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# Cyme (Aeolis)
## Archaeology
### Numismatics
Although historians have dated the Trojan war to 1178 BC by calculating Homer\'s solar eclipse, it was not immortalised in the Iliad until about 750 BC. Around the same period, the Mykonos pithamphora - which shows the wooden horse the Greeks used to infiltrate Troy - was manufactured on the island of Tinos. Referenced in both literature and art, that cunning end to the war - the Trojan Horse - had become synonymous with the name of Agamemnon. The house of Agamemnon claimed continuity at Cyme in Aeolia, associating themselves with the legends of the exploits of the Pelopids and \"particularly the taking of Troy.\" and the symbolism of the horse was stamped in the coins from this area, presumably in reference to the power of the Agamemnon lineage. Indeed, the daughter of Agamemnon of Cyme, Damodice, is credited with inventing coined money by Julius Pollux after she married King Midas - famed for turning everything he touched into gold.
> The most rational explanation of this fable seems to be, that he encouraged his subjects to convert the produce of their agriculture, and other branches of industry, into money, by commerce, whence considerable wealth flowed into his own treasury\... though it is more likely, that what the Greeks called invention, was rather the introduction of the knowledge of them \[coins\] from countries more advanced in civilization.
It is possible that the mythical figure of Midas was based on a real king of Phrygia in the 8th century BC known as Mita. However, as with all fables, there is a problem with the dates. Coins were not invented until 610 BC by King Alyattes in Lydia whose kingdom started well after the Phrygian kingdom collapsed. His Lydian Lion was most likely the oldest coin type circulated. There were some pre-coin types, with no recognisable image, used in the Ionian city of Miletus and the island of Samos but it is noteworthy that the coins from Cyme, when first circulated around 600-550 BC, utilised the symbol of the horse - tying them to the house of Agamemnon and the glory of the Greek victory over Troy. Cyme, being geographically and politically close to Lydia, took their invention of \'nobleman\'s tax-tokens\' to the citizens - thus making Cyme\'s rough incuse horse head silver fractions, Hemiobols, a candidate for the title of the Second Oldest coins - and the first used for retailing on a large-scale basis by the Ionian Greeks, which quickly spreading Market Economics through the rest of the world. For an excellent timeline graphic showing the progression from pre-coin, to lion, to horsehead imagery on the earliest coins, see Basic Electrum Types.
Damodice may still have been instrumental in striking the coinage of Cyme as both Aristotle and Pollux attribute this to her but may have been confused with whether she married a later 7th or even 6th century Midas.
The river god Hermos, horse with their forefoot raised and victorious athletes are typical symbols commonly found on period coinage minted at Cyme. Ancient coins from Cyme often depict the head of the Amazon Kyme wearing a taenia with the reverse featuring a horse prancing - probably in allusion to the prosperous equine industry of the region.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Hermodike I attributed with transferring the Persian written script into Greece.
- Agamemnon of Cyme, associated himself with \"the taking of Troy.\"
- Hermodike II attributed with inventing coinage for common use and transferring this throughout Greece.
- Ephorus (c. 400 -- 330 BC), ancient Greek historian.
- Hesiod\'s father, according to the poet (Op. et D. 636), sailed from Cyme to settle at Ascra in Boeotia; which does not prove, as such compilers as Stephanus and Suidas suppose, that Hesiod was a native of Cyme.
- Antigonus of Cyme, ancient Greek prose writer.
- Teuthras of Cyme, ancient Greek musician.
- Heracleides of Cyme, ancient Greek historian.
- Rhodon of Cyme, Olympic winner at stadion race in the 213th Ancient Olympic Games, 73 AD.
- Gnostor of Cyme, Suda writes that Homer married Aresiphone who was the daughter of Gnostor of Cyme
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# Ganguvada
**Ganguvada** is a village under Pathapatnam mandal in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh.
Ganguvada station is located on Naupada-Gunupur railway. It is 8 km from Pathapatnam.
## Demographics
According to Indian census, 2001, the demographic details of this village is as follows:
- Total Population: 2,065 in 498 Households
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# Conrad Ludlow
**Conrad Ludlow** is a former principal dancer with New York City Ballet under George Balanchine. He also danced at San Francisco Ballet and founded and directed Ballet Oklahoma (now Oklahoma City Ballet). He is currently a professor at the University of Utah\'s ballet department. Several of Balanchine\'s works were created on Ludlow, including Emeralds, Tschaikovsky Pas de Deux and A Midsummer Night\'s Dream. Ludlow partnered such dancers as Allegra Kent and Violette Verdy while at New York City Ballet
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# Turnshoe
300px\|thumb\|right\|upright=1.7\|A modern reproduction of a medieval turnshoe; right, being sewn on a shoe last, inside out, and left, rightside-out, on another last thumb\|upright=1\|Cross-section through the heel of a reproduction turnshoe
A **turnshoe** is a type of leather shoe that was used during the Middle Ages. It was so named because it was put together inside out, and then was turned right-side-out once finished: this hides the main seam between the sole and vamp---prolonging the life of the shoe and inhibiting moisture leaking in through the seam.
In the beginning, turnshoes consisted of only one piece of leather sewn on only one side (see carbatinae). In the late early and the high medieval ages, turnshoes mostly consisted of one sole (cowhide or bovinae) and one piece of vamp or upper (goat or cowhide or caprinae/bovinae). In the late Middle Ages, additional elements were added, like doubled soles.
Later turnshoes often have more elaborate seams. The cross-section image shows how the seams are on the inside; the turnshoe shown has a topband (dark leather edge strip), a heel stiffener, and a rand (a thin strip sewn into the seam between the sole and the upper). Some turnshoes lack all of these. Turnshoes were eventually made with outsoles sewn onto the rands; then the shoes came to be sewn right-side-out, creating the welted shoe, which displaced turnshoes in the beginning of the 16th century. Since welted shoes did not have to be turned inside-out, they could be made of much thicker leather.
