as head coach. ### Scheiner/Farmer/Pettine: 2014--2015 {#scheinerfarmerpettine_20142015} On January 24, 2014, the Browns hired Bills defensive coordinator Mike Pettine as the 15th full-time head coach in team history. On February 11, 2014, the Browns announced that Lombardi would be replaced by Ray Farmer as general manager, and that Joe Banner would resign as CEO. In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft, the Browns selected cornerback Justin Gilbert from Oklahoma State with the eighth pick, and Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Johnny Manziel of Texas A&M with the 22nd overall pick. Beginning in the 2014 season, the Browns use a live bullmastiff named \"Swagger\" as their new mascot. On October 5, 2014, the Browns staged the largest rally in team history, when after trailing the Tennessee Titans 28--3 with 1:09 left in the second quarter, Cleveland scored 26 unanswered points to win the game 29--28. This was also the largest rally by a road team in NFL history. After a 7--4 start, the Browns would lose their final five games to finish the 2014 season at 7--9, last in the AFC North. In February 2015, the team made headlines when two high-profile players were in the news due to substance abuse issues. On Monday February 2, it was announced quarterback Johnny Manziel had checked himself into a treatment center, reportedly for alcoholism. The following day, wide receiver Josh Gordon was suspended for the 2015 season due to failing a drug test. On February 28, it was revealed that former Tampa Bay Buccaneers quarterback Josh McCown had signed a three-year deal with the Browns. On March 30, the NFL announced that Browns general manager Ray Farmer would be suspended for the first four regular season games, and that the team would be fined \$250,000 (U.S.) for Farmer text messaging the coaching staff during games in the 2014 season, which is against NFL rules. The story had been dubbed \"Textgate\" due to its scandalous nature. On April 14 at a ceremony at the Huntington Convention Center of Cleveland, the team unveiled their new uniforms. They feature brown, white, and orange jerseys along with brown, white, and orange pants that can be worn in any combination. Unique features include the word \"Cleveland\" across the front of the jersey, the word \"Browns\" going down the pant leg, and the words \"Dawg Pound\" on the inside collar - all first of their kind features on NFL uniforms. Browns President Alec Scheiner compared these new jerseys to those of the Oregon Ducks football team, as the Ducks are known for their various uniform combinations. In the 2015 NFL draft, the Browns had two first round picks, selecting nose tackle Danny Shelton from Washington at #12, and offensive lineman Cameron Erving from Florida State at #19. On September 8, 2015, the Browns announced that they indefinitely suspended offensive line coach Andy Moeller after an alleged domestic assault incident at his home during Labor Day weekend. This meant that at the beginning of the 2015 regular season, the team had a player (Josh Gordon), a coach (Moeller), and a front office executive (Ray Farmer) all suspended for various league and legal infractions. Moeller would subsequently be fired on September 29. After starting 2--3, the Browns lost 10 of their last 11 games to finish the 2015 season at 3--13. This stretch included a 33--27 home loss to the Baltimore Ravens in which Ravens safety Will Hill return a blocked field goal 64 yards for a touchdown on the game\'s final play. The Browns lost at home 37--3 to the division-rival Cincinnati Bengals the following week, dropping the team\'s record to 2--10 and making them the first team in the 2015 season to be mathematically eliminated from playoff contention. On January 3, 2016, soon after the final game of the season (a 28--12 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers), both Ray Farmer and Mike Pettine were fired from their respective positions as general manager and head coach.	846	History of the Cleveland Browns	18
9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Playoff drought and continuous change (2003--2020) {#playoff_drought_and_continuous_change_20032020} ### Browns infamy: 2016--2019 {#browns_infamy_20162019} In January 2016, the Browns made headlines when after firing Farmer and Pettine, promoted general counsel Sashi Brown to executive vice president of football operations, and hired longtime baseball executive Paul DePodesta as chief strategy officer. These moves were viewed nationally as the Browns trying to take a more analytics intensive approach to building the team, taking a page from the \"Moneyball\" style of Major League Baseball teams like the Oakland Athletics - of which DePodesta helped pioneer during his time as an assistant to Athletics general manager Billy Beane. With Brown essentially taking over general manager duties, this marks the fourth different head of personnel (either as general manager or similar job title) under the Haslam ownership era, which began in 2012. On January 13, 2016, the Browns hired Bengals offensive coordinator (and former Oakland head coach) Hue Jackson as head coach - making him the eighth full-time head coach since the team\'s return in 1999 and fourth since 2012, when the Haslam ownership era began. On January 28, the Browns hired Andrew Berry---a longtime scout with the Indianapolis Colts--as vice president of player personnel. Berry, being a Harvard alumnus like DePodesta and Sashi Brown, has been noted as furthering the Browns new analytic approach, and the trio has been dubbed as the \"Harvard Connection\" (and other similar monikers) by local and national media. On March 4, team president Alex Scheiner announced he would be stepping down from his post effective March 31, and would remain with the team as a consultant for the rest of the year. With this move, Paul DePodesta essentially became the top ranked executive of the team in his role as Chief Strategy Officer. This makes DePodesta the fourth different top executive of the team under the Haslams\' ownership. On March 11, following two seasons of inconsistent play on the field and numerous highly publicized incidents off the field, the Browns waived quarterback Johnny Manziel. On March 24, the Browns signed quarterback Robert Griffin III to a two-year contract. Going into the 2016 NFL draft, the Browns had the #2 overall pick. They traded that pick to Philadelphia in exchange for the #8 pick in the first round (along with various later round 2016 picks, and Philadelphia\'s first round pick in 2017). On draft night they traded the #8 pick to Tennessee in exchange for the #15 pick in the first round (and later round picks). With the #15 pick in the 2016 draft, the Browns selected wide receiver Corey Coleman from Baylor. The 2016 season began with the Browns losing their first 14 games, which combined with losing their last three games in 2015, gave the team a franchise record 17 game losing streak. On December 24, in a game that has since been dubbed \"The Christmas Miracle\", the Browns defeated the San Diego Chargers 20--17. The Browns then lost their last game of the season to finish 1--15 - then the worst record in team history. With that final game loss, the Browns clinched the #1 pick in the 2017 NFL draft, with which the Browns selected Myles Garrett, a defensive end from Texas A&M. In the midst of a disappointing 2017 season, Brown was fired as executive vice president of football operations on December 7, 2017, and hired John Dorsey as general manager the same day, making him the ninth general manager/head of personnel since the Browns\' return in 1999, and the fifth in the Haslam ownership era. The Browns finished the 2017 season with an 0--16 record, becoming only the second team in league history to do so, and for the second straight season giving the team the #1 pick in the 2018 NFL draft (along with the #4 pick, which was previously acquired via trade from Houston). Despite the winless season and a 1--31 record as head coach of the Browns, Hue Jackson was retained by Haslam. With the first overall pick, the Browns selected former Oklahoma quarterback and 2017 Heisman Trophy winner Baker Mayfield. Despite Mayfield\'s status as the #1 overall pick, the Browns began the 2018 NFL season with veteran Tyrod Taylor as the starting quarterback. On opening day, the Browns tied the Pittsburgh Steelers 21--21, ending the Browns\' losing streak at 17 games, but extending their winless streak to 18 games. Two weeks later, on September 20, Mayfield entered the game near the end of the first half after Taylor left with a concussion and led the Browns to a 21--17 comeback victory over the New York Jets at FirstEnergy Stadium. The victory was the Browns\' first since week 16 of the 2016 season, ending their 19-game winless streak, the 4th-longest in NFL history. Four days later, Jackson announced Mayfield as the Browns\' starter for the remainder of the season. On October 7, 2018, the Browns defeated the Baltimore Ravens 12--9 in overtime to end an 18-game winless streak against divisional opponents dating back to 2015. After a Week 8 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers that dropped the Browns to a 2--5--1 record, Hue Jackson was fired, along with offensive coordinator Todd Haley. Jackson\'s final record of 3--36--1 as the Browns\' head coach is the worst of any coach\'s with a single franchise in NFL history. Defensive coordinator Gregg Williams was named interim head coach and running backs coach Freddie Kitchens was named interim offensive coordinator. Their 35--20 win over the Cincinnati Bengals at Paul Brown Stadium on November 25 was the Browns\' first road win since 2014 and broke a 25-game road losing streak that ranks second all-time in NFL history. Three weeks later, the Browns defeated the Denver Broncos 17--16 at Broncos Stadium at Mile High, their first win over Denver since 1990. Following the coaching changes, the Browns won five of their remaining eight games to finish the season 7--8--1, one win shy of having their first winning season since 2007. Mayfield enjoyed a successful rookie season, throwing for 3,725 yards and 27 touchdowns (an NFL record for a rookie quarterback at the time) despite starting only 13 games. On January 9, 2019, owner Jimmy Haslam and general manager John Dorsey named interim offensive coordinator Freddie Kitchens the 17th head coach of the Cleveland Browns, due in part to the offense\'s improvement and Baker Mayfield\'s growth under Kitchens in the second half of the 2018 season. On March 12, 2019, the Browns acquired Pro Bowl wide receiver Odell Beckham Jr. and pass rusher Olivier Vernon in two separate trades with the New York Giants in exchange for offensive guard Kevin Zeitler, safety Jabrill Peppers, and two draft picks, including the Browns\' 2019 first-round pick. The moves instantly raised expectations for the Browns, with many declaring them a Super Bowl contender despite their 16-year playoff drought, the longest active streak in the NFL. The 2019 season, however, would prove to be a disaster for the Browns, who began the campaign by committing 18 penalties in a 43--13 blowout loss to the Tennessee Titans. Plagued by offensive sloppiness and poor discipline all year, they finished with a record of 6--10. The Browns fired Freddie Kitchens on December 29 hours after the Browns\' final game of the season: a 33--23 loss to the Cincinnati Bengals, the worst team in the NFL by record. Two days later, the Browns also parted ways with general manager John Dorsey after disagreements regarding structural changes to the front office.	1,248	History of the Cleveland Browns	19
9,981,119	# History of the Cleveland Browns ## Return to relevancy and playoffs (2020--present) {#return_to_relevancy_and_playoffs_2020present} ### Stefanski era: 2020--present {#stefanski_era_2020present} After the departure of Kitchens and Dorsey, owner Jimmy Haslam elevated Chief Strategy Officer Paul DePodesta\'s role within the organization, allowing him to lead the latest search for a new head coach. On January 12, 2020, the Browns hired Kevin Stefanski, the 37-year-old offensive coordinator of the Minnesota Vikings, as the 18th head coach in franchise history. On January 27, 2020, the Browns announced the hiring of Andrew Berry, the Philadelphia Eagles\' vice president of football operations (and former Browns\' front office executive), as executive vice president and general manager. At 32 years of age, Berry became the youngest general manager in NFL history. The Browns spent much of the 2020 off-season gathering offensive personnel who would fit Stefanski\'s wide zone offense and improve Mayfield\'s existing supporting cast of Pro Bowlers, which included wide receivers Odell Beckham Jr. and Jarvis Landry, running backs Nick Chubb and Kareem Hunt, and left guard Joel Bitonio. On March 16, in the first hours of free agency, the Browns signed right tackle Jack Conklin and tight end Austin Hooper to multi-year contracts, and on April 23, the Browns selected left tackle Jedrick Wills with the 10th overall pick in the 2020 NFL draft. The Browns\' preparation for the 2020 season was limited due to restrictions implemented by the NFL in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, which included cancelling in-person OTAs and minicamps, reducing training camp roster sizes, and cancelling all preseason games. The Browns began the 2020 season with a 38--6 blowout loss to the Baltimore Ravens on September 13, their 16th consecutive season without a week 1 victory. But the team responded by winning its next four games, the franchise\'s first four-game winning streak since 2009. During the streak, the Browns also scored 30 or more points in four consecutive games for the first time since 1968. The team\'s 4--1 record was its best 5-game start to a season since 1994. On November 15, the Browns defeated the Houston Texans 10--7 at home and improved to a 6--3 record. With the victory, Baker Mayfield surpassed Pittsburgh Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger as the winningest quarterback at FirstEnergy Stadium. On December 6, the Browns scored 38 first-half points on their way to a 41--35 road victory against the Tennessee Titans, their second four-game winning streak of the season. The Browns improved to 9--3 with the victory, clinching their first winning season since 2007. On December 27, the Browns lost to the New York Jets by a final score of 16--23, dropping their record to 10--5. The Browns were missing two starting linebackers, four wide receivers, and starting left tackle Jedrick Wills due to NFL COVID-19 protocols. With the loss, the Browns entered the final week of the season needing a home victory against the Pittsburgh Steelers to make the playoffs. On January 3, 2021, the Browns defeated the Steelers 24--22 to finish with a 11--5 record, clinching a playoff berth for the first time since 2002 and ending the NFL\'s longest active playoff drought at 17 seasons. Several members of the team received individual accolades at the conclusion of the regular season: RB Nick Chubb, LG Joel Bitonio, and DE Myles Garrett each received Pro Bowl recognition, while Garrett and right tackle Jack Conklin were named to the 2020 All-Pro first team. Kevin Stefanski was named the NFL Coach of the Year, the first Browns head coach to win the award since Forrest Gregg in 1976. On January 10, 2021, the Browns scored an NFL playoff record 28 first quarter points on their way to a 48--37 away victory against the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card Round. Baker Mayfield threw for 263 yards and three touchdowns in his playoff debut, leading the Browns to their first win at Heinz Field since 2003, first playoff win since 1995, and first road playoff victory since 1969. On January 17, 2021, the Browns lost 17--22 to the defending Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs, ending their season. Despite the loss, the Browns received league-wide praise for the turnaround accomplished by the organization during the 2020 season and the excellent performances that came from the overhaul, with a growing number of fans and commentators seeing them as perennial playoff contenders for the future. The Cleveland Browns spent much of the 2021 offseason reinforcing a porous defense that ranked in the bottom third of the NFL by most metrics. They signed safety John Johnson III and Pro Bowl defensive end Jadeveon Clowney in free agency, drafted cornerback Greg Newsome II and linebacker Jeremiah Owusu-Koramoah in the first two rounds of the 2021 NFL Draft, and recovered several other players from season-ending injuries. The Browns\' 2021 season began with a 33--29 loss to the two-time defending AFC champion Kansas City Chiefs. The following week, the Browns defeated the Houston Texans 31-21 for their first victory of the season. The game would prove to be a Pyrrhic victory, however, as quarterback Baker Mayfield suffered a tuberosity fracture and torn labrum in his left shoulder while attempting to tackle a Texans player after throwing an interception. Mayfield only missed three games due to the injury but struggled mightily throughout the season: the Browns\' passing offense ground to a halt, finishing 25th in completion percentage, 27th in passing yards per game, and 26th in passer rating. Mayfield\'s struggles and disconnect with his receivers led Odell Beckham Jr to request a trade (he was released soon after), while Jarvis Landry complained publicly that he wasn\'t receiving enough targets. While the Browns struggled on offense, the defense performed well. On September 26, 2021, the Browns defense held the Chicago Bears to 47 yards of total offense on their way to a 26--6 victory. The Bears\' 47 net yards were the fewest Cleveland had allowed since 1946. The next week, the Browns defeated the Minnesota Vikings 14--7, marking the first time the Browns held their opponents to single-digit points in consecutive games since 1995. Myles Garrett broke the team\'s single-season sack record with 16 and was named a first-team All Pro for the second consecutive season. Despite these defensive accomplishments, the Browns\' faltering offense resulted in an 8--9 season, missing the postseason once more. The Cleveland Browns entered the 2022 offseason in need of significant offensive improvement. On March 12, 2022, the Browns acquired four-time Pro Bowl receiver Amari Cooper in a trade with the Dallas Cowboys. Jarvis Landry was released soon after. On March 18, the Browns traded six draft picks, including three first-round picks, to the Houston Texans in exchange for 26-year-old quarterback Deshaun Watson, a three-time Pro Bowler. The Browns consequently traded Baker Mayfield to the Carolina Panthers. The trade for Watson was highly controversial: at the time of the trade, Watson faced 22 active civil lawsuits accusing him of sexual assault and sexual misconduct. Watson had sat out the entire 2021 season while criminal and civil litigation proceeded and the NFL conducted its own investigation. The Browns executed the trade days after a grand jury declined to press any criminal charges against Watson. As part of the trade, the Browns gave Watson a fully guaranteed 5-year, \$230 million contract, the most guaranteed money given to a player in NFL history. Watson eventually reached a settlement with the NFL, agreeing to an 11-game suspension and a \$5 million fine. The Browns began the 2022 season against their former quarterback Baker Mayfield and the Carolina Panthers. With Watson serving his 11-game suspension, journeyman quarterback Jacoby Brissett started for the Browns. The Browns won 26--24 thanks to a game-winning 58-yard field goal by rookie kicker Cade York in his professional debut. The win was the Browns\' first in a season opener since 2004, and their first victory in a road season opener since 1994. Week 1 of the 2023 season the Cleveland Browns won their first home game opener since 2004 by defeating the Bengals 24--3. It was the first time since 1993--1994 seasons that the Browns won consecutive opening day games. On December 17, the Browns defeated the Chicago Bears 20--17 to secure their 4th winning season since the Browns\' reactivation in 1999. The team finished 2023 with a 11--6 record, good for second place in the AFC North, but would meet a quick exit in the playoffs at the hands of the Houston Texans in the Wild Card round, 45--14. As of 2024, the Browns and Detroit Lions are the only two NFL teams to have played in 58 seasons of the Super Bowl era to never have a Super Bowl appearance. The Browns have had 5 opportunities to reach the big game: Loss to Baltimore Colts, 34--0 in the 1968 NFL championship to advance to Super Bowl III; loss to Minnesota Vikings, 27--7 in the 1969 NFL championship to advance to Super Bowl IV; 3 losses in the AFC championship game against the Denver Broncos to advance to Super Bowls XXI, XXII, and XXIV	1,501	History of the Cleveland Browns	20
9,981,186	# Rosalie Goes Shopping *Rosalie Goes Shopping* is a 1989 English-language West German film directed by Percy Adlon and starring Marianne Sägebrecht, Brad Davis, and Judge Reinhold. ## Plot Rosalie Greenspace is an expatriate German woman living in rural Arkansas with her eccentric American husband Ray (Liebling), who works as a crop-duster airplane pilot. They have seven children: Kindi, the eldest son who is a US Army soldier stationed out of state; Barbara, the eldest daughter who is a good-natured overachieving college student; Schatzi, an underachieving high school student; Schnucki, a flamboyant gourmet cook; teenage twin girls who are never named; and Herzi, the youngest child. Rosalie loves to shop too much to let a little thing like no money stop her. Every day she goes on lavish shopping sprees in the nearby small town of Stuttgart (the same name of her hometown in West Germany) where she forges checks, uses false credit cards, and other means to supplement her livelihood with purchases of fancy foods for Kindi to cook and various clothing and appliances for her large house. A devout Catholic, she has a twisted view on religion when she goes every day to a small church and confesses her sins of stealing and swindling to a local priest, believing that if she confesses her crimes to her priest, her \"sins\" will not become sins anymore. Schatzi is dating April, a girl from his high school whom he brings over to the house one day to meet the family for dinner. April is awkward about the Greenspace family\'s antics as well as their obsession with watching videotaped TV commercials as their only form of entertainment. She soon leaves Schatzi, finding his family too weird. Rosalie\'s parents come for a visit one day from West Germany, and Kindi also arrives for a visit after taking a leave of absence from the military. During the week of the visits, both of Rosalie\'s parents, as well as Kindi, find her self-indulgent spending of other people\'s money illegal, but Rosalie appears oblivious to her own actions. However, when the local shopkeepers no longer take her bad checks or bad credit cards, Rosalie is reduced to stealing from her eldest daughter, Barbara\'s, checking account to buy gifts for her parents, which earns Barbara\'s wrath and contempt as she finally realizes that her mother is out of control with stealing and spending. After Rosalie\'s parents leave to return to West Germany, and Kindi returns to the Army, Rosalie is left all by herself as she ponders an end to her spending lifestyle. Rosalie is even forced to abandon her daily food shopping sprees to purchase expensive food for Schnucki to cook and instead is forced to bring home cheap fast food and take-out pizza for the family in place of the fancy daily dinners that Schnucki prepares. In the meantime, Ray begins having problems with his eyesight and nearly crashes his crop-duster biplane during a routine run which gets him fired from the aviation company he works at. Life now begins looking pretty bleak for Rosalie until Barbara pushes her into buying a \"guilt gift\" of a PC; a modern-for-the-time desktop computer, complete with a modem. After first using the computer for some Internet and Prodigy surfing skills, Rosalie gets an inspiration when she has a talk with her friendly mailman, where after she confides in him about her financial predicament, he tells her: \"when you\'re \$100,000 in debt, it\'s your problem. But when you\'re \$1 million in debt, it\'s the bank\'s\". Impersonating a wealthy German businesswoman, Rosalie travels to the state capital of Little Rock and meets with a bank president for a large loan to open a new multinational corporation which she receives due to her falsified credentials she forged. Afterwards, Rosalie now has access to the bank\'s financial records and, with the help of her new PC, she evolves from a \"master shopper\" into a \"master hacker\", and Rosalie is soon back spending money once again. As the film comes to an end, Rosalie, using her new ill-gotten wealth of \$2 million that she steals from the large bank, buys for Ray a new crop-dusting airplane so he can open his own crop-dusting business, and has him visit an eye doctor where he gets a pair of eyeglasses which cures him of his vision problem. She also goes back to her church where she confesses her latest crimes to the bewildered priest and plots to flee the country with her family with her new millions to use abroad. As a farewell gift for the priest, she purchases a large and brand-new copper bell for the church. ## Cast - Marianne Sägebrecht - Rosalie Greenspace - Brad Davis - Ray \'Liebling\' Greenspace - Judge Reinhold - The Priest - Erika Blumberger - Rosalie\'s Mother - Willy Harlander - Rosalie\'s Father - John Hawkes - Schnucki Greenspace - Patricia Zehentmayr - Barbara Greenspace - Courtney Kraus - April - Alex Winter - Schatzi Greenspace - Lisa Fitzhugh - Greenspace Twin - Lori Fitzhugh - Greenspace Twin - David Denney - Kindi Greenspace - Dina Chandel - Herzi Greenspace - Ed Geldart - Burt - Bonnie Pemberton - Linda - John William Galt - Bank President	871	Rosalie Goes Shopping	0
9,981,186	# Rosalie Goes Shopping ## Production Rosalie Goes Shopping was shot in various locations in Arkansas, including Stuttgart, Little Rock, and DeValls Bluff. ## Box office {#box_office} In the United States, the film grossed \$574,080. ## Reception The film was in competition at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival. The film met mixed critical reviews. The Deseret News described it as \"dark satire masquerading as bright comedy\", acknowledging it as a comment on American consumerism, and praised Sägebrecht\'s \"terrific comic talents\". Both film critic Roger Ebert and TV Guide gave it three stars (of a maximum four). The Washington Post, on the other hand, regretted the film\'s \"deficit of dramatic tension\" and considered Adlon\'s message \"scatterbrained\" and \"thin stuff indeed\". Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote- \"All the actors are dreadful\" and \"What plot there is doesn\'t matter	138	Rosalie Goes Shopping	1
9,981,194	# Tom White (Nebraska politician) Tom White (born October 26, 1956) is a former member of the unicameral Nebraska Legislature from Omaha, Nebraska. He represented the 8th District, which consists of the Benson and Dundee neighborhoods in Omaha. Born in Columbus, Nebraska, he received his B.A. in philosophy and history from Regis University in 1979. He graduated from Creighton University School of Law in 1983. He was elected to the Legislature in 2006. He served on the Business and Labor, Revenue, and Urban Affairs Committees, as well as the Committee on Committees and Executive Board. He also served as the Vice Chair of the Retirement Systems Committee from 2007 to 2008. Since his election to the Nebraska Legislature, White has been mentioned as a possible Democratic candidate for Governor or Congress. In early July 2009, he formally announced he was raising money and laying groundwork for a run for Congress from the Omaha-area Second Congressional District. He officially launched his campaign on September 9, 2009, positioning himself as a \"tax-fighting, pro-business Democrat who loves the word \'nonpartisan.\'\" `{{Update inline\|date=June 2023}}`{=mediawiki} ## Legislative record {#legislative_record} ### Property Tax Relief {#property_tax_relief} White has introduced multiple proposals to reform Nebraska\'s property tax system to help homeowners. In 2007, he introduced a bill to reduce every homeowner\'s property taxes by \$500 annually by means of an income tax credit. In 2009, he introduced a proposal that would have modified the property tax credit program created by the 2007 tax cut package (which White supported) and given all property tax relief to homeowners through an across-the-board homestead exemption. At the time, he cited concerns that the current program helped large out-of-state landowners and big corporations rather than average homeowners. White even set up a website to give homeowners the chance to compare the tax relief they were currently receiving with his proposal. ### Omaha Sewer Separation Sales Tax Relief {#omaha_sewer_separation_sales_tax_relief} During the 2010 session of the Nebraska Legislature, White led a bipartisan group of senators that worked to repeal the sales tax on the unfunded federal sewer mandate and infrastructure replacement project in the metro Omaha area. The bill would have eliminated a \$325 million tax hike on people in metropolitan Omaha. White\'s efforts to pass the bill were opposed by Jim Suttle, the mayor of Omaha. Suttle even hired a lobbyist at taxpayer expense to oppose the tax cut, drawing criticism from some in Omaha city government. The bill was advanced from committee and passed one round of voting by the full Legislature before being blocked by a filibuster. ### Governmental Transparency and Efficiency {#governmental_transparency_and_efficiency} White\'s Taxpayer Transparency Act, passed in 2009, requires development of a publicly accessible, nonpolitical website to track all state spending. During the 2010 session, White sponsored a bill to cut state government red tape for small businesses. The Regulatory Flexibility Act was advanced from committee but stalled out on the legislative floor on a near party-line vote.	488	Tom White (Nebraska politician)	0
9,981,194	# Tom White (Nebraska politician) ## Legislative record {#legislative_record} ### Budget and Taxes {#budget_and_taxes} During his time in the Legislature, White has only supported balanced budgets that contain no tax increases. He did not vote for the state budgets in 2007 and 2008 because they contained increases in the gas tax. He voted for the budget in 2009 and for the 2010 budget, which cut millions in state spending and was balanced without raising taxes. During the budget-cutting special session in 2009, White voted for the three bills that cut and balanced the budget. The bills closely mirrored Governor Heineman\'s proposal, which was based on agency savings, general fund transfers, specific reductions and across-the-board reductions that could lead to furloughs or layoffs. White did not, however, vote for a separate proposal to reduce future aid to public schools because, he argued, it would lead to local property tax increases. This argument was later echoed by Governor Heineman. Instead, he introduced an alternative plan that would have balanced the budget, closed property tax loopholes for large landowners -- many of them from out-of-state -- and increased property tax relief for homeowners. Attorney General Jon Bruning ruled the bill outside the narrow scope of the Governor\'s special session call, so it was not debated. White opposed line-item vetoes by Governor Heineman in 2007 that cut funding for Meals on Wheels in Omaha and programs for the disabled. The budget was already balanced prior to the vetoes, so the Governor\'s reduction was not necessary. During debate, White said Appropriations Committee members had come to the chamber and said about the budget: \"This is lean, this is mean, this is responsible. And now we\'re whacking it out\... Budgets are moral documents, and we are kicking to the curb those that Christ pulled to him.\" As a member of the Revenue Committee, White worked to eliminate the marriage penalty in the state\'s income tax code and increase tax incentives for research and development. White has tried unsuccessfully to lower the sales tax, noting that a lower sales tax benefits everyone, especially the poor. \"What\'s driving me is trying to make sure there is representation for the poor,\" White said. He also cited similar reasoning when he pushed to lower the gas tax, saying that order to pay for food, people in this state have to drive a vehicle and it\'s difficult to rely on public transportation. A rise in the gas tax comes at a time when citizens are crying out that they are already overburdened, he said: \"For us to pile on ... seems to me to be inappropriate. Now is a particularly bad time, almost a cruel time, to raise taxes.\" ### School Funding {#school_funding} An outspoken advocate for metro-area schools, White helped filibuster a state aid reduction bill that would have disproportionately impacted his constituents. White told senators during debate that they shouldn\'t stop at least trying to close the gap in funding between minority children and white children. \"If you (stop trying), we\'re going to get into a lawsuit and it is going to cost us far more than sitting and making a compromise right now,\" he said. White, a native of Columbus, Nebraska, introduced an innovative bill to deal with the challenges of education funding in small-town Nebraska. His proposal, the Business Partnership in Rural Education Program, would have allow companies that have earned business tax credits to use some of those credits to help local school systems. The companies would be able to contribute up to \$10 million in tax credits to local school districts over a four-year period, and would have to provide a 75 percent match under the bill. The bill did not advance from committee. ### Illegal Immigration {#illegal_immigration} White has advocated measures to reduce illegal immigration by targeting employers who profit from illegal labor. ### Other Legislative Accomplishments {#other_legislative_accomplishments} White has also been an advocate for the families of military personnel, introducing and passing the Military Family Leave Act in 2007. A bill introduced by White in 2008 and passed that same year created a grant program for electric companies that helps low-income homeowners make their homes more energy-efficient. White worked with Republican Attorney General Jon Bruning to pass legislation cracking down on internet sex predators in 2009. Also in 2009, White\'s Legislative Bill 551 provided increased access to affordable healthcare for young people in their 20s. In 2010, the Legislature passed White\'s Construction Prompt Pay Act (LB 552) which ensures that contractors, subcontractors, and workers receive payment in a timely manner. Under the bill, owners must pay contractors within 30 days and contractors and subcontractors must pay within 10 days. The bill was aimed at large out-of-state contractors who use Nebraska craftsmen as a bank, putting off paying them well beyond the normal 30-day tradition. A diverse coalition of business and labor groups supported the bill, including the Associated General Contractors-Nebraska Building Chapter, the Omaha Building Trades, and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. ## Personal life {#personal_life} White is a lifelong Nebraskan. He and his wife Barb have lived in the same part of Omaha since purchasing their first home over twenty years ago. Tom and Barb have two teenage children: a son, Logan, and a daughter, Reilly. Working his way through school by doing construction and warehouse work, White graduated from Regis University in 1979 and Creighton University School of Law in 1983. Currently a partner with the Omaha law firm White, Wulff & Jorgensen, White\'s legal career has focused on representing working people in issues such as workplace discrimination and civil rights. The firm also does commercial contract work. White has voiced to the press his pro-life stance (which he partially attributes to his Irish Catholic heritage), as well as his belief in fiscal conservatism and limited government	967	Tom White (Nebraska politician)	1
