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# History of the Detroit Lions
## NFC Central Division champions and Billy Sims retires (1982--1988) {#nfc_central_division_champions_and_billy_sims_retires_19821988}
The Lions entered 1982 with hope for a possible playoff run. However, after a 2--0 start, a player\'s strike cancelled seven games, cutting the season to nine games. After the strike ended, the Lions finished 2--5. Despite this, a 4--5 record was good enough to qualify for the playoffs. They became the second team to qualify for the playoffs with a losing record. In the Wild Card Round, the Lions were routed 31--7 by the eventual Super Bowl champion Washington Redskins. In the following season, the Lions won 9 games in to capture the NFL Central division championship.
On December 31, 1983, the Lions faced the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Divisional Round. After the 49ers took a 14--3 in the first quarter, the Lions were able to trim the deficit to 14--9 by halftime on couple of field goals by kicker Eddie Murray, who made a then postseason record 54-yard kick in the closing seconds of the first half. Thanks to two touchdown runs by Billy Sims, the Lions led for the first time by the score of 23--17 with 4:54 left in the fourth quarter. Joe Montana then made one of his signature fourth quarter drives by completing six passes, the last of which was the go-ahead touchdown to Freddie Solomon, which gave the 49ers a 24--23 lead with 1:23 left. The Lions were not done. Even though backup quarterback Gary Danielson, who had replaced an injured Eric Hipple, threw five interceptions, he pieced together a closing drive to put the team within field goal range with 11 seconds left. Murray, who had previously made three of four field goals, missed for the second time from 43 yards on a kick that went wide right, which secured the victory for the 49ers.
On October 21, 1984, during a game against the Minnesota Vikings, Billy Sims suffered a career ending knee injury. He spent two years trying to rehab his injury before retiring in 1986. Sims\' injury would set the tone for the rest of the season as the Lions finished with a 4--11--1 record. Monte Clark was fired after the season. The Lions brought in Darryl Rogers, considered to be an offensive guru who previously coached at the college level. However, his tenure was marked with much disappointment. From 1985 to mid-season in 1988, he had acquired the record of 18--40 and was 2--9 in 1988 before he was fired. He was replaced by interim head coach Wayne Fontes, who by the end of his coaching career, was considered to be one of the best coaches in franchise history and had the distinction of having the most wins and losses of any head coach in franchise history.
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# History of the Detroit Lions
## Barry Sanders era (1989--1998) {#barry_sanders_era_19891998}
With the third overall draft pick in the 1989 NFL draft, the Lions selected another Heisman Trophy-winning running back, Barry Sanders from Oklahoma State. He played on offense with another rookie at quarterback, Rodney Peete. While the Lions showed improvement, they still finished a distant third in the NFC Central with a 7--9 record. During his rookie season, Sanders rushed for 1,470 yards on 280 carries, and finished second in rushing just 10 yards behind the leader, Christian Okoye. He had an opportunity to win the rushing title by going back in late in the final game of the season. However, with the Lions leading by the score of 31--24 with less than a minute to go, he took a pass, which became a trademark of his career. Sanders earned the Offensive Rookie of the Year award following the season.
With such a young core, which included eventual Pro Bowlers Jerry Ball, Bennie Blades and Chris Spielman, things were once again looking up for the Lions. However, they took a step back when they finished 6--10 in the 1990 season. Sanders won the first of his four NFL rushing titles that season with 1,304 yards, beating out Buffalo Bills running back Thurman Thomas by seven yards. In 1991, the Lions started the season by being shut out on national television, 45--0, by the Washington Redskins. However, they rebounded, winning their next five games. They went 12--4 for the season, and won their first division title in eight years, capping the regular season with a win over the defending AFC Champion Bills. They were inspired late in the season by the loss of guard Mike Utley, who sustained a career ending paralysis injury against the Los Angeles Rams on November 17, 1991. As Utley was carted off the field, he flashed a thumbs up to his teammates and the Silverdome crowd. It became a rallying symbol for the remainder of the season.
In the Divisional Round, the Lions played their first home playoff game since the 1957 championship season. They dismantled the Dallas Cowboys 38--6 for the franchise\'s first playoff win since 1957. However, in the NFC Championship Game, they were once again completely overpowered by the Redskins, this time by the score of 41--10.
In the following season, the Lions were unable to sustain their success, as they finished in last place in the NFC Central with a disappointing 5--11 record. They rebounded in 1993 to secure the division title with a 10--6 record. In the Wild Card Round, the Lions suffered a heartbreaking 28--24 loss to the Green Bay Packers. In 1994, the Lions went 9--7, clinching a playoff berth for the third time in four years. However, they once again suffered another heartbreaking loss to the Packers in Wild Card Round, this time by the score of 16--12. In 1995, the Lions started the season 0--3. However, they recovered to finish 10--6. They actually had an opportunity to win the division title if the Pittsburgh Steelers defeated the Packers in the final game of the season. It was not meant to be as the Packers won 24--19. As a result, the Lions went on the road to face the Philadelphia Eagles. In the Wild Card Round, the Eagles embarrassed the Lions by the score of 58--37. In the following season, the Lions regressed with a 5--11 record to finish last in the division. After the season, Wayne Fontes was fired as head coach. He was succeeded by Bobby Ross.
The 1997 season saw the Lions go 9--7 to clinch a playoff berth. During the season, Sanders ran for 2,053 rushing yards, becoming the third running back to join the 2,000-yard club. In the Wild Card Round, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers defeated the Lions 20--10. In 1998, the Lions finished fourth in the NFC Central with a disappointing 5--11 record. Following the season, Sanders announced his retirement.
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# History of the Detroit Lions
## Post-Barry Sanders retirement and the Matt Millen era (1999--2008) {#post_barry_sanders_retirement_and_the_matt_millen_era_19992008}
After Barry Sanders retired, the 1999 season shockingly saw the Lions make the playoffs with an 8--8 record, before being dispatched by the Washington Redskins 27--13 in the Wild Card Round. Nine games into the 2000 season, Bobby Ross resigned as head coach following an embarrassing loss to the Miami Dolphins. He was replaced by assistant head coach Gary Moeller. The Lions had an opportunity to clinch a playoff berth in the final game of the season if they defeated the Chicago Bears. However, Paul Edinger kicked a 54-yard field goal with two seconds left to give the Bears a stunning 23--20 win. As a result, the Lions missed the playoffs, finishing at 9--7.
Following the season, the Lions hired Matt Millen, a former player and broadcaster, as team president and CEO. With his first act as team president, Millen fired Gary Moeller as head coach, replacing him with Marty Mornhinweg. The Lions fell apart in 2001, leading many to believe that they might become the first team to go 0--16 in a season. After starting 0--12, the Lions finally managed to win a game on December 16 by defeating their rivals, the Minnesota Vikings. After two more losses, the Lions played their final game of the season on January 6, 2002. In what was to be the final game played at the Pontiac Silverdome, the 1--14 Lions hosted the 5--10 Dallas Cowboys. Despite there not being much hype or any playoff implications to the game, 77,512 fans came out to watch the Lions defeat the Cowboys 15--10.
During the offseason, the NFL realigned to eight divisions of four teams thanks to the addition of the expansion Houston Texans. As such, the NFC Central became the NFC North. In the 2002 NFL draft, the Lions selected Oregon quarterback Joey Harrington with the third overall pick. 2002 served as the inaugural season where the Lions played at the new Ford Field in Downtown Detroit. This also was the first time the franchise had played in the city since 1974. Despite this, the Lions had little success as they went 3--13. Following the season, Marty Mornhinweg was fired and Steve Mariucci was hired as the new head coach.
With the second overall pick in the 2003 NFL draft, the Lions selected local favorite Charles Rogers. The team finished 2003 with a 5--11 record. Rogers got off to a hot start, but was injured in the middle of the season, and because of this, the Lions drafted wide receiver Roy Williams seventh overall in the 2004 NFL draft.
The Lions went the entire 2001, 2002, and 2003 seasons without a road victory. This streak, encompassing of a then NFL record 24 games, came to an end on September 12, 2004, when they defeated the Bears 20--16 at Soldier Field in Chicago. The Lions finished the 2004 season with a 6--10 record. Prior to the start of the 2005 season, Millen received a five-year contract extension. On November 28, Steve Mariucci was fired as head coach, while defensive coordinator Dick Jauron was promoted as interim coach. Ultimately, the Lions went 5--11.
On January 19, 2006, the Lions hired Rod Marinelli to be the new head coach. Prior to the start of the 2006 season, the Lions traded Joey Harrington to the Miami Dolphins. Several months later, they released Charles Rogers. Despite the changes, the team finished 3--13. With the second overall pick in the 2007 NFL draft, the Lions selected Georgia Tech wide receiver Calvin Johnson. The Lions began the 2007 season with a promising 6--2 record. The optimism was short-lived, however, as the team recorded only a single victory in the next eight games, for a final record of 7--9.
### 2008: 0--16
Hoping to rebound from the disappointing finish to the 2007 season, things appeared to be looking up for the Lions heading into the 2008 season as they went 4--0 during the preseason. Once the regular season started, however, they would hit rock bottom. After starting 0--3, Matt Millen was fired as team president and CEO. Over seven seasons under his leadership as team president, the Lions owned the NFL\'s worst winning percentage (31--84, .270), never had a winning season, never finished higher than third place in the NFC North, and did not play in any postseason games. Tom Lewand was appointed team president, while assistant general manager Martin Mayhew was promoted to general manager.
The Lions never recovered as they finished 0--16, becoming the first team in NFL history to go winless in a 16-game season. This was later matched by the 2017 Cleveland Browns. The Lions were the first team to go winless since the 1982 Baltimore Colts went 0--8--1 in the strike-shortened season and the first in a non-strike season since the 1976 expansion Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Lions\' 16 straight losses in 2008 also broke the record for most consecutive losses in a single season, previously held by the 2001 Carolina Panthers, who lost 15 straight games after winning their opener. Following the season, Rod Marinelli was fired as head coach.
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# History of the Detroit Lions
## Matthew Stafford and Calvin Johnson era (2009--2015) {#matthew_stafford_and_calvin_johnson_era_20092015}
### 2009 {#section_1}
On January 15, 2009, the Lions hired Jim Schwartz as head coach. Schwartz spent ten seasons with the Tennessee Titans, eight of them as defensive coordinator. The Lions also hired a new defensive coordinator (Gunther Cunningham) and a new offensive coordinator (Scott Linehan). In April, they adopted a new logo, which was a more fierce version of their previous logo.
The Lions selected Georgia quarterback Matthew Stafford with the first overall pick in the 2009 NFL draft. They agreed on a six-year, \$72 million contract, with \$41.7 million in guaranteed money.
In the first two games of 2009, the Lions lost to the New Orleans Saints and Minnesota Vikings. On September 27, 2009, the team broke their 19-game losing streak with a 19--14 win at Ford Field against the Washington Redskins. Losses resumed after that, which included handing the winless St. Louis Rams their only victory of the season. The Lions\' only other win of the season was against the Cleveland Browns, a surprise 38--37 thriller that saw Matthew Stafford throw the game winning touchdown pass as time expired. The Lions then hosted the Green Bay Packers on their annual Thanksgiving game and lost 34--12. The Lions ultimately finished the season at 2--14.
### 2010 {#section_2}
In the 2010 NFL draft, the Lions used the second overall pick to select Nebraska defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh. The Lions began their 2010 season in Chicago. Despite having the lead for most of the game, the Lions suffered a heartbreaking 19--14 loss to the Chicago Bears when an apparent go-ahead touchdown catch by Calvin Johnson was ruled incomplete in an extremely controversial decision. Week 2 saw the Lions lose in a close game to the Philadelphia Eagles. After this, they headed to Minnesota to take on the struggling Minnesota Vikings. However, they were once again denied a victory, as they lost 24--10.
Following this, the Lions came close to securing their first win in Wisconsin since 1991, but ultimately lost 28--26. The Lions finally gained their first victory of the season when the St. Louis Rams returned to Ford Field in Week 5 and lost 44--6. Following a loss to the New York Giants, the Lions defeated the Washington Redskins for their second straight victory over that team. Then came five losses in a row, including a Thanksgiving Day match with the New England Patriots where the Lions blew an early lead to lose 45--24.
However, Week 14 brought a considerable turn of events when the Packers arrived in Detroit and Aaron Rodgers was taken out with a concussion in the second quarter. Matt Flynn failed to score any touchdowns, and the Lions won their first divisional game since 2007. After this, the team suddenly entered a late season hot streak. They ended an NFL record 26-game road losing streak by beating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 23--20 in overtime. Another road victory followed when the Lions knocked off the Miami Dolphins in Week 16. They returned home to beat the Vikings 20--13 to end the 2010 season 6--10.
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# History of the Detroit Lions
## Matthew Stafford and Calvin Johnson era (2009--2015) {#matthew_stafford_and_calvin_johnson_era_20092015}
### 2011 {#section_3}
In the 2011 NFL draft, the Lions bolstered their defense when they selected Auburn defensive tackle Nick Fairley. The Lions opened the 2011 season with a 27--20 road win against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. In Week 2, the Lions played their first home game against the Kansas City Chiefs. They torched the Chiefs 48--3 to set a franchise record for both the largest margin of victory and the most points scored in a regular season game. The team continued to improve in Week 3 as they climbed back from a 20-point deficit to win 26--23 in overtime to beat the Minnesota Vikings in Minnesota for the first time since 1997. This game marked the Lions\' first 3--0 start since 1980. The next week, they defeated the Dallas Cowboys in a come from behind 34--30 win, moving to 4--0.
In Week 5, the Lions hosted the Chicago Bears in their first appearance on *Monday Night Football* since 2001. In front of a record setting crowd at Ford Field, the Lions defeated the Bears 24--13 to begin the season 5--0 for the first time since 1956.
The Lions took their first loss after being beaten by the San Francisco 49ers 25--19, but the game was more notable for Jim Schwartz getting into an altercation with 49ers coach Jim Harbaugh afterwards. The NFL decided not to punish either coach for the scuffle after deliberating on the matter. A second straight home loss followed as the Lions fell to the Atlanta Falcons 23--16. The following week, the Lions defeated the Denver Broncos on the road 45--10. The game included a 100-yard interception return for a touchdown by Chris Houston. In Week 10, the Lions failed to carry out a season sweep of the Bears as they lost 37--13.
On Thanksgiving, the Lions hosted the defending Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers. The Packers won 27--15. Ndamukong Suh was ejected from the game after stomping on the arm of Packers offensive lineman Evan Dietrich-Smith, which enhanced his reputation as a dirty player. This earned him a two-game suspension as the Lions headed to New Orleans to take on the New Orleans Saints in Week 13. The game against the Saints was flexed into *Sunday Night Football*. The Saints defeated the Lions 31--17. Heading back home, the Lions edged past the struggling Vikings 34--28. The next week, the Lions went to Oakland to take on the Oakland Raiders. At the end of a close game, Matthew Stafford drove the team downfield and threw a go-ahead touchdown pass to Calvin Johnson. After the Raiders got the ball back, they attempted to kick a game-winning field goal, but Suh blocked the attempt to secure a 28--27 win for the Lions. In Week 16, the Lions defeated the San Diego Chargers at home 38--10. With the win, the Lions clinched a playoff berth for the first time since 1999. With only seeding still in question, they went to Green Bay to take on the Packers. Matt Flynn threw six touchdown passes, which was good enough to help the Packers defeat the Lions 45--41. As such, the Lions were relegated to facing the Saints on the road as the #6 seed with a 10--6 record. In the Wild Card Round, the Saints defeated the Lions 45--28.
### 2012--15 {#section_4}
The 2012 season saw the Lions try to improve over their impressive 2011 season. They started 4--4, then lost their last eight games to finish 4--12. Following the season, long time kicker Jason Hanson retired.
The 2013 season saw the team improve. By Week 10, following their first season series sweep of the Chicago Bears since 2007, the team was in first place in the NFC North. However, the Lions went on to lose their next two games. In Week 13, the team won their first Thanksgiving game since 2003 in a 40--10 whipping of the Green Bay Packers. The Lions then lost the final four games of the season to finish 7--9. This resulted in the firing of head coach Jim Schwartz on December 30.
On January 14, 2014, the Lions hired Jim Caldwell as their new head coach. He is the first African American head coach in the franchise\'s history.
On March 9, 2014, long time owner William Clay Ford Sr. died at the age of 88. On March 10, it was announced that controlling interest of the franchise would be passed down to Ford\'s widow, Martha.
During the 2014 season, the influence of Jim Caldwell improved the Lions drastically from the previous two seasons. Touting the league\'s second-best defense, the Lions posted an 11--5 record and qualified for the playoffs. However, the Lions suffered a controversial 24--20 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in the Wild Card Round.
On November 5, 2015, the Lions fired general manager Martin Mayhew and team president Tom Lewand, following a 1--7 start to the season. During Mayhew\'s tenure as general manager, the Lions were 41--63, and made the playoffs twice, losing both times in the Wild Card Round. On November 19, the Lions hired Rod Wood as team president. The Lions played better down the stretch to finish with a 7--9 record. This season marked the end of an era as Calvin Johnson retired after the season.
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# History of the Detroit Lions
## Bob Quinn era (2016--2020) {#bob_quinn_era_20162020}
### 2016 {#section_5}
On January 8, 2016, the Lions hired former New England Patriots executive Bob Quinn as general manager. During the season, the Lions put together an NFL record eight fourth quarter comeback wins to set themselves up for a division title at 9--4. However, during a Week 14 win over the Chicago Bears, Matthew Stafford suffered an injury in the middle finger of his throwing hand. The injury derailed the season as the Lions finished 9--7, which was still good enough to make the playoffs as a wild card. In the Wild Card Round, they were defeated by the Seattle Seahawks 26--6.
### 2017 {#section_6}
The Lions started the season with a 2--0 record. However, in Week 3, they suffered a controversial 30--26 loss at home to the Atlanta Falcons. This was followed up by them losing three of their next four games. The Lions bounced back by winning five of their next seven games to put themselves in the playoff race. In Week 16, the Lions went on the road to face the struggling Cincinnati Bengals. However, they lost the game 26--17, which eliminated them from playoff contention. In the final week of the season, the Lions defeated the Green Bay Packers 35--11 to finish 9--7. Jim Caldwell was fired as head coach the day after the season ended.
### 2018 {#section_7}
On February 5, 2018, the Lions hired former New England Patriots defensive coordinator Matt Patricia as head coach. A glaring need for the franchise over the past few years had been running back. To finally fix the issue, they signed LeGarrette Blount from the Philadelphia Eagles and drafted Auburn running back Kerryon Johnson in the 2018 NFL draft. After losing the first two games of the season, the Lions would surprisingly defeat the Patriots 26--10 on *Sunday Night Football*. On October 24, the Lions acquired defensive tackle Damon Harrison from the New York Giants. A few days after losing to the Seattle Seahawks, they traded Golden Tate to the Eagles. The Lions struggled for the rest of the season as they posted a 6--10 record, finishing last in the NFC North. Following the season, Jim Bob Cooter was fired as offensive coordinator.
### 2019 {#section_8}
On January 16, 2019, the Lions hired Darrell Bevell as offensive coordinator. They then released safety Glover Quin, T. J. Lang, and cornerback Nevin Lawson. They signed ex-Patriots wide receiver Danny Amendola to fill the hole left by Golden Tate and handed big contracts to ex-Patriots Justin Coleman and Trey Flowers. The team also signed tight end Jesse James from the Pittsburgh Steelers. In the 2019 NFL draft, they selected Iowa tight end T. J. Hockenson with the eighth overall pick. The Lions started the season 2--0--1. However, a series of devastating injuries and close losses broke the team, resulting in a 1--12 run the rest of the way, which included a stretch where they lost their last nine games to finish 3--12--1.
### 2020 {#section_9}
On June 23, 2020, majority owner and chairperson Martha Firestone Ford stepped down. She was succeeded by her daughter Sheila Ford Hamp. On November 28, 2020, general manager Bob Quinn along with head coach Matt Patricia were fired by the Lions following a 4--7 start to the season; Patricia\'s overall record with the team was 13--29--1. Patricia was succeeded by the Lions\' offensive coordinator, Darrell Bevell, who served as interim head coach for the remainder of the season. The Lions ultimately finished the season with a 5--11 record.
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# History of the Detroit Lions
## Brad Holmes and Dan Campbell era (2021--present) {#brad_holmes_and_dan_campbell_era_2021present}
### 2021 {#section_10}
On January 14, 2021, the Lions hired Brad Holmes as executive vice president and general manager. With Matt Patricia being fired, the Lions were on a search for their new head coach. Candidates included San Francisco 49ers defensive coordinator Robert Saleh, Kansas City Chiefs offensive coordinator Eric Bieniemy, New Orleans Saints assistant head coach Dan Campbell, former Cincinnati Bengals head coach Marvin Lewis, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers defensive coordinator Todd Bowles. On January 15, 2021, it was reported that Campbell was a front-runner for the job. However, because the Saints were in the NFL playoffs, the Lions could not interview him. When the Saints lost to the Buccaneers, it was reported the Lions intended to hire Campbell. On January 20, Campbell and the Lions agreed to a six-year deal to become the next Lions head coach.
The biggest off-season move was made on March 18, 2021, when the Lions traded longtime quarterback Matthew Stafford to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for quarterback Jared Goff, a third round pick in the 2021 draft, and first round picks in the 2022 and 2023 drafts. The Lions would get fortunate in the draft, managing to select offensive tackle Penei Sewell seventh overall and acquiring Amon-Ra St. Brown in the fourth round. Despite promising rookie seasons from the pair, the Lions finished the season at 3--13--1.
### 2022 {#section_11}
2022 proved to be a major breakout year for the Lions. In the draft, the Lions acquired multiple pieces of their core, including defensive ends Aidan Hutchinson and Josh Paschal, wide receiver Jameson Williams, cornerback Kerby Joseph, and linebackers James Houston and Malcolm Rodriguez. While the team started the season at 1--6, they finished strong winning eight of their last ten games to go 9--8, their first winning season since 2017. However, thanks to the Seattle Seahawks beating the Los Angeles Rams 19--16 in overtime in Week 18, the team missed the playoffs for the sixth consecutive season. A notable occurrence during the year came when Jamaal Williams broke Barry Sanders\' single-season touchdown record when he scored his 17th of the year against the Green Bay Packers.
### 2023 {#section_12}
The Lions opened the season with a victory over the reigning Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs. The win set the tone for the rest of the season, as the Lions finished 12--5, tying a franchise record for wins, and they won their first division title since 1993 and first since the NFC North was formed in 2002. As a result, they hosted their first playoff game since 1993, which was against former quarterback Matthew Stafford and the Los Angeles Rams. The Lions won the game 24--23, securing their first playoff win since 1991. In the divisional round, the Lions were able to host a second playoff game, a first for the franchise, as the Green Bay Packers eliminated the second-seeded Dallas Cowboys in the first round. The Lions played the NFC South champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers and won 31--23 to advance to their first NFC Championship Game since 1991. In the NFC Championship Game, the Lions lost to the San Francisco 49ers 34--31, despite holding a 24--7 lead at halftime.
### 2024 {#section_13}
Despite being decimated by injuries, the Lions finished the 2024 season with the best record in franchise history at 15--2. As a result, they secured their second consecutive NFC North title, the No. 1 seed in the NFC for the first time, and a first-round bye for the first time since 1991. This included a franchise record eleven consecutive victories. In the Divisional Round, the Lions were defeated by the Washington Commanders 45--31
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# Ponce de Leon Avenue
**Ponce de Leon Avenue** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|ɒ|n|s|_|d|ə|_|ˈ|l|iː|ə|n}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|PONSS|_|də|_|LEE|ən}}`{=mediawiki}), often simply called **Ponce**, provides a link between Atlanta, Decatur, Clarkston, and Stone Mountain, Georgia. It was named for Ponce de Leon Springs, in turn from explorer Juan Ponce de León, but is not pronounced as in Spanish. Several grand and historic buildings are located on the avenue.
## History
The original street extended eastward from Peachtree Street and was called Ponce de Leon Circle. In August 1872, a horsecar line that went from downtown Atlanta up Peachtree to Pine, was extended to Ponce de Leon Circle. At some point later`{{specify|date=February 2022}}`{=mediawiki}, it was extended to Ponce de Leon Springs, where the Ponce de Leon amusement park would be built; today, Ponce City Market (formerly the Sears building, then City Hall East) stands on the site. Finally in 1889, the line was electrified and extended with the \"loop\" around what is now Virginia-Highland.
West of Peachtree Street were Kimball Street and 2nd Street, portions of which were renamed Ponce de Leon Avenue. (See maps at Atlanta annexations.)
In the 1890s-1910s, Ponce de Leon between Midtown and Moreland Avenue (the border of Druid Hills) was one of the city\'s premier residential streets lined with large houses of the city\'s elite. With the arrival of the automobile, the richest families started to move further out, to what is today Buckhead, to Ansley Park and to Druid Hills. Upscale apartment buildings started to appear on the boulevard. Ponce, as did much of the city, lost many of its middle- to upper-middle-class residents in the 1950s and 1960s, and large parking lot areas and new buildings built away from the street made Ponce lose much of the walkability that it had - and its focus gave way fully to automobile traffic. Though a renaissance was beginning in the 1970s, Ponce still was renowned for prostitution, drug sales, but also for its eclectic character up to the turn of the 21st century, celebrated in books such as George Mitchell\'s *Ponce Deleon : An Intimate Portrait of Atlanta\'s Most Famous Avenue* and Sharon Foster\'s *Atlanta\'s Ponce de Leon Avenue: A History*. Today, the areas that Ponce passes on its way from Midtown to Druid Hills are largely affluent: Midtown, the Old Fourth Ward where gentrification is well underway, and fully gentrified Poncey-Highland and Virginia-Highland.