## Materials and manufacture {#materials_and_manufacture}
Image:Rhof-schuhmacher.ogv\|A shoemaker making turnshoes at the Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum (English subtitles) <File:Schuhe> Spät- und Hochmittelalter IMG 0004 edit.jpg\|Reconstructions of turnshoes of the high and late Middle Ages, showing the characteristic thin, flexible sole (a stiff sole would prevent the shoe from being turned inside-out) <File:Shoes> MET 29.158.889.jpg\|Original slip-on duckbilled turnshoe from the fifteen hundreds, Britain.
Turnshoes were generally made of cowhide. Sheepskin and goatskin were briefly popular in Scandinavia, and to a lesser extent in England in the 12th and 13th century. Soles were generally about 3-4mm thick, with the uppers made of thinner leather, about 2mm thick. Modern turnshoes are often made with thicker leather, 4--6mm on the soles; this makes them quite difficult to turn, but it is possible with vegetable-tanned leather (which softens when soaked in water). Shoes were sewn using waxed wool (which rots quickly), waxed linen thread (which rots more slowly and soon displaced wool), or a thong of leather or sinew. Modern turnshoes are usually made with waxed nylon, often in the form of synthetic sinew, which is harder-wearing but stronger than the leather, meaning it may tend to pull through during stitching. After turning, the shoe was shaped while still soft (traditionally on a last). The dry leather was stuffed with waterproofing agents (like cooking oil, tallow, lard, or beeswax), which darkened it. The raw materials are fairly cheap; in the early-21st-century United Kingdom, no more than £10--15 for a pair.
Closings includes various forms of lacing and rolled leather toggles, and vary by time period. Topbands (a method of edging at the ankle opening) are also common. More than half of Northern-European turnshoes were embroidered, with the embroidery recessed into the leather. Silk is the most common material for embroidery; linen was also used.
Turnshoes can be made with basic sewing skills but no shoemaking experience, though practice, and using a broken-in, well-worn turnshoe as a pattern, improves fit. Historically, they were often initially roughly-cut, and fine cutting and fitting were done over wooden lasts; modernly they are usually cut carefully to shape, then sewn without lasts. In the latter case, it is the pattern, instead of the last, which needs to match the shape of the foot. Turnshoes were most often made in the home
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# Peace of Travendal
The **Peace of Travendal** was a peace treaty concluded at the outset of the Great Northern War on 18 August 1700 between the Swedish Empire, Denmark--Norway and Holstein-Gottorp in Traventhal. Denmark had to return Holstein-Gottorp to its duke, a Swedish ally, and to leave the anti-Swedish alliance. The Danes only reentered the war after Sweden\'s major defeat in the Battle of Poltava, 1709, having used the time to reform their army. The treaty was guaranteed by France, the Holy Roman Empire, the United Provinces (Netherlands) and Great Britain.
## Background
In 1698 and 1699, Peter the Great of Russia, Augustus II the Strong of Saxony and Poland--Lithuania, as well as Christian V and his successor Frederick IV of Denmark-Norway agreed on a three-front assault on the Swedish Empire, where minor Charles XII had ascended the throne in 1697. Holstein-Gottorp, just south of Denmark, was tied to Sweden by the marriage of duke Frederick IV to Hedvig Sophia, daughter of Charles XI of Sweden, in 1698. Danish forces entered Holstein-Gottorp in March 1700 and besieged the fortress of Tönning, while August the Strong was advancing through Swedish Livonia.
In the meantime, Sweden had negotiated the support of the Maritime Powers, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, against Danish assaults on Holstein-Gottorp. Such assaults violated the Altona convention of 1689, of which the Maritime Powers were the guarantors. In addition, the Maritime Powers prepared for the emerging War of the Spanish Succession and therefore opposed an additional war in the Baltic Sea. Aided by the Dutch and British navies, a Swedish fleet deployed a 10,000 strong army near Copenhagen. Caught by surprise and unable to defend his capital, Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway had to make peace. As soon as the end of the war was in sight, the Maritime Powers withdrew their vessels and made it clear that they preferred a peace at once and had no interest in Sweden crushing and annexing Denmark.
## The treaty {#the_treaty}
In Travendal, Denmark-Norway left the Great Northern War by obliging herself to not engage in future armed conflicts with Sweden. In paragraph XIII, the king of Denmark and Norway in his own name and the name of his successors promises to neither engage in hostilities with Sweden nor ally with or in any way aid Sweden\'s enemies, and adhere to all earlier Dano-Swedish treaties. The duke of Holstein-Gottorp\'s sovereignty was restored, and the treaty detailed the conditions under which armies and fortresses were to be maintained in the area. It was further agreed that Holstein-Gottorp be financially compensated by Denmark-Norway for the war costs, resulting in the subsequent payment of 260,000 Reichstalers.
Paragraph XIV mentions France, the Holy Roman Emperor, the dukes of the Holy Roman Empire, and the guarantors of the Altona convention as guarantors of the treaty. The guarantees of the United Provinces and the United Kingdom for the treaty were reconfirmed in a convention signed by the aforementioned parties after Queen Anne\'s succession in Great Britain, 1702.
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# Peace of Travendal
## Consequences
By the time of Travendal, Augustus II the Strong\'s campaign in Swedish Livonia had not produced satisfactory results. Though Dünamünde was captured and renamed \"*Augustusburg*\", he failed to take Riga or gain the support of the local nobility. Furthermore, Russia\'s forces had not yet entered the Great Northern War, as they were bound by the Russo-Turkish War until the Peace of Constantinople set them free in the summer. Thus, August\'s reaction to Travendal was to enter negotiations with France and Brandenburg-Prussia and ask them to mediate a truce with Sweden. Charles XII of Sweden, however, rejected the offer, refusing to enter negotiations as long as Saxon forces were in Livonia. Peter the Great took a more indifferent stance, and marched his troops towards Swedish Ingria as agreed on in the Treaty of Preobrazhenskoye.
As soon as Denmark-Norway was out of the war, Charles XII speedily embarked his armies and headed from Denmark to his Baltic dominions. Russian forces entered Ingria and laid siege to Narva in October, while August the Strong was preparing winter quarters in Livonia. On 30 November, Charles XII\'s army relieved Narva before turning south sweeping August the Strong\'s forces out of Livonia, pursuing and decisively defeating them at Kliszow and Fraustadt during the following years, forcing August to drop out of the war in the Treaty of Altranstädt in 1706. The tide turned only in 1709, when Charles XII\'s last remaining adversary Peter the Great was able to crush his army at Poltava and exile the Swedish king to Bender in the Ottoman Empire. Denmark-Norway and Saxony then abandoned Travendal and Altranstädt and entered the war again.
Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway used the peace period to reform the Danish army. Instead of relying on mercenaries, the army was now raised from peasants distributed by Danish landowners. The mercenary force was kept and fought on the Maritime Powers\' side in the War of the Spanish Succession against *roi soleil* Louis XIV of France. Frederik also implemented civil reforms such as the abolishment of serfdom. When he re-entered the Great Northern War, the mercenaries were still fighting France, but were returned to participate in the war in 1713
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# Vatukoula F.C.
**Vatukoula FA** was a Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based on the island of Viti Levu.
Their uniform includes orange shirt with white.
## History
The Vodafone Vatukoula Football Association was formed in 1979, under the presidency of Umesh Chandra.
## De-registered {#de_registered}
On 25 May 2017, Vatukoula Football Association was de-registered as an affiliated member of the Fiji Football Association, as a result of compliance issues relating to club competitions and poor performances, as the club was thrashed 29-nil by Tailevu Naitasiri F.C. in a Vodafone Senior League match, players who hold Vatukoula district licence were allowed to play for Tavua F.C. as Vatukoula and Tavua become one district
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# Great Trough Creek
**Great Trough Creek** is a tributary of the Raystown Branch Juniata River in Bedford, Fulton and Huntingdon counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. The creek is 33.2 mi long, flows northeast for half its length then northwest, and its watershed is 85.4 sqmi in area.
## Bridges
- The Baker Bridge crosses Great Trough Creek at Todd Township, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania
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# Leonard Turzhansky
**Leonard Viktorovich Turzhansky** (*Леонард Викторович Туржанский*; 1875 in Yekaterinburg -- 1945 in Moscow) was an impressionist painter in the Russian Empire and later the Soviet Union.
## Biography
Leonard Turzhansky was born to a family of a medical doctor in Yekaterinburg a large Russian city in the Ural Mountains. Since his childhood Leonard was involved with arts and without hesitation he chose the career of a professional artist. Turzhansky studied at the *Central School of Technical Drawing* in Saint Petersburg (1895); the Stroganov Art school (1896--97); and under such famous artists as Alexei Stepanov, Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin at the Moscow School of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1898--1909).
Among his early works were portraits (Portrait of Bunin, *portrait of actress Petrova*) and genre paintings. But later he became an exclusively landscape painter. Many of his landscapes have animalist motifs; with emphasis on domestic animals: horses, cows, goats. Many of his works are inspired by the nature of the Ural Mountains, particular of the Maly Istok village near Yekaterinburg. Even after moving to Moscow he came there every spring. However, Turzhansky also rendered several beautiful landscapes of Russia\'s Capital, Moscow.
Turzhanovsky exhibited his works with Peredvizhniki and since 1912 became a member of the Union of Russian Artists. Artistically he was strongly connected with traditions of the 19th century Russian art but was one of the first among the Union of Russian Artists members who adopted many methods of impressionism.
## Artwork
Image:Buninturzhansky.jpg\|Portrait of Ivan Bunin, 1905 Image:Turzhansky Winter.jpg\|Winter, 1910s Image:Turzhansky Steppe.jpg\|Steppe. Spring, 1911 Image:Turzhansky midday
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# Lihuri railway station
**Lihuri** station is located in Naupada--Gunupur branch line on the Odisha--Andhra border.
## Geography
Location of Lihuri station is under limits of Odisha but Lihuri village is located in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh. People have to ferry across River Vamsadhara (Bansadhara) to reach Lihuri station from Lihuri village.
## History
The Paralakhemedi Light Railway opened the Naupada--Gunupur line between 1900 and 1931. The line was converted to broad gauge in 2011
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# Hyner Run
**Hyner Run** is a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Clinton and Lycoming Counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. The run is 4.2 mi long, flows generally southwest, and its watershed is 87.9 sqmi in area
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# Shag Tobacco
***Shag Tobacco*** is the third solo album from Gavin Friday. Once again, Friday teamed up with musician Maurice \"The Man\" Seezer. Bono and The Edge contribute backing vocals on \"Little Black Dress\". \"The Last Song I\'ll Ever Sing\" was dedicated \"in loving memory\" of Scottish-Irish street performer Thom McGinty.
This album features a cover of T. Rex\'s \"The Slider\".
The second track, \"Caruso\", is Friday\'s tribute to Enrico Caruso, the Italian opera singer.
The third track, \"Angel\", was featured on the soundtrack of the 1996 film *William Shakespeare\'s Romeo + Juliet*.
Patrick McCabe wrote the album\'s liner notes.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Shag Tobacco\" -- 4:33
2. \"Caruso\" -- 5:41
3. \"Angel\" -- 6:03
4. \"Little Black Dress\" -- 4:29
5. \"The Slider\" (Marc Bolan) -- 3:16
6. \"Dolls\" -- 4:10
7. \"Mr Pussy\" -- 3:40
8. \"You Me and World War Three\" -- 4:39
9. \"Kitchen Sink Drama\" -- 5:57
10. \"My Twentieth Century\" -- 5:08
11. \"The Last Song I\'ll Ever Sing\" -- 3:48
12
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# Chet Zar
**Chet Zar** (born November 12, 1967, in San Pedro, California) is an American artist notable for his dark visual art, make-up effects, and digital animation. He is most widely known for his work with Tool\'s music and live videos. He is the stepson of American fantasy artist James Zar.
## Life
Zar was born in San Pedro, California. His interest in the \"darker\" aspects of art began as a young child, described as a \"natural fascination with all things strange fostered within himself a deep connection to horror movies and dark imagery.\" He spent his entire childhood sculpting, drawing and painting. In high school, Zar began his work in the makeup effects industry, gaining full-time employment a year after graduating.
After years of being unimpressed with politics in the film industry, Zar took the advice of horror author Clive Barker, and decided to pursue his passion of producing original works and oil painting.