9,981,196	# Tyson Wheeler Tyson Aaron Wheeler (born October 8, 1975) is an American former professional basketball player and a current assistant coach at Brown University. A 5 ft, 165 lb point guard, he played four years at the University of Rhode Island Rams men\'s basketball team from 1994 to 1998. Along with teammate Cuttino Mobley, Wheeler led the Rams to the Elite Eight in the 1998 NCAA Men\'s Division I Basketball Tournament. ## Professional career {#professional_career} Wheeler was selected with the 18th pick of the 2nd round in the 1998 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors. His NBA career consisted of one game with the Denver Nuggets in the lockout-shortened 1999 season, where he scored four points and had two assists in only three minutes of play. He later joined the Quad City Thunder in the Continental Basketball Association (CBA). He played for the Great Lakes Storm of the CBA during the 2002--03 season and was named to the All-CBA Second Team	162	Tyson Wheeler	0
9,981,198	# Kazimierz Karabasz Kazimierz Karabasz (`{{IPA\|pl\|kaˈʑimjɛʑ kaˈrabaʂ}}`{=mediawiki}; May 6, 1930, in Bydgoszcz, Poland -- August 11, 2018) was a Polish documentary filmmaker. A graduate of the Łódź Film School in 1956, he also taught the documentary programme there for many years. Although his work is now rarely seen, his most famous film, a ten-minute documentary short entitled Muzykanci / The Musicians, is an extra on the Criterion Collection edition of Krzysztof Kieślowski\'s film The Double Life of Véronique. Kieślowski, whom Karabasz mentored, chose this as one of his personal all-time top ten films in a 1992 poll conducted by the film magazine Sight & Sound. Karabasz is known in Poland for influencing generations of documentary filmmakers to come with his approach to filmmaking called \"school of Karabasz\" (Polish: szkoła Karabasza). The style focuses of regular people\'s lives and requires a perspective of an observer with zero impact on the observed object. Muzykanci is considered a textbook example of \"Karabasz school\". The method was especially popular in the sixties and associated with the œuvre of Władysław Ślesicki, Andrzej Trzos-Rastawiecki, Krystyna Gryczełowska and Danuta Halladin among others. ## Filmography - Jak co dzień / As Every Day (1955) - Gdzie diabeł mówi dobranoc / Where the Devil Says Goodnight (1957) - Ludzie z pustego obszaru / People From an Empty Zone (1957) - Z Powiśla / From Powiśle (1958) - Dzień bez słonca / A Day Without the Sun (1959) - Trochę inny świat / A Slightly Different World (1959) - Ludzie w drodze / On the Road (1960) - Muzykanci / The Musicians (1960) - Węzeł / The Junction (1961) - Pierwszy krok / The First Step (1962) - Tu gdzie żyjemy / Here, Where We Live (1962) - Jubileusz / The Anniversary (1962) - Ptaki / Birds (1963) - W klubie / In the Club (1963) - Urodzeni w roku 1944 / Born in 1944 (1964) - Na progu / At the threshold (1965) - Rok Franka W. / The Year of Frank W (1967) - Sobota / Saturday (1969) - Przypis / Footnote (1970) - Zgodnie z rozkazem / Following Orders (1970) - Sierpień -- zapis kronikalny / August -- A Chronicle (1971) - Przed\... / Before\... (1972) - *Krystyna M	372	Kazimierz Karabasz	0
9,981,216	# Robertson Howard Robertson Howard (December 11, 1847 -- December 1, 1899) was a medical doctor, attorney, and publisher. He is best known as one of the six co-founders of Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity. ## Early life {#early_life} Howard was born in Brookeville, Maryland on December 11, 1847. His parents were Lydia Maria (née Robertson) and Flodoardo R. Howard, a doctor. His mother was a descendant of Quakers. When Howard was three years old, his father moved the family to Washington, D.C., where he purchased a plot of land directly across from Ford\'s Theatre and established a medical office. His father also founded the medical department of Georgetown University. As a child, Howard attended Brookeville Academy, an institution founded in 1808 by his ancestors in Brookeville, Mayland. During the Civil War, Robertson, being a Quaker, refused to join either side. He graduated from Georgetown University with a doctorate of medicine in 1865. However, being only eighteen years old, he was considered too young to begin his practice. Howard was sent to the University of Virginia, where he studied chemistry under one of his uncles. While there he shared Room 47, West Range with James Benjamin Sclater Jr., with whom he and four other men founded Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity on March 1, 1868. This would become one of the first fraternities in the United States. Howard would remain close friends with these men for the rest of his life- it is said that Howard kept autographed photographs of his fellow co-founders in his possession throughout his lifetime. ## Career After completing his post-graduate work at the University of Virginia, Howard was a member of the medical faculty of Georgetown University for two years, where he received an honorary Master of Arts. After leaving Georgetown, he worked for some time in the medical department of the National Museum, now the Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution. He also was a medical attendant with the United States Army. After losing interest in medicine, Howard received a Bachelor of Law degree in 1874 from the University of Mayland. He practiced law in Baltimore for five years, As a lawyer he handled western land claims, one of which led him to moving his family to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1881. During approximately twenty years, Howard went into law partnership with Judge Wiliam A. Kerr, followed by former-governor William Rainey Marshall, and, then, J. M. Gilmam. He also twice left his law practice to be the editor of the West Publishing Company, a business that created law publications, a few of which he wrote himself. He was working in this capacity at the time of his death. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Howard married Isoline Maria Carusi on June 8, 1875. The couple had four sons and one daughter. Howard died in Saint Paul, Minnesota on December 1, 1899 at the age of 52. His death was caused by erysipelas. His body was taken back to Washington, D.C., for burial in the Congressional Cemetery. His grave was unmarked for years, until his Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity furnished a bronze plaque in his memory	519	Robertson Howard	0
9,981,231	# Symphony No. 21 (Michael Haydn) Michael Haydn\'s Symphony No. 21 in D major, Perger 42, Sherman 21, MH 272, written in 1778, is believed to have been written in Salzburg. Scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns and strings, in three movements: 1. Adagio - Allegro molto 2. Andante, in A major 3. Presto This symphony is the first of four by Michael Haydn to include a slow introduction before the first movement (the others are Symphonies Nos. 22, 27, and 30). All four were written between 1778 and 1785 and attached to symphonies cast in three movements (without minuets). ## Discography On the CPO label, this symphony is available on a CD that also includes Symphonies Nos. 30, 31 and 32; Johannes Goritzki conducting the Deutsche Kammerakademie Neuss	131	Symphony No. 21 (Michael Haydn)	0
9,981,236	# Zenderman is a Japanese anime television series which first aired from February 3, 1979, to January 26, 1980, on every Saturday from 6:30 pm to 7:00 pm with a total of 52 episodes. It is the third show in the sequence of \"Time Bokan Series\" produced by Tatsunoko Productions. It was preceded by Yatterman and succeeded by Rescueman. ## Plot Dr. Monja is a scientist, who is curious about the nature of the legendary \"Elixir of Life\" which grants the user eternal lifetimes and forever youth. He built a device called the \"Time Tunnel\" in order to let a team of youngsters start a quest down the timeline and various spaces to find an exact answer. The Akudama Trio, however, is also seemingly after exactly the same thing. ## Cast ### Heroes - `{{nihongo\|Tetsu\|鉄ちゃん}}`{=mediawiki}: (voiced by Yūji Mitsuya) The lab assistant of Dr. Monja aged 13. Like his counterpart Tanpei in the show Time Bokan, he is sporty and quite capable at mechanics. - `{{nihongo\|Sakura\|さくらちゃん}}`{=mediawiki}: (voiced by Kumiko Takizawa) - `{{nihongo\|Amattan\|アマッタン}}`{=mediawiki}: (voiced by Yōko Asagami and Ai Sakuma) - **`{{nihongo\|Dr	181	Zenderman	0
9,981,255	# Plasmodium gracilis *Plasmodium gracilis* is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium. Like all Plasmodium species P. gracilis has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles. ## Description The parasite was first described by Telford and Wellehan in 2005. ## Geographical occurrence {#geographical_occurrence} This species is found in New Guinea. ## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology} This species infects the crocodile skink Tribolonotus gracilis	71	Plasmodium gracilis	0
9,981,261	# 1991 Transnistrian independence referendum A referendum was held in Transnistria on 1 December 1991, in which Transnistria voted to continue its de facto independence and seek international recognition as a separate, sovereign country and member of the international community. 97.7% of those who came to the polls opted for separation from Moldova. In numbers, 372,027 people took part in the referendum. Of those, 363,647 people voted for independence of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. International observers were invited, including representatives of the US State Department. However, only representatives of the St. Petersburg city council accepted the invitation to participate. In the conclusion of the observers, the referendum was an expression of the true will of Transnistria\'s population. The United States, which did not avail itself of the invitation to watch the referendum, later expressed doubt about its veracity. Transnistria offered to hold it again, and indeed did so with the 2006 Transnistrian referendum. According to an article by the ethnic Russian researcher from Moldova Alla Skvortsova from 2002, \"polls and elections in the PMR may to some extent have been rigged\"	181	1991 Transnistrian independence referendum	0
9,981,293	# Rama language The Rama language is one of the Indigenous languages of the Chibchan family spoken by the Rama people on the island of Rama Cay and south of lake Bluefields on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. Other Indigenous languages of this region include Miskito and Sumu `{{Harvcol\|Craig\|1992}}`{=mediawiki}. Rama is one of the northernmost languages of the Chibchan family `{{Harvcol\|Craig\|1990\|p=293}}`{=mediawiki}. It is spoken in Honduras and Nicaragua. The Rama language is severely endangered. Their language was described as \"dying quickly for lack of use\" as early as the 1860s `{{Harvcol\|Pim\|Seemann\|1869\|p=280}}`{=mediawiki}. By 1980, the Rama were noted as having \"all but lost their original ethnic language\", and had become speakers of a form of English creole, called Rama Cay Creole, instead `{{Harvcol\|Craig\|1990\|p=293}}`{=mediawiki}. In 1992, only approximately 36 fluent speakers could be found among an ethnic population of 649 individuals in 1992 `{{Harvcol\|Craig\|1992}}`{=mediawiki}. The number of speakers on Rama Cay island was only 4 in 1992. There have been several language revitalization efforts. The fieldwork for the first dictionary of Rama was done during this time by Robin Schneider, a graduate student from the University of Berlin `{{Harvcol\|Rigby\|Schneider\|1989}}`{=mediawiki}. ## Phonology There are three basic vowel sounds: a, i and u. In addition to these, e and o have been introduced as distinct vowels in some foreign loanwords. Each vowel may be either short or long. Here the vowels are shown in standard Rama orthography (see for example `{{Harvcolnb\|Craig\|Rigby\|Assadi\|Tibbitts\|1988}}`{=mediawiki}): Short ------- -------------------------------- -------------------------------- Front Back Front High (Mid) (`{{IPA link\|e}}`{=mediawiki}) (`{{IPA link\|o}}`{=mediawiki}) Low : Vowels The following consonants are found (IPA transcriptions are shown where helpful): Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar ------------ -- ---------- -------------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------- -------------------------------- Nasals `{{grapheme\|ng}}`{=mediawiki} `{{grapheme\|ngw}}`{=mediawiki} Plosives `{{grapheme\|kw}}`{=mediawiki} Fricatives Liquids , `{{IPA link\|r}}`{=mediawiki} Semivowels `{{grapheme\|y}}`{=mediawiki} : Consonants Rama words have non-predictable stress. ### Phonotactics and sandhi {#phonotactics_and_sandhi} Rama phonotactics includes notable consonant clusters at the beginning of words (e.g. italic=yes \"toucan\", italic=yes \"hot\", italic=yes \"man\", italic=yes \"killed\") and word-internally (e.g. italic=yes \"speaks\", italic=yes \"fish\"). Variations among speakers witness a tendency to simplify such clusters (e.g. italic=yes or italic=yes \"man\", italic=yes or italic=yes \"we, us, our\"). Such clusters often arise due to a tendency to omit unstressed short vowels. For example, when the third person singular subject prefix i- and the past tense suffix -u are added to the verb stem italic=yes \"eat\", thus: i- + italic=yes + -u, the verb stem loses its only vowel, resulting in the form italic=yes \"he/she/it ate\". Sometimes omitting different vowels may lead to alternative results. Adding the past tense suffix -u to the verb stem italic=yes \"kill\", i.e. italic=yes + -u, may give either italic=yes or italic=yes \"killed\". There are also cases of vowel alternation in morphemes (e.g. the first-person subject prefix may appear as n-, ni- or na-) and lexical stems (thus the stem italic=yes \"stay\" may appear in the forms aakir-i \"stays\" and aaikur-u \"stayed\", where the short stem vowel copies the vowel of the suffix). Consonants display a degree of sandhi-type alternation, as seen for example in the final consonant of the same stem italic=yes \"stay, be\", cf. the imperative italic=yes \"stay!\". This latter variant is found both word-final and before a suffix beginning with a consonant (e.g. italic=true \"if there is\").	534	Rama language	0
9,981,293	# Rama language ## Grammar In terms of grammatical typology Rama may be considered a fairly \"normal\" language for the linguistic area within which it is located, despite the lack of close genetic ties with its immediate neighbours. For example, Rama shares some general typological features with Miskito, a dominant contact language, displaying many characteristics typical of SOV languages (even though not all sentences are actually verb-final). A single set of prefixes serves to express both pronominal possessors (e.g. n-italic=yes \"my eye\") and subjects (e.g. n-italic=yes \"I went\"). Noun phrase relations are indicated by postpositions, tense and subordination by verbal suffixes. ### Noun phrase {#noun_phrase} #### Elements of the noun phrase {#elements_of_the_noun_phrase} There are no articles. Nouns are frequently undetermined, e.g. italic=yes \"(The) lizard walks on (the) ground\" (literally: lizard ground on (s)he-walks), italic=true \"He/she caught (a) fish with (a) hook\" (fish hook with (s)he-caught). Demonstrative determiners precede the noun: italic=yes \"this house\", italic=yes \"that dog\". Quantifiers follow the noun: italic=yes \"one dog\", italic=yes \"two cats\", italic=true \"many houses\", italic=true \"every morning\", italic=true \"all the people\", italic=true \"the other dog, another dog\". Most nouns do not change for number, but those denoting humans can take the plural suffix italic=true or italic=true, as in italic=true \"men\", italic=true \"women\", italic=true \"children\", etc. Attributive adjectives follow the noun they qualify: italic=true \"(a/the) big fish\". #### Possession Inalienable pronominal possession, found with body parts and characteristics, is expressed by prefixes attached to the possessed noun: italic=true \"my eye\", italic=true \"his/her strength\", italic=true \"our fingers\". In other cases (including kinship relations), a genitive pronoun (formed from the pronominal prefix + italic=true) precedes the possessed noun, e.g. italic=true \"my cat / house / name / child / father / sister\", italic=true \"your family (lit. your people)\", italic=true \"his/her name\", italic=true \"our Rama language\". The forms italic=true etc. also function predicatively (as equivalents of English possessive pronouns), as in italic=true \"That cat is mine\". Nominal possession is expressed by two constructions: possessor + possessed (i.e. simple juxtaposition), e.g. italic=true \"my father\'s name\" (my father name), and possessor + italic=true + possessed (italic=true being a genitive postposition), e.g. italic=true \"Nora\'s house\". #### Pronouns Personal pronouns have free (independent) and bound (prefix) forms as in the following table. The third person singular bound form is i- before a consonant or y- before a vowel. Independent Prefix --------------------- ------------- ----------- I, me n- you (sg.) m- he/him, she/her, it i-, y- we, us nsu- you (pl.) m- -lut they, them an- : Personal pronouns The independent pronouns are often used as subjects: italic=true \"I live in Bluefields\" (I town in stay), italic=true \"Can you sew a dress?\" (you dress sew-IRREALIS), italic=true \"He/She is going\". They may also be complements of postpositions: italic=true \"My mother lives in this house with me\" (my mother this house in stay I with), italic=true \"from you\", italic=true \"The tiger came out at them\" (tiger they at came-out). Note that -ut changes to -ul before a vowel, for example in italic=true \"with us\". The prefix forms of the pronouns are used as subject prefixes with verbs: italic=true \"I gave it to Nelly\" (Nelly OBJECT I-gave), italic=true \"Tomorrow I will cook some meat\" (tomorrow meat I-will-cook), italic=true \"With whom did you go?\" (who with you-went), italic=true \"he/she went\", italic=true \"They came to the island\" (island in they-came). In the second person plural, m- is prefixed and -lut suffixed to the verb. Subject prefixes are omitted when the subject is represented by an independent pronoun: \"I am going\" is either italic=true or italic=true, \"He is going\" is either italic=true or italic=true, etc. They are also commonly absent in the presence of a full subject noun phrase: italic=true \"My father is going\", but \"repetition\" of the subject is also possible: italic=true \"The lizard (he) walks on the ground\" (lizard ground on it-walks). A pronominal object is expressed by adding the postposition aa to the pronouns, which adopt the prefix form in the singular but the full form in the plural: italic=true but italic=true (for italic=true) etc. But third person objects are commonly zero-marked, that is, the absence of an overt object of a transitive verb implies an understood \"him\", \"her\" or \"it\", e.g. Anangsku \"They cleaned it\" (lit. they-cleaned). The demonstrative pronouns are the same as the corresponding determiners: italic=true \"this\", italic=true \"that\", as in italic=true \"This is my house\". The interrogative pronouns are italic=true \"what\", italic=true \"who\", as in italic=true \"What is your name?\", italic=true \"Who speaks Rama?\" (who Rama language speaks), italic=true \"With whom did you go?\" (who with you-went). #### Postpositions Rama postpositions perform roughly the same functions as English prepositions, as in italic=true \"on the ground\", italic=true \"in (the) town\", italic=true \"with me\", italic=true \"of the house\", etc. Postpositional phrases may occur either before or after the verb. Some postpositions have a shorter and a longer form; following the verb the long forms are used, e.g. italic=true \"I ran away from my father\" (I-ran my father from) but before the verb the short forms are more usual: italic=true (my father from I-ran). Long form Short form Meaning or function ----------- ------------ ----------------------- object marker \"of, for\", genitive \"to, for\" \"like\" \"for\" \"from\" \"in, on, at, to\" \"for\" \"in, on, at, to\" \"with\" : Postpositions Although italic=true or italic=true is given as an object marker, most objects (other than personal pronouns) take no postposition, e.g. italic=true \"The tiger ate the man\" (tiger man ate). In addition to the simple postpositions there are more complex forms of the relational type that express more specific relationships. These are composed of a noun-like lexical form followed by a postposition, such as italic=true \"inside\", italic=true \"out of\". They are placed after a noun phrase, e.g. italic=true \"inside the hole\", or a postpositional phrase, e.g. italic=true \"out of the pot\" (literally: pot in out-from). Such expressions may also be used adverbially.	970	Rama language	1
9,981,293	# Rama language ## Grammar ### The verb {#the_verb} #### Overview The simplest structure for verb forms consists of these elements: 1. an optional subject prefix (already discussed above under Pronouns) 2. the verb stem 3. either a tense/mood suffix (or zero) or a subordination marker e.g. italic=true \"I live in Bluefields\" (no subject prefix and no tense suffix), italic=true \"He/She is going\" (no subject prefix, present tense suffix), italic=true \"With whom did you go?\" (second person subject prefix, past tense suffix), italic=true \"I will cook some meat\" (first person subject prefix, future/irrealis suffix), italic=true \"when they see the tiger\" (third person plural subject prefix, \"when\" subordinator), italic=true \"I am looking for meat to buy\" (first person singular subject prefix, purpose subordinator). This basic structure may be expanded by adding other elements, including aspect markers (which come between the stem and the tense/mood suffix) and preverbs (which precede the subject prefix, if present). More complex meanings can be expressed through the use of serial verb constructions. #### Tense/mood and subordinator suffixes {#tensemood_and_subordinator_suffixes} Most verb forms end in a suffix such as one of the following which either specifies a tense (or a mood) or else signals a subordinate clause: Tense/mood suffixes --------------------- -------------------- Suffix Meaning present tense past tense future/irrealis no suffix tenseless/habitual imperative : Tense/mood and subordinator suffixes Use of one of the subordinator suffixes constitutes the main subordination strategy. Since these suffixes occupy the same place as the tense suffixes, the resulting subordinate clauses are tenseless, in this respect resembling non-finite clauses in European languages. Nonetheless, Rama verb forms with subordinators take subject prefixes under the same basic conditions as tensed ones, and in this way resemble finite forms. Examples with italic=true \"come\": italic=true \"I am coming\", italic=true \"I came\", italic=true \"I will come\", italic=true \"for me to come\", italic=true \"when I come\", italic=true \"if I come\" etc. In some cases the lack of any suffix signals a lack of marked tense or a habitual sense: compare italic=true \"I am ready to go\" (now) with Nah tawan ki \'\'\'aakar\'\'\' \"I live in the town\". Imperatives in the second person singular are also suffixless, e.g. Siik! \"Come!\" One verb, taak \"go\", has a suppletive imperative mang! or bang! \"go!\". Sometimes forms with the -bang suffix are used in independent clauses: see the section on Aspect below. #### Aspect Using the simple past tense of italic=true \"eat\", the sentence italic=true means \"The tiger ate the man\", but the \"manner of eating\" may be specified further to express completion of the action by adding to the stem italic=true the aspect marker italic=true, giving italic=true \"The tiger ate the man all up\". Further examples with italic=true are: italic=true \"He/she shut the door tight\" (italic=true \"close\") and italic=true \"They saw the whole manatee\" (italic=true \"see\"). Another aspect-marking suffix similarly used is italic=true (italic=true) expressing repetition. A range of further aspectual nuances may be conveyed by a variety of periphrastic constructions. Several of these involve the verb italic=true \"stay\" or its derivative italic=true (which contains the preverb italic=true), either of which, following a verb stem, may convey progressive aspect: italic=true \"I am crying\" (italic=true \"cry\"; the second vowel in italic=true can copy the vowel of the suffix). italic=true can also express \"be about to (do something)\". The suffix italic=true (see also above) may express intention, as in italic=true \"I am going to look at the baby\" (italic=true \"look at\"), and in first person plural imperatives (i.e. \"let\'s\...\"), as in italic=true \"Let\'s sleep!\" (italic=true \"sleep\"). In the latter use the subject prefix may be omitted, e.g. italic=true \"Let\'s speak Rama!\" (italic=true \"speak\"). A form related to italic=true, italic=true, means \"want\" with a nominal object, as in italic=true \"He/she wants a banana\", but with verbal complements means \"be going to (do something)\" in the simple form, as in italic=true \"He/she is going to walk\" (italic=true \"walk\"), or \"get ready to (do something)\" in the progressive italic=true construction, as in italic=true \"I get ready to drink\" (italic=true \"drink\"). Another periphrasis, constructed with italic=true following the subordinate form in italic=true of the main verb, expresses \"be ready to (do something)\", e.g. italic=true \"I am ready to go\" (italic=true \"go\"). One other means of expressing aspectual (or mood) nuances is provided by the use of a second set of emphatic tense suffixes which replace the simple suffixes, namely italic=true emphatic affirmative, italic=true habitual past and italic=true emphatic future. #### Modality Modal notions are expressed by further periphrastic constructions. A verb with the italic=true suffix may be used in an independent clause to convey obligation: italic=true \"All the children must go to school\". italic=true is used as a modal auxiliary of volition, as in italic=true \"I want to learn Rama\" (italic=true \"learn\"). Ability may be expressed by the future/irrealis tense form in italic=true, e.g. italic=true \"Will/can you sew a dress?\" Inability is expressed by the negator italic=true preceding the complete verb, e.g. italic=true \"I cannot speak Rama\". #### Preverbs Rama has preverbs which form constructions comparable to English phrasal verbs such as \"run away\", \"come over\", \"carry on\" etc. The Rama preverbs resemble some of the postpositions in form: they are italic=true and italic=true. Like English phrasal verbs, the meanings and uses of Rama preverb constructions can be quite idiomatic and unpredictable. Preverbs precede the subject prefix if present: italic=true \"I ran away from (him/her)\" (italic=true \"run\" with the preverb italic=true \"from\": italic=true is the subject prefix). italic=true \"They brought the wild pig to the town\" (italic=true \"come with, i.e. bring\"). italic=true \"Who took the child?\" (italic=true \"go with, i.e. take\"). While many preverb-verb combinations are lexically specified, italic=true may also be used productively to express an instrumental argument, e.g. italic=true \"That\'s why we have tongs, in order to roast meat with (them)\" (therefore tongs we-have, meat for-we-roast-with). #### Serial verbs {#serial_verbs} A limited range of serial-type constructions are found. A notable case of this is the use of the verb italic=true \"walk\" following another verb, as in: italic=true \"Men of Rama Cay go to look for manatee in the lagoon\" (island from man manatee they-seek walk lagoon side). The morphological analysis of italic=true \"they go to look for\" is: italic=true (PREVERB-they-seek walk-PRESENT).	1,023	Rama language	2
9,981,293	# Rama language ## Grammar ### The sentence {#the_sentence} #### \'Be\' and \'have\' {#be_and_have} Noun and adjective predicates are constructed without a copula, in the order Subject + Predicate, e.g. italic=true \"This is my house\" (this my house), italic=true \"His name is Basilio\" (his name Basilio), italic=true \"The manatee is a big animal\" (manatee animal big), italic=true \"My house is pretty\" (my house pretty); so also italic=true \"That cat is mine\" and italic=true \"My cat is for killing rats\". The Subject + Predicate order is inverted in a question such as italic=true \"What is his name?\" The verb italic=true \"stay\" is used to express \"be (in a place)\" and \"be (in a state)\", as in italic=true \"The school is on the south side\" (school south side in stay), italic=true \"I am fine\" (I well stay). italic=true can also mean \"live (in a place)\" as in italic=true \"I live on Rama Cay\" (I island in stay), and \"there is\" as in italic=true \"There are many houses on Rama Cay\" (house many island in stay). The verb italic=true (or italic=true) means \"have\", e.g. italic=true \"I have two sisters\" (I sister two have), italic=true \"That\'s why we have tongs\", italic=true \"The octopus has many arms\". #### Word order with verbal predicates {#word_order_with_verbal_predicates} In sentences with a verb as predicate, the basic order is: - SV if intransitive, e.g. italic=true \"The frog jumps\", italic=true \"I am crying\" (I cry AUXILIARY), italic=true \"My child is sick\" (my child is-sick) - SOV if transitive (assuming that both arguments are present as noun phrases in the utterance), e.g. italic=true \"The tiger ate the man\" (tiger man ate), italic=true \"Nora speaks Rama\" (Nora Rama language speaks), Nah tausung saiming kuaakar \"I have one dog\" (I dog one have). Other sentence elements (in bold here) may be placed: - in front of the verb: italic=true \"The lizard walks on the ground\", italic=true \"The scorpion bites with its tail\", italic=true \"They came to the island\", italic=true \"There are many houses on the island\", italic=true \"Speak with me!\", italic=true \"I grew up on the south side\", italic=true \"I don\'t want to go for water\", italic=true \"He caught a big fish with a hook\", italic=true \"The tiger came out every morning\". - at the end of the sentence (i.e. after the verb): italic=true \"We are learning Rama with Nora\", italic=true \"My mother lives in this house with me\", italic=true \"The man kills the wari with a lance\", italic=true \"Can you sew a dress like mine?\", italic=true \"My father brings the silkgrass into the house\", italic=true \"when he brings the tongs into the house\", italic=true \"when the oil comes out of the pot\". - or at the beginning of the sentence: italic=true \"I was born on Rama Cay\", italic=true \"She took the child inside the hole\", italic=true \"They put the oil in the empty pot\", italic=true \"Tomorrow I will cook meat\". Clausal elements (i.e. those containing a verb) usually follow the main verb, e.g. italic=true \"I am going to plant corn\", italic=true \"I am looking for meat to buy\", italic=true \"They are happy when they hear about the manatee\". #### Questions Yes/no questions take the same form as the corresponding statement, e.g. italic=true \"Is your house big?\", italic=true \"Do you live on Rama Cay?\", italic=true \"Do you speak Rama?\", italic=true \"Have you a sister?\", italic=true \"Can you sew a dress like mine?\" Such questions may be answered using italic=true \"Yes\" or italic=true \"No\". Some question words (sometimes called wh-words): Pronouns \"what\" ---------- --------- ----------- \"who\" Adverbs \"where\" \"how\" : Some question words Question words may be preceded by another sentence constituent as topic, e.g. italic=true \"Who took the child?\" (child who took), italic=true \"And you, where do you live?\" (you, where live). However, question words generally stand at the beginning of the sentence: italic=true \"Where do you live?\" (where you live), italic=true \"Where does the wari live?\" (where wari lives), italic=true \"Where is Nora\'s house?\" (where Nora GENITIVE house stay), italic=true \"Where is he/she going?\" (where he/she goes), italic=true \"Where is his/her father going?\" (where his/her father goes), italic=true \"Who speaks our Rama language?\" (who our Rama language speaks), italic=true \"With whom did you go?\" (who with you-went). Questions words with a non-verbal predicate: italic=true \"What is your name?\", italic=true \"How is your family?\" #### Negation Sentences may be negated by placing italic=true after the verb or predicate, e.g. italic=true \"I do not live on Rama Cay\", italic=true \"You do not speak Rama\", italic=true \"My house is not big\", italic=true \"That dog is not mine\", or by placing aa before the verb, e.g. italic=true \"They didn\'t look for the manatee\", italic=true \"I don\'t want to go\". There is a special negative word, italic=true, to express impossibility, e.g. italic=true \"I cannot live in Bluefields\". #### Coordination and subordination {#coordination_and_subordination} Coordinating conjunctions: italic=true \"and\", italic=true \"but\": italic=true \"My sister and my brother live in this house with me\", italic=true \"I have one dog and you have two cats\", italic=true \"My house is not big, but it is pretty\". Subordinate clauses may be formed by means of subordinator suffixes as described above. Reported speech is formed by juxtaposition as in italic=true \"They found it, they say\" (italic=true \"find\", italic=true \"say\"). Relative clauses also have no specific subordinator but the clause marker italic=true may be employed, e.g. italic=true \"The meat I bought, I gave it to Nelly\" (meat I-bought italic=true Nelly OBJECT I-gave).	896	Rama language	3