Sam Venable\'s home on the northeast corner of Ponce de Leon Avenue and Oakdale Road was bought in 1959 for \$60,000 by the St. John\'s Lutheran Church.
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# Ponce de Leon Avenue
## Route and landmarks {#route_and_landmarks}
### Midtown
Ponce de Leon Avenue begins at Spring Street at the south edge of Midtown Atlanta, though prior to the construction of the Downtown Connector, it started a block further west at Williams Street (across from Georgia Tech, one block east of Bobby Dodd Stadium) It passes West Peachtree Street and then Peachtree Street, the city block which has the BellSouth Building (now Tower Square) and the historic Fox Theatre on the north side of the street. At the next two intersections, it takes multiple numbered routes from North Avenue, which runs one block to the south and forms the boundary between Midtown and downtown Atlanta. Via one-way Juniper Street southbound and Piedmont Avenue (formerly part of Georgia 237) northbound, it gets U.S. 29 north, U.S. 78 east, U.S. 278 east, and Georgia 8 east.
### Historic Midtown and Old Fourth Ward {#historic_midtown_and_old_fourth_ward}
Passing Piedmont Avenue and the Edward C. Peters House, Ponce forms the border of NRHP-listed Historic Midtown to the north and Old Fourth Ward to the south. Here are found the historic Mary Mac\'s Tea Room, the Kodak Building, the Atlanta Eagle, Atlanta\'s original Krispy Kreme store, and Grace United Methodist Church. After drifting toward the east-northeast, it passes Boulevard (which continues north as Monroe Drive), and after Glen Iris Drive it passes the north side of the hulking former Sears building, later used as City Hall East, and now as Ponce City Market, a food hall and mixed-use complex. Before Sears, the Ponce de Leon Amusement Park was located here. On the north side of Ponce is the Midtown Place strip mall, on the site of the Ponce de Leon ballpark, which was home to the Atlanta Crackers and Atlanta Black Crackers baseball teams.
### Poncey-Highland and Virginia-Highland {#poncey_highland_and_virginia_highland}
Ponce de Leon Avenue then passes under a former rail bridge which is part of the BeltLine trail, after which it forms the border between the Poncey-Highland neighborhood to the south and Virginia-Highland to the north. After the now-redeveloped Ford Motor Company Assembly Plant bordering the BeltLine, it passes the Clermont Hotel and Clermont Lounge and then the north end of Freedom Parkway, where it also picks up the route designation Georgia 10 east. It then passes 725 Ponce, a mixed-use development on the former site of a supermarket nicknamed \"Murder Kroger\". A few blocks further east is the intersection with North Highland Avenue (from which the name of Poncey-Highland is derived), and at this intersection are found the historic Plaza Theatre and Briarcliff Hotel, designed by the same architect as Atlanta City Hall and once home to Coca-Cola heir Asa G. Candler Jr. Druid Hills Presbyterian Church, despite the name, is also located in this area, across the street from Briarcliff Plaza.
### Druid Hills {#druid_hills}
After crossing the intersection of Georgia 42 (Moreland Avenue south and Briarcliff Road north), it gets a sixth route number: U.S. 23 north. Although still within Atlanta city limits, it also crosses the county line from Fulton into DeKalb at this street and enters the Druid Hills neighborhood. Here are the early 20th century mansions of Atlanta\'s wealthy including the St. John\'s Chrysostom Melkite Church along in Druid Hills, Atlanta, 2012, formerly the mansion of Asa Griggs Candler (Senior), and Rainbow Terrace, home of Lucy Beall Candler Owens Heinz Leide at number 1610.
The Druid Hills Historic District incorporates the earlier **Druid Hills Parks and Parkways Historic District** that was listed on the National Register in 1975, specifically recognizing the parks and parkways along Ponce de Leon Avenue.
The road begins to gradually curve back and forth, and is followed on its south side by South Ponce de Leon Avenue, the land between them being Oak Grove Park. A second segment of linear park is called Dellwood Park, and around Clifton Road it finally leaves the city, just before passing the south side of the Fernbank Museum of Natural History. A third segment called North Ponce de Leon Avenue surrounds a heavily forested county park called Deepdene Park, and on its south side, mainline Ponce de Leon Avenue loses U.S. 278 and Georgia 10 at a split with East Lake Road.
### Decatur
After a northward curve, it loses its other four route numbers at a split with Scott Boulevard, and continues eastward into the city of Decatur as West Ponce de Leon Avenue. Crossing the centerpoint of downtown at Clairemont Avenue (north) and McDonough Street (south), near city hall and the Decatur MARTA station, it becomes East Ponce de Leon Avenue.
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# Ponce de Leon Avenue
## Route and landmarks {#route_and_landmarks}
### East of Decatur {#east_of_decatur}
It then continues on through Scottdale and downtown Clarkston to become Main Street southward through downtown Stone Mountain, then becoming Stone Mountain Lithonia Road on its way south to Lithonia.
It is also an exit at mile 40 off Interstate 285 (\"the Perimeter\") north. The only way to access I-285 south is to exit onto Church Street, since this is a split diamond interchange, and the two roads run parallel to each other separated by a railroad line.
## Improvements
Ponce de Leon Avenue in the City of Atlanta is included in the Ponce/Moreland Corridors Plan as part of the city\'s comprehensive development plan.
, the Georgia Department of Transportation has decided to begin the design of safety improvements for pedestrians on the two-mile stretch of Ponce between Piedmont and N. Highland/Moreland. Changes proposed include the conversion of an eastbound traffic lane into a two-way left-turn lane and bike lanes in both directions. The land would include intermittent traffic islands and \"HAWK\" pedestrian crossing signals at selected crosswalks where no traffic signals currently exist.
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# Ponce de Leon Avenue
## Major intersections {#major_intersections}
### as East Ponce de Leon Avenue (Decatur east to Stone Mountain) {#as_east_ponce_de_leon_avenue_decatur_east_to_stone_mountain}
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| County | Location | Roads Intersected | Notes |
+========+====================+=====================================================+==============================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| DeKalb | Decatur | Clairmont Avenue | Western terminus; road continues from West Ponce de Leon Avenue |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Church Street | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | North Arcadia Avenue / Sams Crossing | Avondale MARTA Transit Station |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | DeKalb Industrial Way | DeVry Technical Institute |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Scottdale | North Clarendon Avenue | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | North Decatur Road | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Valley Brook Road | To North DeKalb Mall |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | McLendon Drive | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Clarkston | , Exit 40 | - Split-diamond interchange |
| | | | - Northbound entrance and southbound exit, `{{jct|state=GA|I|285|dir1=South}}`{=mediawiki} can be accessed by accessing Church Street, as it is parallel with East Ponce de Leon Avenue, and both roads are separated by a railroad track. |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | North Indian Creek Drive | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Brockett Road | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Clarkston / Tucker | Idlewood Road | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Stone Mountain | Rays Road | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Hambrick Road | Hambrick Elementary School |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Mountain Industrial Boulevard / North Hairston Road | To Tucker |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | Rock Mountain Boulevard | |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | To `{{jct|state=GA|US|78|GA|410|name1=[[Stone Mountain Freeway]], [[Snellville, Georgia|Snellville]]}}`{=mediawiki} |
+--------+--------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | James B
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# Ubiretama
**Ubiretama** is a municipality of the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The name comes from the Tupi language. It is located 499 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete and east of Argentina. The population is 1,983 (2020 est.) in an area of 126.69 km^2^
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# Mycobacterium heckeshornense
***Mycobacterium heckeshornense*** is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.
## Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods. Cells are typically rod-shaped, with some coccoid forms.
**Colony characteristics** Smooth, yellow scotochromogenic colonies appear after 4 weeks of culture.
**Physiology**
- Slowly growing organism, colonies appear after 4 weeks of growth.
- Able to grow at 37 °C and 45 °C.
**Differential characteristics**
- The phylogenetic position of this species is within the cluster defined by *M. xenopi* and *M. botniense*.
- Key differentiating features are negative tests for arylsulfatase and pyrazinamidase and susceptibility to antimycobacterial drugs.
## Pathogenesis
- Seems to be pathogenic in immunocompetent humans.
- Biosafety level unknown
## Type strain {#type_strain}
- The type strain was isolated from human lung by bronchoscopy
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# Bua F.C.
**Bua Football Club** also known as **Bua Football Association** is a semi-professional Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based in Bua, which is a province on the western end of the island of Vanua Levu. Their home stadium is Bua Primary School Ground. Their uniform includes orange shirt.
## History
The Bua Association was formed in 1976, under the presidency of Jag Ram.
## Current squad {#current_squad}
*Squad for the 2023 Inter-District Championship*
### Other players under contract {#other_players_under_contract}
### Youth squad {#youth_squad}
## Personnel
### Current technical staff {#current_technical_staff}
Vikesh Rikneel Prasad\
`{{flagicon|FIJ}}`{=mediawiki} Vishal Prasad\
`{{flagicon|FIJ}}`{=mediawiki} Rishal Prasad\
`{{flagicon|FIJ}}`{=mediawiki} Divendra Prasad\
`{{flagicon|FIJ}}`{=mediawiki} Ritendra Prasad `{{Fb cs footer|u=20 October 2022 |s=[https://www.fbcnews.com
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| 0 |
9,983,031 |
# Rokudai Shōjiki
was a Japanese history book written in the early Kamakura period, narrating events in chronological order. The *Rokudai*, meaning six generations, refers to the six reigns of Emperors Takakura, Antoku, Go-Toba, Tsuchimikado, Juntoku, and Go-Horikawa. The *Rokudai* was written between the fifth month of 1223 and the end of 1224, beginning with the 1156 Hōgen rebellion and ends with a description of the punishments meted out to those involved in the Jōkyū War. Minamoto no Mitsuyuki was long considered to be the author; recently, historians have argued that Fujiwara no Tadataka, who was retired at the time the book was written, is a more likely candidate.
The book contends that Emperor Go-Toba lost the Jōkyū War because of his immorality, casting him as a villain, and that the event therefore does not necessarily challenge the authority of the emperor and his court. This viewpoint, which was convenient for both the imperial court and the newly formed Kamakura shogunate, had profound influence in later relations between the *kuge* aristocratic class and that of samurai
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# Dean Godson, Baron Godson
**Dean Aaron Godson, Baron Godson** (born 26 August 1962) is a British Conservative peer and the Director of the London-based right-wing think tank Policy Exchange.
In 2016, the *Evening Standard* named Godson one of London\'s most influential people, calling him an expert on social cohesion and praising the creation of the \"integration hub\" at Godson\'s think tank. Conservative political commentator Iain Dale also named Godson as one of the 100 most influential people on the right of British politics, in his annual rankings in 2016, 2017 and 2018. Dale also described Policy Exchange, in a February 2020 article, as \"the pre-eminent think tank in the Westminster village\".
## Origins
Godson is the younger of the two sons of Joseph (\"Joe\") Godson (1913--1986), a Polish-born Jewish-American diplomat who gained a law degree at New York University in 1940, and had been a Marxist in his early years later joining the Lovestoneites (adherents of Jay Lovestone) \"that brave group of Americans who continued to search for a workable, democratic form of Marxism until the Nazi-Soviet Pact of 1939 made them dissolve their organization in despair\". Joe subsequently served as labour attaché at the American Embassy in Ottawa (to 1952) and in London (1953--59), where he became a close friend of Hugh Gaitskell, leader of the Labour Party 1955--63, whom he assisted in his battle against the left-wing tendency of the party. Joe was also a friend of the prominent Labour Party and trade union figures Harold Wilson, George Brown, Arthur Deakin and Frank Chapple. Joe then served as a first secretary in Belgrade, Yugoslavia (1959--61), as consul general in Zagreb (to 1964) and in Edinburgh (1968--71). Joseph Godson also served as Foreign Service Officer and European Co-ordinator of the Center for Strategic and International Studies at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C. In 1976, during his retirement spent in London, Joe established the Labour Committee for Transatlantic Understanding, funded by NATO, now the Trade Union Committee for European and Transatlantic Understanding (TUCETU), a \"direct expression of American influence within the wider British labour movement\" which influenced many in Tony Blair\'s largely pro-American New Labour circle. Godson was suspected by many in the UK Labour movement to be a CIA operative, and \"although there were rumours in London during the 1950s that a CIA officer was operating under cover as a Labour attaché\", Hugh Wilford concludes there is \"no evidence that Godson was a CIA officer\". The British trade union leader Eric Hammond considered Joe Godson \"a shadowy and influential figure between the British and American trade unions and probably some kind of a spook\". Stephen Dorril and Robin Ramsay refer to Joe as \"an American spook\" in their biography of Harold Wilson.
Dean\'s mother (his father\'s second wife) is Ruth Perlman, of Israel. Dean\'s elder half-brother is Roy Godson (born 1942), professor emeritus at Georgetown University and a specialist in international politics and national security, who married Christine Watson, daughter of Sam Watson, General Secretary of the National Union of Mineworkers (Durham Area) in 1947 and Chairman of the Labour Party in 1949--50, the principal union ally of Hugh Gaitskell, Joe Godson\'s close friend.
## Education
Godson was educated at three independent schools for boys: Edinburgh Academy, Sussex House School in Chelsea, London, and St Paul\'s School in Barnes, London. He went on to study history at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, graduating with a BA degree in 1983.
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# Dean Godson, Baron Godson
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
During the 1980s, Godson was Research Assistant to Sir Ray Whitney, MP for Wycombe. He also held the position of Assistant to Hon John Lehman, US Secretary of the Navy, Washington DC, and was a Research Fellow at both Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, Cambridge, Massachusetts and the Institute for European Defence and Strategic Studies. From 1990 to 1992, Godson worked as Librarian to Sir James Goldsmith.
From 1992 to 1995, he worked for *The Daily Telegraph* and *Sunday Telegraph* as an obituary writer, leader writer and feature writer. From 1995 to 2004, he was Chief Leader Writer of *The Daily Telegraph*, writing largely about mainland domestic politics and Northern Ireland. From 1997 to 2004, he also worked as Associate Editor of *The Spectator* under Boris Johnson's editorship (before the latter became Mayor for London), was a Contributing Editor for *Prospect* magazine and a Consultant Editor on the *New York Sun*.
In his political career, Godson stood as candidate in Great Grimsby in the 1997 general election and served as first Deputy Chairman of Kensington and Chelsea Conservative Association from 1995--98.
Godson is author of *Himself Alone: David Trimble and the Ordeal of Unionism* (Harper Collins, 2004) which was short listed for the Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize. Andrew Marr called it \"a great act of political reporting -- instant history, if you like -- about the drama of Northern Ireland\'s search for peace\". He was a visiting professor at the University of Ulster.
On 22 December 2020 it was announced that he was to become a Conservative life peer. In the afternoon of Monday 25 January 2021 he was created ***Baron Godson**, of Thorney Island in the City of Westminster*.
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# Dean Godson, Baron Godson
## Work at Policy Exchange {#work_at_policy_exchange}
Godson joined Policy Exchange in 2005 and initially headed up its research into security policy, before becoming its Director in 2013.
In 2005, Godson edited [*Replacing the Routemaster: how to undo Ken Livingstone\'s destruction of London\'s best ever bus*.](https://www.waterstones.com/book/replacing-the-routemaster/simon-jenkins/dean-godson/9780954752774) The study, which featured contributions from Colin Cramphorn, Simon Jenkins, Andrew Gilligan and many others, was the first major critique of Ken Livingstone\'s policy of scrapping the Routemaster bus. The report heavily influenced Boris Johnson\'s subsequent \'New Routemaster\' policy in the 2008 London Mayoral elections. and was attacked by outgoing Labour mayor Ken Livingstone in his memoirs.
Godson founded the Colin Cramphorn Memorial Lecture, to celebrate the life of the late Chief Constable of West Yorkshire. The inaugural lecture was delivered by Peter Clarke, then head of the Metropolitan Police Counter Terrorism Command. In 2009, the lecture was delivered by Charles Farr, Director General of the Office of Security and Counter Terrorism in the Home Office. In September 2009, it was delivered by General David Petraeus, then Commander, United States Central Command.
In 2011, Gen James N. Mattis, then head of CENTCOM, gave the sixth Colin Cramphorn Memorial Lecture.
As head of Policy Exchange\'s security unit, Godson produced a number of reports examining the views of British Muslims. This included, in 2009, \"Choosing Our Friends Wisely: Criteria for Engagement with Muslim Groups\" by the ex Hizb ut-Tahrir radical Shiraz Maher and Dr Martyn Frampton of Peterhouse, Cambridge. The report was praised by Lord Guthrie of Craigiebank, former Chief of the Defence Staff, as \"remarkable\".
In June 2011, columnist Matthew D'Ancona wrote in the *Evening Standard* that the Government\'s review of its counter-terrorist strategy was "a tribute to an intellectual battle fought over the years by the modernising think tank, Policy Exchange\... and, specifically, the head of its foreign policy and security unit, Dean Godson".
In October 2007, Policy Exchange published a report entitled The Hijacking of British Islam: How extremist literature is subverting mosques in the UK. Godson became embroiled in controversy when Newsnight put out a broadcast on 12 December 2007 that suggested some of the receipts purporting to prove the sale of extremist material had been forged, and that some of the material had come from bookshops purportedly unconnected to the mosques named in the report.
Policy Exchange\'s rebuttal maintained that the receipts were not mentioned in the report, and that the report\'s findings were not dependent on them. On 15 August 2008, *The Independent* reported that two mosques mentioned in the report, the Al-Manar Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre and the North London Central Mosque, were preparing to take legal action against Policy Exchange. Subsequently, the Al Manaar Muslim Cultural Heritage Centre, following a clarification but no apology from Policy Exchange, withdrew its threatened legal complaint.
Godson\'s work on combating extremism was praised in a speech in 2014 by the then UK Prime Minister, David Cameron, calling it "incredibly important" and stating it \"has had a huge influence\".
In April 2017, Godson published a lengthy article on the *ConservativeHome* website, setting out Policy Exchange\'s call for evidence on the contingency plans needed in the event that the UK is unable to secure a deal with the EU when it leaves the bloc. ConservativeHome\'s editor, Paul Goodman, called this "a thought-provoking list of questions\... Policy Exchange is early out of the traps seeking answers".
In February 2020, the Conservative broadcaster Iain Dale described Policy Exchange as \"the pre-eminent think tank in the Westminster village\" in an article on ConservativeHome, noting that, \"Dean Godson, who has been the Director of Policy Exchange since 2013, has skilfully led Policy Exchange through three different Conservative administrations in a way that other think tanks can only marvel at. The softly-spoken Godson is often thought of as an ideological right winger, yet his pragmatism has enabled Policy Exchange to reach new heights of influence, with dozens of its alumni now sitting on the Conservative benches in Parliament.\"
In November 2020, Godson awarded the inaugural Grotius Prize -- named after the founding father of international law -- to the Australian Prime Minister, Scott Morrison, \"in recognition of his work in support of the international rules based order\", in a live online event
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# Robert Steele (drum major)
**Drum Major Robert Steele** (c. 1760 -- June 22, 1833) was an America Revolutionary War drummer and drum major.
Steele was born in about 1760 in Massachusetts. A month after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, at the age of fifteen, he joined the Continental Army as a drummer boy. He took part in the Battle of Bunker Hill.
He served throughout the war and was promoted to Drum Major by the time the Revolution was won. He retired to West Dedham, Massachusetts in 1783.
Before Steele died on June 22, 1833, he married a woman named Lydia and both are buried in the Old Westwood Cemetery in Westwood, Massachusetts
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# And Four to Go
***And Four to Go*** (British title *Crime and Again*) is a collection of Nero Wolfe mystery novellas by Rex Stout, published by the Viking Press in 1958. The book comprises four stories --- three appearing previously in periodicals, and one making its debut in print:
- \"Christmas Party\" (*Collier\'s*, January 4, 1957, as \"The Christmas-Party Murder\")
- \"Easter Parade\" (*Look*, April 16, 1957, as \"The Easter Parade Murder\")
- \"Fourth of July Picnic\" (*Look*, July 9, 1957, as \"The Labor Union Murder\")
- \"Murder Is No Joke\", later expanded as \"Frame-Up for Murder\" and serialized in three issues of *The Saturday Evening Post* (June 21--July 5, 1958)
## Publication history {#publication_history}
- 1958, New York: The Viking Press, April 29, 1958, hardcover.
: In his limited-edition pamphlet, *Collecting Mystery Fiction #10, Rex Stout\'s Nero Wolfe Part II*, Otto Penzler describes the first edition of *And Four to Go*: \"Blue cloth, front cover and spine printed with red; rear cover blank. Issued in a mainly brick red dust wrapper.\"
: In April 2006, *Firsts: The Book Collector\'s Magazine* estimated that the first edition of *And Four to Go* had a value of between \$200 and \$350. The estimate is for a copy in very good to fine condition in a like dustjacket.
- 1958, New York: Viking (Mystery Guild), August 1958, hardcover. In the printing of \"Easter Parade,\" a page presenting black-and-white versions of the four *Look* magazine photographs is placed between pages 96 and 97.
: The far less valuable Viking book club edition may be distinguished from the first edition in three ways:
:\* The dust jacket has \"Book Club Edition\" printed on the inside front flap, and the price is absent (first editions may be price clipped if they were given as gifts).
:\* Book club editions are sometimes thinner and always taller (usually a quarter of an inch) than first editions.
:\* Book club editions are bound in cardboard, and first editions are bound in cloth (or have at least a cloth spine).
- 1959, London: Collins Crime Club, May 25, 1959, hardcover (as *Crime and Again*)
- 1959, New York: Bantam #A-2016, November 1959, paperback, 35¢
- 1962, London: Fontana #629, 1962 (as *Crime and Again*)
- 1974, New York: Mystery #Q8528, December 1974, paperback, \$1.25
- 1992, New York: Bantam Crime Line `{{ISBN|0-553-24985-1}}`{=mediawiki} December 1992, paperback, Rex Stout Library edition with introduction by Jane Haddam
- 1997, Newport Beach, California: Books on Tape, Inc
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# Mycobacterium heidelbergense
***Mycobacterium heidelbergense*** is a Gram-positive, nonmotile, acid-fast coccobacillus. It is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.
## Description
Dimensions: 0.5-0.8 μm x 2.0-3.0 μm
Colony characteristics: Smooth, dome-like and nonpigmented colonies on Löwenstein--Jensen medium at 35 °C (0.5--1 mm in diameter).
Physiology: Slow growth on Löwenstein--Jensen medium at 35 °C within 3--4 weeks, optimal growth at a range from 33 to 35 °C, but also growth at 30 and 37 °C, growth at neither 25 nor at 45 °C, susceptible to isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol, resistant to pyrazinamide and cycloserine
Differential characteristics: Differentiation from *M. malmoense*, (bearing a strong phenotypic resemblance to *M. heidelbergense*), by its wider range of susceptibility to antituberculous drugs, (including isoniazid), and by its inability to grow on Löwenstein--Jensen medium at 25 °C, differentiation of *M. triplex* from *M. heidelbergense* by its positive nitrate reduction test and by its characteristic HPLC profile (triple-mycolate pattern).
Pathogenesis occurs in cervical lymph nodes (lymphadenitis) in immunocompetent patients. Its biosafety level is not known. The type strain was first isolated from an immunocompetent paediatric patient with cervical lymphadenitis with recurrent fistula formation, in Heidelberg, Germany. It is strain 2554/91 = ATCC 51253 = CIP 105424 = DSM 44471
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# Alabama State Route 19
**State Route 19** (**SR 19**) is a 37.6 mi state highway in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Alabama. The southern terminus of the route is at its intersection with SR 17 at Detroit in northern Lamar County. The northern terminus of the route is a continuation of Mississippi Highway 23 (MS 23) at the Mississippi state line in Red Bay, Franklin County.
## Route description {#route_description}
State Route 19 travels 37.61 miles through Marion and Franklin Counties in northwestern Alabama. Beginning from SR 17 north of Detroit in Lamar County, SR 19 enters Marion County in 0.18 miles. SR 19 arcs northeast to Byrd and western reaches of Hamilton. Paralleling I-22/U.S. 78 north, SR 19 intersects SR 74 adjacent to Exit 7.
Leaving Hamilton, SR 19 continues 11.97 miles along a rural course from SR 74 into Franklin County. SR 19 proceeds 3.60 miles north to Pilot Hill and the west end of SR 172 by the town of Vina. SR 19 turns west 1.56 miles from SR 172 to CR 23 the town center.
SR 19 heads northwest from Vina into the city of Red Bay. A diamond interchange joins SR 19 with the expressway along SR 24 (Corridor V). Prior to December 2014, SR 19 concluded along 11th Street SE at 4th Avenue S/SE, the former alignment of SR 24 through Red Bay. Upon completion of the Red Bay bypass along SR 24, SR 19 was extended west over what was SR 24 along 4th Avenue S across Downtown Red Bay. SR 19 concludes at the state line, where Mississippi Highway 23 takes over south to Tremont.