## Works
Zar\'s works vary according to the medium he is using. His interest in art and horror movies led to a career in the motion-picture industry. His contributions to the industry were in the form of sculpture and make-up effects. Zar designed and created prosthetic effects for such movies as *The Ring*, *Planet of the Apes*, and *Darkman*.
His canvassed works are generally oil-based portraits. He considers his works to be extensions of his doodles, and describes the figures in his art as \"very ugly and freakish on the surface\" while still retaining \"innocence about them\". In addition to creating digital animations for Tool\'s live shows, Zar has created his own DVD of digital loops, entitled *Disturb the Normal*. His \'animated paintings\' are made using Lightwave 3d and Adobe After Effects.
On December 18, 2007, Tool released a DVD for their single \"Vicarious\", which contains a documentary with an appearance by Zar as a key member of the \"Vicarious\" video team.
On 2010, he made the album cover artwork for Charred Walls of the Damned\'s self-titled album.
In 2015 a documentary directed by Mike Correll examines the life and career of Chet Zar titled I Like to Paint Monsters.
## Catalogs
- 2012 - [Black Magick: The Art of Chet Zar](http://beinart.org/about/beinart-publishing/)
- 2008 - [Chet Zar - Ugly American](http://chetzar.bigcartel.com/product/ugly-american-catalog/)
- 2007 - [Metamorphosis](http://beinart
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# Art D'Lugoff
**Art D\'Lugoff** (August 2, 1924 - November 4, 2009) in Brooklyn, New York, was an American jazz impresario. He opened The Village Gate, a jazz club in New York City\'s Greenwich Village, in 1958. D\'Lugoff sought out the hottest talent, hosting prominent jazz artists, including Billie Holiday, Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, Aretha Franklin, and Miles Davis, as well as the best in comedy, including Bill Cosby, Mort Sahl, Woody Allen, and John Belushi.
D\'Lugoff turned away Bob Dylan, prompting the latter to write music in the basement of the club. He also fired a Dustin Hoffman for providing poor table service. Playwright Sam Shepard once bused tables.
D\'Lugoff styled himself on the famous showman Sol Hurok. His avant-garde programming also set the stage for theatrical nudity in New York - the 1974 musical review *Let My People Come* featured a fully nude co-ed cast.
Financial reverses led D\'Lugoff to declare bankruptcy in 1991. He closed the club in 1994. In the wake of The Village Gate\'s closing, D\'Lugoff dreamed of opening a new jazz club near Times Square. He worked on raising money for the development of a national jazz museum and hall of fame to be located in New York City. D\'Lugoff\'s idea of a museum eventually developed into the National Jazz Museum of Harlem.
D\'Lugoff won the Paul Robeson Award in 1992.
In 2008 the Village Gate re-opened under the name \"Le Poisson Rouge\", with D\'Lugoff as a consultant.
On November 4, 2009, after complaining of a shortness of breath, he was taken to New York-Presbyterian Hospital where he died at the age of 85. On November 7, 2009, citing an unnamed source, the *New York Post* claimed that at the time of his death, D\'Lugoff was weeks away from re-launching his nightclub at an even bigger downtown venue.
D\'Lugoff\'s wife, Avital D\'Lugoff, worked as a photographer; she died on March 29, 2010. The couple had four children: Sharon, Dahlia, Rachael, and Jazz pianist Raphael
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# 1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge
The **1928 International Lawn Tennis Challenge** was the 23rd edition of what is now known as the **Davis Cup**. 27 teams would enter the Europe Zone, while six would enter the America Zone. Chile, Finland, and Norway made their first appearances in the competition.
The United States defeated Italy in the Inter-Zonal play-off, but would lose to France in the Challenge Round, giving France their second straight title. The final was played 27--29 July at the new Stade Roland Garros in Paris.
## America Zone {#america_zone}
### Draw
### Final
**United States vs. Japan** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=United States |team1-var=1912
|team2=Japan |team2-var=1870
|venue=Town & Tennis Club, [[Chicago]], Illinois<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1928-AME-M-USA-JPN-01|title=United States v Japan|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=1–3 June 1928
|surface=Clay
|score1=5
|score2=0
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Bill Tilden]] |6 |6 |6 | | |T2P1=[[Tamio Abe]] |2 |3 |0 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=John Hennessey \|8 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Yoshiro Ota \|6 \|3 \|3 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=George Lott \|T1P2=Bill Tilden \|6 \|10 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Tamio Abe \|T2P2=Teizo Toba \|1 \|8 \|2 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Wilbur Coen \|7 \|6 \|6 \|7 \| \|T2P1=Tamio Abe \|9 \|2 \|4 \|5 \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Bill Tilden \|6 \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Yoshiro Ota \|8 \|3 \|1 \|0 \| }} \|}}
## Europe Zone {#europe_zone}
### Draw {#draw_1}
### Final {#final_1}
**Italy vs. Czechoslovakia** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=Italy |team1-var=1861
|team2=Czechoslovakia
|venue=[[Milan]], Italy<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1928-EUR-M-ITA-TCH-01|title=Italy v Czechoslovakia|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=13–15 July 1928
|surface=Clay
|score1=3
|score2=2
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[Uberto De Morpurgo]] |6 |6 |6 | | |T2P1=[[Pavel Machenauer]] |3 |3 |4 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Placido Gaslini \|1 \|7 \|6 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Jan Koželuh \|6 \|9 \|3 \|6 \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Placido Gaslini \|T1P2=Uberto De Morpurgo \|6 \|6 \|4 \|4 \| \|T2P1=Jan Koželuh \|T2P2=Pavel Machenauer \|8 \|4 \|6 \|6 \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Uberto De Morpurgo \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Jan Koželuh \|1 \|2 \|0 \| \| }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Placido Gaslini \|0 \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \|T2P1=Pavel Machenauer \|6 \|4 \|4 \|3 \| \|}} }}
## Inter-Zonal Final {#inter_zonal_final}
**United States vs. Italy** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=United States |team1-var=1912
|team2=Italy |team2-var=1861
