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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## AFL origins {#afl_origins}
### Early years in Dallas {#early_years_in_dallas}
For the Texans\' inaugural season, team owner Lamar Hunt pursued both legendary University of Oklahoma coach Bud Wilkinson and New York Giants defensive assistant Tom Landry to lead his Texans franchise. Wilkinson opted to stay at Oklahoma, while Landry was destined to coach the NFL\'s franchise in Dallas, to be called the Cowboys. In mid-December 1959 Hunt settled on a relatively unknown assistant coach from the University of Miami, Hank Stram. \"One of the biggest reasons I hired Hank was that he really wanted the job\", Hunt explained. \"It turned out to be a very lucky selection on my part.\"
The Texans were very fortunate to have Don Klosterman as their head talent man. Klosterman had a penchant for luring star talent away from the NFL, and for finding talent otherwise undiscovered.
Reserved seats at the Cotton Bowl cost USD \$4, general admission \$2 and high school students paid 90¢ (90 cents) that initial season. Don Rossi served as the team\'s General Manager until November when he was succeeded by Jack Steadman. The team was headquartered in the Mercantile National Bank Building. The AFL was also headquartered in Dallas.
The Texans conducted their inaugural training camp at the New Mexico Military Institute in Roswell, New Mexico. The club embarked on a whirlwind pre-season barnstorming tour that featured road games in Oakland, Tulsa, Boston, Abilene and Little Rock. An announced crowd of 51,000 at the Cotton Bowl witnessed a 24--3 victory against Houston on September 2 as the club concluded a perfect 6--0 preseason record.
In both teams\' inaugural 1960 seasons, the Dallas Texans and Dallas Cowboys competed fiercely for the attention of local football fans. For example, according to the book *Ten-Gallon War*, the Texans offered discounted tickets at department stores and airline offices, free tickets for fill-ups at certain service stations, and even had free tickets \"stuffed inside helium-filled balloons set loose over the city.\" They held a promotion where fans in barber\'s capes got discounted tickets (under the theory that local barbers were some of the most trusted people in the city) and gave free admission to fans who showed ticket stubs from local high school games played on certain weeks. In competition, the Dallas Cowboys had such promotions as hiring Roy Rogers and Dale Evans for a halftime show.
In their early years, the Texans had a strong home-state identity with quarterback Cotton Davidson from Baylor, linebacker Sherrill Headrick from TCU and running back Abner Haynes from North Texas. Haynes led the league with 875 rushing yards and nine TDs, as well as combined net yards (2,100) and punt return average (15.4). The Texans also had a flashy, high-scoring club which finished the year at 8--6 as three close losses kept the squad from challenging for the division title. The Texans averaged 24,500 for their home games, the highest average in the league. In one attempt to draw more fans to their games, the Texans would offer free tickets to anyone who brought a ticket stub from the previous Friday\'s high school football game, to counter the NFL Cowboys\' playing their home games on Friday night.
In 1961, the Texans and the NFL\'s Dallas Cowboys both drafted linebacker E.J. Holub from Texas Tech, described by many scouts as \"the best football player in America.\" Holub decided to play for the Texans, joining three future franchise Hall of Famers---Jerry Mays, Fred Arbanas and Jim Tyrer---as part of the club\'s draft class. The club moved its training camp to Lamar Hunt\'s alma mater of Southern Methodist University and started the regular season at 3--1 before hitting a six-game losing skid, the longest such streak of Stram\'s tenure with the franchise. The Texans rebounded to claim wins in three of its final four contests to finish 6--8, marking the club\'s second straight finish behind the San Diego Chargers in the AFL Western Conference standings.
In 1962, head coach Hank Stram was named AFL Coach of the Year and running back Curtis McClinton was named the AFL Rookie of the Year. Haynes became the franchise\'s first 1,000-yard rusher, concluding the season with 1,049 yards and an AFL-high 13 rushing touchdowns.
The Texans clinched their initial AFL Western Division Championship in November and finished with an 11--3 regular season record. The team won the 1962 AFL Championship when kicker Tommy Brooker connected on a 25-yard field goal during the second overtime of the title game, giving the Texans a 20--17 victory against the Houston Oilers. Spanning an elapsed time of 77:54, the game stands as the third-longest contest in pro football history. Until a Christmas Day playoff game in 1971 between the Chiefs and Dolphins, the game was the longest ever played.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## AFL origins {#afl_origins}
### The move to Kansas City {#the_move_to_kansas_city}
The Dallas Cowboys joined the NFL as an expansion team in `{{nfly|1960}}`{=mediawiki}. By the end of the 1962 season, it was apparent that Dallas could not support two teams. Even though the Texans had been far more successful on the field, Hunt investigated opportunities to move his team elsewhere for the 1963 season, including Miami, Atlanta, Seattle and New Orleans. Hunt wanted to find a city to which he could commute easily from Dallas, and when he was unable to secure Tulane Stadium because the university didn\'t want its football program to compete with a pro team, he turned to Kansas City, Missouri, where Mayor H. Roe Bartle persuaded him to move to the Midwest.
The negotiations in Kansas City were conducted in secrecy. On several occasions Hunt and Jack Steadman were in Kansas City and met with businessmen, without the general public\'s knowledge. Bartle introduced Hunt as \"Mr. Lamar\" in all the meetings with other Kansas City businessmen. Steadman was introduced as \"Jack X.\"
The support the team received from the Kansas City community before the team announced the move was extraordinary. Hunt made the move dependent upon the ability of Mayor Bartle and the Kansas City community to guarantee him 35,000 in season ticket sales. Hunt had set this number, being that it was the Texans\' average attendance at the Cotton Bowl in Dallas. An ambitious campaign took shape to deliver on Bartle\'s guarantee to Hunt of tripling the season-ticket base the Texans had enjoyed in Dallas. Kansas City\'s mayor also promised to add 3,000 permanent seats to Municipal Stadium, as well as 11,000 temporary bleacher seats. Along with Bartle, a number of other prominent Kansas Citians stepped forward to aid in the efforts, putting together more than 1,000 workers to sell season tickets.
Bartle called to his office 20 business leaders and called upon them to form an association later known as \"The Gold Coats\", whose sole objective was to sell and take down payments on the 35,000 season tickets required. \"The Gold Coats\" had to sell season tickets to people without knowing the team name, where it was coming from, who the owner was, which football league they would play in, who the players or coaches were, when the team would play its first game in Kansas City, or where it would play. Hunt gave Bartle a four-month deadline to accomplish the sales. Bartle and \"The Gold Coats\" made good in only 8 weeks. Later, Hunt admitted he was really only hoping for 20,000, for which he still would have moved the franchise. On May 22, Hunt announced he was moving the franchise to Kansas City, Missouri.
Hunt, with a roster replete with players who had played college football in Texas, wanted to maintain a lineage to the team\'s roots and wanted to name the club the **Kansas City Texans**. \"The Lakers stayed the Lakers when they moved from Minnesota to California\", he reasoned. \"But Jack Steadman convinced me that wasn\'t too smart. It wouldn\'t sell.\" The team was renamed the **Kansas City Chiefs**---one of the most popular suggestions Hunt received in a name-the-team contest. Lamar Hunt sent letters dated June 21, 1963, to all the contest entrants who selected the name CHIEFS in the \"Rename the Texans\" contest of whom Mrs. Joan Feuerborn was one of those entrants, and along with their respective guesses as to the number of season tickets sold by May 1. The actual total was 10,808, and based on this the car winner was Mr. E. L. Diemler of Kansas City, Missouri, a warehouse manager who got the idea when making out a bill of lading to Chief Freight Lines. Another name also considered at the time for the team was the **Kansas City Mules**.
The name, \"Chiefs\" is not only derived from a fan contest, but also from Mayor Bartle, who 35 years prior, founded the Native American-based honor society known as *The Tribe of Mic-O-Say* within the Boy Scouts of America organization, which earned him the nickname, \"The Chief.\"
The Chiefs moved into Municipal Stadium, located at 22nd and Brooklyn, which opened in 1923 and had 49,002 seats. The Chiefs shared the facilities with the Kansas City Athletics of Major League Baseball. The first appearance of the Chiefs in Municipal Stadium attracted just 5,721 fans for a 17--13 pre-season victory against Buffalo on August 9.
The Chiefs\' inaugural season in Kansas City began with owner Lamar Hunt\'s trade of starting quarterback Cotton Davidson to the Oakland Raiders, which landed the number one overall selection in the AFL Draft (which they used to select Buck Buchanan). Ironically, the Raiders would later select Gene Upshaw in 1967 for the express purpose of blocking Buchanan. The Chiefs also selected guard Ed Budde from Michigan State with their other first round pick, and Bobby Bell from Minnesota in the seventh round. Buchanan, Budde and Bell all became starters on their way to a combined 526 games with the team and all three of them played their entire careers with the Chiefs.
Tragedy struck the club when rookie running back Stone Johnson, who was a sprinter in the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, suffered a fractured vertebra in his neck in a pre-season game against Oakland on August 30 in Wichita, Kansas. He died 10 days later on September 8 and his jersey number 33 was subsequently retired. The Chiefs finished their first season in Kansas City with a 5--7--2 record and failed to reappear in the AFL Championship game for a consecutive year.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## AFL origins {#afl_origins}
### Building a champion, 1964--1969 {#building_a_champion_19641969}
In 1964, the Chiefs began the year with a 2--1 mark before dropping three consecutive games as several of the team\'s best players, including E.J. Holub, Fred Arbanas and Johnny Robinson missed numerous games with injuries. Arbanas missed the final two games of the year after undergoing surgery to his left eye, in which he suffered almost total loss of vision. Running back Mack Lee Hill, who signed with the club as a rookie free agent and received a mere \$300 signing bonus, entered the starting lineup and earned a spot in the AFL All-Star Game. The club rounded out the season with two consecutive wins to close the season at 7--7, finishing second in the AFL Western Conference behind the San Diego Chargers. An average of just 18,126 fans attended each home game at Municipal Stadium, prompting discussion at the AFL owners\' meeting about the Chiefs future in Kansas City.
For the 1965 season, the Chiefs were once again caught in the middle of the AFL and NFL\'s bidding wars for college talent. Kansas City made running back Gale Sayers from the University of Kansas their first-round draft pick, but Sayers eventually signed with the Bears for less money. Running back Mack Lee Hill suffered torn ligaments in his right knee in the second to last regular season game of the year at Buffalo on December 12. Following what was expected to be a routine surgery on December 14 at Menorah Hospital in Kansas City, Hill died from what was termed \"a sudden and massive embolism.\" Hunt called Hill\'s death \"the worst shock possible.\" Beginning the following year, the club annually bestowed the Mack Lee Hill Award on its top rookie or first-year performer in Hill\'s honor. Just days after Hill\'s unexpected death, the mourning Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos on December 19 to finish the year with a 7--5--2 record, their first winning season in Kansas City.
In 1966, the Chiefs were beginning to lay the groundwork for a return to the AFL Championship game and eventual dominance in the later years of the AFL. Team owner Lamar Hunt was publicly negotiating with NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle about a possible merger of the two leagues. Defensive end Aaron Brown was highly coveted by many clubs, including the NFL\'s Steelers, who intended to select him. The Steelers couldn\'t locate Brown on draft day since he was already aboard a flight with Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt, who carried out the first mid-air signing in team history. The Chiefs signed Heisman Trophy-winning running back Mike Garrett in the 20th round of the 1966 AFL Draft. Garrett went on to earn AFL Rookie of the Year honors for the 1966 season.
The Chiefs started the season at 3--0. A crowd of 43,885 attended the Chiefs home opener against the defending AFL Champion Buffalo Bills on October 2, the largest ever to witness a sports event in Kansas City at the time. The Chiefs dropped a 29--14 decision to the Bills, but after the contest, Chiefs coach Hank Stram and Buffalo head coach Joe Collier negotiated a trade in the middle of the field. Kansas City received placekicker Mike Mercer for a fifth-round pick. Chiefs quarterback Len Dawson led the league in passing, while Otis Taylor became the first 1,000-yard receiver in franchise history, registering 1,297 yards. The Chiefs finished three games in front of Oakland to claim an AFL Western Conference title with an 11--2--1 record, setting the stage for the franchise\'s second trip to the AFL Championship Game.
Using a dazzling I-formation offense and a smothering defense, the Chiefs claimed a dominating 31--7 victory in the AFL title game at Buffalo on New Year\'s Day, 1967. That victory propelled Kansas City to the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game, later known as the Super Bowl. At the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Chiefs met Vince Lombardi\'s powerful Green Bay Packers of the National Football League on January 15, 1967. The Chiefs played the Packers close for a half, trailing 14--10, but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters, winning the game by a score of 35--10.
For 1967, the club\'s special teams got a boost with the addition of kicker Jan Stenerud, and kick returner Noland \"Super Gnat\" Smith. The Chiefs\' first regular season game against an NFL team resulted in a commanding 66--24 Chiefs victory against the Chicago Bears at Municipal Stadium on August 23. Injuries again hit the club hard during the regular season as the Chiefs clawed their way to a 9--5 record.
Interest in the team skyrocketed following the team\'s appearance in the AFL-NFL Championship Game, forcing an increase in seating capacity at Municipal Stadium from 40,000 to 47,000. In June, Jackson County voters approved a \$43 million bond issue for construction of a sports complex to be completed by 1972. Eastern Jackson County was chosen as the site of the Chiefs and Royals\' new stadiums, and groundbreaking ceremonies took place in July with plans calling for a unique \"rolling roof\" design (which was later scrapped).
The 1968 Chiefs defense allowed a franchise-low 170 points (12.1 ppg). The nucleus of the defensive unit was in its prime, producing six AFL All-Stars, including all three of the squad\'s linebackers. Offensively, quarterback Len Dawson led the AFL in passing for the fourth time. The Chiefs began the season with a 7--1 record and rattled off five straight victories to close the regular season at 12--2, sharing the AFL Western Conference title with the Oakland Raiders and setting up a one-game playoff between the two teams. Kansas City lost a 41--6 decision at Oakland on December 22 as the Raiders advanced to the 1968 AFL Championship Game against the New York Jets. The loss to Oakland is considered to be the beginning of the Chiefs\' rivalry with the Raiders, one of the NFL\'s most bitter feuds.
The Chiefs used the momentum they built during the 1968 campaign by posting a perfect 6--0 record during pre-season play for 1969. The team began the regular season with four consecutive road games for the only time in team history. After a decisive 27--9 win at San Diego on September 14, the club posted a 31--0 shutout at Boston on September 21. During the game, quarterback Len Dawson sustained a knee injury which would sideline him for the following two months.
The once-optimistic picture for the Chiefs went from bad to worse the following week when back-up quarterback Jacky Lee went down with a broken ankle in a 24--19 loss at Cincinnati on September 28. That injury left the team\'s most crucial position in the hands of second-year quarterback Mike Livingston, who took just five snaps as a rookie in 1968. However, Livingston engineered a five-game winning streak, while getting plenty of help from the club\'s defense. The team\'s home opener was played in a day-long deluge referred to as a \"frog-strangler\" by Chiefs radio broadcaster Bill Grigsby. The Chiefs and Houston Oilers combined for 14 fumbles in a 24--0 Kansas City victory on October 12. Len Dawson returned to the starting lineup in a 27--3 win against San Diego on November 9 and guided the club to three wins in the season\'s next four games.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## AFL origins {#afl_origins}
### Building a champion, 1964--1969 {#building_a_champion_19641969}
The Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos 31--17 on Thanksgiving Day. Trailing 24--17 late in the game, Denver attempted an onside kick that was recovered by linebacker Bobby Bell, who promptly returned that kick for a 53-yard touchdown. Mike Livingston started the following week against Buffalo on December 7 for an again-injured Dawson, who returned for the regular season finale at Oakland on December 13. A 10--6 loss against the Raiders gave the Chiefs an 11--3 record, good for second in the AFC Western Conference behind Oakland (12--1--1).
In an AFL Divisional Playoff Game at New York, Kansas City rode its dominating defense which produced a crucial goal-line stand en route to a 13--6 win over the defending Super Bowl champion Jets to set up a rematch with the Raiders in the final AFL Championship Game. Looking for retribution of the previous losses in the regular season and in the 1968 playoffs, the Chiefs became the league\'s only three-time champions, defeating the Raiders by a 17--7 count at Oakland on January 4, 1970.
During the days preceding Kansas City\'s clash with the heavily favored Minnesota Vikings of the NFL, unsubstantiated media reports associating Len Dawson with a known gambler hounded the Chiefs quarterback. Dawson was later revealed to be mistaken for another man with the same last name. The night before Super Bowl IV, Ed Sabol of NFL Films approached Vikings coach Bud Grant about being wired for sound for the game. Grant declined, but Chiefs coach Hank Stram accepted. As both the Chiefs and the cameras rolled, Stram clamored for his team to run \"65 toss power trap\" and to \"keep matriculating the ball down the field.\" Stram became the first-ever coach to be wired for NFL Films, and ironically, as a coach in the rival AFL.
The Chiefs used the game as a crusade for the American Football League and wore \"AFL-10\" patches honoring the league\'s 10-year existence. The Chiefs used three field goals from Jan Stenerud and a rushing touchdown from Mike Garrett to take a 16--0 halftime lead. A dynamic 46-yard TD pass from Len Dawson to Otis Taylor in the third quarter sealed the victory as Dawson was named the game\'s Most Valuable Player. Perhaps the grittiest performance of the day came from safety Johnny Robinson, who registered two interceptions and a fumble recovery despite playing with three broken ribs. At approximately 5:20 PM, the final seconds ticked off the clock at Tulane Stadium as the Chiefs were crowned World Champions by claiming a 23--7 victory in the final game between the AFL and NFL. A victory parade ensued upon the club\'s triumphant return the following day in downtown Kansas City. Super Bowl IV was the last championship won by the Chiefs until Super Bowl LIV,
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## Alignment to the NFL {#alignment_to_the_nfl}
### Fall from glory, 1970--1977 {#fall_from_glory_19701977}
Following their championship win, the NFL-AFL merger placed the Chiefs in the newly created AFC West division with the Chargers, Raiders, and Broncos. The team traded running back Mike Garrett to San Diego in 1970 and replaced him in the lineup with Ed Podolak. Despite a 44--24 win against Baltimore on September 28 in just the second-ever telecast of ABC\'s *Monday Night Football* package, the Chiefs owned a 3--3--1 record at the season\'s midpoint. The Chiefs and the Raiders tied a game at 17--17 on November 1 following a controversial play from Oakland. The Chiefs were ahead 17--14 when Len Dawson apparently sealed the win, running for a first down which would have allowed Kansas City to run out the clock. While on the ground, Dawson was speared by Raiders defensive end Ben Davidson in an infamous incident that cost the Chiefs a victory and further inflamed the already heated Chiefs-Raiders rivalry. Wide receiver Otis Taylor retaliated and a bench-clearing brawl ensued. Offsetting penalties were called, nullifying Dawson\'s first down. The Chiefs were forced to punt and Raiders kicker George Blanda booted a game-tying field goal with eight seconds remaining. That tie ultimately cost the Chiefs the opportunity to split the AFC West division title with Oakland as Kansas City finished the year with a 7--5--2 record, while the Raiders went 8--4--2 and reached the conference championship.
In 1971, the Chiefs were regarded by many as the finest squad ever assembled by the franchise, including team owner Lamar Hunt. The team featured a franchise record 11 Pro Bowlers. Offensively, wide receiver Otis Taylor led the league with 1,110 receiving yards. In just his third pro season, Ed Podolak surpassed Abner Haynes as the all-time leading rusher in team history. The longstanding linebacking trio of Willie Lanier, Bobby Bell and Jim Lynch was the league\'s best. The offensive line was headlined by guard Ed Budde and tackle Jim Tyrer, while the defensive front featured a pair of Pro Bowlers in tackles Buck Buchanan and Curley Culp. Both placekicker Jan Stenerud and punter Jerrel Wilson represented the squad in the Pro Bowl, as well.
After bolting to a 5--1--1 start, the club went 5--2 during the second half of the season to finish the year at 10--3--1. A 16--14 victory against Oakland on December 12 gave the franchise its initial AFC West title. The great promise of the 1971 campaign ended dramatically in the longest game in NFL history, an AFC Divisional Playoff Game played on Christmas Day against the Miami Dolphins. It took 82:40 to finish the contest, but a 37-yard field goal from Dolphins kicker Garo Yepremian finally ended this epic as Miami claimed a 27--24 double overtime win in the final football contest played at Kansas City\'s Municipal Stadium. Chiefs\' running back Ed Podolak accounted for 350 combined net yards, a figure that remains an NFL post-season record. The baton of power in the AFC was officially passed to the Dolphins, who went on to appear in three consecutive Super Bowls. It would be the Chiefs\' last playoff appearance for 15 years, effectively signaling the conclusion of the franchise\'s glory days.
In 1972, the last original member of the 1960 Dallas Texans team departed when safety Johnny Robinson announced his retirement at training camp. Meanwhile, starting quarterback Len Dawson ended speculation about his retirement by signing a two-year contract. Franchise owner Lamar Hunt became the first AFL figure to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on July 29.
After two different construction strikes and a myriad of other delays, Arrowhead Stadium was officially dedicated on August 12 when the Chiefs registered a 24--14 victory against the St. Louis Cardinals. Running back Ed Podolak scored the first touchdown in the facility. Regular season ticket prices for the team\'s first season at Arrowhead were USD\$8 for box seats and \$7 for reserved seating.
On September 17, the Chiefs lost a 20--10 decision against Miami in the first regular season game at Arrowhead in front of a crowd of 79,829. A standing-room-only crowd of 82,094 fans was in attendance for a 27--14 victory against Oakland on November 5, the largest \"in-house\" attendance total for an NFL contest in Arrowhead\'s history. After a 5--3 start, a three-game losing streak effectively eliminated the club from playoff contention, including an embarrassing home loss to the winless Philadelphia Eagles. An 8--6 record was good enough for only a second-place finish in the AFC West behind Oakland. Linebacker Willie Lanier became the first Chiefs player to receive the NFL Man of the Year Award in the offseason.
For 1973, quarterback Mike Livingston started in a 23--13 Opening Day loss against Los Angeles, but Len Dawson returned to rally the club for three consecutive wins to get the club off to a 3--1 start for a third consecutive year. The aging Len Dawson made his final start of the year in a 23--14 loss at Buffalo on October 29 on *Monday Night Football* and was replaced for the remainder of the year by Livingston, beginning a string of three straight seasons in which both players split time at the position. Livingston led the club to another three straight wins, putting the team in first place in mid-November with a 6--3--1 record. A 1--2--1 ledger over the season\'s final month ended the club\'s post-season aspirations as the team finished the year in a second-place tie with Denver at 7--5--2. Len Dawson became the second Chiefs player in as many years to win the NFL Man of the Year Award. Following Super Bowl VIII, The AFC-NFC Pro Bowl was held at Arrowhead Stadium on January 20 with the AFC claiming a 15--13 win thanks to five field goals from Miami placekicker Garo Yepremian.
While the club\'s sparkling new facility at Arrowhead Stadium was drawing rave reviews, the Chiefs roster was beginning to show its age in 1974. The result was the team\'s first losing season in 11 years as the club was unable to string together consecutive victories during the year, a first in franchise history. Most of the team\'s starters were advancing in age: Len Dawson was 39, Jim Tyrer was 35, Bobby Bell, Buck Buchanan, and Ed Budde were 34, Dave Hill was 33 and Otis Taylor was 32.
One of the year\'s few bright spots in the 5--9 season was cornerback Emmitt Thomas, who led the league with a franchise-record 12 interceptions. The final game of the 1974 campaign marked the final time all five of Kansas City\'s future Hall of Fame players from the club\'s AFL championship era took the field together with coach Hank Stram. Including Lamar Hunt and five future Minnesota Vikings Hall of Famers, an amazing total of 12 Hall of Fame inductees were involved in that 1974 season finale game. That 35--15 loss against Super Bowl-bound Minnesota provided an anticlimactic conclusion to Hank Stram\'s illustrious coaching career in Kansas City. Stram, the only head coach in franchise history was relieved of his duties on December 27 after compiling a 124--76--10 regular season record with the club.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## Alignment to the NFL {#alignment_to_the_nfl}
### Fall from glory, 1970--1977 {#fall_from_glory_19701977}
San Francisco 49ers defensive coordinator Paul Wiggin was named the second head coach in franchise history on January 23, 1975. Wiggin inherited the unenviable task of rebuilding a squad whose pool of talent had been largely depleted due to age and a number of ill-considered trades that had left the club devoid of first-round draft choices in 1973 and 1975. After an 0--3 start to the season, Wiggin directed the Chiefs to three straight wins, beginning with a convincing 42--10 victory against the Raiders. The highlight of the season was a 34--31 upset win at Dallas on *Monday Night Football*. The club could not maintain the early success; owning a 5--5 record heading into the home stretch of the season, injuries to a number of key players crippled the team. The team dropped its final four contests of the year to finish at 5--9 for the second consecutive season. The regular season finale at Oakland marked the final games in the Hall of Fame careers of Len Dawson and Buck Buchanan.
By 1976, many of the Chiefs\' championship players were on their way out of Kansas City. Buck Buchanan announced his retirement in February, while Dawson announced his own departure on May 1. Off the field, Jack Steadman was promoted to team president and Jim Schaaf was named general manager in August. On the field, Kansas City\'s fortunes didn\'t improve in the second year of the Wiggin regime. The club dropped three straight home games, including a 27--17 loss to a New Orleans Saints team coached by Stram, before suffering a 50--17 setback at Buffalo on October 3, opening the season at 0--4 for the first time in team history. The team registered a 3--1 record during a successful midseason stretch, but like most of the previous seasons, could not maintain that momentum.
After lingering in Len Dawson\'s shadow for eight seasons, Mike Livingston was firmly entrenched as the team\'s starting quarterback, becoming the first QB to start every regular season game since Dawson in 1968. Although Livingston played well and rallied the squad for wins in two of the season\'s final three games, the Chiefs still ended the year with their third consecutive 5--9 record. Running back MacArthur Lane was the club\'s top offensive threat, becoming the only player at the time in franchise history to lead the league in receptions (66).
On the field, the Chiefs suffered their worst season ever in 1977, winning just twice and undergoing a mid-season coaching change. Following three consecutive 5--9 seasons, the team finished with a league worst 2--12 record. An 0--5 start doomed the squad with a 44--7 loss at Cleveland, where Wiggin starred as a defensive lineman during the Browns\' glory days, effectively sealing the coach\'s fate. Wiggin was relieved of his duties on Halloween, marking the only in-season coaching switch in team history. Defensive backs coach Tom Bettis was named interim coach and claimed a 20--10 victory against Green Bay in the club\'s initial contest under his direction, but it was the only victory of his brief head coaching tenure.
Bettis and the remainder of the coaching staff assembled by Wiggin were relieved on December 19, one day after a 21--20 loss at Oakland in the regular season finale. Marv Levy, the former head coach of the Canadian Football League\'s Montreal Alouettes, was named the fourth head coach in franchise history the following day. The heart and soul of the Chiefs once-vaunted defense departed when Willie Lanier and Jim Lynch retired following the season.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## Alignment to the NFL {#alignment_to_the_nfl}
### Signs of improvement, 1978--1982 {#signs_of_improvement_19781982}
For 1978, Marv Levy\'s systematic restocking of a relatively barren defensive roster began with a 1978 draft class that included defensive end Art Still and linebacker Gary Spani. Running back Ed Podolak, who was the club\'s all-time leading rusher at the time, retired in the offseason on June 15.
Perhaps Levy\'s most unconventional tactic in rebuilding the Chiefs was installing the \"Wing-T offense\". \"It was a situation where we took over a team that had the worst defensive record in the history of the National Football League\", Levy explained. \"We wanted to keep that defense off the field, so we ran the ball 60 times a game.\" The 1978 Chiefs team ran and ran often, posting franchise records with 663 rushing attempts and 2,986 ground yards. Levy\'s squad ran the ball a staggering 69 times in a 24--23 Opening Day win at Cincinnati on September 3, the most rushing attempts in an NFL contest since 1948. Five different players had 100-yard rushing games during the year, including running back Tony Reed, who finished the season with 1,053 yards to become the team\'s first 1,000-yard back since 1967. Despite the squad\'s Opening Day success, the club lost 10 of its next 11 games, including a pair of overtime decisions. However, the team showed signs of improvement with the defense recording a 23--0 shutout against San Diego on November 26 as the club concluded its first 16-game schedule with a 4--12 mark.
In 1979, Kansas City owned a pair of picks in the first round of the draft, selecting defensive end Mike Bell and quarterback Steve Fuller. By the season\'s third game, Fuller had supplanted Mike Livingston as the club\'s starter.
With Fuller at the helm, the Chiefs owned a 4--2 record after six games, but a five-game mid-season losing stretch sullied that effort. Despite finishing fifth in the AFC West for a second straight season, Kansas City\'s 7--9 record was a notable accomplishment considering the fact that the division\'s other four clubs all posted winning records for a second consecutive season. The Chiefs lost a 3--0 decision at Tampa Bay on December 16 in one of the most water-logged contests in franchise annals. As both clubs struggled to move the ball under monsoon-like conditions, a late, fourth-quarter field goal by the Buccaneers averted the NFL\'s first scoreless tie since 1943.
In 1980, the Chiefs selected guard Brad Budde in the first round of the draft, the son of former Chiefs guard Ed Budde, as the team\'s first-round draft choice, making the Buddes the first father-son combination to become first-round draftees of the same team in NFL history. In a then-controversial move on August 26, the Chiefs released placekicker Jan Stenerud, who at the time was club\'s all-time leading scorer. He was replaced by journeyman Nick Lowery, who had been cut 11 times by eight different teams himself.
After enduring an 0--4 start, the club rebounded to post a four-game winning streak, starting with a 31--17 victory in Oakland, in which Raiders quarterback Dan Pastorini broke his leg and was replaced by Jim Plunkett, who guided the team to the Super Bowl XV championship. After Steve Fuller was sidelined with a knee injury late in the season, former Miami 12th-round draft choice Bill Kenney became the team\'s starting quarterback. He was so anonymous that when he appeared in that contest, the name on the back of his jersey was inadvertently misspelled \"Kenny.\" Kenney went on to lead the club to a 31--14 victory against Denver on December 7 in his initial NFL start. The defense continued to evolve as defensive end Art Still and safety Gary Barbaro became the first Chiefs defensive players to be elected to the Pro Bowl in five seasons. The Chiefs finished the year at 8--8, the club\'s highest victory tally since 1972.
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\"I\'ve played against the best---O. J. Simpson, Gale Sayers, Walter Payton and (Delaney) ranks right up there with them \... He is great with a capital G.\"
\~***Elvin Bethea, Houston Oilers hall of fame defensive end.***
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Bill Kenney began the 1981 season as the club\'s starting quarterback and directed the Chiefs to a 6--2 start, including a 37--33 win over the Steelers on Opening Day. Second-round draft choice, running back Joe Delaney electrified the club\'s offense by rushing for 1,121 yards, a team single-season record at the time. He was named the AFC\'s Rookie of the Year and became the first running back to represent the franchise in the Pro Bowl. Delaney registered a 193-yard performance in a 23--10 victory against the Oilers on November 15, the best single-game total ever amassed by a Kansas City rookie.
Owning an 8--4 record with four games remaining, the Chiefs were poised to make the playoffs for the first time in 10 years. However, a three-game losing streak ended the anticipation. Bill Kenney missed the club\'s final three contests due to injury as Steve Fuller temporarily reclaimed the starting QB position and guided the club to a 10--6 win at Minnesota, in the final contest played at Metropolitan Stadium. With the Chiefs winning the game, Vikings fans began dismembering the stadium as early as the second half---taking seats, pieces of the scoreboard and even chunks of sod as souvenirs. The victory assured the Chiefs of a 9--7 record, the club\'s first winning mark since 1973 as coach Marv Levy increased the club\'s victory total for a third consecutive year. Inspired by the Washington Redskins\'s \"Hail to the Redskins\", Levy penned a fight song for the Chiefs called \"Give a Cheer for Kansas City\" which never caught on.
In 1982, running back Joe Delaney underwent surgery to repair a detached retina in his eye, a radical procedure at the time. Optimism abounded at Arrowhead thanks to the club\'s promising 9--7 record from 1981, but swelling labor unrest from NFL players spelled doom for both the Chiefs and Levy in 1982. The Chiefs split their first two games of the year before a 57-day strike by the NFL Players Association began at midnight on September 20. The strike concluded on November 17 after six games were canceled and one was rescheduled, but the Chiefs would never recover, dropping four straight games after their return to the field. Center Jack Rudnay, who had been one of the franchise\'s most durable and decorated offensive performers over the past decade, announced on December 20 that he would retire after the season. Despite wins in two of the season\'s final three games, the Levy era concluded as the club finished the strike-shortened campaign at 3--6.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## Alignment to the NFL {#alignment_to_the_nfl}
### Unbalanced chemistry, 1983--1988 {#unbalanced_chemistry_19831988}
#### 1983
To begin 1983, the Chiefs fired head coach Marv Levy on January 4 after compiling a 31--42 record. Dallas Cowboys quarterbacks coach John Mackovic was named the fifth head coach in team history on February 2. The 39-year-old Mackovic became the youngest individual ever to hold that post for the club. The Chiefs held the seventh overall pick in the quarterback-laden 1983 NFL draft and selected Todd Blackledge. The five other signal-callers selected in the first round that year included John Elway, Jim Kelly, Tony Eason, Ken O\'Brien and Dan Marino.
Tragedy struck the club on June 29 when Joe Delaney drowned trying to save the lives of three youngsters in Monroe, Louisiana. Delaney was posthumously awarded the Presidential Citizen\'s Medal by Ronald Reagan on July 13. Linebacker Bobby Bell became the first Chiefs player to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on July 30, providing some solace for the mourning Chiefs fan base following Joe Delaney\'s death.
With Kenney and Blackledge both on the roster, starting QB Steve Fuller was traded to the Los Angeles Rams on August 19. Kenney earned a Pro Bowl berth after racking up a franchise-record 4,348 passing yards, while wide receiver Carlos Carson hauled in 80 passes for 1,351 yards. Despite the team\'s high-flying passing game, head coach John Mackovic had trouble finding a suitable replacement for Joe Delaney and the running back position. The highest scoring contest in franchise history took place as the Chiefs and Seattle Seahawks combined for 99 points in a wild, 51--48 overtime loss at the Kingdome. A meager crowd of 11,377 attended the club\'s season-ending 48--17 win against Denver on December 18, the smallest attendance figure ever for a Chiefs game at Arrowhead as the club finished the year at 6--10.