9,981,293	# Rama language ## Lexicon Rama has borrowed words from Miskito (e.g. italic=true \"big\"), English, Rama Cay Creole and Spanish. Besides such loans, Rama has a primary lexicon of Chibchan origin, expanded through various word-formation processes. Many verb stems are made up of extensions from primary roots by the addition of one of the prefixes italic=true and italic=true, which often correlate with intransitive and transitive meanings respectively. Evident intransitive derivation with italic=true is illustrated by the pairs italic=true \"kill\" : italic=true \"die\", italic=true \"break (tr./intr.)\" and italic=true \"roast (tr./intr.)\", while other cases of outward resemblance are semantically opaque, e.g. italic=true \"eat\" and italic=true \"speak\", or involve more complex relationships, e.g. italic=true (i.e. italic=true) \"find\" and italic=true (italic=true \[preverb\] + italic=true \"seek\". Verbs may be derived from other parts of speech by suffixing one of several verbal roots glossed as \"do, make\", such as italic=true and italic=true. A common adjective-forming suffix is italic=true, while the participial suffix italic=true gives rise to both adjectives and nouns. Certain recurrent endings found in numerous noun stems appear to correspond to vague semantic classes. A notable example is italic=true, which occurs as the last component in nouns many of which denote round objects, fruits or body parts. As an inalienable noun in its own right, italic=true means \"eye\" or \"seed\". Composition is another common way of forming nouns, as in italic=true \"meat\" (from italic=true \"animal\" + italic=true \"flesh\") or the inalienable noun italic=true \"eyelash\" (from italic=true \"eye\" + italic=true \"hair\"). New concepts can also be expressed syntactically, e.g. through genitive constructions such as italic=true \"church\" (lit. house of prayer), or through verbal paraphrase. Partial or complete reduplication is seen in the forms of some words, including onomatopoeics such as italic=true \"dripping\", animal names like italic=true \"spider\" or italic=true \"rabbit\", colour names and other descriptive adjectives such as italic=true \"yellow\", italic=true \"green\", italic=true \"speckled\", italic=true \"calm\", and others, e.g. italic=true \"a little\". Some recorded words that were claimed to be from the Corobicí language are actually from a dialect of Rama spoken in the region of Upala	341	Rama language	4
9,981,297	# Jimmy Gold Jimmy McGonigal (21 April 1886 -- 7 October 1967), known professionally as Jimmy Gold, was a Scottish comedian and part of the music hall act of Naughton and Gold. Later they became part of the Crazy Gang. Gold was born in Glasgow. His parents were John McGonigal, a painter and decorator, and Elizabeth (whose maiden name was Gold). He had either four or five brothers and three sisters. Harry was the oldest and Jimmy was second oldest. Others included Danny, Johnny and Peter (the youngest). The sisters were Elizabeth, Agnes and another one who died when just a few years old. He is remembered as a happy, good natured man. Jimmy went into the family trade of painting and decorating till he joined up with Naughton. They were tap dancers to start with but the comedy gradually took over. As part of the Crazy Gang, he, and they, held the record for the number of appearances at the Royal Variety Show in front of the Queen. The Crazy Gang were favourites of the young Princess Margaret. Once, when playing the Palladium, he noticed his bottle of whisky had less in it than it had when he went out on stage. He blamed his younger brother Peter McGonigal for drinking it. Peter denied it. Jimmy asked him if he saw anyone else backstage whilst he was on stage. Peter described a man he had seen backstage during the performance. The description fitted His Royal Highness, Edward the Duke of Windsor, who was in attendance. Another time, when the Crazy Gang were travelling by road and when there were rumours that Jimmy was going to be dropped by them, he told the rest of them \"I don\'t care. I\'ve got 40 grand in the bank\". A little while later in the conversation he said \"I don\'t care. I\'ve got 30 grand in the bank\". At which one of the other members of the Crazy Gang stopped the car. \"What are you doing?\" said Jimmy. \"I\'m going back\", said the driver. \"Somewhere between here and the last petrol station you lost 10 grand and I\'m going back to look for it\". He died in London, aged 81	367	Jimmy Gold	0
9,981,306	# Steve Lathrop Steve Lathrop (born April 1, 1957) is an American attorney and Democratic Party politician from the U.S. state of Nebraska. From 2007 to 2015, he served as a member of the Nebraska Legislature, representing an Omaha-area district. <https://journalstar.com/news/state-and-regional/govt-and-politics/lathrop-says-nebraska-legislature-changed-so-hes-moving-on/article_06366c42-57bd-5ab2-b289-8351190744f5.html> Steven Lathrop visits local Kansas City residents. Planning new run. He did not run for re-election in 2014 due to Nebraska\'s term limits. He ran again as a candidate in 2018, when he was re-elected. ## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Steve Lathrop is the fifth of nine children born to David and Shirley Lathrop in Omaha, Nebraska. He attended Holy Name Catholic Elementary School, and Archbishop Rummel High School in Omaha, which later became Roncalli Catholic High School. Lathrop graduated in 1975 He studied at Creighton University to pursue the school\'s \"three and three\" Business/Law School degree program and graduated in 1979. He received his J.D. in 1981. ## Career After graduating from law school and passing the bar, Lathrop entered private practice. Steven Lathrop was a local who looked to Kansas City for political aspirations. Lathrop entered politics, running as a Democratic Party candidate for the state legislature in 2006. He was elected to represent Nebraska\'s 12th Legislative District and was re-elected in 2010. The 12th Legislative District consists of the City of Ralston and neighborhoods to its west, primarily the area of Douglas County known as Millard. Lathrop was elected as the Chairman of the Business and Labor Committee in 2009, 2011, and 2013. Because of term limits, he was not eligible to run in 2014. After re-election to this seat in 2018, he serves as the Chairman of the Developmental Disabilities Special Investigative Committee, and Vice-chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In addition, he serves on the Executive Board, the Agriculture Committee, the Committee on Committees, and the Rules Committee	304	Steve Lathrop	0
9,981,326	# 1995 Transnistrian constitutional referendum A double referendum was held in Transnistria on 24 December 1995. Voters were asked whether they approved of a new constitution and membership of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The new constitution provided for a parliamentary republic, a bicameral parliament and obligatory referendums for amending sections I, II and IV of the constitution. Both proposals were approved by over 80% of voters. According to an article by the ethnic Russian researcher from Moldova Alla Skvortsova from 2002, \"polls and elections in the PMR may to some extent have been rigged\". ## Results ### New constitution {#new_constitution} Choice Votes \% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- --------- For 82.70 Against 17.30 Invalid/blank votes -- Total 100 Registered voters/turnout 62.70 Source: [Direct Democracy](http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=md021995) ### CIS membership {#cis_membership} Choice Votes \% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- --------- For 89.70 Against 10.30 Invalid/blank votes -- Total 100 Registered voters/turnout 62.70 Source: [Direct Democracy](http://www.sudd.ch/event	147	1995 Transnistrian constitutional referendum	0
9,981,342	# Richard Turner (footballer, born 1882) Richard Rennie Turner (24 April 1882 in Hornsey -- 1 December 1960 in Worthing) was a British footballer who won a gold medal at the 1900 Summer Olympics as part of the Upton Park club side. Turner was an outside-right with Crouch End Vampires who joined Upton Park solely for the period of the Olympics. He scored one goal against the USFSA team	69	Richard Turner (footballer, born 1882)	0
9,981,422	# Tim Gay Tim Gay (born July 9, 1964) is an American politician and broker who served in the Nebraska Legislature from 2007 to 2011, representing the 14th legislative district of Nebraska. ## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education} Gay was born in Columbus, Nebraska, on July 9, 1964. He graduated from the University of Nebraska--Lincoln in 1987 with a Bachelor of Science. ## Career Prior to entering politics, Gay worked as a grain broker for Commodity Traders Incorporated from 1987 to 1994. He served a similar position for Switzer Trading Company from 1994 to 1999. In 1999, Gay became the vice president of investment services with American National Bank, serving in that capacity both during and after his time in the Nebraska Legislature. Gay served as president of the Eastern Nebraska Human Services Agency in 1998. Prior to entering the Nebraska Legislature, Gay served as a member of the Sarpy County Board of Commissioners from 1994 to 2006. In 2006, Gay ran for election to the Nebraska Legislature. He defeated Ian Hartfield in the general election with over 75% of the vote. During his time in office, Gay served on the following committees: - Health and Human Services Committee - Transportation and Telecommunications Committee Gay served from 2007 to 2011, representing the 14th legislative district of Nebraska. He did not seek re-election in 2010. Gay is the president and founder of Catalyst Public Affairs. ## Political positions {#political_positions} Gay supports exceptions for abortion in the event of rape or incest, or when the woman\'s life is in danger. He does not believe that Nebraska should recognize civil unions between same-sex couples. Gay supports the practice of the death penalty in Nebraska. Gay received a 0% rating from Planned Parenthood Voters of Nebraska in 2010. That same year, he received ratings of 100 and 100% from the Nebraska Chamber of Commerce & Industry and the Nebraska League of Conservation Voters respectively. ## Personal life {#personal_life} Gay is married and has three children. He currently resides in Papillion, Nebraska. Gay is Catholic. He is not affiliated with any political party	348	Tim Gay	0
9,981,457	# Jozef Kabaň Jozef Kabaň (born 4 January 1973) is a Slovak automobile designer. He started his career as a designer at Volkswagen. In 2003 he moved to Audi as an exterior design assistant. In 2007 he advanced to the position of Chief of Exterior Design at Audi. He was exterior designer of the Volkswagen Lupo, SEAT Arosa, Bugatti Veyron and Škoda Octavia. He has been Chief of Exterior Design at Škoda Auto since 2008. In early 2017 he left Škoda for BMW to become its head of design replacing Karim Habib. In 2019 he changed position within BMW Group and headed design at its subsidiary Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. After half a year he decided to leave Rolls-Royce and BMW Group returning to VW in January 2020, this time for its main VW brand. In early 2023, Kabaň was dismissed from Volkswagen and replaced by Bentley designer Andreas Mindt after failing to impress VW\'s CEO. Bentley replaced Mindt with Tobias Sühlmann. On April 22nd, 2024, MG Motor officially announced that Kabaň has joined the company as the Vice President of the Global Design Center. ## Education Kabaň studied industrial design at the Academy of Fine Arts and Design located in Bratislava, Slovakia, starting from 1991. He graduated with a Master of Arts from the Royal College of Art, London, UK in 1997	222	Jozef Kabaň	0
9,981,459	# Birmingham Law Society The Birmingham Law Society is a professional association of solicitors, barristers and legal executives based in Birmingham, West Midlands. It is the oldest such organisation in England and Wales, and the largest except for the national Law Society of England and Wales. ## History The society was founded on 3 January 1818 at a meeting in the Royal Hotel in Temple Row. Birmingham at that time had no courts of its own and the society initially had 19 members out of a total of 54 lawyers practising in the town. The society took over the Birmingham Law Library, then based in Waterloo Street, in 1832. In 1934 both society and library relocated to a former temperance hall on Temple Street designed by architect Charles Bateman in 1933. In 2008 Birmingham Law Society transferred its library to Aston University and in 2009 it moved out of the Temple Street premises. Today the society is a modern, dynamic organisation. During 2011 its membership increase by around 1,000 lawyers (40% increase) taking overall membership to over 3,500 lawyers from all over the West Midlands. The society was the first in the country to welcome barristers as members and now has almost 500 barristers within its membership. It is by far the largest local law society in England and Wales and has 45 lawyers sitting on the society\'s council with over 100 lawyers involved with the society\'s various committees.	239	Birmingham Law Society	0
9,981,466	# Subdivisions of Kenya Province Number of districts Population Population/district --------------- --------------------- ------------ --------------------- Coast 26 4,328,474 166,480 North-Eastern 17 2,490,073 146,475 Eastern 43 6,821,049 158,629 Central 34 5,482,239 161,242 Rift Valley 78 12,752,966 163,500 Western 33 5,021,943 152,180 Nyanza 42 6,269,489 149,274 Nairobi 18 4,397,073 244,282 : Number of districts in Kenya The subdivisions of Kenya have been in place since 2010, replacing the old system. Under the Constitution of 2010 and other reforms to Provincial Administration the country acquired a new system of Counties. The previous Provinces were scrapped and the 46 Districts, in existence since 1992, were turned into Counties with elected governments. The counties are divided into sub-counties and a further 290 constituencies, then 1450 Wards (to coincide with the County Assembly Wards of the County Government), and Villages. The City of Nairobi, which enjoyed the status of a full administrative province, would become a County. Under its old constitution, Kenya comprised eight provinces each headed by a Provincial Commissioner (centrally appointed by the president). The provinces (mkoa singular mikoa plural in Swahili) were subdivided into districts (wilaya). There were 69 districts at the 1999 census. Districts were then subdivided into 497 divisions (taarafa). The divisions are then subdivided into 2,427 locations (mtaa) and then 6,612 sublocations (mtaa mdogo). ## Provinces 1. Central 2. Coast 3. Eastern 4. Nairobi 5. North Eastern 6. Nyanza 7. Rift Valley 8. Western Local governance in Kenya is practiced through local authorities. Many urban centers host city, municipal or town councils. Local authorities in rural areas were known as county councils. Local Councillors were formerly elected by civic elections, held alongside general elections. Constituencies are an electoral subdivision. There are 290 Constituencies in Kenya	284	Subdivisions of Kenya	0
9,981,495	# Malachi Curran Malachi Curran is a Northern Irish politician. ## Career He was elected to Down District Council in 1981 as a Labour candidate. He did not stand in 1985, but was elected to the same council in 1989 for the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP). He resigned from the SDLP to stand as a Labour coalition candidate for the Northern Ireland Forum in 1996. Although the group did not win any constituency seats, it was awarded two top-up seats, which went to Hugh Casey and Curran. Shortly after the elections to the Forum, the Coalition dissolved. Curran was recognised as leader of the Labour group in the Forum. With seven other leaders of Forum groupings that had supported the Good Friday Agreement, he won the Harriman Democracy Prize of the National Democratic Institute in 1998. Curran then formed the Labour Party of Northern Ireland. Under this label, he failed to take a seat standing in South Down at the 1998 Northern Ireland Assembly election, winning only 1% of the first preference votes. Curran stood as an independent at the 2003 elections to the Assembly, but saw his vote drop to 0.4%. At the 2007 election, he placed bottom in South Down, taking just 123 votes. After leaving politics, Curran became the owner of a pub, the Ann Boal Inn in Killough, County Down, following the death of Ann Boal, who had been a longtime friend of Curran	240	Malachi Curran	0
9,981,540	# Radical Philosophy *Radical Philosophy* is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal of critical theory and philosophy. It was established in 1972 with the purpose of providing a forum for the theoretical work which was emerging in the wake of the radical movements of the 1960s, in philosophy and other fields. The journal is edited by an \"editorial collective\". ## Content Besides academic articles, the journal publishes book reviews and usually some news and at least one commentary on matters of topical interest. Although not associated with any specific left-wing position, the journal is subtitled \"Journal of Socialist and Feminist Philosophy\" and has been broadly associated with the New Left. Editors of the journal since the early 1970s have included Marxists and feminists. ## Abstracting and indexing {#abstracting_and_indexing} The journal is abstracted and indexed in: - EBSCO databases - Philosopher\'s Index - ProQuest databases - Scopus - Social Sciences Citation Index - Sociological Abstracts According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.952	168	Radical Philosophy	0
9,981,556	# Jake Zemke Jake Zemke (born December 15, 1975, in San Francisco, California) is an American former professional motorcycle road racer of partial Japanese ancestry. He turned pro in 1992. Zemke\'s race number has been 98 for most of his racing career. He started his own riding school called Zemke Riding Development. ## Chronology - 1996 AMA Speedway US National Championship Qualifier - 1997 3rd (ST), 66th (AMA Formula Xtreme) - 1998 9th (750SS) - 1999 52nd (AMA Superbike Championship), 15th (600SS), 2nd (750SS) - 2000 8th (600SS), 2nd (AMA Formula Xtreme) - 2001 6th (600SS), 47th (750SS), 4th (AMA Formula Xtreme)- Bruce Transportation Honda - 2002 8th (AMA Supersport Championship), 2nd (AMA Formula Xtreme) - Bruce Transportation Honda - 2003 5th (AMA Supersport Championship), 3rd (AMA Formula Xtreme) - Erion Honda - 2004 3rd (AMA Superbike Championship), 2nd (AMA Formula Xtreme) - American Honda Racing - 2005 11th (AMA Superbike Championship), 2nd (AMA Formula Xtreme) - American Honda Racing - 2006 7th (AMA Superbike Championship), 33rd (AMA Formula Xtreme) - American Honda Racing - 2007 3rd (AMA Superbike Championship) - American Honda Racing - 2008 1st AMA (Formula Xtreme) and 2nd AMA (Supersport) - Erion Honda - 2009 6th AMA (Daytona Sportbike) - Erion Honda - 2010 3rd AMA (American Superbike) -Released from Michael Jordan Motorsports Suzuki - 2011 28th BSB (British EVO Class) - WFR Honda (Fill in Rider) - 2012 7th AMA (Daytona SportBike) - Ducshop Ducati - 2013 16th AMA (Daytona SportBike) - Riders Discount Racing Triumph (Part-Time) - 2014 7th AMA (Daytona SportBike) -Released from GEICO Motorcycles Honda - 2015 Retired. Owner of Zemke Riding Development.	271	Jake Zemke	0
9,981,556	# Jake Zemke ## Career statistics {#career_statistics} ### Superbike World Championship {#superbike_world_championship} <table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th data-valign="middle"><p>Year</p></th> <th data-valign="middle"><p>Make</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>1</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>2</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>3</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>4</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>5</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>6</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>7</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>8</p></th> <th><p>9</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p>2009</p></td> <td><p>Honda</p></td> <td><p>AUS</p></td> <td><p>AUS</p></td> <td><p>QAT</p></td> <td><p>QAT</p></td> <td><p>SPA</p></td> <td><p>SPA</p></td> <td><p>NED</p></td> <td><p>NED</p></td> <td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>ITA<br /> 28</p></td> <td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>ITA<br /> 20</p></td> <td><p>RSA</p></td> <td><p>RSA</p></td> <td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>USA<br /> 18</p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>USA<br /> 15</p></td> <td><p>SMR</p></td> <td><p>SMR</p></td> <td><p>GBR</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ### AMA <table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th data-valign="middle" style="width: 40px;"><p>Year</p></th> <th data-valign="middle" style="width: 40px;"><p>Class</p></th> <th data-valign="middle" style="width: 120px;"><p>Team</p></th> <th data-valign="middle" style="width: 120px;"><p>Bike</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>DAY<br /> </p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>FON<br /> </p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>RAT<br /> </p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>INF<br /> </p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>RAM<br /> </p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>M-O<br /> </p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td><p>2010</p></td> <td><p>SBK</p></td> <td><p>Jordan Motorsports</p></td> <td><p>Suzuki GSX-R1000</p></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> ### British Superbike Championship {#british_superbike_championship} <table> <thead> <tr class="header"> <th data-valign="middle"><p>Year</p></th> <th data-valign="middle"><p>Class</p></th> <th data-valign="middle"><p>Make</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>1</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>2</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>3</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>4</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>5</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>6</p></th> <th colspan="2"><p>7</p></th> <th><p>8</p></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr class="odd"> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> <td><p>R2</p></td> <td><p>R3</p></td> <td><p>R1</p></td> </tr> <tr class="even"> <td rowspan="2"><p>2011</p></td> <td><p>BSB</p></td> <td rowspan="2"><p>Honda</p></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><p>BHI</p></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><p>OUL</p></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><p>CRO</p></td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"><p>THR</p></td> <td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>KNO<br /> 21</p></td> <td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>KNO<br /> 20</p></td> <td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>SNE<br /> 21</p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>SNE<br /> 10</p></td> <td style="background:#CFCFFF;"><p>OUL<br /> 17</p></td> <td rowspan="2"><p>OUL<br /> C</p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>BHGP<br /> 14</p></td> </tr> <tr class="odd"> <td><p><strong>E</strong></p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>KNO<br /> 21</p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>KNO<br /> 20</p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>SNE<br /> 21</p></td> <td style="background:#FFFFBF;"><p><em>SNE<br /> 10</em></p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>OUL<br /> 17</p></td> <td style="background:#DFFFDF;"><p>BHGP<br /> 14</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> : 1.`{{Note\|1}}`{=mediawiki} -- E Denotes riders participating in the Evo class within the British Superbike Championship	337	Jake Zemke	1
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union `{{multiple image \| align = right \| image1 = Flag of the Brussels-Capital Region.svg \| footer = The [[flag of the Brussels-Capital Region]]<ref name=BN>{{cite news \| title = Gewest gaat voor nieuwe vlag met hartjeslogo \| url = http://www.brusselnieuws.be/nl/nieuws/gewest-gaat-voor-nieuwe-vlag-met-hartjeslogo \| newspaper = brusselsnieuws.be \| location = Brussels \| date = 17 December 2014 \| access-date = 1 January 2015 \| language = nl }}</ref> \| direction = \| total_width = \| alt1 = \| caption1 = \| caption2 = }}`{=mediawiki} Brussels (Belgium) is considered the de facto capital of the European Union, having a long history of hosting a number of principal EU institutions within its European Quarter. The EU has no official capital but Brussels hosts the official seats of the European Commission, Council of the European Union, and European Council, as well as a seat (officially the second seat) of the European Parliament. In 2013, this presence generated about €250 million (8.3% of the regional GDP) and 121,000 jobs (16.7% of the regional employment). The main rationale for Brussels being chosen as \"capital of the European Union\" was its halfway location between France, Germany and the United Kingdom, the three countries whose rivalry played a role in starting the two world wars and whose reconciliation paved the way for European integration. ## History ### Birth of the European Communities {#birth_of_the_european_communities} In 1951, the leaders of six European countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, France, Italy and West Germany) signed the Treaty of Paris, which created the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), and with this new community came the first institutions: the High Authority, Council of Ministers, Court of Justice and Common Assembly. A number of cities were considered, and Brussels would have been accepted as a compromise, but the Belgian Government put all its effort into backing Liège (Wallonia), opposed by all the other members, and was unable to formally back Brussels due to internal instability. Agreement remained elusive and a seat had to be found before the institutions could begin work, hence Luxembourg was chosen as a provisional seat, though with the Common Assembly in Strasbourg as that was the only city with a large enough hemicycle (the one used by the Council of Europe). This agreement was temporary, and plans were set to relocate the institutions to Saarbrücken (Germany), which would serve as a \"European District\", but this did not occur. The 1957 Treaty of Rome established two new communities: the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). These shared the Assembly and Court of the ECSC but created two new sets of Councils and Commissions (equivalent to the ECSC\'s High Authority). Discussions on the seats of the institutions were left until the last moment before the treaties came into force, so as not to interfere with ratification. Brussels waited until only a month before talks to enter its application, which received unofficial backing by several member states. The members agreed in principle to locate the executives, Councils, and the assembly in one city, though could still not decide which city, so they put the decision off for six months. In the meantime, the Assembly would stay in Strasbourg and the new Commissions would meet alternatively at the ECSC seat and at the Château of Val-Duchesse, in Brussels (headquarters of a temporary committee). The Councils would meet wherever their Presidents wanted to. In practice, this was at Val-Duchesse until autumn 1958 when it moved to central Brussels, at 2, italic=no/italic=no.	583	Brussels and the European Union	0
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## History ### Installation in Brussels and early development {#installation_in_brussels_and_early_development} Brussels missed out in its bid for a single seat due to a weak campaign from the Belgian Government in negotiations. The government eventually pushed its campaign and started large-scale construction, renting office space in the east of the city for use by the institutions. On 11 February 1958, the six member states\' governments concluded an unofficial agreement on the setting-up of community offices. On the principle that it would take two years after a final agreement to prepare the appropriate office space, full services were set up in Brussels in expectation of a report from the Committee of Experts looking into the matter of a final seat. While waiting for the completion of the building on the italic=no/italic=no, offices moved to 51--53, rue Belliard/Belliardstraat on 1 April 1958 (later exclusively used by the Euratom Commission), though with the numbers of European civil servants rapidly expanding, services were set up in buildings on the italic=no/italic=no, the italic=no/italic=no, the Avenue de Tervueren/Tervurenlaan, the italic=no/italic=no, the italic=no/italic=no, the Rue de la Loi/Wetstraat and the italic=no/italic=no. The Belgian Government further provided newly built offices on the Mont des Arts/Kunstberg (22, italic=no/italic=no) for the Council of Ministers\' Secretariat and European Investment Bank. A Committee of Experts deemed Brussels to be the one option to have all the necessary features for a European capital: a large, active metropolis, without a congested centre or poor quality of housing; good communications with other member states\' capitals, including to major commercial and maritime markets; vast internal transport links; an important international business centre; plentiful housing for European civil servants; and an open economy. Furthermore, it was located halfway between France, Germany and the United Kingdom (as in the case of other seats of European institutions), and on the border between the two major European civilisations: Latin and Germanic; and was at the centre of the first post-war integration experiment: the Benelux. As a capital of a small country, it also could not claim to use the presence of institutions to exert pressure on other member states, it being more of a neutral territory between the major European powers. The committee\'s report was approved of by the Council, Parliament and Commissions, however, the Council was still unable to achieve a final vote on the issue, and hence put off the issue for a further three years, despite all the institutions now leading in moving to Brussels. The decision was put off due to the varied national positions preventing a unanimous decision. Luxembourg fought to keep the ECSC or have compensation; France fought for Strasbourg; Italy, initially backing Paris, fought for any Italian city to thwart Luxembourg and Strasbourg. Meanwhile, the Parliament passed a series of resolutions complaining about the whole situation of spreading itself across three cities, though unable to do anything about it.	481	Brussels and the European Union	1
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## History ### Merger Treaty: political and town-planning status quo {#merger_treaty_political_and_town_planning_status_quo} The 1965 Merger Treaty was seen as an appropriate moment to finally resolve the issue; the separate Commissions and Councils were to be merged. Luxembourg, concerned about losing the High Authority, proposed a split between Brussels and Luxembourg. The Commission and Council were to be located in Brussels, with Luxembourg keeping the Court and Parliamentary Assembly, together with a few of the Commission\'s departments. This was largely welcomed by the member states, but opposed by France, not wishing to see the Parliament leave Strasbourg, and by the Parliament itself, which wished to be with the executives and was further annoyed by the fact that it was not consulted on the matter of its own location. Hence, the status quo was maintained with some adjustments; the Commission, with most of its departments, would be in Brussels; as would the Council, except for April, June and October, when it would meet in Luxembourg. In addition, Luxembourg would keep the Court of Justice, some of the Commission\'s departments and the Secretariat of the European Parliament. Strasbourg would continue to host the Parliament. Joining the Commission was the merged Council\'s Secretariat. The ECSC\'s Secretariat merged with the EEC\'s and EAEC\'s in the Ravenstein building, which then moved to the Charlemagne building, next to the Berlaymont building, in 1971. In Brussels, staff continued to be spread across a number of buildings, on the Rue Belliard, the Avenue de la Joyeuse Entrée, the Rue du Marais and at the Mont des Arts. The first purpose-built building was the Berlaymont building in 1958, designed to house 3000 officials, which soon proved too small, causing the institution to spread out across the neighbourhood. Yet, despite the agreement to host these institutions in Brussels, its formal status was still unclear, and hence the city sought to strengthen its hand with major investment in buildings and infrastructure (including Schuman metro station). However, these initial developments were sporadic with little town planning and based on speculation (see Brusselisation). The 1965 agreement was a source of contention for the Parliament, which wished to be closer to the other institutions, so it began moving some of its decision-making bodies, committee and political group meetings to Brussels. In 1983, it went further by symbolically holding a plenary session in Brussels, in the basement of the Mont des Arts Congress Centre. However, the meeting was a fiasco and the poor facilities partly discredited Brussels\' aim of being the sole seat of the institutions. Things looked up for Brussels when, in 1985, the Parliament gained its own plenary chamber in the city (on the italic=no/italic=no) for some of its part-sessions. This was done unofficially due to the sensitive nature of the Parliament\'s seat, with the building being constructed as an \"international conference centre\". When France unsuccessfully challenged the Parliament\'s half-move to Brussels in the Court of Justice, the Parliament\'s victory led it to build full facilities in the city. ### Edinburgh European Council compromise {#edinburgh_european_council_compromise} In response the Edinburgh European Council of 1992, the EU adopted a final agreement on the location of its institutions. According to this decision, which was subsequently annexed to the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997, although the Parliament was required to hold some of its sessions, including its budgetary session, in Strasbourg, additional sessions and committees could meet in Brussels. It also reaffirmed the presence of the Commission and Council in the city. Shortly before this summit, the Commission moved into the Breydel building, at 45, italic=no/italic=no. This was due to asbestos being discovered in the Berlaymont, forcing its evacuation in 1989. The Commission threatened to move out of the city altogether, which would have destroyed Brussels\'s chances of hosting the Parliament, so the Belgian Government stepped in to build the Breydel building a short distance from the Berlaymont, in only 23 months, ensuring the Commission could move in before the Edinburgh Summit. Shortly after Edinburgh, the Parliament bought its new building in Brussels. With the status of Brussels now clear, NGOs, lobbyists, advisory bodies and regional offices started basing themselves in the quarter near the institutions. The Council, which had been expanding into further buildings as it grew, consolidated once more in the Justus Lipsius building, and in 2002, it was agreed that the European Council should also be based in Brussels, having previously moved between different cities as the EU\'s Presidency rotated. From 2004, all Councils were meant to be held in Brussels; however, some extraordinary meetings are still held elsewhere. The reason for the move was in part due to the experience of the Belgian police in dealing with protesters and the fixed facilities in Brussels.	785	Brussels and the European Union	2