|venue=[[Stade Roland Garros]], [[Paris]], France<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1928-INZ-M-USA-ITA-01|title=United States v Italy|publisher=daviscup.com}}</ref>
|date=20–22 July 1928
|surface=Clay
|score1=4
|score2=1
|R1={{ TennisMatch |T1P1=[[John F. Hennessey|John Hennessey]] |6 |7 |6 | | |T2P1=[[Uberto De Morpurgo]] |4 |5 |2 | | }}`{=mediawiki} \|R2={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Frank Hunter \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Placido Gaslini \|1 \|1 \|0 \| \| }} \|R3={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=John Hennessey \|T1P2=George Lott \|6 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Placido Gaslini \|T2P2=Uberto De Morpurgo \|2 \|3 \|1 \| \| }} \|R4={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=Frank Hunter \|4 \|8 \|3 \|6 \|3 \|T2P1=Uberto De Morpurgo \|6 \|6 \|6 \|3 \|6 }} \|R5={{ TennisMatch \|T1P1=John Hennessey \|7 \|6 \|6 \| \| \|T2P1=Placido Gaslini \|5 \|3 \|4 \| \| }} \|}}
## Challenge Round {#challenge_round}
**France vs. United States** `{{DavisCupbox
|team1=France |team1-var=1830
|team2=United States |team2-var=1912
|venue=[[Stade Roland Garros]], [[Paris]], France<ref name="Final">{{cite news|url=https://www.daviscup.com/en/draws-results/tie.aspx?id=M-DC-1928-WG-CHR-FRA-USA-01|title=France v United States|publisher=daviscup
| 481 |
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| 0 |
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# Loftus Becker
**Loftus E. Becker Jr.** is a Professor of Law Emeritus at the University of Connecticut School of Law, where he teaches criminal law, constitutional law, and a seminar on the Supreme Court. In 1965, he graduated from Harvard College, and in 1969 from the University of Pennsylvania School of Law, where he served as editor-in-chief of the *University of Pennsylvania Law Review*. After graduating from law school, he was a law clerk for Chief Judge David L. Bazelon of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, and Justice William J. Brennan, Jr., of the Supreme Court of the United States. He taught at the University of Minnesota Law School from. 1971 to 1977.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- *Durham Revisited: Psychiatry and the Problem of Crime* (1973)
- *Criminal Law: Theory and Process* (with Joseph Goldstein) (Supp. 1982)
- *Plea Bargaining and the Supreme Court*, 21 Loyola of L.A. L. Rev 757 (1988)
- *The Liability of Computer Bulletin Board Operators for Defamation Posted By Others*, 22 Conn. L. Rev
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# Lankalakoderu
**Lankalakoderu** is a village in West Godavari District, India. It is exactly 4 km away from Palakol. Lankalakoderu (LKDU) has its own railway station connecting major cities.
## Government and politics {#government_and_politics}
Lankalakoderu gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. The elected members of the gram panchayat is headed by a sarpanch. The sarpanch of the villages was awarded *Nirmala Grama Puraskaram* for the year 2013.
## Demographics
Census of India, Lankalakoderu had a population of 6759. The total population constitutes 3344 males and 3415 females with a sex ratio of 1021 females per 1000 males. 573 children are in the age group of 0--6 years, with sex ratio of 976. The average literacy rate stands at 79.60%
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# Second Sight (film)
Second Sight}} `{{Use American English|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox film
| name = Second Sight
| image = Second sight poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Joel Zwick]]
| producer = [[Mark Tarlov]]
| writer = [[Tom Schulman]]<br />[[Patricia Resnick]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[John Larroquette]]
* [[Bronson Pinchot]]
* [[Bess Armstrong]]
* [[Stuart Pankin]]}}
| music = [[John Morris (composer)|John Morris]]
| editing = David Ray
| cinematography = Dana Christiaansen
| studio = [[Lorimar Television|Lorimar Filmed Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]
| released = {{Film date|1989|11|3}}
| runtime = 83 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross = $5,368,865
}}`{=mediawiki}
***Second Sight*** is a 1989 American science fiction black comedy film from Warner Bros. starring John Larroquette, Bronson Pinchot, Stuart Pankin, and Bess Armstrong. In the film, a paranormal detective (Larroquette), a psychic (Pinchot), and a nun (Armstrong) search the streets of Boston, Massachusetts for a missing person who has allegedly been kidnapped.
Although scripted by Patricia Resnick (who previously co-wrote *9 to 5*) and Oscar-winner Tom Schulman (who won for *Dead Poets Society*), the film was a critical and commercial failure; it garnered mostly-negative reviews, and earned only \$5.3 million at the United States box office.
## Cast
- John Larroquette as Wilbur Wills
- Bronson Pinchot as Bobby McGee
- Bess Armstrong as Kate / Sister Elizabeth
- Stuart Pankin as Dr. Preston Pickett
- John Schuck as Lieutenant \"Noogie\" Manoogian
- James Tolkan as Captain Coolidge
- Will Le Bow as FBI Agent Alman
- Christine Estabrook as Priscilla Pickett
- Leonard Jackson as Brian, Doorman At Hampshire House
- Marisol Massey as Maria Soledad
- William Prince as Cardinal O\'Hara
- Dominic Chianese as Father Dominic
- Michael Lombard as Bishop O\'Linn
- Adam LeFevre as Mike
- Ron Taylor as Carl
- Andrew Mutnick as Elmore
- Lucy Johnson as Stripper
- Michelle Fortune as Stripper
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# Second Sight (film)
## Production
*Second Sight* was being produced around the time of the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike, which led to problems with both the script and the cast. Filming was completed in Boston, Massachusetts. Bronson Pinchot spent about three months meeting with psychics to research for the part, largely with one who was retained by writer Patricia Resnick as a technical advisor for the film. Pinchot said he found that most of them were very straightforward, intelligent and normal people, unlike the quirky and weird character he planned to play; Pinchot said the research was nevertheless helpful in determining how to play the part differently than actual psychics. Pinchot was directed to other psychics by actress Shirley MacLaine, who is well known for her beliefs in new age spirituality and reincarnation; a photo of MacLaine was hung in the bedroom wall of Pinchot\'s character as an homage. In the middle one of his research sessions, Pinchot collapsed, which doctors said was due to exhaustion but the film\'s psychic technical advisor believed was due to his response to the extra-sensory perception and hypnosis he had been exposed to over a long period of time.