#### 1984 {#section_1}
Pro Bowl safety Gary Barbaro became the most notable Chiefs player to defect to the rival United States Football League, signing with the New Jersey Generals on February 2 after sitting out the entire 1983 campaign in a contract dispute. Barbaro\'s departure and the trade of cornerback Gary Green began a youth movement that produced the most vaunted secondary in team history. Cornerbacks Kevin Ross and Albert Lewis, and safeties Deron Cherry and Lloyd Burruss accounted for a combined 13 Pro Bowl appearances for the Chiefs in the years to come.
All-America defensive tackle Bill Maas and offensive tackle John Alt were both selected in the first round of the 1984 NFL draft. Maas was named NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year, while Alt eventually became the cornerstone of the club\'s offensive line later in the decade. Kansas City\'s defense registered a team-record 11.0 sacks in a 10--6 win against Cleveland on September 30, coming one sack shy of the NFL single-game record.
Quarterback Bill Kenney suffered a broken thumb during the preseason and was sidelined until the season\'s seventh week. Second year back-up QB Todd Blackledge opened the first six contests of the season and had the club at 3--3. Kenney returned to the starting lineup against the New York Jets on October 21, but inconsistency marked the rest of the season as the club dropped four of first five contests after his return. However, the team rattled off three consecutive wins to conclude the year at 8--8.
#### 1985 {#section_2}
Further information: 1985 Kansas City Chiefs season
The Chiefs got off to a flying start in 1985 with a 47--27 win at New Orleans, while safety Deron Cherry tied an NFL record by registering four interceptions in a 28--7 win against Seattle on September 29 as the club boasted a 3--1 record four games into the season. The club was then confronted with a seven-game losing streak that wasn\'t snapped until QB Todd Blackledge was installed as the starter against Indianapolis on November 24. The team rebounded to win three of its final five contests of the year with Blackledge under center, further inflaming a quarterback controversy that continued into the 1986 season.
One of the few remaining bright spots in a disappointing 6--10 season came in the regular season finale against San Diego when wide receiver Stephone Paige set an NFL record with 309 receiving yards in a 38--34 win, breaking the previous mark of 303 yards set by Cleveland\'s Jim Benton in 1945. Paige\'s mark was subsequently surpassed by a 336-yard effort by Flipper Anderson (L.A. Rams) in 1989.
#### 1986 {#section_3}
Former linebacker Willie Lanier was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 2. On the field, the pieces started coming together for head coach John Mackovic. His offense displayed plenty of scoring punch, while the club\'s defense and special teams became increasingly effective. With the team sitting at 3--3, Bill Kenney replaced Todd Blackledge for the second half of the season in a game against San Diego, guiding the club to a 42--41 victory. That win was the first of four consecutive triumphs with Kenney at the helm, the club\'s longest winning streak since 1980. Poised with a 7--3 record after 10 games, three straight losses in November put the Chiefs playoff chances in jeopardy. Two December wins gave Kansas City a 9--6 mark, putting the Chiefs on the verge of their first postseason berth in 15 years.
The defining moment of the season came in the regular season finale at Pittsburgh on December 21. Despite being outgained in total yardage by a 515-to-171-yard margin, the Chiefs were able to notch a 24--19 victory as all of the team\'s points came via special teams on a blocked punt return, a field goal, a kickoff return and a blocked field goal return. With a 10--6 record the Chiefs earned an AFC Wild Card berth, winning a tiebreaker with Seattle. Bill Kenney was injured in the fourth quarter of the Steelers contest, meaning Todd Blackledge would draw the starting assignment for the club\'s first playoff contest since 1971, a 35--15 loss at New York.
#### 1987 {#section_4}
One of the most tumultuous weeks in franchise history took place following the club\'s playoff loss against the Jets. Assistant head coach and special teams coach Frank Gansz, resigned his position on January 7 in order to pursue opportunities as an NFL offensive coordinator. The following day, the Chiefs announced in an impromptu press conference that John Mackovic was relieved of his duties as head coach on January 8. A popular figure among Chiefs players, Gansz was reinstated on January 10 and was named the sixth head coach in franchise history.
Former quarterback Len Dawson became the third Chiefs player inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 8, while injuries forced the retirement of the club\'s all-time leading tackler Gary Spani. A duo of rookies made a splash in a 20--13 win on Opening Day against San Diego as running back Paul Palmer returned a kickoff for a TD and Christian Okoye dashed for 105 yards. A 24-day players strike began on September 22, effectively canceling the club\'s contest against Minnesota. Replacement players participated in games for the next three weeks. Much like Marv Levy five years earlier, Gansz\'s grip on the club\'s coaching reins was crippled by the labor unrest.
Kansas City\'s replacement squad consisted primarily of players cut in training camp. One of the few bright spots among this motley crew was running back Jitter Fields, who remained on the active roster following the strike. The Chiefs strike squad received an ominous welcome in Los Angeles when in the early morning hours of October 4, the day prior to a contest against the Raiders, an earthquake rattled Southern California. The shaken Chiefs lost a 35--17 decision later that day. The low point of the year came the following week at Miami in the first regular season game played at what then was known as Joe Robbie Stadium. Chiefs replacement QB Matt Stevens was injured early in the contest, forcing into duty QB Alex Espinoza, a player who had never taken an NFL snap. The result was a 42--0 Dolphins victory, setting the stage for an 0--3 performance by Kansas City\'s replacement unit, giving the Chiefs a 1--4 record before the club\'s regular roster returned at San Diego on October 25. Five straight losses followed, giving the Chiefs a team-record nine-game losing skid. For the only time in team history, five different players started games at quarterback for the club. Behind Kenney, Kansas City won two of its last three games to conclude the strike-shortened 4--11 campaign.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## Alignment to the NFL {#alignment_to_the_nfl}
### Unbalanced chemistry, 1983--1988 {#unbalanced_chemistry_19831988}
#### 1988 {#section_5}
The spring was marked by several notable trades as the club jockeyed to improve on its 4--11 finish in 1987. Todd Blackledge was traded to Pittsburgh on March 29 and 12-year veteran quarterback Steve DeBerg was acquired from Tampa Bay on March 31. The Chiefs moved up one spot in the first round of the draft to select defensive end Neil Smith with the third overall pick. Bill Kenney opened the team\'s initial two games at quarterback, but was replaced by DeBerg for the second half against Seattle. DeBerg guided the team to a 20--13 win against Denver in his initial start as a member of the Chiefs. However, six losses and a tie followed as Kenney and DeBerg jostled for the QB job.
As the season drew to a close, it became apparent the winds of change were blowing across the organization. President Jack Steadman resigned on December 8, while general manager Jim Schaaf was relieved of his duties the same day. Steadman was later named chairman of the board. On the field, the Chiefs finished the year at 4--11--1 as questions swirled regarding Gansz\'s future and who would fill the club\'s leadership void. One day after the season\'s conclusion, former Philadelphia Eagles and USFL executive Carl Peterson was named the club\'s president/general manager and chief operating officer on December 19.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## A change of face {#a_change_of_face}
### \"Martyball\", 1989--2000 {#martyball_19892000}
After compiling an 8--22--1 record in two seasons, Frank Gansz was relieved of his duties as head coach on January 5, 1989. General manager Carl Peterson\'s selection as Gansz\'s successor would be former Cleveland Browns head coach Marty Schottenheimer, who was named the seventh head coach in Chiefs history on January 24. The first draft choice of the Peterson era set the tone for the next decade as the club selected linebacker Derrick Thomas with the fourth overall selection. Thomas paired with defensive end Neil Smith to form one of the most feared pass-rushing duos in NFL history, compiling a combined 212.5 sacks during their illustrious Chiefs careers. The Peterson-Schottenheimer era got off to an inauspicious start in a 34--20 loss at Denver on September 10 as quarterback Steve DeBerg\'s first pass attempt was intercepted and returned for a TD. The club won just four times in its next 10 games as former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Ron Jaworski and Steve Pelluer, who was acquired in a trade from Dallas, each opened three games apiece during that span. DeBerg regained the starting job for the final five weeks of the season, generating four wins that put the Chiefs just out of post-season qualification at 8--7--1. A 34--0 shutout win against Houston highlighted the club\'s stretch run. Running back Christian Okoye became the first Chief to lead the NFL in rushing with 1,480 yards, while Derrick Thomas won consensus NFL Rookie of the Year honors.
#### 1990 {#section_6}
The foundation for the club\'s formidable offensive line of the 1990s gathered two key ingredients when center Tim Grunhard and guard Dave Szott were acquired in the 1990 NFL draft. Construction began on the club\'s indoor practice facility at the Truman Sports Complex, giving the Chiefs an 80-yard indoor field and weight room facilities upon its completion. Former defensive tackle Buck Buchanan was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame on August 4. In the pre-season, The Chiefs made their initial overseas appearance, losing a 19--3 American Bowl decision against the Los Angeles Rams at Olympic Stadium in Berlin, Germany. Schottenheimer\'s club got out of the starting gate quickly, winning three of their first four games. The club then struggled, splitting its next six contests.
Free agent running back Barry Word produced a team-record 200-yard rushing outburst in a 43--24 victory against Detroit on October 14. Kansas City led the NFL with a franchise-record 60.0 sacks, including a team-record 20.0 by Derrick Thomas. Thomas established an NFL single-game record with 7.0 sacks in an inspiring Veterans Day performance against Seattle, a game the Seahawks miraculously won, 17--16, on a last-second, 25-yard TD pass to wide receiver Paul Skansi. That loss brought on the furious stretch run which saw the club record victories in six of its last seven outings. Behind DeBerg\'s offensive leadership (23 TD passes with just four interceptions) Kansas City finished the year with a franchise-best +26 turnover differential. The Chiefs clinched their first post-season berth since 1986 with a 24--21 win at San Diego and finished the year at 11--5, marking the franchise\'s best finish since 1969. The Chiefs suffered a heart-breaking, 17--16 loss at Miami on January 5, 1991, in an AFC wild card game as placekicker Nick Lowery\'s potential game-winning 52-yard field goal fell short with 0:56 remaining.
#### 1991 {#section_7}
On July 27, former placekicker Jan Stenerud became the first of his position to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Chiefs moved their training camp to the University of Wisconsin--River Falls after spending the previous 28 summers at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri. On September 1, the Chiefs defeated the Atlanta Falcons 14--3 in front of a sold-out crowd at Arrowhead Stadium.
The Chiefs were featured on *Monday Night Football* three times, including a 33--6 victory over the defending AFC Champion Buffalo Bills before a raucous crowd at Arrowhead on October 7, marking the club\'s first home *Monday Night Football* contest in eight years. The club finished the regular season at 10--6, marking the first time since 1968--69 that the franchise had qualified for the playoffs in consecutive seasons. A 27--21 victory against the Los Angeles Raiders in the regular season finale gave the Chiefs the right to host the Raiders just six days later in the inaugural post-season game in Arrowhead\'s history, and the Chiefs\' first home playoff game in 20 years. Thanks to six Los Angeles turnovers, the Chiefs registered their first post-season victory since Super Bowl IV with a 10--6 win in an AFC Wild Card Game on December 28. The following week, the Chiefs lost a 37--14 decision at Buffalo on January 5, 1992, in an AFC Divisional Playoff match-up as the Buffalo Bills\' dynamic offense proved to be too much for the Chiefs.
#### 1992 {#section_8}
A longtime nemesis with Seattle, \"Plan B\" free agent quarterback Dave Krieg was signed as the club\'s starter on March 19. A melancholy off-season awaited the Chiefs, who mourned the passing of Player Personnel Director Whitey Dovell on May 22 and Hall of Fame defensive tackle Buck Buchanan on July 16. Both Dovell and Buchanan lost courageous battles with cancer. Six-time Pro Bowl safety Deron Cherry announced his retirement in July after registering 50 interceptions in 11 seasons with the franchise. The Chiefs retired the jerseys of former players Buck Buchanan (#86), Willie Lanier (#63) and Jan Stenerud (#3) in a ceremony prior to a pre-season contest against Buffalo.
First-round draft pick, cornerback Dale Carter won the Bert Bell Trophy as the NFL\'s Rookie of the Year. The very first time Carter touched the ball in an NFL contest, he registered a 46-yard punt return touchdown in a 24--10 win at San Diego on September 6. Running back Christian Okoye surpassed Ed Podolak as the all-time leading rusher in team history against Seattle on September 13. Injuries eventually made the 1992 campaign Okoye\'s last with the Chiefs after he compiled 4,897 rushing yards with the franchise. The club got off to a 3--1 start, but was faced with a 4--4 record at the season\'s midpoint. Despite four consecutive victories, the club\'s post-season hopes still came down to the season\'s final contest. Owning a 9--6 record and needing one more victory to secure a playoff berth, the Chiefs defense tallied three touchdowns, while Dave Krieg tossed a pair of scoring passes as Kansas City claimed a 42--20 win against Denver to finish the season at 10--6. Despite the big win against Denver, the Chiefs made a quick exit from the playoffs as Krieg was sacked 7 times in a 17--0 AFC Wild Card loss at San Diego on January 2, 1993.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## A change of face {#a_change_of_face}
### \"Martyball\", 1989--2000 {#martyball_19892000}
#### 1993 {#section_9}
The Chiefs spent the off-season installing the \"West Coast offense\" under the direction of new offensive coordinator Paul Hackett, who at one time served as quarterbacks coach to Joe Montana in San Francisco. On April 20, the Chiefs traded for Joe Montana, who directed the 49ers to four Super Bowl victories in the previous decade. Guard Will Shields was selected with the club\'s third-round draft choice, rounding out the \"law firm\" of Grunhard, Szott and Shields which anchored the interior of Chiefs offensive line for most of the decade.
On June 9, the club signed unrestricted free agent running back Marcus Allen, who had spent 11 seasons tormenting the Chiefs as a member of the rival Los Angeles Raiders. Montana and Allen made their debuts in a 27--3 win at Tampa Bay on September 5, marking Montana\'s first Opening Day appearance since 1990. Shields initiated a franchise-record streak of 175 consecutive starts the following week at Houston. Thanks to a pair of *Monday Night Football* wins at Arrowhead, the club owned a 6--2 mid-season record. Before taking the field in a Sunday night contest at Minnesota on December 26, the team learned it had clinched its first AFC West title since 1971 thanks to a Raiders loss earlier in the day. The team finished the season with an 11--5 regular season record, marking the club\'s fourth consecutive year with a double-digit victory tally. Linebacker Derrick Thomas was named the NFL\'s Man of the Year following the season. Thomas, who founded \"The Third and Long Foundation\", received the honor in large part due to his efforts in promoting children\'s literacy.
Kansas City got its first true taste of \"Montana Magic\" as the Hall of Fame passer engineered a brilliant comeback in a 27--24 OT win in an AFC Wild Card thriller against Pittsburgh on January 8, 1994. Next, the Chiefs traveled to the Astrodome to face the red-hot Oilers, who had won 11 straight games to conclude the regular season. The heavily favored Oilers opened up a 13--7 lead in the fourth quarter, but once again, Montana conjured a comeback, guiding the club to a 28--20 victory. The Chiefs playoff journey ended as the club made its initial AFC Championship Game appearance at Buffalo on January 23. Montana was knocked out of the contest early in the second half as Buffalo claimed its record fourth straight AFC title by a score of 30--13. The win over the Oilers marked the last time the Chiefs won a playoff game until 2015, and the win over the Steelers marked the last time until 2018 that they won a playoff game at Arrowhead Stadium.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## A change of face {#a_change_of_face}
### \"Martyball\", 1989--2000 {#martyball_19892000}
#### 1994 {#section_10}
While the previous off-season saw the Chiefs stockpile several key free agents, a number of familiar faces departed following the 1993 season, most notably cornerbacks Albert Lewis and Kevin Ross, as well as placekicker Nick Lowery. Quarterback Steve Bono was acquired in a trade with San Francisco on May 2 to serve as Joe Montana\'s backup, a job he previously held when both were with the 49ers. A grass playing field was installed at Arrowhead Stadium, replacing the previous AstroTurf surface. The club made its second American Bowl appearance in the pre-season, meeting Minnesota in Tokyo, Japan.
On September 11, Steve Young and the San Francisco 49ers came to Arrowhead to play against Joe Montana and the Chiefs in a highly anticipated matchup. The Chiefs prevailed over the 49ers and Montana\'s successor by a 24--17 count before a crowd of 79,907, the second-largest \"in-house\" attendance in Arrowhead history. After starting the season 3--0, the Chiefs dropped back-to-back games before snapping an 11-game losing streak against Denver at Mile High Stadium on October 17 in a memorable Monday night contest. Montana orchestrated a masterful comeback, connecting with WR Willie Davis for a five-yard TD with 0:08 remaining to give the Chiefs a 31--28 triumph. A late-season, three-game losing skid put the club\'s playoff hopes in jeopardy. The Chiefs found themselves at 8--7 faced with a do-or-die regular season finale against the Raiders in the final NFL contest (to date) played at the Los Angeles Coliseum and in Los Angeles until 2016. Marcus Allen had his finest game as a Chief, ironically against his former team, rushing 33 times for 132 yards en route to a 19--9 win. At 9--7, Kansas City qualified for the playoffs for a fifth straight season. However, the Chiefs made a rapid departure from the playoffs in Montana\'s final professional contest at Miami on New Year\'s Eve. Montana and Dolphins\' quarterback Dan Marino conducted a masterful first-half duel that ended deadlocked at 17--17, but Miami eventually prevailed by a 27--17 count.
#### 1995 {#section_11}
Joe Montana announced his retirement from football after 16 years in the NFL on April 18 and Steve Bono was promoted to the starting job. Immediately, so-called media experts predicted much gloom and doom for the 1995 Chiefs under Bono, leading Schottenheimer to quip during training camp that his club had been picked \"sixth in a five-team division.\" Led by Bono, who merited a Pro Bowl berth, Kansas City posted an NFL-best 13--3 record with unblemished 8--0 marks in the AFC West and at Arrowhead. The Chiefs led the NFL in rushing offense (138.9 ypg), scoring defense (15.1 ppg) and turnover ratio (+12). A 24--3 win at Arizona on October 1 featured a surreal, 76-yard TD run on a bootleg by Bono as the Chiefs initiated a seven-game winning streak, the franchise\'s longest since 1969. In a *Monday Night Football* classic against San Diego on October 9, wide receiver Tamarick Vanover returned a punt for an 86-yard TD to provide the winning points in a 29--23 victory, the team\'s third straight home win in overtime.
The club\'s defense began to flex its muscle, beginning with a 21--7 win at Denver on October 22. The contest, played in a Rocky Mountain snowstorm, featured the 100th rushing TD of Marcus Allen\'s career. The Chiefs won a home game for the third time on a last-second return score that concluded in Arrowhead\'s west end zone when cornerback Mark Collins scooped up a fumble for a 20--13 win against Houston. Kansas City clinched a division title with a 29--23 victory at Oakland on December 3 en route to a franchise-best 13--3 regular season record and a team-record sixth consecutive postseason berth. The Chiefs were represented by seven players in the Pro Bowl, more than any other AFC team. In the playoffs, the Chiefs dropped an AFC Divisional Playoff Game against the underdog Indianapolis Colts on January 7---a blustery afternoon with the temperature at 11 degrees and a wind chill of −9. Three interceptions and three missed field goals from placekicker Lin Elliot contributed to the 10--7 loss at Arrowhead.
#### 1996 {#section_12}
Kansas City entered the 1996 campaign with essentially the same lineup as the club boasted in 1995 and were featured on the cover of *Sports Illustrated* along with Green Bay as pre-season Super Bowl favorites. Kansas City made its third American Bowl appearance, this time against Dallas in Monterrey, Mexico. The club started the season with a 4--0 record for the first time in team history, but the season\'s lofty expectations came crashing down as the squad lost three of its next four games. A three-game winning streak, including a victory over the eventual Super Bowl champion Packers, put the club back in post-season contention at 8--3.
That rosy picture quickly crumbled in a 28--14 loss against San Diego on November 24 as Steve Bono was relieved in the second half by back-up quarterback Rich Gannon. Gannon assumed the starting reins for a 28--24 win in a Thanksgiving Day game at Detroit as Marcus Allen registered his 111th career rushing TD to surpass Walter Payton as the NFL\'s all-time leader in that department, a mark that was later broken by Emmitt Smith. Needing just one more win to qualify for the playoffs, the Chiefs dropped their next two games as an injury-hampered Gannon was sidelined for good in the second quarter of a 24--19 loss against Indianapolis. Faced with a must-win situation in a frigid regular season finale at Buffalo, the club\'s post-season hopes hinged on Bono. Despite a 20--9 loss to the Bills, the Chiefs still had a shot to slip into the playoffs if Atlanta could secure a win at Jacksonville. However, Atlanta placekicker Morten Andersen\'s 30-yard field goal attempt went wide left with 0:04 remaining, preserving a 19--17 win and the AFC\'s final Wild Card spot for the Jaguars, who won a tiebreaker with Kansas City. The Chiefs finished with a 9--7 record, missing the postseason for the first time since 1989.
#### 1997 {#section_13}
Kansas City dramatically retooled its roster in 1997, beginning with the signing of free agent quarterback Elvis Grbac on March 17. In addition to Grbac, the Chiefs lineup featured 11 new starters, including wide receiver Andre Rison, who won team MVP honors after becoming the club\'s first Pro Bowl receiver in a decade. On defense, the club\'s top four picks from the 1996 Draft, safeties Jerome Woods and Reggie Tongue, defensive end John Browning and linebacker Donnie Edwards, all emerged as starters.
Tackle John Alt announced his retirement at training camp in River Falls, Wisconsin on July 21. All the new faces quickly formed a cohesive unit as the Chiefs posted a 13--3 record, an 8--0 Arrowhead record and their second AFC West title in three years. The club engineered several dramatic finishes, the first of which came in a *Monday Night Football* thriller at Oakland on September 8 when Elvis Grbac connected with Andre Rison on an improbable 32-yard TD pass with just 0:03 remaining to cap a 28--27 win. Six days later, Kansas City\'s defense produced a remarkable goal-line stand to preserve a 22--16 victory at Arrowhead vs. Buffalo. After posting a 6--2 record during the season\'s first half, Kansas City\'s good fortune appeared to run out against Pittsburgh when Grbac suffered a broken clavicle. However, Rich Gannon led the team to a 5--1 mark in their next six outings.
Placekicker Pete Stoyanovich provided one of the year\'s most memorable moments, connecting on a line-drive 54-yard field as time expired to give Kansas City a 24--22 win against Denver on November 16. San Francisco entered Arrowhead boasting an 11-game winning streak, the team departed after suffering a 44--9 defeat. The Chiefs\' vaunted defensive unit pitched a 30--0 shutout vs. Oakland on December 7. The Chiefs led the NFL in scoring defense, allowing a mere 14.5 points per game. The 232 total points permitted by the Chiefs in 1997 were the lowest tally ever allowed in a 16-game season in team history. Kansas City also broke a 63-year-old mark owned by the 1934 Detroit Lions by not permitting a second-half TD in 10 consecutive games. Grbac returned for the regular season finale against New Orleans on December 21 as the squad finished the year with six consecutive victories, a first in team history.
The Chiefs\' 13--3 record gave them home field advantage throughout the AFC Playoffs. However, their playoff run was short-lived, as Kansas City lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos 14--10 in the Divisional round.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## A change of face {#a_change_of_face}
### \"Martyball\", 1989--2000 {#martyball_19892000}
#### 1998 {#section_14}
The following year, with Elvis Grbac back at the helm, the Chiefs fell to 7--9 in 1998. Marty Schottenheimer took much of the blame for his failed attempts in the playoffs and conservative style of coaching (\"Martyball\"), and resigned following the 1998 season.
#### 1999 {#section_15}
Schottenheimer left as head coach, replaced by his defensive coach Gunther Cunningham. In two years, Cunningham showed little improvement, going 9--7 and 7--9. After the loss of Derrick Thomas, the collapse of the defense was unmistakable. The Chiefs\' wins were mostly made by a high scoring offense rather than a powerful defense.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2001--2017: The Chiefs in the early 21st century {#the_chiefs_in_the_early_21st_century}
### An explosive offense, 2001--2005 {#an_explosive_offense_20012005}
#### 2001 {#section_16}
After coaching the St. Louis Rams to the Super Bowl and retiring, Dick Vermeil was lured out of retirement and took over as head coach in 2001. It was noted that Vermeil would have the team ready for the Super Bowl \"within three years\", while in fact Vermeil would stay in Kansas City for the next five.
The first move the team made was forced after quarterback Elvis Grbac voided his contract, forgoing an \$11 million bonus, leaving to lead the Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens. Vermeil replaced him with his primary pick for the Rams\' quarterback, Trent Green.
Another notable replacement was Priest Holmes at running back, who had served as back-up to Baltimore\'s Jamal Lewis in their Super Bowl season. Additions to the offensive line, including left tackle Willie Roaf from New Orleans, Casey Wiegmann at center, Brian Waters at guard, and John Welbourn from Philadelphia helped create the Chiefs\' high powered offense. Holmes would go on to break Marshall Faulk\'s record of 26 touchdowns in a season on December 27, 2003.
Vermeil brought many elements of \"The Greatest Show on Turf\" from St. Louis to Kansas City\'s own offense, but much like the Schottenheimer era in the 1990s, the offense didn\'t win any playoff games.
#### 2003 {#section_17}
The Chiefs went 13--3 in 2003 and their offense, considered by many as one of the most powerful of all time, helped make Kansas City again a favorite to win Super Bowl XXXVIII. After starting 9--0, the Chiefs lost to the Cincinnati Bengals in their tenth game following a \"guarantee\" by Bengals wide receiver Chad Johnson. The Chiefs\' dream season of 2003 began to lose momentum by November, but they still managed to gain the number two seed in the 2004 playoffs. The mighty homefield advantage of Arrowhead Stadium and their high-powered offense wouldn\'t lead the Chiefs to glory and the Chiefs lost to the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional playoffs in an offensive shootout in which neither team punted, an NFL playoffs first. The Chiefs\' defense came under fire immediately after the loss, and Greg Robinson, the team\'s defensive coordinator, resigned in disgrace after the season.
#### 2004 {#section_18}
As with the loss to the Broncos in 1997, this loss led to a poor following season. The Chiefs managed to finish the 2004 season with a 7--9 record. In 2004, Gunther Cunningham was brought back as the defensive coordinator. However, the defense showed little improvement. The offense, unable to record the same high scores as the previous year, was unable to bring in the wins as they had the previous year.
#### 2005 {#section_19}
For their 2005 campaign, the Chiefs brought in several new players to boost a defense that had finished among the worst units the past three years. The year also saw Larry Johnson start at running back in place of an injured Priest Holmes. But despite winning ten games, the Chiefs became just the fourth team in NFL history to go 10--6 and not reach the playoffs.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2001--2017: The Chiefs in the early 21st century {#the_chiefs_in_the_early_21st_century}
### Rebuilding a contender, 2006--2012 {#rebuilding_a_contender_20062012}
#### 2006 {#section_20}
A tearful head coach Dick Vermeil announced his retirement before the final game of the 2005 season. Within two weeks, then-New York Jets head coach Herman Edwards had signed a new 4-year contract to coach the Chiefs. The 2006 Chiefs returned to the playoffs for the first time in three seasons, only to lose 23--8 in the wild-card round against their playoff nemesis, the Indianapolis Colts.
Meanwhile, Chiefs owner and founder Lamar Hunt died on December 13, 2006, due to complications brought on by a ten-year battle with prostate cancer. Hunt was remembered throughout the remainder of the 2006 season all throughout the NFL with moments of silence and ceremonies in Kansas City. Hunt\'s four children inherited ownership of the Chiefs. And Clark, became chairman and CEO of the Chiefs, and the public face of the ownership group. He represents the Chiefs at owner meetings, and has the final say in team operations.
#### 2007 {#section_21}
The Chiefs\' 2007 off-season began with turmoil over the contract of Tony Gonzalez, and the long-term career of Trent Green in Kansas City. Backup quarterback Damon Huard was signed to a three-year contract in February and Green was not only asked to restructure his contract but offered in trades to other teams.
On June 5, the Chiefs agreed to trade Green to the Miami Dolphins for a conditional fifth round pick in the 2008 NFL draft, pending a physical from Green.
The Chiefs\' 2007 training camp was documented in the HBO/NFL Films documentary reality television series, *Hard Knocks: Training Camp with the Kansas City Chiefs* The series premiered on August 8, 2007.
After a strong 4--3 start, the Chiefs\' offensive woes slowed the team down. Five different running backs were used after Larry Johnson was injured in week 9 against Green Bay. The team also had no stability at quarterback with Huard and Brodie Croyle, while their offensive line depleted in the absence of their former Pro Bowl guard Will Shields.
The season ended with a nine-game losing streak, the team\'s first since 1987, and a 4--12 record. It was the Chiefs\' first season with 12 losses since 1978.
Head coach Herman Edwards continued to build upon the Chiefs\' roster with young players, mostly on defense, and attempted stabilize a once record-setting offensive line. The Chiefs continue to rebuild a defense that may quietly creep its way back to respectability.
To honor their late owner Lamar Hunt, the Chiefs wore a special American Football League patch on their uniforms with the initials \"LH\" emblazoned inside the logo\'s football.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2001--2017: The Chiefs in the early 21st century {#the_chiefs_in_the_early_21st_century}
### Rebuilding a contender, 2006--2012 {#rebuilding_a_contender_20062012}
#### 2008--2012 {#section_22}
In the 2008 season opener at New England, Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was hit in the leg by Chiefs safety Bernard Pollard, tearing his ACL and removing him from action for the rest of the year. Other than that, there was little else of note about the season, which saw Kansas City fall to a franchise-worst 2--14 record.
During the next offseason, the team made news by acquiring quarterback Matt Cassel (who had filled in for Brady during the previous year) and veteran linebacker Mike Vrabel from New England for a second-round draft pick, which was used to obtain LSU defensive end Tyson Jackson. The Chiefs were also awarded the 256th and last player in the draft for the first time since 1970, South Carolina kicker Ryan Succop. Also, Scott Pioli was hired as general manager, yet another acquisition from New England. On January 23, 2009, head coach Herm Edwards was fired. On February 6, 2009, former Arizona Cardinals offensive coordinator Todd Haley was hired as the team\'s 11th head coach.
There was little apparent sign of improvement as the Chiefs began 2009 by losing five games in a row before a victory over the Washington Redskins in Week 6. However, the team did manage to inflict an overtime defeat on the defending Super Bowl Champion Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 11, and closed out the year with a 4--12 record by overpowering Denver and preventing the Broncos from going to the playoffs. In that game, second-year running back Jamaal Charles set a franchise record by rushing for 259 yards.
The Chiefs got off to a 3--0 start in 2010, first by beating San Diego 21--14 on *Monday Night Football*. This was their first MNF win in a decade, in addition to their first home win over the Chargers since 2006. They followed up the next week with a 16--14 win in Cleveland, followed by a 31--10 thrashing of the San Francisco 49ers at home. The Chiefs entered their bye week as the only remaining undefeated team, but as most experts predicted, fell to Indianapolis 19--9 in Week 5. They lost a close game with the Houston Texans (35--31) in Week 6, beat Jacksonville in Week 7, and then won a razor-thin game against the winless Buffalo Bills. After going into overtime with a 10--10 score, neither team was able to score anything until Ryan Succop kicked a 35-yard field goal just as the clock reached 0:00 and avoiding a tie. Then came losses to Oakland and Denver, three straight wins over Seattle, Arizona, and Denver, a loss in San Diego, and wins over St. Louis and Tennessee. Losing the final game at home versus Oakland, the Chiefs finished 10--6 and won their first division title since 2003. However, the team\'s lack of postseason experience showed up as they were buried 30--7 by the Baltimore Ravens in the wild card round of the playoffs.
Kansas City began 2011 by losing its first three games, including blowout losses at home against Buffalo and at Detroit, where the Chiefs lost Jamaal Charles for the remainder of the season due to a torn ACL. However, the Chiefs were able to rebound from the slow start, winning their next four contests, including a thrilling overtime victory over San Diego on *Monday Night Football*. Unfortunately, the Chiefs would lose all momentum the following week when they were stunned at Arrowhead by the winless Miami Dolphins, losing quarterback Matt Cassel for the season with a hand injury. After losing four of the next five, the Chiefs fired head coach Todd Haley less than one year removed from a division title. With interim head coach Romeo Crennel and recently acquired quarterback Kyle Orton at the helm, the Chiefs were able to knock off then-undefeated Green Bay, and at 6--8, still had a shot at the division crown. The Chiefs would fall just short, however, losing 16--13 in overtime to arch-rival Oakland. The Chiefs would finish the 2011 season with a road win versus eventual AFC West champion Denver, finishing the season at 7--9.
The Chiefs hit rock bottom in 2012, with a passing game that was one of the worst of all time. Cassel was benched twice in favor of Brady Quinn, but neither quarterback could perform well enough to win more than one game each. Despite having a roster that produced five Pro Bowlers and a 1,500-yard rushing season from Charles, the Chiefs stumbled to a 1--9 record.
Kansas City\'s 2012 season took a tragic and bizarre turn on December 1 when linebacker Jovan Belcher murdered his girlfriend in an argument. He then drove to Arrowhead Stadium, where he got into a confrontation with Crennel and several other Chiefs employees in the parking lot. They attempted to calm him down, after which Belcher thanked them and immediately shot himself dead.
With the team scheduled to play against Carolina the next day, there was considerable controversy as to whether the game should go on, but in the end it was decided not to move or cancel it. In a half-empty stadium, the Chiefs won the emotional match 27--21.
After the Chiefs\' victory over Carolina, the team did not win again in the 2012 season, only averaging 5.75 points per game in their final four games, and finished the season on a four-game losing streak and with a 2--14 record on the season.