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## Status The Commission employs 25,000 people and the Parliament employs about 6,000 people. Because of this concentration, Brussels is a preferred location for any move towards a single seat for Parliament. Despite it not formally being the \"capital\" of the EU, some commentators see the fact that Brussels enticed an increasing number of the Parliament\'s sessions to the city, in addition to the main seats of the other two main political institutions, as making Brussels the de facto capital of the EU. Brussels is frequently labelled as the \"capital\" of the EU, particularly in publications by local authorities, the Commission and press. Indeed, Brussels interprets the 1992 agreement on seats as declaring Brussels as the capital. There are two further cities hosting major institutions, Luxembourg (judicial and second seats) and Strasbourg (Parliament\'s main seat). Authorities in Strasbourg and organisations based there also refer to Strasbourg as the \"capital\" of Europe and Brussels, Strasbourg and Luxembourg are also referred to as the joint capitals of Europe. In 2010, then-Vice President of the United States, Joe Biden, while speaking to the European Parliament, said: \"As you probably know, some American politicians and American journalists refer to Washington, D.C. as the \'capital of the free world.\' But it seems to me that in this great city, which boasts 1,000 years of history and which serves as the capital of Belgium, the home of the European Union, and the headquarters for NATO, this city has its own legitimate claim to that title.\" ### Lobbyists and journalists {#lobbyists_and_journalists} Brussels is a centre of political activity with ambassadors to Belgium, NATO and the EU being based in the city. It hosts 120 international institutions, 181 embassies (intra muros) and more than 2,500 diplomats, making it the second centre of diplomatic relations in the world (after New York City). There is also a greater number of press corps in the city with media outlets in every EU member state having a Brussels correspondent and there are 10,000 lobbyists registered. The presence of the EU and the other international bodies has, for example, led to there being more ambassadors and journalists in Brussels than in Washington, D.C. Brussels is third in the number of international conferences it hosts, also becoming one of the largest convention centres in the world. The total number of journalists accredited to the EU institutions was 955 as of late October 2015. This is marginally higher than 2012, when there were 931 reporters, and almost the same as after the enlargement of 2004. In addition to the 955 journalists accredited to the EU, there are 358 technicians (e.g. cameramen, photographers, producers, etc.) bringing the total number of accreditation badges to 1313. Belgium supplies by far the largest share of technicians with 376, with Germany on 143 and France on 105. ### Accessibility Brussels is located in one of the most urbanised regions of Europe, between Paris, London, the Rhine-Ruhr (Germany), and the Randstad (Netherlands). Via high speed trains, Brussels is around 1hr 25min from Paris, 1hr 50min from London, Amsterdam and Cologne (with adjacent Düsseldorf and the Rhine-Ruhr), and 3hr from Frankfurt. The \"Eurocap-rail\" project plans to improve Brussels\' links to the south to Luxembourg and Strasbourg. Brussels is the hub of a range of national roads, the main ones being clockwise: the N1 (N to Breda), N2 (E to Maastricht), N3 (E to Aachen), N4 (SE to Luxembourg) N5 (S to Rheims), N6 (S to Maubeuge), N7 (SW to Lille), N8 (W to Koksijde) and N9 (NW to Ostend). The region is skirted by the European route E19 (N-S) and the E40 (E-W), while the E411 leads away to the SE. Brussels is also served by Brussels Airport, located in the nearby Flemish municipality of Zaventem, and by the smaller Brussels South Charleroi Airport, located near Charleroi (Wallonia), some 50 km from Brussels.	647	Brussels and the European Union	3
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## European Quarter {#european_quarter} Most of the European Union\'s Brussels-based institutions are located within its European Quarter (link=no; link=no), which is the unofficial name of the area corresponding to the approximate triangle between Brussels Park, Cinquantenaire Park and Leopold Park (with the European Parliament\'s hemicycle extending into the latter). The Commission and Council are located on either side of the Rue de la Loi at the heart of this area near Schuman railway station and the Robert Schuman Roundabout. The European Parliament is located over Brussels-Luxembourg railway station, next to the Place du Luxembourg/Luxemburgplein. The area, much of which was known as the Leopold Quarter for most of its history, was historically residential, an aspect which was rapidly lost as the institutions moved in, although the change from a residential area to a more office oriented one had already been underway for some time before the arrival of the European institutions. Historical and residential buildings, although still present, have been largely replaced by modern offices. These buildings were built not according to a high quality master plan or government initiative, but according to speculative private sector construction of office space, without which most buildings of the institutions would not have been built. However, due to Brussels\'s attempts to consolidate its position, there was large government investment in infrastructure in the quarter. Authorities are keen to stress that the previous chaotic development has ended, being replaced by planned architectural competitions and a master plan (see \"future\" below). The architect Benoit Moritz has argued that the area has been an elite enclave surrounded by poorer districts since the mid-19th century, and that the contrast today is comparable to an Indian city. However, he also said that the city has made progress over the last decade in mixing land uses, bringing in more businesses and residences, and that the institutions are more open to \"interacting\" with the city. The quarter\'s land-use is very homogenous and criticised by some, for example the former Commission President, Romano Prodi, for being an administrative ghetto isolated from the rest of the city (though this view is not shared by all). There is also a perceived lack of symbolism, with some such as the architect Rem Koolhaas proposing that Brussels needs an architectural symbol to represent Europe (akin to the Eiffel Tower or Colosseum). Others do not think this is in keeping with the idea of the EU, with the novelist Umberto Eco viewing Brussels as a \"soft capital\"; rather than it being an \"imperial city\" of an empire, it should reflect the EU\'s position as the \"server\" of Europe. Despite this, the plans for redevelopment intend to deal with a certain extent of visual identity in the quarter. ### Commission buildings {#commission_buildings} The most iconic structure is the Berlaymont building, the primary seat of the Commission. It was the first building to be constructed for the Community, originally built in the 1960s. It was designed by Lucien De Vestel, Jean Gilson, André Polak and Jean Polak and paid for by the Belgian Government (who could occupy it if the Commission left Brussels). It was inspired by the UNESCO headquarters building in Paris, designed as a four-pointed star on supporting columns, and at the time an ambitious design. Originally built with flock asbestos, the building was renovated in the 1990s to remove it and renovate the ageing building to cope with enlargement. After a period of exile in the Breydel building on the Avenue d\'Auderghem, the Commission reoccupied the Berlaymont from 2005 and bought the building for €550 million. The president of the Commission occupies the largest office, near the Commission\'s meeting room on the top (13th) floor. Although the main Commission building, it houses only 2,000 out of the 20,000 Commission officials based in Brussels. In addition to the Commissioners and their cabinets, the Berlaymont also houses the Commission\'s Secretariat-General and Legal Service. Across the quarter the Commission occupies 865000 m2 in 61 buildings with the Berlaymont and Charlemagne buildings the only ones over 50000 m2. <File:Belgique> - Bruxelles - Schuman - Berlaymont - 01.jpg\\|The Berlaymont building, primary headquarters of the European Commission <File:Charlemagne> building across rdll.jpg\\|The Charlemagne building, the Commission\'s second largest building, housing DG TRADE, DG ECFIN and the Internal Audit Service ### Councils buildings {#councils_buildings} Across the Rue de la Loi from the Berlaymont is the Europa building, which the Council of the European Union and the European Council have used as their headquarters since the beginning of 2017. Their former home in the adjacent Justus Lipsius building is still used for low-level meetings and to house the Council\'s Secretariat, which has been located in Brussels\' city centre and the Charlemagne building during the course of its history. The renovation and construction of the new Council building was intended to change the image of the European Quarter, and was designed by the architect Philippe Samyn to be a \"feminine\" and \"jazzy\" building to contrast with the hard, more \"masculine\" architecture of other EU buildings. The building features a \"lantern shaped\" structure surrounded by a glass atrium made up of recycled windows from across Europe, intended to appear \"united from afar but showing their diversity up close.\" <File:Europa> building February 2016 (cropped).jpg\\|The Europa building, seat of the European Council and the Council of the European Union <File:Justus> Lipsius tout le nord-est 689.jpg\\|The Justus Lipsius building is still used for low-level meetings and to house the Council\'s Secretariat.	908	Brussels and the European Union	4
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## European Quarter {#european_quarter} ### Parliament buildings {#parliament_buildings} The European Parliament\'s buildings are located to the south between Leopold Park and the Place du Luxembourg, over Brussels-Luxembourg railway station, which is underground. The complex, known as the \"Espace Léopold\" (or \"Leopoldsruimte\" in Dutch), has two main buildings: the Paul-Henri Spaak building and the Altiero Spinelli building, which cover 372000 m2. The complex is not the official seat of the Parliament with its work being split with Strasbourg (its official seat) and Luxembourg (its secretariat). However, the decision-making bodies of the Parliament, along with its committees and some of its plenary sessions, are held in Brussels to the extent that three-quarters of its activity take place in the city. The Parliament buildings were extended with the new D4 and D5 buildings being completed and occupied in 2007 and 2008. It is believed the complex now provides enough space for the Parliament with no major new building projects foreseen. <File:Building> of the European Parliament in Brussels.jpg\\|The Espace Léopold buildings, housing the European Parliament <File:Belgique> - Bruxelles - Parlement européen - 06.jpg\\|The Paul-Henri Spaak building <File:Belgique> - Bruxelles - Parlement européen - 07.jpg\\|The Altiero Spinelli building ### Other institutions {#other_institutions} The European External Action Service (EEAS) has been based in the Triangle building since 1 December 2010. The EEAS\'s bodies related to the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) are situated in the Kortenberg building. The Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions together occupy the Delors building, which is next to Leopold Park and used to be occupied by the Parliament. They also use the office building Bertha von Suttner. Both buildings were named in 2006. Brussels also hosts two additional EU agencies: the European Defence Agency (located on the italic=no/italic=no) and the Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation (in Madou Plaza Tower in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode). There is also EUROCONTROL, a semi-EU air traffic control agency covering much of Europe and the Western European Union, which is a non-EU military organisation currently merging into the EU\'s CFSP, and is headquartered in Haren, on the north-eastern perimeter of the City of Brussels.	357	Brussels and the European Union	5
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## Demography and economic impact {#demography_and_economic_impact} The EU\'s presence in Brussels has created significant social and economic impact. `{{Interlanguage link\|Jean-Luc Vanraes\|nl}}`{=mediawiki}, member of the Brussels Parliament responsible for the city\'s external relations, goes as far to say the prosperity of Brussels \"is a consequence of the European presence\". As well as the institutions themselves, large companies are drawn to the city due to the EU\'s presence. In total, about 10% of the city has a connection to the international community. In terms of demographics, 46% of the population of Brussels is from outside Belgium; of this, half is from other EU member states. About 3/5 of European civil servants live in the Brussels-Capital Region with 63% in the municipalities around the European district (24% in the Flemish Region and 11% in the Walloon Region). Half of civil servants are home owners. The \"international community\" in Brussels numbers at least 70,000 people. The institutions draw in, directly employed and employed by representatives, 50,000 people to work in the city. A further 20,000 people are working in Brussels due to the presence of the institutions (generating €2 billion a year) and 2000 foreign companies drawn into the city employ 80,000 multilingual locals. In Brussels, there are 3500000 m² of occupied office space; half of this is taken up by the EU institutions alone, accounting for a quarter of available office space in the city. The majority of EU office space is concentrated in the Leopold Quarter. Running costs of the EU institutions total €2 billion a year, half of which benefit Brussels directly, and a further €0.8 billion come from the expenses of diplomats, journalists, etc. Business tourism in the city generates 2.2 million annual hotel room nights. There are thirty international schools (15,000 pupils run by 2000 employees) costing €99 million a year. However, there is considerable division between the two communities, with local Brussels residents feeling excluded from the European Quarter (a \"white collar ghetto\"). The communities often do not mix much, with expatriates having their own society. This is in part down to that many expatriates in Brussels stay for short periods only and do not always learn the local languages (supplanted by English/Globish), remaining in expatriate communities and sending their children to European Schools, rather than local Belgian ones.	387	Brussels and the European Union	6
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## Future ### Rebuilding In September 2007, then-Commissioner for Administrative Affairs, Siim Kallas, together with then-Brussels Minister-President, Charles Picqué, unveiled plans for rebuilding the district. It would involve new buildings (220000 m2 of new office space) but also more efficient use of existing space. This is primarily through replacing numerous smaller buildings with fewer, larger, buildings. In March 2009, a French-Belgian-British team led by the French architect Christian de Portzamparc won a competition to redesign the Rue de la Loi between Maalbeek/Maelbeek Garden and the Résidence Palace in the east to the Small Ring in the west. Siim Kallas stated that the project, which would be put into action gradually rather than all at once, would create a \"symbolic area for the EU institutions\" giving \"body and soul to the European political project\" and providing the Commission with extra office space. The road would be reduced from four lanes to two, and be returned to two-way traffic (rather than all west-bound) and the architects proposed a tram line to run down the centre. A series of high-rise buildings would be built on either side with three \'flagship\' skyscrapers at the east end on the north side. Charles Picqué described the towers as \"iconic buildings that will be among the highest in Brussels\" and that \"building higher allows you to turn closed blocks into open spaces.\" The tallest towers at the eastern end would be subject to a separate architectural competition and would be symbolic of the Commission. The freed-up space (some 180000 m2) would be given over to housing, shops, services and open spaces to give the area a more \"human\" feel. A sixth European School may also be built. On the western edge of the quarter, on the Small Ring, there would be \"gates to Europe\" to add visual impact. Given the delays and cost of the Berlaymont and other projects, the Commissioner emphasised that the new plans would offer \"better value for money\" and that the designs would be subject to an international architectural competition. He also pushed that controlling the buildings carbon footprint would be \"an integral part of the programme\". #### Pedestrian squares {#pedestrian_squares} There were plans to pedestrianise parts of the Rue de la Loi next to the Berlaymont. A new italic=no/italic=no (currently the Robert Schuman Roundabout) would be one of three new pedestrian squares. Schuman would focus on \"policy and politics\" and Schuman station itself would be redesigned. Coverings over nearby motorways and railways would be extended to shield them from view. However, the planned pedestrianisation of the Schuman Roundabout was cancelled in late 2014. A pedestrian and visual link would be created between the Berlaymont and Leopold Park by demolishing sections of the ground to fourth floors of the Justus Lipsius, the south \"bland\" facade of which would be redesigned. Further pedestrian and cycle links would be created around the quarter. Pedestrian routes would also be created for demonstrations. Next to the Parliament at Leopold Park, the block of buildings between the italic=no/italic=no and the italic=no/italic=no would be removed, creating a broad boulevard-like extension of the Place du Luxembourg, the second pedestrian square (focusing on citizens). The third pedestrian square would be the italic=no/italic=no (for events and festivities). Wider development may also surround Cinquantenaire Park with plans for a new metro station, underground car park and the \"Europeanisation\" of part of the Cinquantenaire complex with a \"socio-cultural facility\". It is possible that the Council may have to move to this area from the Europa building for security reasons. ### Further quarters {#further_quarters} The concentration of offices in the European Quarter has led to increase real estate prices due to the increased demand and reduced space. In response to this problem, the Commission has, since 2004, begun decentralising across the city to areas such as the italic=no/italic=no in Auderghem and the italic=no/italic=no in Evere. This has reduced price increases but it is still one of the most expensive areas in the city (€295/m^2^, compared to €196/m^2^ on average). Neither the Parliament nor the Council have followed suit, however, and the policy of decentralisation is unpopular among the Commission\'s staff. Nevertheless, the Commission intends to develop two or three large \"poles\" outside the quarter, each greater than 100000 m2. The Heysel/Heizel Plateau has been proposed as one of the new poles by the City of Brussels, which intends to develop the area as an international district regardless. The park, built around the Atomium landmark, already hosts a European School, has the largest parking facilities in Belgium, a metro station, an exhibition centre and the Mini-Europe miniature park. The city intends to build an international conference centre with 3,500 seats and an \"important commercial centre.\" The Commission will respond to the proposal in the first half of 2009.`{{Update inline\|date=April 2020}}`{=mediawiki} As for the existing Beaulieu pole, which is to the south east of the European Quarter, there is a proposal to link it with the main quarter by covering the railway lines between Beaulieu and the European Parliament (the esplanade of which sits on top of Brussels-Luxembourg railway station). Traffic on the lines is expected to increase creating environmental problems that would be solved by covering the lines. The surface would then be covered by flagstones, in the same manner as the Parliament\'s esplanade, to create a pedestrian/cyclist path between the two districts. The plan proposes that this \"promenade of Europeans\" of 3720 m be divided into areas dedicated to each of the member states.	915	Brussels and the European Union	7
9,981,557	# Brussels and the European Union ## Future ### Political status {#political_status} Belgium operates a complex federal system and is divided into three regions, with the Brussels-Capital Region being an independent region, alongside Flanders and Wallonia. The regions are mostly responsible for the economy, mobility and other territory-related matters. Belgium is also divided into three communities: the Flemish Community, the French Community and the German-speaking Community. These communities are responsible for language-related matters such as culture or education. Brussels does not belong to any community, but has a bilingual status, so Brussels\' inhabitants may enjoy education, cultural affairs and education organised by the Flemish and/or the French community. This structure is the result of many compromises in the political spectrum going from separatism to unionism, while also combining the wishes of the Brussels population to have a degree of independence, as well as those of the Flemish and Walloon populations to having a level of influence over Brussels. The system has been criticised by some but it has also been compared to the EU, as a \"laboratory of Europe\". In the hypothetical scenario of a separation of Belgium, the future status of Brussels is unknown. It might become an EU member state, or jointly run by the nations formed from Belgium and the EU itself. The possible status of Brussels as a \"city state\" has also been suggested by Charles Picqué, who sees a tax on the EU institutions as a way of enriching the city. However, the Belgian issue has very little discussion within the EU bodies. The boundaries of the Brussels-Capital Region were determined from the 1947 language census\' data. This was the last time that some municipalities were legally converted from monolingual Dutch-speaking into bilingual municipalities, joined with the Brussels agglomeration. The suggestive nature of the questions led to massive protests in Flanders (especially around Brussels), causing it to be unlikely to ever hold a language-related census again in Belgium. The result is that the Brussels Region is now a lot smaller than the French-speaking influence around the capital, and that there is very little space left in Brussels for important expansions of its infrastructure. Enlarging the territory of Brussels could potentially give it around 1.5 million inhabitants, an airport, a bigger forest, and bring the Brussels Ring onto its territory. A large and independent status may also help Brussels in its claim as the capital of the EU	402	Brussels and the European Union	8
9,981,564	# Mycobacterium goodii *Mycobacterium goodii* is an acid-fast bacterial species in the phylum Actinomycetota and the genus Mycobacterium. ## Description M. goodii cells are Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast rods. ### Colony characteristics {#colony_characteristics} Colonies of M. goodii are smooth to mucoid, off-white to cream coloured. in After 10--14 days incubation, 78% of all strains produce a yellow or orange pigment. ### Physiology Strains of M. goodii show rapid growth on Middlebrook 7H10 and trypticase soy agar at 30 °C, 35 °C and 45 °C within 2--4 days. They are susceptible to the antibiotics amikacin, ethambutol, and sulfamethoxazole but show intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline and tobramycin and variable susceptibility to cefmetazole, cefoxitin and clarithromycin. They are resistant to isoniazid and rifampicin. ## Pathogenesis M. goodii is found in many of the same settings as M. smegmatis and members of the M. fortuitum complex. It can cause post-traumatic wound infections especially those following open fractures and with associated osteomyelitis and chronic lipoid pneumonia. ## Type strain {#type_strain} The type strain of M. goodii (Strain MO69 = ATCC 700504 = CIP 106349 = DSM 44492 = JCM 12689) was first isolated from a patient with a post-traumatic osteomyelitis of the heel in the United States. Mycobacterium goodii was previously known as Mycobacterium smegmatis group 2	212	Mycobacterium goodii	0
9,981,570	# Rupert Neve Arthur Rupert Neve (31 July 1926 -- 12 February 2021) was a British-American electronics engineer and entrepreneur, who was a pioneering designer of professional audio recording equipment. He designed analog recording and audio mixing equipment that was sought after by professional musicians and recording technicians. Some of his customers were music groups The Beatles, Aerosmith and Nirvana, and recording studios Sound City Studios and Abbey Road Studios. Companies that he was associated with included Neve Electronics, Focusrite, AMS Neve, and Rupert Neve Designs. He received a Technical Grammy Award for lifetime achievement in 1997. ## Early life {#early_life} Arthur Rupert Neve was born on 31 July 1926 in Newton Abbot, England. He spent much of his early childhood in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where his father was a missionary with the British and Foreign Bible Society. He began designing audio amplifiers and radio receivers from age 13. The start of World War II increased demand for radios and Neve began repairing and selling radios. At 17 years of age, he served in World War II, and was a member of the Army\'s Royal Corps of Signals. ## Career Neve began his career after the war as a designer of public address systems, and recorded speakers and singers on lacquer discs, including recording running addressal systems`{{clarify\|date=February 2021}}`{=mediawiki} and recording prime minister Winston Churchill\'s speeches in the 1940s and distributing their recordings to radio stations for broadcast. He provided the public address systems for Queen Elizabeth, then a princess, at the opening of the St Andrew\'s Church, Plymouth, which had been rebuilt after being destroyed in the Blitz. He worked in the 1950s with Rediffusion, a forerunner of early cable TV systems. Neve left the company, and formed CQ Audio, a company specialising in the manufacture of hifi speaker systems. In 1961, he formed Neve Electronics, and began designing and building mixing consoles for recording studios. He started out by designing and building a mixing console for composer Desmond Leslie, from Castle Leslie, Ireland, where the original desk is still housed. He built a transistor-based mixing console with an equalizer for Phillips Recording Studio in London in 1964. One of his customers during this period was The Beatles and their producer George Martin. He sold his company Neve Electronics and worked with Manchester-based Amtek Systems in 1975. During the 1970s, he designed a training program for missionaries to use radio broadcasting equipment. Neve worked on microphone preamplifiers, equalizers, compressors and early large format mixing consoles. Many of his long discontinued products are considered classic equipment and are sought after by the professionals in the recording industry. This has resulted in several companies releasing products that are Neve replicas or clones. He is often credited for designing the modern recording console. In 1989, he was inducted into the Mix Hall of Fame, and in 1997 he was the third person to receive a Technical Grammy Award for lifetime accomplishment. In a 1999 survey conducted by Studio Sound magazine he was selected by his peers as the number one audio personality of the 20th century. Dave Grohl interviewed Neve for the 2013 documentary Sound City, a documentary about the recording studio of the same name. Some of his customers included music groups Aerosmith, Nirvana, and recording studio Abbey Road Studios in addition to Sound City Studios.	554	Rupert Neve	0
9,981,570	# Rupert Neve ## Career ### Associated companies {#associated_companies} #### Neve and AMS Neve {#neve_and_ams_neve} Neve\'s first company was a manufacturer of high-end recording consoles in England. It operated out of Neve\'s home at first, and moved to its own premises in the late 1960s. It was sold in 1973 to Bonochord Group of companies and Rupert Neve left the company in 1975. As a condition of the sale Neve signed a 10-year non-compete agreement. The original Neve group was sold to Siemens in 1985. Siemens then merged Neve with another UK audio console manufacturer AMS (Advanced Music Systems) and formed AMS Neve. The company was later sold to Tom Misner of the School of Audio Engineering. #### Focusrite Focusrite was founded by Neve with his wife Evelyn. The company manufactured equalizers, processors, and amplifiers. The company made rack-mounted recording equipment, outboard gear, dynamic processors, and equalizers. The company was liquidated in 1989. Phil Dudderidge, who incorporated a new company, Focusrite Audio Engineering Ltd, bought the assets of the company. #### ARN Consultants {#arn_consultants} Neve started ARN Consultants, a consulting firm, with his wife in 1975, during a period of non-compete agreement with Neve Electronics. In 1989, the firm partnered with Amek Systems design a range of outboard equipment and consoles. ARN consultants also helped design the ES pickup system for Taylor\'s acoustic guitars. Rupert also designed the K4 preamplifier for Taylor. ARN Consultants also designed the two-channel mastering box, called the Masterpiece, for Legendary Audio. #### Rupert Neve Designs {#rupert_neve_designs} Neve established Rupert Neve Designs in 2005, to market a variety of microphone preamplifiers, equalizers, compressors, and other recording equipment. The company entered the project studio market with its Portico series, which enabled modular mixing and recording components. The company also manufactures a line mixer, the 5088. The company won multiple TEC Awards in recognition for their product innovation. Neve partnered with sE Electronics in 2008, to design the Rupert Neve Signature Series of microphones. By April 2015, three models had been introduced: the RNR1 active ribbon microphone, the RN17 small-diaphragm condenser microphone, and the RNT large-diaphragm vacuum tube condenser microphone. ## Personal life and death {#personal_life_and_death} Neve was married to his wife, Evelyn, for nearly 70 years until his death. The couple had five children and moved to Wimberley, Texas, United States, in 1994, and became U.S. citizens in 2002. Neve died on 12 February 2021 in Wimberley due to pneumonia and heart failure. He was aged 94	410	Rupert Neve	1
9,981,581	# Bathurst High Campus The Bathurst High Campus (abbreviated as BHC or BHS) of Denison College of Secondary Education is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school campus, located in Bathurst, in the Central West region of New South Wales, Australia. Established in 1883 as Bathurst High School, the school amalgamated with Kelso High School in 2007 to form Denison College of Secondary Education. In 2018 Bathurst High Campus enrolled approximately 1,200 students from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom approximately eleven percent identified as Indigenous Australians and six percent were from a language background other than English. The campus is operated by the NSW Department of Education; and the Campus Principal is Ken Barwick. The campus has several bands and a range of art, visual design, dance and drama classes, and debating teams. ## Denison College of Secondary Education {#denison_college_of_secondary_education} After the August 2005 fire which destroyed Kelso High, Denison College was formed to share curriculum, facilities and staff between schools in order to enhance student choice. Bathurst High has since undergone a name change from Bathurst High School to Bathurst High Campus; and is a campus of Denison College of Secondary Education. ## Astley Cup {#astley_cup} The Astley Cup is a long-standing sporting competition between Bathurst High, Orange High and Dubbo Senior College. The Astley Cup incorporates rugby league, girls and boys soccer, tennis, hockey, basketball, karate, netball, polo and athletics. The Astley Cup also includes the coveted Mulvey Cup debating competition. Bathurst High has had a long history of victory in this debating competition, successfully taking out the cup this year	265	Bathurst High Campus	0