The entire length of State Route 19 is a paved two-lane highway
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# Shinwa (EP)
is an EP by Japanese rock band Malice Mizer, released on February 1, 2000. It is dedicated to the band\'s former drummer Kami, who died the previous year and composed two of its songs.
## Overview
Kami had been wanting to start composing songs for a while, he would practice guitar and bought a synthesizer for that purpose. When he died in June 1999, rather than hold a public memorial service for him, the remaining members chose to finish and release two of his songs that they felt best conveyed the drummer\'s feelings. They waited to release it on February 1 of the following year, which is Kami\'s birthday.
Kami first showed the band the songs in April 1999, the first time he had ever shown them his compositions. They were already titled. Mana described the two tracks as polar opposites. The guitarist described \"Unmei no Deai\", which Kami said had a French-like image, as having a \"gentleness\" that Malice Mizer had never done before. It was the most difficult song on the EP, and undertook a significant change while they arranged it.
Mana felt that \"Mori no Naka no Tenshi\" was brighter and said it has a \"fun feeling.\" Wanting to keep that happy and energetic feeling, the band did not want a tightly arranged guitar part. It also marks the first time that Mana and Közi had played/recorded guitar in a while. The remaining members composed the opening track \"Saikai\" to show their feelings for Kami.
In the album booklet, the two songs have French \"image lyrics\". Malice Mizer wrote these based on the titles that Kami gave the songs. However, only \"Unmei no Deai\" has an audible vocal track. Kami is credited as \"Eternal Blood Relative\", and would continue to be on all of Malice Mizer\'s subsequent releases. The cover illustration is of a blue morpho, as Kami was known for his love of butterflies. *Shinwa* is a box set, with a VHS containing video footage from some of their concerts set to the songs contained on the EP
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# Dreketi F.C.
**Dreketi F.C.** is a Fijian football team based in Labasa playing in the Senior Division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. Dreketi is a district in the Province of Macuata which is on the island of Vanua Levu in Fiji. The team is currently playing in the National Football League.
## History
The Dreketi Soccer Association was formed in 1995, under the presidency of Prem Chand. The team was coached by Johan Leewai Till 2018, After he moved to Labasa F.C
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# 'Monsewer' Eddie Gray
**Edward Earl Gray** (10 June 1898 -- 15 September 1969), who performed as **{{\'}}Monsewer\' Eddie Gray**, was an English stage comedian. He appeared in music halls as a solo act and also as a member of the Crazy Gang.
Gray was apprenticed to a juggler at the age of nine and became a technically proficient straight juggler. He gradually introduced a wry humour into his act, and was invited to appear with the comic double act Nervo and Knox in 1919. The three performers formed the original basis of the group of seven comedians who became famous under the collective name the Crazy Gang in the 1930s.
When the Crazy Gang re-formed after the Second World War, Gray did not rejoin them. He pursued a solo career until 1956 when he once more became a regular member of the group for their last three shows, ending in 1962. After the disbanding of the Crazy Gang, Gray continued to work. Among his later appearances was that in the London production of *A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum* in 1962.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### Juggler
Gray was born in Pimlico, London, one of nine children of Edward Earl Gray, a shopkeeper, and his wife, Rebecca, *née* Daniels. Gray and his brother Danny were apprenticed to a juggling troupe when Gray was nine years old. His son, yet another Edward, was for many years the manager of the Coburg Hotel in Bayswater. As a juggler he toured Europe, the US, and Asia. At first he performed as a straight, and highly skilled, juggler, but he gradually introduced into his act the deadpan humour for which he became known.
As a friend of the comedian Jimmy Nervo since they were both child performers, Gray was invited to appear with Nervo and his stage partner Teddy Knox in 1919. He made further appearances with them in the 1920s, his laconic stage persona contrasting with their frantic anarchy.
During the 1920s Gray toured widely. He was a member of Harry Lauder\'s company touring Australia and South Africa. *The Sydney Morning Herald* praised his \"amusing dexterity in the handling of clubs and hoops\". In 1931 he married Marie Cecilia Loftus (d. 1994), a variety performer known professionally as Patti Loftus, one of the \"Loftus Sisters\".
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# 'Monsewer' Eddie Gray
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
### The Crazy Gang {#the_crazy_gang}
In November 1931 Gray appeared with Nervo and Knox and Naughton and Gold in a show called *Crazy Week* at the London Palladium. The historian David Goldie describes them as giving \"an impression of spontaneous mayhem throughout the theatre, with performances spilling into the auditorium and constant \'interruption gags\' in which the performers would intrude into other acts on the bill.\" The show was a success, and further *Crazy Weeks* and *Crazy Months* followed. Flanagan and Allen joined the team in 1932, and the following year all seven members of the group appeared in the Royal Variety Performance in a bill that included Burns and Allen, Wilson, Keppel and Betty, Evelyn Laye and Billy Bennett.
From 1937 the company was billed as the Crazy Gang. Their Palladium shows in the 1930s were *All Alight at Oxford Circus* (1936), *O-Kay for Sound* (1936), *London Rhapsody* (1937), *These Foolish Things* (1938), and *The Little Dog Laughed* (1939).
During this period Gray perfected his trademark \"Cockney-French\". The humorist Paul Jennings, who called him \"the funniest man in the world\", gave an instance of it: \"Je got \'ere un packet de cards, cinquante deux in numero. I cuttee in deux, with vang-seess ici and vang-seess there-si\". His stage costume included a pair of metal-rimmed glasses and a looped moustache below a large nose that grew increasingly red over the years.
All the acts in the Crazy Gang maintained their separate careers between their joint shows at the Palladium. Gray appeared in variety shows with performers including Elsie and Doris Waters, and in pantomime with such stars as Florrie Forde. Of his performance in *Puss in Boots* in 1936, *The Manchester Guardian* said, \"Monsewer Eddie Gray, quite arbitrary and quite irresistible \... The Monsewer\'s nose blazes more than ever, and his linguistic virtuosity now includes two words of German.\"
During the Second World War the Crazy Gang went their separate ways. They re-formed in 1947, but without Chesney Allen, who had retired from regular performing because of poor health, and without Gray, who continued his solo career. He appeared in variety alongside such performers as Douglas Byng, Arthur Askey, and Jimmy Edwards. He briefly rejoined the Crazy Gang for the 1948 Royal Variety Performance in which they co-starred with Gracie Fields and Laurel and Hardy.
Gray returned to the Crazy Gang as a regular member in 1956. He was in the group\'s last three shows, *These Foolish Kings* (1956), *Clown Jewels* (1959) and *Young in Heart*, which, in Goldie\'s words, \"ran for 826 twice-nightly performances from December 1960 until an emotional farewell on 19 May 1962\".
### Later years {#later_years}
In 1963 Gray played Senex in the first London production of Stephen Sondheim\'s *A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum*. Reviewing the show in *The Observer*, Bamber Gascoigne wrote that the piece had roles for five comics: Frankie Howerd, Kenneth Connor, Jon Pertwee, Robertson Hare and Gray. \"All are good, but the highest laurels must go to Eddie Gray and Frankie Howerd for a wonderful quality of detachment. They both make a comic routine 10 times funnier by plodding through it as though it occupies only one-fifth of their attention.\"
Gray never retired. He made his last stage appearance in September 1969, in an impromptu guest appearance in Elsie and Doris Waters\' show at the Royal Hippodrome Theatre. He died three days later, on 15 September 1969, at Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex, at the age of 71
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# Ricardo Lara
**Ricardo Lara** (born November 5, 1974) is an American politician who is currently serving as the 8th Insurance Commissioner of California. Lara was elected during the 2018 election, defeating former California insurance commissioner Steve Poizner.
Lara previously served in the California State Senate from 2012 to 2019 as a Democrat, representing the 33rd Senate district. Prior to that, he served in the California State Assembly, representing the 50th Assembly district.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Born in Commerce, California, Lara is the son of a formerly undocumented factory worker and seamstress from Mexico. Lara attended Los Angeles Unified School District schools and graduated from San Diego State University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree and served as student body president. In 2013, Lara completed Harvard University\'s John F. Kennedy School of Government program for Senior Executives in State and Local Government as a David Bohnett LGBTQ Victory Institute Leadership Fellow.
A longtime Assembly staffer, Lara worked as Chief of Staff to Assemblyman Marco Antonio Firebaugh (D--South Gate) when Firebaugh served as Majority Leader. Lara later served as Fabian Nuñez\'s district director during Nuñez\'s time as Speaker. He then served as communications director for Assemblyman Kevin de León (D--Los Angeles).
## In politics {#in_politics}
### 2008 State Assembly campaign {#state_assembly_campaign}
Lara was a candidate for the Assembly in 2008, seeking the Democratic nomination in the Los Angeles-based 46th district. He faced a number of well-connected challengers, including John Pérez, the cousin of Los Angeles mayor Antonio Villaraigosa. Following a meeting at Getty House, Villaraigosa\'s official residence, Pérez became the consensus candidate and the other candidates, including Lara, dropped their campaigns. Although the challengers\' names remained on the ballot, Pérez won the primary comfortably and took the seat before being elected to the Speakership in late 2009.
Lara was subsequently appointed by Villaraigosa to the powerful Los Angeles Planning Commission, where he served until resigning to focus on his 2010 Assembly run in the 50th district. Running for the seat required Lara to move into the district, which at the time did not include any part of the city of Los Angeles. Because Los Angeles planning commissioners are required to be residents of the city of Los Angeles, Lara could not run for the 50th Assembly district while serving on the commission. He announced his candidacy for the seat in early 2009 and became a resident of Bell Gardens.
### 2010 State Assembly campaign {#state_assembly_campaign_1}
Lara faced three primary challengers in his 2010 Assembly bid, two of whom had held elected office in the district. With the support of the state and local Democratic parties as well as the Los Angeles County Federation of Labor, Lara prevailed handily. He faced a Republican opponent in the general election and won overwhelmingly.
### In the State Assembly {#in_the_state_assembly}
Lara was sworn in as an assemblyman on December 6, 2010, and was appointed the chairman of the joint legislative audit committee. He also served on the following committees: appropriations; banking and finance; higher education; and water, parks, and wildlife. He also chairs the select committee on financial empowerment.
When Bell\'s entire city council was fired or resigned in disgrace, it left no majority in the city council to swear in the newly elected council in March 2011. Lara authored Assembly Bill 93, which was an emergency action empowering an appointed alternate to swear in the new council. On April 7, 2011, Lara swore in the entirely new city council.
To prevent another Bell, Lara established the Local High Risk Audit Program with the passage of Assembly Bill 187 in 2011, allowing the California State Auditor to identify cities at high risk for waste, fraud, or mismanagement.
### 2012 State Senate campaign {#state_senate_campaign}
On October 19, 2011, Lara announced plans to run for the California Senate in the newly drawn 33rd district in 2012. The district, which has a Hispanic majority, includes many of the communities he currently represents in the Assembly as well as much of the city of Long Beach. Assemblywoman Bonnie Lowenthal (D--Long Beach), ex-wife of current senator Alan Lowenthal, had already announced her intention to run for the seat, setting off a high-profile contest between two Assembly Democrats. Lara swiftly lined up a number of endorsements, including from Congresswoman Linda Sanchez, the California Nurses Association and the California Latino Legislative Caucus, the last of which declared the race their number one target seat. An opinion poll also showed Lara favored to win the seat, giving him a 6-point lead over Lowenthal. Two weeks after Lara\'s entry into the race, Lowenthal dropped her bid for the Senate and announced that she would instead seek re-election to the Assembly.
Lara was reelected to the Senate in 2016 with 78.6% of the vote.
### In the State Senate {#in_the_state_senate}
Lara has passed legislation for cleaner air, to expand healthcare, and to protect the civil rights of Californians. He was author of the Super Pollutant Reduction Act (Senate Bill 1383) in 2016, which created the nation\'s toughest law on black carbon, methane, and fluorocarbons that contribute to global warming. Lara wrote Senate Bill 4, Health for All Kids, which became the basis for 2015 budget action that led to healthcare for nearly 200,000 undocumented immigrant children under California\'s Medi-Cal program.
In the 2017 legislative session, Lara introduced the Healthy California Act (Senate Bill 562) with Senator Toni Atkins to create a single-payer healthcare plan that replaces private insurance with a publicly run plan that covers all Californians, including an estimated 2.7 million uninsured and as many as one-third of Californians who are underinsured. He is also joint author with Senator Holly Mitchell of a package of bills to reform criminal justice and juvenile justice laws by requiring minors consult with an attorney on a Miranda warning, ensure children under age 12 are not subject to juvenile court and seal arrest records for those never convicted of a crime.
Lara has also passed bills to create cleaning product chemical disclosure, prevent California law enforcement from participating in the creation of a registry based on religion, ethnicity or national origin, and protecting the privacy of hotel guests and bus passengers.
In the 2017-18 legislative session, Governor Brown signed 34 laws principally authored by Lara, the most of any senator. These laws included protections for wildfire victims against losing their home insurance to cancellation or nonrenewal, the decriminalization of sidewalk vending, and the nation\'s first climate insurance law.
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# Ricardo Lara
## In politics {#in_politics}
### 2018 Insurance Commissioner campaign {#insurance_commissioner_campaign}
On March 21, 2017, Lara announced he was running for California Insurance Commissioner in 2018.
\"I\'m running to be California\'s next state insurance commissioner because I believe at my core that California needs a strong defender, and a counterpuncher, who will stand up to fight our bullying President, Donald Trump, and his increasingly reckless federal government on issues from healthcare access to economic security and more," Lara said in a statement.
On November 6, 2018, Lara narrowly led former Republican Insurance Commissioner Steve Poizner, who ran as an Independent. Lara increased his lead substantially in the coming days until AP called the race for Lara on November 16, 2018.
After the election, Lara faced significant criticism in which he admitted to receiving donations from the insurance industry he regulates despite pledging not to do so during his campaign.
## Electoral history {#electoral_history}
Year Office Party Primary General
------- ------------------------ ------- ------------ ----------- -------- ----- ------------------------------------
Total \% . Total \% .
2008 State Assemblymember Democratic 1,326 14.58% 4th colspan=4 `{{CNone|}}`{=mediawiki}
2010 Democratic 6,314 42.69% 1st 46,676
2012 State Senator Democratic 35,865 99.99% 1st 158,707
2016 Democratic 104,027 99.95% 1st 177,971
2018 Insurance Commissioner Democratic 2,538,478 40.49% 2nd 6,186,039
2022 Democratic 2,414,744 34
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# George N. Crocker
**George N. Crocker** (July 31, 1906 -- February 20, 1970) was a United States Army officer, writer, lawyer, and businessman.
## Biography
Crocker served as Dean of Golden Gate University School of Law from 1934 to 1941 when he resigned. Crocker was one of several critics of the New Deal and of Franklin D. Roosevelt\'s foreign policy. During World War II, Crocker was an officer in the largest and longest Army court-martial resulting from the Fort Lawton Riot.
Crocker\'s *Roosevelt\'s Road to Russia* was published by Henry Regnery Company (1959). Generally ignored by the New York/Washington establishment, it garnered favorable reviews in the *National Review*, *Modern Age*, *The Chicago Tribune*, and *The Boston Herald*. The Council on Foreign Relations' foreign policy journal Foreign Affairs described the book as a "blisteringly critical but generally familiar review of F.D.R.\'s wartime foreign policy."
Crocker made claims that Roosevelt invariably backed Stalin and went to great lengths to hide his position from the American public.
Crocker was also highly critical of Roosevelt\'s 1940 Republican opponent, Wendell Willkie, a former Democrat. After Willkie\'s defeat, Crocker wrote:
> The flighty Wendell Willkie \... suddenly \'got religion\' and became an ebullient emissary for Roosevelt, traveling to London, Moscow, and Chungking in an Army transport plane, emotionally overcome by his precipitate arrival in the upper regions of international fame. His much publicized slogan \'One World\', served well to cover up the real state of affairs. \... Whether other Republican leaders, such as Hoover and Taft, and dissident Democrats \... looked upon these antics of Wendell Willkie as those of an opportunistic hypocrite or an impressionable dupe, we know not. They \[Hoover and Taft\] themselves had no hallucinations about a \'grand coalition of peoples, fighting a common war of liberation.\'
## Works
- *Roosevelt\'s Road to Russia* (Henry Regnery Company, 1959) ([PDF](http://www.mises.org/books/Roosevelts_Road_To_Russia_Crocker
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# A Good Enough Day
***A Good Enough Day*** is the second album by Canadian singer-songwriter Royal Wood, released in 2007 on Dead Daisy Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"A Good Enough Day\"
2. \"Juliet\"
3. \"Safe Haven\"
4. \"A Mirror Without\"
5. \"I\'m So Glad\"
6. \"Siren\"
7. \"In the Garden\"
8. \"Step Back\"
9. \"Forever Were Tied\"
10. \"About You\"
11. \"Acting Crazy (It\'s a Breakdown)\"
12
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# Mark Stewart (American musician)
**Mark Stewart** is a New York City-based multi-instrumentalist, composer, singer and instrument designer.
He has been a member of the Bang on a Can All-Stars, the Fred Frith Guitar Quartet, Steve Reich and Musicians, Zeena Parkins\' Gangster Band, and Arnold Dreyblatt\'s Orchestra of Excited Strings. Stewart is a founding member of the Bang on a Can All-Stars band and The Jerry Wortman Nonette. Also, he has worked with Paul Simon, Anthony Braxton, Bob Dylan, Cecil Taylor, Meredith Monk, Philip Glass, Bruce Springsteen, Edie Brickell, Don Byron, Paul McCartney, Marc Ribot, and in the duo Polygraph Lounge with Rob Schwimmer, with whom he also contributed to Simon & Garfunkel\'s \"Old Friends\" reunion concert tour. He plays many experimental and lesser-used instruments, such as the daxophone and theremin.
Stewart was raised in Appleton, Wisconsin and now lives in Brooklyn, New York.
## Selected discography {#selected_discography}
**With Bang on a Can**
- *Bang on a Can Live, Vol. 2* (Composers Recordings Inc., 1993)
- *Bang on a Can Live, Vol. 3* (Composers Recordings Inc., 1994)
- *Industry* (Sony Classical, 1995)
- *Cheating, Lying, Stealing* (Sony Classical, 1996)
- *Music For Airports - Brian Eno* (Point Music, 1998)
- *Renegade Heaven* (Cantaloupe, 2000)
- *Steve Reich: New York Counterpoint; Eight Lines; Four Organs* (Nonesuch, 2000)
- *Terry Riley - In C* (Cantaloupe, 2001)
- *Classics* (Cantaloupe, 2002)
- *Bang On A Can & Don Byron - A Ballad For Many* (Cantaloupe, 2006)
**With Fred Frith Guitar Quartet**
- *Ayaya Moses* (1997, CD, Ambiances Magnétiques, Canada) - e-guitar
- *Upbeat* (1999, CD, Ambiances Magnétiques, Canada) - e-guitar
**With Paul Simon**
- *You\'re The One*\' (Warner Bros
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# Graeme Vimpani
**Graeme Ronald Vimpani** (born 27 January 1972 in Brisbane, Queensland) was an Australian first-class cricketer who played for the Victorian Bushrangers as a right-handed top order batsman.
Vimpani made his debut in 1995--96, opening the batting alongside Matthew Elliott. In his 30 first class appearances he made 3 hundreds with a highest score of 161 against NSW at the MCG. Other notable performances include his maiden first class century of 133 against the West Indies in 1996/97.
Vimpani also played 19 one day matches for Victoria with a top score of 93 against NSW.
Following his playing career, he worked at Cricket Australia in Public Affairs for several years, before joining the private sector
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# John Sherman (minister)
**John Sherman** (June 30, 1772 - August 2, 1828) graduated from Yale College in 1793 with honors and became the pastor of the First Congregational Church in Mansfield, Connecticut, in 1797. During the last of his eight years at Mansfield, his evolving Unitarian doctrine conflicted with the Trinitarian beliefs of his congregation and efforts were made to dispel him.
About 1803, Sherman became pastor of the Unitarian church at Trenton, New York, which was organized in 1803.
In 1805, Sherman first viewed Trenton Falls during a visit from Connecticut. In 1806, Sherman moved to Trenton to be the pastor of the Reformed Christian Church. Sherman resigned as pastor in 1810 and established a teaching academy next to the low ground trail to Trenton Falls. In 1808, with the help of money donated by Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon\'s brother, a path was blasted to Trenton Falls.
In 1812, Sherman founded an academy in the village, which he successfully conducted a number of years and educated a large number of scholars. He was a finely educated man, an eloquent preacher and a writer of ability. He was enraptured over the falls and their surroundings, and believed from the first that the locality would eventually become a popular resort.
In 1822, Sherman and partner Jarvis Phelps purchased 60 acre from the Holland Land Company (including Sherman Falls). Sherman bought out his partner in 1823, and built the Rural Resort, which opened to visitors that summer. In 1825, Sherman expanded the Rural Resort to accommodate overnight guests. Trenton Falls became a *"must see"* destination between the East Coast and Niagara Falls.
In 1827, visitor Michael Moore severely injured his leg during a fall in the gorge; Sherman\'s daughter Maria nursed Moore back to health. In 1831, Moore married Maria Sherman and assumed management of the resort. In 1851, the Trenton Falls Hotel -- known by the popular name Moore\'s Hotel -- was constructed, leading to a dramatic rise in tourism.
Sherman was the grandson of the American founding father Roger Sherman
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# Tall Tales (Royal Wood album)
***Tall Tales*** is the full-length debut album by Canadian pop singer-songwriter Royal Wood, released in 2004.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"The Spirits and I\"
2. \"Once\"
3. \"Sway\"
4. \"Suzanne\"
5. \"Weigh Me Down\"
6. \"Under the Years\"
7. \"The Wonder\"
8. \"The Scene\"
9. \"The Roaming Sky\"
10. \"Balloon\"
11
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# Martin Reeve
**Martin Reeve** is a British actor who has taken guest roles on some of the UK\'s leading series, including: Simon Markham in *Little Bird*, Alistair Mulgan in *Dalziel and Pascoe*, Mike Peters in *Judge John Deed*, Arthur Peters in *Holby City*, Piggot in *The Royal*, DAC in *Murphy\'s Law*, Brian Addyman in *Emmerdale*.
He has also appeared in *Coronation Street*, *Heartbeat*, *Shameless*, *Casualty*, *Hollyoaks*, *Eleventh Hour* and *Downton Abbey*. In February 2022, he portrayed Clive Waters in an episode of the BBC soap opera *Doctors*.
Reeve is also known for his stage work including appearing as Pete in Beehive\'s recreation of the power station accident at Eddington B alongside fellow actor Jonathan Morris
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# Mycolicibacter hiberniae
***Mycolicibacter hiberniae*** (formerly *Mycobacterium hiberniae*) is a species of bacteria in the phylum Actinomycetota.
Etymology Hibernia, Latin for Ireland where it was first isolated.
## Description
Polymorphic, beaded, gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast rods (0.9 μm × 1.2--1.5 μm).
**Colony characteristics**
- Smooth and glistening colonies with rose-pink pigmentation but become rough and dry later. Colonies with unique pigment production are 1-1.5 mm in diameter.
**Physiology**
- Slow growth on Löwenstein-Jensen medium and Middlebrook 7H10 agar at 37 °C (range: 22-37 °C). No growth at 42 °C.
- Resistant to isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin
- Sensitive to ethambutol.
**Differential characteristics**
- *M. hiberniae* has unusual rose-pink pigmentation, which is unique in the genus *Mycobacterium*.
## Pathogenesis
- Not pathogenic
- Provokes a nonspecific skin hypersensitivity reaction to bovine tuberculin
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# Acterra
**Acterra: Action for a Healthy Planet** is a nonprofit environmental education and action organization based in Palo Alto, California. Its main focus is on addressing climate change. Its mission is \"Bringing people together to create local solutions for a healthy planet.\" Program areas include education, clean energy equity, climate adaptation, and corporate sustainability.
In 2015, Acterra received the Tall Tree Award for Outstanding Nonprofit from the Palo Alto Chamber of Commerce and the Palo Alto Weekly
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# Piz Cengalo
**Piz Cengalo** (\[tʃ´ɛŋɡalɔ\]) (3,369 m) is a mountain in the Bregaglia range of the Alps on the border between the Swiss canton of Graubünden and Italy. The first ascent of the mountain was by D. W. Freshfield and C. Comyns Tucker with guide F. Dévouassoud on 25 July 1866. The name \'Cengalo\' derives from *Tschingel*, meaning girdle.
On 28 December 2011 c. 1.5 million cubic metres of rock broke away from the summit area, causing a massive landslide on the Swiss side of the mountain that could be heard in Soglio and Bondo. As subsequent massive rockfalls are expected in the same area, some hiking and climbing routes have been closed. On 23 August 2017 another landslide occurred on the mountain, estimated about three times bigger than the one in 2011
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# Laurie Harper
**Laurence Damien Harper** (born 10 December 1970 in Deniliquin, New South Wales) was an Australian first-class cricketer who played for the Victorian Bushrangers as a left-handed middle order batsman. He played 38 first class games for the Bushrangers, making 2316 runs at 36.18 with 5 hundreds and took one wicket. He was regarded as one of the best slip fieldsman of the time which was fortunate as speed in the covers was not a strong point. Harper won his state\'s Player of the Year title in 1997-98 edging out Dean Jones for the award
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# Hoang Anh Gia Lai Academy
**Hoang Anh Gia Lai Academy** (*Trung tâm đào tạo bóng đá trẻ Hoàng Anh Gia Lai*) is the youth section of V.League 1 side Hoàng Anh Gia Lai. Based in Pleiku, Gia Lai Province. The academy was a built as co-operation between Arsenal Football Club, JMG Academy and the Vietnamese privately owned Hoang Anh Gia Lai Corporation before the partnership ended completely in 2021.