Following the 2012 season, both head coach Romeo Crennel and general manager Scott Pioli were fired from their positions. On January 4, the Chiefs signed former Philadelphia Eagles head coach Andy Reid, who had been fired after coaching the Eagles for the past fourteen years, and on January 13 of the same year the Chiefs hired John Dorsey to be their general manager.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2001--2017: The Chiefs in the early 21st century {#the_chiefs_in_the_early_21st_century}
### The Andy Reid era, 2013--present {#the_andy_reid_era_2013present}
#### 2013 {#section_23}
The Kansas City Chiefs, due to their 2--14 record in the season prior, received the #1 pick in the 2013 NFL draft, which was the first time in franchise history that team had the #1 pick in the NFL Draft that was not acquired in a transaction. However, about eight weeks prior to their first selection in the 2013 NFL Draft, the Chiefs traded for quarterback Alex Smith, who the year prior had been benched in favor of Colin Kaepernick on the San Francisco 49ers. The Chiefs were able to acquire Smith by trading their second round picks in 2013 and 2014. While this move did end up bringing the quarterback for the Chiefs for the next five years to Kansas City, the selection was only supported by a plurality of Chiefs fans at the time of the trade. After an offseason that brought players such as Sean Smith and Geoff Schwartz, the Chiefs selected Eric Fisher with the first pick in the 2013 NFL Draft, as well as selecting future four time Pro Bowler Travis Kelce in the third round of the same draft. In the 2013 season, the Chiefs started the season with an incredible start, tying the 2003 team as the best start in franchise history and being the last team undefeated in the 2013 season, starting out with a 9--0 record. However, due a more difficult second half of the Chiefs schedule and somewhat of a regression by the Chiefs defense, the team faltered down the stretch, going 2--5 in their final seven games.
Even though the team struggled near the end of the season, the Chiefs still clinched a playoff berth as a wildcard and played the Indianapolis Colts in the first round of the 2013--14 NFL playoffs. It seemed that the Chiefs would be able to win their first playoff game in twenty years and go on to the divisional round, but even though the Chiefs took a 38--10 lead in the early portion of the third quarter, the Chiefs were unable to contain the Colts offense and lost the game by only one point, 45--44.
#### 2014 {#section_24}
Entering the 2014 season, the Chiefs had the twenty-second pick in the 2014 NFL draft, and selected linebacker Dee Ford out of Alabama, as well as future starting right guard Laurent Duvernay-Tardif with the 200th pick of the same draft.
Unlike the 2013 season, the Chiefs were unable to get out to a good start on the year, as the Chiefs lost their first two and three out of their first five games. However, after a bye week in week 6, the Chiefs went on a tear, as they won their next five games, dominating the St. Louis Rams and the New York Jets, as well as beating the eventual Super Bowl participant Seattle Seahawks to put the team at a 7--3 record after ten games.
However, disaster struck as the team suffered a devastating loss to the winless 0--10 Oakland Raiders, who were able to upset the Chiefs on Thursday Night Football. This led to a three-game losing streak, which put the Chiefs at 7--6 on the season and desperately needing to win out for a chance to play in the NFL playoffs. This did not occur, as the Chiefs lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in Week 16 and eventually missed the playoffs with a 9--7 record.
One bright spot was LB Justin Houston, who set a franchise record with 22.0 sacks, only 0.5 sacks short of the NFL record set by Michael Strahan.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2001--2017: The Chiefs in the early 21st century {#the_chiefs_in_the_early_21st_century}
### The Andy Reid era, 2013--present {#the_andy_reid_era_2013present}
#### 2015 {#section_25}
Entering the 2015 season, the Chiefs had the 18th pick in the 2015 NFL draft, and selected cornerback Marcus Peters out of Washington, who would become the eventual Defensive Rookie of the Year and a two time Pro Bowler for the Kansas City Chiefs. In the same draft, the Chiefs also selected future starters such as Mitch Morse, Chris Conley, and Steven Nelson.
While the Chiefs were able to win their first game against the Houston Texans and in their second game of the season, they held a 24--17 lead with only two minutes to play against the Denver Broncos, who had won the past four AFC West championships, the Chiefs allowed a touchdown and then fumbled with less than 30 seconds remaining, sealing a victory for the Broncos. This loss was the first of five consecutive losses, and the team seemed to be spiraling out of control with a record of 1--5.
Thankfully for the Chiefs, the team overall began to play better and began an extremely improbable eleven game winning streak, beating the eventual Super Bowl Champion Denver Broncos in their third game of the streak, and this streak was able to give the Chiefs the push they needed to make the 2015--16 NFL playoffs, as they clinched in Week 16, and even had a chance to win the AFC West in Week 17 if the Broncos lost and the Chiefs won. While the Chiefs were able to beat the Oakland Raiders and uphold their end of the scenario, the San Diego Chargers fell short and were unable to beat the Denver Broncos, and the Broncos clinched the division and home-field throughout the AFC Playoffs.
In the Chiefs first game of the postseason, they matched up against the 9--7 Houston Texans, and after a 22-year drought, the Chiefs were finally able to win a playoff game as the Chiefs walloped the Texans 30--0. This victory was the first time the Chiefs had won a playoff game since 1993, and gave the Chiefs the chance to make the AFC Championship Game for only the second time in team history, if they could beat the New England Patriots on the road. The Chiefs were unable to beat the Patriots, as injuries and losing the turnover battle sealed the loss for the Chiefs, and they were unable to beat the Patriots and lost 27--20 in the divisional round.
One notable achievement during this season was the first award given to the Chiefs in the Andy Reid era, as Marcus Peters won the Defensive Rookie of the Year award, and Eric Berry also won the comeback Player of the Year award after beating his battle with cancer and playing well with the Chiefs in his first year after his treatment.
#### 2016 {#section_26}
In the 2016 NFL draft, the Chiefs traded back out of the first round and instead drafted with the 37th pick in the draft, and used this selection to draft Chris Jones. As well as drafting Chris Jones, the Chiefs selected eventual three-time Pro Bowler Tyreek Hill in the fifth round of the same draft.
The Chiefs start to the season was no more than mediocre, and the before their bye week the Chiefs were destroyed by the Pittsburgh Steelers 43--14, which put the Chiefs on 2--2 for the year. After the bye week, however, the Chiefs won their next five games and were sitting at 7--2 on the season until an upset occurred as the Tampa Bay Buccaneers were able to eke out a two-point victory against the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium, as the Bucs won 19--17. The Chiefs experienced an almost identical game against another team that missed the postseason, losing 19--17 to the Tennessee Titans at home. This loss put the Chiefs at 10--4 and the dream of a division title was in jeopardy. Heading into Week 17, the Chiefs were 11--4 and their rival, the Oakland Raiders, were 12--3 but the Raiders did not have the tiebreaker on the Chiefs. In order for the Chiefs to clinch the division, similar to the 2015 season, the Chiefs needed a win and the division leader to lose. Unlike 2015, however, the division leader lost as the Oakland Raiders were unable to start their quarterback, Derek Carr due to an injury and the Raiders lost to the Broncos. The Chiefs were able to pick up a crucial victory over the San Diego Chargers (which would also be their final game in San Diego) and clinch the division and a first-round bye.
Heading into the 2016-17 NFL playoffs, the Chiefs were 12--4 and claimed the second seed in the AFC. After the Pittsburgh Steelers were able to defeat the Miami Dolphins in the Wildcard Round, it was confirmed that the Chiefs would have to play the same team that beat them by 29 points fifteen weeks prior. While the Chiefs were able to hold Pittsburgh from scoring any touchdowns in their divisional round game, the Chiefs were only able to put up 16 points of offense and the Steelers\' six field goals were enough to put the Steelers into the AFC Championship Game and once again give a devastating playoff loss to the franchise.
#### 2017 {#section_27}
In the 2017 NFL draft, the Chiefs decided to trade up into the draft, giving up their first round selections in 2017 and 2018 as well as their third round pick in 2017 in order to move up to #10 in the draft. With this selection, the Chiefs selected Patrick Mahomes, their first quarterback drafted in the first round since 1983. While Mahomes would only start one game in the 2017 season, he was pegged to become the future of the franchise as the Chiefs had to trade a significant amount of draft capital in order to secure the quarterback. As well, during the offseason John Dorsey was fired and Brett Veach was promoted to become the Chiefs next general manager.
The Chiefs were able to start the season strong, and after five games the Chiefs were 5--0 on the season. However, the Chiefs were unable to keep the winning streak alive and instead started a streak in the other direction, losing six of seven and four in a row. This put the Chiefs at 6--6 on the season and they desperately needed a win against the Los Angeles Chargers to put themselves in a good position to win back to back AFC West titles. The Chiefs were able to beat the Chargers and move to 7--6. The Chiefs were able to win their next two games and clinch the AFC West in Week 16, which was the first time in team history that they had won consecutive division titles. With the Chiefs being locked into the #4 seed in the AFC, the Chiefs rested most of their starters and Patrick Mahomes started his first game of his career. While his numbers were not incredibly impressive, he showed raw talent with several impressive throws. He was also able to win this game, and the Chiefs finished the year at 10--6 and with the #4 seed in the AFC.
In the 2017--18 NFL playoffs, the Chiefs were matched up with the 9--7 Tennessee Titans, led by Marcus Mariota. The Chiefs were able to get out to an early 21--3 lead, but the offense and defense faltered down the stretch and the Chiefs lost another close playoff game as the final score was 22--21 Titans. One bright spot for the team was rookie sensation Kareem Hunt, who led the NFL in rushing yards and was selected to the Pro Bowl as well as being named Co-Offensive Rookie of the Year, along with Alvin Kamara.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2018--present: The Reid/Mahomes dynasty {#present_the_reidmahomes_dynasty}
### 2018: First AFC Championship Game in 25 years {#first_afc_championship_game_in_25_years}
In the same month as the playoff loss to the Tennessee Titans, a trade was announced between the Chiefs and the Washington Redskins, and after five years of starting at least 15 games in each year, Alex Smith was traded to the Redskins. In return, the Chiefs received Kendall Fuller and a third-round pick.
In the 2018 NFL draft, the Chiefs did not have a first-round selection due to their trade to acquire the selection to draft Patrick Mahomes, but they traded up to select Breeland Speaks in the second round of the NFL Draft. This draft also demonstrated the emphasis on improving the defense as the Chiefs only selected defensive players in the draft.
Identically to 2017, the Chiefs started out the season 5--0 and then lost their following game to an AFC juggernaut, this time to the New England Patriots in primetime. During this stretch, Patrick Mahomes threw ten touchdown passes in his first two games and four more over the next three. This was the start of an incredible campaign for the 23-year-old, as he finished the season with over 5,000 yards and 50 touchdowns, being the second quarterback in NFL history to accomplish that feat, only behind Peyton Manning. After the Chiefs fell to the Patriots, they then won their next four to sit at 9--1 heading into their game against the also 9--1 Los Angeles Rams. While Patrick Mahomes threw six touchdown passes and led his team to over 50 points, he also had five turnovers and the Chiefs became the first team in NFL history to lose a game while also scoring 50 points or more, as the Chiefs lost 54--51. The Chiefs then won their next two games to clinch a playoff berth in Week 14 as they were able to beat the Baltimore Ravens in overtime and sit at 11--2 on the season. Only needing a victory to secure a first-round bye and a third consecutive AFC West title, the Chiefs fell short against the Los Angeles Chargers and fell to 11--3 on the season as they lost 29--28. After the Chargers lost the following Saturday to the Baltimore Ravens and the Houston Texans lost to the Philadelphia Eagles, the Chiefs only needed to beat the Seattle Seahawks to clinch the #1 seed in the AFC and an AFC West title. The Chiefs, however, fell short and lost 38--31. Now sitting at 11--4 and only needing to beat the Oakland Raiders to clinch the #1 seed in the AFC but also having the risk of falling all the way to the #5 seed, the Chiefs walloped the 4--11 Oakland Raiders 35--3, and clinched their third consecutive AFC West title and the #1 seed in the AFC for the first time since 1997.
Heading into the 2018--19 NFL playoffs, the Chiefs were sitting at 12--4 and were the #1 seed in the AFC. After the Indianapolis Colts were able to beat the Houston Texans on the road, the Colts came to Kansas City to play the Chiefs in a divisional round matchup. The Colts to this point were 4--0 against the Chiefs in the playoffs and had given them plenty of trouble in the past. However, the Chiefs continued their stellar season with an impressive victory over the Colts, as the Chiefs won 31--13 and did not falter down the stretch like some of their previous postseason games in the Andy Reid era. This win came on a combination of four rushing touchdowns and a defense that only allowed six points, as the other seven came on a blocked punt that was recovered for a touchdown. With this victory, the Chiefs were able to host the AFC Championship Game for the first time in team history, and this was the first time ever that Kansas City had hosted a conference championship or a championship game in the AFL or NFL. After the New England Patriots beat the Los Angeles Chargers, the matchup was set: Patriots at Chiefs for the AFC Championship.
In the AFC Championship Game, the Chiefs started out slow and were shut out in the first half, and the Patriots were leading 14--0. By the fourth quarter, however, the Chiefs were winning 21--17. The teams traded blows during the fourth quarter, where the two teams combined to score 38 points in the quarter. Down 31--28 with one timeout and only 39 seconds to go, the Chiefs were able to drive down the field and kick a field goal to send the game into overtime. However, the Chiefs did not win the coin toss and the Patriots received the ball to begin overtime. The Chiefs were able to get the Patriots into three 3rd down and 10 to go situations, however the Patriots converted on all of them and eventually scored a touchdown to win the game by a score of 37--31. It was the third consecutive year where the Chiefs had lost a playoff game by six points or less.
The 2018 Chiefs also became the first team in NFL history to score at least 26 points in all of their games.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2018--present: The Reid/Mahomes dynasty {#present_the_reidmahomes_dynasty}
### 2019: First Super Bowl in 50 years {#first_super_bowl_in_50_years}
Heading into the 2019 offseason, the Chiefs had many key players that they cut, traded, or allowed to become free agents. Some of these players included Dee Ford (traded after being franchise tagged), Mitch Morse, Chris Conley, Allen Bailey, Justin Houston, Eric Berry, and more. The Chiefs also had to find a new defensive coordinator after the firing of Bob Sutton following the collapse against New England in the AFC Championship game. The Chiefs would hire Steve Spagnuolo as their defensive coordinator on January 24, 2019.
Kansas City enjoyed a 4--0 start before losing to the Indianapolis Colts and Houston Texans. Patrick Mahomes suffered a dislocated kneecap during the next game, a win over the rival Denver Broncos, missing the next two weeks. After an upset loss to the Tennessee Titans, the Chiefs would win their remaining games, including a Monday night game against the Los Angeles Chargers in Mexico City and a 23--16 win over the defending Super Bowl champions New England Patriots in Foxboro, to finish the season at 12--4, clinching the AFC West title and a first-round bye in the playoffs for the second consecutive season.
In the Divisional round of the playoffs, Kansas City faced a rematch against the Houston Texans, falling behind 24--0 in the second quarter. However, the Chiefs then scored 41 unanswered points, including 28 in the second quarter, on the way to crushing the Texans 51--31. It was the first time in NFL postseason history that a team came back from a deficit of 20 or more points to win by 20 or more points. The Chiefs then faced a rematch against the Tennessee Titans in the AFC Championship game. They once again found themselves behind early as Tennessee took a 10--0 lead, but Kansas City took the lead by halftime, thanks to two passing touchdowns from Mahomes to Tyreek Hill and a Mahomes touchdown run. The Chiefs ultimately won 35--24, avenging another regular season loss and clinching their first Super Bowl appearance in 50 years.
In Super Bowl LIV, the Chiefs were down 20--10 in the 4th quarter only to come back and win 31--20 to get their first Super Bowl in 50 years and second Super Bowl overall. Patrick Mahomes was named Super Bowl MVP for his 285-yard, 2-TD performance.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2018--present: The Reid/Mahomes dynasty {#present_the_reidmahomes_dynasty}
### 2020: Return to the Super Bowl {#return_to_the_super_bowl}
After their huge 2019 campaign, the Chiefs were ready to build up. However, running back Damien Williams opted out of playing the 2020 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This did not matter much, however, as the Chiefs used their first-round draft pick on star LSU running back Clyde Edwards-Helaire.
The 2020 season was a dominant season for the Chiefs, as they managed to enjoy their fourth straight 4--0 start, an NFL record. They also managed to break the franchise record for longest winning streak in history (previously held by the 2015 Chiefs) at 12 after a 34--20 week 3 win at Baltimore. Their first loss came at the hands of the Las Vegas Raiders, who beat them in Kansas City for the first time since the Chiefs\' miserable 2012 season; the loss ended the Chiefs\' franchise-record winning streak at 13. The Chiefs then went on to win ten straight games on their way to a league-high and franchise-best 14--2 record.
In the postseason, the Chiefs started off against the Cleveland Browns, who had just acquired their first playoff win in a quarter-century. The Chiefs held on to a 19--3 lead before Patrick Mahomes went down with a minor concussion. After that, the Browns attempted a comeback, trailing 22--17 in the final minutes. That\'s when Chiefs backup quarterback Chad Henne hit Tyreek Hill perfectly on fourth and inches in one of the gutsiest play calls in NFL history, to seal the victory. In their third straight AFC Championship Game at home (an NFL record), the Chiefs played the Buffalo Bills, who, like the Browns, had also just overcome a quarter-century playoff win drought. Despite trailing 9--0 in the first quarter, the Chiefs would remind fans of 2019 by scoring three straight touchdowns on their way to a thrilling 38--24 victory, to win their second straight Lamar Hunt trophy.
Super Bowl LV against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers was the fifth meeting between Mahomes and Tom Brady. The series was 2--2 heading into the game. What was supposed to be a battle for the ages instead became a domination. The Chiefs could not get anything going right, not scoring a single touchdown in the game for the first time in Mahomes\' career, as the Buccaneers crushed them 31--9. With the loss, the Chiefs were denied a second straight NFL title, which would have ended the streak at 15 for consecutive years without repeat world champions.
### 2021: Losing at the AFC Championship Game {#losing_at_the_afc_championship_game}
The 2021 season saw the Chiefs have a tough 3--4 start before winning their last 9 out of 10 games to win their 6th straight AFC West title to finish at 12--5 and the #2 seed of the playoffs.
In the postseason, the Chiefs started off against the Pittsburgh Steelers in what turned out to be Ben Roethlisberger\'s final game as a Steeler, the Chiefs would blow out the Steelers 42--21 in the Wild Card Round. The next week in what turned out to be the greatest divisional playoff game ever played, the Chiefs hosted the Buffalo Bills and with 13 Seconds left in regulation, the Chiefs kicked a 49-yard field goal to send the game into overtime. The Chiefs would win 42--36 in overtime on their first possession in overtime. This win, along with the Cincinnati Bengals upset win over the Tennessee Titans the previous day, the Chiefs hosted a 4th straight AFC Championship Game. In the AFC Championship Game, the Chiefs hosted the Cincinnati Bengals and what started as a dominant performance that lead to a monumental collapse as the Chiefs had a 21--3 at halftime and the Bengals would make a comeback to tie the game at 24--24 and send the game to overtime. The Chiefs won the toss, but on their first possession, Patrick Mahomes threw a long interception by Bengals SS Vonn Bell before the Bengals would win on a game winning field goal, thus denying the Chiefs a 3rd straight Super Bowl appearance, losing to the Bengals 27--24 in overtime. This game would also turn out to be Tyreek Hill\'s last game as a Chief before eventually trading to the Miami Dolphins the next season.
### 2022--23: Back--to--Back Super Bowls {#backtoback_super_bowls}
In 2022, the Chiefs finished with a 14--3 record and #1 seed in the AFC. They defeated the Jacksonville Jaguars and Cincinnati Bengals to make it to Super Bowl LVII, where they beat the Philadelphia Eagles 38--35, winning their franchise\'s third Super Bowl. In 2023, they finished with an 11--6 record and #3 seed in the AFC. They defeated the Miami Dolphins, Buffalo Bills, and Baltimore Ravens, which was their first AFC Championship game on the road, to reach Super Bowl LVIII, where they faced-off against the San Francisco 49ers for a rematch of Super Bowl LIV. They beat the 49ers 25--22 in overtime, the second game to do so in Super Bowl history. The Chiefs\' win made them the first back-to-back Super Bowl champions since the New England Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVIII in 2004 and Super Bowl XXXIX in 2005.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## 2018--present: The Reid/Mahomes dynasty {#present_the_reidmahomes_dynasty}
### 2024: Three--peat bid denied {#threepeat_bid_denied}
The Chiefs started at 9--0 for the first time since 2013. After a Week 14 19--17 win over the Los Angeles Chargers, they won their 9th straight AFC West title and after a Week 17 29--10 win on Christmas Day over the Pittsburgh Steelers, they clinched the AFC\'s #1 seed and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. After wins over the Houston Texans and Buffalo Bills, they advanced to their third straight Super Bowl appearance. However, their three--peat was denied as they were crushed by the Philadelphia Eagles 40--22 in Super Bowl LIX.
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# History of the Kansas City Chiefs
## Chiefs quarterbacks {#chiefs_quarterbacks}
Throughout the Chiefs\' six-decade existence, there have been 12 starting quarterbacks to lead the team. Among the most prolific include Hall of Famers Len Dawson and Joe Montana, as well as quarterbacks like Trent Green.
In the past few decades, the Chiefs have relied on veteran quarterbacks to lead their team. The last quarterback to be drafted by Kansas City that later went on to claim the starting position was Bill Kenney in 1980. Since Kenney\'s retirement in 1988. the Chiefs never drafted their own quarterback to develop until Brodie Croyle, whom started some games in 2007 and 2008, was drafted in 2006. When head coach Herman Edwards arrived in 2006, he stated that he was looking towards implementing younger players into his gameplan, and he was arguably looking to start at the quarterback position. The Chiefs acquired Matt Cassel in a trade with the New England Patriots in the 2009 offseason after a breakout performance with the Patriots in 2008 in place of the injured Tom Brady. Cassel was widely expected to be the team\'s franchise quarterback but was released in 2013.
The Chiefs have also had a repeated history of backup quarterbacks that steal the spotlight. Mike Livingston led the Chiefs to the playoffs in their 1969 season after starting quarterback Len Dawson was injured for the majority of the year. Most recently, Rich Gannon took over for the injured Elvis Grbac in the 1997 season, but was revoked of the job in favor of Grbac\'s return for the playoffs. The Chiefs lost in the playoffs to the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos. A similar incident occurred in the 2006 season and playoffs when Trent Green and the Chiefs\' offense failed to get a first down in the first 42 minutes of the game. Backup quarterback Damon Huard, who led the Chiefs on a 5--2 record in Green\'s absence, never played a down in the playoff loss to---coincidentally---the eventual Super Bowl champion Indianapolis Colts
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# The Mess We Made
***The Mess We Made*** is an album by British electronic musician Matt Elliott, released in the UK by Domino Records and in the United States by Merge Records in 2003 (see 2003 in music). The album was Elliott\'s first to be released under his given name, having retired the Third Eye Foundation name with 2001\'s *I Poo Poo on Your JuJu*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Let Us Break\" -- 7:00
2. \"Also Ran\" -- 6:25
3. \"The Dog Beneath the Skin\" -- 7:50
4. \"The Mess We Made\" -- 5:26
5. \"Cotard\'s Syndrome\" -- 8:43
6. \"The Sinking Ship Song\" -- 7:20
7. \"End\" -- 2:52
8
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# Esso women's hockey nationals
Hockey Canada\'s **Women\'s National Championship** for the Abby Hoffman Cup, sometimes known as the Esso **Women\'s Nationals** for sponsorship reasons, was a senior ice hockey championship from 1982 to 2008. The first edition was hosted in Brantford, Ontario from 1-4 April 1982 (originally known as the Shoppers Drug Mart Women\'s Nationals).
The competition typically featured nine or ten teams, mostly the provincial champions but also sometimes provincial all-star teams or a local host team. The winners won the Abby Hoffman Cup with gold medals, the runners up won the Fran Rider Cup with silver medals, and the third-place team won the Maureen McTeer Trophy with bronze medals. The Abby Hoffman Cup was donated by the Ontario Women\'s Hockey Association.
From 1982 to 2003, the teams were split into two somewhat even groups for round-robin play before the knockout games and the ranking or medal games. From 2004 to 2007, the teams were split into two distinct groups from which all five Pool A teams advanced to the knockout phase with only the Pool B winners. In 2008, the last year for the competition, the teams were again slit into two distinct groups, but only the four Pool A teams played for medals (CWHL and WWHL teams) while the four Pool B teams played for a B title.
## History
Since the split between the National Women\'s Hockey League and the Western Women\'s Hockey League in 2004, this was the only event in the professional women\'s hockey calendar that saw teams from the two leagues play against each other. Although an agreement between the NWHL and the WWHL was reached in 2006 to merge the two leagues (wherein the latter would be absorbed as a separate division of the former), difficulty in setting up the Nationals alongside an interlocking playoff format prevented the merger from taking place - the Nationals eventually would take place mere days after the WWHL playoffs and before the NWHL playoffs.
With the collapse of the NWHL soon after and the establishment of the Canadian Women\'s Hockey League in Eastern Canada, the Esso Nationals, which will also serve as a playoff of sorts between the WWHL and CWHL, received a format overhaul in 2008, in which the top two teams from the WWHL (representing British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan) and the top two teams from the CWHL (representing Ontario and Quebec) automatically qualified for the event. Teams representing the provinces without teams in either league filled out the remainder of the field, due to Hockey Canada requirements that every province be represented. The Abby Hoffman Cup was awarded to both the club pool and the team pool champions. Similarly, the Fran Rider Cup and the Maureen McTeer Trophy (the trophies awarded for the silver and bronze medalists at the Esso Nationals) were awarded in both the club and team pool tournaments.
To level the playing field (which in recent years had been dominated by club teams) for 2008, the four club teams played in a separate tournament from the four all-star teams (and thus two championships were awarded at the Esso Nationals), with the intent that the club pool (with the Clarkson Cup as its championship) would be splintered off into its own tournament at some point in the future. The 2008 tournament also saw the first American team to qualify, with the Minnesota Whitecaps joining the Calgary Oval X-Treme in representing the WWHL in the club pool. The format was the same for both the club and team tournaments: after the four teams played a single round robin pool, the four teams were seeded based on their standings and played a single-elimination tournament for the championship.
This arrangement had lasted for only one year; in 2009, the dispute between Clarkson and the Clarkson Cup\'s artists was settled, and a new championship, the National Canadian Women\'s Hockey Championship, was created for the professional teams, under the same format. However, this was not without cost as Hockey Canada elected to discontinue the Esso Women\'s Nationals in favour of the *Esso Cup*, a new national female midget \'AAA\' championship.
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# Esso women's hockey nationals
## Past winners {#past_winners}
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| Season | Winners | Score | Runners-up | MVP | Venue | Third Place |
+===========+================================+=======+===================================+=====================+========================================+===============================+
| 1981-82 | Agincourt Canadians\ | 3-2 | Edmonton Chimos | Dawn McGuire | Brantford, Ontario | Titan de Montréal |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1982-83 | Burlington Ladies\ | 6-3 | Edmonton Chimos | Barb Nugent | Brantford, Ontario | Maidstone Saskies |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1983-84 | Edmonton Chimos\ | 5-4 | St-Hyacinthe | Shirley Cameron | Spruce Grove, Alberta | Hamilton Golden Hawks (COWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1984-85 | Edmonton Chimos\ | 4-3 | Hamilton Golden Hawks (COWHL) | Angela James | Summerside, Prince Edward Island | Belvederes de Montréal |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1985-86 | Hamilton Golden Hawks (COWHL)\ | 7-2 | Maidstone Saskies | Linda DeAngelis | North Battleford, Saskatchewan | Edmonton Chimos |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1986-87 | Hamilton Golden Hawks (COWHL)\ | 3-2 | Edmonton Chimos | Angela James | Riverview, New Brunswick | Maidstone Saskies |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1987-88 | Sherbrooke Christin Autos\ | 4-3 | Edmonton Chimos | France St-Louis | Burlington, Ontario | Hamilton Golden Hawks (COWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1988-89 | Sherbrooke Christin Autos\ | 4-3 | North York Aeros (COWHL) | Tammy Bezaire | Coquitlam, British Columbia | Edmonton Chimos |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1989-90 | Sherbrooke Christin Autos\ | 5-1 | Edmonton Chimos | France St-Louis | Lloydminster, Saskatchewan | North York Aeros (COWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1990-91 | North York Aeros (COWHL)\ | 1-0 | Sherbrooke Christin Autos | France St-Louis | Verdun, Quebec | Edmonton Chimos |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1991-92 | Edmonton Chimos\ | 4-0 | North York Aeros (COWHL) | | Edmonton, Alberta | Sherbrooke Christin Autos |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1992-93 | North York Aeros (COWHL)\ | 4-3 | Edmonton Chimos | Jane Lagacé | Ottawa, Ontario | Repentigny |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1993-94 | Équipe du Québec\ | 5-2 | Edmonton Chimos | | Winnipeg, Manitoba | North York Aeros (COWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1994-95 | Équipe du Québec\ | 5-2 | Maritime Sport Blades | | Summerside, Prince Edward Island | Calgary Classics |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1995-96 | Équipe du Québec\ | 3-2 | North York Aeros (COWHL) | Hayley Wickenheiser | Moncton, New Brunswick | Maritime Sport Blades |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1996-97 | Edmonton Chimos\ | 3-2 | Équipe du Québec | France St-Louis | Richmond, British Columbia | North York Aeros (COWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1997-98 | Calgary Oval X-Treme\ | 3-2 | North York Aeros (COWHL) | France St-Louis | Calgary, Alberta | Équipe du Québec |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1998-99 | Équipe du Québec\ | 4-2 | Calgary Oval X-Treme | Hayley Wickenheiser | Mississauga, Ontario | North York Aeros (NWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 1999-2000 | North York Aeros (NWHL)\ | 2-1 | Équipe du Québec | Hayley Wickenheiser | Sydney, Nova Scotia | Calgary Oval X-Treme |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2000-01 | Calgary Oval X-Treme\ | 1-0 | Équipe du Québec | Caroline Ouellette | Summerside, Prince Edward Island | North York Aeros (NWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2001-02 | Équipe du Québec\ | 1-0 | North York Aeros (NWHL) | Kim St-Pierre | Arnprior, Ontario and Renfrew, Ontario | Brampton Thunder (NWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Quebec}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2002-03 | Calgary Oval X-Treme (NWHL)\ | 6-3 | Brampton Thunder (NWHL) | Danielle Goyette | Saskatoon, Saskatchewan | Équipe du Québec |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2003-04 | Toronto Aeros (NWHL)\ | 2-1 | Calgary Oval X-Treme (NWHL) | Hayley Wickenheiser | Sherwood Park, Alberta | Edmonton Chimos (NWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2004-05 | Toronto Aeros (NWHL)\ | 2-1 | Brampton Thunder (NWHL) | Cheryl Pounder | Sarnia, Ontario | Montreal Axion (NWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2005-06 | Brampton Thunder (NWHL)\ | 2-1 | Montreal Axion (NWHL) | Annie Desrosiers | Sydney, Nova Scotia | Calgary Oval X-Treme (WWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2006-07 | Calgary Oval X-Treme (WWHL)\ | 3-0 | Etobicoke Dolphins (NWHL) | Hayley Wickenheiser | Salmon Arm, British Columbia | Mississauga Aeros (NWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Alberta}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| 2007-08 | Mississauga Chiefs (CWHL)\ | 3-2 | Brampton Canadette-Thunder (CWHL) | Hayley Wickenheiser | Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island | Calgary Oval X-Treme (WWHL) |
| | `{{flag|Ontario}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
| | | | | | | |
+-----------+--------------------------------+-------+-----------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------+-------------------------------+
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# Esso women's hockey nationals
## Game details {#game_details}
- On March 22, 1998, Dana Antal scored at 5:31 of a 10-minute overtime period on a pass from Jennifer Botterill as Team Alberta (represented by the Calgary Oval X-Treme) defeated Team Ontario (represented by the Beatrice Aeros) by a 3-2 mark to win the Esso Nationals.
- The Calgary Oval X-Treme (Team Alberta) and the Brampton Thunder (Team Ontario) competed in the 2003 Esso Women\'s National Hockey Championship. Team Alberta won by a score of 6-3 in front of over 1,100 fans at Saskatchewan Place. Samantha Holmes scored twice while Colleen Sostorics and Delaney Collins each contributed two assists. Team Alberta outscored their opponents in the tournament 46 to 10. With the win, Team Alberta was awarded the Abby Hoffman Cup
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# December Looms
***December Looms*** is the second solo album by John Mann of Spirit of the West, released in 2007. The album is credited to **Mister Mann**.
The song \"By Tomorrow\" includes a songwriting credit for Mann\'s son Harlan.
The album garnered Mann a Western Canadian Music Award nomination for Songwriter of the Year.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"By Tomorrow\"
2. \"I\'ve Been Bad\"
3. \"I Play Blind\"
4. \"My Little Lamb\"
5. \"The New Normal\"
6. \"Port Town\"
7. \"When I Played Around With Knives\"
8. \"Traveling on the Coat-Tails\"
9. \"Wonderful Sign\"
10. \"Nothing Ever Dropped\"
11
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# José Samyn
**José Samyn** (11 May 1946 -- 28 August 1969) was a French professional road bicycle racer who died during a race in Zingem, Belgium.
Samyn was born in Quiévrain, Belgium to a Belgian mother and French father, he took French nationality in 1964 . As an amateur, he won the 1965 French Military Cycling Championship. In 1967, he won a stage of the Tour de France. The following year, however, a dope test carried out during the Tour proved positive. Samyn was expelled from the race, suspended for one month and fined.
He was the first winner of the GP Fayt-le-Franc, and after his death at Zingem the race was renamed *Le Samyn* (or *Memorial Samyn*) in his honor
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# Merlo J. Pusey
**Merlo John Pusey** (February 3, 1902 in Woodruff, Utah -- November 22, 1985 in Washington, D.C.) was an American biographer and editorial writer. He won the 1952 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography and the 1952 Bancroft Prize for his 1951 biography of U.S. Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes.
Born and raised on a farm near Woodruff, Utah, Pusey was a Latter-day Saint. He attended the Latter-day Saints University---now Ensign College---and graduated as a member of Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Utah after working on the college newspaper. He later became a reporter and assistant city editor at *The Deseret News* in Salt Lake City.
Pusey worked for *The Washington Post* from 1928 to 1971, becoming associate editor in 1946, continuing to contribute occasional pieces until about two years before his death.