9,981,595	# ZFC Meuselwitz Zipsendorfer Fußballclub Meuselwitz is a German association football club from Meuselwitz, Thuringia. ## History The origins of the club go back to the establishment of Aktivist Zipsendorf in 1919. After World War II the club played as BSG Aktivist Zipsendorf and enjoyed some early minor success with three consecutive titles (1954--56) in the Kreisliga Altenburg and a 1962 win in local cup play. However, the club remained mired in the lower echelons of East German competition. When the community of Zipsendorf was merged into nearby Meuselwitz in 1976 the team was re-christened BSG Aktivist Meuselwitz. In 1991, after German re-unification the year before, the club briefly joined SV Bergbau as that association\'s football department before going their own way, first as FV Zipsendorf and then, in 1994, as Zipsendorfer Fußballclub Meuselwitz. Mid-way through the decade the club began an ascent out of the lower divisions of German football. Between 1993 and 1997 they worked their way up through four different divisions on the strength of four consecutive titles before settling into the Landesliga Thuringia (V) for seven seasons. Under coach Damian Halata the club reached the semi-finals of the 2003 Thüringerpokal (Thuringia Cup) and the following season captured the Landesliga title to advance to the NOFV-Oberliga Süd (IV) where they played for five seasons until winning promotion to the Regionalliga Nord in 2009. After three seasons at this level the club moved to the Regionalliga Nordost in 2012 when this league was reformed. It has been playing as a mid-table side in this league since. The association has grown to include departments for bowling and cheerleading. ## Stadium The club plays its home matches in the bluechip-Arena (capacity 5,000) named under a sponsorship agreement with a local computer firm. The facility was constructed as the Stadion Glaserkuppe in 1953 and refurbished over a two-year period ending in 2004. ## Current squad {#current_squad} ## Honours The club\'s honours: - NOFV-Oberliga Süd (V) - Champions: 2009 - Landesliga Thüringen (V) - Champions: 2004 - Landesklasse Ost (V) - Champions: 1997 - Kreisliga Altenburg (VI) - Champions: 1994 - Bezirksliga Gera (VI) - Champions: 1996 - Bezirksklasse Gera (VII) - Champions: 1995 - Thuringian Cup - Champions: 2010, 2011, 2025 ## Recent seasons {#recent_seasons} The recent season-by-season performance of the club: ------------ ---------------------- ---------- -------------- Year Division Tier Position 1999--2000 Thüringenliga V 6th 2000--01 7th 2001--02 8th 2002--03 2nd 2003--04 1st ↑ 2004--05 NOFV-Oberliga Süd IV 6th 2005--06 5th 2006--07 5th 2007--08 8th 2008--09 V 1st ↑ 2009--10 Regionalliga Nord IV 10th 2010--11 11th 2011--12 9th 2012--13 Regionalliga Nordost 7th 2013--14 10th 2014--15 14th 2015--16 14th 2016--17 14th 2017--18 10th 2018--19 10th 2019--20 10th 2020--21 18th 2021--22 14th ------------ ---------------------- ---------- -------------- - With the introduction of the Regionalligas in 1994 and the 3. Liga in 2008 as the new third tier, below the 2. Bundesliga, all leagues below dropped one tier	482	ZFC Meuselwitz	0
9,981,616	# Charles Lane (transcendentalist) Charles Lane (31 March 1800 -- 5 January 1870) was an English-American transcendentalist, abolitionist, and early voluntaryist. Along with Amos Bronson Alcott, he was one of the main founders of Fruitlands and a vegan. ## Early life {#early_life} Lane was born in Hackney, then east of London, and edited a financial publication, The London Merchant Current. He was a disciple of James Pierrepont Greaves, a member of Alcott House at Ham Common in Surrey, and a contributor to The Dial. ## Fruitlands Lane was an admirer of Bronson Alcott, for whom Alcott House had been named. The two met in 1842, when Alcott had traveled to England to enlist support and people for his experiment in communal living. Lane offered his support and returned to the United States with Alcott on October 21, 1842. The next May, Lane purchased the 90 acre Wyman Farm in Harvard, Massachusetts,`{{r\|Packer\|p=148}}`{=mediawiki} for \$1800 (\~\$`{{Format price\|{{Inflation\|index=US-GDP\|value=1800\|start_year=1800}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year\|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}). They had moved to the farm on June 1 and optimistically gave it the name \"Fruitlands\", despite there being only ten old apple trees on the property.`{{r\|Packer\|p=148}}`{=mediawiki} A month later, Alcott announced the community in The Dial: \"We have made an arrangement with the proprietor of an estate of about a hundred acres, which liberates this tract from human ownership\".`{{r\|Packer\|p=148}}`{=mediawiki} In principle, the Fruitlands reformers did not believe in purchasing property; Lane said the following on the subject: \"We do not recognize the purchase of land; but its redemption from the debasing state of proprium, or property, to divine uses, we clearly understand; where those whom the world esteems owners are found yielding their individual rights to the Supreme Owner.\" The commune attracted 14 residents, including the Alcott and Lane families. \"The consociate family\", as Fruitlands residents referred to themselves,`{{r\|Packer\|p=148}}`{=mediawiki} wished to achieve complete freedom by separating entirely from the world economy. To accomplish this, they refrained from trade, allowed no personal property, and did not use hired labor. They intended to grow all their own food; they also eliminated animal products from their diets entirely. Referring to their vegan diet, Lane wrote, \"Neither coffee, tea, molasses, nor rice tempts us beyond the bounds of indigenous production\... No animal substances neither flesh, butter, cheese, eggs, nor milk pollute our tables, nor corrupt our bodies.\" Diet was usually fruit and water; many vegetables---including carrots, beets, and potatoes---were forbidden because they showed a lower nature by growing downward. Lane and Alcott also asked participants to wear only linen clothes and canvas shoes; cotton fabric was forbidden because it exploited slave labor and wool was banned because it came from sheep. As they believed that animals should not be exploited, Fruitlands would not use animals though, eventually, they allowed an ox and a cow. The land that Lane purchased for Fruitlands proved to be not sufficiently arable. Fruitlands ultimately failed the winter after it opened, largely due to food shortages and accompanying unrest in the inhabitants. Lane blamed the community\'s failure on Alcott, who he believed misled him with his optimism.`{{r\|Packer\|p=149}}`{=mediawiki} Alcott and Lane also disagreed on definitions of the consociate family. Lane believed in the renunciation of marriage in exchange for a universal or communal family. ## Shakers In January 1844, Lane left Fruitlands with his son to join a local community of Shakers.`{{r\|Packer\|p=149}}`{=mediawiki} Lane admired the Shaker commitment to celibacy and it was one of the points that drew him there.`{{r\|Rose197}}`{=mediawiki} Lane continued his work and joined the Shaker community; but could not settle there. He attempted another communal venture at Red Bank, New Jersey. He was only there for a short time. In 1846 he returned to England, remarried, and fathered five children.	610	Charles Lane (transcendentalist)	0
9,981,616	# Charles Lane (transcendentalist) ## Voluntaryist leanings {#voluntaryist_leanings} Charles Lane was probably the most consistent voluntaryist of the abolitionist era. He was friendly with Amos Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Thoreau. Between January and June 1843 a series of nine letters he penned were published in such abolitionist\'s papers as The Liberator and The Herald of Freedom. The title under which they were published was \"A Voluntary Political Government,\" and in them Lane described the state in terms of institutionalized violence and referred to its \"club law, its mere brigand right of a strong arm, \[supported\] by guns and bayonets.\" He saw the coercive state on par with \"forced\" Christianity. \"Everyone can see that the church is wrong when it comes to men with the \[B\]ible in one hand, and the sword in the other.\" \"Is it not equally diabolical for the state to do so?\" Lane believed that governmental rule was only tolerated by public opinion because the fact was not yet recognized that all the true purposes of the state could be carried out on the voluntary principle, just as churches could be sustained voluntarily. Reliance on the voluntary principle could only come about through \"kind, orderly, and moral means\" that were consistent with the totally voluntary society he was advocating. \"Let us have a voluntary State as well as a voluntary Church, and we may possibly then have some claim to the appellation of free men.\" ## Death Lane died on 11 January 1870, eleven weeks before his 70th birthday. His grave is in Hook Churchyard	260	Charles Lane (transcendentalist)	1
9,981,730	# Walker Road Walker Road is one of the busiest roads in Windsor, Ontario. It has an average annual daily traffic (AADT) level of 32,000 cars per day at the CP Rail crossing. ## History The road is named after Hiram Walker, distillery baron. The CP Rail crossing where Walker Road meets Grand Marais Road and the Chrysler Canada Windsor plant is the location where the Tornado of 1946 cut through and reached its peak intensity (F4). Today, the road is very busy, servicing mainly industries and businesses along the road, with an interchange with E.C. Row Expressway. It begins at the Hiram Walker distillery and continues southerly past the Chrysler Canada minivan plant and the Windsor Airport. Outside the City of Windsor, Walker Road was designated as a \"Windsor Suburban Road\", with its shield remaining the same, but with Windsor Suburban replacing \"Essex County\". In 1998, the Windsor Suburban Roads Commission was disbanded and the road reverted to Essex County. ## In the field {#in_the_field} At the Highway 401 overpass (which is the city limits for Windsor), the road gains the designation of Essex County Road 11. It does not have direct access to Highway 401, but it does intersect with Provincial Road (County Road 46) which has an interchange with Highway 401 approximately 500 metres southeast of Walker Road. The road is dead straight for 17 km, before swinging southeast (concurrent with County Road 18) towards Harrow, Ontario, its final terminus	243	Walker Road	0
9,981,754	# Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg Johann Philipp (25 January 1597 -- 1 April 1639), was a duke of Saxe-Altenburg. He was born in Torgau, the eldest (but fourth in order of birth) surviving son of Friedrich Wilhelm I, Duke of Saxe-Weimar and Anna Maria of the Palatinate-Neuburg, his second wife. ## Childhood When his father died (1602), Johann Philipp and his younger brothers Frederick, Johann Wilhelm and Friedrich Wilhelm were underage. Because of this, his uncle Johann (more interested in natural sciences and art than politics) took over his guardianship and the regency of his inheritance; but shortly after he took all the duchy of Saxe-Weimar into his own hands. The next year (1603), the young prince of Saxe-Weimar demanded his own inheritance, but his uncle Johann opposed this. But finally, both parts made a divisionary treaty of the family lands: Johann Philipp and his brothers took Altenburg and some towns, and Johann retained Weimar and Jena. Because they were still underage, the regency of his duchy was taken by Christian II, Elector of Saxony (1603--1611) and later by his brother and next Elector, John George I (1611--1618). ## Adulthood In 1618, Johann Philipp, as elder son, was declared adult and assumed the government of the duchy of Saxe-Altenburg. Also, he took over the guardianship of his younger siblings. The four brothers co-ruled the duchy, but two of them died soon after and childless: Frederick, who was killed in action in 1625, and Johann Wilhelm, died in Brieg on 1632. Johann Philipp and his only surviving brother, Friedrich Wilhelm II, continued as co-rulers; but, in fact, it was Johann Philipp who really assumed the supreme and full control of the government until his death. In 1613, Johann Philipp was appointed Dean of the University of Leipzig. Also, he was an active member of the Fruitbearing Society. In 1638, he received the towns of Coburg, Bad Rodach, Römhild, Hildburghausen and Neustadt, according to the divisionary treaty between him and the branch of Saxe-Weimar after the death of the duke John Ernest of Saxe-Eisenach without surviving issue. Before his death, he made a will, when he declared his daughter the general heiress of the branch of Saxe-Altenburg, only in case of extinction of the male issue of the family. This will later originated a dispute between the branches of Saxe-Gotha and Saxe-Weimar. Johann Philipp died in Altenburg, and was succeeded by his younger and only surviving brother, Frederick William II. ## Marriage and issue {#marriage_and_issue} In Altenburg on 25 October 1618 Johann Philipp married Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (dowager sister-in-law of his former regents, the Electors of Saxony Christian II and Johann Georg I). They had only one surviving child, a daughter: 1. Elisabeth Sophie (b. Halle, 10 October 1619 - d. Gotha, 20 December 1680), married on 24 October 1636 to Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha	475	Johann Philipp, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg	0
9,981,783	# Symphony No. 32 (Michael Haydn) Michael Haydn\'s Symphony No. 32 in D major, Perger 23, Sherman 32, MH 420, was written in Salzburg in 1786. Scored for flute, 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani and strings. It is Haydn\'s only symphony in two movements; this it has in common with Carl Nielsen\'s Symphony No. 5 but not much else (Delarte, 2006). 1. Vivace assai 2. Rondeau The first movement, in `{{music\|time\|3\|8}}`{=mediawiki}, begins softly with a somewhat dancelike theme. At measure 20, a new theme is introduced forte with a more pronounced dance character. After the establishment of A major, the second subject group begins at measure 41: leading to a much more lyrical theme at measure 55. After a typical unison scale run, the exposition concludes with A major firmly established as the tonic. The development is concerned almost exclusively with Example 2. A general pause precedes the recapitulation, which besides reorienting the second subject group to D major, also mixes the subjects of the groups together, with special emphasis on Example 2. Haydn indicated the development, recapitulation and coda are to be repeated as a unit, but that repeat is normally ignored in modern performance. For the slow movement, the second oboist switches to flute. The concluding Rondo\'s principal theme is triadic to an extent not encountered in the previous movement, while the contrasting themes tend to be stepwise. ## Discography On the CPO label, this symphony is available on a CD that also includes Symphonies Nos. 21, 30 and 31; Johannes Goritzki conducting the Deutsche Kammerakademie Neuss. The exposition repeat in the first movement is obeyed, the repeat of the development and recapitulation is ignored	281	Symphony No. 32 (Michael Haydn)	0
9,981,805	# Aundrae Allison Aundrae Akeem Allison (born June 25, 1984) is an American former professional football wide receiver. He was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round of the 2007 NFL draft. He played college football at East Carolina. He was also a member of the New York Jets, Virginia Destroyers, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. ## Early life {#early_life} Allison attended A. L. Brown High School in Kannapolis, North Carolina. He was an Associated Press All-State selection during his senior season and earned All-Conference honors twice. ## College career {#college_career} ### Georgia Military College {#georgia_military_college} Allison enrolled at Georgia Military College in Milledgeville, GA January 2003 after leaving Coffeyville JUCO. He made junior college all-American and also earned a two-year AAS degree from the prestigious school. ### East Carolina University {#east_carolina_university} Allison played college football at East Carolina University for two years. In 2005, Allison was the first player in school history to pick up over 1,000 reception yards with 83 catches for 1,024 yards. He had seven touchdowns in 11 games that season. Allison\'s 83 receptions are second in all-time single-season school history. In addition, Allison averaged 12.3 yards per reception and 93.1 yards per game (second best in Conference USA) and had five 100-yard receiving games, which was the most in a single season at ECU. Allison led the conference and was 4th nationally in receptions per game with 7.55. At the conclusion of the season, Allison was named a first-team All-Conference USA selection. During the 2006 season his production went down a bit, finishing with 62 receptions for 708 and four touchdowns. After the 2006 season, Allison entered the NFL draft. ### Statistics ------------------------------ East Carolina statistics Year 2005 2006 *Totals* ------------------------------	287	Aundrae Allison	0
9,981,805	# Aundrae Allison ## Professional career {#professional_career} ### Minnesota Vikings {#minnesota_vikings} Allison was selected by the Minnesota Vikings in the fifth round (146th overall) of the 2007 NFL draft. During his rookie season with the Vikings, Allison served as a wide receiver and kickoff returner. In Week 13 against the Detroit Lions, Allison returned a kickoff 104 yards for a touchdown---a franchise record at the time. Although not starting, he appeared in 11 of 16 regular season games. He caught a total of 8 passes for 122 yds, and returned 20 kicks for 574 yards. Allison recorded 10 receptions for 109 yards in 2008. After the team\'s failed attempts to trade him, Allison was waived by the Vikings on August 4, 2009. ### New York Jets {#new_york_jets} Allison was claimed off waivers by the New York Jets on August 5, 2009. The team waived wide receiver Mario Urrutia to make room for Allison on the roster. Allison was sidelined for the 2009 season after suffering a torn ACL against the Philadelphia Eagles in the Jets final preseason game. Allison recovered and was preparing to maintain a spot on the active roster. This effort would be cut short as Allison was waived on August 29, 2010. ### Virginia Destroyers (first stint) {#virginia_destroyers_first_stint} Allison was selected by the Virginia Destroyers in the fourth round (19th overall) of the 2011 UFL Draft. He signed with the team for the 2011 season on July 6, 2011. ### Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#tampa_bay_buccaneers} On August 14, 2011, Allison signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, but was waived on August 29. ### Virginia Destroyers (second stint) {#virginia_destroyers_second_stint} After being waived by the Buccaneers, Allison was re-signed by the Destroyers. The Destroyers, coached by NFL legend Marty Schottenheimer, would become the UFL champions with Allison leading the team in all receiving categories. ## Personal life {#personal_life} In 2010, Allison created the luxury fashion brand Wealthy War Intentions. The brand is co-owned by former New York Jets running back Chris Johnson, whom Allison went to college with	338	Aundrae Allison	1
9,981,824	# José Matías Delgado Political Chief of San Salvador \\| status = \\| term_start = 28 November 1821 \\| term_end = 9 February 1823 \\| monarch = Agustín I (until 19 March 1823) \\| predecessor = Pedro Barriere \\| successor = Vicente Filísola \\| order2 = \\| office2 = President of the Constituent Assembly of the United Provinces of Central America \\| term_start2 = 24 June 1823 \\| term_end2 = 1 July 1823 \\| predecessor2 = Vicente Filísola\ (as Superior Political Chief) \\| successor2 = First Triumvirate (es) \\| birth_date = 24 February 1767 \\| birth_place = San Salvador, Greater Mayorship of San Salvador (es) \\| death_date = `{{Death date and age\|1832\|11\|12\|1767\|02\|24\|df=y}}`{=mediawiki} \\| death_place = San Salvador, Federal Republic of Central America \\| resting_place = San Salvador Cathedral \\| resting_place_coordinates = 13.6983 N 89.1908 W \\| nationality = Salvadoran \\| party = Independent \\| alma_mater = University of San Carlos of Guatemala \\| occupation = Politician, priest \\| known_for = \\| signature = Firma del presbítero José Matías Delgado.jpg \\| signature_alt = \\| website = \\| module = }} José Matías Delgado y de León (24 February 1767 -- 12 November 1832) was a Salvadoran priest and doctor known as El Padre de la Patria Salvadoreña (The Father of the Salvadoran Fatherland). He was a prominent leader in the independence movement of El Salvador from the Spanish Empire. He opposed El Salvador\'s proposed merger with Guatemala or Mexico. From 28 November 1821 to 9 February 1823, he was the Political Chief of San Salvador. He later served as the President of the Constituent Assembly of the United Provinces of Central America from 24 June 1823 to 1 July 1823. ## Early years {#early_years} José Matías Delgado y de León was born on 24 February 1767 in San Salvador, which was at the time a part of the Spanish Empire administered by the Greater Mayorship of San Salvador (es). His father was Pedro Delgado y Matamoros, a Panamanian who later served as \"Ordinary Mayor of First Vote and Alderman and Royal Ensign\" of San Salvador in 1797. His mother was Mariana de León Mexía, a Guatemalan. He had six siblings: Manuel, Miguel, Josefa, Juan, Francisco, and Mercedes. Through his mother, Delgado was a direct descendant of Sancho de Barahona, a Spanish conquistador who was a companion of Pedro de Alvarado, the conquistador who conquered El Salvador in the 16th century. Delgado studied jurisprudence and canon law at the University of San Carlos of Guatemala and the Tridentine College and Seminary of Our Lady of the Assumption (es) on a scholarship granted by Cayetano Francos y Monroy (es), the Archbishop of Santiago de Guatemala from 1779 to 1792. He attained the grade of Doctor and was ordained as a priest when he graduated in 1794. In 1808, he began the reconstruction of the old Parochial Church of San Salvador (today El Rosario Church), which was finished a decade later.	487	José Matías Delgado	0
9,981,824	# José Matías Delgado ## Independence movement {#independence_movement} In 1808, Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Spain and deposed King Ferdinand VII, replacing him with Joseph I, Napoleon\'s brother, beginning the Peninsular War. The Spanish colonies in the Americas did not recognize Joseph I as their King, and pro-independence sentiments began to arise. Since 28 June 1805, the Colonial Intendant of San Salvador was Antonio Gutiérrez y Ulloa. He was described as \"infatuated\" and \"difficult\" and was unpopular with those residing in San Salvador. In San Salvador, he became a leader of the independence movement. Together with his nephew Manuel José Arce, he was among those who issued the first Cry for Independence in Central America on 5 November 1811 in San Salvador. On this date, he is said to have rung the bells of the Church of La Merced as a public cry for liberty. The rebellion began with confiscating 3,000 guns and the funds in the royal treasury. The provincial intendant, Gutiérrez de Ulloa, was removed, as were most governmental employees. The rebels held the government for nearly a month before royal authority was restored from Guatemala. Delgado\'s brothers Juan and Miguel were also members of the independence movement. In 1813, Delgado was elected a provincial deputy to the council in Guatemala City and became director of the Tridentino Seminary there. He was not in El Salvador at the time of the second insurrection in 1814 and did not take part in it. He was elected provincial deputy again in 1820, and on 15 September 1821, he was among those who signed the Act of Independence of Central America in Guatemala City. On 28 November 1821, he became political chief of the province of San Salvador. ## As head of state of El Salvador {#as_head_of_state_of_el_salvador} When the Central American governmental junta voted to join the Mexican Empire (5 January 1822), Delgado (and many other Salvadorans) opposed this. On 11 January 1822, in San Salvador, the city government, presided over by Padre Delgado, and many members of the public protested the decision. Also, on 11 January, the government of El Salvador seceded from Guatemala to remain outside the Mexican Empire. In April 1822, Colonel Manuel Arzú, in command of Guatemalan troops, occupied the Salvadoran cities of Santa Ana and Sonsonate. On 3 June 1822, Arzú entered San Salvador, reaching the Plaza Major. Nine hours of fighting resulted in many casualties, burned houses, and plundering, but the Guatemalans then withdrew. Delgado\'s nephew, Colonel Manuel José Arce, was one of the commanders of the Salvadoran defenders. On 6 June 1822, Salvadoran troops reoccupied Santa Ana, and later Ahuachapán and Sonsonate. On 2 December 1822, fearing further encroachment from Guatemala, El Salvador officially asked for annexation to the United States. A delegation was sent to the United States to negotiate. That same month, Brigadier Vicente Filísola, Captain General of Guatemala (within the Mexican Empire), marched toward San Salvador. He entered the city on 9 February 1823, declaring respect for people and goods but also the annexation of the province to Mexico. This was the end of José Matías Delgado\'s government. ## Later life {#later_life} Central America declared its independence on the fall of Mexican Emperor Agustín de Iturbide in 1823. Delgado was elected one of the representatives to the constituent congress of the Federal Republic of Central America. This congress met in Guatemala beginning on 24 June 1823, and Delgado was chosen to preside. On 5 May 1824, he was named the first bishop of San Salvador by the local civil authorities and not by the Catholic Church. This entangled him in a serious and long-lasting controversy with the Archbishop of Guatemala and with Popes Leo XII and Pius VIII, which lasted until his death. In 1824, he bought, in Guatemala, with public money, the first official printing press in El Salvador. It was used to publish the first Salvadoran newspaper, El Semanario Político Mercantil. The first issue appeared on 31 July 1824. Delgado died on 12 November 1832 in San Salvador. As his funeral procession passed the Plaza Mayor, mourners showered his coffin with white rose petals. Delgado\'s remains are thought to have been interred at El Rosario Church. ## Legacy On 22 January 1833, the National Assembly declared him Benemérito de la Patria. The Salvadoran lawyer, educator, and journalist Rafael Reyes published the first biographical study of Delgado in December 1878. Later, other Central American intellectuals, including Francisco Gavidia, Carlos Meléndez Chaverri, Ramón López Jiménez, Rodolfo Barón Castro, José Salvador Guandique, and Jorge Lardé y Larín did likewise. His name was given to the town resulting from the merger of Aculhuaca, Paleca, and San Sebastián Texincal on 23 October 1935. Dr. José Matías Delgado University, whose foundation was announced on 15 September 1977, is today located in Antiguo Cuscatlán, a suburb of San Salvador. The National Assembly commissioned a portrait in oil for its chamber. It was made into a lithograph in New York by A. Demarest. A marble bust was installed on Avenida Independencia in San Salvador in 1902. Another statue was donated by the country\'s German, Austrian, and Swiss residents on 14 September 1913. This statue was at the Parque Arce, but the 1986 San Salvador earthquake destroyed it. There is also a statue of Delgado at the university named for him	881	José Matías Delgado	1
9,981,870	# Peace in the Valley \"There\'ll Be Peace in the Valley for Me\", also known informally as \"Peace in the Valley\" is a 1939 song written by Thomas A. Dorsey, originally for Mahalia Jackson. In 1951, a version of the song by Red Foley and the Sunshine Boys was a hit, and among the first gospel recordings to sell one million copies. Elvis Presley performed the song at the close of his third and final appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show, which reached 54.6 million viewers. The song has become one of the ten best-known gospel standards of all time, and has been performed and recorded by numerous artists. ## Background and composition {#background_and_composition} Blues and gospel composer Thomas A. Dorsey conceived the song during the pre-World War II tensions of the late 1930s while traveling via train through southern Indiana. Upon observing horses, cows, and sheep all grazing together in a small valley, Dorsey questioned why mankind can\'t live in peace. \"The Valley\" in this gospel song refers to Heaven. Copyrighted on January 25, 1939 under the title \"There\'ll Be Peace in the Valley for Me\", the song often appears informally as \"Peace in the Valley\". Dorsey intended the song for Mahalia Jackson, with whom he toured off and on through the early 1950s. ## Red Foley version {#red_foley_version} The song was a hit in 1951 for Red Foley backed by the Sunshine Boys Quartet, reaching number seven on the Country & Western Best Seller chart. It was among the first gospel recordings to sell one million copies. Foley\'s version was a 2006 entry into the Library of Congress\' National Recording Registry. ## Elvis Presley version {#elvis_presley_version} Elvis Presley performed the song at the end of his third and final appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on January 6, 1957 against the advice of the show\'s producers, who did not want Elvis to sing a gospel song on national television. Presley insisted on singing the song, which was one of his mother\'s favorites, saying "No, I told my mother that I was going to do 'Peace in the Valley' for her, and I'm going to do it," and Ed Sullivan supported his decision. Introducing the segment, Sullivan noted Presley chose the selection because he felt \"keenly\" about the recent crisis involving refugees fleeing Hungary after an invasion by the Soviet Union, and that immediate aid was needed to support them. Presley\'s performance of the song has been cited as changing the public\'s perception of Elvis from a rebel to an \"all-American\" boy. Based on the positive response from the performance, Presley recorded the song at Radio Recorders studio in Hollywood the following week, and RCA Records included it both as the title track of an EP released in January, as well as the singer\'s first Christmas album released in October of the same year. ## Other recordings {#other_recordings} The song, now one of the best-known gospel standards of all time, has been performed and recorded by numerous artists: - In 1950, it was one of the first songs recorded by a young Sam Cooke, during his tenure as lead singer of the Soul Stirrers. - Jo Stafford, on her 1954 gospel album Garden of Prayer - Little Richard, on his 1961 Quincy Jones-produced gospel album The King of the Gospel Singers - Connie Francis, on her 1961 album Sing Along with Connie Francis - Johnny Cash released it as a single in 1962. Cash released the song again in 1969 as part of his live album At San Quentin - Tom Brumley, and the Light Crust Doughboys, on the Grammy Award-nominated 2002 album God Is Love: The Gospel Sessions featuring Ann-Margret ## Popular culture {#popular_culture} Lyndon B. Johnson, before his death, requested that \"Peace In The Valley\" be sung at his funeral, and Anita Bryant was chosen to perform the song at the ceremony in January 1973. The song was included in the jukebox musical Million Dollar Quartet which opened on Broadway in New York City in April 2010. The song was sung by Eddie Clendening, portraying Elvis Presley. Additionally, the song was included on the original Broadway cast recording	691	Peace in the Valley	0
9,981,922	# KLNN KLNN (103.7 FM), known as Luna, is a radio station broadcasting an adult contemporary format. Licensed to Questa, New Mexico, United States. The station is currently owned by ASKK Media. KLNN began broadcasting in October 2006 and serves the Taos County area, operating a booster station (KLNN-FM1) in the town of Taos. ASKK Media bought KLNN from West Waves, Inc. for \$355,000 in 2010	66	KLNN	0
9,981,947	# Total Wreck, Arizona Total Wreck is a ghost town in Pima County, Arizona. The town was built 7 mi from Pantano, Arizona, whence \"an excellent road\" led from the Southern Pacific Railroad line and on to the Empire Ranch. It lay on the mail route to and from Harshaw. ## Mining Silver was discovered in the Richmond lode of the Empire mining district in the eastern Empire Mountains in 1879. By 1884 mines of the area had produced some \$5,000,000 in silver bullion. Mining declined through the 1890s and early 1900s. ## Naming There are two stories about the naming of the town. - John L. Dillon, the owner of the claims, named the townsite Total Wreck because he thought that the mine was on a ledge that looked like \"a Total Wreck\" because it was below a quartzite ledge with large boulders of quartzite strewn all over. - The Los Angeles Times reported in 1882 that the \"strange appellation\" of Total Wreck came about when \"After a laborious search for minerals in the vicinity of the mine, one day previous to its discovery, Mr. Dillon replied to a friend\'s inquiry of \'What luck?\' by saying: \'Oh, it\'s a \'\'total wreck!\' \" ## Business and population {#business_and_population} A post office was established on August 12, 1881, and was discontinued on November 1, 1890. The population was 200 or 300 residents in 1883, at which time its structures included five saloons, three general stores, a butcher shop, a shoemaker shop and a half dozen Chinese laundries. A Los Angeles Times reporter wrote in 1882: > The town of Total Wreck has no appearance of a wreck. It is a thrifty, neat-looking village, the streets laid out at right angles. The main street is named Dillon street in honor of the discoverer of the mine, and the first to discover minerals in this district\.... The town has two stores, two hotels, a restaurant, five saloons, a carpenter, blacksmith, butcher and shoe-shop; also a dressmaker\'s store, a brewery and about thirty-five houses\.... It has a residential magistrate and a deputy sheriff, and I was informed that in case of trouble with the Indians or roughs ninety men could be mustered within sixty minutes. Business owners in that year were \"N.R. Vail, Salsig & Ballou, Chas. Altschul, A.J.Bobo, Snyder & Co., Nelson & George, P.J. Delahanty, John Vaughn, Alex. Chisholm, S.S. Danner, McClellan & Williams and Mr. Ballou.\" ## Legends A popular legend of Total Wreck was the story of E. B. Salsig who was involved in a shootout. He was struck in the chest by a bullet from the other assailant, but he didn\'t die because he was saved by a large pack of love letters he had in his vest pocket. The letters supposedly absorbed the bullet, saving the man\'s life. Legend says he married the woman who had written the letters. ## Gallery <File:Total_Wreck_Arizona_USGS_1909_Number_1.jpg%7CTotal> Wreck in 1909. <File:Total_Wreck_Arizona_USGS_1909_Number_2.jpg%7CAnother> view of Total Wreck in 1909	494	Total Wreck, Arizona	0