## History
In 2007, V.League 1 club Hoang Anh Gia Lai (HAGL) succeeded in signing an agreement with the English football club Arsenal and the French JMG Academy, founding the HAGL Academy -- Arsenal JMG in Pleiku. Despite football being the number one sport in Vietnam, the country had few successes in regional football tournaments, by with only one AFF Championship title in 2008, as Thailand was still the dominating team in the region. The causes of low success rate of Vietnam\'s football team were caused by the lack of systematic training, which lead HAGL owner Đoàn Nguyên Đức to open the academy in order to improve Vietnamese football talents. In August 2009, two players from the academy were sent to train with the Arsenal first team.
Following JMG\'s curriculum, young players were trained from an early age to develop their ball controlling skills and to adopt a modern playing style. The academy placed the technical criteria as the priority while selecting players during youth trials. Coached by French manager Guillaume Graechen, the first generation of the HAGL Academy quickly enjoyed early success in 2013, as their players attracted media attention with good performances at youth tournaments. The number of HAGL players in Vietnamese national teams outnumbers other teams. Players such as Nguyễn Công Phượng, Nguyễn Tuấn Anh, Lương Xuân Trường, Nguyễn Văn Toàn and Vũ Văn Thanh rose to fame and were considered as prospects of Vietnamese football. However as HAGL players integrate the professional football environment, many of them often find it difficult to stay in the top level due to their limitations in physical level and strength. This is due to JMG\'s curriculum not focusing on improving body shape and physical strength, while that is still a weakness of Vietnamese players.
From 30 June 2017, the entire cooperation between Arsenal and Hoang Anh Gia Lai ends. HAGL Academy -- Arsenal JMG also changed its name to HAGL-JMG Academy.
From mid-June 2021, HAGL decided to cease cooperating with JMG\'s standard training model, transferring all its 2001 to 2003 born players to the NutiFood JMG Academy, thus changing its name to the current HAGL Academy
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# The Milkweed EP
***The Milkweed EP*** is the debut release by Canadian singer-songwriter Royal Wood, released in 2002.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Of Milkweed\"
2. \"Chamomile\"
3. \"Freezing in Fire\"
4. \"Dog-Eared Day\"
5
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# Susan Goatman
**Susan Goatman** (born 5 February 1945) is an English former cricketer who played as a right-handed batter. She appeared in 3 Test matches and 15 One Day Internationals for England between 1979 and 1982. She was captain of England for their 1979 series against West Indies and for the 1982 World Cup. Her final WODI appearance was in the final of the 1982 Women\'s Cricket World Cup.
She also captained Young England at the 1973 World Cup, playing all of their 6 matches in the tournament. She played domestic cricket for Kent
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# Os Eki Pou I Kardia Bori N' Antexi
***Os Eki Pou I Kardia Borei N\' Antexi*** (Greek: *Ως Εκεί Που Η Καρδιά Μπορεί Ν\' Αντέξει*; English: *As Much As The Heart Can Stand*) is the seventh album by Greek singer Natasa Theodoridou. It was released on 19 October 2005 by Sony BMG Greece and received gold certification, selling 20,000 units. The album has a majority of composed songs by popular Greek singer and composer, Michalis Hatzigiannis and it\'s characterized by the variety of musical sounds.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Credits
### Personnel
- Dimitris Antoniou: guitar (tracks: 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-4, 2-9)
- Dimitris Bellos: orchestration, programming (tracks: 1-3, 1-4, 2-1, 2-9)
- Giannis Bithikotsis: baglama (tracks: 1-1, 1-8, 2-3) \|\| bouzouki (tracks: 1-1, 1-2, 1-8, 2-3, 2-5) \|\| cura (tracks: 1-8, 1-10)
- Michalis Chatzigiannis: guitar, piano (tracks: 1-4) \|\| second vocal (tracks: 2-1)
- Thanasis Chondros: bass (tracks: 1-1, 1-2, 1-8, 1-10, 2-3, 2-5)
- Akis Diximos: backing vocals (tracks: 2-6) \|\| second vocal (tracks: 1-1, 1-2, 1-5, 1-8, 1-10, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 2-8, 2-10)
- Spiros Dorizas: drums (tracks: 1-1, 1-2, 1-8, 1-10, 2-3, 2-5)
- Thanos Gkiouletzis: violin (tracks: 1-2, 1-10, 2-5)
- Babis Kemanetzidis: lyre (tracks: 2-6)
- Katerina Kiriakou: backing vocals (tracks: 2-6)
- Giorgos Lieros: violin (tracks: 1-7, 2-7)
- Andreas Mouzakis: drums (tracks: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10)
- Tasos Panagis: orchestration, programming (tracks: 1-1, 1-2, 1-8, 1-10, 2-3, 2-5)
- Kiriakos Papadopoulos: orchestration, programming (tracks: 1-7, 2-2, 2-6, 2-7)
- Stavros Pazarentsis: clarinet, ney (tracks: 1-7)
- Christos Pertsinidis: guitar (tracks: 1-1, 1-2, 1-5, 1-7, 1-8, 1-10, 2-2, 2-3, 2-5, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-10)
- Kostas Platakis: baglama (tracks: 1-5) \|\| bouzouki (tracks: 1-5, 2-8, 2-10)
- Tasos Sokorelis: guitar (tracks: 1-6)
- Panagiotis Stergiou: baglama (tracks: 2-2) \|\| bouzouki (tracks: 2-2, 2-6, 2-7) \|\| mandolin (tracks: 2-7)
- Zoi Tiganouria: accordion (tracks: 1-5, 2-10)
- Giorgos Tzivelekis: bass (tracks: 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6, 1-7, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 2-7, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10)
- Charis Varthakouris: backing vocals, orchestration, programming (tracks: 2-4)
- Babis Vichos: flute (tracks: 2-8)
- Thanasis Vichos: orchestration, programming (tracks: 1-5, 1-6, 1-9, 2-8, 2-10)
### Production
- Vasilis Bouloubasis: hair styling
- Giannis Doulamis: executive producer
- Thodoris Ikonomou (Sofita studio): assistant sound engineer
- Giannis Ioannidis (D.P.H.): mastering
- Iakovos Kalaitzakis: make up
- Christos Karantzolas: photographer
- Lefteris Neromiliotis (Sofita studio): mix engineer, sound engineer
- Dimitris Rekouniotis: artwork
- Giorgos Segredakis: styling
- Petros Siakavellas (D.P.H
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# IÉ 22000 Class
The **22000 Class** \"InterCity Railcar\" is a diesel multiple unit in service with Iarnród Éireann in Ireland.
They are the first IÉ DMUs built specifically for InterCity routes, although they can also work on some commuter routes. They are designed to operate at a maximum speed of 100 mph.
## History
In 2005, the Irish Government announced the €34 billion Transport 21 proposal for significant improvements to transport infrastructure, with major emphasis on the railway network. As part of this, large-scale replacement of rolling stock was planned, then made up entirely of locomotive-hauled coaching stock, mostly British Rail Mark 2 and Mark 3. IÉ ordered 120 replacement vehicles: in a major departure, the new trains would be 3 and 6 car DMUs rather than locomotive-hauled carriages. This order was extended to 150 vehicles in 2005, to 183 vehicles in 2007 and to 234 vehicles in December 2008.
41 additional centre cars were ordered in 2019 for delivery from 2021. No new driving cars would be ordered but as many services operate with two units joined currently it would be possible to reconfigure and release more units.
All units underwent an in-service interior overhaul between 2019 and 2022. This programme included replacing the original cloth seats with leather and adding USB power sockets at each seating bay, amongst other changes intended to reduce ongoing maintenance and cleaning costs.
## Deliveries
Supplied by Mitsui of Japan for approximately €400 million, the fleet was built by a partnership between Rotem of South Korea, who did the primary work, and Tokyu Car Corporation of Japan, who supplied the bogies. The first sets were delivered in March 2007, while the final sets were delivered in April 2012.
In March 2007, a €79 million order was placed for a further 33 vehicles to be used primarily on the outer Dublin commuter network. This was added to with an additional 51 Commuter vehicles in December 2008. As of 2015, there are 63 sets: 28 3-car sets, 25 4-car sets and 10 5-car sets, in three different layouts.
Two of the 3-car sets, 22010 and 22011, were delivered in July 2007 with corrosion damage received in transit from South Korea. IÉ did not accept delivery and stored the sets until October 2008 when they were returned to Rotem for repair, with a revised delivery date of early 2009. It was later determined that it was uneconomic to repair them, so Rotem added two additional units to the last order at no additional cost to IÉ.
In September 2022 the first of 41 new intermediates were delivered, with the final delivery in March 2023. On 14 March 2023 millage accumulation runs begun for the first three of the new intermediate B cars utilising 22209 and 22309 as \'tractor units\'
| 464 |
IÉ 22000 Class
| 0 |
9,983,681 |
# IÉ 22000 Class
## Operations
The 22000 class was primarily ordered for InterCity routes except the Dublin-Belfast services operated by Enterprise and the Dublin-Cork service, for which IÉ purchased 67 locomotive-hauled coaches in 2006, but they have also been used on off-peak Dublin-Cork services since November 2009. 22000 units have now replaced coaching stock on services from Dublin to Galway, Westport, Limerick, Waterford and Tralee, and 2800 Class and 29000 Class DMUs to Sligo and Rosslare Europort.
The expansion of the Dublin commuter belt led IÉ to need dedicated long distance Commuter trains, and so purchased additional units for use on services to destinations such as Portlaoise, Carlow, Athlone, Dundalk, Kildare, and Longford; as well as Mallow in the Cork commuter belt.
Plans by Enterprise to improve its services included the potential of purchasing DMUs to replace its locomotive-hauled coaching stock. Among the options under consideration was the purchase of further 22000 Class units.
NI Railways was offered a variant of the 22000 Class to meet its \"New Trains Two\" requirement, before ultimately choosing a design similar to its existing Class 3000 unit, which became the Class 4000. The train was sometimes seen on the Dublin to Belfast railway line, on out-of-service transfer to Drogheda train service depot.
### Unit types {#unit_types}
As delivered, the first 30 units were of three cars, for use on InterCity routes, as were ten of the 15 6-car units. The remaining five 6-car sets and the 17 3-car sets ordered in 2008 were configured for long-distance Commuter services from Dublin. Combinations of two 3-car sets, three 3-car sets, two 4-car sets, a 3-car set + a 4-car set and two 5-car sets are possible.
- A1 22131--40: Driving car, catering, wheelchair accessible WC, one wheelchair space, 36 1st class seats
- A2 22207--30,41--63: Driving car, standard WC, 66 seats
- A22 22201--06: A2 car with NIR TPWS/AWS & radio system
- A3 22307--63: Driving car, wheelchair accessible WC, two wheelchair spaces, bicycle storage, 54 seats
- A33 22301--06: A3 car with NIR signal & radio system & parcels/bike space
- B 22401--63, 631--45, 731--45: Intermediate car, standard WC, 72 seats
- B1 22531--45: B car with sanding system
- 3-car sets: A2/A22 - B - A3/A33
- 4-car sets: A1/A2 - B - B/B1 - A3
- 5-car sets: A1/A22 - B - B1 - B - A3/A33
In 2013, IÉ announced plans to reform the 22000 class units from 3 and 6-car sets into 3 and 4-car units, to obtain better flexibility from them in regards to passenger numbers per train. However, it soon became apparent that replacing 6-car units with 4-car ones would lead to overcrowding, which caused IÉ to subsequently alter the proposal into sets of 3, 4 and 5-car lengths. The 20 cars taken off the original 6-car sets 22031--45 and inserted in the original 3-car sets 22011--30 got additional numbers 22811--30 but also kept the original number 22531--540,641,741,642,742,643,743,644,744,645,745.
### Fuel economy {#fuel_economy}
There have been attempts to improve the fuel economy of the 22000 Class. In 2008 the class were modified to shut down the engines after a period of inactivity if the drivers cab key was off, and in 2018 it was announced one three car unit was to trial a ZF transmission to replace the original Voith and it was hoped this might yield 19% fuel savings in some conditions.
An additional nine cars are to be fitted with a diesel-battery hybrid MTU/Rolls-Royce power pack as a trial, with route-dependent fuel savings of up to 33%
### Future
In 2018, it was announced that Iarnród Éireann were seeking to procure a further 41 new 22000 Class vehicles, encompassing three additional units plus a number of intermediate trailers intended to lengthen some of the existing fleet. The ultimate aim is to return the fleet to a mix of three and six-car sets.
An order for 41 intermediate (\"type B\") cars, which would release additional units by reconfiguration of existing pairs, was confirmed in October 2019.
As of the 16 February 2024, the first of these carriages has entered service.
## Fleet details {#fleet_details}
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Class | Number | Year\ | Built\ | Since\ | Unit\ | Routes\ | Notes |
| | | Built | as | 2014 | Numbers | Operated | |
+================+========+=============+========+========+=====================+======================+===============================================================================+
| **22000** | 10 | 2007--2009\ | 3-car | 3-car | 22001--22006 | InterCity & Commuter | Fitted with TPWS and AWS for use on NIR. 22001 fitted with in-cab signalling. |
| | | 2011 | | | | | |
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | 22007--22010 | | 22010 returned to manufacturer and replaced with identically numbered unit |
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 18 | 2011 | | | 22046--22063 | | |
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | 20 | 2007--2009 | | 4-car | 22011--22030 | | 22011 returned to manufacturer and replaced with identically numbered unit |
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **22000 (HC)** | 5 | 2007--2009 | 6-car | | 22041--22045 | | High Capacity |
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **22000 (P)** | 10 | 2008 | | 5-car | 22031--22035, 22040 | InterCity\ | Premier Class |
| | | | | | | Enterprise | |
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | | 22036--22039 | | |
+----------------+--------+-------------+--------+--------+---------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 879 |
IÉ 22000 Class
| 1 |
9,983,681 |
# IÉ 22000 Class
## Features
- Engine: MTU 6H 1800 R83, 12.8 L, 6 cylinder, 483 bhp gross, 386 bhp traction per car.
- Transmission: Voith T 312 R
- Top speed: 160 km/h (100 mph)
- Body: high quality stainless steel with some corrosion-resistant carbon steel components
- Automatic PA and information display systems (Supplier: SA Viewcom)
- Fully air-conditioned (Supplier: Toshiba)
- Saloon, external view of doors and front-facing CCTV camera and recording system (Supplier: Verint)
- Catering facilities (some trains have buffet bars)
- Individual base seating
- Fire safety to BS 6853 Cat 1B, automatic fire extinguishing system for engines & fuel tanks
- All sets have Irish standard CAWS signaling systems and train radio.
- 3-car sets 22001--22006, as well as 5-car sets 22036--22039 have TPWS/AWS for operation on Northern Ireland Railways.
## Routes
### InterCity services {#intercity_services}
- Dublin Heuston / Athlone to Galway Ceannt
- Dublin Heuston / Athlone to Westport
- Dublin Heuston to Limerick Colbert
- Dublin Heuston to Tralee Casement
- Dublin Heuston to Waterford Plunkett
- Waterford Plunkett to Limerick Junction
- Limerick Colbert to Limerick Junction
- Dublin Connolly to Sligo MacDiarmada
- Dublin Connolly to Rosslare Europort
- Mallow to Tralee Casement
- Dublin Heuston to Cork Kent (off-peak)
- Limerick Colbert to Galway Ceannt (occasionally)
- Limerick Colbert to Ballybrophy (occasionally)
- Dublin Connolly to Belfast Grand Central
### Commuter services {#commuter_services}
- Dublin Heuston to Newbridge / Portlaoise
- Newbridge / Hazelhatch & Celbridge to Grand Canal Dock
- Docklands / Clonsilla to M3 Parkway
- Dublin Pearse to Drogheda MacBride / Dundalk Clarke (occasionally)
- Dublin Pearse to Maynooth (occasionally)
- Cork Kent to Midleton / Cobh (occasionally)
## Model railways {#model_railways}
Irish manufacturer Irish Railway Models announced a 22000 Class model in October 2022 as their first DMU and it is due for release in 2024.
## Accidents and Incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
In January 2012, Set 22033 was damaged in Athenry during an incident. It was hauled back to Laois Train Care Depot by IE 071 Class Loco 076.
On 17 July 2018, unit 22016 was involved in an incident at Laois Train Care Depot when the set collided with the buffers. The set was minorly damaged.
On 29 June 2024, the 21.28 from Belfast Lanyon Place to Dublin Connolly operated by IE 22000 Class DMU 22037 was damaged outside Drogheda due to a deer strike. The set eventually made it to Dublin and was reinstated in service the following morning.
On 10 February 2025, unit 22039 was damaged when it collided with a Timber Train in Westport. One of the DM cars (22139) was badly damaged in the incident.
On 7 May 2025, unit 22036 was involved in a deer strike near Dundalk while working the 05.50 Dublin to Belfast train. The set was terminated at Dundalk and returned empty to Dublin and picked up the diagram the next day
| 488 |
IÉ 22000 Class
| 2 |
9,983,701 |
# Hoa people in Ho Chi Minh City
The **Hoa people in Ho Chi Minh City** number about 500,000. They live mainly in Cho Lon (District 5, District 6, District 10 and District 11), which is seen as a local Chinatown. As of 2010, the Hoa people population accounted for just 7% of the city\'s population, but its members owned around 30% of the city\'s privately held enterprises. Many of these enterprises are successful companies such as Binh Tien, Thai Tuan and Kinh Do.
Before the Fall of Saigon, Chinese Businessmen played a very important role in the economic and political life of the Republic of Vietnam, as they maintained excellent relationships with the government. After the Vietnam War, especially after the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979, many Chinese returned to China, fled to other parts of Southeast Asia, or emigrated to the United States and Canada, along with other Western countries
| 151 |
Hoa people in Ho Chi Minh City
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9,983,722 |
# George Vithoulkas
**George Vithoulkas** (*Γιώργος Βυθούλκας*; born 25 July 1932, in Athens) is a Greek teacher and practitioner of homeopathy.
He studied homeopathy in South Africa and received a diploma in homeopathy from the Indian Institute of Homeopathy in 1966. Upon receiving his diploma, he returned to Greece where he practiced and began teaching classical homeopathy to a small group of medical doctors. His alleged therapeutic success drew attention and led to the establishment in 1970 of what eventually became the Center of Homeopathic Medicine in Athens, a school exclusively for M.D.s. In 1972, Vithoulkas started a Greek homeopathic journal, *Homeopathic Medicine*. In 1976, he organized the first of an annual series of International Homeopathic Seminars. In 1995, he opened the International Academy for Classical Homeopathy (I.A.C.H.) on Alonissos, to provide postgraduate training for homeopaths. It is dedicated exclusively to the teaching of homeopathy.
Vithoulkas has authored a number of books on homeopathy, two of which, *Homeopathy: Medicine of the New Man* and *The Science of Homeopathy*, have been translated extensively, and is currently writing *Materia Medica Viva*, a homeopathic materia medica or reference work on homeopathic remedies, to reach 16 volumes when finished. In addition to his books, he has published numerous articles in homeopathic journals and has developed an expert system for homeopaths to use in choosing remedies for their patients.
Vithoulkas was a recipient of the Right Livelihood Award in 1996 for \"his outstanding contribution to the revival of homeopathic knowledge and the training of homeopaths to the highest standards.\"
## Praise and criticism {#praise_and_criticism}
According to Vithoulkas\'s citation from the Right Livelihood award, his books \"have had a profound influence upon the acceptance and practice of homeopathy worldwide.\"
He has been described as \"the maestro of classical homeopathy\" by Robin Shohet; Lyle Morgan says he is \"widely considered to be the greatest living homeopathic theorist\"; and Scott Shannon calls him a \"contemporary master of homeopathy.\" Paul Ekins credited Vithoulkas with the revival of the credibility of homeopathy. Vithoulkas has also made an expert system \'VES\'(Vithoulkas Expert System) that has been incorporated into the RADAR software.
His biography has been published in the book *Georgos Vithoulkas Der Meister-Homöopath Biographie und Fälle* by the journalist Peter Clotten and the homeopath Susan Pfeifer who studied at his International Academy for Classical Homeopathy.
In 1978, Anthony Campbell, then a consultant physician at The Royal London Homeopathic Hospital, reviewed *The Science of Homoeopathy*. He criticised Vithoulkas for substituting assertion for hard evidence and constructing an almost meaningless argument on the basis of a dubious theory of disease. He described rhetoric put forward by Vithoulkas (in presenting the argument that \"allopathic drugging\" is harmful and must be avoided) as including a thoroughly irresponsible statement which could mislead an unfortunate layman into refusing orthodox treatment, mentioning Vithoulkas\' claim, \"in the course of an argument designed to show that \'allopathic drugging\' is harmful and must be avoided\", that syphilis, when treated with antibiotics, would have the early stages suppressed, but would go on to the secondary and tertiary stages. However, he felt the book also provided a good, if dogmatic, description of the principles and practice of \"classical\" homoeopathy. In response, Vithoulkas quoted various medical studies he claimed supported his assertion that penicillin \"may suppress primary syphilis while failing to prevent the insidious development of a tertiary stage, especially as manifested in psychosis.\" Vithoulkas\'s claims conflict with scientific studies, which indicate that penicillin treatment produces a complete cure of syphilis in more than 90% of cases.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *Homeopathy: Medicine of the New Man* (New York: Arco, 1979)
- *The Science of Homeopathy* (New York: Grove Press, 1980)
- *A New Model for Health and Disease* (IACH, 2008 \[North Atlantic Books,1991\])
- *Homeopathy: Medicine for the New Millennium* (IACH, 2000)
- *Materia Medica Viva* (IACH, 2000- ) 12 volumes completed to date, 16 planned
- *The Essence of Materia Medica* `{{ISBN|8170211387}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Classical Homeopathy for Anxiety & Jealousy* (Baar: Groma Publishers, 2011 \[2004\])
- *Additions to Kent\'s Repertory of the Homeopathic Materia Medica* (New Delhi: B
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# Tân Định Church
**Tân Định church** (*Nhà thờ Tân Định*) is a Roman Catholic church in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Its formal name is the **Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus** (*Nhà thờ Thánh Tâm Chúa Giêsu*). Even though it is in District 3, the parish shares its name with neighbouring District 1\'s Tân Định Ward.
It was built during the French colonial period in the 1870s and completed on 16 December 1876, when Vietnam was part of French Indochina. The architecture is mainly neo-Romanesque, but it also has some neo-Gothic and neo-Renaissance elements. It has been painted pastel-pink both on the exterior and interior since 1957, earning it the nickname \"the pink church\" (*nhà thờ màu hồng*).
It is the second-largest church in Ho Chi Minh City, after Notre-Dame Basilica in District 1. They both belong to the Archdiocese of Ho Chi Minh City. Tân Định Church is not a cathedral; Notre-Dame is the cathedral (seat) of this metropolitan archdiocese.
Its address is 289 Hai Bà Trưng Street, Ward 8 (*Phường* 8), District 3, Ho Chi Minh City.
<File:Goc> chup thang Nha tho Tan Dinh.jpg <File:C> 051.jpg <File:Tan> Dinh Catholic Church.jpg <File:Tan> Dinh Church
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Tân Định Church
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# Audubon's oriole
**Audubon\'s oriole** (***Icterus graduacauda***), formerly known as the **black-headed oriole**, is a New World passerine inhabiting the forests and thickets of southeastern Texas and the Mexican coast. It is the only species to have a black hood and yellow body. It is divided into four subspecies and two allopatric breeding ranges. The westernmost range extends from Nayarit south to southern Oaxaca, whereas the eastern range stretches from the lower Rio Grande valley to northern Querétaro. The most common in the western range are the subspecies *I. g. dickeyae* and *I. g. nayaritensis*; *I. g. graduacauda* and *I. g. audubonii* can be found in the eastern range. Like most Central American birds, it is not a migratory species and does not display significant sexual dimorphism. DNA analysis of the ND2 and cyt-b genes strongly suggests that *I. graduacauda* is most closely related to *I. chrysater*, the yellow-backed oriole. It is a member of the genus *Icterus* and therefore should not be confused with the Old World orioles.
## Description
The male of the species has a black hood, mandible, and throat, as well as a black tail. Wings are black, but the remiges and rectrices (flight feathers) are fringed with white. The secondary coverts form yellow epaulets. The back and vent are yellow washed with olive, and the underside is almost uniformly yellow. Females of this species have a slightly more olive nape and back than the males. The adult female\'s plumage is similar to the juvenile plumage; however, unlike adults, the wings are dull brown instead of black. In general, immature specimens have the hood; wingbars; remiges; and epaulets of adult specimens. The first-basic plumage retains the darker, greener coloration of the juvenile plumage, however. Molting generally occurs in early autumn, though some specimens have been noted to molt as early as June.