Between 1931 and 1933, Pusey was a part-time member of the staff of the U.S. Senate Finance Committee. From 1939 until 1942, he was an instructor in journalism at George Washington University.
His interest in Roosevelt\'s \"court packing plan\" led directly to his biography of Hughes, who was chief justice at the time, and who gave him a number of interviews and full access to his private papers. Other books include *Big Government: Can We Control It?* (1945), *Eisenhower the President* (1956), *The* *USA Astride the World* (1971), and *Eugene Meyer* (1974), a biography of the financier and public official who bought *The Washington Post* at a bankruptcy sale in June 1933.
In later years, Pusey lived on a farm in Dickerson, Maryland. He was a member of the American Political Science Association, the Cosmos Club, and the National Press Club. After publishing *Ripples of Intuition*, a book of poetry, in 1984, he died of cancer in 1985.
## Books
- *The Supreme Court Crisis* (Macmillan, 1937)
- *Big Government: Can We Control It?* (Harper, 1945)
- *Charles Evans Hughes* (2 vols., Macmillan, 1951). Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography
- *Eisenhower, the President* (Macmillan, 1956)
- *The Way We Go to War* (Houghton Mifflin, 1969)
- *The USA Astride the Globe* (Houghton Mifflin, 1971)
- *Eugene Meyer* (Knopf, 1974)
- *Builders of the Kingdom, George A. Smith, John Henry Smith, George Albert Smith* (Brigham Young University, c1981)
- *Ripples of Intuition* (Eden Hill, 1984; Signature Books, Inc., 1986)
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# John H. Adams (jockey)
**John H. Adams** (September 1, 1914 -- August 19, 1995) was an American National Champion Thoroughbred racing jockey who was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1965.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Carlisle, Arkansas, John Adams was nicknamed the \"Iola Mite\" for his boyhood home in Iola, Kansas. He got his first ride at a county fair where his father was delivering feed for the horses and other livestock. His parents didn\'t want him to become a jockey and refused to sign the necessary papers for an apprenticeship, so Adams misrepresented his age and became a journeyman immediately.
## Jockey
John Adams began his professional riding career at Riverside Park Racetrack in Kansas City. He went on to become a leading jockey beginning in the mid-1930s, with 43 percent of his mounts finishing in the top three over a 24-year period ending in 1958, when he retired due to a back injury. During his career, he rode a number of winners for prominent owners such as Maine Chance Farm and Hasty House Farm. On the horses he considered the two best he ever rode, he won the 1939 Santa Anita Handicap with Kayak II and the 1954 Preakness Stakes with Hasty Road. Adams rode six winners at Bay Meadows Racetrack on April 7, 1938.
## Trainer
Upon retirement, Adams became a thoroughbred trainer. His first winner was ridden by his son, John R. Adams. His best known victory as a trainer occurred with J.O. Tobin\'s 1977 upset over Seattle Slew in the Swaps Stakes at Hollywood Park Racetrack.
Adams was the nation\'s leading rider in winning mounts in 1937, 1942, and 1943. In 1956 he was honored with the George Woolf Memorial Jockey Award, which is given by the Jockeys\' Guild annually to the thoroughbred horse racing jockey in North America who demonstrates high standards of personal and professional conduct, on and off the racetrack.
## Riding career {#riding_career}
- Years Active: 1935-1958
- Number of Mounts: 20,159
- Number of Winners: 3,270
- Number of Place Finishes: 2,704
- Number of Show Finishes: 2,635
- Purses Earned: \$9,743,109
- Winning Percentage: 16
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# Michael D. Ratchford
**Michael D. Ratchford** (August 1860 -- December 12, 1927) was an Irish-American labor leader and president of the United Mine Workers of America (UMWA) from 1897 to 1898. Ratchford is remembered for his leadership of a coal strike during the summer of 1897, which lead to the establishment of a national scale of wages and hours for the industry.
## Background
Michael D. Ratchford was born in August 1860 in County Clare, Ireland. He attended public school and emigrated to the United States in 1872 with his parents. The family settled in Massillon, Ohio, where Ratchford would marry the former Deborah Jordan in 1884.
## Career
Ratchford started working in coal mines when he was just 12 years old. He became active in the United Mine Workers of America after its formation in 1890 and was elected local union president that year. He was hired as an organizer by the international union in 1893 and was elected President of UMWA District 6 in 1895. After UMWA president Phil Penna declined to run for a full term in 1895, Ratchford was elected as his successor.
During his single term as UMWA president, Ratchford dramatically re-invigorated the union, which had been reduced to a membership of only 10,000 members with a treasury of just \$600 at the time. He led a hugely successful national coal miners\' strike in July 1897 which involved more than 100,000 workers. Supported by the American Federation of Labor, the strike lasted 12 weeks and shut down almost all coal production in the United States. The strike was settled when mine owners agreed to sign a national master contract, the Central Competitive Field Agreement. It covered all coal-producing states except West Virginia, a state in which the miners had failed to join the strike in significant measure. The agreement established the eight-hour day and dramatically raised wages to 65 cents per ton. More than 23,000 miners joined the union, raising its membership to 33,000 and putting its finances on firm financial ground.
Ratchford resigned as President in 1898 to serve on the United States Industrial Commission, remaining on it for two years. An ardent Republican and personal friend of both William McKinley and Mark Hanna, Ratchford was appointed Ohio\'s commissioner of labor statistics in 1900, a position which he would retain for eight years. In 1909, Ratchford was named commissioner of the Ohio Coal Operators, and in 1913, assumed the same position with the Illinois Coal Operators\' Association. He served in this last position until his death.
### Death
Michael Ratchford died age 67 in Massillon on December 12, 1927
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# Black-and-orange flycatcher
The **black-and-orange flycatcher** (***Ficedula nigrorufa***) or **black-and-rufous flycatcher** is a species of flycatcher endemic to the central and southern Western Ghats, the Nilgiris and Palni hill ranges in southern India. It is unique among the *Ficedula* flycatchers in having rufous coloration on its back and prior to molecular studies was suggested to be related to the chats and thrushes.
## Description
A distinctly coloured bird found mainly in the high-elevation areas of the Western Ghats, the Nilgiris, the Palnis and associated hill ranges. The male is distinctly black headed with black wings. The female has the black replaced by dark brown and has a light eye-ring. They are usually seen singly or in pairs.
The young bird at around two weeks of age is brownish orange with a whitish vent and abdomen. The head has dark streaks and the wings appear bluish with a trace of brown. There is a pale ring around the eye and the orange tail appears stumpy. Eight weeks after fledging they appear almost like adults except for patches of brown feathers in the crown.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The main population of this bird is found in the high elevation plateaus above 1500 m areas of the Nilgiris, Palani Hills, Biligiriranga Hills (Bellaji and Honnametti), and Kannan Devan Hills. They prefer areas with high leaf litter and undergrowth in open shola grassland habitats. The density was about 2.8 ha per pair during the breeding season. It is a highly parochial bird and no local movements other than dispersal of young has been noted. To the north, it occurs in the Kudremukh National Park and the Bababudan Hills and south to the Ashambu Hills. Some old records of the species from Maharashtra and Sri Lanka have been considered dubious.
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# Black-and-orange flycatcher
## Behaviour and ecology {#behaviour_and_ecology}
In the breeding season, March to May, these birds are very vocal and they have a repetitive \"chee-ri-rirr\" or a whistling song \"whee-chee-ree-rirr\". They feed on insects by flycatching low over the ground (under 2m height) and also pick insects from the ground. Territories are maintained by a pair throughout the year. The threat display involves the male pointing bill up, fanning the tail, opening wings and producing \"keet-keet\" notes. The alarm call is a *zit-zit*. Males are usually involved in defense but females may sometimes join in. The nest is built by the female, placed in a low bush or fern. Two greyish speckled eggs form the usual clutch. Young birds are brownish and speckled. The nest is unlike that of most flycatchers and is large, coarse, ball-like and made from sedges. The nest has a foundation of dry leaves and ferns. The nest has an external diameter of about 6 in and the egg cavity which is devoid of any lining is about 2 in in diameter and 2 in deep. The nest is placed usually at the centre of a bush at about 1 to height with an entrance hole close to the top.
The peak feeding activity of the birds is early in the morning and towards dusk. During these period they capture as many as 100 insects an hour whereas at mid-day they are half as efficient.
The black-and-orange flycatcher along with the rufous-chested flycatcher (*Ficedula dumetoria*) are the only sedentary species within the genus *Ficedula* and lack the longer and more pointed wing morphology of the long distant migrant members
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# Jeffrey T. Richelson
**Jeffrey Talbot Richelson** (31 December 1949 -- 11 November 2017) was an American author and academic researcher who studied the process of intelligence gathering and national security. He authored at least thirteen books and many articles about intelligence, and directed the publication of several of the National Security Archive\'s collections of source documents.
Richelson was notable for his relentless Freedom of Information requests in order to further scholarship in intelligence and espionage. According to Bruce D. Berkowitz, Richelson was once avoided by the intelligence community as an outsider and a security risk, but gradually became trusted to the extent that he was invited to Central Intelligence Agency sponsored conferences.
Richelson grew up in the Bronx and earned his BA from the City College of New York. He completed a PhD in political science at the University of Rochester in 1975 and went on to teach at the University of Texas, Austin and American University. Richelson was a senior fellow with the National Security Archive.
## Books
- *Social choice theory and Soviet national security decisionmaking.* Center for International and Strategic Affairs UCLA. 1982. `{{ISBN|978-0-86682-048-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- *United States strategic reconnaissance: photographic/imaging satellites.* Center for International and Strategic Affairs UCLA. 1983. `{{ISBN|978-0-86682-050-9}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Jeffrey Richelson and Desmond Ball. *The ties that bind: intelligence cooperation between the UKUSA countries*. Allen & Unwin. 1985. `{{ISBN|0-04-327092-1}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Sword and shield: the Soviet intelligence and security apparatus*. Ballinger Publishing Company. 1986. `{{ISBN|0-88730-035-9}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *American espionage and the Soviet target*. William Morrow. 1987. `{{ISBN|0-688-06753-0}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Foreign intelligence organizations.* Ballinger Publishing Company. 1988. `{{ISBN|0-88730-121-5}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *America\'s secret eyes in space: the U.S. Keyhole spy satellite program.* Harper & Row. 1990. `{{ISBN|0-88730-285-8}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *A century of spies: intelligence in the twentieth century.* Oxford University Press. 1995. `{{ISBN|0-19-507391-6}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{ISBN|0-19-511390-X}}`{=mediawiki} (paperback).
- *The U.S. intelligence community.* First edition. Ballinger Publishing Company. 1985. `{{ISBN|0-88730-024-3}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Second edition. Ballinger Publishing Company. 1989. `{{ISBN|0-88730-245-9}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Third edition. Westview Press. 1995. `{{ISBN|978-0-8133-2376-3}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Fourth edition. Westview Press. 1999. `{{ISBN|978-0-8133-6893-1}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Fifth edition. Westview Press. 2007. `{{ISBN|978-0-8133-4362-4}}`{=mediawiki}.
- [Sixth edition](https://books.google.com/books?id=6eKztvOk_aIC)`{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki}. Westview Press. 2012. `{{ISBN|978-0-8133-4512-3}}`{=mediawiki}. `{{oclc|701015423}}`{=mediawiki}.
- [Seventh edition](https://books.google.com/books?id=IiedBAAAQBAJ). Westview Press. 2016. `{{ISBN|978-0-8133-4918-3}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *America\'s space sentinels: DSP satellites and national security*. University of Kansas Press. 1999. `{{ISBN|0-7006-0942-3}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *The Wizards of Langley: inside the CIA\'s Directorate of Science and Technology.* Westview Press. 2001. `{{ISBN|0-8133-6699-2}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Spying on the bomb: American nuclear intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea.* Norton. 2006. `{{ISBN|0-393-05383-0}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Jarrod Emick
**Jarrod Emick** (born July 2, 1969) is an American actor who primarily acts in musicals. He received a Tony Award, a Drama Desk Award, and a Theatre World Award for his performance in the 1994 revival of *Damn Yankees*.
## Biography
Emick grew up in Oral, South Dakota, attended Hot Springs High School in nearby Hot Springs, South Dakota, and later attended South Dakota State University.
Emick\'s Broadway debut was in *Miss Saigon* as a replacement for the role of Chris. However, it was his next role, in *Damn Yankees*, that won him acclaim---a Tony for Best Featured Actor in a Musical, a Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor, and a Theatre World Award.
Subsequent roles included Brad Majors in *The Rocky Horror Show*, Greg Connell in *The Boy From Oz*, and a role in the musical *Ring of Fire*.
Apart from theatre, Emick appeared in the 1996 TV movie *Andersonville*.
In 2005, he played the role of F. Scott Fitzgerald in Frank Wildhorn\'s *Waiting For The Moon*, opposite Lauren Kennedy.
He was seen playing Michael Wiley in *Contact* at the North Shore Music Theatre.
Emick played the roles of the Doctors in *Next to Normal* at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater through January 2012.
Emick played the role of Tick/Mitzi in *Priscilla, Queen of the Desert* at the Ogunquit Playhouse from August 10 to September 3, 2016.
As of 2019, Emick lives in Las Vegas with his wife and two sons
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# Thomas Osbert Mordaunt
Lieutenant-General **Thomas Osbert Mordaunt** `{{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FRS}}`{=mediawiki} (1730 -- 13 February 1809) was a British Army officer and poet, known for \"The Call\".
## Military career {#military_career}
Thomas Osbert Mordaunt was the son of Colonel Charles Mordaunt and Anne Howe. His grandfather, Brigadier-General Lewis Mordaunt, was the younger brother of Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough, sometime First Lord of the Treasury. He was commissioned ensign and lieutenant in the 2nd Regiment of Foot Guards on 27 January 1753, and promoted captain-lieutenant in the 10th Regiment of Dragoons on 25 December 1755. He was further promoted to captain in 1759.
Mordaunt served with the regiment in Europe during the Seven Years\' War. At the Battle of Warburg on 31 July 1760 the squadron he served in was volleyed twice by a regiment of German grenadiers, and his commanding officer was killed. Taking command of the survivors, Mordaunt charged the Germans, capturing 300 men and two brass cannon. Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel described it as one of the \"prodigies of valour\", and the captured cannon were displayed at the Tower of London. Mordaunt was promoted to major in 1764, and then advanced to command the regiment as a lieutenant-colonel on 25 October 1770. He was promoted to colonel on 25 November the following year, and remained in command through the American Revolutionary War, spending most of the war garrisoned in Scotland.
Mordaunt was promoted to major-general on 26 November 1782 and advanced to lieutenant-general on 18 October 1793. Having not been promoted any further, he died at his house in St James\'s, London, on 13 February 1809.
## Poetry
Mordaunt is best remembered for his oft-quoted poem \"The Call\", written during the Seven Years\' War of 1756--1763:
: \"Sound, sound the clarion, fill the fife!
: Throughout the sensual world proclaim,
: One crowded hour of glorious life
: Is worth an age without a name.\"
For many years, the poem was incorrectly attributed to Mordaunt\'s contemporary, Sir Walter Scott. Scott had merely quoted a stanza of the poem at the beginning of Chapter 34 (Chapter XIII of Volume II) of his novel *Old Mortality*.
*One Crowded Hour*, Tim Bowden\'s biography of Australian combat cameraman Neil Davis, takes its title from a phrase used in \"The Call\". Arthur Conan Doyle\'s short story, *One Crowded Hour*, makes ironic use of the same phrase. The band Augie March had a song called ''One Crowded Hour'' in its honour
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# Nakano School
The `{{nihongo|'''Imperial Japanese Army Nakano School'''|陸軍中野学校|Rikugun Nakano Gakkō}}`{=mediawiki} was the primary training center for military intelligence operations by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.
## History
The Imperial Japanese Army had always placed a high priority on the use of unconventional military tactics. Before the time of the First Sino-Japanese War, Japanese operatives, posing as businessmen, and Buddhist missionaries in China, Manchuria and Russia established detailed intelligence networks for the production of maps, recruiting local support, and gathering information on opposing forces. Japanese spies would often seek to be recruited as personal servants to foreign officers or as ordinary laborers for construction projects on foreign military works. Such activities fell under the oversight of the 2nd Section of the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office.
In July 1938, after a number of attempts to penetrate the military of the Soviet Union had failed, and efforts to recruit White Russians had failed, Army leadership felt that a more \"systematic\" approach to the training of intelligence operatives was required. `{{nihongo|Lt. Col. Shun Akigusa|秋草 俊}}`{=mediawiki} was instructed to organize the curriculum of a special training school, to be located in 4 Chome Nakano of Nakano, Tokyo. The sign on the school read \"Army Correspondence Research Center\" to make the public believe that the school was focused on correspondence and not top secret training
The Nakano School was initially focused on Russia, teaching primarily Russian as a foreign language. In 1940, administration of the school was handed over to `{{nihongo|Lt. Col. Masao Ueda|上田昌雄}}`{=mediawiki}, who in 1938 had provided considerable intelligence on Russia from his post as military attaché (a common position for Nakano graduates) in Poland.
After the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the start of World War II, the Nakano School changed its focus to southern targets. After the firebombing of Tokyo, it was relocated to Tomioka-machi, Gunma prefecture.
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# Nakano School
## Operations
A small school, over its history, the Nakano School had over 2500 graduates, who were trained in a variety of subject matters related to counterintelligence, military intelligence, covert operations, sabotage, foreign languages, and aikido, along with unconventional military techniques in general such as guerrilla warfare. Extended courses were provided on a wide variety of topics including philosophy, history, current events, martial arts, propaganda, and various facets of covert action.
While small, its graduates occasionally had dramatic successes, such as the intact capture of oil facilities in Palembang, Netherlands East Indies, by Nakano School-trained paratroopers. Nakano graduates were also very active in Burma, India, and Okinawa campaigns.
*F Kikan*, *I Kikan* and *Minami Kikan* (ja) were heavily staffed with Nakano graduates. *F Kikan* and *I Kikan* were directed against British India, and were instrumental in forming the Indian National Army and supporting the Azad Hind movement in Japanese-occupied Malaya and Singapore. It also worked with Indonesian nationalists seeking the independence of the Netherlands East Indies. Its efforts to promote anti-British and anti-Dutch movements lasted past the end of the war, and played a role in the independence of India and Indonesia.
Minami Kikan supplied and led the Burmese National Army to engage in anti-British subversion, intelligence-gathering and later direct combat against British forces in Burma.
In China, one Nakano School operation was the unsuccessful attempt to weaken China\'s Nationalist government by introducing large quantities of forged Chinese currency using stolen printing plates from Hong Kong.
Towards the end of the war, graduates of the Nakano School expanded their activities within Japan itself, where their training in guerilla warfare were needed to help organize civilian resistance against the prospective American invasion of the Japanese home islands.
## Post-war era {#post_war_era}
Although the Nakano School was abolished at the end of World War II with the surrender of Japan, many graduates continued to play significant roles in Japan\'s military intelligence hierarchy and the wider business community, a result of a general deal between the head of Japanese intelligence, Lieutenant General Seizo Arisue (有末精三) and General MacArthur (who wanted the Japanese intelligence on the Soviet Union).
At the start of the U. S. occupation of Japan in 1945, the four line companies and headquarters detachment of the Eighth Army\'s 720th Military Police Battalion was sent to Tokyo from the South Pacific and quartered in the abandoned Nakano School. In 1948, the facility was renamed Camp Burness in memory of a Battalion member who had died in a plane crash near New Guinea during the Pacific War. Later that year, after a fire destroyed the \"B\" Company barracks, the Battalion was moved to the former Japanese Imperial Navy Academy in the Tsukiji area of Tokyo.
Nakano School graduate Second Lieutenant Hiroo Onoda did not surrender until 1974 on Lubang Island in the Philippines. Nakano School graduate Second Lieutenant Kikuo Tanimoto volunteered for the Vietnam Independence War as an adviser in the Quang Ngai Army Academy (*Trường Lục quân trung học Quảng Ngãi*)
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# Grant Park, Winnipeg
**Grant Park** is a neighbourhood in the River Heights area of southern Winnipeg, Manitoba. Its general boundaries are Grant Avenue to the north, Stafford Street to the east, the CNR Mainline to the south, and Cambridge Street to the west.
## History
The Grant Park neighbourhood was one of the last areas in the former City of Winnipeg to develop.
The land around what would become **Grant Avenue**---now one of Grant Park\'s most prominent streets---was first developed with the introduction of the Harte Subdivision for the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (later Canadian National Railway) in 1908. When the ground of the railway track sank between Pembina Highway and Cambridge Street, the builders had to refix it with cement, rocks, and gravel. This track was later declared surplus and sold to the City. The tracks were removed, the ground was redone, the street expanded to include a service road and renamed Grant Avenue.
From the early 1900s to 1960, some of the area along the rail line in present-day Grant Avenue became home to a Métis shanty town known as Rooster Town. At its peak in the 1930s, Rooster Town reached from Winnipeg\'s Stafford Street to Lindsay Street. Following World War II, with the uniquely fast rate at which Winnipeg was suburbanizing, development on cheap land just north of Rooster Town lead to new homes beginning to infringe on Rooster Town territory. In 1949, the children of Rooster Town saw their first opportunity to receive an education, with the construction of Rockwood School in the northeast corner of the settlement.
In the late 1950s, residents of Rooster Town were pressured to relocate their homes in order to make way for the construction of a new shopping centre, today\'s Grant Park Shopping Centre. In 1959, the remaining residents were evicted and their homes were burnt or torn down. Chiefly because of the presence of Rockwood School and Grant Park High School (opened in 1959), the neighbourhood around the schools became more organized. Finally, by the early 1960s, Rooster Town was absorbed by a new middle-class suburb of ratepayers.
In the late 1960s, construction for the Grant Park Shopping Centre complex was complete; it originally featured a Woolco, Gambles, Safeway, and Dominion stores. The Pan Am Pool was also built during this time so that Winnipeg could host the 1967 Pan American Games. Until 2006, Pan Am was home to the Canadian Aquatic Hall of Fame. Also around the same time that the shopping centre and pool were being constructed, various mid-rise and high-rise apartment buildings were being built. Some of the apartment blocks have undergone major interior and exterior renovations.
## Demographics
As of the 2006 Census, the population of the Grant Park neighbourhood was 2,700 people, which grew to 2,725 by the 2016 Census. Nearly 40% of the population are a visible minority, and 8% of them are Aboriginal. Almost 21% of the people are not affiliated with any religions. The average household income in the area is CA\$57,477.
Minority groups in Grant Park, Winnipeg
-----------------------------------------
Population group
**Non-visible minority (White)**
Visible minority group
**Total visible minority population**
Aboriginal group
**Total Aboriginal population**
***Total population***
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
- Pan Am Pool
- Grant Park Shopping Centre
- Grant Park High School
- Manitoba Electrical Museum
- Manitoba Hydro, 820 Taylor Ave.
- CN Mainline
- Between 1976 and the mid-1990s, Winnipeg Videon had their administration and head offices located in the area, at 651 & 657 Stafford Street
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# Azerbaijan Communist Party (1993)
The **Azerbaijan Communist Party** (*Azərbaycan Kommunist Partiyası, AzKP; Азəрбаjҹан Коммунист Партиjасы, АКП*) is a communist party in Azerbaijan. AzKP was set up in 1993 by Ramiz Ahmadov (6 March 1939 -- 10 September 2007) and registered by the Justice Ministry in 1994.
Note that there are two parties named \"Communist Party of Azerbaijan\". They are completely different parties, with completely different leaders. One is a member of the \"UPC-CPSU\", while the other one is a member of the \"CPSU (2001)\".
## Ideology
The AzKP often criticizes United States politics in the region. In 2004 after the US State Department told that US was not planning to impose sanctions on Nagorno Karabakh, Ahmadov said that the Americans underhandedly supported the Armenian interests and that Washington was not interested in the settlement of the conflict. He also added that the great powers are making use of the Karabakh conflict for their own interests.
The AzKP was strongly against the Azeri participation into the Iraq War and it often expressed solidarity to Palestinian people and Cuba.
## Factions
### 1996
A splinter group from the main Communist Party of Azerbaijan (led by Firudin Hasanov) was formed in 1996. CPA-2 developed close relation with the government of the country and for a brief period it was the only legally registered communist party in the country.
Hasanov was a candidate in Azerbaijan\'s 1998 presidential election and he arrived fourth obtaining 29.224 votes (0.87%). Leaders of the other Azeri communist parties describe Hasanov as a \"traitor\" for his collaboration with the government.
In 2000 the newspaper \"*Bu Gun*\" reported that Hasanov was considering a merger with the ruling New Azerbaijan Party (NAP), but the party\'s press secretary Seyran Veliev refuted such claims, saying they had no intention of merging with the NAP.
### 2011 {#section_1}
It was founded on 31 October 2011 by the merger of the Azerbaijan Communist Party (on Platform of Marxism--Leninism) (ACP-PM-L) and the Communist Party of Azerbaijan headed by Alasgar Khalilov. At the unification congress Telman Nurullayev, the former head of the (AKP-PML), was elected the party\'s First Secretary and was also elected to the Politburo. Representatives from fraternal communist parties, such as the Socialist Party of Latvia and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, were presented at the congress.
## Leaders
On 10 September 2007, party chief Ramiz Ahmadov died after a long illness. His body was sent for burial in his native Quba. From 2000 to 2005 Ahmadov had been a member of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.
Rauf Gurbanov was elected chairman of the party after a long dispute with Rustam Shahsuvarov. Gurbanov was replaced by Haji Hajiyev.`{{when|date=October 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
## Results
The party claims that it has 60.000 members. The party publishes the newspaper *Azərbaycan Həqiqəti*.
In the parliamentary election of 5 November 2000 and 7 January 2001, the party won 6.3% of the popular vote and 2 out of 125 seats.
In the parliamentary elections of 6 November 2005 won no seats, but the chairman Ramiz Ahmadov was not running due to health problems.
In the municipal election of 17 December 2004, the party did very well and it elected 128 members to the local municipalities.
In the presidential election of 15 October 2008, the AzKP supported the candidate from the Yeni Azerbaijan ruling party, current president of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev.
The AzKP is part of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (2001)
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# CNN Special Investigations Unit
***CNN Special Investigations Unit*** is an American investigative documentary program on CNN weekends.
Expanding upon *CNN Presents*, SIU focuses on each episode being an in depth investigative report about news stories being covered, commonly featuring a number of interviews with experts on the issue and people who have witnessed the story taking place. The reports are commonly long-form, allowing for the network to cover more information and perspectives than would be available during a 5-minute report on another CNN program, such as *CNN Newsroom*.
Compared to *Presents*, the show has taken a slightly larger point of the reporting being done by CNN reporters, the first commercials promoting the program largely showing pictures of anchors and reporters on locations, asking questions to people on the locations. In addition, the look and feel of the show has changed somewhat drastically, adding more emphasis on the graphics used to present the program itself, in addition to the stories being covered. In addition, presentations on SIU are shorter in length than on *Presents*, which is now used as a special event for larger special reports that take place on a long-term basis.
Since the program\'s introduction, the network has slowly shifted towards relabeling past *Presents* presentations into *SIU* formatted ones, changing the graphics to reflect the new general label given to long-form reporting done by the network.
*CNN Special Investigations Unit* has been hosted by chief international correspondent Christiane Amanpour, anchors Anderson Cooper, John Roberts, and Soledad O\'Brien, chief medical correspondent Dr. Sanjay Gupta, correspondents John King, Candy Crowley, Abbie Boudreau, Drew Griffin and others
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# Milton-Freewater Unified School District
The **Milton-Freewater Unified School District** (#7) is a school district in the U.S. state of Oregon in that serves the city of Milton-Freewater and the surrounding area.
## Demographics
In the 2009 school year, the district had 7 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, or 0.4% of students in the district.
## Schools
- McLoughlin High School
- Central Middle School is home to grades six, seven, and eight. There are approximately 45 staff and 400 students. Central\'s school mascot is the Cougar.
- Freewater Elementary School serves approximately 350 third, fourth, and fifth grade students with 44 staff. Freewater\'s school mascot is the Wildcat.
- Grove Elementary School houses the primary grades, kindergarten, first, and second. Approximately 350 students are served by 53 staff.
- Ferndale Elementary School is the district\'s only rural school located five miles North of town. 42 staff serve approximately 300 students
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# European Road Transport Research Advisory Council
The **European Road Transport Research Advisory Council** (ERTRAC) is a European organisation on road transport, which brings together several road transport stakeholders, such as consumers, vehicle manufacturers, component suppliers, road infrastructure operators and developers, service providers, energy suppliers, research organisations, cities and regions as well as public authorities at both European Union and national level.
The programme is a joint initiative (Public-Private Partnership) of the European Commission, representing the European Communities, and the industry. The main objective of ERTRAC is to produce a **Strategic Research Agenda**
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# Paper Anniversary (album)
***Paper Anniversary*** is the third album by Canadian folk-pop singer Christine Fellows, released in 2005 on Six Shooter Records.
The album was recorded in Fellows\' own home, largely on her own but with contributions from her husband John K. Samson, his Weakerthans bandmate Jason Tait, cellist Leanne Zacharias, violist Monica Guenter and multi-instrumentalist Barry Mirochnick.
The album is framed by two songs, \"Foreword\" and \"Afterword\", that are written from the perspective of Klaus Burlakow, a Winnipeg city bureaucrat who was arrested for bank robbery in 2003, with Fellows stating that she was \"fascinated by the way this guy could live a double life\". Fellows explained that she had tried to write from a more fictionalized rather than autobiographical perspective on the album, although she acknowledged that \"Vertebrae\" was written about visiting her dying grandfather in the hospital, and some lyrical details in the songs were drawn from her personal and professional relationships with Samson and Zacharias. \"Instructions on How to Dissect a Ground Owl\" was based on a translation of a poem by Julio Cortázar.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Stewart Mason of AllMusic compared the album to the work of Lisa Germano, Aimee Mann and Fiona Apple.
Shawn Conner of the *Vancouver Courier* praised the album, writing that it is \"filled with perfect miniatures as finely wrought and layered as a *New Yorker* short story, with an inviting first line and an eye for detail,\" and noted that the album \"was made in Winnipeg, and the city\'s famous winters, its isolation and stillness set the tone for this sublime and affecting work\". He concluded that \"a perfect record in nearly every respect, *Paper Anniversary* is easily one of the best albums of the year.\"
Michael Barclay of the *Waterloo Region Record* was more dismissive, writing that \"while *Paper Anniversary* boasts lovely arrangements and performances, Fellows\' hoser schoolteacher vocals suffer from over-enunciation in search of a melody, even though her lyrics hold up perfectly as poetry on paper,\" but acknowledged that it would likely appeal to fans of Veda Hille.
Silas Polkinghorne of the *Saskatoon Star-Phoenix* named the album, alongside Rae Spoon\'s *White Hearse Comes Rolling*, Jason Collett\'s *Idols of Exile* and Constantines\' *Tournament of Hearts*, as works that had been on his ballot for the 2006 Polaris Music Prize, with Wolf Parade\'s *Apologies to the Queen Mary* being the only album on the shortlist that he had voted for.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Foreword\"
2. \"Vertebrae\"
3. \"Road Trip\"
4. \"Migrations\"
5. \"Face Down, Feet First\"
6. \"Instructions on How to Dissect a Ground Owl\"
7. \"Paper Anniversary\"
8. \"Souvenirs\"
9. \"Double Takes\"
10. \"We Two\"
11. \"Phantom Pains\"
12. \"Departures/Arrivals\"
13. \"Paper Anniversary (Reprise)\"
14
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# Ho Chi Minh City College of Stage Performance and Cinematics
**Ho Chi Minh City College of Stage Performance and Cinematics** is a college in District 1, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The college provides college degree courses (3-3.5 years) in stage performance and cinematics
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# World Interplay
**World Interplay** is the largest festival of young playwrights in the world. It is the peak activity of the Interplay organisation, and is held for two weeks every two years in Townsville, Australia. The first World Interplay was held in Sydney in 1985.
## Overview
The 10th festival was held 3--17 July 2007. The 2007 Festival Director was the Australian theatre director David Berthold.
The 11th Festival was held in Cairns, QLD 2009. The 2009 Festival Director was Australian theatre director Kate Gaul.
40 playwrights aged between 18 and 26 came from across Australia, China, Croatia, England, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Kenya, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore, Switzerland, Turkey, and the USA. They were joined by senior directors and dramaturgs from ten nations for two weeks of workshops, forums and cultural exchange. The acclaimed Australian writer Louis Nowra delivered the opening address.
At World Interplay 2003 and 2005, playwrights came from nations such as Bulgaria, Cambodia, Croatia, the Czech Republic, England, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, Switzerland, the U.S., Venezuela, and Vietnam, as well as Australia.
World Interplay is supported by the Australia Council, Arts Queensland, Townsville City Council, James Cook University, and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia). Long term partner organisations include the Royal Court Theatre and the Utrecht School of the Arts.
## Interplay Europe {#interplay_europe}
Interplay Europe is held in alternate years to World Interplay, and involves young playwrights from across Europe. The first Interplay Europe was held in 1995. in Berlin and Interplay Europe e.V became official in 1998., which was also in Berlin.
Interplay Africa held festivals in 1994 and 1996, and has worked in other areas since
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# Recreational Demonstration Area
The **Recreational Demonstration Area** program (also known as the **Recreation Demonstration Area** program) was a National Park Service program during the 1930s and early 1940s that built forty-six public parks in twenty-four states on 397000 acre, chiefly near urban areas in the United States. The NPS used labor from a variety of Great Depression federal relief programs, chiefly the Civilian Conservation Corps and Works Progress Administration, to build recreational demonstration areas. By the end of World War II, the recreational demonstration areas had all either become National Park Service units or been given to their states for use as state parks.
The goals of the Recreation Demonstration Area program were typically threefold: 1) to develop land as a park; 2) to provide employment; and 3) to create new parks near urban areas. For the first goal, in some cases the land developed was purchased from sub-optimal farmers, providing some of the poorest farmers with relief. In other cases, state lands (in state forests or parks) were developed. In the second case, the CCC and WPA laborers received payment, and in the CCC, room and board. Finally, the residents of nearby urban areas benefited from new nearby recreation areas.
## List
The following is a list of the forty six former recreational demonstration areas.