9,981,975	# Symphony No. 23 (Michael Haydn) Michael Haydn\'s Symphony No. 23 in D major, Perger 43, Sherman 22, Sherman-adjusted 23, MH 287, is believed to have been written in Salzburg around 1779. This symphony was incorrectly attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart by Ludwig von Köchel with the number K. 291, on the basis of a fragment of manuscript which Mozart copied, apparently to help him study the fugue form of the final movement. Scored for 2 oboes, 2 bassoons, 2 horns and strings, in three movements: 1. Allegro assai 2. Andantino, in D minor, changing to D major at measure 65 3. Fugato. Presto mà non troppo The slow movement begins in D minor, without winds at first. The oboes and horns come in with the change to D major. The third movement was at first mistaken by Köchel for a work of Mozart\'s. Mozart did in fact copy out the first 45 measures of it (Simon Sechter completed the score of the finale). Some time afterwards, he wrote his String Quartet in G major, K. 387, with a finale that is also a fugato and also begins with a theme consisting of four whole notes first stated by the second violin. Having the first 45 measures in Mozart\'s hand, it was natural for Köchel to assume that Mozart was the author. This symphony is one of the few by Michael Haydn to have a slow movement in a minor key (the others are No.s 6, 9 and 20) though in this one the D minor key signature changes to D major around the middle for the rest of the movement. Horns in D are used throughout, and in the fugal finale they even get to play the fugue subject a couple of times. ## Discography This symphony is available on a VoxBox 2-disc set together with seven other symphonies, and on the CPO label on a CD with Symphonies No.s 1C, 22 and 33, conducted by Johannes Goritzki, who in the first movement adds an exposition repeat not indicated by the Sherman edition	344	Symphony No. 23 (Michael Haydn)	0
9,982,000	# John Lankester Parker John Lankester Parker OBE FRAeS Hon. MSLAE (1896 -- 22 August 1965) was Chief Test Pilot for Short Brothers from 1918 until his retirement in 1945. He joined Shorts in 1916 as a part-time test pilot and assistant to then Chief Test Pilot Ronald Kemp, having been recommended for the post by Captain, later Admiral Sir, Murray Sueter, RNAS. By the time he retired he was a director of the company. ## First flying experience {#first_flying_experience} He gained his first flying experience as a pilot and instructor flying for the Northern Aircraft Company\'s Seaplane School based in Windermere, where he flew, first as a pupil and then as an instructor, between 1914 and 1916. It was during this time that he made the acquaintance of Murray Sueter, Ronald Kemp and Oscar Gnosspelius, all of whom would figure later in his work at Shorts. In 1916, he joined the Prodger-Isaacs Syndicate of freelance test pilots, working for several British aircraft manufacturers. ## Shorts His first assignment with Shorts began on 17 October 1916, when he was asked by Horace Short to test fly a batch of six Short Bombers from the Eastchurch airfield. In spite of his relative youth, his flying skills impressed Horace Short, who soon offered him a permanent position as assistant to Ronald Kemp. He became Chief Test Pilot for Short Brothers in 1918 as successor to Ronald Kemp. Between 1918 and his last official flight as Chief Test Pilot on 22 August 1945 he flew every Shorts prototype on its maiden flight, ranging from the diminutive Short Satellite (640 lb (290 kg)) to the very large Short Shetland (75,860 lb (34,410 kg)). During the course of his long association with the company, especially during the early pioneering years, he survived numerous forced landings, both on land and on water. He was awarded the OBE in June 1942. In 1943 he became a Director of Short Brothers and Harland Ltd., Belfast, resigning from the Board in 1958. ## Other activities {#other_activities} Parker was a long-time member of the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators, serving as its Master from 1951 until 1953 and again from 1956 until 1957. In 1948 he was the first recipient of the Guild\'s Brackley Memorial Trophy, \"awarded to a transport pilot(s) or navigator(s), for outstanding flying, contributing to the operational development of air transport, or transport aircraft, or of new techniques in air transport flying.\" In 1964 he succeeded Lord Douglas of Kirtleside as President of the Seaplane Club of Great Britain. In memory of his long association with the Medway area, a road in Rochester, Kent was named after him	443	John Lankester Parker	0
9,982,033	# Valeri Klimov (footballer) Valeri Aleksandrovich Klimov (Валерий Александрович Климов; born 31 January 1974) is a Russian professional football coach and a former player who is an assistant coach with FC Fakel Voronezh. Klimov was a midfielder who could play either in the centre or on the wings. ## Personal life {#personal_life} His older son Nikita was a footballer before retiring due to injuries, and his younger son Kirill Klimov is also a footballer	74	Valeri Klimov (footballer)	0
9,982,041	# Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service is the fire and rescue service which serves the ceremonial counties of Leicestershire and Rutland in England. The service\'s headquarters are in Birstall, on the outskirts of Leicester. ## History The Leicestershire and Rutland Fire Brigade and the separate City of Leicester Fire Brigade were created in 1948 by the Fire Services Act 1947. In 1974 the City of Leicester brigade was merged with the Leicestershire and Rutland brigade to form the present fire service. Since Rutland and the City of Leicester became unitary authorities in the 1990s, the fire authority which administers the service is a joint-board made up of representatives from Leicester City Council, Leicestershire County Council and Rutland County Council. ## Performance Every fire and rescue service in England and Wales is periodically subjected to a statutory inspection by His Majesty\'s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS). The inspections investigate how well the service performs in each of three areas	167	Leicestershire Fire and Rescue Service	0
9,982,052	# Mycobacterium gordonae *Mycobacterium gordonae* is a species of Mycobacterium named for Ruth E. Gordon. It is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. ## Description Gram-positive, nonmotile and moderate to long acid-fast rods. - Commonly found in tap water and soil. Casual resident in human sputum and gastric lavage specimens. Colony characteristics - Smooth, with yellow or orange scotochromogenic colonies. Even though they are scotochromogenic pigment is intensified by growing in continuous light. Physiology - Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H10 agar within 7 or more days at 37 °C (optimal 25 °C). - Does not grow in the presence of ethambutol (1 mg/L), isoniazid (10 mg/L) and sodium chloride (5%). - Some strains can grow using carbon monoxide as a carbon and energy source. Differential characteristics - A commercial hybridisation assay (AccuProbe) to identify M. gordonae exists. - Intraspecies variability in 16S rDNA sequences ## Pathogenesis - Rarely if ever implicated in disease processes even if patients are immunocompromised. Widely distributed in environment and usually a contaminant in laboratory specimens. - Biosafety level 2 ## Type strain {#type_strain} Strain ATCC 14470 = CCUG 21801 = CCUG 21811 = CIP 104529 = DSM 44160 = JCM 6382 = NCTC 10267	222	Mycobacterium gordonae	0
9,982,139	# Killing of David Wilkie David James Wilkie (9 July 1949 -- 30 November 1984) was a Welsh taxi driver who was killed during the miners\' strike in the United Kingdom, when two striking miners dropped a concrete block from a footbridge onto his taxi whilst he was driving a strike-breaking miner to work. The attack caused a widespread revulsion at the extent of violence in the dispute. The two miners were convicted of murder but the charge was reduced to manslaughter on appeal, becoming a leading case on the issue of the difference between the two offences. ## Background Wilkie was working in Treforest, Mid Glamorgan, as a taxi driver, driving a Ford Cortina for City Centre Cars, based in Bute Street, Cardiff. He was regularly engaged in driving non-striking miners to work, as the bitter industrial dispute had made them targets for physical retaliation by those miners who were on strike. The Merthyr Tydfil area was said to be the strongest in support of the strike of any mining area in Britain; it is situated in South Wales, where a large percentage of Britain\'s remaining coal mines were situated. There had not been much mass picketing in South Wales during the conflict, as there had been in many parts of England, because there had been so few strikebreakers. ## Killing On 30 November 1984, Wilkie\'s fare was David Williams, who lived in Rhymney and worked at the Merthyr Vale mine, 6 mi away. Wilkie was driving the same route as he had done for the previous ten days. He was accompanied by two police cars and a motorcycle outrider, and had just turned on to the A465 road north of Rhymney at the Rhymney Bridge roundabout, when two striking miners dropped a 46 lb concrete block from a bridge 27 ft over the road. Wilkie died at the scene from multiple injuries; Williams escaped with minor injuries.	319	Killing of David Wilkie	0
9,982,139	# Killing of David Wilkie ## Reaction The incident led to a decrease in public support for the striking miners, and to an increase in the number of workers in other industries who crossed miners\' picket lines (e.g. at power plants). Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher said, \"My reaction is one of anger at what this had done to a family of a person only doing his duty and taking someone to work who wanted to go to work.\" Kim Howells, speaking for the South Wales National Union of Mineworkers, blamed the attack on the attempts to persuade miners to return to work. Arthur Scargill said he had been \"deeply shocked by the tragedy\" of Wilkie\'s death. Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock was scheduled to appear at a Labour Party rally alongside Scargill in Stoke-on-Trent on the day of the tragedy. Kinnock\'s speech developed into an argument with some hecklers who saw him as having betrayed the NUM by failing to support the strike. Kinnock began by saying, \"We meet here tonight in the shadow of an outrage.\" When interrupted, Kinnock accused the hecklers of \"living like parasites off the struggle of the miners.\" As Kinnock went on to denounce the lack of the ballot, the violence against strikebreakers and the tactical approach of Scargill, he was asked by hecklers what he had done for the striking miners. Kinnock shouted back, \"Well, I was not telling them lies. That\'s what I was not doing during that period.\" This was a thinly-veiled attack on Scargill, whom he later admitted that he detested. Wilkie lived with his fiancée Janice Reed, who was the mother of his two-year-old daughter and was pregnant with a baby who was born six weeks later. He also had a 12-year-old daughter and a five-year-old son by a previous partner. Funds were opened to help the family; among the donors was philanthropist Paul Getty. The Bishop of Llandaff led Wilkie\'s funeral service; he called for \"some sort of moratorium\" and a return to work by the miners in return for an impartial board to investigate conditions in the coal industry. ## Murder trial {#murder_trial} The two men who caused Wilkie\'s death, Dean Hancock and Russell Shankland, were found guilty of murder by a majority verdict on 16 May 1985 (by which time the strike had ended) and sentenced to life imprisonment. A third man, Anthony Williams, who had been present on the bridge but was found to have actively discouraged them from dropping the concrete block, was acquitted. The life sentences caused an outcry among the striking miners, who felt that the death of Wilkie was not a deliberate act; the strike had ended by the time the verdict was brought in, but 700 miners at Merthyr Vale walked out on hearing the news. Russell Shankland\'s solicitor was critical of Scargill\'s attitude. He referred to the strike as \"a war\" and said with regards to Scargill, \"In that war there were generals, and they stood outside the law and they left Russell Shankland outside the law.\" On appeal, their convictions were reduced to manslaughter, and their life sentences were replaced with eight-year prison terms, of which they would serve just over half. The Lord Chief Justice, Lord Lane, explained that the crime would be murder if the death was a \"natural consequence\" of the miners\' actions, but the legal phrase \"natural consequence\" was potentially misleading without further explanation. The appeal verdict of guilty to manslaughter was upheld in the House of Lords, in the case R v Hancock. Hancock and Shankland were released on 30 November 1989, which was coincidentally the fifth anniversary of Wilkie\'s death. ## Aftermath Kim Howells, the South Wales NUM official who commented on the killing of David Wilkie, later became a Member of parliament for the Labour Party and served as a minister in the Blair government and later became chair of the Intelligence and Security Committee, a committee of parliamentarians that oversees the work of Britain\'s intelligence and security agencies. In 2004 he said that when he heard that a taxi driver had been killed, he thought \"hang on, we\'ve got all those records we\'ve kept over in the NUM offices, there\'s all those maps on the wall, we\'re gonna get implicated in this\". He then destroyed \"everything\", because he feared a police raid on the union offices	725	Killing of David Wilkie	1
9,982,153	# Exapostilarion The Exapostilarion (ἐξαποστειλάριον, pl. ἐξαποστειλάρια Exapostilaria; Russian Ексапостила́рий) is a hymn or group of hymns chanted in the Eastern Orthodox and Greek-Catholic Churches at the conclusion of the Canon near the end of Matins. The Exapostilarion is chanted after the Little Litany that follows the Ninth Ode of the Canon. ## Overview The term \"exapostilarion\" is related to the word Apostle, which itself is derived from a Greek word meaning "sent out." It has this name because in ancient times a chanter was sent out from the choir into the center of the church to chant this hymn. The exapostilaria ask God to enlighten the minds of the faithful that they might worthily praise the Lord in the verses of the Lauds which follow, and in the Great Doxology. At simple services on weekdays, especially during Great Lent, the normal exapostilaria are replaced with the Photagogicon (Φωταγωγικόν pl. Φωταγωγικά Photagogica; Slavonic: Светиленъ Svetilen, pl. Светилны, Svyetilniy), \"Hymn of Light.\" The Lenten form of the photagogica are chanted in the Tone of the Week, are of a penitential nature, and are similar in performance to the Triadica (Hymns to the Trinity) that were sung near the beginning of Matins. On Sundays, just before the exapostilarion the canonarch (or, the deacon in Russian practice) recites the verses for the singing of "Holy is the Lord our God" three times. On Sundays, the theme of the Exapostilarion reflects the concept of the Myrrh-bearing Women being sent to bring the Good News (Gospel) of the Resurrection of Christ to the Apostles, and is drawn from the Resurrection Gospel that was chanted before the Canon. During Holy Week the Exapostilarion is of great significance and is solemnly chanted in the center of the church by three singers (or by the entire choir). The Matins service on most of the Days of Holy Week is referred to as the \"Bridegroom Prayer,\" after the theme of the Exapostilarion for those days: \"I see Thy bridal chamber adorned\...\" (a reference to the Tomb of Christ). At Pascha (Easter) the Exapostilarion is chanted first by the clergy and then repeated twice by the choir to a particularly joyful melody. The Exapostilarion of Pascha. Tone 2. : In the flesh Thou didst fall asleep as a mortal man, O King and Lord	384	Exapostilarion	0
9,982,154	# Eric Wright (cornerback, born 1985) Eric Andrew Wright (born July 24, 1985) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the second round of the 2007 NFL draft. He played college football for the USC Trojans and UNLV Rebels. Wright also played for the Detroit Lions, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, and San Francisco 49ers. ## College career {#college_career} ### USC Trojans {#usc_trojans} Wright attended the University of Southern California (USC) for two years before attending the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV). After being redshirted his first year, he was a starter his second year, and started in the 2005 Orange Bowl, where he recorded four tackles and an interception. ### UNLV Rebels {#unlv_rebels} Wright transferred to UNLV after being expelled by USC. Police found 136 tablets of Ecstasy and GHB in Wright\'s apartment while investigating a sexual assault allegation against Wright. Wright sat out the 2005 season due to NCAA transfer guidelines. Wright played one year at UNLV before deciding to declare for the NFL draft. He was a university studies major. ## Professional career {#professional_career} ### Cleveland Browns {#cleveland_browns} Wright was selected by the Cleveland Browns in the second round (53rd overall) of the 2007 NFL draft. The Browns acquired the pick from the Dallas Cowboys to select Wright. While he was a projected first round pick, he fell to the second round due to his troubled college past. In Wright\'s first season with the Browns, he started 13 of 16 games. He recorded his first career interception on October 14, 2007, against Miami Dolphins quarterback Cleo Lemon. He won his first Defensive Player of the Week award after his performance during week 6 of the 2008 NFL season against the New York Giants, where he had a 94-yard interception return for a touchdown. ### Detroit Lions {#detroit_lions} On July 29, 2011, Wright signed with the Detroit Lions. During his one season for the Lions, he started all 16 games and recorded 74 tackles and four interceptions. ### Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#tampa_bay_buccaneers} On March 14, 2012, Wright signed a five-year, \$37.5 million contract with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. On July 19, 2013, Wright was traded from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers to the San Francisco 49ers for a conditional late-round 2014 draft pick . After he failed his team physical, the trade was voided causing his rights to revert to the Buccaneers who subsequently released him. ### San Francisco 49ers {#san_francisco_49ers} On August 8, 2013, Wright signed a one-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers. On August 27, 2013, he was placed on the reserve/non-football injury list. On June 17, 2014, Wright announced his retirement from the NFL	456	Eric Wright (cornerback, born 1985)	0
9,982,214	# All I Need to Know (album) *All I Need to Know* is the second studio album by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released on June 13, 1995, as his first album for BNA Records after leaving Capricorn Records in 1994. It features the singles \"Fall in Love\", the title track, and \"Grandpa Told Me So\"; these songs peaked at number six, number eight, and number 23, respectively, on the Billboard country charts in 1995. ## Content This album\'s recording of \"The Tin Man\" was previously released on Chesney\'s 1994 album In My Wildest Dreams. \"Me and You\", co-written by McBride & the Ride guitarist Ray Herndon, was later included on Chesney\'s 1996 album of the same name, from which it was released as a single. \"Paris, Tennessee\" was originally recorded by Tracy Lawrence on his 1991 album Sticks and Stones, and later by Dennis Robbins (who co-wrote it) on his 1992 album Man with a Plan	160	All I Need to Know (album)	0
9,982,217	# Amos Garrett Amos Garrett (born November 26, 1941) is an American-Canadian blues and blues-rock musician, guitarist, singer, composer, and musical arranger. He has written instructional books about music and guitar. Garrett holds dual citizenship and was raised in Toronto and Montreal. He is best known for his guitar solos on Maria Muldaur\'s recording \"Midnight at the Oasis\", and on Paul Butterfield\'s Better Days recording of \"Please Send Me Someone to Love.\" He has written books about music, such as \"Amos Garrett---Stringbending: A Master Class\". Over the course of his career, Garrett has recorded with more than 150 artists, ranging from Stevie Wonder, Todd Rundgren and Pearls Before Swine to Emmylou Harris, Rodney Crowell, Bonnie Raitt and Martin Mull. He can be heard on Anne Murray\'s chart-topping rendition of \"Snowbird\". The guitarist Jimmy Page, of Led Zeppelin, stated Garrett was one of his favorite American guitar players in a 1975 Rolling Stone interview. ## Biography ### Early years {#early_years} Garrett was born in Detroit, Michigan on November 26, 1941. When he was five, his family moved to Toronto, Ontario. He studied piano and trombone at the Royal Conservatory of Music of Toronto. At twelve, he relocated to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where he began playing guitar at fourteen. There, at the Esquire Club, he would learn while watching performers such as Ben E. King, T-Bone Walker, Fats Domino and B. B. King. After studying English literature at Wabash College, he opted to pursue a career in music and moved back to Toronto in 1962. ### Career: 1960s to 1970s {#career_1960s_to_1970s} Garrett\'s first professional gig was accompanying Mike Settle at Carnegie Hall in the winter of 1963. Settle was the opening act for Vaughn Meader. From 1964 to 1967, Garrett played in the Toronto jug/string band, the Dirty Shames, which included Chick Roberts, Jim McCarthy and Carol Robinson. It was during this period that Garrett and Roberts took John Hammond, Jr., to see Levon and the Hawks for the first time. The Hawks would later be recommended by Hammond to Bob Dylan. In 1968, he played guitar on Geoff Muldaur and Maria\'s album \"Pottery Pie. In 1968, Garrett began a two-year stint of touring and recording with the Canadian duo Ian & Sylvia, which led to becoming a founding member of Great Speckled Bird. This band is featured in the film Festival Express, playing the song \"C.C. Rider\" with members of the Grateful Dead and Delaney Bramlett in 1970. As a special feature on the DVD release of the film, Great Speckled Bird is shown playing the Dylan-Manuel song \"Tears of Rage\". Garrett moved to Woodstock, New York, in 1970 to play in Maria and Geoff Muldaur\'s band. Based there, he performed and recorded with artists that were part of Albert Grossman\'s Bearsville stable, such as Bobby Charles, Todd Rundgren and Jesse Winchester, and as a member of Paul Butterfield's Better Days. Garrett was also a member of Hungry Chuck, another Bearsville act, which was formed of ex--Great Speckled Bird members. They released an eponymous album in 1972. Garrett also played trombone on two songs for Jerry Garcia\'s second solo album, Compliments, released in 1974. He played the guitar solo on Maria Muldaur\'s hit single \"Midnight at the Oasis\", which reached number 6 on the Billboard chart in June 1974. After living in Boston for two years, Garrett moved to San Francisco in 1976 to pursue session work. There, he continued as member and bandleader of Maria Muldaur\'s group until 1978, toured the R&B circuits of North America, and recorded with more than 150 artists.	593	Amos Garrett	0
9,982,217	# Amos Garrett ## Biography ### Frontman > \"I wanted to sing. I loved to sing, but there was no way I could do so being a hired gun for bands.\"---Amos Garrett In 1978, Garrett decided to pursue fronting his own project, left Muldaur\'s group, and began releasing material through Stony Plain Records, a label based in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. His first solo album was 1980\'s Go Cat Go, which was followed by Amosbehavin in 1982. He formed his backup band, the Eh Team, around this time. Garrett shared performing and recording duties and co-wrote two songs for the 1988 album The Return of the Formerly Brothers with the late Doug Sahm and the pianist Gene Taylor. Queen Ida sat in on accordion. The album was awarded the inaugural 1989, Juno Award for Best Roots & Traditional Album. A follow-up live album, Live in Japan, was recorded in 1990 from performances by Garrett, Sahm and Taylor in clubs and concert halls in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto. In 1989, Garrett relocated to Turner Valley, Alberta. That year also brought the album I Make My Home in My Shoes, which paid tribute to his boyhood days, especially on \"Stanley Street\", a song written in recollection of the Esquire Club. Garrett began his intermittent role as bandleader and member of the Edmonton Folk Music Festival\'s Festival House Band in 1990, reprising it from 1994 to 2000, from 2002 to 2006, and from 2008 to 2012. With Garrett, the band has backed such acts as Richard Thompson, Solomon Burke, Ruth Brown, Rick Danko, Jay McShann, Johnnie Johnson and Rosco Gordon. Third Man In, released in 1992, was a collection of covers and originals. Garrett\'s covers were written by Bobby Charles and Percy Mayfield. Garrett was presented with an Alberta Music Industry Award in 1994. The album Off the Floor Live followed in 1996. It was recorded live with the Eh Team at the Sidetrack Club in Edmonton. The Cold Club was a collaboration with Oscar Lopez, David Wilkie, Karl Roth and Ron Casat. They released an eponymous record in 1996. Maria Muldaur, Mike Lent and Teddy Borowiecki guested on the album. Garrett released Amos Garrett\'s Acoustic Album in 2004. It features tracks written by Lead Belly and Hoagy Carmichael, among others. It was nominated for a 2005 Juno Award. This was followed by the 2008 release Get Way Back: A Tribute to Percy Mayfield, which was also nominated for a Juno Award for Blues Album of the year. Garrett was living in High River, Alberta, in 2008. On November 6, 2011, Garrett conducted a clinic and then performed as part of the Sleepwalk Guitar Festival in Toronto. The festival was presented by Six Shooter Records and curated by Luke Doucet. ## Other works {#other_works} Garrett has authored instructional books about music and guitar. He has also released instructional albums and videos. Garrett is known as \"The Fishin\' Musician\". He enjoys fishing and hopes to one day catch an Atlantic Salmon of twenty pounds or more.	501	Amos Garrett	1
9,982,217	# Amos Garrett ## Discography ### Selected long-plays {#selected_long_plays} Year Album Album Artist Label ------ --------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------- ------------- 1969 This Way Is My Way Anne Murray Capitol 1970 Great Speckled Bird Great Speckled Bird Ampex 1972 Hungry Chuck Hungry Chuck Bearsville 1973 Maria Muldaur Maria Muldaur Reprise Paul Butterfield\'s Better Days Paul Butterfield\'s Better Days Bearsville It All Comes Back 1978 Geoff Muldaur & Amos Garrett Geoff Muldaur & Amos Garrett Stony Plain 1980 Go Cat Go Amos Garrett 1981 Amosbehavin\' 1987 The Return of the Formerly Brothers Amos Garrett, Doug Sahm, Gene Taylor Band 1989 I Make My Home in My Shoes Amos Garrett 1990 Live in Japan Amos Garrett, Doug Sahm, Gene Taylor Band 1992 Third Man In Amos Garrett 1996 Off the Floor Live! The Cold Club The Cold Club Cold Club 2005 Acoustic Album Amos Garrett Stony Plain 2008 Get Way Back: A Tribute to Percy Mayfield ### Compilation inclusions {#compilation_inclusions} +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| Year \| Song \| Album \| Label \| Note \| +======+==================================+====================================+=================+===========================================+ \| 1991 \| \"Bert\'s Boogie\" \| Saturday Night Blues \| Stony Plain/CBC \| Composed by Amos Garrett \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| \| \"Home in My Shoes\" \| 15 Years of Stony Plain \| Stony Plain \| \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| \| \"Sure Is a Good Thing\" \| \| \| With Doug Sahm and Gene Taylor \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| \| \"Talk to Me\" \| \| \| With Doug Sahm and Gene Taylor \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| 1996 \| \"Long, Long Time to Get Old\" \| 20 Years of Stony Plain \| \| With Great Speckled Bird\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Composed by Ian Tyson \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| \| \"Small Town Talk\" \| \| \| With Maria Muldaur\ \| \| \| \| \| \| Composed by Bobby Charles \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| \| \"Wrong Lake to Catch a Fish\" \| \| \| Composed by Chuck Willis \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| 1997 \| \"Walkin\' Blues\" \| Absolute Blues Vol. 1 \| \| \| +------+----------------------------------+------------------------------------+-----------------+-------------------------------------------+ \| \| \"Sure Is a Good Thing\" \| *Absolute Blues Vol	337	Amos Garrett	2
9,982,368	# Mycobacterium haemophilum *Mycobacterium haemophilum* is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. ## Description Short, occasionally curved, gram-positive, nonmotile and strongly acid-fast rods. Colony characteristics - Nonpigmented and rough to smooth colonies. Physiology - Media have to be supplemented with 0.4% haemoglobin or 60 μM hemin (factor X) or 15 mg/ml ferric ammonium citrate respectively, but not with FeCl~3~ or catalase. - Slow growth on Löwenstein--Jensen medium or Middlebrook 7H10 agar at 32 °C within 2 to 4 weeks. - Growth slower at 25 °C and 35 °C and absent at 37 °C. - Strictly intracellular growth in tissue cultures of fibroblasts. Differential characteristics - Unique among mycobacteria in its requirement for hemin or ferric ammonium citrate for growth. Distribution. ## Pathogenesis - Infects patients with suppressed immune systems. - Clinical presentation: multiple skin nodules occurring in clusters or without definitive pattern, commonly involving the extremities. Abscesses, draining fistulas and osteomyelitis may be associated with the nodules. Paediatric patients with localised cervical lymphadenopathy. - Biosafety level 2 ## Type strain {#type_strain} First isolated in Israel from a subcutaneous granuloma from a patient with Hodgkin\'s disease. An environmental reservoir is presumed. Strain ATCC 29548 = CCUG 47452 = CIP 105049 = DSM 44634 = NCTC 11185	226	Mycobacterium haemophilum	0
9,982,373	# Herman Krebbers Herman Krebbers (18 June 1923 -- Tilburg 2 May 2018) was a Dutch violinist. Born in Hengelo, Overijssel, Krebbers studied in Amsterdam with Oskar Back. He gave his first concert at age 10. In 1943, Krebbers debuted with the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. During the Second World War, he became a member of the Nederlandse Kultuurkamer, under the control of the Third Reich. This subsequently led to a 2-year ban on performances by him after the war. In 1950, Krebbers became co-concertmaster (leader) of the Residentie Orchestra, along with his childhood friend Theo Olof. Krebbers became concertmaster of the Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1962. In parallel, he had a career as a soloist and a chamber musician, and taught at the Amsterdam Muzieklyceum (now the Conservatorium van Amsterdam) for many years. Krebbers suffered a shoulder injury from an accident on his boat in 1979, which forced him to resign from the Concertgebouw Orchestra in 1980. He then focused primarily on teaching, with his work at the Amsterdam Conservatory. His students included Frank Peter Zimmermann, Peter Tanfield, Jeanne Lamon, Vera Beths, Rudolf Koelman, Szymon Krzeszowiec, Jeroen de Groot, Emmy Verhey and André Rieu sr.. He also served as chairman of the jury for the 1996 Leopold Mozart Violin Competition. He curtailed his teaching activities in 2001. ## Recordings - Bach: Concerto for Two Violins with Arthur Grumiaux, Edo de Waart conducting (Philips) - Bach: Concerto for Two Violins with Theo Olof, André Rieu sr. conducting (Artone) - Bach: Concerto for violin, strings and continuo with André Rieu Sr. (Artone) - Beethoven: Violin Concerto with Bernard Haitink (Philips) - Brahms: Violin Concerto with Willem Mengelberg 1943 - Brahms: Violin Concerto with Bernard Haitink (Philips) - Dvorak: Violin Concerto with Anton Kersjes (EMI) - Haydn: Violin Concertos with André Rieu Sr. (Artone) - Mozart: Violin Concertos K211 and K218 with David Zinman (Philips) - Nardini: Violin Concerto with André Rieu Sr. (CNR) - Tchaikovsky: Three Souvenirs with Anton Kersjes (EMI) - Vivaldi: Concerto for two violins with André Rieu Sr	338	Herman Krebbers	0
9,982,405	# Giruá Giruá is a municipality in the northern part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 15,863 (2020 est.) in an area of 855.92 km^2^. It is located 474 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete. It also borders Santa Rosa and Santo Ângelo. ## Bounding municipalities {#bounding_municipalities} - Santa Rosa - Três de Maio - Independência - Catuípe - Santo Ângelo - Sete de Setembro - Senador Salgado Filho ## Economy Because of its rich volcanic soil, agriculture is important in Giruá, notably soy production. Its nickname is the Capital of Productivity. Other important crops are maize, wheat, sunflower and linseed. ## History The area of Giruá was first inhabited by the Guarani people, and in the 17th century Jesuit missions arrived. The name Giruá comes from jerivá, an indigenous word for the fruit of the butia palm	150	Giruá	0