### Subspecies *dickeyae* {#subspecies_dickeyae}
The subspecies *I. g. dickeyae* is of note because of the differences in appearance, behavior, and phylogeny between it and the other subspecies of *I. graduacauda*. The olive wash is weaker, making the bird more proportionally yellow than others of its species. In addition, the yellow epaulets are diminished in *dickeyae*, being confined to the lesser coverts. This subspecies is endemic to high altitude pine forests is western Mexico.
## Behavior
Audubon\'s oriole inhabits dense evergreen forests and thickets, preferring riparian (riverside) areas. Though it prefers the shade, mating pairs may occasionally spotted foraging in clearings. In flight, it joins mixed-species flocks that include orioles, jays, tanagers, and other birds of similar size. It forages in dense vegetation, often near forest clearings.
### Reproduction
The nest of the Audubon\'s oriole is similar in size and construction to those of the hooded and orchard orioles, being approximately three inches in diameter with a similar depth. It resembles a hanging pouch or basket, not as deep as other species\'. The rim is firmly woven to the supporting twigs and the entrance is somewhat constricted. The nest itself is usually composed of long grass stems, woven while they are still green and lined with finer grass.
A mating pair of orioles usually incubates two broods per year, each consisting of between three and five eggs per brood; however, chicks hatched from the later brood are usually unable to survive the winter. This species\' nests are often a popular choice of parasitization by the Brown-headed cowbird.
### Voice
The song of the Audubon\'s oriole is a series of slow, slurry whistles. Its calls include a nasal \"ike, ike, ike\" and a whistled \"peu\".
### Diet
It inserts its bill into soft dead wood or plants and uses its beak to force said plant open to expose insects hiding inside. It feeds on insects, spiders, fruits, and also accepts sunflower seeds from bird feeders
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Audubon's oriole
| 0 |
9,983,762 |
# Bình Hưng Hòa Cemetery
**Binh Hung Hoa Cemetery** (*Nghĩa trang Bình Hưng Hòa*) was formerly the largest cemetery in the urban area of Ho Chi Minh City. It was located in the suburban outskirts of the city but due to the rapid urbanization of Ho Chi Minh City, the urban area eventually eclipsed the cemetery. There are several illegal houses built in and around the cemetery, and an estimated 300,000 residents live among the tombs. In Vietnamese custom, the dead are often buried and therefore puts the pressure on land near the city, especially a large city like Ho Chi Minh City.
Burials at the cemetery ceased in January 2011, with the Department of Natural Resources and Environment and Binh Tan District authorities planning to relocate the site\'s 70,000 graves to another location. The present site is intended to be redeveloped as a residential area
| 146 |
Bình Hưng Hòa Cemetery
| 0 |
9,983,790 |
# Viva Air Dominicana
**Viva Air Dominicana S.A.** was a Dominican airline based at Las Américas International Airport in Santo Domingo with scheduled flights to the Caribbean islands from Santo Domingo, Santiago, and Punta Cana. The company ceased operations in 2008
| 41 |
Viva Air Dominicana
| 0 |
9,983,893 |
# Mark Cleary (cricketer)
**Mark Francis Cleary** (born 19 July 1980 in Moorabbin, Victoria, Australia) is an Australian first-class cricketer, who played for the Victorian Bushrangers. He is a bowling all-rounder, who is a left-handed lower order batsman, and right-arm fast-medium bowler. Cleary has played cricket in England for Leicestershire and Yorkshire (2005). Since 2006, Cleary has spent his winters as a professional player-coach for Excelsior\'20 C.C. in Schiedam, Netherlands. In the South Australia District Competition, Cleary played for Kensington Cricket Club, after being introduced to the club through the former state captain Jamie Siddons.
Cleary had an immediate impact on the Australia cricket scene, he was selected to play for Australia A in just his second first-class season. He picked up 30 Pura Cup wickets in 2003--04. He suffered a back injury in 2004--05, and nominated himself for the state transfer pool without success. In the limited overs format, he had a good season in 2005-06 when his side made the final, taking an equal competition best tally of sixteen wickets. In the same season, he scored his maiden first-class century, with an innings of 109 from 104 balls, against Tasmania.
He was part of Leicestershire\'s Twenty20 winning team. He also played in the Netherlands for Excelsior in 2009. Cleary moved to the Victorian Bushrangers for the 2010/2011 season
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Mark Cleary (cricketer)
| 0 |
9,983,965 |
# List of members of the 9th House of Commons of Northern Ireland
This is a list of **members of Parliament elected in the 1958 Northern Ireland general election**.
All members of the Northern Ireland House of Commons elected at the 1958 Northern Ireland general election are listed.
## Members
Name Constituency Party
-------------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------------
John Andrews Mid Down
John Edgar Bailey West Down
David Bleakley Belfast Victoria
Alexander Blevins Mid Tyrone
Billy Boyd Belfast Woodvale
Tom Boyd Belfast Pottinger
Basil Brooke Lisnaskea
Joseph Connellan South Down
Harry Diamond Belfast Falls
Daniel Dixon Belfast Bloomfield
Brian Faulkner East Down
William Fitzsimmons Belfast Duncairn
Patrick Gormley Mid Londonderry
Francis Hanna Belfast Central
Isaac Hawthorne Central Armagh
Cahir Healy South Fermanagh
William Hinds Belfast Willowfield
Henry Holmes Belfast Shankill
Alexander Hunter Carrick
Samuel Irwin Queen\'s University
Edward Warburton Jones City of Londonderry
Robin Kinahan Belfast Clifton
Herbert Victor Kirk Belfast Windsor
Frederick Lloyd-Dodd Queen\'s University
Thomas Lyons North Tyrone
Elizabeth Maconachie Queen\'s University
Brian Maginess Iveagh
William May Ards
Eddie McAteer Foyle
Brian McConnell South Antrim
William McCoy South Tyrone
Dinah McNabb North Armagh
Nat Minford Antrim
Robert Moore North Londonderry
Joseph Morgan Belfast Cromac
Ivan Neill Belfast Ballynafeigh
Robert Samuel Nixon North Down
Roderick O\'Connor West Tyrone
Phelim O\'Neill North Antrim
Terence O\'Neill Bannside
James O\'Reilly Mourne
William Oliver Belfast Dock
Dehra Parker South Londonderry
Edward George Richardson South Armagh `{{ref|1|1}}`{=mediawiki}
Robert Simpson Mid Antrim
Vivian Simpson Belfast Oldpark
Charles Stewart Queen\'s University
Joseph Francis Stewart East Tyrone
Norman Stronge Mid Armagh
Walter Topping Larne
John Warnock Belfast St Anne\'s
Harry West Enniskillen
- Edward George Richardson elected as an Independent Nationalist, but joined the Nationalist Party on election.
## Changes
- 1958: Edward George Richardson joins the Nationalist Party grouping.
- 5 March 1959: David John Little elected for the Ulster Unionists in West Down, following the death of John Edgar Bailey.
- 28 May 1959: William James Morgan elected for the Ulster Unionists in Belfast Clifton, following the resignation of Robin Kinahan.
- 5 February 1960: William Craig elected for the Ulster Unionists in Larne, following the resignation of Walter Topping.
- 16 February 1960: Desmond Boal elected for the Ulster Unionists in Belfast Shankill, following the resignation of Henry Holmes.
- 9 July 1960: James Chichester-Clark elected for the Ulster Unionists in South Londonderry, following the resignation of Dehra Parker.
- 29 November 1960: Joseph Burns elected for the Ulster Unionists in North Londonderry, following the death of Robert Moore.
- 20 April 1961: Walter Scott elected for the Ulster Unionists in Belfast Bloomfield, following the resignation of Daniel Dixon.
- 22 November 1961: Sheelagh Murnaghan elected for the Ulster Liberal Party for Queen\'s University, following the death of Samuel Irwin.
- 2 March 1962: Death of William May, MP for Ards. This position remained unfilled at the time of the general election
| 476 |
List of members of the 9th House of Commons of Northern Ireland
| 0 |
9,983,966 |
# Wetzler Symphony Orchestra
The **Wetzler Symphony Orchestra** was founded in New York City by the Frankfurt born conductor and composer Hermann Hans Wetzler.
Wetzler, who studied at the Hoch Conservatory in Frankfurt, settled in New York City for a time and formed the symphony orchestra in 1903. Wetzler invited Richard Strauss to the city to conduct his orchestra in a \"Strauss Festival\", which would include most of his symphonic works. Strauss and Wetzler conducted this orchestra in this concert series beginning on 27 February 1904 in Carnegie Hall. This series included Strauss conducting the premiere of his *Symphonia Domestica* on 21 March. Strauss required 15 rehearsals before he was satisfied with the orchestra\'s playing. On 19 March, the orchestra broke down in the middle of *Don Quixote*.
Strauss also led the orchestra before a crowd of 6,000 in performances on 16 and 18 of April, 1904 in Wanamaker\'s New York store. The orchestra was short-lived, as Wetzler returned to Germany in 1905
| 163 |
Wetzler Symphony Orchestra
| 0 |
9,983,981 |
# Italvega
**Italvega** is a brand of road bicycles designed, specified, imported and marketed by the California-based bicycle distributor, Lawee, Inc., founded by Ben Lawee, who also created the Univega and Bertoni bicycle brands.
Italvega bikes were designed and hand-built within the noted Torresini workshop at the Torpado factory in Padua, Italy. They were built beginning in 1970 and continuing through the mid- to late-1970s before manufacturing was moved to Japan under the name Univega. All Italvega bicycles were made in the Torpado factory, but not all were high-end bicycles. Torpado made a broad variety of bicycles for different uses (including worker, comfort, BMT, ATB, and even motorized).
## Ben Lawee {#ben_lawee}
Ben Lawee, born in Baghdad, Iraq, immigrated to the U.S. at age 19. Lawee attended business school at Columbia University, and in 1959 purchased Jones Bicycles, growing the single store into a multi-store chain. He sold the retail chain in 1965 to begin importing Bianchi and Legnano bikes, and became the national distributor for Raleigh and Motobécane. Lawee, who had two children, David and Monique, with his wife Ariela, died November 8, 2002.
## Models
Models manufactured under the Italvega marque include (in order of increasing quality):
- Viva Sport
- Nuovo Sport
- Nuovo Record
- Super Record
- Super Speciale
- Super Light
The top-end models were built with double-butted Columbus tubing and Campagnolo Record and Nuovo Record components. The low-mid level framesets have the inverted triangle Columbus foil decal, while the better models have the rectangle Columbus foil decal. The lowest models have no Columbus decal.
## 2017 Restart
In 2017, the brand was re-registered in the Netherlands by Nicholas Hurenkamp, who is seeking to fund a production facility in March 2018 through crowdfunding. The new brand markets two models - the *Super Speciale* and the *Nuovo Supersport*, both of which are completely hand painted
| 310 |
Italvega
| 0 |
9,984,016 |
# John Christopher Smith
**John Christopher Smith** (born **Johann Christoph Schmidt**; 1712, Ansbach, Germany`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}3 October 1795, Bath) was an English composer who, following in his father\'s footsteps, became George Frideric Handel\'s secretary, student and amanuensis.
## Life
John Christopher Smith was the son of Johann Christoph Schmidt (John Christopher Smith Sr.) (died 1763), Handel\'s first copyist in London. His father, known to Handel from Halle, was summoned from Germany in 1716. He brought his family to London around 1720.
John Christopher Smith Jr. had a few lessons from Handel and Johann Christoph Pepusch but studied mostly with Thomas Roseingrave. He later became Handel\'s secretary, musical assistant and amanuensis, when blindness prevented Handel from writing or conducting in his later years. The last year when Handel conducted performances of his oratorios was 1752.
Handel fell out with Smith Sr. in the 1750s, but remained on good terms with the son. From 1753 to the composer\'s death in 1759, Smith conducted Handel\'s oratorios that were to be performed in those years. Handel bequeathed to Smith the keyboard instruments in his house at 25 Brook Street and his manuscripts.
There was interest in reproducing Handel\'s music mechanically, using clocks for example. After Handel\'s death Smith was involved with John Langshaw in a project to transcribe pieces by the composer for barrel organ.
In 1760, he married Martha Coxe, through whom he became step-father to William Coxe.
After the success of his oratorio *Paradise Lost* in 1760, he became artistic director of the Covent Garden Royal Theatre, a position that he was forced to relinquish for health reasons in 1772. When granted an annual pension by the King in 1774, Smith retired to Bath.
When his wife died in 1785, he moved to Carlisle Street in London\'s Soho district, where he died in 1795. A blue plaque stands on the site in commemoration.
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# John Christopher Smith
## Works
Smith\'s first opera was the Italian-style *Teraminta* on a libretto by Henry Carey and first performed on 20 November 1732 at Lincoln\'s Inn Fields in London, closely followed by *Ulysses* on a libretto by Samuel Humphreys, on 17 April 1733 at the same venue. *Ulysses* turned out to be a resounding failure, after which he resolved not to perform any further operas. In 1740, encouraged by Handel, he decided to organize his own series of subscription concerts. In the course of nine years, he had six operas performed in Italian: *Rosalinda* on a text by John Lockman (first performed on 4 January 1740 at the Hickford\'s Rooms in London), *Issipile* in 1743, *Il Ciro riconosciuto* in 1744, and three other operas now lost: *Dario* in 1746, *Demofoonte* in 1747 and *Artaserse* in 1749 (all five operas on Metastasio\'s libretti). Later ones included three written by David Garrick and based on Shakespeare - *The Fairies* (3 February 1755 at the Drury Lane, London), after *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream*, and *The Tempest* (11 February 1756, Drury Lane, London) - and a successful afterpiece, *The Enchanter* (13 December 1760, Drury Lane, London). His successful collaboration with Benjamin Stillingfleet produced his last opera *Medea* in 1763.
On the oratorio front, *David\'s Lamentation over Saul and Jonathan* on John Lockman\'s text was performed on 22 February 1740 at the Hickford\'s Room. That same year, he also composed *The Seasons* on a poem by James Thomson. Between 1759 and 1768 he directed the annual performances of *Messiah* at the Foundling Hospital, where he was organist. *Paradise Lost*, first performed on 29 February 1760, was his greatest success with words by Stillingfleet after John Milton; four later ones, all performed at the Royal Opera House in Covent Garden, were largely reworkings of Handel\'s music: *Rebecca* on 4 March 1761 on a text by Stillingfleet, *Nabal* (16 March 1764), *Tobit* (1764) and *Gideon* (10 February 1769), all three on words by Thomas Morell. Information on three other oratorios is scarce: *Judith* on words by Robert Price, *Jehosaphat*, and *Redemption* on words by William Coxe. The latter was discovered at the Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris in 1998.
Among his other works are five volumes of harpsichord music (1732--1763):
- *Suites de pièces pour le clavecin*, Op. 1 (John Walsh senior, 1732); 6 suites
- *Suites de pièces pour le clavecin*, Op. 2 (John Walsh senior, 1735); 6 suites
- *Six Suits of Lessons for the Harpsicord*, Op. 3 (John Walsh junior, 1755)
- *A Collection of Lessons for the Harpsicord*, Op. 4 (John Walsh junior, 1757)
- *XII Sonatas for the Harpsichord*, Op. 5 (John Walsh junior, 1765)
a book of hymns (1765), a funeral service (1772) for the dowager Princess of Wales, who was his harpsichord pupil, and two cantatas: *Winter, or Daphne* on Pope\'s Fourth Pastoral (1746) and *Thamesi, Isi, e Proteo* in honor of Frederick, Prince of Wales
| 488 |
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# División Mayor del Básquetbol de Chile
The **División Mayor del Básquetbol de Chile**, **DIMAYOR** (officially the *Copa Club Kino* for sponsorship reasons), was one of the national professional basketball leagues in Chile, along with the Liga Nacional Movistar. The league was created in 1979 and was discontinued in 2013
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| 0 |
9,984,050 |
# John A. Gale
**John A. Gale** (born October 23, 1940) is from North Platte, Nebraska, and served as the 26th Secretary of State of Nebraska from 2000 until 2019. He is a member of the Republican Party.
## Early life {#early_life}
John A. Gale was born in Omaha, Nebraska, and graduated from Omaha North High School. He earned his B.A. in Government and International Relations at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota in 1962. In 1965, Gale graduated with a J.D. from the University of Chicago Law School.
## Professional background {#professional_background}
After law school, Gale held legal positions in the private and public sectors. He worked in the legal department at Northern Natural Gas Company in Omaha. From 1968 to 1970, he served as a legislative assistant to U.S. senator Roman Hruska of Nebraska and was responsible for agricultural appropriations, foreign relations, and constitutional law issues. In 1970, he returned to Nebraska to work as an Assistant U.S. Attorney, first in Omaha and then in Lincoln.
Gale and his family moved to North Platte, Nebraska, in 1971, where he entered the private practice of law. He practiced law there for 29 years.
He is a former chairman of the Nebraska Republican Party, former chairman of the Mental Health Board for Lincoln County, former president of the 11th Judicial District Bar Association, former chairman for the North Platte Chamber of Commerce Government Affairs Committee, and former president for the North Platte Sunrise Rotary Club.
Gale ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000. He was defeated by former U.S. representative Tom Osborne for the Republican nomination.
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# John A. Gale
## Secretary of State {#secretary_of_state}
Gale was appointed to fill a vacancy at Secretary of State in December 2000 by Governor Mike Johanns. He was elected Secretary of State in 2002, defeating his Democratic Party opponent, Jay Stoddard. He was reelected in 2006, defeating Stoddard again. In 2010, Gale won re-election against Democratic Party opponent Janet Stewart. In 2014, Gale won re-election against Libertarian Party opponent Ben Backus.
As Secretary of State, Gale implemented major election improvements in Nebraska to meet the requirements of the federal Help America Vote Act. Under his leadership, all Nebraska counties received new ballot tabulation equipment and switched to a computerized statewide voter registration system. He promoted efforts to increase voter participation. Nebraska set new turnout records in both the 2004 and 2008 presidential elections.
At his request, he was designated chief protocol officer for international relations by the Legislature. In that role, he promoted commerce, educational studies and cultural exchange between foreign nations and Nebraska. Gale was instrumental in getting the Legislature to overhaul and modernize state law dealing with notaries public. As secretary of state and chairman of the state Records Board, he pushed for increased and improved online access to state government. He championed efforts to provide civics education to the state's youth, with the goal to encourage youth to become active citizens and lifelong voters.
Gale was a national leader on election reform and was active in the National Association of Secretaries of State. He served on the Executive Committee for NASS, including as a past chairman of its Business Services and International Relations committees. He is a current member of the U.S. Standards Board for the U.S. Election Assistance Commission and served in the past on the Technical Guidelines Development Committee for the U.S. Election Assistance Commission.
As Secretary of State, Gale was the chairman of the Nebraska Real Estate Commission, and served on the Nebraska State Records Board, Nebraska Collection Agency Licensing Board, Nebraska Accountability and Disclosure Commission, the Nebraska Canvassing Board, and the Nebraska Pardons Board. He is a board member for Cornhusker Boys State and the NebraskaLAND Foundation.
## Family
Gale\'s family includes his wife, Carol; sons David of North Platte, Nebraska, and Steven of Laramie, Wyoming; daughter Elaine of Los Angeles, California; and six grandsons
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# Merlin Express
**Merlin Express** was a Part 135/121 cargo and passenger airline operating at its peak throughout the United States, North and South Caribbean, South America, Alaska, and Mexico. The airline began operations in 1983 as **Sat-Air**, a subsidiary of Fairchild Aircraft. UPS purchased 14 Merlin IV-C dedicated cargo aircraft from Fairchild and as part of the agreement, Fairchild agreed to provide crew and maintenance services for the aircraft. Similar contracts were signed with the United States Air Force for C-26 sales, though only maintenance add on services were included. Initially, all Merlin Express aircraft provided feeder service to United Parcel Service and were painted in UPS livery. In the ensuing years, the airline began to acquire additional aircraft from its parent Fairchild, and from the open market, incorporating freight service contracts for Federal Express, DHL, and Airborne Express. By 1998, Merlin Express was operating a fleet of approximately 30 Metro III, Merlin IV-C, and Metro II aircraft. In 1996, Merlin successfully gained certification as a passenger Part 121 carrier and operated passenger service routes in Alaska under contract for Yute Air. In 1997, Fairchild Aircraft acquired Dornier Aircraft of Germany and Merlin began preparations for the addition of D-328 aircraft to its fleet. As the airline\'s parent company began to confront cash problems, Merlin Express, Gen-Aero FBO Services, and other subsidiary companies of Fairchild Dornier Aerospace were sold-off in order to generate needed cash. Merlin Express was purchased by Corporate Air of Billings, Montana in 2000 and renamed \"Merlin Airways\". Fairchild Dornier Aerospace declared bankruptcy in 2002. Under new owners, Merlin Express\' original route network was shrunk and was eventually centered on the airline\'s remaining hubs in Miami and San Juan, Puerto Rico. Currently based at Rafael Hernández International Airport in Aguadilla, Puerto Rico. The airline still flies to some Caribbean islands, the Turks and Caicos Islands and the Dominican Republic.
## Fleet
The Merlin Express fleet consists of:
- 2 Swearingen SA226-AT Merlin IVA Metroliner
- 4 Embraer EMB 120RT Brasilia
- 3 Beechcraft 1900C
- 4 Cessna 208 Caravan
## Destinations
Regular destinations included Santiago, Dominican Republic, Providenciales, Aruba and Port of Spain
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9,984,090 |
# Changui (footballer)
**Marcos Javier Yáñez Fernández** (born 10 April 1977), known as **Changui**, is a Spanish former footballer who played as a striker.
He spent most of his career with Galician teams, appearing for Compostela and Deportivo de La Coruña in La Liga.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Boiro, A Coruña, Changui\'s beginnings as a professional were with SD Compostela, appearing in La Liga during the 1997--98 season by playing six matches and scoring one goal, against Racing de Santander in a 1--1 away draw. He went on to represent several Segunda División teams before being purchased by Deportivo de La Coruña in 2000, although he would play almost no part during his tenure (two league appearances in 2004--05, 13 minutes played), also serving a loan to UD Las Palmas.
Changui was again loaned in August 2005, this time to Greek side Skoda Xanthi FC. Months later, he came back to Spain without his parent club\'s permission, facing the subsequent and pertinent disciplinary proceedings; the player was summoned by Deportivo on 8 March 2006 but did not appear, sending instead his agent, who stated that he did not know about the player\'s departure from Xanthi until the Spaniards took action.
Finally, Deportivo cancelled Changui\'s contract on 9 June 2006. The latter reacted demanding the former for unpaid wages, after having signed for CF Extremadura.
After being released by Extremadura, Changui joined SD Ciudad de Santiago of the Tercera División. He helped them to achieve promotion to Segunda División B in the 2007--08 campaign and, in 2009, resumed his career in the amateur leagues in his native region.
Changui became president of fourth-tier CD Boiro in 2018. At the same time, he was the team\'s top scorer and also worked as a security guard.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In October 2016, the 39-year-old Changui was placed in an induced coma after being admitted to the Conxo Hospital in Santiago de Compostela with an extremely high temperature. He eventually recovered fully after being diagnosed with sepsis, and returned to playing football with his team Ribadumia CF
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# 2006 Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards
The **32nd Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards**, given by the Los Angeles Film Critics Association (LAFCA), honored the best in film for 2006.
## Winners
- **Best Picture:**
- *Letters from Iwo Jima*
- Runner-up: *The Queen*
- **Best Director:**
- Paul Greengrass -- *United 93*
- Runner-up: Clint Eastwood -- *Flags of Our Fathers* and *Letters from Iwo Jima*
- **Best Actor (TIE):**
- Sacha Baron Cohen -- *Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan*
- Forest Whitaker -- *The Last King of Scotland*
- **Best Actress:**
- Helen Mirren -- *The Queen*
- Runner-up: Penélope Cruz -- *Volver*
- **Best Supporting Actor:**
- Michael Sheen -- *The Queen*
- Runner-up: Sergi López -- *Pan\'s Labyrinth* (*El laberinto del fauno*)
- **Best Supporting Actress:**
- Luminița Gheorghiu -- *The Death of Mr. Lazarescu* (*Moartea domnului Lăzărescu*)
- Runner-up: Jennifer Hudson -- *Dreamgirls*
- **Best Screenplay:**
- Peter Morgan -- *The Queen*
- Runner-up: Michael Arndt -- *Little Miss Sunshine*
- **Best Cinematography:**
- Emmanuel Lubezki -- *Children of Men*
- Runner-up: Tom Stern*-- Flags of Our Fathers* and *Letters from Iwo Jima*
- **Best Production Design:**
- Eugenio Caballero -- *Pan\'s Labyrinth* (*El laberinto del fauno*)
- Runner-up: Jim Clay, Veronica Falzon, and Geoffrey Kirkland -- *Children of Men*
- **Best Music Score:**
- Alexandre Desplat -- *The Painted Veil* and *The Queen*
- Runner-up: Thomas Newman -- *The Good German* and *Little Children*
- **Best Foreign-Language Film:**
- *The Lives of Others* (*Das Leben der Anderen*) • Germany
- Runner-up: *Volver* • Spain
- **Best Documentary/Non-Fiction Film:**
- *An Inconvenient Truth*
- Runner-up: *Darwin\'s Nightmare*
- **Best Animation:**
- *Happy Feet*
- Runner-up: *Cars*
- **The Douglas Edwards Experimental/Independent Film/Video Award:**
- So Yong Kim -- *In Between Days*
- Kelly Reichardt -- *Old Joy*
- **New Generation Award:**
- Michael Arndt (screenwriter), Jonathan Dayton and Valerie Faris (co-directors) -- *Little Miss Sunshine*
- **Career Achievement Award:**
- Robert Mulligan
- **Special Citation:**
- Jean-Pierre Melville\'s 1969 film *Army of Shadows* upon the occasion of its long-overdue U.S. release.