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| **Name** | **State** | **Now ** | **Current Name(s)** | **Remarks** |
+==========================================================+==========================+===========+==================================================================+===============================================================================================================================================================================+
| Acadia Recreational Demonstration Area | Maine | Federal | Acadia National Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Alexander H. Stephens Recreational Demonstration Area | Georgia | State | A.H. Stephens State Historic Park | State park extension |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Badlands Recreational Demonstration Area | South Dakota | Federal | Badlands National Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Beach Pond Recreational Demonstration Area | Rhode Island | State | Beach Pond State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bear Brook Recreational Demonstration Area | New Hampshire | State | Bear Brook State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Blue Knob Recreational Demonstration Area | Pennsylvania | State | Blue Knob State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Blue Ridge Recreational Demonstration Area | North Carolina, Virginia | Federal | Blue Ridge Parkway | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bull Run Recreational Demonstration Area | Virginia | Federal | Manassas National Battlefield Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Camden Hills Recreational Demonstration Area | Maine | State | Camden Hills State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Catoctin Recreational Demonstration Area | Maryland | Both | Cunningham Falls State Park, Catoctin Mountain Park, Camp David | near Baltimore and Washington D.C., part became a retreat for the U.S. President |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cheraw Recreational Demonstration Area | South Carolina | State | Cheraw State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chopawamsic Recreational Demonstration Area | Virginia | Federal | Prince William Forest Park | In the greater Washington D.C. area. Four camps are separately listed on the National Register of Historic Places: |
| | | | | |
| | | | | - Goodwill Historic District, Chopawamsic RDA Camp 1 |
| | | | | - Mawavi Historic District, Chopawamsic RDA Camp 2 |
| | | | | - Orenda/SP-26 Historic District, Chopawamsic RDA Camp 3 |
| | | | | - Pleasant Historic District, Chopawamsic RDA Camp 4 |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Crabtree Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | North Carolina | State | William B. Umstead State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Cuivre River Recreational Demonstration Area | Missouri | State | Cuivre River State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Custer Recreational Demonstration Area | South Dakota | State | Custer State Park | State park extension |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Falls Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | Tennessee | State | Fall Creek Falls State Park | State park extension |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| French Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | Pennsylvania | Both | Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site, French Creek State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hard Labor Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | Georgia | State | Hard Labor Creek State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Hickory Run Recreational Demonstration Area | Pennsylvania | State | Hickory Run State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Kings Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area | South Carolina | Both | Kings Mountain National Military Park, Kings Mountain State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lake Guernsey Recreational Demonstration Area | Wyoming | State | Guernsey State Park | State park extension |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lake Murray Recreational Demonstration Area\" | Oklahoma | State | Lake Murray State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Lake of the Ozarks Recreational Demonstration Area\". | Missouri | State | Lake of the Ozarks State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Laurel Hill Recreational Demonstration Area | Pennsylvania | State | Laurel Hill State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Mendocino Woodland Recreational Demonstration Area | California | State | Mendocino Woodlands State Park | National Historic Landmark |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Montgomery Bell Recreational Demonstration Area | Tennessee | State | Montgomery Bell State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Montserrat Recreational Demonstration Area | Missouri | State | Knob Noster State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Oak Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area | Alabama | State | Oak Mountain State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Otter Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | Kentucky | Local | Otter Creek Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pere Marquette Recreational Demonstration Area | Illinois | State | Pere Marquette State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Pine Mountain Recreational Demonstration Area | Georgia | State | Franklin Roosevelt State Park (western half) | Franklin D. Roosevelt visited the park often during its construction (his Little White House at Warm Springs is in the eastern half of the modern park). State park extension |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Raccoon Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | Pennsylvania | State | Raccoon Creek State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Shelby Forest Recreational Demonstration Area | Tennessee | State | Meeman-Shelby Forest State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Shenandoah Recreational Demonstration Area | Virginia | Federal | Shenandoah National Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Silver Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | Oregon | State | Silver Falls State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| St. Croix Recreational Demonstration Area | Minnesota | State | St. Croix State Park | Now a National Historic Landmark |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Swift Creek Recreational Demonstration Area | Virginia | State | Pocahontas State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Roosevelt Recreational Demonstration Area | North Dakota | Federal | Theodore Roosevelt National Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Versailles Recreational Demonstration Area | Indiana | State | Versailles State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Waterloo Recreational Demonstration Area | Michigan | State | Waterloo State Recreation Area | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Waysides, South Carolina Recreational Demonstration Area | South Carolina | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Waysides, Virginia Recreational Demonstration Area | Virginia | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| White Sands Recreational Demonstration Area | New Mexico | Federal | White Sands National Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Winamac Recreational Demonstration Area | Indiana | State | Winamac Fish and Wildlife Area, Tippecanoe River State Park | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Yankee Springs Recreational Demonstration Area | Michigan | State | Yankee Springs Recreation Area | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------+-----------+------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## History
There are five former recreational demonstration areas in Pennsylvania, which became part of one unit of the National Park Service, and five state parks in 1945 and 1946. There are five former recreational demonstration areas in Virginia, four of which are now part of the National Park Service. Two recreational demonstration areas were built in Missouri and are now state parks. There are three former recreational demonstration areas in Tennessee, all are now state parks
| 1,281 |
Recreational Demonstration Area
| 0 |
9,985,354 |
# Cheongshim International Academy
**CheongShim International Academy** (`{{Korean|hangul=청심국제중고등학교}}`{=mediawiki}, abbreviated as **CSIA**), is a private boarding school in South Korea located in Gapyeong County, Gyeonggi Province. CSIA is classified as a special purposes high school (특수목적고등학교) by the government of South Korea.
## History
### Foundation
According to the [CheongShim International School Official Website](http://csia.hs.kr), the plans for the school began to be formulated in July 2002 by the Unification Church. The Foundation (engineering) plans were approved in June 2003. While the original name for the school was to CheongShim Middle and High School (청심중고등학교), the name was changed its current name in September 2005. The groundbreaking ceremony for the establishment of the school was held in November 2004. The school itself finished its construction process in 2005 and the completion of the building was commemorated with a ceremony in June 2005. The school received its certificate of incorporation in August 2005.
Originally, the school planned to admit three hundred students for each school. It was found with the purpose that all subjects except Korean language and Korean history would be taught in English. There were also specialized courses such as TOEFL and SAT classes to be offered to people who wish to study abroad in the future. The school also stated that it had plans to create a research institute for middle school studies in order to increase the expertise of its teachers. Although the school was technically labeled as a special-purposes high school, the admission process followed the procedure of a foreign language high school for the first year
The admission process for the first year of students began in November 2005. The requests for admissions and the documents were accepted from the beginning to the middle of November. The admissions tests were given around the second half of November and the selections were announced at the end of November. The first CheongShim Initiation ceremony was held in March 2006, with 99 middle school students and 100 high school students each. The first principal of CSIA, Lee Jong-Hyo was also appointed in March 2006.
### Current
There are a total of 600 students in the school. There are a total of 47 teachers as of 2008, of which twelve are non-Korean teachers. Of the teachers, 17% of the teachers are non-Koreans and 56% hold a postgraduate degree. The current principal is Jun Sung Eun.
Currently, all classes besides Korean and Korean history are taught in English. All classes besides Korean and Korean history use American textbooks or textbooks chosen by the teachers. The Educational Philosophy follows the ACG (Altruistic Mind, Creative Knowledge, Global Leadership) motto of the school. The educational style has been claimed to broaden students\' viewpoints and improve students\' thinking. There are also optional classes after school hours.
CSIA currently consists of a middle school and a high school There are three buildings: the school, a dormitory for girls, and a dormitory for boys. The middle and high school are both located in the same building. There are approximately one hundred students in each grade, so there are approximately six hundred students in total. Each school annually accepts approximately one hundred students and a similar number graduates annually. The high school is divided into an international and a domestic division and classes are specialized for each department.
International curriculum alumni end up enrolling in universities such as Yale, Princeton, Stanford, University of Oxford, and domestic curriculum alumni, in Seoul National University, Korea University, and Yonsei University including many other competitive institutions and programs. The school offers both domestic and international curriculums. Despite its foundation by the Unification Church, most of the students are unaffiliated with the religion and mainly decide to enroll in the school due to its competitive program, stellar facilities, and excellent admissions results.
## Developments
The ratio of the accepted students to applied students in the middle school in 2008 was 22.6:1. In 2009, the ratio was 17.9:1. And in 2010, the ratio was 17.56:1. This had led some news organizations such as Veritas Alpha and Yonhap News to argue that the competition rate has been steadily decreasing.
CheongShim International Academy has also hosted and created several competitions over the years, including: ACG History Tournament, ACG Math Tournament, Youth Peace Camp, and CheongShim International Academy Model United Nations (CSIAMUN) The CheongShim Foundation is currently planning to create an elementary school for students who \'had prior experience abroad.\' It had submitted the plan to the Gapyeong Educational Ministry but the plan has not been approved as of March 2013.
In 2013, students from CSIA created an organization called Openowledge.
| 763 |
Cheongshim International Academy
| 0 |
9,985,354 |
# Cheongshim International Academy
## Admission process {#admission_process}
Generally, there are five steps to the admission process: online application, physical application, a self-introduction letter, self-improvement plans, and an interview. CheongShim Middle School is the only school that accepts applicants from all of Korea
The middle school application process is divided into two general parts. In the first part, applications must submit their student records, a letter of self-introduction, and self-improvements plans worth 60 points, 25 points, and 65 points respectively. The topics on the applications are similar, but change every year. Middle school applicants must write the plans in the school under a time limit. The high school application process is divided into two different parts. In the first step, the applications are separated based on their English grades for their second and third year (four terms) in middle school. This part is worth 160 points. The second part is admitting the same applications, and the English grades are also included in this part. The average English grade is 1.3 class. The second part worth 40 points. There are no timed application writings for high school.
The self-improvement plans can be further subdivided into three different parts: self-studying plans, reading, and volunteering history. The self-studying plans is the most considered portion. Some news such as DongA has claimed that experience is the most valued element and that teachers\' opinions are also highly valued.
## Criticism
CheongShim International Academy has been frequently referred to as a \'school for the rich.\' People have argued that the lack of admissions involving students in the \'social consideration\' category and the matching admissions in the \'social considerations without economic problems\' category were indications that CheongShim was a school for nobility. Critics have also noted alleged manipulations and inadequate management of the admission process
| 298 |
Cheongshim International Academy
| 1 |
9,985,419 |
# Kennedy–King College
**Kennedy--King College** (**KKC**) part of City Colleges of Chicago, is a public two-year community college in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The City Colleges of Chicago is a system of higher two-year education that has existed in Chicago since 1911. Kennedy--King was founded as **Woodrow Wilson Junior College** in 1935, named in honor of U.S. president Woodrow Wilson. The school was renamed to honor Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King Jr. in July 1969, a year after they were both assassinated.
## Programs
KKC is a co-educational institution that awards associate degrees and career certificates. Entrance is noncompetitive and application is by rolling admission. Residents of the City of Chicago are charged lower tuition fees than non-residents. The total enrollment for financial year 2013 was 11,877. There is no on-campus housing.
KKC is City Colleges of Chicago\'s hub for culinary and hospitality. Launched in 2011 by Rahm Emanuel, Mayor of Chicago, College to Careers partners the colleges with industry leaders in high-growth fields to address the skills gap in Chicago\'s workforce. The initiative draws industry partners to work with faculty and staff in redesigning occupational program curricula and facilities to better match the needs of employers. In the fall of 2014, KKC launched a hospitality program to complement the school\'s culinary program.
## Campus and facilities {#campus_and_facilities}
### Former
The 18 acre original KKC campus, which spanned Wentworth Avenue, was completed in 1972. It included two gyms, a daycare center, a theater, a swimming pool, a television studio, and a radio station. The call letters for WKKC 89.3 FM radio stand for \"We\'re Kennedy-King College\".
The American Institute of Architects recognized the innovative design of the main campus building.
Kennedy--King College Library, which was founded as Woodrow Wilson Junior College Library in 1935, had over 50,000 books.
The school\'s address was 6800 South Wentworth Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60621--3798. Woodrow Wilson Junior College was located at 6800 South Stewart Avenue, Chicago, as of November 1942.
In September 2005, the school was set to get a \$192 million makeover. This included constructing new buildings and a prominent clock tower on a 40 acre new campus on Chicago\'s South Side. The architect of the project was Kennedy King Architects, Inc., a collaboration between VOA and Johnson & Lee Architects, both of Chicago. The lead project designers were Brandon Lipman, AIA of VOA and Chris Lee, AIA of Johnson & Lee. The original location was shuttered after completion of the new campus and has been demolished.
### Current
The new Kennedy--King College campus is a 40-acre campus consisting of six buildings with a combined 500000 sqft of floor space. The campus is located at 6301 South Halsted Street, in the South Side neighborhood of Englewood. The campus features classrooms, a radio-TV and culinary building with four kitchens, a teaching restaurant, a 450-seat dining hall, a theater, three television production studios and offices and studios for WKKC. WYCC, a television station, operated from the college from 2007 to 2017. It also features an applied sciences building with a book store; auto technology lab; and shops for auto body work, welding, printing and heating, ventilating and air conditioning. The campus also has an athletic field, parking for 800 spaces, and a green roof. Mayor Richard M. Daley dedicated the new KKC on July 18, 2007, noting that 47 percent of construction dollars were awarded to minority and women vendors, and nearly 60 percent of construction workers were minorities.
## Dawson Technical Institute {#dawson_technical_institute}
The Dawson Technical Institute (DTI) is an occupational training center established in 1968 as the Chicago Skill Center (later the Chicago Urban Skills Institute) through the collaboration of the City Colleges and Thiokol. In 1973, the new skill center building was named in memorial for William L. Dawson (1886--1970), a local politician and lawyer who served 27 years in the United States House of Representatives and was the first African American to chair a Congressional committee. The institute was named DTI in 1985 and operated as a part of City-Wide College until the latter closed in 1993. DTI was under the auspices of Harold Washington College until 1995, when it joined KKC. The institute is located at 3901 South State Street in Chicago.
| 703 |
Kennedy–King College
| 0 |
9,985,419 |
# Kennedy–King College
## Washburne Culinary & Hospitality Institute {#washburne_culinary_hospitality_institute}
In the fall of 2014, Washburne changed its name from Washburne Culinary Institute to Washburne Culinary & Hospitality Institute to reflect an added focus on hospitality management. In addition to granting associate degrees in hospitality management, the chef training program grants certificates and Associate of Arts degrees in culinary through KKC. Washburne-operated enterprises include the Washburne Café, the Washburne Café at Buckingham Fountain (seasonal), Parrot Cage, Sikia and Washburne Catering.
## WYCC - PBS Chicago {#wycc___pbs_chicago}
Kennedy--King College housed the studios for WYCC, the television station owned by the City Colleges, from 2006 to 2017, when it sold its broadcast spectrum and was then sold to WTTW.
## WKKC - 89.3 FM Radio {#wkkc___89.3_fm_radio}
Kennedy--King has had a campus radio station, WKKC (89.3 FM), since 1976.
## Affiliations
The school participates in the National Junior College Athletic Association. The KKC men\'s basketball team reached the national top 20 in February 2007.
## Notable staff {#notable_staff}
John A. Barkey was President of Woodrow Wilson College in November 1942. Paul Henning Willis was born in Texas, circa 1878, and died in Chicago on 5 September 1939. He was a social sciences instructor at Woodrow Wilson Junior College at the time of his death. He was a former staff member of the Crane Technical School and the Northwestern University School of Commerce. He served as field secretary for the YMCA in Illinois during World War I
| 243 |
Kennedy–King College
| 1 |
9,985,447 |
# 2005 Big Ten men's basketball tournament
The **2005 Big Ten men\'s basketball tournament** was the postseason men\'s basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference and was played between March 9 and 12, 2005, at the United Center in Chicago, Illinois. This was the eighth annual Big Ten Men\'s Basketball Tournament. The championship was won by Illinois who defeated Wisconsin in the championship game. As a result, Illinois received the Big Ten\'s automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. The win marked the second tournament championship for Illinois in their fifth championship game appearance.
## Seeds
All Big Ten schools played in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records. Seeding for the tournament was determined at the close of the regular conference season. The top five teams received a first round bye
| 144 |
2005 Big Ten men's basketball tournament
| 0 |
9,985,464 |
# Art collection of BPER Banca
The **Collezione di dipinti antichi della Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna** is a collection of classic Italian artworks from the last seven centuries in Emilia-Romagna, that has been purchased by Banca Popolare dell\'Emilia Romagna.
Modern viccisitudes have concentrated the collection of Italian art to a few entities, most prominently banks. Those artworks in private hands in Italy cannot win export licences, hence find local homes with such patrons. The collection of the **Banca Popolare dell'Emilia Romagna** is not unique in its scope, like most banks it focus on local talent; in fact this formidable collection includes artists from the last seven centuries from the region or whose paintings could be found locally.
In 2017 the BPER Banca Gallery was opened in Modena to make the collection accessible to the public.
## Collection
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Painter | | Work |
+=============================================+=================================================+===========================================================================================================================+
| *Adriaen van Utrecht* | | *Still life with figure* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sisto Badalocchio* | | *Diana, nymphs, and Callisto* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *George Barret* | | *Landscape* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Giovanni Battista Benvenuti (l\'Ortolano)* | | *Madonna & Child* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Carlo Bononi* | | *Madonna and Child* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Francesco Brini* | | *Portrait of vice-legate Lenzi* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Guido Cagnacci* | | *St. Agatha* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Cristoforo Canozi* da Lendinara | | *Adoration of Christ-child by St. Bernard* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Giovanni Francesco Caroto* | | *Portrait of young monk* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Annibale Carracci* | | *St Jerome* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ludovico Carracci* | | *Susana and the elders* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Giacomo Cavedone* | | *Jacob\'s Mourning* *Judith with head of Holofernes* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Giovanni Battista Cipriani* | | *Landscape* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Michele Coltellini* | | *San Giovanni Battista* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Giuseppe Maria Crespi* | | *David* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Antonio Allegri (Correggio)* | | *St. Helena behind Saints Sebastian, Dominic, Peter, & Jerome* and *Battle-scene* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Jacques Courtois* (il Borgognone) | | *After battle* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Giovanni Gioseffo dal Sole* | | *Priam\'s death* and *Madonna of the Rose* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Michele Desubleo* | | *Tancredi baptizes Clorinda* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Francesco Bianchi Ferrari* | | *St. Jerome in the desert* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Luca Ferrari* | | *St. Andrew* and *Encounter of Rachel and Jacob* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Marcantonio Franceschini* | | *Rachel and Leah* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Cesare Gennari* | | *Portrait of Lady and child* and *Crucifixion* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Girolamo da Carpi* | | *St. Cecilia* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ercole Graziani* | | *Abraham & Isaac* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Guercino* | | *Apollo & Marysias* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Innocenzo da Imola* (Francucci Innocenzo) | | *Madonna and child* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Bonaventura Lamberti* | | *Preaching of St. Francesco di Sales* |
+---------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Ludovico Lana* | | *Irene treats the wounds of St
| 481 |
Art collection of BPER Banca
| 0 |
9,985,474 |
# The Committee (film)
***The Committee*** is a 1968 British independent black-and-white film noir film directed by Peter Sykes. It features original music by Pink Floyd as well as Arthur Brown\'s song \"Nightmare\".
## Plot
The movie begins with the unnamed male protagonist in a car with a driver. The driver attempts conversation with the protagonist before deciding to pull over as he believes the engine is malfunctioning. While he is inspecting the engine, the protagonist slams the bonnet down on his head several times, eventually decapitating him. The protagonist then sews the head back on after which the driver wakes up. The protagonist tells the driver to leave without him. A few years later the protagonist is called on to be part of The Committee, a group that allegedly keeps society functioning but really do very little. The Committee consists of 300 people who meet at a country estate where they swim, play tennis and sail boats during non-working hours; they host a dance with a live performance by Arthur Brown one evening. The protagonist becomes paranoid that the committee was called on account of him. He also encounters the driver of the car while at the estate but the man does not remember him.
The central character then discusses all of this with The Committee\'s director for the duration of the movie; this sequence and features most of the music Pink Floyd wrote for the film. At the end of The Committee\'s weekend retreat the protagonist meets a young woman while checking out and helps carry her bags to her car. She offers him a ride and they drive off. She asks him if he plays bridge, but he does not answer her and the film ends.
## Cast
- Arthur Brown as himself
- Jimmy Gardner as boss
- Paul Jones as central figure
- Tom Kempinski as victim
- Robert Langdon Lloyd as committee director (credited as Robert Lloyd)
- Pauline Munro as girl
## Soundtrack
1. The Committee (Part 1 backwards version) -- 0:36
2. The Committee (Part 1) -- 0:36
3. The Committee (Part 2) -- 1:09
4. The Committee (Part 3) -- 2:56
5. The Committee (Part 4) -- 1:24
6. The Committee (Part 5) -- 2:06
7. The Committee (Part 6) -- 0:50
8. The Committee (Part 7) -- 2:38
9. The Committee (Part 8) -- 3:30
Titles taken from *A Tree Full of Secrets* bootleg. \"The Committee (Part 1 backwards version)\" is the original recording, which was reversed for the film. \"The Committee (Part 7)\" is an early recording of \"Careful with That Axe, Eugene\". The soundtrack is also on other bootlegs that are just called *The Committee*. It also features the Arthur Brown track \"Prelude-Nightmare\". It has been often misquoted that his song \"Fire\" is in the film. The confusion is possibly because he wears the same \"flaming head-gear\" that he used in the Fire footage, often seen on TV.
## Release
*The Committee* has only been released once on DVD coupled with a CD Single with Paul Jones\' title track \"The Committee\" in 2005, and later in remastered format on Blu-ray, as part of the 2016 Pink Floyd box set *The Early Years 1965--1972*
| 535 |
The Committee (film)
| 0 |
9,985,520 |
# Harley-Davidson Servi-Car
upright=1.33\|thumb\|Harley-Davidson Servi-Car The **Harley-Davidson Servi-Car** is a three-wheeled utility motorcycle that was manufactured by Harley-Davidson from 1932 to 1973.
## Concept and uses {#concept_and_uses}
The Servi-Car was designed during the Great Depression when Harley-Davidson was desperate to expand its product base to increase sales. Targeted at the automotive service industry, the vehicle was designed for assisting at roadside breakdowns and delivering cars to customers. For this reason, it was available with a tow bar at the front and a large 60 Ah battery. (The tow bar was used to tow the Servicar from the rear of a car, not vice-versa). It allowed one person to transfer a car from one location to another and drive themselves back; after driving the car to its destination, the delivery driver would unhitch the Servi-Car and ride it back to the garage.
In addition to its intended use for car delivery and retrieval, the Servi-Car was also popular as a utility vehicle for small businesses and mobile vendors. It proved to be particularly popular with police departments, some of which still used Servi-Cars into the 1990s.
## Models
The models offered in 1932, the first year of production, were:
- G - with small box and tow bar
- GA - with small box and no tow bar
- GD - with large box and no tow bar
- GE - with large box and air tank
In 1933, the GDT, with large box and tow bar, was added to the line.
In 1942, the small and large boxes were replaced with a standardized intermediate-sized box that was manufactured for Harley-Davidson by the Chas. Abresch Co. in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. A gold, red, and black water transfer decal from this company was affixed to the top inside of the box lid. This box continued to be installed until 1966, after which it was replaced by a fiberglass box; all preceding boxes were made from steel.
## Engine
The Servi-Car used variations of Harley-Davidson\'s 45 cubic inch flathead. From 1932 to 36, the Servi-Car used the engine from the solo R model. It was changed in 1937 to the engine used in the W model, which differed mainly in having a recirculating oil system instead of the constant-loss system of the R. The \"W\" flathead engine continued until the end of production in 1973, despite the \"W\" solo series being replaced by the \"K\" series in 1952.
An electric starter became available on the Servi-Car in 1964, making it the first civilian Harley with an electric starter, one year before the debut of the Electra Glide.
## Transmission
When the Servi-Car was introduced in 1932, it used the same transmission as the R solo model. This was replaced the next year by a constant-mesh transmission with three speeds and a reverse gear.
## Chassis and suspension {#chassis_and_suspension}
The Servi-Car was designed in the early part of the Great Depression for the conditions of its day, in which roads might be crude and unpaved. It has a rigid rear axle with a differential. The rear axle has a track of 42 in.
A prototype of the Servi-Car with rear suspension was tested but found to be unstable. The production model\'s axle is mounted directly to the frame with no suspension at all. Until 1957, the front forks of the Servi-Car were the springer-type leading-link forks used on the R-series and W-series solo motorcycles. From 1958 on, the Servi-Car\'s neck stem length and inner diameter were changed to fit Hydra-Glide front forks.
## Brakes
Early production Servi-Cars have a drum brake on the front wheel and another drum brake inside the rear axle housing, decelerating both rear wheels. In 1937, the braking system was upgraded to have a drum brake on each wheel. A hydraulic rear brake system was introduced in 1951. The very last Servi-Cars, built late in their last model year, have disc brakes on all three wheels
| 655 |
Harley-Davidson Servi-Car
| 0 |
9,985,529 |
# Tokyo Metro 07 series
The `{{Nihongo|'''Tokyo Metro 07 series'''|東京メトロ07系|Tōkyō Metoro 07-kei}}`{=mediawiki} is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan. Introduced into service in 1993, a total of six 10-car sets were manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and Nippon Sharyo between 1993`{{Verification needed|date=November 2021}}`{=mediawiki} and 1994 for use on the Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line. From 2006, the sets were permanently transferred to the Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line to replace ageing 5000 series trainsets.
## Operations
### Current
- Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line
- Tōyō Rapid Line between Nishi-Funabashi Station and Tōyō-Katsutadai Station
- JR Chūō-Sōbu Line between Nakano Station and Mitaka Station
- JR Chūō-Sōbu Line between Nishi-Funabashi Station and Tsudanuma Station (weekday mornings and evenings only)
### Former
- Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line between Wakōshi and Shin-Kiba (from 1992 until 2008); during that period the 07 series EMUs also inter-ran into the Tobu Tojo Line to Kawagoeshi and on the Seibu Yūrakuchō Line and Seibu Ikebukuro Line to Hannō Station via Nerima Station
- Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line (Set 07-101, September -- December 2008)
## Formation
The six 10-cars sets, numbered 71 to 76, are formed as shown below, with car 1 at the west (Nishi-Funabashi) end.
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
Designation CT1 M1 T\' M2 Tc1 Tc2 M3 T M1 CT2
Numbering 07 100 07 200 07 300 07 400 07 500 07 600 07 700 07 800 07 900 07 000
Cars 2, 4, 7, and 9 each have one lozenge-type pantograph.
## Interior
<File:Tokyo-Metro> Series07 Inside.jpg\|Interior view <File:Tokyo-Metro> Series07 Priority-seat.jpg\|Priority seating <File:Tokyo-Metro> Series07 Inside LCD.jpg\|LCD passenger information screens
## Driver\'s cab {#drivers_cab}
The front ends have an emergency exit. Headlights and taillights are round. Sets are fitted with skirts. These were modified on sets transferred to the Tōzai Line.
The trains originally had a two-handle control system. Tōzai Line sets were modified with a single-handle (left-hand) system on transfer to the Tōzai Line. The Tōzai Line sets have a master controller which incorporates a deadman system which applies the brakes if the master controller is released by the driver.
<File:Yurakucho07untendai.jpg%7CThe> driver\'s cab of a Yūrakuchō Line 07 series set, showing the two-handle control system <File:Eidan07cab2.JPG%7CThe> driver\'s cab of a Tōzai Line 07 series set
## History
The first sets (07-101 and 07-102) were introduced in 1992. Four more sets (07-103 to 07-106) were delivered in 1994. The six 10-car sets were initially all based on the Tokyo Metro Yūrakuchō Line, but with the introduction of the 10000 series, between July 2006 and March 2007, four sets (07-103 to 07-106) were transferred to the Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line to replace ageing 5000 series trains, and were repainted into that line\'s color scheme with light blue waistline stripes. The two remaining Yurakucho Line sets (07-101 and 07-102) were stored out-of-use from October 2007. Set 07-101 was subsequently repainted into the Tōzai Line colours at Shin-Kiba Works, and temporarily reallocated to the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line from September until December 2008.
### Refurbishment
Beginning in 2018, the 07 series fleet has undergone a programme of refurbishment, also known as \"class B repair\". The programme included the installation of LED lighting throughout, full-colour destination displays, and updated door chimes and flooring. The first set to undergo refurbishment (07-103) returned to service on the Tozai Line on 15 August 2018, and on the Chūō-Sōbu and Tōyō Rapid lines on 25 October of that year. Refurbishment of the 07 series has been completed as of May 2022, however, some sets continue to receive new front skirts
| 610 |
Tokyo Metro 07 series
| 0 |
9,985,547 |
# Gastón Córdoba
**Fernando Gastón Córdoba** (born 12 June 1974) is an Argentine former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Córdoba started his career at Estudiantes de La Plata at the age of 19 before moving to Racing Club where he helped the team reach the semifinal stage of the Copa Libertadores. He had a brief stint in Italian football by playing for Sampdoria in the 1998--99 season. Afterwards Córdoba played for Colón de Santa Fe, Sporting Cristal, Olimpia, Quilmes and Club Atlético Belgrano.
While playing for Olimpia he became a fan favorite after scoring a goal in the final of the 2002 Copa Libertadores which was eventually won by Olimpia
| 112 |
Gastón Córdoba
| 0 |
9,985,549 |
# North Central High School (Spokane, Washington)
**North Central High School** is a four-year public high school in Spokane, Washington in the Spokane Public Schools District 81. It opened in 1908 as the second high school in the city; the original structure was razed and the new building opened in 1981.
Each year *Newsweek* magazine ranks the top public high schools in the nation when it comes preparing students for college and life. In 2009, NC ranked 692 in the nation. In 2010, 608th in the nation. In 2011, NC ranked 697th in the nation, 10th in the state of Washington and 1st in Eastern Washington. North Central was home to the 2008 Nike Cross Nationals champions.
## History
North Central High School opened in September 1908 with only half a wing and 12 classrooms ready for the 200 newly enrolled students. Events in the school\'s history include the outbreak of scarlet fever that led to every student being checked twice a week by throat specialist, visits by William Jennings Bryan who spoke of the importance of public speaking and Booker T. Washington who spoke of being a slave boy and the founding of a college in Tuskegee, Alabama. Following the fire at South Central High School in June 1910, its students attended North Central until it was rebuilt. The new school on the SCHS site was renamed Lewis and Clark High School and opened in 1912. South Central opened in 1891 and was \"Spokane High School\" until North Central opened in 1908.
## Groovy Shoes {#groovy_shoes}
In 1991, NC and its rival school, Shadle Park, began a spirit competition named Groovy Shoes. The first theme NC chose for its Groovy Shoes T-shirts was \"Shadle Park on the Spot\" and featured the \"Spot\" from 7-Up commercials that year. While the two basketball teams battle it out on the court, the more important competition takes place in the stands annually at the Spokane Arena. Using school symbols and colors, art students at each school created a \"groovy\" looking shoe. The pair of shoes became the *Groovy Shoes.* Possession of the shoes goes to the winner of the spirit competition. There is a week long build up where students decorate the school hallways according to the year\'s theme in a competition between the classes. The spirit week before the big game, gets students hyped to be a part of the event. During the con, which takes place the day of Groovy Shoes, students learn all of the cheers, meet the characters of the years theme (past themes have included Star Wars, Circus, Alice in Groovyland, Code Red, Once Upon a Shoe, Spooky Shoes, and Drive Shoes), and get excited for the game. Groovy Shoes has become one of NC\'s largest events of the year.
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# North Central High School (Spokane, Washington)
## The Doll Shop {#the_doll_shop}
NC is notable for its theater department since their productions consist of student made sets, student designed lights, professional tickets and programs, and dedicated ushers. Every three years, North Central holds the tradition of putting on a massive, student written musical called \"The Doll Shop\". This tradition was started in 1930. It was such a huge success, that it continued to be produced every other year until 1958. \"The Doll Shop\" was revived in 1984. Since \"The Doll Shop\" is student written, the story is different every three years; for instance, in 1999, it was about the last Doll Shop of the 20th Century. In 2002, it was a sequel to the 1999 show, about the first Doll Shop 21st Century. In 2005, it was a spoof of the current reality TV shows. In 2008, it was North Central\'s 100th birthday, so \"The Doll Shop\" was one of the centennial events. In 2011, the show took on a deeper meaning; it was a reflection on the current society. The show itself was about the old classic dolls like Raggedy Ann and Raggedy Andy AKA Bandy, that were being taken out by the newer action figure dolls led by the evil new Barbie, Electronica. \"Audience members would come up to me and tell me that they were amazed with the sheer size of the cast\", said an usher for the 2011 \"The Doll Shop\" in our interview, and its no exaggeration. \"The Doll Shop\" cast reaches over 250 students who are all actively performing on the stage in multiple scenes. The 25th production of \"The Doll Shop\" was in 2017.
## Buildings and layout {#buildings_and_layout}
Located in the north central part of Spokane, NCHS is a multi-story building and a layout on which students sometimes need to walk across the football field to an annex building for some classes. The current building was constructed during 1980--1981, taking the place of the original 1908 NCHS building which was torn down. It has an extensive skylight area where seniors usually eat lunch. The property encompasses over a city block in Spokane, and includes a combined football/track field, baseball and softball fields, and six tennis courts. It is rumored that the school is haunted due to the fact that it was built on an ancient Indian burial ground. A 17.5 million modernization of the commons area and cafeteria was completed in December 2017.
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# North Central High School (Spokane, Washington)
## Institute of Science and Technology (IST) {#institute_of_science_and_technology_ist}
Though the program has been building up over many years, for the 2014--2015 school year, North Central formally opened the Institute of Science and Technology (IST). IST was founded by Randy James, the current director of the institute. James has been teaching at North Central for over 30 years. The institute is housed in a three-story building that is attached to the main high school. There are six biology labs and a third floor lab dedicated to the Institute providing high school students access college-level supplies and machines. Unlike any other high school facility in the city, the new North Central High School Institute of Science and Technology rivals many college lab facilities, and was driven by the District\'s growing emphasis on studies in science, technology, engineering and math (STEM). The three-story, 40,000 square foot building contains six biology labs in addition to a third-floor lab for the institute, which offers high school students advanced courses in biomedical technology, biological solutions and genomic research. The design is purposefully reminiscent of university facilities and takes advantage of territorial views and substantial day-lighting in the labs. Careful consideration was given to the relationship between this facility and the existing school through the use of masonry, the entry treatment and other details.