9,982,415	# Grand Marais Road Grand Marais Road (French for \"Big Marsh Road\") is a road that travels through Windsor, Ontario. Its use and significance has dwindled considerably following the completion of the E.C. Row Expressway. ## History The intersection with Walker Road is the site where the Tornado of 1946 touched down for a second time and reached its peak intensity of F4. Grand Marais Road used to be in one piece, linking Huron Church Road in the southwest with Pillette Road in the east, following Turkey Creek fairly closely (hence the name \"Big Marsh Road\"). Once E.C. Row Expressway was constructed, parts of the road were closed off and torn up. They are listed below, heading westbound: - Just east of the intersection with Plymouth Drive and Walker Road, Grand Marais Road turns quickly south to meet Plymouth (which was intended to handle through traffic towards the east end of Windsor in the 1970s), with two lanes being closed off and used as a parking space for residents nearby. The pavement on the northernmost two westbound lanes is much older than the rest, showing evidence of this (despite one lane being torn up and grassed over, a sidewalk being laid down along the road\...) - Intersection with Walker Road, east-bound-only traffic could exit the road. Memorial Drive to the north is now a bike trail. nearby residential streets allow access for drivers wanting to continue along Grand Marais Rd. In the early 2000s, the eastbound-only portion of Grand Marais Rd. was completely closed off. - West of Howard Avenue, the road leads to Zalev\'s Scrap Yard. It used to meet the tracks at a grade crossing, until E.C. Row Expressway\'s bridges were constructed. The road was truncated to Zalev\'s in the east, and is now a driveway to the shopping plaza to the west. It continues as West Grand Boulevard following Turkey Creek very closely through built-up residential areas, with signs leading drivers back to Grand Marais Road (which it parallels closely as well). - At the Dougall Road interchange with E.C. Row Expressway, the road\'s traffic is diverted onto Bruce Avenue (a quiet residential street), while a small segment of the road continues to a hotel parking lot. it was closed when the interchange\'s cloverleaf ramps were built in the late 1960s, due to how close the road is to the ramps. From Bruce Avenue, the road continues much as it did before the expressway was built, with bike lanes along much of its path to its terminus with Huron Church Road. ## Today The road is lightly used, and is a collector road that feeds major arterial roads nearby. It travels through several residential neighbourhoods, such as South Windsor. ## West Grand Boulevard {#west_grand_boulevard} West Grand Boulevard is a derivative street that parallels Grand Marais (located just north of Turkey Creek) between Huron Church Road and Dougall Avenue. The road ranges from a collector road to a driveway, a bike path and a sidewalk. The road is discontinuous in sections, linked by trails and sidewalks. The road changes sides (from the south bank to the north bank) near Rankin Avenue (a residential street), with the street on the south bank named \"West Grand Court\"	537	Grand Marais Road	0
9,982,421	# 2512 (magazine) 2512 is a monthly news magazine published in Réunion. Its name refers to the size in square kilometres of this French overseas department, which is located in the Indian Ocean. ## Editorial content {#editorial_content} ### Columns Besides the daily press, 2512 is the only generalist publication in Réunion since a competitor, founded several months earlier than 2512, went bankrupt in December 2006. Its content varies greatly, even if certain columns do appear on a regular basis, such as those on the media or the environment. Although the editorial staff is only small, it prepares a dossier on a particular theme each month. Subjects that have already been treated include: the mobility of the inhabitants of Réunion beyond their island, their relationships to their bodies, and their driving habits. ### Articles In general, a lot of space in the dossier and in the rest of the magazine is dedicated to interviews with local, national and international personalities. The journalists of 2512 have thus already conducted interviews with Xavier Bertrand, Ibrahim Dindar, Nassimah Dindar, Joëlle Écormier, Maud Fontenoy, Meddy Gerville, Johnny Griffin, Olivier Ker Ourio, Patricia Machado, Émilie Minatchy, Nathalie Natiembé, Monique Orphé, Patrick Poivre d\'Arvor, Gilbert Pounia, Didier Robert, Jacques Robert, Natasha Saint-Pier, Louis Schweitzer, Davy Sicard, Paul Vergès and Firmin Viry, the singer. ## Description ### Cover Like those of many other news magazines such as Time, the cover of 2512 includes a frame with all important information. The logo appears at the top of the lefthand side of the page, just below the words \"Lire intense\" (English: intense reading), a play on words recalling the old slogan used to attract tourists to Réunion: \"L\'île intense\" (English: the intense island). The main title and an image occupy the rest of the page. The back cover is sold as advertising space. Image:Couverture-1-magazine-2512.JPG\\| The cover of the first edition. Image:Couverture-2-magazine-2512.JPG\\| The cover of the edition on the body. Image:Couverture-3-magazine-2512.JPG\\| The cover of the edition on road safety. Image:Couverture-4-magazine-2512.JPG\\| The cover of the edition on domestic violence. ### Magazine Each edition of 2512 is divided into three sections: - The review, which contains a diverse multitude of columns, with several important regular ones. - The dossier, which includes a series of articles and illustrations about the topic presented on the cover. This section begins with a double page photograph complemented by a summary. - The notebook, which concentrates on cultural news. This section begins with a mosaic of photographs spread across a double page. ## Production ### Publisher The magazine is published by a printing house called L\'Ours et la Prose, a limited liability company with shares worth 21,000 euros. It is located at 112 rue Sainte-Marie, in Saint-Denis. The three shareholders and co-directors are Thierry Caro, Stéphane Cazanove and David-Alexandre Techer, young inhabitants of Réunion who were all 24 years old at the founding of the company. An alumnus of the Institut d\'études politiques de Lille, Caro was for one year the editor-in-chief and the director of publication. Cazanove was previously a physical education teacher at a private college in the island\'s capital city. He is the commercial director. Techer is the artistic director. ### Printing and distribution {#printing_and_distribution} Most editions were printed in Mauritius by the enterprise Précigraph, which is based at Pailles. However, the printer Ah-Sing in Réunion has since taken over the operation. 2512 is printed in a format which is slightly smaller than A4, and regularly has more than 80 pages. The magazine targets those interested in culture, young people and public servants. It is sold for €3.50 and is distributed to all the principal points of sale in Réunion by the Agence réunionnaise de distribution de la presse, a local subsidiary of Nouvelles Messageries de la Presse Parisienne which holds a monopoly over this market in Réunion	633	2512 (magazine)	0
9,982,439	# Graph enumeration In combinatorics, an area of mathematics, graph enumeration describes a class of combinatorial enumeration problems in which one must count undirected or directed graphs of certain types, typically as a function of the number of vertices of the graph. These problems may be solved either exactly (as an algebraic enumeration problem) or asymptotically. The pioneers in this area of mathematics were George Pólya, Arthur Cayley and J. Howard Redfield. ## Labeled vs unlabeled problems {#labeled_vs_unlabeled_problems} In some graphical enumeration problems, the vertices of the graph are considered to be labeled in such a way as to be distinguishable from each other, while in other problems any permutation of the vertices is considered to form the same graph, so the vertices are considered identical or unlabeled. In general, labeled problems tend to be easier. As with combinatorial enumeration more generally, the Pólya enumeration theorem is an important tool for reducing unlabeled problems to labeled ones: each unlabeled class is considered as a symmetry class of labeled objects. The number of unlabelled graphs with $n$ vertices is still not known in a closed-form solution, but as almost all graphs are asymmetric this number is asymptotic to $\frac{2^{\tbinom{n}{2}}}{n!}.$ ## Exact enumeration formulas {#exact_enumeration_formulas} Some important results in this area include the following. - The number of labeled n-vertex simple undirected graphs is 2^n(n−1)/2^. - The number of labeled n-vertex simple directed graphs is 2^n(n−1)^. - The number C~n~ of connected labeled n-vertex undirected graphs satisfies the recurrence relation $$C_n=2^{n\choose 2} - \frac{1}{n}\sum_{k=1}^{n-1} k{n\choose k} 2^{n-k\choose 2} C_k.$$ : from which one may easily calculate, for n = 1, 2, 3, \..., that the values for C~n~ are : 1, 1, 4, 38, 728, 26704, 1866256, \...`{{OEIS\|id=A001187}}`{=mediawiki} - The number of labeled n-vertex free trees is n^n−2^ (Cayley\'s formula). - The number of unlabeled n-vertex caterpillars is $$2^{n-4}+2^{\lfloor (n-4)/2\rfloor}.$$ ## Graph database {#graph_database} Various research groups have provided searchable database that lists graphs with certain properties of a small sizes. For example - [The House of Graphs](https://houseofgraphs.org) - [Small Graph Database](https://github	340	Graph enumeration	0
9,982,520	# Chatburn Chatburn is a village, civil parish and electoral ward in the Ribble Valley, East Lancashire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 census was 1,102. Situated in a hollow between two ridges north-east of Clitheroe, just off the A59 road, relatively near Pendle Hill south-east of the village. Lanehead quarry is situated to the West at the termination of Chatburn Old Road. Ribble lane at 240 above sea level leads down to the River Ribble North of the village, the top of Downham road being 150 feet higher. The parish adjoins the Ribble Valley parishes of Grindleton, Sawley, Rimington, Downham, Worston, Clitheroe and West Bradford. ## History The village itself can be dated back to Anglo-Saxon times; it takes its name (as does the lowest Avenue) from one of the most distinguished characters of that time, St Chad, and having a brook (or burn) hence the name. The village sits outside the Forest of Bowland and was never considered part of the ancient Lordship of Bowland. A feature of the village is the spire of the parish church, which was erected around 1838. The steeple was struck by lightning in 1854, but was rebuilt in the same year. Over the years Chatburn has had several mills, one had a large brick chimney, the site is now houses on both sides of Ribble Lane. Early in the 15th century there was a watermill. Chatburn railway station was closed in 1962 before the report of Dr Beeching. Bold Venture lime works, gas works and quarry provided much employment for villagers for many years, now part of Lanehead quarry located across the railway from the Pendle trading estate, the former Pendle Hotel and the opposite side of the road to the old telephone exchange building. It was owned by Dixon Robinson from 1837, he also built the Pendle Hotel and Black Bull public houses. Dixon was a major landowner and also built about 20 houses in the village. At Quarry farm, on the left of Ribble lane there were 3 limekilns, Big, Small & Farm. All 3 appear on the 1786 Yates map One was located on the very east end of Park Ave The village also features Chatburn Post Office which was bombed during the Second World War. Chatburn Old road was the main Liverpool to Skipton road before the existing Chatburn to Clitheroe was cut in 1826/7. This then became the main A59 road, until the Clitheroe bypass & Downham road cutting was opened in about 1971. Parts of the village and surroundings featured in the 1961 film Whistle Down the Wind starring Hayley Mills, Alan Barnes, Diane Holgate and children from Chatburn Primary School. ## Governance Chatburn was once a township in the ancient parish of Whalley. This became a civil parish in 1866, forming part of the Clitheroe Rural District from 1894 till 1974. Chatburn also gives its name to a ward of Ribble Valley Borough Council, which also includes Downham and Twiston. The ward had a population of 1,324 in 2001, falling to 1,316 in 2011. The ward elects a single councillor, who currently is Gary Scott of the Conservative Party	528	Chatburn	0
9,982,546	# Delayed auditory feedback Delayed auditory feedback (DAF), also called delayed sidetone, is a type of altered auditory feedback that consists of extending the time between speech and auditory perception. It can consist of a device that enables a user to speak into a microphone and then hear their voice in headphones a fraction of a second later. Some DAF devices are hardware; DAF computer software is also available. Most delays that produce a noticeable effect are between 50--200 milliseconds (ms). DAF usage (with a 175 ms delay) has been shown to induce mental stress. It is a type of altered auditory feedback that---along with frequency-altered feedback and white noise masking---is used to treat stuttering; it has also demonstrated interesting discoveries about the auditory feedback system when used with non-stuttering individuals. It is most effective when used in both ears. Delayed auditory feedback devices are used in speech perception experiments in order to demonstrate the importance of auditory feedback in speech perception as well as in speech production. There are now also different mobile apps available that use DAF in phone calls. ## Effects in people who stutter {#effects_in_people_who_stutter} Electronic fluency devices use delayed auditory feedback and have been used as a technique to aid with stuttering. Stuttering is a speech disorder that interferes with the fluent production of speech. Some of the symptoms that characterize stuttering disfluencies are repetitions, prolongations and blocks. Early investigators suggested and have continually been proven correct in assuming that those who stutter had an abnormal speech--auditory feedback loop that was corrected or bypassed while speaking under DAF. More specifically, neuroimaging studies of people with stuttering have revealed abnormalities in several fronto-paretotemporal pathways and are thought to affect connectivity between speech (pre)motor regions and auditory regions. The above is consistent with behavioral studies that demonstrate that stutterers present reduced compensatory motor responses to unexpected perturbations of auditory feedback. The mechanism of action of DAF is to reduce the speed of speech in such a way that the longer the delay time, the greater the reduction is made. It has been proposed that it is in fact the reduction in speaking rate that produces fluency when using DAF however, it has been evidenced in other studies that a slow speaking rate is not a prerequisite for improving fluency under DAF. Furthermore, DAF is believed to continue to cause increased fluency over a long period of time, but reports of long-term effects are inconsistent. This is because in some cases a continued but small benefit was obtained, while in others little benefit was found from the beginning and they did not continue using DAF. Clinical observations have determined that DAF may be less effective in people whose fluency failures are mostly blocks as opposed to people who present mostly repetitions and prolongations. In people who stutter with atypical auditory anatomy, DAF improves fluency, but not in those with typical anatomy. DAF is also used with people who clutter. Its effects are slowing of speech which can result in increased fluency for people who clutter and also syllable awareness.	511	Delayed auditory feedback	0
9,982,546	# Delayed auditory feedback ## Effects in people who do not stutter {#effects_in_people_who_do_not_stutter} Studies that are more recent have looked at the effects of DAF in people who do not stutter to see what it can prove about the structure of the auditory and verbal pathways in the brain. Indirect effects of delayed auditory feedback in people who do not stutter include a reduction in the rate of speech, an increase in intensity, and an increase in fundamental frequency that occur to overcome the effects of the feedback. Direct effects include the repetition of syllables, mispronunciations, omissions, and omitted word endings. These direct effects are often referred to as \"artificial stuttering\". Delayed auditory feedback can be constructed using a speaker pointed at the person speaking, yielding a \"speechjammer\". With an individual who does not stutter, auditory feedback speech sounds are directed to the inner ear with a 0.001 second delay. In delayed auditory feedback, the delay is artificially disrupted. Studies have found that in children ages 4--6 there is less disturbance of speech than in children ages 7--9 under a delay of 200 ms. Younger children are maximally disrupted around 500 ms while older children around 400 ms. A 200 ms delay produces maximum disruption for adults. As the data collected from these studies indicate, the delay required for maximum disruption decreases with age. However, it increases again for older adults, to 400 ms. Sex differences in DAF show no difference or indicate that men are generally more affected than women, indicating that the feedback subsystems in the vocal monitor process could be different between the sexes. In general, more rapid, fluent speakers are less affected by DAF than slower, less fluent speakers. Also, more rapid fluent speakers are maximally disrupted by a shorter delay time, while slower speakers are maximally disrupted under longer delay times. Studies using computational modeling and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have shown that the temporo-parietal regions function as a conscious self-monitoring system to support an automatic speech production system and that projections from auditory error cells in the posterior superior temporal cortex that go to motor correction cells in right frontal cortex mediate auditory feedback control of speech. ## Effects in non-humans {#effects_in_non_humans} Juvenile songbirds learn to sing through sensory learning. They memorize songs and then engage in sensorimotor learning through vocal practice. Songs produced during sensorimotor learning are more variable and dependent on auditory feedback unlike adult songs. Adult zebra finches and Bengal finches, for example, need feedback to keep their songs stable, and deafening in these species leads to song impairment. Continuous delayed auditory feedback in zebra finch songbirds caused them to change their song syllable timing, indicating that DAF can change the motor program of syllable timing generation during short periods of time in zebra finches, similar to the effects observed in humans. Moreover, in experiments, DAF is used to selectively interrupt auditory feedback in such a way that when adult zebra finches are exposed, their songs degrade and when discontinued they recover. As DAF is reversible and precise it can be applied and directed to specific syllables within a song as only the target syllable is degraded while the flanking syllables are not affected. Furthermore, contingent DAF, applied based on pitch thresholds, triggers adaptive changes in pitch and minimizes feedback interference in adult finches	554	Delayed auditory feedback	1
9,982,556	# Mycobacterium hassiacum *Mycobacterium hassiacum* is a rapid-growing thermophilic mycobacterium that was isolated in human urine in 1997 by researchers at the German University of Regensburg. It\'s a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus Mycobacterium. It is not believed to cause disease in humans. ## Description M. hassiacum is a gram-positive, nonmotile bacteria with partially acid-fast rods. The scotochromogenic colonies are yellow, moist, and slimy when grown at 37 °C. Distinct and drier colonies form when grown at 60 °C. ### Physiology - Aerobic and thermophilic rapid growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium at a temperature range between 30 °C and 65 °C. - Growth also occurs on 5% NaCl and MacConkey agar without methyl violet. - Susceptible to some antibiotics, including streptomycin, ethambutol, cycloserine, ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin. - Resistant to isoniazid, rifampicin and prothionamide. ### Differential characteristics {#differential_characteristics} Like many heat tolerant rapid growers, M. hassiacum has an extended helix 10, due to the insertion of an extra cytosine, and a short helix 18. Phylogenetic clustering algorithms place it either with other thermotolerant rapid growers or in a position close to the slowly growing species Mycobacterium xenopi. However, it is easy to distinguish from other mycobacteria by its growth at 65 °C and inability to utilise any sugar or citrate. Another key identifying feature is its ability to split benzamide. M. hassiacum can also split urea, nicotinamide, and pyrazinamide. ## Pathogenesis Mycobacterium hassiacum was first isolated from human urine in the German province of Hesse, with the host showing no signs of disease. Another isolation of M. hassiacum from urine was also apathogenic. For these reasons, M. hassiacum has been assigned a Biosafety level 1, meaning it is not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans, and is a minimal hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment. ## Type strain {#type_strain} Strain 3849 = CCUG 37519 = CIP 105218 = DSM 44199 = JCM 12690. rDNA sequence accession number: U49401	340	Mycobacterium hassiacum	0
9,982,635	# The Queens of Comedy *The Queens of Comedy* is a 2001 American stand-up comedy film directed by Steve Purcell that is a direct spin-off film of The Original Kings of Comedy, both of which were produced by Walter Latham. The film follows the performances and behind-the-scenes conversations of four black, female stand-up comedians at Memphis, Tennessee\'s Orpheum Theatre. Laura Hayes opens the show and serves as MC. She tells family stories about her grandchildren, her mother, and her sisters. Adele Givens urges her audience to celebrate their flaws; she comments on this crazy world, her 92-year-old grandmother, and the need to take care when naming a baby. Sommore, recently released from jail, talks about children, men, marriage, and why mothers give their eight-year old daughters a hula-hoop. Lastly, Mo\'Nique celebrates big women and contrasts blacks and whites. She tries to give big women hope, that it is ok to be a big woman, and it is ok to dislike skinny women. The film also cuts to footage of the queens on the town having fun. For one night only, eight years later, the ladies returned for a comeback on The Mo\'Nique Show, which aired on October 29, 2009. ## Airing The Queens of Comedy premiered on Showtime in the United States. It has aired internationally in Europe, the United Kingdom and Ireland, and it has been subtitled in Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. In Africa, it aired in South Africa, Ghana, Liberia, and Nigeria	245	The Queens of Comedy	0
9,982,675	# Robert E. Kintner Robert Edmonds Kintner (September 12, 1909 -- December 20, 1980) was an American journalist and television executive who served as president of both the National Broadcasting Company (NBC) and the American Broadcasting Company (ABC). ## Early life {#early_life} The son of Albert H. Kintner and the former Lillian M. Stofflet, Robert grew up in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Stroudsburg High School in 1927. Kintner next attended Swarthmore College, where he served as editor of the college newspaper, the \"Phoenix\", during his senior year until graduating in 1931. Following his graduation, he spent the three months of the summer of 1931 doing publicity for the Buck Hill Falls, where he started a weekly newspaper called \"The Breeze\". The experience inspired him to forego his previous plans to attend law school and instead seek employment in news. However, no jobs were forthcoming, and he instead took a job as a researcher and editorial assistant to writer William S. Dutton. ## Reporter and columnist {#reporter_and_columnist} About a year later, fellow Swarthmore alumnus C. Norman Stabler helped Kintner obtain a job as a financial reporter for the New York Herald Tribune. This was fortuitous timing for Kintner, as former New York chief assistant district attorney Ferdinand Pecora was appointed chief counsel to the U.S. Senate\'s Committee on Banking and Currency in January 1933 to head up what became known as the Pecora Commission, given wide remit to investigate all the many financial abuses and crimes that had caused the Great Depression. In 1935, Kintner was transferred to the Washington bureau of the Herald Tribune. From 1937 to 1941, he paired with Joseph Alsop to write a nationally syndicated column called \"The Capital Parade\". Alsop, a fellow reporter for the Herald Tribune, had arrived in Washington the year after Kintner. The North American Newspaper Alliance had approached Alsop in the fall of 1937, suggesting that he start a column with Turner Catledge, with whom Alsop had written a series of articles for the Saturday Evening Post. Catledge, the Senate Reporter for the New York Times, declined, so Alsop approached Kintner. The Capital Parade first appeared in November 1937. In 1941, after it had become clear that the United States would soon enter World War II, Alsop and Kintner suspended their column and volunteered for the armed forces; Alsop to the Navy, and Kintner the Army. ## Military service {#military_service} During World War II, Kintner served in the U.S. Army Air Force, leaving the service in 1944 with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was discharged on medical grounds in 1944, having been injured in an airplane crash. Upon his discharge he joined ABC, which had been created in 1943 following the divestiture of NBC\'s Blue Network.	456	Robert E. Kintner	0
9,982,675	# Robert E. Kintner ## Network executive {#network_executive} Kintner was hired straight out of the Army as a vice president of the Blue Network by candy magnate Edward J. Noble, whom Kintner had known from his days as a columnist, to do both public service and public relations work. In early 1945, Kintner was named vice president of news and news features. He rose rapidly at the then-small network, becoming an executive vice president in November 1946, and its president in 1949. Kintner is credited with making ABC more competitive with the older and better-established networks NBC and CBS who also had radio networks. ABC forged partnerships with Warner Bros. Television and Walt Disney to offer a diverse range of programming to viewers. The network played a crucial role in broadcasting the Army-McCarthy hearings and showcased popular shows such as Disneyland, which featured a blockbuster hit with Davy Crockett. Another success was Cheyenne, the pioneering hour-long television Western that sparked a trend in Western-themed entertainment dominating the medium\'s lineup through 1963. Kintner then led NBC from 1958 to 1965. His NBC tenure was marked by his aggressive effort to push NBC News past CBS News in rankings and prestige. The news department was given more money, leading to notable coverage of the 1960 presidential election campaign and the prominence of the Huntley-Brinkley Report. ### Quiz-show scandals {#quiz_show_scandals} Kintner was forced to defend NBC at the height of the late 1950s quiz show scandals, testifying to the United States Congress that NBC and the other networks were victims of the quiz-show rigging just as viewers were, and that the networks were working to wrest production control of programming from advertisers, whose pressure had been seen as a key influence driving the scandals. ## Cabinet secretary {#cabinet_secretary} Kintner returned to Washington, D.C. in 1966 after President Lyndon B. Johnson named him to be his White House Cabinet Secretary. However, Kintner\'s failing eyesight forced him to resign the following year. ## Private life {#private_life} Kintner was married twice. He married Daisy Jean Nancy Andrews on January 20, 1934, but it ended in divorce in June 1939. On March 11, 1940, he married Jean Elaine Rodney, with whom he had three children: daughter Susan and sons Michael and Jeffrey. Kintner died from a heart ailment on December 20, 1980, in Washington, D.C	388	Robert E. Kintner	1
9,982,733	# ACC men's basketball tournament The ACC men\'s basketball tournament (popularly known as the ACC tournament) is the conference championship tournament in men\'s basketball for the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). It has been held every year since the ACC\'s first basketball season concluded in 1954 (with the 2020 tournament only being partially completed due to the COVID-19 pandemic). The ACC tournament is a single-elimination tournament and seeding is based on regular season records. The winner, declared conference champion, receives the conference\'s automatic bid to the NCAA men\'s tournament. ## Tournament champions {#tournament_champions} Since July 1, 1961, the ACC\'s bylaws have included the phrase \"and the winner shall be the conference champion\" in referring to the tournament, meaning that the conference tournament winner is the only champion of the ACC. +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| Year \| Champion \| Score \| Runner-up \| Tournament MVP \| Location \| City \| +========+==========================================================+===============+================+================+===================================+============================+ \| 1954 \| NC State \| 82--80 (OT) \| Wake Forest \| \| Reynolds Coliseum \| Raleigh, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1955 \| NC State \| 87--77 \| \\|Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1956 \| NC State \| 76--54 \| Wake Forest \| Vic Molodet \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1957 \| North Carolina \| 95--75 \| South Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1958 \| Maryland \| 86--75 \| North Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1959 \| NC State \| 80--56 \| North Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1960 \| Duke \| 64--59 \| Wake Forest \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1961 \| Wake Forest \| 96--81 \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1962 \| Wake Forest \| 77--68 \| Clemson \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1963 \| Duke \| 71--66 \| Wake Forest \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1964 \| Duke \| 80--59 \| Wake Forest \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1965 \| NC State \| 91--85 \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1966 \| Duke \| 71--66 \| NC State \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1967 \| North Carolina \| 82--73 \| Duke \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1968 \| North Carolina \| 87--50 \| NC State \| \| Charlotte Coliseum (Independence) \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1969 \| North Carolina \| 85--74 \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1970 \| NC State \| 42--39 (2OT) \| South Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1971 \| South Carolina \| 52--51 \| North Carolina \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1972 \| North Carolina \| 73--64 \| Maryland \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1973 \| NC State \| 76--74 \| Maryland \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1974 \| NC State \| 103--100 (OT) \| Maryland \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1975 \| North Carolina \| 70--66 \| NC State \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1976 \| Virginia \| 67--62 \| North Carolina \| \| Capital Centre \| Landover, Maryland \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1977 \| North Carolina \| 75--69 \| Virginia \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1978 \| Duke \| 85--77 \| Wake Forest \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1979 \| North Carolina \| 71--63 \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1980 \| Duke \| 73--72 \| Maryland \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1981 \| North Carolina \| 61--60 \| Maryland \| \| Capital Centre \| Landover, Maryland \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1982 \| North Carolina \| 47--45 \| Virginia \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1983 \| NC State \| 81--78 \| Virginia \| \| The Omni \| Atlanta, Georgia \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1984 \| Maryland \| 74--62 \| Duke \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1985 \| Georgia Tech \| 57--54 \| North Carolina \| \| The Omni \| Atlanta, Georgia \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1986 \| Duke \| 68--67 \| Georgia Tech \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1987 \| NC State \| 68--67 \| North Carolina \| \| Capital Centre \| Landover, Maryland \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1988 \| Duke \| 65--61 \| North Carolina \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1989 \| North Carolina \| 77--74 \| Duke \| \| The Omni \| Atlanta, Georgia \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1990 \| Georgia Tech \| 70--61 \| Virginia \| \| Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1991 \| North Carolina \| 96--74 \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1992 \| Duke \| 94--74 \| North Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1993 \| Georgia Tech \| 77--75 \| North Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1994 \| North Carolina \| 73--66 \| Virginia \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1995 \| Wake Forest \| 82--80 (OT) \| North Carolina \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1996 \| Wake Forest \| 75--74 \| Georgia Tech \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1997 \| North Carolina \| 64--54 \| NC State \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1998 \| North Carolina \| 83--68 \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 1999 \| Duke \| 96--73 \| North Carolina \| \| Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2000 \| Duke \| 81--68 \| Maryland \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2001 \| Duke \| 79--53 \| North Carolina \| \| Georgia Dome \| Atlanta, Georgia \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2002 \| Duke \| 91--61 \| NC State \| \| Charlotte Coliseum (Tyvola) \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2003 \| Duke \| 84--77 \| NC State \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2004 \| Maryland \| 95--87 (OT) \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2005 \| Duke \| 69--64 \| Georgia Tech \| \| MCI Center \| Washington, D.C. \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2006 \| Duke \| 78--76 \| Boston College \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2007 \| North Carolina \| 89--80 \| NC State \| \| St. Pete Times Forum \| Tampa, Florida \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2008 \| North Carolina \| 86--81 \| Clemson \| \| Charlotte Bobcats Arena \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2009 \| Duke \| 79--69 \| Florida State \| \| Georgia Dome \| Atlanta, Georgia \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2010 \| Duke \| 65--61 \| Georgia Tech \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2011 \| Duke \| 75--58 \| North Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2012 \| Florida State \| 85--82 \| North Carolina \| \| Philips Arena \| Atlanta, Georgia \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2013 \| Miami \| 87--77 \| North Carolina \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2014 \| Virginia \| 72--63 \| Duke \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2015 \| Notre Dame \| 90--82 \| North Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2016 \| North Carolina \| 61--57 \| Virginia \| \| Verizon Center \| Washington, D.C. \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2017 \| \\|Duke \| 75--69 \| Notre Dame \| \| Barclays Center \| Brooklyn, New York \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2018 \| Virginia \| 71--63 \| North Carolina \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| \\|2019 \| \\|Duke \| 73--63 \| Florida State \| \| Spectrum Center \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2020 \| Tournament not completed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.\ \| \| \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| \| \| Number 1 seed Florida State appointed ACC champion. \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2021 \| Georgia Tech \| 80--75 \| Florida State \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2022 \| Virginia Tech \| 82--67 \| Duke \| \| Barclays Center \| Brooklyn, New York \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2023 \| Duke \| 59--49 \| Virginia \| \| Greensboro Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2024 \| NC State \| 84--76 \| North Carolina \| \| Capital One Arena \| Washington, D.C. \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2025 \| Duke \| 73--62 \| Louisville \| \| Spectrum Center \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2026 \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2027 \| \| \| \| \| First Horizon Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2028 \| \| \| \| \| Spectrum Center \| Charlotte, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+ \| 2029 \| \| \| \| \| First Horizon Coliseum \| Greensboro, North Carolina \| +--------+----------------------------------------------------------+---------------+----------------+----------------+-----------------------------------+----------------------------+	1,431	ACC men's basketball tournament	0