- Jonas Mekas for his contributions to American film culture as a filmmaker, critic and co-founder of Anthology Film Archives
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# Classics (Sarah Brightman album)
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{{album chart|Australia|13|artist=Sarah Brightman|album=Classics – The Best of|rowheader=true|accessdate=8 October 2016}}
^
``
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| 0 |
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# 2005 LPGA Tour
**The 2005 LPGA Tour** was a series of golf tournaments for elite female golfers from around the world which took place from February through December 2005. The tournaments were sanctioned by the United States--based Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA). Total prize money for all tournaments was \$45,100,000.
Annika Sörenstam dominated the Tour in 2005, winning ten tournaments, including two of the four major tournaments, winning more than \$2 million in prize money for the fifth consecutive season. Five other players earned over \$1 million. Players from South Korea continued to be a growing force on the Tour, with seven different Korean players winning tournaments, including the two majors not won by Sörenstam: Birdie Kim at the U.S. Women\'s Open and Jeong Jang at the Women\'s British Open
*For details of what happened in the main tournaments of the year see 2005 in golf.*
## Tournament schedule and results {#tournament_schedule_and_results}
The number in parentheses after winners\' names show the player\'s total number of official money, individual event wins on the LPGA Tour including that event.
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Date | Tournament | Location | Winner | Purse (\$) | Winner\'s\ |
| | | | | | share (\$) |
+========+==============================================+==============+============================+============+===============+
| Feb 13 | Women\'s World Cup of Golf | South Africa | (Rui Kitada & Ai Miyazato) | | |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Feb 26 | SBS Open at Turtle Bay | Hawaii | Jennifer Rosales (2) | 1,000,000 | 150,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Mar 6 | MasterCard Classic | Mexico | Annika Sörenstam (57) | 1,200,000 | 180,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Mar 20 | Safeway International | Arizona | Annika Sörenstam (58) | 1,400,000 | 210,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Mar 27 | **Kraft Nabisco Championship** | California | Annika Sörenstam (59) | 1,800,000 | 270,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Apr 16 | LPGA Takefuji Classic | Nevada | Wendy Ward (4) | 1,100,000 | 165,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Apr 24 | Corona Morelia Championship | Mexico | Carin Koch (2) | 1,000,000 | 150,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| May 1 | Franklin American Mortgage Championship | Tennessee | Stacy Prammanasudh (1) | 1,000,000 | 150,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| May 8 | Michelob ULTRA Open at Kingsmill | Virginia | Cristie Kerr (5) | 2,200,000 | 330,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| May 15 | Chick-fil-A Charity Championship | Georgia | Annika Sörenstam (60) | 1,600,000 | 240,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| May 22 | Sybase Classic | New York | Paula Creamer (1) | 1,250,000 | 187,500 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| May 29 | LPGA Corning Classic | New York | Jimin Kang (1) | 1,100,000 | 165,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jun 5 | ShopRite LPGA Classic | New Jersey | Annika Sörenstam (61) | 1,400,000 | 210,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jun 12 | **McDonald\'s LPGA Championship** | Maryland | Annika Sörenstam (62) | 1,800,000 | 270,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jun 19 | Wegmans LPGA | New York | Lorena Ochoa (3) | 1,500,000 | 225,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jun 26 | **U.S. Women\'s Open** | Colorado | Birdie Kim (1) | 3,100,000 | 560,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jul 3 | HSBC Women\'s World Match Play Championship | New Jersey | Marisa Baena (1) | 2,000,000 | 500,000 \|- 2 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jul 17 | BMO Financial Group Canadian Women\'s Open | Nova Scotia | Meena Lee (1) | 1,300,000 | 195,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jul 23 | Evian Masters | France | Paula Creamer (2) | 2,500,000 | 375,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Jul 31 | **Weetabix Women\'s British Open** | England | Jeong Jang (1) | 1,800,000 | 280,208 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Aug 21 | Safeway Classic | Oregon | Kang Soo-yun (1) | 1,400,000 | 210,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Aug 28 | Wendy\'s Championship for Children | Ohio | Cristie Kerr (6) | 1,100,000 | 165,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Sep 4 | State Farm Classic | Illinois | Pat Hurst (4) | 1,300,000 | 195,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Sep 11 | Solheim Cup | Indiana | Team USA | n/a | |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Sep 18 | John Q. Hammons Hotel Classic | Oklahoma | Annika Sörenstam (63) | 1,000,000 | 150,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Oct 2 | Office Depot Championship | California | Hee-Won Han (4) | 1,300,000 | 195,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Oct 9 | Longs Drugs Challenge | California | Nicole Perrot (1) | 1,000,000 | 150,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Oct 16 | Samsung World Championship | California | Annika Sörenstam (64) | 850,000 | 212,500 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Oct 30 | CJ Nine Bridges Classic | South Korea | Jee Young Lee (1) | 1,350,000 | 202,500 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Nov 6 | Mizuno Classic | Japan | Annika Sörenstam (65) | 1,000,000 | 150,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Nov 13 | The Mitchell Company Tournament of Champions | Alabama | Christina Kim (2) | 850,000 | 138,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Nov 19 | ADT Championship | Florida | Annika Sörenstam (66) | 1,000,000 | 215,000 |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Dec 11 | Lexus Cup | Singapore | International Team | n/a | |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
| Dec 18 | Wendy\'s 3-Tour Challenge | Nevada | Champions Tour | n/a | |
+--------+----------------------------------------------+--------------+----------------------------+------------+---------------+
Tournaments in **bold** are majors.
## Leaders
**Money List leaders**
Rank Player Country Earnings (\$) Events
------ ------------------ --------- --------------- --------
1 Annika Sörenstam 2,588,240 20
2 Paula Creamer 1,531,780 25
3 Cristie Kerr 1,360,941 22
4 Lorena Ochoa 1,201,786 23
5 Jang Jeong 1,131,986 28
6 Natalie Gulbis 1,010,154 27
7 Meena Lee 870,182 28
8 Hee-Won Han 856,364 27
9 Gloria Park 842,349 26
10 Catriona Matthew 776,924 26
Source:
**Scoring Average leaders**
Rank Player Country Average
------ ------------------ --------- ---------
1 Annika Sörenstam 69.33
2 Cristie Kerr 70.86
3 Paula Creamer 70.98
4 Jang Jeong 71.17
5 Natalie Gulbis 71.24
Source:
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| 0 |
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# 2005 LPGA Tour
## Award winners {#award_winners}
The three competitive awards given out by the LPGA each year are:
- The Rolex Player of the Year is awarded based on a formula in which points are awarded for top-10 finishes and are doubled at the LPGA\'s four major championships. The points system is: 30 points for first; 12 points for second; nine points for third; seven points for fourth; six points for fifth; five points for sixth; four points for seventh; three points for eighth; two points for ninth and one point for 10th.
- 2005 Winner: Annika Sörenstam. Runner-up: Paula Creamer
- The Vare Trophy, named for Glenna Collett-Vare, is given to the player with the lowest scoring average for the season.
- 2005 Winner: Annika Sörenstam. Runner-up: Cristie Kerr
- The Louis Suggs Rolex Rooke of the Year Award is awarded to the first-year player on the LPGA Tour who scores the highest in a points competition in which points are awarded at all full-field domestic events and doubled at the LPGA\'s four major championships. The points system is: 150 points for first; 80 points for second; 75 points for third; 70 points for fourth; and 65 points for fifth. After fifth place, points are awarded in increments of three, beginning at sixth place with 62 points. Rookies who make the cut in an event and finish below 41st each receive five points. The award is named after Louise Suggs, one of the founders of the LPGA.
- 2005 Winner: Paula Creamer
| 255 |
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| 1 |
9,984,240 |
# Lami F.C.
**Lami F.C.** is a Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based in Lami, which is a town situated some 10 kilometers from Suva on the island of Viti Levu.
Their uniform includes gold shirt.
## History
The Lami Soccer Association was formed in 1978, under the presidency of Johnny Singh
| 63 |
Lami F.C.
| 0 |
9,984,275 |
# The Scanty
**The Scanty** (stylized as **THE★SCANTY**) was a Japanese girls pop-rock band formed in Tokyo in October 2001. They disbanded in October 2003. Futami and Akane formed their own band, [Plink?](http://www.fishyco.com/plink/prof.html). They performed the two opening themes for the anime series *Full Moon o Sagashite* and also made cameo appearances in the show.
## Members
- **Yoppy** (Yoshiko Yamamoto)
: The vocalist. Born on October 05, 1980 in Osaka.
- **Akane**
: Bass. From Chiba, born on January 20, 1978.
- **Futami**
: Guitar. From Tokyo, born on July 5, 1978.
- **To-Bu**
: Drums. From Tochigi, born on July 17, 1973.
## Discography
### Singles
- \"レディースナイト\" (TOCT-4324) \[10/17/2001\], contains:
1. レディースナイト (Ladies Night)
2. ラブレターヒストリー (Love Letter History)
3. レディースナイト (Instrumental)
4. ラブレターヒストリー (Instrumental)
- \"Home Girl\" (TOCT-4350) \[01/30/2002\], contains:
1. Home Girl
2. Waist
3. Home Girl (Instrumental)
- \"I Heart U\" (TOCT-4396) \[07/10/2002\], contains:
1. I Heart U
2. FCG Super Remix
3. I Heart U (Instrumental)
- \"コイバナ\" (TOCT-4418) \[09/26/2002\], contains:
1. コイバナ (Koibana)
2. Rock\'N Roll Princess
3. コイバナ (Instrumental)
4. Rock\'N Roll Princess (Instrumental)
- \"Loveララバイ\" (TOCT-4453) \[02/26/2003\], contains:
1. Love ララバイ (Love Lullaby)
2. True Romance
3. Love ララバイ (Instrumental)
4. True Romance (Instrumental)
- \"マバタキ (Hippo\'s Blink Edit)\" (YRCN-10018) \[08/06/2003\], contains:
1. マバタキ (Hippo\'s Blink Edit) (Mabataki (Hippo\'s Blink Edit))
2. One Girl
3. マバタキ (Hippo\'s Blink Edit) (Instrumental)
### Albums
- ***For Cherry Girls*** (TOCT-24735) \[03/20/2002\], contains:
1. Home Girl
2. Promise List
3. レディースナイト (Ladies Night)
4. ウサミツ (Usamitsu)
5. Waist (Album Mix)
6. I Heart U
7. ラブレターヒストリー (Album Mix)
8. Chocolate Day
- ***Four Lucky Girls*** (TOCT-24972) \[03/26/2003\], contains:
1. One Girl
2. Love ララバイ (Love Lullaby)
3. PP
4. Lucky 8
5. Horoscope
6. コイバナ (Koibana)
7. Voice March
8. マバタキ (Mabataki)
### DVD
- ***The 1st*** (TOBF-5129) \[03/26/2003\], contains:
1. レディースナイト (Ladies Night)
2. Home Girl
3. I Heart U
4. コイバナ (Koibana)
5
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# Amos Stoddard
**Amos Stoddard** (October 26, 1762 -- May 11, 1813) was a career United States Army officer who served in both the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, in which he was mortally wounded.
In 1804, Stoddard was the Commandant of the military district of Upper Louisiana, which later became Missouri after the Louisiana Purchase.
## Biography
Stoddard was born in Woodbury, Connecticut, to Anthony and Phebe (Reed) Stoddard. He saw combat as a young man in the American Revolutionary War, and afterwards represented Hallowell, Maine, in the Massachusetts House of Representatives. In June 1798, he was commissioned as a captain of artillery in the US Army.
Circa 1800 Stoddard commanded Fort Sumner in his home town of Portland, Maine as a company commander in the Regiment of Artillerists.
In 1800 Spain ceded Louisiana back to France in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. Three years later, Napoleon promptly sold it to the United States to obtain money to continue his campaigns in Europe. Nevertheless, Spain had continued to govern the territory and Carlos de Hault de Lassus, the Spanish lieutenent governor for Upper Louisiana, initially refused to give Lewis and Clark permission to explore it. This forced Lewis and Clark to spend the winter of 1803--04 at Camp Dubois, in what is now Illinois.
On November 30, 1803, in New Orleans, Spain formally turned the territory over to France, which governed it for only 20 days before surrendering it to the United States on December 20, 1803.
During the Three Flags Day ceremony on March 9--10, 1804, in Saint Louis, Stoddard represented both the United States and France. Lieutenant Governor de Lassus represented Spain. Stoddard noted about the residents:
: Nothing ever restrains them from amusement which usually commences early in the evening, and is seldom suspended till late the next morning.
Stoddard held the position as a military commander until October 1, 1804, when the territory came under William Henry Harrison, in a transitional civil jurisdiction as part of the Indiana Territory. He was promoted to the rank of major in June 1807.
He was a member of Kennebec Lodge #5 A. F. and A. M in Hallowell, Maine, and delivered the oration at the first anniversary of the chartering of the lodge on St. John\'s Day 1797.
## Service at Fort Meigs {#service_at_fort_meigs}
In the winter of 1812-13, after war had begun with Great Britain, Major Stoddard accompanied Governor Harrison to the Maumee rapids in Ohio, where they built Fort Meigs. Stoddard commanded the fort\'s artillery.
From May 1 to May 9 of 1813, Fort Meigs was attacked by a large British and Indian force from Canada under Major General Henry Procter (see Siege of Fort Meigs). Early on, Stoddard was wounded in the leg by shrapnel. He survived long enough to see the British retreat, but on May 11 he died from tetanus.
## Tributes
According to a diary kept by Captain Daniel Cushing, Major Stoddard was buried in front of the Grand Battery at Fort Meigs. A stone monument inside the fort honors his memory today. Stoddard County, Missouri, was named for him
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# International Year for the Culture of Peace
**The International Year for the Culture of Peace** was designated by the United Nations as the year 2000, with the aim of celebrating and encouraging a culture of peace.
## Origins
Since 1959 the United Nations has designated specific years to emphasize issues which are part of the mission of the organization. The International Year for the Culture of Peace was proclaimed in a United Nations General Assembly resolution in 1997 on the basis of an Economic and Social Council resolution. The General Assembly invited a **Declaration and Programme of Action** from UNESCO and adopted it after ten months of difficult negotiation.
## The IYCP Taskforce {#the_iycp_taskforce}
The lead organization for the International Year was UNESCO. There was a logic to this, in that UNESCO is the United Nations organization dealing with education, and also in that the constitutional mandate of UNESCO involves the encouragement of a global culture of peace. Within the UNESCO Secretariat in Paris, a specific International Year for the Culture of Peace Taskforce was established from 1998 to 2000, with the aim of co-ordinating the activities to publicize the International Year. Members of the Taskforce included: David Adams (Chair), Enzo Fazzino, Katherine Stoessel, Di Bretherton, Zeynep Varoglu and Jan Visser.
## International Year Strategies and Results {#international_year_strategies_and_results}
The strategies behind the International Year centred upon involving civil society as much as possible. The specific initiatives included the collection of some 75 million signatures worldwide in support of a culture of peace, with the Manifesto 2000 Project. Another initiative was the Culture of Peace News Network, otherwise known as the CPNN, a web-based news service reporting news in support of a culture of peace.
An extensive description of the results obtained during the International Year was published by UNESCO.
## Assessment of the International Year {#assessment_of_the_international_year}
Opinion is divided as to how effective the International Year was. It is possible to argue that there was much rhetoric in the International Year, and yet often the impact of such events can only be discerned many years later.
## Ongoing Commitment of the United Nations {#ongoing_commitment_of_the_united_nations}
The work of supporting and encouraging a culture of peace continues through the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World, and the ongoing Culture of Peace News Network
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# Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?
***Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?*** is the fifth album by Big Sugar, It was released concurrently with a separate album containing French versions of the same songs, *Brothers and Sisters, Êtes Vous Ready?*. The album was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2002 Juno Awards. *Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?* was certified Gold (50,000 units) by the CRIA in August 2003.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Red Rover\" -- 4:57
2. \"Nashville Grass\" -- 3:49
3. \"She Left Ashes\" -- 4:04
4. \"Nicotina (She\'s All That)\" -- 4:02
5. \"So Not Over\" -- 3:33
6. \"Butterball\" -- 4:06
7. \"Bump on the Head\" -- 4:12
8. \"Lost and Found\" -- 3:55
9. \"Bad Old Days\" -- 3:36
10. \"We Could Live\" -- 4:10
11. \"Pretty Bird\" -- 3:12
12. \"All Hell for a Basement\" -- 4:00
13. \"O Canada\" -- 2:17
## Year-end charts {#year_end_charts}
Chart (2002) Position
------------------------------------------------- ----------
Canadian Alternative Albums (Nielsen SoundScan) 162
## *Brothers and Sisters, Êtes Vous Ready?* {#brothers_and_sisters_êtes_vous_ready}
***Brothers and Sisters, Êtes Vous Ready?***, released in 2001, contains French versions of songs from *Brothers and Sisters, Are You Ready?*, along with four songs found only on the French release: \"La Bombe\", \"Busté\", \"Harmonie\" and \"À nu (Pom Pom)\".
**Track listing**
1. \"Le Vainqueur\"
2. \"Nashville Grass (For Woody)\"
3. \"Elle est passée\"
4. \"Tina Gasolina (Elle est tout çà)\"
5. \"(Loin d\'être) Over\"
6. \"La Bombe\"
7. \"Bump on the Head\"
8. \"Lost and Found\"
9. \"Busté\"
10. \"Harmonie\"
11. \"L\'Oiseau reggae\"
12. \"À nu (Pom Pom)\"
13. \"O Canada\"
The album was also released in an international version which did not include the band\'s rendition of \"O Canada\"
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# David Chappe
**David Chappe** (November 8, 1947, in Brooklyn -- May 13, 2002, in Los Angeles) was best known as the screenwriter who launched the bidding wars of the late 1980s with his script *Gale Force*. David was a novelist, photographer, screenwriting instructor, story editor, artist and pianist.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Chappe was born in Flatbush, New York and moved to Appleton, Wisconsin, at age eight. He competed as a concert pianist from ages six to 16 and led canoe trips in the Canadian wilderness of the Boundary Waters. He earned his BA in History and Political Science from Alfred University, and his Master of Fine Arts from Visual Studies Workshop, Rochester, New York, in 1978. He learned to tell stories through sequencing of photographic images and later used that visual story sense in writing screenplays. While at VSW Chappe printed dozens of small publications on their Heidelberg Press and moved to Los Angeles in 1980 to work for another small press.
Chappe died in 2002 after a four-year battle with angiosarcoma. He was survived by his wife June Stoddard, daughters Chloe and Jessica, mother Bess, brother Marc, aunt Millie Kleineman and nephew Durin.
## Film career {#film_career}
Surrounded by screenwriters in Venice, California, he wrote nearly twenty original screenplays and two novels. Prior to his screenwriting career David wrote for *He-Man and the Masters of the Universe*. In just five years he read and wrote coverage on over 5,000 screenplays, becoming the Story Editor for White Eagle Enterprises, Sylvester Stallone\'s company. In 1989 he finished *Gale Force* which was snapped up by Dan Melnick who partnered to produce it with Carolco and actively aided Carolco in the bidding. Stallone was to star. The script was repeatedly rewritten. Relative newcomer Renny Harlin was hired to direct and worked with seven rewriters. After years of rewrites the plug was pulled two weeks before production and the entire creative team moved to *Cliffhanger*.
After the sale of Gale Force Chappe continued to write original screenplays, novels, became a re-writer for Hollywood action films, and wrote the production draft of the 1999 film *Beowulf*
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# San Diego Chargers
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 1307, column 8):
unexpected 'f'
|-Long fumble return || 86 ([[Eric Weddle]], 11/30/08 ATL)
^
``
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| 0 |
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# Splashdown: Rides Gone Wild
***Splashdown: Rides Gone Wild*** (also known as ***Splashdown 2: Rides Gone Wild*** in Europe) is a 2003 jet ski racing video game developed by Rainbow Studios and published by THQ for PlayStation 2 and mobile phones. It is a sequel to the original *Splashdown* published by Atari, for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. The game features a career mode where winning races rewards the player with points which can be used to upgrade items or buy new ones. It also features arcade, training and multiplayer modes. An Xbox version was planned but was canceled, as Rainbow Studios was busy working on *MX Unleashed*.
## Reception
The PlayStation 2 version received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic
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# Mark Higgs (cricketer)
**Mark Anthony Higgs** (born 30 June 1976) is an Australian first-class cricketer, who played for South Australia, New South Wales and the ACT Comets. He was an allrounder, who bowled both slow left-arm orthodox and slow left-arm wrist-spin. With the bat he was an aggressive left-handed middle order batsman.
Before moving to NSW in 1998--99, Higgs represented the Canberra Comets in one day domestic cricket. The side did not play first class cricket, so a move to the Blues allowed him to expand his horizons. He had played in Canberra\'s first ever season in Australian domestic cricket, smashing 36 and taking three wickets on his debut in 1997--98.
He had trouble holding onto his place in the side in NSW, but, after a strong finish to the 1999--2000 season, was named as a surprise replacement for the injured Shane Warne in the 2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy in Kenya. Despite playing in a warm up match, he did not play an ODI.
In 2000--01, he had his best season with the highlight being an unbeaten 181 in a victory over Queensland. He also impressed with 4 for 15 in a one-day game against Western Australia.
Higgs moved interstate again in 2002--03, this time to South Australia. He made a century on debut but struggled from there on in.
Mark has 2 Kids Jack and Lily with his wife Maree
From 2006 to 2009, Higgs captained the Queanbeyan District Cricket Club
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# Alabama State Route 24
**State Route 24** (**SR 24**) is a 71 mi state highway in the northwestern and north-central part of the state. The western terminus of the route is near Red Bay at the Mississippi state line, where it continues as Mississippi Highway 76 (MS 76). The eastern terminus of the route is near the junction with SR 67 at Decatur, where it continues for 2 miles as Moulton Street. Moulton Street (without SR 24) ends east of US 31. The route is one of several segments that comprises Corridor V of the Appalachian Development Highway System. Corridor V provides a continuous route between Batesville, Mississippi and Chattanooga, Tennessee.
## Route description {#route_description}
SR 24 begins at an unknown point in Decatur, possibly US 31, Grant Street, or Gordon Drive. Past this point, the route makes a path through one of the more populated parts of Decatur as it heads towards SR 67. At its junction with SR 67, it becomes a four-lane divided highway as it carries on the name of Appalachian Development Highway System\'s Corridor V from the mile-long stretch of SR 67 in between SR 24 and SR 20.
Past this point, Corridor V makes a turn to the southwest--northeast on its way to Moulton. It climbs up a hill and continues its journey west. It passes by East Lawrence/Caddo in the process.
It continues for about eight miles until it turns directly east-to-west and junctions with SR 157. It almost immediately junctions with SR 33. Past this point, the route is almost entirely flat as it passes through western Lawrence County. It reaches Mt. Hope, junctioning with SR 101.
It proceeds for about fifteen miles to SR 243, which connects Double Springs and Russellville. It almost immediately junctions with US 43/SR 13/SR 17. It then proceeds onward until it reaches Vina. It eventually reaches Red Bay, which is home to its junction with SR 19. It proceeds for just under a mile to the state line with Mississippi.
The route is mostly an important connector---Alongside SR 157---to the larger cities of Northwest Alabama. As of 2021, the entirety of Alabama State Route 24 in Alabama from Alabama State Route 67 west to the Mississippi border is four-laned.
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# Alabama State Route 24
## Route history {#route_history}
In Decatur, Alabama, State Route 24 underwent several different routings from its creation to the present day. In its early years (1928 - 1960), the route headed through Decatur on what is now Moulton Street, a straight road from S.R. 67 to U.S. 31. In the early 1960s, the routing from Danville Road west was changed, heading south on Danville Road to 2nd Street before turning west, following 2nd Street to Gordon Drive, a then-new overpass thoroughfare over the railroads of Decatur; it would proceed to follow Gordon Drive to U.S. 31. In the mid 70\'s, Gordon Drive was completed from Moulton Street east to the 2nd Street/Gordon Drive Overpass junction. It would follow the now extended Gordon Drive and Moulton Street over to Danville Road (where the previous routing turned south) before proceeding west. In the 90\'s, the route signage was removed east of S.R. 67, now leaving the actual terminus and routing of S.R. 24 unknown within the confines of Decatur.
From the route\'s creation in 1928 to sometime in 1952 or 1953, Alabama State Route 24 from Decatur to Moulton winded along present-day Morgan County Road 61 to Five Points, then following present-day County Road 87 from Five Points to Moulton. This corridor is still known as \'Old Moulton Road\' in Morgan County to this day. In 1953, the route was routed along what is now known locally as \'Old 24\' from Decatur to Moulton; a route that was more direct than the former, albeit passing through several cities. Around 1980, construction of a new four-lane divided highway south of the current route had begun, extending from Alabama State Route 67 to a stub in Landersville. SR-24 was rerouted onto this new highway bypassing formerly-served towns and Moulton around 1984/1985.