One psychic Pinchot talked would randomly begin speaking in tongues repeatedly during conversations, which the psychic said was the result of a spiritual sensation he could not explain; Pinchot said the encounter was helpful in establishing his character. During one scene in the movie, Pinchot is in the office of a man who is in another location and has to urinate, and as a result Pinchot\'s psychic character begins squirming as if he has to use the bathroom. Pinchot said this scene was inspired by a visit he had with a psychic who used to get drunk whenever she was near somebody who was drunk at a party. The character wears slippers throughout the movie because when Pinchot met psychic Peter Hurkos during his research, they went out to lunch and Hurkos wore sandals because he forgot to put on his shoes.
The Aretha Franklin song \"Freeway of Love\" plays during a chase scene in the middle of the film.
## Reception
The film was not successful commercially or critically. It made only \$5.3 million at the United States box office, \$2.16 million of which were earned during the opening weekend.
*Second Sight* received mostly negative reviews. Hal Hinson of *The Washington Post* said it appeared the film \"looks as if it was shot on an everything-must-go, discount basis\", and that Pinchot\'s character \"is utterly lacking in either charm or wit\". Hinson said the dialogue and direction style were terrible and that Larroquette was rehashing his character from the television comedy series, *Night Court*. *The New York Times* reviewer Janet Maslin said Joel Zwick\'s direction \"is so outstandingly maladroit (that) it squelches any possible humor\". Maslin also said the film featured too many car chases and had such a pacing of such \"artificial liveliness from beginning to end\" that \"there\'s nothing in the last reel to distinguish it from the first\".
## Home video {#home_video}
The film was released on VHS in 1990. Some 20 years later, in 2010, *Second Sight* was released on DVD as a MOD title from the Warner Archive Collection, marking its first release in said format
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# Sivadevuni Chikkala
**Sivadevuni Chikkala** is in Andhra Pradesh 8 km from Palakol. There is a temple to the Hindu god Shiva
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| 0 |
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# An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
***An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural*** is a 1995 book by the conjuror and paranormal investigator James Randi, with a foreword by Arthur C. Clarke. It serves as a reference for a variety of topics within pseudoscience, the paranormal, and hoaxes. The *Encyclopedia* received generally positive reviews. In 2006, Randi made the work available free online.
## Background
James Randi was a Canadian-American magician, escape artist, author, and scientific skeptic. Randi had a varied career, performing stage magic, mentalism, escape acts, and other illusions. After seriously injuring himself in an escape act, Randi quit escapism and stage magic. He subsequently devoted more of his time towards investigation of the paranormal, publishing several books on the topic including *Flim-Flam!* (1982), *The Truth About Uri Geller* (1982), *The Faith Healers* (1987), and *The Mask of Nostradamus* (1990). Randi\'s *Encyclopedia*, which is his final book, is presented as \"a guide to the many subjects that are usually included in the \'supernatural\' category\". It was written in the wake of a legal dispute, the financial burden of which had been \"very ruinous\" and took time away from his investigations.
## Contents
In his introduction, Randi notes that \"\[t\]hough it is not widely accepted or even well known to the public, it is a fact that no occult, paranormal, psychic, or supernatural claim has ever been substantiated by proper testing\". According to Randi, other encyclopedias on the paranormal have been compiled by \"undiscriminating and rather naive authors\" and are characterised by \"\[u\]nquestioning belief in every sort of unproven claim of magical, occult, and mystical notions\". He further remarks that these volumes \"can give students only the affirmative view of subjects that have often actually been long ago disproved\". Randi thus wrote his *Encyclopedia* as an alternative to these volumes. The *Encyclopedia* contains more than 600 entries, many of which are cross-referenced and/or illustrated. A range of topics are covered, including
- spiritualism
- mentalism
- cryptozoology
- pseudoscience
- alternative medicine
- parapsychology
- quackery
- occultism
- hoaxes
The book also includes a foreword by science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, who describes himself as an \"awestruck fan\" of Randi. Randi had previously appeared on Clarke\'s 1985 television series *Arthur C. Clarke\'s World of Strange Powers*, where he demonstrated \"how psychic surgeons, spoon-benders, and mind-readers achieve their effects\".
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# An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural
## Reception
In a review for the scientific journal *Nature*, Walter Gratzer described Randi\'s *Encyclopedia* as an \"excellent compendium\", praising it for being \"copiously cross-referenced\" and for \"unearth\[ing\] many strange historical episodes\". However, Gratzer also wrote that Randi \"missed a few opportunities\" by making only brief mention of scientology and not including entries for Alister Hardy, the Urantia cult, or Rupert Sheldrake. A review published in several newspapers praised Randi\'s \"ability to deflate the practitioners of the occult in understated prose\". In *The Manhattan Mercury*, R. M. Seaton noted that Randi \"exposes the frauds that have been believed by gullible people from ancient times right up to the present\".
In *The Indianapolis Star*, Rich Gotshall gave the book 2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} stars out of 4, describing it as \"interesting and fun\", also depicting Randi\'s style as \"straightforward, at times almost clinical\". The book received a \"B\" grade in *Entertainment Weekly*, with David Hochman writing that it is \"less a scholarly text than a diatribe against the dubious, from the abominable snowman to zombies\", while also noting that \"Randi never lets you forget that if something seems too weird to believe, it probably is\". In the *Enterprise-Record*, Dan Barnett described the book as a \"mishmash\", stating that it \"disappoints the reader who is looking for the kinds of exposes Randi is famous for\". Barnett noted that the more interesting entries in the encyclopedia are \"those that suggest ways in which psychics and others might be able to trick even to the soberest among us\".
Of the UK edition, entitled *The Supernatural A-Z: The Truth and the Lies*, James Stannage wrote in the *Manchester Evening News* that the encyclopedia was \"highly informative, thought-provoking and, best of all, entertaining\". Chris Mellor also wrote in the *Huddersfield Daily Examiner* that Randi\'s entries are \"occasionally dismissive but always thought-provoking and entertaining\". The UK edition was also chosen as one of the 1995 \"science books of the year\" by the science staff at *The Daily Telegraph*.