9,982,733	# ACC men's basketball tournament ## Venues +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Venue \| City \| State \| Appearances \| Last \| Years \| Notes \| +===================================+============+================+=============+======+==================================================================================================================================+=======+ \| First Horizon Coliseum \| Greensboro \| North Carolina \| 30 \| 2023 \| 1967, 1971--75, 1977--80, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1995--98, 2003--04, 2006, 2010--11, 2013--15, 2020, 2021, 2023, 2027\, 2029\ \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Reynolds Coliseum \| Raleigh \| North Carolina \| 13 \| 1966 \| 1954--66 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Charlotte Coliseum\ \| Charlotte \| North Carolina \| 8 \| 2002 \| 1990--94, 1999--2000, 2002 \| \| \| (Tyvola Road, demolished 2007) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Spectrum Center \| Charlotte \| North Carolina \| 4 \| 2025 \| 2008, 2019, 2025, 2026\, 2028\ \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Charlotte Coliseum (Independence) \| Charlotte \| North Carolina \| 3 \| 1970 \| 1968, 1969, 1970 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Capital Centre \| Landover \| Maryland \| 3 \| 1987 \| 1976, 1981, 1987 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Omni Coliseum \| Atlanta \| Georgia \| 3 \| 1989 \| 1983, 1985, 1989 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Capital One Arena \| Washington \| D.C. \| 3 \| 2024 \| 2005, 2016, 2024 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Barclays Center \| Brooklyn \| New York \| 3 \| 2022 \| 2017, 2018, 2022 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Georgia Dome \| Atlanta \| Georgia \| 2 \| 2009 \| 2001, 2009 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| Amalie Arena \| Tampa \| Florida \| 1 \| 2007 \| 2007 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ \| State Farm Arena \| Atlanta \| Georgia \| 1 \| 2012 \| 2012 \| \| +-----------------------------------+------------+----------------+-------------+------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+ ### Notes \ Denotes the venue for a future ACC men\'s basketball tournament	284	ACC men's basketball tournament	1
9,982,746	# Senador Salgado Filho Senador Salgado Filho is a municipality of the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 2,770 (2020 est.) in an area of 147.21 km^2^. It is located 492 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete and east of Argentina	55	Senador Salgado Filho	0
9,982,750	# Deportation of the Danish police During World War II, the Danish government chose to cooperate with the Nazi occupation authorities. Even though this applied to the Danish police as well, many were reluctant to cooperate. As a result, a large number of members of the Danish police force were deported to Nazi concentration camps in Germany. The Gestapo established the collaborationist HIPO Corps to replace them. ## April 1940--September 1944 {#april_1940september_1944} Nazi Germany occupied Denmark on 9 April 1940, and the Danish cabinet decided on a policy of collaboration. This applied to all civil servants, including the entire Danish police force, which began cooperation with its German counterparts. On 12 May 1944, Dr. Werner Best demanded that the Danish police should protect 57 specific enterprises against sabotage from the Danish resistance movement, which was growing in strength. Should the Danish civil service not accept this, the Danish police force would be reduced from 10,000 to 3,000 men. The head of the Danish administration, Nils Svenningsen, was inclined to accept this demand, but the organizations of the Danish police were opposed to the idea. The German request was ultimately turned down, and this was reported to Best on 6 June 1944. This reduced the Gestapo\'s already limited trust in the Danish police even further. ## Arrest and deportation {#arrest_and_deportation} The German army began arresting members of the Danish police in Denmark\'s main cities on 19 September 1944. The force numbered 10,000 men in that year. 1,960 personnel were arrested and later deported to the Neuengamme concentration camp. Policemen deported to Buchenwald were in two groups, the first group was sent on 29 September, the second was transferred on 5 October 1944. On 16 December, following pressure from the Danish administration, 1604 men were transferred from Buchenwald to Mühlberg (Stammlager or Stalag IV-B), a camp for prisoners of war POWs. That meant an improvement in the situation for the Danish policemen; POWs had some kind of protection due to international conventions, while inmates in concentration camps did not. Subsequently the policemen were scattered somewhat on various work details. ## Negotiations The Danish ministry of foreign affairs headed by Nils Svenningsen negotiated with the German authorities in Denmark over the release of Danish concentration camp inmates. From late September 1944, transport with Red Cross packs was organized. An agreement was reached on 8 December 1944, for the release (and transport back to Denmark) of 200 sick policemen. Simultaneously with the Danish negotiations, the Swedish count Folke Bernadotte intended to get all Scandinavian concentration camp prisoners to Sweden. The efforts to get prisoners from Scandinavia out of the German camps continued in the following months. In March and April 1945, 10,000 Danish and Norwegian captives were brought home from Germany in White Buses. The majority of the deported policemen travelled with these vehicles. Some of the returning captives arrived at Frøslev Prison Camp just north of the border between Germany and Denmark. ## Number of deaths {#number_of_deaths} The number of Danish policemen who died during their incarceration in the German camps varies between 81 and 90, depending on the source. Several died afterwards due to camp-related illnesses. This group is a little more difficult to delimit. According to a calculation in 1968, 131 policemen died. The mortality rate among the Danish policemen was reduced after they left Buchenwald and were transferred to Mühlberg in December 1944. 62 men died in Buchenwald	568	Deportation of the Danish police	0
9,982,767	# Albert Cahen Albert Cahen d\'Anvers (8 January 1846 -- 27 February 1903) was a French composer best known for light opera. ## Life Born in Antwerp to a Belgian-Jewish banking family, Cahen was a pupil of César Franck (composition) and Mme. Szarvady (pianoforte). He enjoyed access to the elite social circles of his day, and made himself known to the musical world with the following compositions: - Jean le précurseur, a biblical poem (1874) - Le Bois, a comic opera (1880, Paris) - Endymion, a mythological poem (1883, Paris) - La Belle au bois dormant, a fairy operetta (1886, Geneva) - Le Vénitien, a four-act opera (1890, Rouen) - Fleur des neiges, ballet (1891) - La Femme de Claude, a three-act lyric drama (1896, Paris) He died in La Turbie	131	Albert Cahen	0
9,982,772	# Sharon Sweet Sharon Sweet (born August 16, 1951 in Gloversville, NY) is an American dramatic soprano. Sharon Sweet has appeared in leading roles in several major venues in Europe and the United States and has made notable contributions to several recordings, in particular Lohengrin, Der Freischütz, Don Giovanni, and Il Trovatore. In 1999, she accepted a full-time teaching position at Westminster Choir College of Rider University. In a column in Opera News, Sweet stated that she made the move out of frustration with the current operatic scene which emphasized physical appearance over voice. She cited her struggles with Hashimoto\'s syndrome, a thyroid condition. ## Biography The family of the artist came from a small town in New York. Her father had started a career as a lyric tenor, but he abandoned his career after serving in World War II. At age five, she began studying the piano, which she had to give up after an accident. As a minor, she studied singing, but then taught during one year as a music teacher at a public school. After winning the New York Metropolitan Opera auditions, she was educated at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia by Margaret Harshaw, then in New York by Marinka Gurewich. During her studies she worked as a teacher of singing and music theory at the University of New York and conducted the University Choir. At 24, she married a Presbyterian minister who came from her hometown. She lived in Philadelphia, giving private evening of songs and arias, but 1985 finally went to West Germany. There, she attracted a sensation when she stepped in a concert in Munich\'s \"Aida\" performance in the title role. From 1986--88 she was engaged at the Opera House in Dortmund, where she sang the role as the inaugural Elizabeth in Tannhäuser. The same role she sang as a guest in Zurich and with the Deutsche Oper Berlin, the latter of which she became a member of in 1987. She toured to Japan with the Deutsche Oper in 1987 for performance of \"The Ring Cycle\". That same year she performed at the Paris Grand Opera as Elisabetta in Don Carlos. In 1987-1988 Sweet appeared at the Staatsoper in Hamburg as Elisabetta in Verdi\'s Don Carlos, Leonora in Il Trovatore, and Elisabeth in Tannhäuser. She sang at the Staatstheater Braunschweig in 1988 as Desdemona in Verdi\'s Othello. At the 1987 Salzburg Festival she was heard as a soloist in the Stabat Mater by Dvorak. That same year she sang the \"Gurrelieder\" by A. Schoenberg in Munich under the baton of Zubin Mehta. In 1988 she appeared at the Vienna State Opera as Elisabeth in Tannhäuser and in Brussels as Norma in a concert performance of Bellini\'s opera. In 1989 Sweet made her US debut at the San Francisco Opera as Aida. In 1990 she was a guest performer at the Arena di Verona as Aida and in 1991 in Montpellier as Leonora in Il Trovatore. In 1992 she appeared at the State Operas of Vienna and Dresden, and at the opera in Dallas. In 1993 she sang in the amphitheater of Caesarea as Aida and appeared at the Festival of Orange again as Leonora in \"Il Trovatore\" and in Munich as Desdemona in Verdi\'s Othello. In 1992 she sang at the Lyric Opera of Chicago as Amelia in Verdi\'s Un ballo in maschera. Sweet made her Metropolitan Opera debut in 1990 as Leonora in Il trovatore, and over the next decade played 8 different Verdi, Mozart, Wagner, and Puccini roles with the company, including Lina in the Met premiere of Verdi\'s Stiffelio during the 1993/94 season. She also played Leonora di Vargas in a new production of the same composer\'s La forza del destino during the 1995/96 season; both of these productions were directed by Giancarlo del Monaco. In 1994 Sweet made her debut at Covent Garden Opera London as Turandot by Puccini, and was there in 1995 as Aida and again in 1996 as Turandot. In 1995 she sang at the Teatro Comunale Bologna as Norma and at the State Theater in Hanover as Tosca	684	Sharon Sweet	0
9,982,775	# Veto Players *Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work* is a book written by political science professor George Tsebelis in 2002. It is a game theory analysis of political behavior. In this work Tsebelis uses the concept of the veto player as a tool for analysing the outcomes of political systems. His primary focus is on legislative behaviour and outcomes. ## Veto players {#veto_players} The concept of the veto player is a political actor who has the ability to decline a choice being made. Specifically in Tsebelis\' analysis a veto player is one who can stop a change from the status quo. This is analogous to players in a bargaining game where all players must reach agreement. A key feature of veto players is that they have preferences over public policy outcomes and these are continuous across the continuous policy choices the veto player faces. There are a number of difficulties with applying the concept of veto players to political systems:`{{Electoral systems}}`{=mediawiki} - What is a veto? Although from a game theoretic perspective it is often part of the conditions of the game that agreement must be reached, in practice determining what constitutes a veto is more difficult. For example, although the US president is said to have a veto over legislation, in fact this can be overturned by the legislature. More strikingly, traditionally the British monarch has a veto over legislation (as British Acts require Royal Assent) but this power is never used. - What is a player? Tsebelis notes that players come in a variety of forms, and may be groups. It may be the case that the veto player is not an individual, for example the US congress. In this case how can the veto player be defined? One way is to look at the constitutional structure of the assembly (the majority of the preferences of the House) however this overlooks the influence of parties and external influences of the lobby groups and the electorate. Tsebelis looks at this by assessing the influence of the different factors on the veto player preferences, arguing that the veto player analysis encompasses issues such as party systems. ## Policy space and social choice within {#policy_space_and_social_choice_within} Having established the concept of veto players, Tsebelis then applies this to social choice, following Anthony Downs\' approach of continuous policy space with veto players concerned solely about proximity of choices to their ideal on a policy spectrum. Further he assumes that there is a status quo point (apparently analogous to a disagreement point in game theoretic bargaining analysis). He argues that the status quo will only change if it is weakly preferred by all veto players (since otherwise one of the players would veto the social choice). This is analogous to saying that the status quo will only change if the status quo is not Pareto efficient for veto players. Tsebelis then suggests that where Pareto improvements are available, the social choice will be for a point which is Pareto efficient. He suggests that in the case where there are many such points, there will be mechanisms to determine which point is reached (although there is no explicit exposition of a bargaining analysis either co-operative or non-cooperative). Tsebelis then looks at how various veto players resolve certain situation (changing the number of policy dimensions, veto players and status quo points). In so doing he looks at situations with many solutions. Some literature claims that any change (in policies or institutional designs) will become more slow and difficult with increases in the number of veto players and/or the distance between them. The power of individual veto players can be estimated with power index. ## Criticism Some literature criticizes parts of the veto player theory, such as the assumption that coalition partners in multiparty governments are veto players. Further the prediction of veto player theory that consensus democracy is inflexible hasn\'t been confirmed	647	Veto Players	0
9,982,811	# History of the Detroit Lions The history of the Detroit Lions, a professional American football franchise based in Detroit, dates back to 1928 when they played in Portsmouth, Ohio as the Spartans. They joined the National Football League (NFL) in 1930 before they were bought by George A. Richards, a radio executive, and moved to Detroit and changed their name to the Lions in 1934 and won their first NFL Championship the following season. The Lions had their most success in the 1950s, winning the NFL Championship three times, in 1952, 1953, and 1957, and made several playoff appearances in the 1990s. In 2024, they began their 95th season, continuing to be one of the NFL\'s oldest franchises. ## Portsmouth Spartans (1928--1933) {#portsmouth_spartans_19281933} The Lions franchise was originally based in Portsmouth, Ohio as the Spartans. Originally an independent team, they joined the National Football League in 1930, after which they compiled a 28--16--7 record by the end of the 1933 season, including a berth in the first-ever game with the league title at stake in 1932. However, while they were successful on the field, they lived a hand-to-mouth existence off of it. At one point, players were given stock in the team in lieu of their salaries. By this time, it was apparent that mid-size cities like Portsmouth could no longer support an NFL team. ## Move to Detroit and early success (1934--1938) {#move_to_detroit_and_early_success_19341938} In 1934, George A. Richards, a radio executive who owned WJR, a radio affiliate of the NBC Blue Network (the forerunner to today\'s ABC), purchased the Portsmouth Spartans for \$8,000 and moved the team to Detroit, renaming them the Detroit Lions. Richards picked the name because he intended to put together a team that would be the \"king of the NFL,\" much like the lion was the king of the jungle. He also wanted a tie-in to baseball\'s Detroit Tigers. In their inaugural season in Detroit several months later, the Lions started off with a 10-game win streak that included seven shutouts. However, they lost the last three games of the season to the Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears and finished in second place behind the Bears in the Western Division, once again coming up short to their rivals. That same year, Richards negotiated an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across all of the network\'s affiliated stations. Since then, the Lions have played on Thanksgiving every season with the exception of the years during World War II. In 1935, Dutch Clark led the NFL with 55 points, while Ernie Caddel led the league with 621 yards as they carried the Lions to a 7--3--2 record, which was first in the Western Division. As a result, they advanced to the 1935 NFL Championship Game against the New York Giants. The game was played on December 15, 1935, in front of 15,000 fans in Detroit. The Lions won the game 26--7 to secure the franchise\'s first World Championship, contributing to Detroit\'s City of Champions for the 1935--36 sports season, during which the Detroit Tigers won the 1935 World Series and the Detroit Red Wings captured the 1936 Stanley Cup. After the season ended, the Lions played a team of NFL All-Stars in an exhibition game on January 1, 1936, winning 33--0. They played four additional exhibition games: a 67--14 win over the Westwood Cubs on January 13, a 42--7 win over the Los Angeles All-Stars on January 20, a 10--3 victory over the Green Bay Packers on January 26, and a 30--6 victory over the Hawaii All-Stars on February 9. Over the next two years, the Lions had records of 8--4 and 7--4 but finished third in the Western Division both years, again behind the Bears and Packers. After falling one game short of the Packers in 1938, both Dutch Clark and Ernie Caddel decided to retire.	645	History of the Detroit Lions	0
9,982,811	# History of the Detroit Lions ## Struggling (1939--1949) {#struggling_19391949} In 1939, the Lions\' first year without their superstar players, they managed a disappointing record of 6--5. This season would set the tone for the next decade. Before the 1940 season, Richards, then living in Beverly Hills and in poor health, sold the team to Fred L. Mandel Jr., a 31-year-old member of the family that owned the Mandel Brothers Department Store of Chicago. The 1940s saw the Lions win only 35 games. The low point was when they went 0--11 in 1942, scoring only five touchdowns all season, getting shut out five times, and never scoring more than seven points in a single game. With the first overall pick in the 1943 NFL draft, the Lions drafted Frank Sinkwich from Georgia. The Lions finished the 1943 season with a 3--6--1 record. A notable occurrence during the season happened on November 7 when the Lions and the New York Giants played to a scoreless tie. `{{as of\|2024}}`{=mediawiki}, this was the last time an NFL game has ended in a scoreless tie. In 1944, Sinkwich won the NFL Most Valuable Player award after leading the Lions from a 1--3--1 start to a 6--3--1 finish. It was the team\'s first winning record since 1939. Detroit improved on that record in 1945, finishing 7--3. They were second in the Western Division behind the Cleveland Rams. The Lions were less successful in the latter half of the decade; in 1946, they only managed one win all year, while in 1947, they won only three games. With the sixth overall pick in the 1948 NFL draft, the Lions drafted quarterback Y. A. Tittle. However, he never signed with the team, instead joining the Baltimore Colts of the All-America Football Conference. On January 15, 1948, the NFL owners unanimously approved the sale of the Lions from Fred J. Mandel to the Detroit Football Company, a seven-person syndicate led by D. Lyle Fife. The Lions won only two games that year, but they kept building up their roster by trading quarterback Johnny Rauch\'s draft rights to the New York Bulldogs in exchange for the draft rights to Doak Walker. In 1949, the Lions improved to 4--8, missing the playoffs for a fourteenth consecutive season. During the season, team president D. Lyle Fife left his wife of 33 years for his secretary. The resulting scandal saw Fife resign and Edwin J. Anderson take over as president.	408	History of the Detroit Lions	1
9,982,811	# History of the Detroit Lions ## Team of the 1950s (1950--1958) {#team_of_the_1950s_19501958} At the start of the 1950s, the Lions had a roster to compete for championships, but were still in need of a franchise quarterback. To solve this, they traded fullback Camp Wilson to the New York Yanks in exchange for quarterback Bobby Layne. After finishing a disappointing 6--6 in 1950, head coach Bo McMillin resigned. He was replaced by Buddy Parker, who had previously played for the Lions in the mid-1930s, including being a part of the 1935 championship team. The following season saw the Lions improve with a 7--4--1 record. In 1952, the Lions finished with a 9--3 record, tied with the Los Angeles Rams for first in the NFL\'s National Conference. Thus, for the first time in 17 years, the team returned to the playoffs. In the National Conference Playoff, the Lions defeated the Rams 31--21 in front of nearly 50,000 spectators at Briggs Stadium in Detroit, playing in fog. The win sent the Lions back to the NFL Championship Game against the Cleveland Browns, which was the first of four championship games the two teams would play against each other during the decade. The Lions defeated the Browns by a score of 17--7 to win the second title in franchise history. The next year saw the Lions enjoy one of the greatest seasons in franchise history. They would draft future Hall of Fame linebacker Joe Schmidt in the seventh round of the 1953 NFL draft. The Lions went 10--2, which was good for first place in the renamed Western Conference. In addition, the team had seven Pro Bowlers, eight All-Pros, and swept their division rivals Chicago and Green Bay in four consecutive weeks. The Lions faced the Browns in the 1953 NFL Championship Game, in which Layne found Jim Doran for a 33-yard game-winning touchdown in the final minutes to win 17--16. In 1954, the Lions would finish with a 9--2--1 record. They faced the Browns in the NFL Championship Game for a third consecutive season. This time, however, the Browns destroyed the Lions 56--10, ruining their shot at a three-peat. Despite the Lions\' success early in the decade, the mid-1950s looked like a falling off point for the team. The Lions won only three games in 1955. In the following season, the team finished in second place to the Chicago Bears with a 9--3 record. During the 1957 preseason, Buddy Parker stunned the football world by announcing his resignation from the organization. George Wilson took over as head coach. Despite the turmoil, the Lions finished 8--4, tied with the San Francisco 49ers for first in the Western Conference. As a result, the two teams faced each other in a playoff game in San Francisco. During the game, the 49ers took a 24--7 lead into halftime behind three touchdown passes from Y. A. Tittle. During halftime, the 49ers, who assumed they had the game locked up, celebrated in their locker room. Because the walls in Kezar Stadium were so thin and the locker rooms were right next to each other, the Lions heard it. George Wilson stood up and said, \"I was going to say something, but that\'s what they think of you\". On the first play of the second half, 49ers running back Hugh McElhenny broke off a 71-yard run to the Detroit 9 yard line, but the Lions held the 49ers to a field goal, which was San Francisco\'s last points of the day. Bobby Layne had been lost to injury three weeks prior, but Lions backup quarterback Tobin Rote led the team to 24 unanswered points and a 31--27 come from behind win. The next week, in the NFL Championship Game, Rote threw for four touchdowns and ran in another as the Lions routed the Browns 59--14, claiming their third championship in six years. To date, this is the last championship they have won. In 1958, the Lions traded Bobby Layne to the Pittsburgh Steelers in exchange for Earl Morrall and two future draft picks. According to legend, as he was leaving for Pittsburgh, Layne said that the Lions would not win another championship for 50 years. Since this time, the Lions have not won another championship and the franchise\'s subsequent years of (mostly) futility has been labeled \"The Curse of Bobby Layne.\" Without Layne, the Lions finished with a 4--7--1 record.	731	History of the Detroit Lions	2
9,982,811	# History of the Detroit Lions ## Adjusting to life without Bobby Layne and committing to defense (1959--1969) {#adjusting_to_life_without_bobby_layne_and_committing_to_defense_19591969} A 3--8--1 season in 1959 meant the Lions closed out their most successful decade in disappointing fashion. Going into the 1960s, the Lions decided to go with a new rebuild, this time centered around defense. The team started by trading defensive end Gerry Perry to the St. Louis Cardinals for cornerback Dick \"Night Train\" Lane. Joe Schmidt later called it \"one of the best trades that will ever be made in any sport\". Lane made three Pro Bowls and four All Pro selections as a Lion. Detroit also drafted star defensive tackle Roger Brown to pair with Alex Karras, Sam Williams and Darris McCord, forming one of the most fierce defensive lines in pro football history. The Lions also still had \'50s stars Joe Schmidt and Yale Lary as well as cornerback Dick LeBeau, who the team signed in 1959. Despite a 0--3 start in 1960, the Lions put together a 7--2 record to end the year at 7--5 overall. The Lions finished second in the Western Conference and earned a trip to the Playoff Bowl against their rivals the Cleveland Browns, who finished second in the Eastern Conference. The game was played on January 7, 1961, at the Miami Orange Bowl in Miami, and was the fifth (and to date last) playoff game between the teams. The Lions defeated the Browns 17--16. In 1961, a group of stockholders led by former president D. Lyle Fife attempted to remove Edwin J. Anderson as team president. Anderson resigned and one of his supporters, William Clay Ford Sr., was chosen to succeed him. Anderson was allowed to stay on as general manager. That year, the Lions improved slightly, finishing 8--5--1 and returned to the Playoff Bowl where they destroyed the Philadelphia Eagles 38--10. The peak of the Lions\' early \'60s defense came in 1962 when they put together an 11--3 record and became only the third team in NFL history to never trail by more than 7 points in a game. While the Lions finished behind the Packers again, they managed to defeat them on Thanksgiving Day in Detroit 26--14 in a game that became known as the \"Thanksgiving Day Massacre\". This was the Packers\' only loss of the season, as they eventually won the 1962 NFL Championship. The Lions went to the Playoff Bowl for the third year in a row, defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers 17--10. Detroit\'s luck came to an end in 1963 as the team fell apart, finishing 5--8--1. A betting scandal involving Alex Karras and Packers running back Paul Hornung, which led to both players being suspended for the 1963 season, also played a part in the Lions\' collapse. On November 22, 1963, William Clay Ford Sr. purchased a controlling interest in the team for \$6 million. The sale was completed on January 10, 1964. During Ford\'s ownership tenure, which extended to his death in 2014, the Lions won just a single playoff game. The team would improve the next year, finishing 7--5--2. Despite this, they missed the playoffs. The Lions began losing its defense when Yale Lary retired following the 1964 season, while both Schmidt and Lane would retire a year later. In the mid-1960s, the Lions served as the backdrop for the sports literature of George Plimpton, who spent time in the Lions training camp masquerading as a player. This was the basic material for his book Paper Lion, later made into a movie starring Alan Alda plus a number of actual Lions players, including Alex Karras. The Lions struggled through the mid to late \'60s, but used the time to rebuild their roster eventually drafting Lem Barney to replace Lane, Bob Kowalkowski and Ed Flanagan to build up the offensive line and running back Mel Farr. Despite said players being Pro Bowlers, the Lions still needed a franchise player which they found in the 3rd round of the 1968 NFL/AFL Draft when they drafted Hall of Fame tight end Charlie Sanders, a 7-time Pro Bowler who is considered one of the best players to ever play the position.	692	History of the Detroit Lions	3
9,982,811	# History of the Detroit Lions ## Decade of mediocrity (1970--1981) {#decade_of_mediocrity_19701981} With the AFL--NFL merger, the Lions were placed in the new NFC Central division with the Chicago Bears, Green Bay Packers, and Minnesota Vikings. Motown soul singer Marvin Gaye made plans, after the death of duet partner Tammi Terrell, to join the Lions and go into football. He gained weight and trained for his tryout in 1970, but was cut early on. He remained friends with a number of the players, particularly Mel Farr and Lem Barney, who appear as background vocalists on his 1971 classic single \"What\'s Going On.\" Finishing with a 10--4 record, they were the first team to qualify for the NFL\'s newly created wild card playoff position. However, they lost to the Dallas Cowboys 5--0 after a long, grinding defensive struggle and did not see the postseason again for the rest of the decade. Despite the loss, the 1970 Lions remains one of the best teams in franchise history and one of the most underrated teams in NFL history. Also in 1970, the Lions were the opponent on the day Tom Dempsey of the New Orleans Saints kicked what was then the longest field goal in NFL history. Dempsey\'s 63-yard effort on the game\'s final play lifted the Saints to a 19--17 victory over the Lions. While playing at home against the Bears on October 24, 1971, tragedy struck when wide receiver Chuck Hughes collapsed and died of a massive heart attack. He remains the only NFL player to ever die on the field. To honor his memory, the team wore black armbands for the rest of the season and retired his #85, although the number eventually returned to circulation. In 1972, the Lions improved to 8--5--1. In the following season, they regressed to 6--7--1. Heart disease claimed another member of the franchise when head coach Don McCafferty died shortly before training camp in 1974. That season saw the Lions finish at 7--7. On Thanksgiving Day, November 28, 1974, after over 35 years, the Lions played their final game at Tiger Stadium, where they lost to the Denver Broncos 31--27 in front of 51,157, amidst snow flurries and a 21--point Broncos third quarter. The Lions moved to a newly constructed, domed stadium in suburban Pontiac. Another 7--7 record was produced in 1975, the Lions\' first year indoors. This was followed by a 6--8 showing in 1976. The team finished with an identical 6--8 record in 1977, struggling the whole season with an anemic offense that only put up 183 points. More mediocrity followed in 1978 with seven wins in the newly expanded 16-game season. The bottom fell out in 1979 with a 2--14 record. This gave the Lions the first overall pick in 1980 NFL draft, which they used to draft Heisman Trophy winner Billy Sims from Oklahoma. Detroit also drafted quarterback Eric Hipple in the fourth round of the draft, who became the Lions starting quarterback for most of the decade. Detroit improved immediately in 1980, jumping out to a 4--0 start, before finishing with a 9--7 record, tied for first place in the Central Division with the Vikings, but failing to qualify for the playoffs due to Minnesota winning more games within the conference. The next year, the Lions had a chance to win the division on the final week of the season by defeating the Buccaneers at home; however, they would lose that game, once again failing to qualify for the playoffs, as they finished 8--8.	585	History of the Detroit Lions	4

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