### Middle School Expansion Model {#middle_school_expansion_model}
Building on the original IST program for high school students, North Central opened an expansion of the institute to seventh and eight graders. According to the Spokane Public Schools the middle school program is lottery determined. The guide notes,
> \"Students will remain within the IST and within their own student groups for all of their classes and will be able to choose from a menu of electives including computer applications, drama and music in 7th grade, and engineering, world languages, drama, and music in 8th grade. At the end of their two-year middle experience at NCHS, students can remain at NCHS, attend a neighborhood high school, or opt into other option programs in the same way any other student in our district can. But they will do so with a dramatic \"leg up\" in terms of STEM preparation, college readiness, and advisory support.
Middle school students in the IST program have access to six accelerated classes (accelerated English, accelerated math, advanced science, accelerated history, PE, and one elective, and at the end of their two years, they can choose to remain at North Central or move to a neighboring high school.
The IST program has been expanded to include sixth graders as of the 2022-2023 school year. Sixth graders in the program have electives such as computer applications, music, and art.
## Sports
North Central competes in WIAA Class 3A and is a member of the Greater Spokane League in District Eight.
### State championships {#state_championships}
Source:
- Boys basketball: 1928, 1930, 1948
- Boys cross country: 1977, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016
- Girls cross country: 2001, 2017, 2018, 2019
- Boys track and field: 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011
- Girls track and field: 2006
- Volleyball: 1995
- Boys wrestling: 2014
## Demographics
Of North Central\'s 1,610 students (2006-07 school year), 63% are white, 26% are black, 3% are Hispanic, 4% are Asian, 4% American Indian, and 2% are unknown/not provided. 43% of students qualify for free lunches or reduced price lunches.
## Notable current and former students {#notable_current_and_former_students}
- Dyan Cannon, Oscar-nominated actress from Tacoma, WA. She attended North Central for the 9th grade before moving to Seattle with her family.Dyan Cannon in Spokane:
-
-
-
- Bing Crosby, singer attended NCHS until he could afford tuition at Gonzaga Prep
- Rod Funseth, professional golfer
- Jack Geraghty, Mayor of Spokane, from 1993 to 1996.
- Bruce Alan Grandstaff, platoon sergeant who died in Vietnam, recipient of the Medal of Honor, has a memorial dedicated to him in the skylight area.
- Jimmy Lake, NFL and collegiate football coach
- Diane Middlebrook, American biographer, poet, and teacher
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- George R. Nethercutt, Jr., member of the United States House of Representatives from 1995 to 2005, representing Washington\'s 5th congressional district.
- Michael C. Ormsby, US Attorney for the Eastern District of Washington
- Justin Lowe Quackenbush, judge on the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Washington.
- Ryne Sandberg, Hall of Fame baseball player (North Central\'s baseball field is named for him.)
- Earl Sheely, former MLB player (Chicago White Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Braves)
- Staff Sergeant Ty Carter, US Army Medal of Honor recipient, Battle of Kamdesh at Combat Outpost Keating Afghanistan 2009. He graduated from North Central class of 1998
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# Claude Bernard (priest)
**Father Claude Bernard** (December 23, 1588 -- March 23, 1641) was a French Roman Catholic priest who was active in ministry to prisoners and criminals, especially those condemned to death. Known as \"le pauvre prêtre\" (\"the poor priest\"), he is primarily remembered as the popularizer of the *Memorare*, over 200,000 copies of which he distributed by leaflets printed in various languages.
## Life
Claude Bernard was born at Dijon 23 December 1588. His father was a distinguished lawyer, and filled successively offices of honour and responsibility. Young Bernard was educated at the Jesuit College of Dole and was remarked for his brilliant imagination and wit. Pierre Le Camus, Bishop of Belley, urged him to enter the priesthood, but he declined, saying that he preferred the life of a poor gentleman to that of a poor priest. Shortly afterwards he went to Paris as a protégé of M. de Bellegarde, Governor of Bourgogne. For a while the social life of the capital attracted him; gradually, however, some disappointments together with the death of an intimate friend who was killed in a duel, brought about a decided change in his mode of life and led up to his entrance into the priesthood. By one account, he had a dream of his late father warning him against the worldliness to which he was addicted.
He was ordained by the above-mentioned Bishop Le Camus and invited to his first Mass the poor of the city, distributing to them all his possessions, and, later on, an inheritance of 400,000 livres, or about eighty thousand dollars. The poor, the sick and the prisoners were his special care. Wealthy and distinguished persons sought his company, and contributed to his charities. He was friends with Jean-Jacques Olier and Vincent de Paul. He founded at Paris, for the education of the poor candidates for the priesthood, the seminary of Trent-Trois.
He contributed much to popularize the beautiful prayer to the Blessed Virgin known as the Memorare, and claimed in a letter to Queen Anne of Austria, wife of King Louis XIII of France, that he had himself been miraculously cured of illness through intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary as a result of his reciting the prayer.
Father Bernard died in Paris, 23 March 1641.
He was the subject of a 1913 biography in French, *Claude Bernard dit le pauvre prêtre* by Commandeur de Broqua, who was the postulator for the cause of Fr. Bernard\'s canonization
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# Yakamia, Western Australia
**Yakamia** is an inner suburb of Albany. The suburb was created in the 1970s, and was gazetted in 1979. The name is believed to be a Noongar word meaning \"sister to a small creek\".
## Geography
Yakamia is bounded by North Road to the south, Chester Pass Road to the west, Hudson and Bond Roads to the north and Ulster Road to the southeast. Yakamia Creek runs through the suburb.
## Facilities
Yakamia is a residential suburb, and used to consist primarily of bushland, however, this has slowly disappeared with the bush making way for new housing developments. The suburb contains Yakamia Primary School, which opened in 1970 and now has around 620 students. There is also a small shopping centre on North Road. The City of Albany\'s council offices are located in Yakamia along North Road
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# Victoria Hospital (London, Ontario)
Victoria Hospital}} `{{Infobox hospital
| Name = Victoria Hospital
| Org/Group = South West [[Local Health Integration Network]]
| Image = Victoria_Hosp_London_ON_Rc_2481.jpg
| Caption = Victoria Hospital
| Logo = <!-- optional -->
| Location = {{nowrap|800 Commissioners Road East}}<br />[[London, Ontario|London]], [[Ontario]]<br />N6A 5W9
| map_type = Canada Ontario
| coordinates = {{coord|42.9592|-81.2256|display=inline,title}}
| map_caption = Location in Ontario
| HealthCare = Medicare
| Type = Teaching
| Speciality = Multiple
| Standards = <!-- optional -->
| Emergency = [[Level I Trauma Center]]
| Helipad = {{Airport codes||||CPW2|p=n}}
| Affiliation = [[Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry]]
| Beds = 559<ref name=factsandstats2020/>
| Founded = 1874
| Closed = <!-- optional -->
| Website = {{URL|http://www.lhsc.on.ca/}}
| Wiki-Links = <!-- optional -->
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Victoria Hospital**, in London, Ontario, Canada, is a large teaching hospital affiliated with the University of Western Ontario. Along with University Hospital it is part of London Health Sciences Centre, which itself is the Lead Trauma Hospital of the Southwestern Local Health Integration Network.
London\'s first hospital was housed in a log cabin on the military barracks at Victoria Park, constructed in 1838. The aging hospital was replaced in 1875 by the London General Hospital, constructed on a new site in the city\'s south end. Pressure on the new hospital from the city\'s growing population led to a much larger hospital being constructed adjacent to London General Hospital, which was renamed in 1899 for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The hospital building was demolished and a larger building constructed on the same site in 1939, and three expansions were added up to 1967.
The Victoria Hospital Corporation acquired a federally operated military hospital in 1977, along with 80 acres of land. The new site was gradually expanded and became Victoria Hospital Westminster Campus. On June 13, 2005, most patient services were transferred to the newly renamed Victoria Hospital while the original hospital was renamed South Street Hospital, and other services continued to be transferred to the new site over the next several years. South Street Hospital closed permanently in 2013 and was demolished later that year.
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# Victoria Hospital (London, Ontario)
## History
### London General Hospital {#london_general_hospital}
Victoria Hospital traces its origins to the London General Hospital, constructed to replace an aging log cabin hospital operating in Victoria Park. The site of the London General Hospital, located on Ottoway Avenue (now South Street), was dedicated in 1874. The hospital opened the next year, with 56 beds on two floors.
### Teaching hospital {#teaching_hospital}
In 1881, the Western University in London sought to create a Faculty of Medicine but lacked an appropriate facility. The following spring, the university purchased a cottage on St. James Street near the university campus to be renovated for a classroom facility. The medical school entered into an agreement with City Council to use the hospital for medical training, in exchange for an annual fee of \$5.00 per student. The first class of sixteen students began instruction on October 1, 1882. The hospital itself opened a training program for nurses the following year, making London the third city in Canada with such a program.
### Victoria Hospital {#victoria_hospital}
Growth of the city led to hospital overcrowding in the late nineteenth century. The hospital added a small expansion in 1890, however it was clear that the building would not be adequate for the city\'s long-term needs.
As Queen Victoria\'s diamond jubilee passed in 1897, the English monarch requested that all memorials of the event be dedicated to humanitarian purposes. The Queen\'s request and popularity presented an opportunity for the city to justify the cost of expanding the hospital. Throughout 1897--8, the City Council, local doctors, and public groups debated plans for construction of an expansion to the London General Hospital, or construction of a new hospital, and whether to expand on the current site or obtain land for a new hospital. In June 1898, after an election and much debate, City Council approved construction of a new 140-bed facility on the same site, at a cost of \$70,000, with a plan to convert the existing hospital to a nurses\' residence.
Victoria Hospital officially opened on November 16, 1899. Rooms in the new hospital\'s private ward were furnished by local benefactors, while public wards were furnished by a last-minute bulk purchase by the Hospital Trust from local factories. Due to lack of funds, the conversion of the old hospital was postponed indefinitely
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# 2003 Big Ten men's basketball tournament
The **2003 Big Ten men\'s basketball tournament** was the postseason men\'s basketball tournament for the Big Ten Conference and played between March 13 and March 16, 2003 at United Center in Chicago, Illinois. The championship was won by Illinois who defeated Ohio State in the championship game. As a result, Illinois received the Big Ten\'s automatic bid to the NCAA tournament. The win marked Illinois\' first tournament championship following two prior championship game appearances.
## Seeds
All Big Ten schools played in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records. Seeding for the tournament was determined at the close of the regular conference season. The top five teams received a first round bye
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# Michael J. Petrides School
The **Michael J. Petrides School** is a public school located at 715 Ocean Terrace in Staten Island, New York, United States. It was created by Board of Education officials and named for their late colleague and College of Staten Island professor, Michael J. Petrides. The school opened on November 13, 1995, on the former campus of the College of Staten Island. Students apply to attend the school through a lottery system. 8th graders going into high school, receive auto-admission if Petrides is the first choice on their application. The current principal is Thomas Holland.
Petrides educates students from pre-Kindergarten through 12th grade, or senior year in high school. It has an assistant principal for each grade category (elementary, middle school, high school). They are:
- Jennifer Ponzi - Elementary School (Grades pre-K - 5)
- BettyAnn Souffrin - Middle School (Grades 6-8)
- Erick Varga - High School (Grades 9-12)
The Petrides School, like many other New York City public schools, also has paraprofessionals, speech therapists, occupational and physical therapists, deans, school aides, and a widely used bus transportation system.
## Admissions
Admissions are by lottery for grades K-8. For kindergarten, the school typically receives more than 800 applications for 75-90 seats, of which 15 are reserved for siblings of current students (separate lottery). The handful of open seats in the upper grades are filled by lottery, as well. In 9th grade, class sizes get larger and an extra class is added to the grade. Thousands of students apply for a total of 40 to 55 new seats. These seats are filled through the city\'s \"educational option\" formula, designed to achieve a mix of low, average, and high-performing students.
## Controversy
Within the past, there had been certain discrepancies according to the school\'s enrollment policy under the past principal. This was highlighted by a noticeable prevalence to kin relations within the student body and noted recommendations within an alleged random basis lottery system for enrollment. These were recorded in a 1998 investigation report. The report also recorded the absence of critical records that would determine the extent of the irregularities.
In November 2017, a student posed with a gun in a children\'s bathroom and uploaded the picture to social media. The school closed while authorities investigated, and afterwards several security measures were put in place.
From January 2018 to March 2018, several rape cases have been reported as having taken place at the school.
## Extracurricular activities, clubs, and athletics {#extracurricular_activities_clubs_and_athletics}
High-school students have the opportunity to travel overseas. Destinations have included Italy, Hungary, and Austria. Vermont, Michigan, and Hawaii were also destinations. Fundraisers are also held to help finance the high school\'s annual trip Habitat for Humanity. In addition, high school students can work with younger students in the elementary school, as classroom student mentors
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# Pyroprocessing
**Pyroprocessing** (from Greek Πυρος = *fire*) is a process in which materials are subjected to high temperatures (typically over 800 °C) in order to bring about a chemical or physical change. Pyroprocessing includes such terms as ore-roasting, calcination and sintering. Equipment for pyroprocessing includes kilns, electric arc furnaces and reverberatory furnaces.
Cement manufacturing is a very common example of pyroprocessing. The raw material mix (raw meal) is fed to a kiln where pyroprocessing takes place. As with most industries, pyroprocessing is the most energy-intensive part of the industrial process.
## Recycling used nuclear fuel through pyroprocessing {#recycling_used_nuclear_fuel_through_pyroprocessing}
Argonne National Laboratory pioneered the development of pyrochemical processing, or pyroprocessing, a high-temperature method of recycling reactor waste into fuel, demonstrating it paired with the EBR-II and then proposed commercializing it in the Integral Fast Reactor. The latter was cancelled by the Clinton Administration in 1994. In 2016, Argonne National Laboratory researchers are developing and refining several pyroprocessing technologies for both light water and fast reactors, with most based on electrorefining rather than conventional wet-chemical/PUREX, to improve the technologies' commercial viability by increasing their process efficiency and scalability.
Animations of the processing technology are also available.
Pyroprocessing of nuclear fuel rods, as an alternative to nuclear reprocessing, only attempts to combine separated plutonium with other, such as neptunium, americium, or curium. Theoretically, you could still reuse mixed, pyroprocessed plutonium to generate nuclear power, but it wouldn't be pure enough for other uses.
In South Korea due to the historical Section 123 Agreement between ROK and the U.S, neither enrichment nor PUREX related reprocessing were permitted, with researchers therefore increasingly viewing the \"proliferation resistant\" pyroprocessing cycle, as the solution for the nation\'s growing spent fuel inventory, in 2017 forming a collaboration with the U.S and Japan to advance the economics of the process. In 2019, proponents of molten salt reactor (MSR) fuel cycles, frequently argue pairing the uncommercialized MSR with the pyroprocessing fuel cycle, as the MSR fuel is already in molten salt form, eliminating two process conversion steps, that of to-and-from metallic fuel, that both the commercially proposed IFR would have required and its antecedent physically demonstrated, when pyroprocessing was fielded in the EBR-II
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# Kauchuk Factory Club
**Kauchuk Factory Club** (*Клуб завода «Каучук»*) is a 1927-1929 russian avant-garde public building designed by Konstantin Melnikov, located in Khamovniki District of Moscow, Russia on the edge of Devichye Pole park and medical campus at 64, Plyshikha Street.
## History and architecture {#history_and_architecture}
Kauchuk rubber factory, originally based in Riga, relocated to Khamovniki in Moscow in 1915, threatened by German offensive, and was considerably expanded afterwards. Construction of a club was part of a 1920s nationwide drive to replace religion with more appropriate entertainment. Melnikov theorized that \"Club is not a stern temple of some deity. We must attain such an atmosphere, that we would not need to drag a worker in. He would run there himself, past his home and past his pub\... the club, if it succeeds, will show what the new private life is all about\" (*Клуб -- не строгий храм какого-то божества. В нем нужно добиться такой обстановки, чтоб рабочего в клуб не тащить, а он сам бы бежал в него мимо дома и пивной... клуб должен, если сумеет, показать, как устроен новый быт*).
## Preservation
The club, like all 1920s buildings, is under threat of demolition. As of March, 2007, preservationists succeeded to delay demolition. The building operates a night club and a restaurant, and is in adequate external condition; huge neon lettering that existed in 2003, has been removed. However, its interiors are lost to indiscriminate renovation, original windows are replaced with improperly-sized modern frames. According to Russian press, the building is operated by \"Academy of Russian Art\", established by pianist Nikolai Petrov
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# London Health Sciences Centre
**London Health Sciences Centre** is a hospital network in London, Ontario and is collectively one of Canada\'s largest acute-care teaching hospitals. It was formed in 1995 as a result of the merger of University Hospital and Victoria Hospital. In affiliation with the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry at the University of Western Ontario, it trains more than 1,800 medical and care professionals annually. It operates two hospital facilities, University Hospital and Victoria Hospital which includes the Children\'s Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre.
## History
Donald Alexander Macdonald, Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, officially opened the London General Hospital in 1875. Its legacy as a teaching hospital dates from 1882, when the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Western Ontario was opened at St. James Street. In 1887, there were 60 students, too many for the original site, and a new building was constructed at Waterloo and York Streets.
The biggest of changes came in 1921 after a new building was opened at South and Waterloo Street and in 1965 when the faculty moved to the university campus.
The London General Training School for Nurses opened in 1883 with total of three students. It was the third nursing school opened in Canada. All students were living in the hospital until the Nurses\' Residence was opened in 1905. In 1975, the nursing program was transferred to Fanshawe College. Today, with the amalgamation of both the University Hospital campus and Victoria Hospital campus within London Health Sciences Centre, both are educational sites for nursing students from both Fanshawe College and the University of Western Ontario, in addition to public-health, dentistry and medicine students at the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry and the broader University of Western Ontario Faculty of Graduate Studies.
In January 2021, President and CEO Paul Woods apologized for travelling to the United States five times since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ontario -- including over the Christmas holidays -- contrary to public health advice against non-essential international travel. Woods is a Canadian citizen and lives in London by himself, while his family lives in Michigan. All of his trips were approved by the London Health Sciences Centre Board. In November 2020, during a COVID-19 outbreak at University Hospital which killed 26 people, Woods had sent a memo to health workers under him admonishing them for not strictly following public health advice and stating that they should be held to a higher standard. Upon *CBC News* breaking the story, Woods issued a statement saying that he would respect public health advice on non-essential travel in the future. On January 11, Woods was fired as CEO, and the board retracted earlier statements that it had approved Woods\'s trips.
In 2021, Jackie Schleifer Taylor was appointed CEO. She went on medical leave in 2023. She left the job in June 2024. David Musyj, Windsor Regional Hospital\'s president, was appointed acting president of London Health Sciences Centre in May 2024
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# Machzikei Hadas (synagogue)
**Machzikei Hadas** (literally translated from Hebrew as \'Supporters of the law\') is a Modern Orthodox synagogue in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Congregation Machzikei Hadas, is open to all, regardless of level of observance. Machzikei Hadas is broadening its programming for young families in an attempt to boost membership.
## History
The Jewish population of Ottawa grew from 20 families in 1889 to approximately 5,500 in 1961. The Machzikei Hadas congregation first began Shabbat services in a home on St. Patrick Street owned by Mr and Mrs Goldberg in 1907, paying 25 cents per week dues. The congregation rented a hall at the corner of Dalhousie and St. Patrick Street for one month covering Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur, and charging \$1.00. On May 12, 1908, the 264 Murray Street former premises of Adath Jeshurun Congregation and subsequent soda water factory of Michael Fine, was purchased for \$1,800.00 by 15 to 20 families for their first permanent Machzikei Hadas synagogue. Henry Levine, tailor, Nathan Wolfe, tailor, Benjamin Natham(son), peddler, Max Friedman, shoemaker, Max Lachowitz, peddler and Abraham Apple(baum), carpenter. Leibel and Mendle Steinberg and Kseil and Abraham Applebaum worked on 264 Murray to transform it into a synagogue again. In 1923, the congregation purchased two homes owned by Oscar Petigrosky at the corner of King Edward and Murray Streets. The congregation met in various temporary locations until 1927. Werner Edgar Noffke (architect) designed the synagogue on King Edward Avenue at Murray Street, (1926--27). The synagogue at 259 Murray Street opened in 1929. Rev. Baker served as cantor from 1910 until his death in 1945. From 1909 until 1960, part-time rabbis served both the Machzikei Hadas and B\'nai Jacob congregations. Rabbi Stanley Webber, who emphasized education, became the congregation\'s first full-time spiritual leader 1960--1962. Rabbi Abraham Rubin served the congregation from 1962 until 1967. The congregation affiliated with the Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregation in 1960. Dr. Reuven Bulka, who served as spiritual leader of Congregation Machzikei Hadas in Ottawa starting in 1967, and became rabbi emeritus in 2015, emphasized adult education, psychology, and Judaism. Rabbi Idan Scher was chosen to be next spiritual leader of Congregation Machzikei Hadas in 2014.
Machzikei Hadas relocated in 1973 to a newly designed synagogue on Virginia Drive in Alta Vista, extending services from 100 families in 1974 to 500 families in 1995. The congregation provided many youths, seniors, educational and public awareness programs. The congregation maintained an eruv, or private space and housed Clergy for a United Canada. In 1994, it was the first synagogue in the Commonwealth of Nations to be granted arms by the Canadian heraldic authority. Congregation Machzikei Hadas declined by about one-third over the past 15 years,`{{when?|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} said Jonah Rabinovitch, president of Ottawa\'s oldest Orthodox congregation to about 300 families.
## Jewish Memorial Gardens {#jewish_memorial_gardens}
As of 1 July 2008, each of the Founding Members: Congregation Machzikei Hadas; Congregation Beth Shalom; Agudath Israel (Ottawa); the Jewish Reform Congregation Temple Israel (Ottawa); Young Israel of Ottawa; Congregation Beit Tikvah of Ottawa transferred to Jewish Memorial Gardens the cemetery lands that they had.
## Programming
Machzikei Hadas has provided for the community through youth, seniors, educational, and public awareness programs. The synagogue has hosted or co-hosted human rights day gatherings, an information evening for potential bone marrow transplant donors, and All-Candidates meetings. The synagogue launched and maintains the community Eruv. In the period leading up to the referendum, Congregation Machzikei Hadas served as the base for Clergy for a United Canada, which amassed 6,000 signatures from clergy across Canada calling on Canada to remain together.
## Machzikei Hadas -- name {#machzikei_hadas_name}
The name is derived from the eponymous umbrella organisation that was conceived by the then Rebbe of Belz, Rabbi Joshua Rokeach who was a son of Rabbi Shalom Rokeach of Belz in Galicia, Eastern Poland. Its first leader was a founding member of this august Rabbinic council, Rabbi Shimon Sofer, Chief Rabbi of Krakow. After being decimated by wars (World War I & World War II), it was built anew in Israel by the present Rebbe of Belz, Yissachar Dov Rokeach. People who emigrated from Poland started synagogues wherever they arrived and named them \"Machzikei Hadas\", after the organised community life they left behind in their home towns. The name was also used for the new movement\'s mouthpiece \"Kol Machzike Hadas\", which appeared until the outbreak of World War I.
There are several other Orthodox synagogues around the world with the same name including the Spitalfields Great Synagogue in London, Antwerp, Brussels, Edgware, Manchester, New York City, Copenhagen, Machzikei Hadas -- Young Israel of Scranton, Pennsylvania, and Ottawa, some of which are part of an Orthodox congregation, like the Orthodox congregation in Geneva, which also carries this name
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# The Last Kiss (2001 film)
***The Last Kiss*** (*\'\'\'L\'ultimo bacio\'\'\'* `{{IPA|it|ˈlultimo ˈbaːtʃo|}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 2001 Italian comedy-drama film written and directed by Gabriele Muccino.
It was remade into *The Last Kiss* in 2006 by Tony Goldwyn starring Zach Braff and Rachel Bilson.
A sequel to the film (*\[\[Baciami ancora\]\]*; *italics=yes*) was released in Italy in February 2010.
## Plot
Giulia (Giovanna Mezzogiorno) and Carlo (Stefano Accorsi) have been happy together for three years, but Giulia\'s announcement that she is pregnant sends him into a secret panic. Terrified at his imminent entry into the adult world of irreversible responsibilities, Carlo finds himself tempted by a bewitching 18-year-old girl, Francesca (Martina Stella), whom he meets by chance at a wedding. The possibility of one last youthful crazy fling before the impending prison of parenthood proves to be too attractive to resist.
But a short-term fling with Francesca comes with serious consequences that threaten to damage his three-year relationship with Giulia, who is expecting a baby girl. At the same time, it also dashes the idealistic hopes of Francesca, who dreams of a beautiful future with him. After a raucous quarrel in the night, Carlo goes to Francesca\'s house, where they have sex. However, the morning after, reality sinks on Carlo and the enormity of what he had done surfaces. But it is not easy for Giulia to forgive, or to trust him again.
## Cast
- Giovanna Mezzogiorno: Giulia
- Stefano Accorsi: Carlo
- Stefania Sandrelli: Anna
- Martina Stella: Francesca
- Pierfrancesco Favino: Marco
- Claudio Santamaria: Paolo
- Sabrina Impacciatore: Livia
- Giorgio Pasotti: Adriano
- Sergio Castellitto: Prof. Eugenio Bonetti
- Regina Orioli: Arianna
- Marco Cocci: Alberto
- Luigi Diberti: Emilio
- Daniela Piazza: Veronica
- Lina Bernardi: Adele
- Piero Natoli: Michele
- Vittorio Amandola: Mimmo
- Giulia Carmignani: Mariposa
- Silvio Muccino: fiancee of Mariposa
- Carmen Consoli: lover of Alberto
## Reception
The film grossed \$12 million in Italy and \$17.8 million worldwide
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# Abancay province
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| 20 |
Abancay province
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# Taxis of Australia
**Taxis in Australia** are highly regulated by each Australian state and territory, with each state and territory having its own history and structure. In December 2014, there were 21,344 taxis in Australia. Taxis in Australia are required to be licensed and are typically required to operate and charge on a fitted taximeter. Taxi fare rates are set by State or Territory governments. A vehicle without a meter is generally not considered to be a taxi, and may be described, for example, as a hire car, limousine, carpool, etc. Most taxis today are fueled by liquid petroleum gas. A2B Australia owns and operates the Cabcharge payment system, which covers 98% of taxis in Australia, and operates one of Australia\'s largest taxi networks.
Taxi services are particularly valuable to less mobile groups in the community, such as elderly and disabled people. As a result, government intervention has historically ensured that taxi services have assisted in ensuring equity, reliability, quality, and safety. At the same time, regulation has created barriers to entry and limited competition in the sector. In April 1995, the Federal and all State and Territory governments entered into the Competition Principles Agreement that required all jurisdictions to review legislation which restricts competition by the year 2000. As a result of pressures from competition law, the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (and preceding legislation), and evolving technology, the regulated industry is facing challenges from deregulated vehicle for hire companies including Uber.
## Brief history {#brief_history}
Australia adopted horse-drawn taxis once cities were established and, in the case of Queensland, Brisbane introduced the first horse-drawn taxis, which plied throughout the city. These also included hansom cabs, a more elaborate type with a closed-in cabin for passengers with two small front doors and glass windows and their driver sitting high at the back. This type of vehicle was a standard type used in England. Hansom cabs were used in Brisbane until 1935, operating from a rank outside the Supreme Court in George Street.
Motor taxis were introduced into Australia not long after they were put into service in the United Kingdom and Europe. In 1906 Sydney inaugurated motorised taxis, followed soon after by the other states.
The taxis of the period included a variety of types, with tourers and sedans. The latter were mainly French built Renaults, which were designed as taxis, not unlike the hansom cabs. Brisbane had a number of them that plied from the ranks outside Parliament House, Brisbane in Alice Street, and the Supreme Court of Queensland building in George Street. As applied to the hansom cabs, the Renaults catered mainly for gentlemen of standing, including judges, barristers and other notables. The drivers wore uniforms with leggings, the same as those worn by chauffeurs of horse-drawn carriages.
Each large taxi company had telephones installed in a steel box type cover at city and suburban ranks, direct to the switch control rooms in the city.
Although motor vehicle taxis were being used at the time, a few horse-drawn taxis continued service in Brisbane until the early 1920s. Country towns had them for a while longer.
The progress through the years included many types of tourers from circa 1910 until the late 1920s, with British and American cars predominating. Makes featured such names as Buick, Dodge, Talbot, Vauxhall, Saxon, Ford, Chandler, Studebaker, Chevrolet, Hupmobile, Whippet, Oldsmobile, Marmon, Pontiac, Hudson, Oakland, Erskine, Rugby, Essex and Chrysler.
Sedans were added during the late 1920s and included similar makes of vehicles. This was the case with all cars being imported into Australia until World War II. American cars proved more suitable to Australian motoring conditions, especially for taxis. General Motors built thousands in Australia, as did the other American companies including Ford and Chrysler.
| 624 |
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| 0 |
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# Taxis of Australia
## Current industry structure by state or territory {#current_industry_structure_by_state_or_territory}
### New South Wales {#new_south_wales}
New South Wales is served by around 6,000 taxis, and the industry employs over 22,700 taxi drivers, the largest number of taxis and drivers in Australia.
In general, individual taxis are owned by small-scale operators who pay membership fees to regional or citywide radio communication networks. These networks provide branding as well as telephone and internet booking services to operators and drivers.
Fares are set by the Independent Pricing and Regulatory Tribunal of New South Wales (IPART). Other aspects of the industry are regulated by the Transport for NSW. The industry plays a self-regulating role through the New South Wales Taxi Council.
Vehicle operators are represented by the New South Wales Taxi Industry Association and, in country New South Wales, by the New South Wales Country Operators Association. Drivers are represented by the New South Wales Taxi Drivers Association. The New South Wales Transport Workers Union purports to represent taxi drivers. Most regional centers have a local taxi network.
### Queensland
There are numerous taxi services throughout Queensland which operate in all main city centers, as far north as Thursday Island off North Queensland.
Prior to a taxi company being formed in Queensland, owners of taxis simply had signs on the vehicles indicating \"For Hire\" painted on the side, front and rear. Before 1924, all taxis plied for hire without a means of recording the mileage, other than the driver himself calculating the fare according to how far he drove his passengers. There was a fare scale, however, the driver could charge whatever he thought was nearest to the amount specified. This no doubt, brought about the introduction of meters.
The first taxi company in Queensland was Ascot Taxi Service which was formed in 1919 in Brisbane by two motor mechanics, Edmund William Henry Beckman and Edward Roland Videan. In 1924, the Yellow Cab Company imported their taxis from the United States, which were built especially for taxi work by the Yellow Cab Company in Chicago. The vehicle was the A2 Brougham (mustard pots)---a sedan with the driver separated from the passengers by a window with the baggage compartment in front beside him. The meter was alongside the window by the driver\'s side. The taxis were also the first fitted with meters in Australia. The vehicle was known as a yellow cab, having been built by the company with that name plate on the front of the radiator. The engines were also built especially for the type and were similar to the Willys Knight. The driver\'s compartment did not have side windows. The Broughams were taken out of service in 1936.
The Yellow Cab Company has now become the largest cab fleet in Brisbane and introduced the first computerized data dispatch from the control room to taxis. The system was designed to increase efficiency and provide a better and safer service for the public and increase drivers\' security. The computers have been installed into the fleet of over 580 taxis.
The Taxi Council of Queensland is the trade association and its objective is to expand the total market for taxi services.
SsangYong Stavics are also currently being trialed in Queensland as \'maxi cabs\'.
Uber is disrupting the Queensland taxi industry.
| 548 |
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| 1 |
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# Taxis of Australia
## Current industry structure by state or territory {#current_industry_structure_by_state_or_territory}
### Victoria
Taxis and private hire cars are a part of public transport in Victoria. In December 2014, there were 5,778 taxis in Victoria. Each taxi is required to be licensed and one vehicle only is permitted to operate on each license. The number of licenses issued is restricted, but transfers of a license can take place. License fees were abolished in 2018.
Eight taxi license holders own and control more than 10 licenses. The largest license holders are A2B Australia and the Gange Corporation, both of which hold licenses under a variety of names. A2B Australia also operates the 13cabs booking network, and the Gange Corporation operates the Silver Top Taxis booking network. These companies are the two main network service providers in the greater Melbourne area. Taxi operators pay the booking service an affiliation fee.
More than 60% of licenses are assigned (or leased or rented) to taxi operators, who pay the license holder assignment fees. These fees fluctuate, and typically are in the order of \$24,000 per annum. The operator owns, maintains and operates the taxi vehicle as well as the taximeter. Taxi operators may drive their taxis or may employ drivers. In June 2016 there were 14,771 active taxi drivers. Taxi drivers are required to be registered, and their registration certificate must be displayed in the taxi. A taxi operator can sell the taxi, comprising the assigned license, vehicle and meter, as a going concern. Besides receiving the assignment fees from the taxi operator, license holders also commonly benefit from capital growth in license values, or carry the risk of a decline in the market value of a license.
Concern about the availability and quality of taxis continues to be a major public issue in Victoria.
Significant reforms were made to the industry in 1994 under the Kennett Government, including taxis being required to be painted canary yellow. In 2002, peak service taxis, which must be yellow and a green top, were introduced to operate at night, between 3 pm and 7 am, and at special events only. In 2013, the taxi regulations were relaxed to allow colours other than yellow.
The taxi industry in Victoria was the subject of a major government inquiry, the Taxi Industry Inquiry in 2011.
The market value of a taxi license fluctuates over time. They were estimated to be valued at around \$464,000, in October 2008. In April 2011, metropolitan taxi licenses had an approximate market value of \$512,500. In June 2016 the approximate market value of a metro license was \$158,688. Taxi licenses were abolished in 2018, and license holders are to be compensated at a cost of \$494 million.