Current-Day Lawrence County Route 460 - which is located south of current-day SR-24 - held the SR-24 designation from Landersville west to Russellville as late as the mid-2000s while the four-lane divided stretch was being extended west from the stub in Landersville to another stub in western Russellville. After the rerouting of SR-24 from Landersville to Russellville, the stretch was renamed County Road 460; this designation carries this title along old State Route 24 across Lawrence County. Abandoned and overgrown paving from the routing deviation onto now-County Road 460 is still visible on satellite and ground; although the stub is no longer existent and the divided highway is continuous.
The final stretch of AL-24 to start realignment work was the stretch from Russellville to Red Bay. Arguably the hilliest stretch of State Route 24, this portion of the four-lane divided highway required several ridge cuts and extensive terrain work to complete. The two-lane route it replaced winded on both sides of the new highway, much curvier than the new route. Unlike the rest of old SR-24, this former stretch is impossible to traverse completely due to several bridges being cut along the stretch. Several county roads in Franklin County wind on both sides of the route, carrying the designations \'County Road -24\'; with the prefix being sequenced from west to east from \'County Road 124\' to \'County Road 724\'. All of these county roads once carried the SR-24 name. Each of these county routes start at a junction with \'New 24\' and end at a severed bridge or a second junction with the new highway - none of these county routes have a concurrency with the new highway
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# Nawanagar cricket team
The **Nawanagar cricket team** was an Indian domestic cricket team active in first-class cricket from 1936 until 1947, operating in the West Zone of the Ranji Trophy for twelve seasons. It was based in Jamnagar, Gujarat, then part of the Nawanagar State.
Nawanagar won its only Ranji Trophy in 1936--37 when it defeated Bengal in the final. It was succeeded by Saurashtra, which began competing in the Ranji Trophy in 1950--51
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# Stephen Kellogg
**Stephen Richard Kellogg** (born November 28, 1976) is an American singer-songwriter and founder and former frontman of Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers.
## Career
Kellogg founded his band Stephen Kellogg and the Sixers in 2003. The band has been on hiatus since 2012. Kellogg has consistently toured since then, billed simply as "Stephen Kellogg.\" Past members of the Sixers have joined him on stage occasionally.
In 2013, Kellogg gave a TEDx talk about job satisfaction. Its YouTube video has gained over 200,00 views.
On February 12, 2016, Kellogg released the album *South, West, North, East.* The premise of *the album* was to record each section in a different region of the USA, with different co-producers and groups of musicians.
On March 23, 2018, Kellogg performed at O.A.R.\'s Concert for Dreams at The Beacon Theatre in New York City.
Kellogg released the album *Objects In The Mirror* on November 23, 2018.
## Charity work {#charity_work}
Each year during Christmas, Kellogg donates handwritten lyrics to raise money for St Jude\'s Children\'s Hospital and other charities. In 2015, Kellogg was part of the Bedstock lineup, the world's first in-bed music festival, to raise awareness and funds for MyMusicRx, a program of the Children's Cancer Association.
## Performing for the Troops {#performing_for_the_troops}
Kellogg habitually of visits military bases to perform musical numbers for service men and women serving both domestically and overseas. The Sixers toured with Armed Forces Entertainment in 2009 and 2010 to bring "home" to the troops in places like Kuwait, Israel, Bahrain and Ramstein Hospital in Germany. In 2010, Kellogg & the Sixers were named the \"Armed Forces Entertainer of the Year\".
During the summer of 2014, they traveled to Africa and again, to the Middle East to play for troops.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kellogg grew up in southern Connecticut. In 1997, he began his musical career in Northampton, Massachusetts while interning for a local club. A few years later, he married his high school sweetheart and began a well-publicized affection for his role as husband and later, father to their four daughters
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# Lakeville South High School
**Lakeville South High School** (**LSHS**) is a high school located Lakeville, Minnesota, United States. To meet the needs of a growing population, in the early 2000s the district began construction of LSHS. It enrolled students for the first time in fall 2005. Unlike LNHS, whose student come from a predominantly urban/suburban catchment area, LSHS pulls from the suburban/rural areas of Lakeville. This socioeconomic divide has contributed to the ferocity of the rivalry between LNHS and LSHS athletics.
The school is a member of Minnesota Independent School District 194 (Lakeville Area Public Schools) and is affiliated with the Minnesota State High School League (MSHSL). The school is a member of the South Suburban Conference.
## Curriculum
Through the Minnesota state Post Secondary Enrollment Options (PSEO) program, students are eligible to take classes at state colleges and universities.
## Athletics
The school competes under the Minnesota State High School League and is a member of the competitive South Suburban Conference. The school was in the Lake Conference until 2009--2010
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# Loss on ignition
**Loss on ignition** (LOI) is a test used in inorganic analytical chemistry and soil science, particularly in the analysis of minerals and the chemical makeup of soil. It consists of strongly heating (\"igniting\") a sample of the material at a specified temperature, allowing volatile substances to escape, until its mass ceases to change. This may be done in air or in some other reactive or inert atmosphere. The simple test typically consists of placing a few grams of the material in a tared, pre-ignited crucible and determining its mass, placing it in a temperature-controlled furnace for a set time, cooling it in a controlled (e.g., water-free, CO2-free) atmosphere, and re-determining the mass. The process may be repeated to show that the mass change is complete. A variant of the test in which mass change is continually monitored as the temperature changes is called thermogravimetry.
## Theory
The loss on ignition is reported as part of an elemental or oxide analysis of a mineral. The volatile materials lost usually consist of \'combined water\' (hydrates and labile hydroxy-compounds) and carbon dioxide from carbonates. It may be used as a quality test, commonly carried out for minerals such as iron ore. For example, the loss on ignition of fly ash is composed of contaminants and unburnt fuel.
In pyroprocessing industries such as lime,calcined bauxite, refractories or cement manufacture, the loss on ignition of the raw material is roughly equivalent to the mass loss it will experience in a kiln. Likewise, in minerals, the loss on ignition indicates the material actually lost during smelting or refining in a furnace or smelter. The loss on ignition of the product indicates the extent to which the pyroprocessing was incomplete. ASTM tests are defined for limestone and lime and cement among others.
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# Loss on ignition
## Procedure
Soil is composed of living organisms, water, carbonates, carbon containing material, decomposing matter and much more. To determine how much one of these soil components make up the entire soil mass, the LOI procedure is implemented. Initially, the researcher will take the mass of the sample prior to LOI and then place the sample into a heating device. Depending on what the researcher is trying to determine in the soil, the temperature of the device can be set to the corresponding temperature. The soil sample is kept at this temperature for an extended period of time after which it is removed and allowed to cool down before re-weighing the sample. The amount of mass lost after the LOI treatment is equal to the mass of the component the researcher is trying to determine. The typical set of materials needed to use LOI include: a high precision mass balance, a drying oven, temperature controlled furnace, preheated crucibles and soil sample from the location of interest.
There are many ways to properly utilize loss on ignition for scientific research. A soil sample left overnight in a drying oven at 100 °C would have its water content completely evaporated by morning. This could allow the researchers to determine the amount of water initially in the soil sample and its porosity by comparing the change in weight of the sample before and after the evaporation. This new weight of the sample is called the dry weight and its previous weight is called the wet weight.
### Steps
A general procedure of how to perform a loss on ignition is as follows:
1. Weigh the empty crucible that the sample is to be placed in and record its weight in a lab book.
2. Place the sample in the empty crucible and weigh the crucible again with the sample in it. The new weight minus the empty crucible weight is the sample\'s wet weight.
3. Place the sample in the drying oven or blast furnace as required.
4. Set the oven or furnace to the desired temperature. If the researcher wants to find the dry weight of the soil then the furnace would need to be 100 °C.
5. Leave the sample in the furnace for the desired length of time. If the researcher wanted to know the sample\'s dry weight and is using a furnace set at 100 °C, then the researcher would usually leave the furnace on overnight.
6. Open the oven but also back away from it at the same time since the hot air escaping from the furnace can burn bare skin.
7. Allow the oven and sample to cool down before removing the sample from the oven.
8. Weigh the crucible with the sample again. Subtract the empty crucible weight from this new weight and that is the sample\'s dry weight.
## Application
Typically, this method is used to determine water content levels, carbon levels, amount of organic matter levels, amount of volatile compounds. LOI is also used in the cement industry which operates the furnace in the 950 °C range (e.g. cement kilns), combustion engineers also use LOI but at temperatures lower than 950 °C range.
## Safety
In many research labs, the use of asbestos gloves is required when operating the furnace because it can reach very high temperatures. The use of face masks is also recommended at higher temperatures to ensure the safety of researchers and junior lab members. It is also recommended that researchers performing the LOI procedure remove all jewelry and watches as they are excellent conductors of heat. When removing samples at high temperatures, these accessories can easily heat up and result in burns.
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# Loss on ignition
## Other Uses {#other_uses}
The cement industry uses the LOI method by heating a cement sample to 900-1000 °C until the mass of the sample stabilizes. Once the mass stabilizes, the mass loss due to LOI is determined. This is usually done to assess the high water content in the cement or carbonation, as these factors diminish the quality of cement. High losses are generally attributed to poor cement storage conditions or manipulation of cement quality by suppliers. This practice ensures that the cement used on a site adheres to the correct composition, meeting safety protocols and customer requirements.
In the mining industry, the utilization of LOI is essential for determining the moisture and volatile material present in the rock. Thus, when performing whole-rock analysis to ascertain total volatiles, the LOI method is employed. To eliminate all volatiles and convert all iron into iron oxides, the LOI temperature is set at 900-1000 °C
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# Phil Penna
**Phil Penna** (November 1857 -- 5 January 1939) was an American labor leader, and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1895 to 1896.
John McBride, president of UMWA, had won election as president of the American Federation of Labor in 1895, unseating Samuel Gompers. McBride resigned to take the position, and Penna was elected his successor.
The continuing Long Depression severely depressed employment, wages and benefits for coal miners during his tenure. McBride had led the Bituminous Coal Miners\' Strike---an unsuccessful eight-week national coal miners\' strike---the year before Penna\'s presidency, which encouraged hundreds of non-union mines to flood the market for coal.
During Penna\'s presidency, membership in the Mine Workers fell from 13,000 to 9,700, and the union\'s treasury dropped from \$2,600 to \$600. Penna suspended union operations, stopped publishing the union newsletter and ceased paying per capita dues to the AFL. Penna did not run for re-election. His successor was Michael Ratchford
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# Ladd Herzeg
**Ladd Herzeg** was general manager of the Houston Oilers in the 1970s and 1980s, under ownership of Bud Adams. In three years, from 1982 to 1984, with the Oilers he drafted and/or signed three Pro Football Hall of Famers; Mike Munchak a 1st round draft choice in 1982, Bruce Matthews another 1st round draft choice in 1983 and Warren Moon a 1984 Canadian Football League signing
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# Fighting (Tank album)
***Fighting!*** (`{{zh|t=生存之道}}`{=mediawiki}) is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Tank\'s debut Mandarin solo studio album. It was released on 24 February 2006 by HIM International Music with a bonus VCD containing two music videos. A second edition *Fighting! Celebration Edition* (生存之道 冠軍慶功加值版) was released on 31 March 2006 with three addition kala tracks and a bonus VCD containing six music videos.
The album features the opening theme song, \"終極一班\" (Extreme Class) and ending theme song, \"給我你的愛\" (Give Me Your Love) of Taiwanese drama KO One, starring Aaron Yan, Calvin Chen, and Jiro Wang of Taiwanese boy band, Fahrenheit and Danson Tang. The music video of \"我們小時候\" (When We Were Young) features Taiwanese singer Amber Kuo.
The track \"給我你的愛\" (Give Me Your Love) was nominated for *Top 10 Gold Songs* at the Hong Kong TVB8 Awards, presented by television station TVB8, in 2006.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"曙光\" *Shǔ Guāng* (Dawn\'s Light)
2. \"狙擊手\" *Jū Jī Shǒu* (Sniper)
3. \"三國戀\" *Sān Guó Liàn* (The Love of Three Kingdoms)
4. \"給我你的愛\" *Gěi Wǒ Nǐ De Ái* (Give Me Your Love) - ending theme of KO One
5. \"我們小時候\" *Wǒ Men Xiǎo Shí Hòu* (When We Were Young)
6. \"挺你到底\" *Tǐng Nǐ Dào Dǐ* (Wait for You Until the End)
7. \"蟑螂小強\" *Zhāng Láng Xiǎo Qiáng* (Little Qiang the Cockroach)
8. \"獨唱情歌\" *Dú Chàng Qíng Gē* (Solo Madrigal) - feat Selina of S.H.E
9. \"幾分之幾\" *Jǐ Fēn Zhī Jǐ* (How Many Out Of How Many)
10. \"潔西卡\" *Jié Xī Kǎ* (Jessica)
11. \"曙光版\" *Shǔ Guāng Bǎn* (Dawn\'s Light - a cappella version)
12. \"激戰\" *Jī Zhàn* (Intense Battle)
13. \"千年淚\" *Qiān Nián Lèi* (Thousand Years of Tears)
14
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# Lupeni strike of 1929
The **Lupeni strike of 1929** took place on 5 and 6 August 1929 in the mining town of Lupeni, in the Jiu Valley of Transylvania, Romania.
## Chronology
Near the end of 1928, miners\' leaders in the Jiu Valley had begun agitating for an extension of their collective work contract. Their demands included (in conformity with new legislation adopted under international pressure) an eight-hour workday, a 40% raise for those who worked at furnaces and in pits, the provision of food and boots, and an end to children working underground. The two sides could not reach an agreement. A trial ensued, and as the ruling of a court in Deva was not to the miners\' liking, they appealed to the High Court of Cassation and Justice.
Also during 1928, the Lupeni miners had organised themselves into an independent union, led by Teodor Munteanu and a certain Moldoveanu. The union was not communist. Its leaders were closely aligned with the National Peasants\' Party (PNȚ), which wished to strengthen its relations with workers. (After the strike, the opposition press asserted that the union had very close links with the PNȚ and that its members had taken part in a large electoral demonstration in Alba Iulia in May 1928.) During the first months of labour agitation, the union asked members to await the high court\'s ruling. However, communist agitators were active in the spring of 1929 in the Jiu Valley, and the workers grew increasingly desperate as their conditions failed to improve and the court\'s ruling was delayed.
On the morning of 5 August, following a decision by the mine owners not to allow the union to pay each employee a days\' wages from its own funds, some 200 workers met and decided to strike. About 3,000 men from the Elena and Victoria mines went on strike, going together to the Carolina and Ștefan mines. The situation quickly spun out of control, and the union leaders told the Deva authorities that they were no longer responsible for their members\' actions.
The strikers then decided to occupy the power station controlling the mines\' pumping machinery. A radical group went inside, forcing the men there to stop their work, endangering the lives of 200 miners still underground (who had refused to join the strike) and causing a power outage for the entire Jiu Valley. The engineer Radu Nicolau, the power station\'s manager, told to leave his station, was stabbed when he refused and had to be hospitalised. The other power station employees were forcibly evicted and the guard beaten.
Some authors see these actions as having had an air of sabotage, thus considering it very likely that communist agitators played an important role in radicalising the miners. The local authorities took no action on the first day; indeed there were just 18 gendarmes in the vicinity.
On the morning of 6 August, the leading authorities of Hunedoara County came to Lupeni, accompanied by 80 troops from the 4th frontier guards regiment and some 20 gendarmes. The mining company attempted to start the power station with strike-breakers in order to prevent the mines from being flooded and those underground from being asphyxiated, but the strikers maintained a cordon around the works. (A prosecutor later reported that the men inside the power station were \"armed with stakes, iron bars, bludgeons and revolvers and were awaiting the authorities with aggressive poses\".) The public prosecutor made a final demand that the strikers withdraw from the power station; the strikers replied with a howl of defiance. Some 40 gendarmes now present advanced, trying to intimidate the strikers. According to later testimony, the workers then threw objects toward the gendarmes, wounding those in the first line. When a striker fired a revolver, the 80 troops fired warning shots into the air. As the miners\' aggressiveness was undiminished, the troops fired 78 bullets into the crowd (without orders, as established by an enquiry), some lodging in the power station\'s chimney. When the firing ceased, dozens of men lay on the ground; the rest, panic-stricken, fled quickly. Work at the station resumed immediately; troops and gendarmes guarded the station and all mine buildings.
## Casualties
Different sources give different numbers of dead and wounded: 16 dead and 200 wounded; 22 dead and 58 wounded; 30 dead and over a hundred wounded; 32 dead and 56 wounded; 40 dead (including two troops); 58 dead and hundreds wounded.
A more detailed report states that 13 miners died instantly and seven more in the following hours, with 23 hospitalized and seriously wounded. 30 were recorded with light wounds, but others went home undetected. 15 gendarmes were wounded and 10 soldiers, one seriously (knifed in the neck). The chief mechanic at the power station died of his wounds in hospital. Some 40 miners were arrested. On 9 August, the 20 miners (or 22) were buried under tight security, with only their closest relatives allowed to be present; the graves were closely guarded for a time so as to prevent new disturbances. Three miners died in the following days. The government paid the families of those who had been shot.
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# Lupeni strike of 1929
## Reactions
After the strike was repressed, various motives were ascribed to it. At the time, the National Peasants\' Party (PNȚ) was in power; D.R. Ioanițescu, President of the Chamber of Deputies, blamed the extreme poverty of the underpaid workers and \"possibly\" Hungarian propagandists. (A majority of the dead were ethnic Hungarians.) Another member of the government blamed the mine directors; he alleged that the repeated refusals of the bosses to yield to the workers\' demands and their dismissive assertions that they were led on by provocateurs of the banned Romanian Communist Party had driven them to desperation. Notably, this was not an isolated incident; nineteen strikes had taken place in the Valley between 1924 and 1928.
The Social Democrats, allies of the government, mainly blamed the mine directors but also charged that Communist agitators had misled the workers.
The mines belonged to a group of bankers from the National Liberal Party (the Peasants\' bitter rivals), and one of their owners was Gheorghe Tătărescu, a minister in the previous government.
The following commentary appeared in the right-wing newspaper *Universul* just after the strike: \"The troops only did their duty. The fault does not lie with them. They fired. It\'s a good thing they did so and it\'s good for people to know that they will fire whenever they receive orders to do so\". Later, the chief military and civilian figures responsible for the shooting were removed from their positions as the press came to accept the fact that the strike dealt with poor conditions and was not a communist-led anti-regime action. As early as 9 August, the left-leaning *Adevărul* wrote: \"What happened at Lupeni is a warning for our leaders, who for ten years have divided the country and ruined her economically, everywhere spreading misery, the mother of desperate mass actions\".
D.I. Răducanu, the Minister of Labour, went to the Jiu Valley to investigate, and even Nicolae Lupu, a prominent PNȚ politician, pleaded the workers\' cause in Parliament. Still, the fear of communist control of the strike had not been unjustified: working conditions in the mines had not been widely reported on before the strike, and Romanian-Soviet relations were quite strained, with the USSR having been involved in the Tatarbunary Uprising five years earlier. In the fall of 1929, because of the anti-strike measures taken, the Comintern branded Prime Minister Iuliu Maniu\'s government as \"fascist\".
In the fall of 1929, Panait Istrati, an author and communist sympathiser, wrote, \"What happened at Lupeni was not the quelling of a revolt but a hunt for people. The authorities drank till daybreak and gave drink to the soldiers. A drunken prefect fired the first shot after the alarm was sounded. The miners were surrounded and slaughtered, without being given the opportunity to flee; then, when they managed to flee, the frontier guards ran after them, drunk with wine and blood\".
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# Lupeni strike of 1929
## Legacy
The strike was glorified by the Communist regime as a symbol of the struggle of labour against capitalism. Although the communists\' overall role had been small, the regime claimed that the PCR had taken a leading role in it. The history textbook, edited by Mihail Roller, makes no mention of the independent union and claims that the PCR started the strike. It portrays the local authorities as assassins, alleging that the county prefect fired the first shot into a worker\'s chest. In 1948, Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (who led Romania until 1965) said, \"The calling of the Romanian communists penetrated the miners\' ranks and showed them the path to the struggle\".
The event featured in statues and songs, and Miners\' Day was celebrated until 1989 on the first Sunday in August. Additionally, it was portrayed in an award-winning 1962 film (*Lupeni 29*) starring Lica Gheorghiu, the daughter of Gheorgiu-Dej (and conceived with her in mind). The film, inspired by *The Battleship Potemkin*, portrayed the event as part of the class struggle and was also directed against the then-disgraced underground party activists; the role of the traitor Lucan was based on Vasile Luca (who participated in the preparations for the strike), fictionalised as the embodiment of human abjectness.
During the Jiu Valley miners\' strike of 1977, which started at Lupeni, strikers shouted \"Lupeni \'29! Lupeni \'29!\" in an effort to add legitimacy to their cause. As late as 1999, the strike still featured in Romanian political discourse, when a press release of the Ministry of Defense (then in the hands of anti-communists), in response to ex-communist former President Ion Iliescu\'s commemoration of the strike, described it as \"a deliberate provocation of the Comintern, which evidently wished to destabilise the Romanian state\" and asserted that the army\'s \"energetic intervention\" at the time \"re-established peace and the rule of law\"
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# New York Sportimes
The **New York Sportimes** were a professional tennis team competing in World TeamTennis (WTT). The team was originally based in eastern Long Island from 2000 to 2002, before moving to Westchester County, New York, in 2003, and then to New York City in 2009. The team was founded as the **New York Hamptons** in 2000, before changing its name to the New York Sportimes in 2003. In 2005, the team made its first playoff appearance and went on to defeat the Newport Beach Breakers in the WTT Final to win its first King Trophy.
On February 14, 2011, WTT announced that the New York Sportimes and New York Buzz had merged and would play the 2011 season as the New York Sportimes. In the three seasons following the merger, the Sportimes played 12 home matches in New York City and nine in the Capital District. On January 16, 2014, Claude Okin, CEO of the New York Sportimes announced that the franchise had been sold to businessman Russell Geyser, and the team would be relocated to San Diego, California, and renamed the San Diego Aviators.
## Team history {#team_history}
### Early years as New York Hamptons {#early_years_as_new_york_hamptons}
The New York Hamptons were founded by Patrick McEnroe and Richard Ader as a WTT expansion franchise in 2000. The Hamptons made their debut with a 22--21 loss on the road against the Schenectady County Electrics at the Central Park Tennis Stadium in Schenectady, New York on July 10, 2000. Appearing in that first match for the Hamptons were player/owner McEnroe, Jonathan Stark, 15-year-old Monique Viele, and Erika deLone. After another road loss to the Delaware Smash, the Hamptons played their home opener against the Sacramento Capitals on July 13, 2000, and fell, 21--16, dropping their record to 0 wins and 3 losses. The Hamptons got their first win in franchise history at home against the Delaware Smash, 22--21, on July 14, 2000. During the season, the Hamptons signed Tina Križan as a free agent. In their inaugural season, the Hamptons played their home matches at Sportime Quogue in East Quogue, New York. The Hamptons marquee player former world number 1 Jim Courier who was committed to play in four matches during the 2000 season did not appear in either of their first two matches. The Hamptons finished their inaugural season with 5 wins and 9 losses, last in the Eastern Conference.
In 2001, the Hamptons drafted Jan-Michael Gambill as their marquee player. Patrick McEnroe, Jonathan Stark and Tina Križan returned from the previous season\'s team. The Hamptons chose 20-year-old Katarina Srebotnik in the roster draft. After five years away from WTT having last played with the Kansas City Explorers in 1996, John McEnroe also made a few appearances with his younger brother\'s team. The Hamptons improved to a record of 7 wins and 7 losses, finishing in third place in the Eastern Conference.
### Move to Amagansett {#move_to_amagansett}
In 2002, Claude Okin of Sportime Clubs became involved with Patrick McEnroe in running the team. After two years in East Quogue, the Hamptons moved their home matches to the Amagansett-East Side Tennis Club in Amagansett, New York. John and Patrick McEnroe both returned to the team along with Tina Križan and Katarina Srebotnik. The Hamptons added Robert Kendrick in the roster draft. The Hamptons had their first winning season with 10 wins and 4 losses, finishing second in the Eastern Conference just 1 game behind the New York Buzz but missing the playoffs. Srebotnik was named WTT Female Most Valuable Player.
### Name change to New York Sportimes and move to Westchester {#name_change_to_new_york_sportimes_and_move_to_westchester}
In 2003, Sportime NY became a co-owner of the Hamptons with Patrick McEnroe remaining part of the ownership group, and the name of the team was changed to the New York Sportimes. The team moved again, this time from eastern Long Island to Westchester County, and started playing its home matches at Sportime Harbor Island located in both the village and town of Mamaroneck, New York. John and Patrick McEnroe both returned to the court in 2003, for the Sportimes and were joined by Julia Vakulenko, Ellis Ferreira and Bea Bielik who were selected in the roster draft. The Sportimes slipped to 7 wins and 7 losses, finishing third in the Eastern Conference. Bielik was named WTT Female Rookie of the Year.