## Editions and translations {#editions_and_translations}
- First edition (St. Martin\'s Press, 1995)
- Paperback edition (St. Martin\'s Press, 1997)
- UK edition: *The Supernatural A-Z: The Truth and the Lies* (Headline, 1995)
- German edition: *Lexikon der übersinnlichen Phänomene: die Wahrheit über die paranormale Welt* (Heyne, 2011)
- Online edition (James Randi Educational Foundation, 2006)
- Ebook (James Randi Educational Foundation, 2011)
In the online edition, Randi made several corrections, both factual and typographical. He also \"dropped in a few jokes\" that were not in the original publication. This edition does not include the original introduction or the foreword by Arthur C. Clarke
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# Tokyo Metro 7000 series
The `{{Nihongo|'''Tokyo Metro 7000 series'''|東京メトロ7000系|Tōkyō Metoro 7000-kei}}`{=mediawiki} is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Tokyo subway operator Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan, between 1974 and 2022, and by KAI Commuter in Jakarta, Indonesia, since 2010. The design is based on the earlier Tokyo Metro 6000 series trains used on the Tokyo Metro Chiyoda Line.
## Operations
7000 series trainsets operated on the following lines.\
Tokyo Metro (1974--2022) `{{Plainlist|
* {{Colorbull|GoldenRod}} [[Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line]] (10-car sets)
* {{Colorbull|SaddleBrown}} [[Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line]] (8/10-car sets)
* {{Colorbull|MediumBlue}} [[Tobu Tojo Line]] between {{STN|Wakōshi|x}} and {{STN|Shiki|x|Saitama}} (8-car sets) or {{STN|Shinrinkoen|x|Saitama}} (10-car sets)
* {{Colorbull|DarkOrange}} [[Seibu Yurakucho Line]]
* {{Colorbull|DarkOrange}} [[Seibu Ikebukuro Line]] between {{STN|Kotake-Mukaihara|x}} and {{STN|Hannō|x}}
* {{Colorbull|Crimson}} [[Tokyu Toyoko Line]] (from 28 September 2012)<ref name="jrfo180000">{{Cite web |date=29 September 2012 |title=東京メトロ7000系が東横線・みなとみらい線で営業運転を開始 |trans-title=Tokyo Metro 7000 series begins revenue service on the Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line |url=https://railf.jp/news/2012/09/29/180000.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519023103/https://railf.jp/news/2012/09/29/180000.html |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Japan Railfan Magazine Online |publisher=Koyusha Co., Ltd. |location=Japan |language=ja}}</ref>
* {{Colorbull|DarkBlue}} [[Minatomirai Line]] (from 28 September 2012)<ref name="jrfo180000"/>
}}`{=mediawiki} KAI Commuter (2010--present)
- KAI Commuter Bogor Line
## Formations
`{{As of|2017|04|01}}`{=mediawiki}, the fleet consists of six ten-car sets and 15 eight-car sets, formed as shown below with car 1 at the northern end.
### 10-car sets {#car_sets}
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Designation CT2 M1 M2 M1 Tc2 Tc1 M2\' M1 T2 CT1
Numbering 7000 7900 7800 7700 7600 7500 7400 7300 7200 7100
only 7102F
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ----------- ------ ------ ------
Designation CM2 M1 T2 Tc2 M2 M1 M1 \| Tc1 M2\' M1 CT1
Numbering 7002 7902 7202 7602 7802 7702 7502 7402 7302 7102
- Cars 2, 4, and 8 are each fitted with two lozenge-type pantographs.
- Car 9 is designated as a moderately air-conditioned car.
### 8-car sets {#car_sets_1}
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
------------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
Designation CT2 M2 M1 Tc2 Tc1 M2 M1 CT1
Numbering 7000 7800 7900 7200 7500 7400 7300 7100
- Cars 3 and 7 are each fitted with two lozenge-type pantographs.
- Car 7 is designated as a moderately air-conditioned car.
## Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout. Cars 2 and 9 in the ten-car sets and cars 2 and 7 in the eight-car sets each have a wheelchair space. Priority seating is provided at the end of each car.
<File:Tokyo> Metro 7105-2005-12-18 1.jpg\|Interior of set 7105 which has received type B refurbishment <File:Yu-line7126Froom.jpg%7CInterior> of set 7126
## History
The 7000 series was introduced into service on 30 October 1974, when the Yurakucho Line first opened. Its design is derived from that of the 6000 series developed for the Chiyoda Line. They were initially formed as five-car sets, but after the Yurakucho Line was extended to `{{STN|Chikatetsu-narimasu|x}}`{=mediawiki} in 1983, the 7000 series sets were formed as ten-car sets. By 1989, 340 vehicles were built, which were formed into 34 ten-car sets.
### Refurbishment
Between 2007 and 2009, the 7000 series fleet was refurbished coinciding with use on Fukutoshin Line services. The sets were fitted with new driver\'s cabs, CCTV equipment, updated traction and braking systems, automatic train operation, and other miscellaneous technical improvements. Some sets were also shortened to eight cars. The sets were also reliveried with brown, gold, and white stripes coinciding with use on Fukutoshin Line services. They originally sported a yellow bodyside line when used primarily on Yurakucho Line services.
### Withdrawal
After the refurbishment programme, a significant portion of the 7000 series fleet was withdrawn; four of these sets were shipped to Indonesia in 2010.
In 2020, Tokyo Metro unveiled the 17000 series, which replaced the remaining 7000 series sets by April 2022.
## Overseas operations {#overseas_operations}
Four 7000 series ten-car sets (7117, 7121, 7122, and 7123) were shipped to Indonesia in 2010 for use on suburban services operated by KAI Commuter (formerly \"KA Commuter Jabodetabek\" or \"KRL Jabodetabek\") in Jakarta. The four sets were reduced to eight-car formations and are formed as follows, based at Depok Depot.
7100 (CT1) 7200 (T2) 7300 (M1) 7400 (M2\') 7500 (Tc1) 7600 (Tc2) 7900 (M1) 7000 (CM2)
------------ ----------- ----------- ------------- ------------ ------------ ----------- ------------
7117 7217 7317 7417 7517 7617 7917 7017
7121 7221 7321 7421 7521 7621 7921 7021
7122 7222 7322 7422 7522 7622 7922 7022
7123 7223 7323 7423 7523 7623 7923 7023
The two M1 cars in each set are equipped with two pantographs.