In 2008, there were 3,774 licensed taxis in Melbourne, including 235 wheelchair accessible taxis. In 2011, there were 5,045 taxi licenses across Victoria, including 502 wheelchair accessible taxis. In December 2014, there were 5,778 taxis in Victoria. More recently, the number of taxi licenses were:
September 2015 June 2016
-------------- ---------------- -------------------------------------------------
Metropolitan 4,812 4,660 including 443 wheelchair accessible taxis
Urban 488 505 including 85 wheelchair accessible taxis
Regional 335 336 including 72 wheelchair accessible taxis
Country 162 162 including 35 wheelchair accessible taxis
Total 5,797 5,663 including 635 wheelchair accessible taxis
: Number of taxi licenses
In 2018, Uber, DiDi, Shofer, Taxify, GoCatch, Shebah, and Ola Cabs were legalized in Victoria. Taxi licenses were abolished and license holders are to be compensated by an 8-year A\$1 levy on all taxi and ride-booking services in Victoria.
#### Regulatory scheme {#regulatory_scheme}
Victoria does not have a dedicated industry statute covering the taxi industry. The prime operational statute for the taxi industry is the *Transport (Compliance and Miscellaneous) Act 1983*. Part 6 of that Act contains the key provisions regulating the taxi industry including provisions relating to licensing, accreditation and compliance. The overarching *Transport Integration Act 2010* (TIA) is a key piece of legislation. It both establishes the taxi industry regulator, the Director of Public Transport, and contains a set of high level policy objectives and principles which the regulator must have regard to when exercising functions including licensing and accreditation decisions. In practice, the Director delegates taxi industry functions to the general manager of the Victorian Taxi Directorate. Another key operational legislative instrument is the *Transport (Taxi-cab) Regulations 2005*.
The Taxi Industry Inquiry of 2011 resulted in major reforms to Victoria\'s taxi industry and has had a far reaching impact on taxi services in Melbourne and beyond. The *Transport Legislation Amendment (Taxi Services Reform and Other Matters) Act 2011* created the Taxi Services Commission to regulate the taxi industry. The Commission commenced its role on 1 July 2013 and began operations on 19 July. Accreditation requirements apply to a number of key parties in the taxi industry.
#### Taxi Talk {#taxi_talk}
Taxi Talk Magazine -- Voice of the Taxi Industry -- was the first ever magazine dedicated solely to the Victorian taxi industry. The first edition was delivered to depots on 1 May 1966, and each issue was a small pocket size magazine, 8 x, until Taxi Talk became a B5 colour magazine produced monthly. With collaborations from all sectors of the industry, the magazine kept taxi owners, operators, drivers, industry suppliers, service trade providers, associations and government interested people up to date with the latest news within the Victorian taxi industry.
In April 2017, Taxi Talk was rebranded to represent the taxi industry on a national level and developed into DRIVE NOW (previously DRIVE A2B) Magazine, the new Voice of the Australian Commercial Passenger Transport Industry. In September 2018, DRIVE NOW printed its first issue, and since has featured information on the Australian taxi industry for every State and Territory in Australia.
### Tasmania
As at 19 February 2009, there are 448 perpetual, 8 owner-operator and 45 wheelchair accessible taxi licenses on issue in Tasmania. The industry employs over 1,000 taxi drivers: some owner-drivers and most drivers on a bailiff agreement commission basis.
There are 3 main providers in Hobart -- 131008 Hobart, Taxi Combined and Yellow Cabs. 131008 Hobart alone service over 50% of Hobart\'s immediate population. The remainder of the industry consists of smaller fleet operators with several licenses each and the rest are owner-operators. The location of taxi ranks in the southern district are around the main CBD area, with many others in suburbs close to Hobart.
The Tasmanian Taxi Association began publishing a quarterly industry newsletter \"TTA Taxi Talk\" in December 2008. In October 2008 Yellow Cabs began operating their first Toyota Prius, becoming Tasmania\'s first taxi company to run hybrid vehicles.
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# Taxis of Australia
## Current industry structure by state or territory {#current_industry_structure_by_state_or_territory}
### Western Australia {#western_australia}
There are two main taxi dispatch service operators in the greater Perth area of Western Australia: Australian owned (parent company ASX listed) Black and White Taxis (with about 10% of traffic), providing Black & White Cabs, Sunseeker Taxis, Maxi Cabs, 13eCab and 13LCab; and Singaporean owned (through a subsidiary of ComfortDelGro) Swan Taxis (with almost 90% of traffic) which dispatches Swan Taxis, 13Cabs, Easy Access Perth, Coastal Cabs, Silver Service, Tricolor and Yellow Cab taxis. Other much smaller independent dispatch companies include West Coast Cabs, Rainbow Taxis, Carlisle Cabs, Cabwest and White Eagles.
In Perth, there were 2,215 taxis operating in 2013, most being either conventional sedans or station wagons. This number included 116 multipurpose taxis that can also cater for passengers who use wheelchairs, 41 peak period restricted taxis and 75 restricted area taxis. An additional fifty London-style taxis were introduced in late 2013, dispatched by Black and White Cabs.
Outside the Perth metropolitan area, taxi fleets vary considerably in size from the largest, Kalgoorlie/Boulder with 44 licensed taxis (2013), to numerous very small towns with only one licence. The largest rural taxi fleets for 2014 were Kalgoorlie/Boulder (44), Mandurah (36), Bunbury (30), Broome (29), Geraldton (25), Port Hedland (23) and Carnarvon (23).
All taxis in Western Australia have meters operated by the distance and time. The meter is connected to a rooftop light that illuminates when the cab is vacant. Cabs can be booked either by phone call or on the internet. Hailing of taxis on the street is permitted in Western Australia. There are also taxi ranks at airports, many railway stations, popular nightspots and shopping centres.
<File:2012> Ford Mondeo (MC) LX TDCi wagon, Swan Taxis (2018-10-22).jpg\|Ford Mondeo LX diesel, operating as Swan Taxis <File:London> Taxi TX4 operating as 13LCABS.jpg\|London Taxi TX4 operating as 13LCAB (Black and White Cabs) <File:2016> Toyota HiAce (KDH223R) Commuter Super LWB van, Black & White 13 MAXI (2018-11-22) 01.jpg\|Toyota HiAce, operating as a Maxi Cab (Black and White Cabs) <File:2008-2010> Ford Falcon (FG) G6 sedan, West Coast Cabs (2017-12-09).jpg\|Ford Falcon G6, West Coast Cabs <File:2009-2015> Toyota Tarago (GSR50R) GLi van, TriColor Taxis (2018-11-29).jpg\|Toyota Tarago, TriColor taxis (Swan Taxis) <File:2018> Toyota Camry (AXVH71R) Ascent Sport Hybrid sedan, TriColor Taxis (2018-05-05).jpg\|Toyota Camry Hybrid operated by TriColor Taxis <File:2008-2010> Hyundai iMax (TQ-W) van, 13CABS (2018-10-15).jpg\|Hyundai iMax, 13 Cabs (Swan Taxis) <File:2017> Toyota Camry (AVV50R) Altise sedan, Black & White Taxis (2018-11-22).jpg\|Toyota Camry Hybrid operating for Black & White Taxis
### Australian Capital Territory {#australian_capital_territory}
Taxis in the Australian Capital Territory originated from hire cars, which began operating in Canberra from 1924. The most well-known operators of the Canberra hire car industry at this time were Horrie and Alice Cleaver.
In 1956, one hire car was successfully fitted with a two way radio, leading to a new era of radio hire cars. Twenty-seven of these radio hire cars worked from the owners\' homes as well as from ranks in the city, and picked up hails; these were then called public hire cars or taxis. Fares were calculated by the operators and were based on a return trip. Within the next year, Deluxe Taxis and Black and White Taxis were introduced and started servicing the public.
Aerial Taxis was founded in 1957 by Ken Lambert, Bruce Lamber, Jack McCarthy, Bill Dennis, Clem Sykes, Alec Vince and Rex Brodie. The founders created a telephone booth sized dispatch center and set up an antenna for their two way radios at the Ampol Service Station in Kootara Cres, Narrabundah. The name Aerial Taxis came about, as each vehicle in operation needed a one metre long antenna fixed onto the roof. By 1963, Aerial Taxis was thriving and merged with the only other taxi group in the state Deluxe Taxis. Aerial Taxis is known today as Canberra Elite (Canberra Cabs).
Canberra Cabs is now one of Canberra\'s largest taxi booking service providers, alongside taxi service ACT Cabs.
### Northern Territory {#northern_territory}
To own and operate a taxi in Northern Territory, one has to be approved as an accredited operator, attain a Commercial Vehicle Licence (CVL) and register their taxi. There is a limit on how many taxi licences can operate in Darwin and Alice Springs, and licences are issued by ballots. A ballot is held every time taxi licences become available, with people receiving 3 weeks notice on when it will occur.
Fares in Northern Territory are regulated by the Government of the Northern Territory. Taxi meters must be certified each year and checked they are showing the correct set fares. Taxi vehicles are also required to have a roof sign, including two tariff indicator lights indicating the rate being charged on the meter, and the word \'TAXI\' on the front, which is to illuminate when the taxi is currently operating and not already servicing a passenger.
### South Australia {#south_australia}
As at 1 September 2020, there are 994 metro taxis, 253 country taxis and 102 metro wheelchair accessible vehicles registered in South Australia. In addition, as at 1 September 2020, there are 780 accredited taxi only drivers in South Australia.
Under the current legislation and the standards outlined by Department for Infrastructure and Transport (DIT), vehicles used as taxis must meet road safety and basic amenity requirements. Taxis are to display the details of the booking service provider or operator and a vehicle inspection sticker on the left hand corner of the windscreen.
On 1 October 2016, maximum fares for Adelaide metro taxis increased, for the first time within a period of 3 years, by 3%. In Adelaide, fares are calculated by the flagfall, distance travelled and waiting time. Tariffs set these rates depending on the time and day and the number of passengers in the taxi.
| 964 |
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| 3 |
9,985,709 |
# Taxis of Australia
## Current industry structure by state or territory {#current_industry_structure_by_state_or_territory}
### Cabcharge
The Cabcharge account payment system was established in 1976 to provide a way to pay for taxi fares throughout Australia and participating countries. Cabcharge has been the subject of Federal Court proceedings over alleged anti-competitive practices including predatory pricing activities and was subjected to a record high \$15 million settlement for these behaviours. The company is also facing criticism of profiteering for the 10% surcharge it imposes on taxi fares paid by card and the matter is currently being investigated by the Reserve Bank of Australia, and the surcharge has been limited to no more than 5% in Victoria, New South Wales and Western Australia
| 120 |
Taxis of Australia
| 4 |
9,985,720 |
# Church of Kish
The **Church of Kish** (*Kiş kilsəsi*; *გიშის ეკლესია*), also known from different sources as **Church of Saint Elishe** (*Müqəddəs Yelisey kilsəsi*; *Սուրբ Եղիշէ եկեղեցի*; Latinised **Saint Eliseus**) or **Holy Mother of God Church** (*Սուրբ Աստուածածին եկեղեցի*), is a Georgian Orthodox church, probably dating to the early 12th century, in the village of Kiş, approximately 5 km north of Shaki, Azerbaijan. It has been inactive due to lack of parishioners since the 19th century, although mass was still regularly held as of 2000 by a Georgian priest. Archaeological research undertaken in 2000 concluded that it was first built as a diophysite Georgian church, later to become a Chalcedonian church (Armenian or Caucasian Albanian). Previous research had proposed that it had functioned at different times as a Caucasian Albanian Apostolic church, `{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Unreliable source?|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki} a Chalcedonian church within the Georgian Orthodox Church, and later as an Armenian Apostolic Church.
## History
According to the 7th century Armenian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi, in the 1st century AD St. Elishe, a disciple of Thaddeus of Edessa, arrived to a place called Gis (Գիս), where he built a church and recited a liturgy. The church became the \"spiritual center and the place of enlightenment of people of the East\". On his way from Gis St. Elishe was killed near the pagan altar in the small Zerguni valley by unknown people. According to the Armenian historian on architecture Samvel Karapetian, the geographical position of Kish does not seem to match that described by Kaghankatvatsi. Karapetian believes that they have identified Gis as the village of Bomen/Bum 60 km to the south-east of Kish, in Gabala district.
According to a Georgian historiographer, in the 10th century, the population of Kish converted to the Georgian Orthodox Church (Chalcedonism). The church of Kish was turned into a residence of a Georgian bishop, functioning till 17th century. By the time when Russia took possession of the region the village of Kish had Udi population. According to Robert H. Hewsen, the Udi language appeared to have been prevalent north of Kura River until the nineteenth century, and the Armenian population appeared to be of relatively recent arrival. While many Armenians undoubtedly settled there fleeing the Turko-Mongolic invasions, many more entered the region with the coming of the Russians in the early nineteenth century.
According to Vladimir Minorsky, Kish was conquered by David the Builder in 1117 and was given to *eristavi* of Tsuketi and became seat for the bishop of Eliseni (Elisu), Tsuketi and Shakihi (Shaki).
| 420 |
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| 0 |
9,985,720 |
# Church of Kish
## Research and dating {#research_and_dating}
In 2000--2003 the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs funded a joint project between Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University and the Norwegian Humanitarian Enterprise for the archaeological research and restoration of the church of Kish. Dr. Vilayat Karimov of Baku\'s Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography served as the director of excavations, and the archaeological advisor for the project was J. Bjørnar Storfjell. Radiocarbon analysis of various objects found on the site showed that the cultic site found beneath the altar of the church dates to about 3000 B.C., while the construction of the existing church building dates to about the 12th century (990--1160 A.D. calibrated Carbon-14 date).
The existing church building cannot be dated to the times of St. Elishe, but the archaeological evidence demonstrates that the church is located on an ancient cultic site. It is very unlikely that St. Elishe built in Kish a church in the modern understanding of this word. Even if the person did exist, it appears likely that he built only the altar or used an existing pagan cult structure.
Bjørnar Storfjell stated that there\'s clear evidence that this church was built as diophysite church. Excavations revealed that the church represented two different periods of use, with two different corresponding floor levels of the chancel area. A chancel (the altar area, where the priest officiates) only slightly elevated in comparison to the nave reflects a diophysite view on the nature of Christ (Jesus is seen as equally divine and human at the same time), while a higher elevation of the chancel is typical of Monophysitism (Christ is seen as purely divine). The officiating priest is seen as the representative of Jesus, and the Christological approach reflects on the priest\'s degree of proximity to the worshippers. In Kish, the floor level of the chancel was raised during a second period of use from a mere 30-40 cm to about one meter (100 cm) above that of the nave. According to Storfjell, the architecture of the apse of the original church in Kish suggests a diophysite Christology, and since the Georgian Church was the only diophysite church existing in the Caucasus in the late medieval period, it seems reasonable to suggest that the Kish church was initially built as a Georgian church and was later taken over by monophysites. At the time, the monophysite doctrine was represented in the region by two Churches: the Armenian and the Caucasus Albanian Church, the latter having adopted Monophysitism during the eighth century. Storfjell posits that the rising of the chancel floor to 1 meter above the nave floor level took place in the 17th century, while under the control of the Caucasus Albanian Church.
## Gallery
<File:Gishi> church plan.svg\|Plan of the church <File:Kishchurchfrontview.jpg%7CWest> facade with entrance (2007) <File:Kishchurchrearview.jpg%7CChurch> of Kish from the NE (rear view; 2007) <File:120kish.jpg%7CAltar> and dome (2011) <File:Kishdome.jpg%7CDome> with cross decoration and chandelier (2007) <File:117kish.jpg%7CDome> and chandelier (2011) <File:Kishcrypt
| 491 |
Church of Kish
| 1 |
9,985,726 |
# List of highways numbered 299
| 6 |
List of highways numbered 299
| 0 |
9,985,733 |
# San Juan Hills High School
**San Juan Hills High School** is a high school located in San Juan Capistrano, California, and it is the sixth high school of the Capistrano Unified School District. The school officially opened in the 2007--2008 school year as a new comprehensive high school and it serves the residents of San Juan Capistrano, Talega of San Clemente, Capistrano Beach, and southern Ladera Ranch in Orange County, California.
## Arts and athletics {#arts_and_athletics}
San Juan Hills has: an art program, volleyball, baseball, pep squad, basketball, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, tennis, water polo, softball, cross country, surfing, swimming, wrestling and track & field teams
| 107 |
San Juan Hills High School
| 0 |
9,985,739 |
# Assessment of basic language and learning skills
The **assessment of basic language and learning skills** (**ABLLS**, often pronounced \"ables\") is an educational tool used frequently with applied behavior analysis (ABA) to measure the basic linguistic and functional skills of an individual with developmental delays or disabilities.
## Development
The revised assessment of basic language and learning skills (ABLLS-R) is an assessment tool, curriculum guide, and skills-tracking system used to help guide the instruction of language and critical learner skills for children with autism or other developmental disabilities. It provides a comprehensive review of 544 skills from 25 skill areas including language, social interaction, self-help, academic and motor skills that most typically developing children acquire prior to entering kindergarten. Expressive language skills are assessed based upon the behavioral analysis of language as presented by B.F. Skinner in his book *Verbal Behavior* (1957). The task items within each skill area are arranged from simpler to more complex tasks. This practical tool facilitates the identification of skills needed by the child to effectively communicate and learn from everyday experiences. The information obtained from this assessment allows parents and professionals to pinpoint obstacles that have been preventing a child from acquiring new skills and to develop a comprehensive language-based curriculum.
The ABLLS-R comprises two documents. The ABLLS-R Protocol is used to score the child\'s performance on the task items and provides 15 appendices that allow for the tracking of a variety of specific skills that are included in the assessment. The ABLLS-R Guide provides information about the features of the ABLLS-R, how to correctly score items, and how to develop Individualized Education Program (IEP) goals and objectives that clearly define and target the learning needs of a student.
The original version was first released in 1998 by Behavior Analysts, Inc. and was developed by James W. Partington, Ph.D., BCBA-D and Mark L. Sundberg, Ph.D, BCBA-D. It was revised in 2006 by Partington. The revised version incorporates many new task items and provides a more specific sequence in the developmental order of items within the various skill areas. Significant changes were made in the revised version of the vocal imitation section with input from Denise Senick-Pirri, SLP-CCC. Additional improvements were made to incorporate items associated with social interaction skills, motor imitation and other joint attention skills, and to ensure the fluent use of established skills. Dr. Mark Sundberg, later went on to author his Verbal Behavioral assessment called the VB-MAPP in 2008.
Another assessment tool for learning is the International Development and Early Learning Assessment. This tool is used to measure and compare a child\'s, usually between the ages of three and six years, behavioral development and learning capabilities in other countries. Countries that used IDELA included Afghanistan, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Uganda, and Vietnam. The IDELA is based on a child\'s emergent literacy, emergent numeracy, Social-emotional skills, and motor skills.
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# Assessment of basic language and learning skills
## WebABLLS and normative data {#webablls_and_normative_data}
The WebABLLS is an electronic version of the assessment. It allows parents, teachers, speech pathologists, behavior analysts, and others who design, coordinate, or supervise language or skill-acquisition programs to expedite the development of IEPs, progress reports, and to easily share information about a child. The WebABLLS provides videos of many skills that are measured by the ABLLS-R and can be used to demonstrate those specific skills.
Over the past four years, parents, relatives and friends of typically developing children have been participating in an ongoing research project by entering data into the WebABLLS. The data are collected by parents or professionals who both know the children and have received training in the administration of the ABLLS-R. The data are updated at three-month intervals (i.e., 6 months, 9 months, 12 months) in order to track the specific changes in skills over the course of the children\'s development. These preliminary data have been collected in a systematic manner to provide information about when each skill measured by the ABLLS-R is usually acquired by typically developing children.
The preliminary data from this research project are from 81 children (42 females and 39 males) ranging in age from 6 months to 60 months. Children are from a variety of geographical locations (both nationally and internationally) and of differing ethnic, socio-economic and educational backgrounds. The average percent of the total possible scores along with the range from the highest to the lowest scores for the sample at each 3-month age intervals are presented. The data clearly indicate that typically developing children demonstrate most of the basic language and learning skills measured by the ABLLS-R by the time they are 4 to 5 years of age.
## Usage
While the ABLLS-R is most commonly used on children with developmental disabilities and delays (including autism), it can be used for anyone who may be lacking in basic communication or life skills.
It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of an individual in each of the 25 skill sets. Each skill set is broken down into multiple skills, ordered by typical development or complexity. So, a skill of F1 (Requests by indicating) is a simpler skill than F12 (Requesting Help). *Usually*, lower level skills are needed before proceeding to teach higher skills. However, many individuals display splinter skills that are above their practical level.
The ABLLS-R is conducted via observation of the child\'s behavior in each skill area. The instructor will provide a stimulus to the child (verbal, hand-over-hand, non-verbal, etc.), and, depending on what the child does (the behavior), determines their skill-level. Some skills are difficult or time-consuming to test; instructors frequently accept anecdotal evidence from parents and other instructors as to a child\'s ability at a given skill-level.
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# Assessment of basic language and learning skills
## Sections
The ABLLS-R is split into 25 functional areas, each corresponding to a letter in the alphabet. The sections between the ABLLS and ABLLS-R are similar; it is mostly the skills that vary in number and scope.
Letter Title Explanation/Remarks
-------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Cooperation & Reinforcer Effectiveness How well a child responds to motivation and others
B Visual Performance The ability to interpret things visually, such as pictures and puzzles.
C Receptive Language The ability to understand language.
D Motor Imitation Being able to mimic the physical actions of others.
E Vocal Imitation Being able to mimic the sounds and words others make. Also called *Echoic* in ABA
F Requests Also called *Manding* in ABA
G Labelling Naming objects, or their features, functions, or classes.
H Intraverbals Responding to only the stimulus of words. Objects/motivators not present.
I Spontaneous Vocalizations Using language without being prompted.
J Syntax and Grammar How well words and sentences are put together.
K Play and Leisure Solitary and group play skills.
L Social Interaction Abilities regarding interaction with peers and adults.
M Group Instruction Ability to learn in a group setting (not just one-on-one).
N Classroom Routines Ability to follow rules and common school routines.
O *N/A*
P Generalized Responding The ability to generalize material learned and use it in real-life or novel situations.
Q Reading Alphabet, pre-reading, and reading skills.
R Math Numbers, counting, less-more-equal, basic addition and subtraction.
S Writing Coloring, drawing, copying, and writing skills.
T Spelling
U Dressing Ability to dress or undress self independently.
V Eating Basic self-help skills regarding eating and preparing of food.
W Grooming Basic self-help skills regarding grooming and hygiene.
X Toileting Basic self-help skills regarding toileting.
Y Gross Motor Skills Large motor activities such as: playing ball, swinging, crawling, running, skipping, etc.
Z Fine Motor Skills Fine motor activities such as: writing, pegboard, turn pages in a book, cutting, pasting, etc.
: The ABLLS-R Sections
## Advantages and disadvantages {#advantages_and_disadvantages}
The following is a very brief list of advantages and disadvantages to using the ABLLS-R assessment.
### Advantages
- Can be conducted by most people with a minimal understanding of applied behavior analysis.
- Addresses basic language, academic, self-help, classroom, and gross and fine motor skill sets.
- Provides quick review for parents and educators to identify skill level of student
- Easy for parents and teachers to communicate about the student\'s educational programming
- Provides data to indicate the skill level of normal development
### Disadvantages
- Skill lists are not exhaustive (544 skills).
- Skills are mostly in order of childhood development, but every child learns differently.
- Not a fully standardized assessment
- IDELA is too generalized making biased comparisons among international countries
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# Samuel Cahen
**Samuel Cahen** (4 August 1796, Metz, France -- 8 January 1862, Paris) was a French Hebraist and journalist.
## Early life {#early_life}
Cahen was brought up at Mainz. He pursued a course of rabbinical studies while simultaneously devoting much attention to modern languages and literatures. After completing his education Cahen was engaged as a private tutor in Germany. In 1822 he went to Paris, where he assumed the directorship of the Jewish Consistorial School, a position which he held for a number of years. In 1840, Cahen founded the *Archives Israélites*, a French Jewish review.
## Major Work {#major_work}
Cahen\'s main work was the translation of the Jewish Bible into French, with the Hebrew on opposite pages, and critical notes and dissertations by himself and others. The entire edition, consisting of eighteen volumes, appeared at Paris in 1851. Despite adverse criticism, denying Cahen critical perception in the choice of his material, the undertaking exerted a great influence upon a whole generation of French Jewry. In addition to this monumental work of his, Cahen was the author of the following:
- *Cours de Lecture Hébraïque, Suivi de Plusieurs Prières, avec Traduction Interlinéaire, et d\'un Petit Vocabulaire Hébreu-Français*, Metz, 1824
- *Précis d\'instruction religieuse*, 1829
- A new French translation of the Haggadah of Passover, Paris, 1831--32
- *Almanach Hébreu*, 1831.
Cahen was appointed a chevalier of the Legion of Honor in 1849
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# Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company
The **Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company, Limited** was a major Scottish shipbuilding company based in Dundee, Scotland that traded for more than a century and built more than 500 ships.
## History
W.B. Thompson CBE (1837 - 1923) founded the Tay Foundry in 1866 and the WB Thompson Shipbuilding in 1874. In 1889 the company took over the Marine Engineering Works at Lilybank Foundry. In 1896 WB Thompson was restructured and the name changed to *Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company* in honour of the founder\'s first customer, the Earl of Caledon.
In 1932 Caledon closed the Lilybank engine works. In 1968 Caledon merged with Henry Robb of Leith, forming **Robb Caledon Shipbuilding Limited**. The Caledon Shipyard built its last ships in 1980 and operations ceased there in 1981.
The Caledon yard built a total of 509 ships, plus 20 barges and 34 launches. W.B. Thompson CBE and his wife Hannah Ogilvie (1836 - 1921) are interred at Western Cemetery, Dundee.
Victoria Drummond, the first woman marine engineer in the UK, completed her apprenticeship with Caledon.
## Ships built by Caledon {#ships_built_by_caledon}
<File:Garthpool> SLV AllanGreen.jpg\|*Garthpool* <File:Lawhill> SLV AllanGreen.jpg\|*Lawhill*
Ships built by Caledon include:
### Naval
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Aircraft carriers* | *Corvettes* |
| | |
| - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy |
| | |
| *Frigates* | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy |
| | |
| - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy |
| | |
| - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy | *Landing ships* |
| | |
| - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy |
| | |
| - `{{flagicon|UK|naval}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Navy | *Auxiliaries* |
| | |
| - a further ship of this class -- HMS *Loch Seaforth* -- was cancelled. | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval-RFA}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Fleet Auxiliary |
| | |
| Survey ships | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval-RFA}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Fleet Auxiliary |
| | |
| - HMS *Hecla* Royal Navy | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval-RFA}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Fleet Auxiliary |
| - HMS *Herald* Royal Navy | |
| | - `{{flagicon|UK|naval-RFA}}`{=mediawiki} Royal Fleet Auxiliary |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
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# Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company
## Ships built by Caledon {#ships_built_by_caledon}
### Merchant
Yard No Name Type Launch Owner/Notes
--------- ------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
5 *Ilala* single screw iron steamship 1874 WB Thompson
7 *Scotia* single screw iron steamship 1875 Dundee, Perth & London Shipping Co
8 *Glentrum* single screw steamship 1875 James Mitchell
11 *Astoria* sailing ship 1876 Joseph Gibson & Co
14 *Ugarte No 1* single screw iron steamship 1876 Ugarte Bros
16 *Earlshall* iron barque 1876 Robertson Bros
17 *Lintrathen* iron sailing barque 1876 Joseph Gibson & Co
18 *Tulchan* iron sailing barque 1876 AM Banks & Co
19 *Altona* single screw iron steamship 1877 Yorkshire Coal & Steam Shipping Co
20 *Kaffrarian* steam paddle tug 1877 Kaffrarian Steam Landing & Shipping Co
21 *Rosedale* twin screw iron steamship 1877 Gippsland SN Co
22 *Glenisia* single screw iron steamship 1878 James Mitchell
23 *Fairport* single screw iron coastal steamship 1877 John Smart Roy
24 *Vesper* single screw iron steamship 1878 RA Mudie & sons
25 *Marathon* single screw steamship 1878 D Scott & Son
27 *Otto M\'Combie* single screw iron steamship 1879 J M\'Combie
28 *Inchcape* single screw iron steam coaster 1879 JS Roy & David Linsay
29 *Vasco da Gama* single screw iron steamship 1879 George MacAndrew
30 *Coraki* twin screw shallow draught passenger steamship 1879 Clarence & Richmond SN Co
31 *Dundee* single screw iron steamship 1880 RA Mudie & Sons
32 *Garry* single screw iron steamship 1880 North Sea Steam Shipping Co
33 *Countess of Cromertie* single screw steamship 1880 WB Thomson
34 *Kenmore* single screw iron steamship 1880 Albany Shipping Co
36 *Diamond* single screw iron steamship 1881 Dundee Gem Line SS Co
37 *Opal* single screw iron steamship 1881 Dundee Gem Line SS Co
38 *John Ray* single screw iron steamship 1881 MA Ray & Son
40 *Coxhaven* single screw steamship 1882 Yorkshire Coal & Steam Shipping Co
41 *Dundee* iron sailing ship 1882 Charles Barrie
42 *Calabria* single screw iron steamship 1883 D Scott & Son
43 *Goya* single screw iron steamship 1882 Miguel Saenz
44 *Lista* single screw iron steamship 1882 Miguel Saenz
43 *St Thomas* single screw steel steamship 1882 Arbroath & London SS Co
47 *Lauderdale* single screw cargo steamship 1882 R Mackill & Co
50 *Fushun* single screw steel steamship 1883 WB Thompson
53 *Jasper* single screw steel steamship 1883 Dundee Gem Line SS Co
56 *AD Bordes* four-masted sailing ship 1884 AD Bordes et Fils
57 *Retriever* twin screw iron steam tug 1884 Retriever Steamship Co
58 *Craig Burn* four-masted iron sailing ship 1884 R Shankland & Co
59 *Dresden* single screw steel steamship 1884 Yorkshire Coal & Steam Shipping Co
60 *Lanquedoc* iron passenger steamship 1884 SG de Transporte Marte de Vapeur
62 *Firth of Stronsa* barque 1885 J Spencer & Co
63 *Chili* iron barque 1885 AD Bordes et Fils
64 *Firth of Solway* barque 1885 J Spencer & Co
65 *Indra* iron twin screw steam tug 1888 Ganges Steam Towing Co
68 *Avocet* single screw steel steamship 1885 Cork Steamship Co
71 *Tarapaca* four-masted iron sailing ship 1886 AD Boedes et Fils
73 *Eddystone* single screw cargo and passenger steamship 1886 Clyde Shipping Co
75 *Dalhousie* single screw iron steam trawler 1886 WB Thompson
76 *Lamberton* iron steam trawler 1885 Berwick Trawling Co
78 *Euphrates* irson steam trawler 1886 Thomas Hamling
81 *Portland* single screw iron steamship 1887 Clyde Shipping Co
82 *Glanmire* single screw iron steamship 1887 City of Cork Steam Packet Co
83 *Retriever* twin screw iron steam tug 1888 Turner, Morrison & Co
85 *Ibis* single screw steel steamship 1888 Cork Steamship Co
86 *Fulmar* single screw steamship 1888 Cork Steamship Co
87 *Curfew* single screw steamship 1888 RA Mudie & Son
88 *Pladda* single screw steamship 1889 Clyde Shipping Co
89 *Arrow* twin screw steam tug 1889 Shropshire Union Railways & Canal Co
90 *Red Sea* single screw steamship 1889 Dundee, Perth & London Shipping Co
91 *Ailsa Craig* single screw steamship 1890 Clyde Shipping Co
93 *Egret* three-masted single screw steel steamship 1890 Cork Steamship Co
95 *Perth* single screw steel steamship 1890 JW Kidd
96 *Ptarmigan* single screw steel steamship 1890 Cork Steam Shipping Co
98 *Arranmore* single screw iron steamship 1890 Clyde Shipping Co
106 single screw iron steamship 1891 Yorkshire Coal & Steam Shipping Co
107 *Juteopolis* steel-hulled four-masted barque 1891 Charles Barrie
112 *Lawhill* steel-hulled four-masted barque 24 Aug 1892 Charles Barrie
159 {{SS\|Californian 2}} cargo and passenger liner 26 Nov 1901
177 *Ardeola* cargo and passenger liner 17 Jun 1904 Yeoward Brothers
189 {{ship\|HMHS\|Lanfranc 2}} passenger liner 18 Oct 1906
200 cargo and passenger liner 31 May 1908 Alfred Booth and Company
209 cargo and passenger liner 6 May 1909 Yeoward Brothers
216 *Andorinha* cargo and passenger liner 2 Mar 1911 Yeoward Brothers
224 *Viera y Clavijo* cargo and passenger liner 7 Nov 1911 Compañía de Vapores Correos Interinsulares Canarios
225 *Gomera-Hierro* cargo and passenger liner 22 Jan 1912 Compañía de Vapores Correos Interinsulares Canarios
227 *Ardeola* cargo and passenger liner 17 July 1912 Yeoward Brothers
228 *Dublin* cargo and passenger liner 14 Aug 1912 Compañía Argentina de Nav
235 *Alban* cargo and passenger liner 11 Mar 1914 Alfred Booth and Company
242 cargo and passenger liner 16 Sep 1916 Yeoward Brothers
259 *Perseus* refrigerated cargo 1922 China Mutual SN Co
275 *Alondra* cargo and passenger liner 30 Nov 1921 Yeoward Brothers
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# Andahuaylas province
**Andahuaylas** is the second largest of the seven provinces of the Apurímac Region in Peru. The capital of the province is the city of Andahuaylas. The province is located in the north-western part of the region and measures 3987.00 km2.
## Boundaries
- North: province of Chincheros and Ayacucho Region
- East: provinces of Abancay and Aymaraes
- South: Ayacucho Region
- West: Ayacucho Region
## Geography
One of the highest peaks of the province is Sallapi at approximately 4800 m. Other mountains are listed below:
Some of the largest lakes in the province are Antaqucha, Quriqucha, Suqtaqucha, Suyt\'uqucha and Wachuqucha.
## Political division {#political_division}
The province of Andahuaylas is divided into nineteen districts, which are:
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
The people in the province are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (73.54%) learnt to speak in childhood, 26.09% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language and 0.19% using Aymara (2007 Peru Census).
## Archaeology
Some of the most important archaeological sites in the province are Awkimarka, Llamachayuq and Suntur
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# Sean Donnelly
**Sean Donnelly** (born April 1, 1993) is an American track and field athlete specializing in the hammer throw. He won a bronze medal at the 2019 Pan American Games. In addition, he represented the Americas at the 2018 IAAF Continental Cup. He graduated from Mount Union University in 2014 and continued his education at the University of Minnesota.