John and Patrick McEnroe did not return for 2004. The Sportimes selected Monica Seles in the marquee player draft. Bea Bielik was the only player to return from the previous season. Ruxandra Dragomir, Hermes Gamonal and Joe Sirianni were added to the team through the roster draft. John Roddick was named coach of the Sportimes. The Sportimes stumbled to the poorest showing in franchise history with 2 wins and 12 losses, the worst record in WTT.
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# New York Sportimes
## Team history {#team_history}
### First playoff appearance and King Trophy {#first_playoff_appearance_and_king_trophy}
Following their difficult 2004 season, the Sportimes had the first choice in the 2005 marquee player draft and used it to select John McEnroe who returned to the team after a one-year absence. The team also landed former world number 1 Martina Hingis. Hingis, who had retired from tennis due to injuries at the age of 22 in February 2003, was looking to launch a comeback. After two years away from the team, Robert Kendrick, who was part of the Sportimes\' successful 2002 campaign, was chosen in the roster draft. The Sportimes used their other picks to select Jenny Hopkins, Natalie Grandin and Mark Merklein. Joe Guiliano was named the team\'s coach. Rajeev Ram and Jeff Morrison were later signed as free agents. The complete makeover of the roster paid off as the Sportimes registered 9 wins against 5 losses and finished first in the Eastern Conference.
The Sportimes made the first playoff appearance in franchise history on September 16, 2005, in the Eastern Conference Championship Match against the Boston Lobsters in Citrus Heights, California. The Sportimes completely dominated the Lobsters winning all five sets and taking the match by a score of 25--7. Martina Hingis made a huge difference for the Sportimes who had lost both of their regular-season encounters with the Lobsters without her. Hingis won the women\'s singles set over Martina Navratilova, 5--2, combined with Jenny Hopkins to win the women\'s doubles, 5--2, over Navratilova and Kristen Schlukebir and paired with Rajeev Ram to top Navratilova and Johan Landsberg in mixed doubles, 5--2. The 18-game margin of victory was the largest ever in a WTT playoff match. The victory gave the Sportimes their first Eastern Conference Championship and advanced them to the WTT Final.
The following day, the Sportimes met the defending champion Newport Beach Breakers for the WTT title. The Breakers jumped out to an early led when Devin Bowen and Ramón Delgado beat Jeff Morrison and Rajeev Ram, 5--2, in men\'s doubles. Martina Hingis responded with a 5--1 set win over Katerina Bondarenko in women\'s singles to give the Sportimes a 7--6 lead. Hingis and Ram followed with a 5--2 set win in mixed doubles over Anastassia Rodionova and Delgado to extend the Sportimes\' lead to 12--8. Hingis then teamed with Jenny Hopkins to top Bondarenko and Rodionova in women\'s doubles, 5--2, to give the Sportimes a 17--10 lead going to the final set. Delgado registered a 5--3 set win over Morrison in men\'s singles to send the match to overtime with the Sportimes leading 20--15. Delgado then won the first three games of overtime to cut the Sportimes\' lead to 20--18 before Morrison won the fourth game to secure the match, 21--18, and give the Sportimes their first King Trophy. The victory topped off a nearly perfect season for Hingis. The only set she lost was in the Sportimes\' second match of the regular season to Meghann Shaughnessy in women\'s singles. For her heroics, Hingis was named WTT Championship Most Valuable Player.
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# New York Sportimes
## Team history {#team_history}
### Repeat as Eastern Conference champions {#repeat_as_eastern_conference_champions}
John McEnroe and Martina Hingis both returned to the defending champion Sportimes for the 2006 season. The team selected husband and wife Alex Bogomolov Jr. and Ashley Harkleroad as well as John Paul Fruterro and Vladka Uhlířová in the roster draft. Chuck Adams was named new coach of the Sportimes. David Martin and Cara Black were later signed as free agents. With WTT\'s 2006 conference championships decided based on regular-season records, the Sportimes\' mark of 10 wins and 4 losses gave them the title over the second-place Philadelphia Freedoms, who finished 8--6. The Sportimes missed having the best overall record in WTT by losing a standings tiebreaker to the Sacramento Capitals and were seeded second in the WTT playoffs. Martin was named WTT Male Rookie of the Year.
The Sportimes met the third-seeded Freedoms in the WTT Semifinals in Newport Beach, California on July 29, 2006. The Freedoms won women\'s doubles and women\'s singles to jump out to a 10--5 lead. Alex Bogomolov Jr. topped Jaymon Crabb in a tiebreaker, 5--1, to win the third set, 5--4, and cut the Freedoms\' lead to 14--10. The Freedoms took the mixed doubles set, 5--2, to extend their lead to 19--12 heading to the final set. Bogomolov and David Martin topped Crabb and Daniel Nestor in men\'s doubles, 5--3, to send the match to overtime with the Freedoms leading, 22--17. Crabb and Nestor took the first game of overtime to win the match for the Freedoms and bring the Sportimes\' season to an end.
### A losing season but another Rookie of the Year {#a_losing_season_but_another_rookie_of_the_year}
John McEnroe and Ashley Harkleroad (now divorced from Alex Bogomolov Jr.) returned to the Sportimes for the 2007 season. They added Jesse Witten, Hana Šromová and Mirko Pehar in the roster draft. Chuck Adams returned to coach the team. Sometime after the season, Harkleroad and Adams were married. Their first child, a son named Charlie, was born in March 2009. In a highly competitive Eastern Conference, the Sportimes finished with 6 wins and 8 losses, only 2 matches behind the first-place New York Buzz, but out of playoff contention. The Sportimes finished in fourth place barely avoiding the basement by winning a standings tiebreaker over the Boston Lobsters. On the bright side, Witten was named WTT Male Rookie of the Year, the second consecutive season a Sportimes player had won the award.
### Return to the playoffs {#return_to_the_playoffs}
John McEnroe, Jesse Witten and Hana Šromová all returned for the 2008 season. The Sportimes added Bethanie Mattek with the fourth overall pick in the roster draft and Brian Wilson with their final selection. Dustin Taylor replaced Chuck Adams as the head coach. Despite being left unprotected by the Sportimes, Ashley Harkleroad returned to the team later after signing as a free agent. The Sportimes improved to 10 wins and 4 losses, finishing second in the Eastern Conference behind the New York Buzz who had the same record but won a standings tiebreaker over the Sportimes.
Under the 2008 playoff format, the Sportimes were the number 3 seed and matched against the number 2 seed and Eastern Conference Champion New York Buzz in the WTT Semifinals. In the first ever postseasons matchup between the two New York clubs, the Buzz dominated the match winning the first four sets. Nathan Healey and Yaroslava Shvedova opened the match with a 5--3 set win against John McEnroe and Hana Šromová in mixed doubles. Shvedova followed with a 5--2 women\'s singles win over Ashley Harkleroad. Healy took care of Jesse Witten, 5--2, in men\'s singles. Gabriela Navrátilová and Shvedova needed a tiebreaker to beat Harkleroad and Šromová, 5--4, and give the Buzz a 20--11 lead heading to the final set. McEnroe and Witten won a tiebreaker over Patrick Briaud and Healy in the men\'s doubles to force overtime with the Buzz leading 24--16. Briaud and Healy won the second game of overtime to give the Buzz a 25--17 victory and end the Sportimes\' season.
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# New York Sportimes
## Team history {#team_history}
### Move to New York City {#move_to_new_york_city}
After six seasons in Mamaroneck, the Sportimes moved into the newly constructed Sportime Stadium at Randall\'s Island in New York City for the 2009 season. John McEnroe, Jesse Witten and Ashley Harkleroad (who gave birth on the day of the draft and was picked in the third round) all returned from the previous season\'s squad. The Sportimes traded up in the first round of the roster draft sending their pick along with cash consideration to the St. Louis Aces in exchange for the Aces\' first round pick which was number 1 overall. The Sportimes used that choice to select Robert Kendrick. Christina Fusano was taken with the Sportimes\' final choice. After a one-year absence, Harkleroad\'s husband Chuck Adams returned to coach the team. Abigail Spears was later signed as a free agent. The Sportimes repeated their 2008 regular-season performance with 10 wins and 4 losses. This time it was enough for first place in the Eastern Conference and a trip to the Eastern Conference Championship Match.
The Sportimes faced the Washington Kastles for the Eastern Conference title at Kastles Stadium at CityCenter in Washington, D.C., on July 24, 2009. Championship Weekend, including this match, was at a predetermined site, but it ended up being a home match for the Kastles with regard to crowd support. However, as the top seed, the Sportimes were treated as the home team for determining order of play. Just eight days earlier, the two teams had been involved in an on-court incident during a regular-season match in New York that resulted in both teams and several players on each team being fined for unprofessional conduct and leaving the bench area and entering the court while not playing. The Kastles won the opening set of mixed doubles in a tiebreaker to take a 5--4 lead. The Sportimes responded when Abigail Spears defeated Olga Puchkova in women\'s singles, 5--2, to take a 9--7 lead. WTT Men\'s Most Valuable Player Leander Paes teamed with Scott Oudsema for a 5--3 men\'s doubles set win over Robert Kendrick and Jesse Witten to tie the match at 12--12. Rennae Stubbs and Puchkova followed with a 5--2 women\'s doubles set win over Spears and Christina Fusano to put the Kastles in front, 17--14. In the final set, Kendrick won a tiebreaker against Oudsema in men\'s singles to force overtime with the Kastles leading 21--19. Oudsema served out the match in the first game of overtime to give the Kastles a 22--19 victory and end the Sportimes\' season.
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# New York Sportimes
## Team history {#team_history}
### Another Eastern Conference Championship {#another_eastern_conference_championship}
John McEnroe, Robert Kendrick, Jesse Witten, Abigail Spears and Ashley Harkleroad all returned to the Sportimes for the 2010 season. Kim Clijsters was added to the team as a marquee player. Chuck Adams continued as coach of the Sportimes. The Sportimes finished the regular season with 9 wins and 5 losses in first place in the Eastern Conference for the second consecutive season and made their third straight playoff appearance.
Unlike the previous season, the first-place teams hosted the conference championship matches in 2010. So, the Sportimes faced the Boston Lobsters at Sportime Stadium at Randall\'s Island for the Eastern Conference title on July 23, 2010. The Sportimes got off to a quick start when Robert Kendrick and Jesse Witten topped Eric Butorac and Jan-Michael Gambill in men\'s doubles, 5--2, and Ashley Harkleroad and Abigail Spears beat Raquel Kops-Jones and CoCo Vandeweghe in women\'s singles, 5--3, giving the Sportimes a 10--5 lead. The Lobsters cut the lead to 14--10 when Gambill won a set tiebreaker against Kendrick. Spears topped Vandeweghe, 5--1, in women\'s singles to extend the Sportimes lead to 19--11. In the final set, Butorac and Kops-Jones beat Kendrick and Spears in mixed doubles, 5--2, to send the match to overtime with the Sportimes leading, 21--16. Kendrick and Spears won the second game of overtime to seal the match and give the Sportimes their third Eastern Conference Championship.
The Sportimes met the Kansas City Explorers in the WTT Final at Explorers Stadium at Barney Allis Plaza in Kansas City, Missouri on July 25, 2010. Both teams finished with identical won-lost records, and they did not play each other during the regular season. The Explorers were the overall number 2 seed, and the Sportimes were the number 3 seed by virtue of the Explorers winning a standings tiebreaker. Jesse Witten got the Sportimes off to a good start beating Ricardo Mello in men\'s singles, 5--3. Jarka Groth and Samuel Groth responded with a 5--3 mixed doubles set win over Robert Kendrick and Abigail Spears to tie the match, 8--8. Kendrick and Witten put the Sportimes in front, 13--11, with a men\'s doubles set win against Samuel Groth and Mello. The Explorers edged back in front, 16--15, on the strength of Jarka Groth\'s 5--2 women\'s singles set win over Spears. Jarka Groth and Květa Peschke sealed the match with a 5--3 women\'s doubles set win against Ashley Harkleroad and Spears, and the Explorers registered a 21--18 victory to capture their first King Trophy.
### Merger with Buzz {#merger_with_buzz}
On February 14, 2011, WTT announced that the New York Sportimes and New York Buzz had merged with the resulting combined team to be called the New York Sportimes. The team would play five of its seven home matches each season at Sportime Stadium at Randall\'s Island and the other two at SEFCU Arena in Guilderland, New York on the campus of the University at Albany, former home of the Buzz. The combined franchise could claim a period of great success over the previous six seasons (2005--2010): 2 King Trophies (Sportimes in 2005 and Buzz in 2008), 5 Eastern Conference Championships (Sportimes in 2005, 2006 and 2010 and Buzz in 2007 and 2008) and 6 consecutive first-place finishes (Sportimes in 2005, 2006, 2009 and 2010 and Buzz in 2007 and 2008).
### New era in New York City and the Capital District {#new_era_in_new_york_city_and_the_capital_district}
The Sportimes were permitted to protect players from the 2010 Sportimes and from the 2010 Buzz for the 2011 season. So, the team protected John McEnroe, Kim Clijsters, Martina Hingis, Robert Kendrick and Jesse Witten. The newly merged team was given the less favorable (based on the 2010 Sportimes results) draft position rather than a slot based on the 2010 Buzz results. The Sportimes had to use their first two selections in the roster draft to keep Kendrick and Witten. In the third round, they chose Katie O\'Brien. With six players already in the mix, the Sportimes passed on their fourth round selection. Abigail Spears, Alex Bogdanovic, Greg Jones and Travis Parrott were later signed as free agents. Spears had been an important member of the 2010 Eastern Conference Champions. Květa Peschke was also a late-season free agent signing. Clijsters did not appear in a match for the Sportimes in 2011. The Sportimes had 7 wins and 7 losses and finished third in the Eastern Conference, narrowly missing qualifying for the playoffs by losing a standings tiebreaker to the Boston Lobsters. The Sportimes and Lobsters split their two regular-season meetings. The Lobsters were placed ahead of the Sportimes based on games won during those matches, 41--37. The third-place finish ended the Sportimes franchise\'s streak of six consecutive first-place finishes.
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# New York Sportimes
## Team history {#team_history}
### Return to the playoffs {#return_to_the_playoffs_1}
John McEnroe, Martina Hingis, Robert Kendrick and Jesse Witten all returned to the Sportimes for 2012. Ashley Harkleroad, who spent five seasons with the Sportimes from 2006 to 2010, was selected in the roster draft. The Sportimes passed on their fourth round draft pick. Harkleroad\'s husband, Chuck Adams, was named coach of the Sportimes. Abigail Spears, who had been with the Sportimes for the 2009 through 2011 seasons, and Květa Peschke, who played with the team in 2011, were re-signed late in the season as free agents. Shortly before the start of the season, the Sportimes were informed of a scheduling conflict at SEFCU Arena which forced the team to move its two matches in the Capital District to McDonough Sports Complex on the campus of Hudson Valley Community College in Troy, New York. The Sportimes finished with 9 wins and 5 losses, second in the Eastern Conference and advanced to the Eastern Conference Championship Match to play the undefeated defending champion Washington Kastles. Hingis was named WTT Female Most Valuable Player.
The Sportimes and Kastles met at the Family Circle Tennis Center in Charleston, South Carolina, a predetermined neutral site that hosted WTT Championship Weekend. The Eastern Conference Championship Match was played on September 15, 2012, nearly two months after the regular season ended. The break was inserted between the regular season and the playoffs to accommodate the 2012 Summer Olympics and the U.S. Open Tennis Championships. The Kastles entered the match with a 30-match winning streak having won all 16 of their regular- and postseason matches in 2011, and all 14 of their regular-season matches in 2012. The Kastles jumped out to an early lead in the match as Leander Paes and WTT Male Most Valuable Player Bobby Reynolds won the opening set of men\'s doubles, 5--2, against Robert Kendrick and John McEnroe. Květa Peschke and Kendrick struck back for the Sportimes with a 5--2 set win over Venus Williams and Leander Paes to tie the match, 7--7. Reynolds topped Jesse Witten in men\'s singles, 5--2, to put the Kastles back in the lead, 12--9. Ashley Harkleroad and Peschke responded with a 5--2 set win of their own in women\'s doubles over Anastasia Rodionova and Williams to tie the match, 14--14, going to the final set. Williams dominated that final set of women\'s singles beating Harkleroad, 5--1, to give the Kastles a 19--15 victory and the Eastern Conference Championship and end the season for the Sportimes.
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# New York Sportimes
## Team history {#team_history}
### Final season in New York {#final_season_in_new_york}
Prior to the 2013 roster player draft, the Sportimes traded Martina Hingis to the Washington Kastles for financial consideration. Also prior to the draft, the Sportimes acquired Anna-Lena Grönefeld from the Orange County Breakers for financial consideration. Robert Kendrick, Jesse Witten and Květa Peschke all returned for the 2013 season. Although not drafted by the Sportimes in the marquee draft in February, John McEnroe was signed as a free agent in March, and played for the team in 2013. Claude Okin, the team\'s principal owner and CEO, also served as the team\'s coach for 2013. Abigail Spears was re-signed before the start of the season as a free agent. She only appeared in the opening match. During the season, Eric Quigley was signed as a free agent as well and appeared in one match. James Blake was also signed during the season and appeared in one match for the Sportimes.
After a temporary one-year absence during which it played its Capital District home matches in Troy, New York, the Sportimes returned to SEFCU Arena in Guilderland. The team reversed what it had done during the first two seasons after the merger with the Buzz by playing five of its home matches in the Capital District and only two at Sportime Stadium at Randall\'s Island in New York City.
The Sportimes finished with a dismal record of 4 wins and 10 losses, last in the Eastern Conference and the worst record in WTT. The team\'s final home match in Albany was a 20--13 loss to the Orange County Breakers on July 18, 2013. The team\'s final home match in New York City was a 23--15 overtime loss to the Washington Kastles on July 23, 2013.
### Sale of team and move to San Diego {#sale_of_team_and_move_to_san_diego}
On January 15, 2014, Claude Okin, CEO of the New York Sportimes announced that the franchise had been sold to businessman Russell Geyser and his minority partner Jack McGrory, and the team would be relocated to San Diego, California and renamed the San Diego Aviators. Okin said, \"This is a bittersweet event for me personally. I am very glad to have found a motivated and able new owner for the franchise: a person who will be able to re-imagine it in another great tennis town -- but I will miss my team.\"
| 401 |
New York Sportimes
| 6 |
9,984,724 |
# New York Sportimes
## Season-by-season records {#season_by_season_records}
The following table shows regular season records, playoff results and titles won by the New York Sportimes franchise prior to its relocation to San Diego in 2014, and not including any results inherited as a result of the merger with the New York Buzz in 2011.
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Year | Team Name | | | | Playoff result | Titles won |
+========+====================+=====+====+======+===============================================+========================================+
| 2000 | New York Hamptons | 5 | 9 | .357 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2001 | New York Hamptons | 7 | 7 | .500 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2002 | New York Hamptons | 10 | 4 | .714 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2003 | New York Sportimes | 7 | 7 | .500 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2004 | New York Sportimes | 2 | 12 | .143 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2005 | New York Sportimes | 9 | 5 | .643 | Won Eastern Conference Championship Match\ | **WTT Champions**\ |
| | | | | | Won WTT Final Match | Eastern Conference Champions |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2006 | New York Sportimes | 10 | 4 | .714 | Lost in WTT Semifinal Match | Eastern Conference Champions |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2007 | New York Sportimes | 6 | 8 | .429 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2008 | New York Sportimes | 10 | 4 | .714 | Lost in WTT Semifinal Match | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2009 | New York Sportimes | 10 | 4 | .714 | Lost in Eastern Conference Championship Match | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2010 | New York Sportimes | 9 | 5 | .643 | Won Eastern Conference Championship Match\ | Eastern Conference Champions |
| | | | | | Lost in WTT Final Match | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2011 | New York Sportimes | 7 | 7 | .500 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2012 | New York Sportimes | 9 | 5 | .643 | Lost in Eastern Conference Championship Match | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 2013 | New York Sportimes | 4 | 10 | .286 | Missed playoffs | |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Totals | | 105 | 91 | .536 | **WTT Finals: 1 win, 1 loss, .500**\ | **WTT Champions -- 1 (2005)**\ |
| | | | | | All Playoff Matches: 3 wins, 5 losses, .375 | Eastern Conference Champions -- 3\ |
| | | | | | | (2005, 2006, 2010)\ |
| | | | | | | Best regular-season record in WTT -- 0 |
+--------+--------------------+-----+----+------+-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| 451 |
New York Sportimes
| 7 |
9,984,724 |
# New York Sportimes
## Home courts {#home_courts}
The following table shows home courts used by the New York Sportimes franchise prior to prior to its relocation to San Diego in 2014, and not including any matches played by the New York Buzz prior to the merger of the two teams in 2011.
Venue Location Duration
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------- ------
Start End
Sportime Quogue East Quogue, New York 2000 2001
Amagansett-East Side Tennis Club Amagansett, New York 2002 2002
Sportime Harbor Island Mamaroneck, New York 2003 2008
Sportime Stadium at Randall\'s Island`{{refn|group=Note|name=NYCAlbany|The team played home matches in both New York City and the Capital District from 2011 to 2013, after the merger with the New York Buzz. Over those three seasons, 12 home matches were played at Sportime Stadium at Randall's Island, seven were played at SEFCU Arena and two were played at McDonough Sports Complex.}}`{=mediawiki} New York City 2009 2013
SEFCU Arena`{{refn|group=Note|name=NYCAlbany}}`{=mediawiki} Albany, New York 2011 2011
McDonough Sports Complex`{{refn|group=Note|name=NYCAlbany}}`{=mediawiki} Troy, New York 2012 2012
SEFCU Arena`{{refn|group=Note|name=NYCAlbany}}`{=mediawiki} Albany, New York 2013 2013
**Notes:** `{{Reflist|group=Note}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual honors {#individual_honors}
The following table shows individual honors bestowed upon players and coaches of the New York Sportimes franchise prior to its relocation to San Diego in 2014, and not including any awarded to players and coaches of the New York Buzz prior to the merger of the two teams in 2011.
Year Player/Coach Award
------ -------------------- -----------------------------------
2002 Katarina Srebotnik Female Most Valuable Player
2003 Bea Bielik Female Rookie of the Year
2005 Martina Hingis Championship Most Valuable Player
2006 David Martin Male Rookie of the Year
2007 Jesse Witten Male Rookie of the Year
2012 Martina Hingis Female Most Valuable Player
## Hall of Fame players {#hall_of_fame_players}
The following players who are enshrined in the International Tennis Hall of Fame played for the New York Sportimes franchise prior to its relocation to San Diego in 2014, and not including any players who played the New York Buzz prior to the merger of the two teams in 2011
| 336 |
New York Sportimes
| 8 |
9,984,903 |
# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
The Kansas City Chiefs are a professional American football franchise that began play in 1960 as the **Dallas Texans**. The team was a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), and now play in the National Football League (NFL). The team is not related to the earlier Dallas Texans NFL team that played for only one season in 1952.
The Texans won the 1962 AFL Championship and relocated to Kansas City, Missouri the following year, becoming the Chiefs. In 1966, the Chiefs won their second AFL title and appeared in the first AFL-NFL World Championship game (later named Super Bowl I) in January 1967, losing to the Green Bay Packers. In 1969, the Chiefs won the final AFL title and went on to defeat the NFL\'s heavily favored Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV. The Texans/Chiefs were the most victorious franchise in AFL history, compiling an 87--48--5 record from 1960 to 1969.
Fifty years later, the Chiefs won Super Bowl LIV in February 2020 with quarterback Patrick Mahomes, who was named MVP. In Super Bowl LVII in 2023, the Chiefs won again and Mahomes won his second Super Bowl MVP award. They won yet again in Super Bowl LVIII in 2024.
## AFL origins {#afl_origins}
This information was shared within a group by Joseph. In 1959, Lamar Hunt, son of oil tycoon H. L. Hunt, began discussions with other businessmen about establishing an American football organization that would rival that of the National Football League. As early as 1958, Hunt had the interest of purchasing an NFL franchise and moving it to Dallas, Texas. His desire to secure a professional football franchise was further heightened after watching the historic 1958 NFL Championship Game between the Baltimore Colts and the New York Giants. The team that Hunt was most interested in buying was the Chicago Cardinals.
The NFL convinced Hunt to contact Cardinals owner Violet Bidwill Wolfner, and her husband Walter Wolfner eventually agreed to sell Hunt 20 percent of the Cardinals franchise. Hunt declined the opportunity. He then conceived the concept of forming a second league. \"Why wouldn\'t a second league work\", Hunt recalled. \"There was an American and National League in baseball, why not football?\" Hunt contacted several other individuals who had expressed interest in the Cardinals franchise---Bud Adams, Bob Howsam, Max Winter and Bill Boyer---and gauged their interest in forming a second league.
On August 14, the first meeting of the new league was held in Chicago. Charter memberships were issued to six original cities --- Dallas, New York, Houston, Denver, Los Angeles and Minneapolis. The league was officially christened the American Football League on August 22. Ralph Wilson was extended the league\'s seventh franchise for Buffalo, New York, on October 28 and Billy Sullivan became the league\'s eighth team\'s owner for Boston on November 22. Minneapolis withdrew its franchise from the AFL in November after receiving an offer for a team in the NFL, and Oakland, California instead joined the AFL as the Oakland Raiders.
| 506 |
History of the Kansas City Chiefs
| 0 |
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