His personal best in the event is 79.27 meters set in Tucson, Arizona in 2021
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# Fury in the Pacific
***Fury in the Pacific*** is a 1945 American documentary short film about a pair of World War II battles in the Pacific: the Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of Angaur. It was co-produced by the United States Army, United States Navy, and the United States Marines, and directed by a series of combat cameraman --- of whom nine became casualties of the battles they were filming. The film is especially noteworthy for its praise of the fighting abilities of Japanese soldiers (a rarity for American propaganda during World War II), and its fast-paced editing.
The film is sometimes erroneously credited to Frank Capra, but he did not, in fact, direct the film
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# Jerry Marotta
**Jerome David Marotta** (born February 6, 1956) is an American drummer who resides in Woodstock, New York. He is the younger brother of Rick Marotta; Rick is also a drummer and composer.
## Career
Marotta was a member of the bands Arthur, Hurley & Gottlieb (1973--75), Orleans (1976--77 & 1982), Peter Gabriel\'s band (1977--86), Hall & Oates (1979--81), the Indigo Girls\' touring band (1992--97), Stackridge (2011), Sevendys (2010--present), and The Tony Levin Band (1995--2017).
He has performed on albums by Stevie Nicks, Ani DiFranco, Sarah McLachlan, Marshall Crenshaw, The Dream Academy, Pino Daniele, Suzanne Vega, Carlene Carter, John Mayer, Iggy Pop, Tears for Fears, Elvis Costello, Cher, Paul McCartney, Carly Simon, Lawrence Gowan, Ron Sexsmith, Banda do Casaco and Joan Armatrading. Notable musicians he has played with on various projects include Eric Johnson, Todd Rundgren, Tony Levin, and Phil Keaggy.
In addition to his work as a studio and stage drummer, he is a singer, composer, and record producer. In 1996, he produced Ellis Paul\'s *A Carnival of Voices*. He toured with The Security Project. Marotta lives in Woodstock, where he manages Dreamland Recording Studios.
## Discography
### With Orleans {#with_orleans}
- *Waking and Dreaming*
- *Orleans* (1980 album)
- *One of a Kind*
- *We\'re Still Having Fun: The Best of Orleans*
### With Peter Gabriel {#with_peter_gabriel}
- *Peter Gabriel 2 (Scratch)*
- *Peter Gabriel 3 (Melt)*
- *Peter Gabriel 4 (Security)*
- *Plays Live*
- *Birdy*
- *So*
- *Shaking the Tree: Sixteen Golden Greats*
### With Hall and Oates {#with_hall_and_oates}
- *X-Static*
- *Voices*
- *Private Eyes*
- *Ecstasy on the Edge*
### With Indigo Girls {#with_indigo_girls}
- *Nomads Indians Saints*
- *Rites of Passage*
- *Swamp Ophelia*
- *1200 Curfews*
- *Shaming of the Sun*
- *Come on Now Social*
- *The Best Of*
- *Retrospective*
### With Tony Levin {#with_tony_levin}
- *World Diary*
- *From the Caves of the Iron Mountain* (with Steve Gorn)
- *Waters of Eden*
- *Pieces of the Sun*
- *Double Espresso*
- *Resonator*
### With Stevie Nicks {#with_stevie_nicks}
- *The Other Side of the Mirror*
- *Timespace: The Best of Stevie Nicks*
- *The Enchanted Works of Stevie Nicks*
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# Jerry Marotta
## Discography
### With others {#with_others}
- Banda do Casaco \"Também Eu\" 1982
- Banda do Casaco *No Jardim da Celeste* 1980
- Gaye Adegbalola *Bitter Sweet Blues* 1999
- Leon Alvarado with Trey Gunn *2014 Music from an Expanded Universe* 2014
- Amy & Leslie *Take Me Home* 1994
- Joan Armatrading *Walk Under Ladders* 1981
- Joan Armatrading *The Key* 1983
- Joy Askew *Tender City* 1996
- Lou Ann Barton *Forbidden Tones* 1986
- Pino Daniele Bonne soirée 1987
- Jimmy Barnes *Freight Train Heart* 1987
- Jenny Bird *Into Stars* 2000
- Mary Black *Shine* 1997
- Rory Block *Mama\'s Blues* 1992
- Rory Block *Ain\'t I a Woman* 1992
- Rory Block *Angel of Mercy* 1994
- Rory Block *Tornado* 1996
- Rory Block *Confessions of a Blues Singer* 1996
- Michael Franks *Time Together* 2011
- The Blue Airplanes *Beatsongs* 1991
- Chris Botti *First Wish* 1995
- Chris Botti *Midnight Without You* 1997
- Chris Botti *Slowing Down the World* 1999
- David Bradstreet *David Bradstreet* 1976
- Cindy Bullens *Desire Wire* 1978
- Sheryl Crow *The Globe Sessions* 1998
- T-Bone Burnett *Proof Through the Night* 1983
- Carlene Carter *Two Sides to Every Woman* 1979
- Peter Case *Peter Case* 1986
- Beth Nielsen Chapman *Look* 2005
- Cher *Cher* 1987
- Marc Cohn *Marc Cohn* 1991
- Elvis Costello *Spike* 1989
- Marshall Crenshaw *Downtown* 1985
- Paul D\'Adamo *Rawfully Organic* 2015
- Jim Dawson *Elephants in the Rain* 1975
- Ani DiFranco *Little Plastic Castle* 1998
- The Dream Academy *Remembrance Days* 1987
- Robbie Dupree *Carried Away* 1987
- Robbie Dupree *Walking on Water* 1993
- Cliff Eberheart *Now You Are My Home* 1993
- Linda Eder *It\'s Time* 1997
- Linda Eder *Broadway My Way* 2003
- Los Tres \"Coliumo\" 2010
- The Explorers *The Explorers* 1983
- The Explorers *Crack the Whip* 1985
- The Explorers *Up in Smoke* 1989
- Bernard Fanning *Tea & Sympathy* 2005
- Ferron *Phantom Center* 1995
- Holly Figueroa *How It Is* 2002
- Bruce Foster *After the Show* 1977
- Free Beer *Highway Robbery* 1976
- Sarah Fimm *White Birds* 2008
- Sarah Fimm *Red Yellow Sun* 2009
- Tim Finn *Tim Finn* 1989
- The Fragile Fate *Lilliam Ocean* 2015
- Robert Fripp *Exposure* 1979
- Mitchell Froom *Dopamine* 1998
- Bill Gable *There Were Signs* 1989
- Lisa Germano *Slide* 1998
- Pamela Golden *Happens All the Time* 1991
- Lawrence Gowan *Strange Animal* 1985
- Lawrence Gowan *Lost Brotherhood* 1990
- Gowan *But You Can Call Me Larry* 1993
- Grey Eye Glances *A Little Voodoo* 2001
- Nanci Griffith *Flyer* 1994
- Kristen Hall *Be Careful What You Wish For* 1994
- The Hellboys *Cha Cha with the Hellboys* 2004
- Sarah Hickman *Necessary Angels* 1994
- Courtney Jaye *Traveling Light* 2005
- Eric Johnson *Tones* 1986
- Barbara Kessler *Notion* 1996
- RK: Roman Klun *Kingsway* 2008
- The Korgis *Sticky George* 1981
- Mark Kostabi *The Spectre of Modernism* 2011
- Latin Playboys *Dose* 1999
- Los Lobos *The Neighborhood* 1990
- Jennifer Maidman *Dreamland* 2017
- Martha and the Muffins *The World is a Ball* 1985
- Eric Martin *Eric Martin* 1985
- Flav Martin & Jerry Marotta *Soul Redemption* 2018
- John Mayer *Room for Squares* 2001
- Kate McDonnell *Don\'t Get Me Started* 2001
- Kate McDonnell *Ballad of a Bad Girl* 2021
- Maria McKee *Maria Mckee* 1989
- Sarah McLachlan *Fumbling Towards Ecstasy* 1993
- Sarah McLachlan *Afterglow* 2003
- Pat McLaughlin *Pat McLaughlin* 1988
- Rhett Miller *The Dreamer* 2012
- The Murmurs *Pristine Smut* 1997
- The Murmurs *Blender* 1998
- Sarah Nagourney *Realm of My Senses* 1995
- Jeb Loy Nichols *Lovers Knot* 1997
- Tom Pacheco *There Was a Time* 2002
- Richard Page *Shelter Me* 1996
- The Passage Project *That Ill Note* 2008
- Ellis Paul *A Carnival of Voices* 1996
- Ellis Paul *Translucent Soul* 1998
- Tom Paxton & Anne Hills *Under American Skies* 2001
- Peter Primamore *Grancia* 2008
- Phil Keaggy Tony Levin & Jerry Marotta *The Bucket List* 2019
- Axell Red *Un Coeur Comme Le Mien* 2011
- Happy Rhodes *Building the Colossus* 1994
- Happy Rhodes *Many Worlds Are Born Tonight* 1998
- Steev Richter *Beloved* 2016
- Leslie Ritter *In the Silence* 1998
- Leslie Ritter & Scott Petito *Circles in the Sand* 2001
- Robbie Robertson *Storyville* 1991
- Diane Scanlon *Again* 2017
- John Sebastian *Tar Beach* 1993
- John Sebastian *John Sebastian and the J-Band: Chasin\' Gus\' Ghost* 1999
- Security Project *Live 1* 2016
- Security Project *Live 2* 2016
- Security Project *Five* 2017
- Security Project *CONTACT* 2017
- Security Project *Slowburn* 2018
- Ron Sexsmith *Ron Sexsmith* 1995
- Ron Sexsmith *Other Songs* 1997
- Jules Shear *Healing Bones* 1994
- Vonda Shepard *By 7:30* 1999
- Vonda Shepard *Chinatown* 2002
- Michelle Shocked *Arkansas Traveler* 1992
- Ellen Shipley *Ellen Shipley* 1979
- Carly Simon *Torch* 1981
- Sister Red *Sister Red* 1991
- Rick Springfield *Hard to Hold* 1984
- Syd Straw *Surprise* 1989
- Tasmin Archer *Bloom* 1996
- Paul McCartney *Press to Play* 1986
- Paul McCartney *Flowers in the dirt* 1989
- Sun Palace *Give Me a Perfect World* 2005
- David Sylvian and Robert Fripp *The First Day* 1993
- David Sylvian *Everything and Nothing* 2000
- Scott Tarulli *Anywhere, Anytime* 2012
- Tears for Fears *Songs from the Big Chair* 1985
- 10,000 Maniacs *Few and Far Between* (single) 1993
- 10,000 Maniacs *MTV Unplugged* 1994
- Mia Doi Todd *The Golden State* 2002
- Artie Traum *South of Lafayette* 2002
- Pierce Turner *Now Is Heaven* 1993
- Bonnie Tyler *Hide Your Heart* 1988
- Various Artists *Tower of Song: The Songs of Leonard Cohen* 1995
- Various Artists *Spider-Man: Rock Reflections\...* 1975
- Various Artists *Roundup Records CD Sampler* 1994
- Various Artists *VH1 Storytellers* 2001
- Various Artists *Boys on the Side* 1995
- Various Artists *Caught* 1996
- Various Artists *Dead Man Walking* 1996
- Various Artists *Practical Magic* 1998
- Various Artists *Me, Myself & Irene* 2000
- Suzanne Vega `{{proper name|''[[99
| 1,040 |
Jerry Marotta
| 1 |
9,985,841 |
# George Louis McGhee
**George Louis McGhee** (March 3, 1925 -- December 20, 2000) was an American marriage and family therapist. He was also a lobbyist for marriage and family therapy laws in the state of California.
## Life
Born in Los Angeles, California, he joined the United States Navy in 1942. He worked as a teacher for the Los Angeles Unified School District while earning a Master of Science in education and Counseling and Guidance (1958) at the University of Southern California.
In 1963, he received an honorary doctorate extramurally from the International Free Protestant Episcopal University (UK) in Clinical Psychology for his work in Marriage, Family, and Child Counseling and gifted children. He also received an honorary fellowship from Saint Andrew\'s Ecumenical Church Foundation (UK).
In 1964 he became one of the founders, originators, and first president of the California Association of Marriage and Family Therapists. In 1979 he earned his doctorate in leadership and human behavior from United States International University in San Diego
| 167 |
George Louis McGhee
| 0 |
9,985,885 |
# Pointe du Bois, Manitoba
**Pointe du Bois** was a small community located northeast of Winnipeg, Manitoba, in an unincorporated section of Census Division No. 1. Pointe du Bois has a Manitoba Hydro generating station (at 50 18 13 N 95 32 24 W). The area provides great fishing for Walleye, Northern pike and smallmouth bass. In April 2013 its owner, Manitoba Hydro announced that it will close the community by 2015 and level it to the ground at a later date. The crown corporation cites the high cost of maintaining municipal infrastructure as the primary reason for its decision.
## Winnipeg Hydro Tramway {#winnipeg_hydro_tramway}
The tramway was originally built from a connection with the CPR at Lac du Bonnet to the City of Winnipeg\'s Pointe du Bois hydroelectric generating station on the Winnipeg River, to facilitate the transportation of construction materials and workers. Passenger service by conventional mixed train began in 1908. Beginning in late 1911 a series of a gasoline trams and rail buses provided most passenger service. An extension to the remote Slave Falls generating station opened in 1929. In 1962 the Pointe du Bois to Lac du Bonnet line was abandoned, ending common carrier passenger service. Passenger travel between the two dams continued by gasoline tram, but was not open to the public. A road was built between the two dams in 2011.
## Winnipeg Hydro {#winnipeg_hydro}
In 1906, The City of Winnipeg Hydro Electric System (City Hydro) was formed as a publicly owned utility to check the power monopoly held by the privately owned Winnipeg Electric railway company (WERCo). Alderman John Wesley Cockburn, who held development rights to the Pointe du Bois generating station site on the Winnipeg River, surrendered these rights to the City for construction of a power plant. The generating station was completed in 1911 and it is still in operation in late 2013
| 312 |
Pointe du Bois, Manitoba
| 0 |
9,985,898 |
# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
The **19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment**, or **Nineteenth Tennessee Volunteer Infantry Regiment**, was an infantry regiment in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. The 19th Tennessee fought in every major battle and campaign of the Army of Tennessee except the Battle of Perryville. First Lieutenant Robert D. Powell of Company K, killed at the Battle of Barbourville, Kentucky, is believed to be the first soldier killed during the Civil War in that state.
The 19th Tennessee was formed from companies of men from the counties of East Tennessee and was mustered into the Confederate army at Knoxville, Tennessee, in the spring of 1861. Beginning the war with a force of over 1,000 men, only 78 soldiers were present when the 19th surrendered. Fifty-eight of the remaining 78 soldiers were from the initial muster at the beginning of the war. The remaining 20 soldiers had joined the regiment later.
The regiment was encamped at Greensboro, North Carolina, when the Army of Tennessee surrendered on April 26, 1865. The 19th Tennessee\'s regimental flag was not surrendered to the Union army, and its final disposition and whereabouts are unknown.
## The Antebellum Period in East Tennessee {#the_antebellum_period_in_east_tennessee}
The state of Tennessee consists of three major divisions---East, Middle, and West Tennessee. The geography of Middle Tennessee consists of rolling hills, and West Tennessee is generally flat, but East Tennessee has some of the most rugged terrain in the Appalachian Mountains. The rugged terrain of East Tennessee hampered the development of agricultural land in the region, and delayed the development of roads and railways, while obstructions in the Tennessee River below Chattanooga hampered the development of water transportation, making it difficult for East Tennesseans to bring any products to markets. Thus, the agrarianism of the region was limited to food production rather than the production of \"cash crops\".
This began to change with the completions of the East Tennessee and Georgia Railroad in 1855, linking Knoxville to Georgia, and the East Tennessee and Virginia Railroad in 1858, linking Knoxville to Bristol. With the completion of these railways, farmers in East Tennessee could finally transport produce, primarily hogs and corn, to Virginia and the Deep South, and a new cash crop emerged in the regions economy: wheat. By the mid-1850s, wheat production in the region had risen by 300 percent.
With the increase and development of agriculture in East Tennessee, there was a corresponding increase in the slave population of the region during the decade of the 1850s---some 21 percent, as opposed to an increase of only 14 percent in the white population. While only about one-fourth of Southerners, as a whole, could afford to own any slaves at all, and the majority being owned by the wealthiest 6 percent, only about 10 percent of East Tennesseans were slaveholders.
Though Tennessee had a strong Union loyalist coalition, with East Tennessee having a particularly strong Unionist presence, in the months following South Carolina\'s secession, the coalition soon began to splinter. Lincoln\'s call for 75,000 volunteers to put down the rebellion in the South left many of loyalists feeling betrayed. With most loyalists feeling betrayed by Lincoln, secessionist leaders quickly moved to exploit the shift in public opinion.
On April 25, 1861, only thirteen days after General P.G.T. Beauregard\'s Confederate gunners opened fire on Fort Sumter, Tennessee\'s legislature met to consider the question of secession. On May 6, the legislature declared the state independent from the United States. The legislature also granted Governor Isham G. Harris the authority to create a state army of 55,000 men.
Though a military alliance was signed with the Confederate States of America the very next day, Tennessee\'s Declaration of Independence was submitted for a referendum to be held on June 8. Almost 70 percent of the voters approved of secession, but 69 percent of East Tennesseans voted against it.
While Union loyalists viewed the coming war as a struggle for Republican government, secessionists saw Lincoln as a tyrant and many citizens abandoned the old Union for the new Confederacy to remain true to the principles of the Founding Fathers.
## Formation of the 19th Tennessee Infantry {#formation_of_the_19th_tennessee_infantry}
By the end of May, more than twenty volunteer companies met just outside Knoxville at Camp Cummings, named after David H. Cummings, a prominent farmer and attorney of the region. The 19th Tennessee Infantry was officially formed there as East Tennessee\'s second Confederate regiment on June 11, 1861, and Cummings was elected as its first colonel. That month, William Phipps wrote home to his sister, Charlotte, \"we are the pick regiment of Tennessee.\"
According to Worsham\'s first person account, at the time of the regiment\'s formation, there were 1,012 men in the 19th\'s rank and file, and 48 commissioned officers, for a total of 1,060 soldiers.
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# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
## Organization
The original command structure of the 19th was as follows:
Colonel - David H. Cummings\
Lt. Colonel - Francis Marion Walker\
Major - Abram Fulkerson\
Adjutant - V. Q. Johnson\
Sgt.-Major - Henry M. Doak\
Surgeon - Joseph E. Dulaney\
Asst. Surgeon - Samuel Carson\
Quarter Master - Addison D. Taylor\
Chaplain - Rev. David Sullins\
\
Musicians - Rufus Lamb, James Tyner, and W. J. Worsham\
\
Company A (The Hamilton Grays) - Hamilton County, Tennessee, 97 Men\
Captain - John D. Powell\
1st Lieutenant - V. Q. Johnson\
2nd Lieutenant - Daniel Kennedy\
3rd Lieutenant - Frank Foust
Company B - Washington County, Tennessee, 100 Men\
Captain - Zadoc T. \"Zeb\" Willett\
1st Lieutenant - Joseph Conley\
2nd Lieutenant - Nathan Gregg\
3rd Lieutenant - James Deaderick\
\
Company C (The Blountville Guards) - Sullivan County, Tennessee, 104 Men\
Captain - James P. Snapp\
1st Lieutenant - Charles St. John\
2nd Lieutenant - George H. Hull\
3rd Lieutenant - John M. Jones\
\
Company D (The Gillespie Guards) - Rhea County, Tennessee, 103 Men\
Captain - Warner E. Colville\
1st Lieutenant - Pete Miller\
2nd Lieutenant - James A. Wallace\
3rd Lieutenant - S. J. A. Frazier\
\
Company E (The Knoxville Guards/Grays) - Knoxville, Tennessee, 106 Men\
Captain - John W. Paxton\
1st Lieutenant - John M. Miller\
2nd Lieutenant - J. K. Graham\
3rd Lieutenant - William M. Lackey\
\
Company F - Polk County, Tennessee, 93 Men\
Captain - John H. Hannah\
1st Lieutenant - P. C. Gaston\
2nd Lieutenant - J. M. Sims\
3rd Lieutenant - J. C. Holms\
\
Company G - Sullivan County, Tennessee, 110 Men\
Captain - Abraham L. Gammon\
1st Lieutenant - Jas. A. Rhea\
2nd Lieutenant - Robert L. Blair\
3rd Lieutenant - James Carlton\
\
Company H (The Milton Guards) - McMinn County, Tennessee, 94 Men\
Captain - William H. Lowry Jr.\
1st Lieutenant - U. S. York\
2nd Lieutenant - D. A. Wilds\
3rd Lieutenant - Thomas Maston\
\
Company I (The Marsh Blues) - Hamilton County, Tennessee, 110 Men\
Captain - Thomas H. Walker\
1st Lieutenant - B. F. Moore\
2nd Lieutenant - Warren Hooper\
3rd Lieutenant - John Lovejoy\
\
Company K (The Hawkins Boys) - Hawkins County, Tennessee, 100 Men\
Captain - Carrick W. Heiskell\
1st Lieutenant - Robert D. Powell\
2nd Lieutenant - Sam P. Powell\
3rd Lieutenant - Sam Spears
| 405 |
19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
| 1 |
9,985,898 |
# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
## Cumberland Gap {#cumberland_gap}
In July 1861, the 19th Tennessee received its first assignment to guard the pass at Cumberland Gap from any attempted incursions by the Union army from Kentucky, which remained a Union state and had declared neutrality despite the efforts of secessionists, into East Tennessee or Southwest Virginia. The gap is located at the junction of the three states and would have been a key invasion route into that region of the Confederacy, just as it was a key migration route through the rugged, mountainous terrain for settlers moving west. In his autobiography, Rev. David Sullins, the 19th\'s chaplain, claims to have been the first Confederate soldier to enter Cumberland Gap.
The regiment began building breastworks and fortifying the mountain pass, but was soon stricken with an epidemic of measles and mumps that nearly incapacitated the entire command. The regiment also recorded its first casualties at Cumberland Gap when a sergeant shot himself through the hand and when a box of percussion caps exploded, severely injuring Col. Francis M. Walker\'s hand.
In September, Maj. Gen. Leonidas Polk committed one of the Confederacy\'s worst strategic blunders by seizing Columbus, Kentucky, and ending the state\'s neutrality, thereby opening the door for Union forces to move through the Bluegrass State. General Albert Sidney Johnston was forced to move a considerable portion of the forces under his command to Bowling Green, Kentucky, to close the hole in his defensive line, and the 19th Tennessee, along with two other regiments, was relocated by General Felix Zollicoffer to Cumberland Ford, now Pineville, Kentucky, where they established Camp Buckner. Other regiments were brought up from the rear to reinforce Cumberland Gap.
## Battle of Barbourville {#battle_of_barbourville}
Union loyalist sentiment was as strong in Eastern Kentucky as it was in East Tennessee, and Zollicoffer feared that local Home Guard units might take action against his forces. On September 18, Zollicoffer sent a mixed force of 800 troops, including Companies B and K of the 19th, to destroy Camp Andrew Johnson, a Union training facility at Barbourville, KY.
In a dawn attack, the Confederates surprised about 300 Bushwhackers. The Unionists fled after a brief exchange of gunfire, and the Confederates took the camp and captured a meager store of supplies. Though several were wounded, only one man was killed. Lt. Robert D. Powell of Company K acquired the dubious distinction of being the first Confederate killed in the Western Theater of the American Civil War.
The regiment remained in Kentucky for a time, even managing a couple of successful raids to acquire supplies, but the assorted diseases that spread through the camps like wildfire were taking their tolls. By the end of the month, only about 600 men from the regiment were fit for duty.
By late October 1861, General Zollicoffer was receiving reports that a Union invasion somewhere between Cumberland Gap and Bowling Green was impending. His brigade returned to Tennessee, leaving a large garrison at Cumberland Gap, and the rest, including the 19th marched to Jamestown. Indeed, also believing that invasion was imminent, Unionist guerillas had stepped up actions in East Tennessee, including the burnings of several key railroad bridges, but the revolt was soon suppressed by Confederate reinforcements in the region.
| 543 |
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# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
## Mill Springs {#mill_springs}
With the local rebellion under control, Zollicoffer\'s forces, including the 19th Tennessee, returned to Kentucky in late November to establish winter camp near the tiny hamlet of Mill Springs on the south bank of the Cumberland River. The Union\'s Army of the Ohio responded by sending a brigade under the command of General Albin F. Schoepf to nearby Somerset to prevent Zollicoffer from crossing the river and advancing into Central Kentucky. Zollicoffer committed a potentially grave tactical error by crossing the Cumberland and established a fortified position on the north bank at Beech Grove---he had a numerically superior force on his front, and a flood-prone river to his rear. Camp Beech Grove appeared quite formidable with the river guarding its flanks, and breastworks and chevaux de frise protecting its front, but the appearance was deceiving. The entrenchments could not dispel a determined attack, and disease was continuing to deplete the brigade\'s manpower.
By the middle of December, President Jefferson Davis replaced Zollicoffer as commander of the Department of East Tennessee, though he remained in command of his brigade, with Maj. Gen. George B. Crittenden, but it would be almost a month before Crittenden arrived. By the time he took command in January, the river was flooded and the brigade was backed into a tactical corner if the Yankees attacked. Before arriving, Crittenden had ordered Zollicoffer to move to the south bank, but he continued to hold his position.
Union reinforcements were on their way into the area and so Crittenden, having been reinforced as well, chose to attack them before the two groups could unite. His troops set out at about 11:30 P.M. on January 19, 1862, marching through mud sometimes over a foot deep. Zollicoffer\'s brigade led the advance out of the entrenchments intending to attack at dawn, but bad weather and muddy roads slowed their advance. They encountered Union pickets about 6:00 A.M. and the element of surprise was lost.
The 19th Tennessee and 15th Mississippi engaged the Federal pickets in a running skirmish for a quarter of a mile. Zollicoffer\'s brigade re-formed and pressed the attack, but the Federals had reinforced as well and the firing became more intense. The 19th and 25th Tennessee charged the Yankees and drove them back into the woods, but the attack faltered as confusion and chaos set in from limited visibility due to the rain, fog, smoke, thunder, and lightning. Nearsighted Zollicoffer became convinced that the 19th Tennessee was firing on the 15th Mississippi and, attempting to stop what he thought was friendly fire, rode toward the Union army. He realized his mistake too late when an aide began firing his pistol at the Yankees, but Zollicoffer was killed in a hail of fire before he could escape. The 19th had begun to break ranks to follow him, but fell back in confusion after he was killed.
Crittenden placed Colonel Cummings of the 19th Tennessee in command of Zollicoffer\'s brigade, and he attempted to correct his battle lines, but artillery support was ineffective, and the infantry\'s assortment of inferior rifles, including many flintlock muskets and country rifles that were misfiring in the rain and dampness, were no match for the Federals\' superior .58 caliber, percussion cap Enfields. At 9:00 A.M., the Federals fixed bayonets and charged, and the Confederate lines broke. In the retreat, the 19th\'s surgeon, Joseph Dulaney, refused to leave the wounded and was captured, but later released.
The cold and exhausted Confederates retreated to Camp Beech Grove to dry off and prepare a meal, but the order to abandon the camp soon came. As Federal and Confederate cannons exchanged fire through the night; the troops were ferried across the river by a steamboat named the *Noble Ellis*. Some soldiers tried to swim and were drowned or swept away. After all the troops were on the south bank, Crittenden ordered the boat burned to prevent the Federals from following. The Confederates had to abandon their stores and had few provisions for the retreat. The troops were finally resupplied after reaching Gainesville on January 26. Two weeks later, they moved to Camp Fogg near Carthage, then to Murfreesboro, where the brigades joined with Albert Sidney Johnston\'s army.
| 706 |
19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
| 3 |
9,985,898 |
# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
## Shiloh
General Beauregard was assembling a new army and requested Johnston to join him. Johnston marched his army south into Alabama while considering the offer. Along the way, some of the troops were issued new Enfield rifles, but the 19th Tennessee received reconditioned rifled muskets. Still, they were a vast improvement over the weapons that had contributed to their defeat at Fishing Creek.
Johnston decided to join Beauregard and so the 19th Tennessee, along with the rest of the brigade, left Decatur, Alabama, on March 15, 1862, and arrived in Corinth, Mississippi, on March 20. The combined forces of Beauregard and Johnston became the Army of Mississippi. When Crittenden was arrested for drunkenness, he was replaced by John C. Breckinridge, and the 19th Tennessee fell under his command.
Beauregard and Johnston hoped to liberate Middle and West Tennessee from Union control by attacking Major General Ulysses S. Grant\'s Army of the Tennessee at a riverboat port at Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River near Shiloh Church. By attacking Grant before Buell\'s Army of the Ohio arrived, Beauregard hoped to defeat the two armies separately.
By the time the attack was supposed to begin on the morning of April 4, it was already twelve hours behind schedule and a cold rain began falling that turned the roads into muck, forcing Johnston to postpone until the next morning. The rain continued through the night and by the afternoon of April 5, Beauregard\'s army was still not properly deployed, forcing another postponement. They finally achieved their staging positions late that night.
The attack on the Federal camp opened at 5:00 A.M., but Col. George Maney\'s battalion, the 19th Tennessee, and General Nathan Bedford Forrest\'s cavalry were sent to scout the Confederate rear in case Buell attempted a landing there. By 11:00 A.M., Maney was convinced that they were safe from Buell, so he detached the 19th Tennessee and Forrest\'s cavalry from his command, and they returned together to the front.
As they approached Sarah Bell\'s Field, Maney was approached by Maj. Gen. Frank Cheatham, who ordered him to take men of his choice and attack a Federal battery near the George Manse cabin. Maney chose his 1st Tennessee Battalion, 9th Tennessee, 6th and 7th Kentucky Infantry, and the 19th Tennessee to attack the position known as \"The Hornet\'s Nest,\" with the 19th deployed on the right of his line. Maney\'s forces attacked the Federal position at 2:30 that afternoon, with the 19th crossing a cornfield and approaching Manse\'s cabin. Federal fire from the position intensified with the 19th taking several casualties---among others, Colonel Cummings lost a finger, Maj. Abram Fulkerson was shot in the thigh, and captains \"Zeb\" Willett of Company B and Thomas Walker of Company I were killed.
The Confederates stayed on the attack---the 19th stormed the cabin and took the woods to the west of the field. The 19th was released and sent back to the brigade. By 4:00 P.M., they had rejoined, and Breckinridge was launching an attack against the left flank of the Hornet\'s Nest. By 5:00 P.M. the nest was withering; a half-hour later, it fell. As they disarmed the Federal troops, the 19th Tennessee exchanged their reconditioned muskets for the Yankee\'s .58 caliber Enfields. Lt. Colonel Walker received Brig. Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss\' sword in surrender.
That night, the 19th Tennessee ate well from the overrun Federal camps. Some bedded down in captured Federal tents and others on the ground, but they probably slept little that night. Union gunboats fired shells into the Confederate lines starting a brushfire that burned a considerable amount of ground where the dead and wounded still lay, and nature unleashed another deluge about 10:00 P.M. that lasted until 3:00 in the morning. Meanwhile, Buell\'s rested army landed and reinforced Grant.
Breckinridge had managed to keep his men assembled through the night, but many of the other regiments were scattered, which would cause considerable command and control problems the next morning. With the battle engaged, Grant\'s somewhat recovered army was exerting considerable pressure on the Confederate left flank to the west. Breckinridge had assembled his men and moved towards the Hornet\'s Nest, with the 19th Tennessee posted in the woods on the center-right of his line, where they began taking considerable artillery fire. Federal troops advanced from the woods near Bloody Pond toward the Manse cabin, but were met by intense artillery and musket fire from Bowen\'s and Stratham\'s brigades, including the 19th Tennessee. The Confederates counterattacked, but Federal artillery stopped their advance.
The Yankees pressed again, broke the Confederate line, and captured a battery of Washington artillery. The Rebels rallied in the woods and charged again to recapture the cannons with the Crescent Regiment of Louisiana engaging the Yankees hand-to-hand. Breckinridge asked who could aid them, and Lt. Colonel Francis Walker replied that the 19th Tennessee could. The 19th charged into the fighting with other elements of Stratham\'s brigade and pushed the Federals back, retaking the artillery battery. The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors have an emblem of crossed cannon barrels on their regimental flag, signifying this action.
By noon, the Confederates were losing momentum and their lines starting to give way. Near Duncan Field, the 19th watched the Federals approach and opened fire on a regiment that had remained in column formation, and drove them back. William Tecumseh Sherman described the shooting as \"the severest musketry fire I ever heard.\" The Federals counterattacked and pushed Breckinridge\'s corps from Duncan Field back toward Shiloh Church. By 2:00 P.M., the entire Confederate line was collapsing in the face of superior numbers and better rested and supplied Federal troops. Breckinridge\'s corps organized a rear guard action and held the Federals off, allowing the Army of Mississippi to safely retreat.
The next day, the corps moved to Mickie\'s Farm near Corinth and held the position, allowing Beauregard to organize a defense near the Mississippi town. The Battle of Shiloh was over, but at a cost of 23,000 combined casualties. Beauregard and, likewise, the 19th Tennessee suffered about 25 percent losses, from which the regiment never fully recovered.
A journalist from New Orleans wrote, \"after Shiloh the South never smiled again.\"
The 19th Tennessee spent the next few weeks at Corinth in provost duty and reorganizing the regiment to compensate for their losses.
## Vicksburg
On May 22, 1862, Beauregard\'s army boarded trains for Tupelo as the 19th covered their withdrawal. The 19th followed on June 2 and arrived at Vicksburg on July 1.
Union gunboats on the Mississippi River were starting to threaten the town and the troops were garrisoned there as protection. The men of the 19th found the town charming and the people welcomed the soldiers at first. Soon, the soldiers were not as welcome as food ran low and the soldiers\' presence began to draw fire on civilian positions. The soldiers\' water source became contaminated and disease ran rampant with epidemics of measles, malaria, and dysentery among others. The ranks were severely depleted by death and disease, and a number of soldiers received medical discharges.
In late July, the Yankees ceased fire for the time being and the first assault of Vicksburg was over. Later on, when the Union gunboats resumed and the town was under siege, soldiers and civilians had to resort to eating rats and mule meat to survive.
| 1,225 |
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