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# Tokyo Metro 7000 series
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
2013 Bintaro train crash: On 9 December 2013, set 7121 (KRL 1131) collided with a Pertamina fuel truck at a level crossing at the Bintaro Permai intersection on the Rangkasbitung Line near Bintaro, South Tangerang, Indonesia, leading to 7 deaths and 45 injuries. The front two carriages of set 7121 as well as the tank truck were both destroyed in the ensuing fire. Set 7121 was retired and scrapped in December 2014
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# Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
**Manonmaniam Sundaranar University** is a public university located in Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India, It was hived off the Madurai Kamaraj University on 7 September 1990.
The motto of the university is \"In Pursuit of Excellence\". It is named after the Tamil scholar/professor Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai. The university has 24 departments in arts, languages, sciences, engineering and technology. 102 colleges in the Kanyakumari, Tenkasi, Thoothukudi and Tirunelveli districts are affiliated to it.
## Accreditations
The University Grants Commission, New Delhi has accorded its approval for getting financial assistance since 29 March 1994. The university is accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council of India with \'A\' grade status. The University Act authorizes the functioning of the Directorate of Distance and Continuing Education outside the university jurisdiction and the courses offered through this mode are recognized by the Distance Education Council of India.
## Campuses
Its main campus is a 520 acre site in Abishekapatti, Tirunelveli where the majority of the university departments function. Another 120 acre campus at Alwarkurichi houses the Sri Parama Kalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences department and a 70 acre campus at Rajakkamangalam houses the Centre for Marine Sciences and Technology.
## Community colleges {#community_colleges}
The community colleges offer diploma courses of one-year duration to those interested in entrepreneurial enterprises. The Extension Learning Programme offers diploma and certificate courses on skill development.
## Constituents
The university has 61 affiliated colleges, 5 Mano colleges and 1 constituent college, with 65,000 students on rolls under its jurisdiction.
## Foundation
Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, named after the famous Tamil scholar/professor M. Sundaram Pillai, was established on 7 September 1990 to cater to the needs of the people of the three southernmost districts of Tamil Nadu --- Tirunelveli, Tuticorin and Kanyakumari
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# Saga University
`{{nihongo|'''Saga University'''|佐賀大学|Saga daigaku}}`{=mediawiki}; abbreviated as `{{nihongo|''Sagadai''|佐賀大|Sagadai}}`{=mediawiki} or `{{nihongo|''Sadai''|佐大|Sadai}}`{=mediawiki}, is a national university in Saga, Saga Prefecture, Japan. The university has five faculties with around 7,000 students. Its two campuses are in `{{nihongo|''Honjo''|本庄|}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nihongo|''Nabeshima''|鍋島|}}`{=mediawiki}.
## History
The history of Saga University is complicated. The oldest Saga teacher\'s school was demoted to a prefectural school by the law of teacher\'s schools.
started in 1920. This high school is the origin of Saga University. Then, `{{nihongo|Saga Teacher's School|佐賀師範學校|Saga Shihan gakkou}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nihongo|Saga Youth Teacher's School|佐賀青年師範學校|Saga Seinen Shihan gakkou}}`{=mediawiki} started in 1943-1944. These schools were named \"Saga University\" in 1949.
started in 1976. Saga University and Saga Medical School merged in 2003. And the National University was corporatised in 2004.
## Campus locations {#campus_locations}
- Campus: Honjo, Saga City
- Campus: Nabeshima, Saga City
## Faculties and graduate schools {#faculties_and_graduate_schools}
### Faculties
- Campus
- Culture and Education
- Economics
- Science and Engineering
- Agriculture
- Campus
- Medicine
### Graduate schools {#graduate_schools}
- Campus
- Education (Master\'s programme)
- Economics (Master\'s programme)
- Engineering (Master\'s and Doctorate programme)
- Agriculture (Master\'s programme)
- Campus
- Medicine (Master\'s and Doctorate programme)
- Other
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University (Doctorate programme)
## Exchange program {#exchange_program}
Saga University offers an exchange program called SPACE (Saga University Program for Academic Exchange). SPACE is a one-year program, with its main purpose to increase the exchange student\'s Japanese skills. SPACE offers independent study that allows the exchange student to conduct a simple research project with a professor.
## Ranking
From \"World Universities\' ranking on the Web: top 4,000 World Ranking.\" in July 2008, Saga University (Japan) was ranked 1298
| 280 |
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| 0 |
9,987,726 |
# Modularity-driven testing
**Modularity-driven testing** is a term used in the testing of software. The test script modularity framework requires the creation of small, independent scripts that represent modules, sections, and functions of the application-under-test. These small scripts are then used in a hierarchical fashion to construct larger tests, realizing a particular test case.
## Background
Of all the frameworks, this one should be the simplest to grasp and master. It is a well-known programming strategy to build an abstraction layer in front of a component to hide the component from the rest of the application. This insulates the application from modifications in the component and provides modularity in the application design. The test script modularity framework applies this principle of abstraction or encapsulation in order to improve the maintainability and scalability of automated test suites
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# Toltecatl
**Tōltēcatl** (Nahuatl for \"the Toltec\" or \"the artisan\"; `{{IPA|nah|toːɬˈteːkatɬ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) means skilled craftsman or artisan
| 16 |
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| 0 |
9,987,733 |
# Local Government Commission (Sacramento, California)
The **Local Government Commission** (LGC) is a non-profit organization in Sacramento, California dedicated to local environmental sustainability, economic prosperity and social equity. LCG has worked for over 35 years to support local policymakers on topics involving climate change, energy, water and community design. The LGC approach includes connecting leaders, advancing policies and implementing solutions. They do this through the creation of programs to connect local leaders and work on policy advancement by providing technical assistance and advice to local jurisdictions. Some of the specific services provided by the LGC including forums, workshops, training programs, presentations, design charrettes, and community image surveys. The LCG is led by a board of fifteen elected California city and county elected officials and the total membership of the nonprofit encompasses over seven hundred local leaders from around the California and the greater U.S.
## Ahwahnee Principles {#ahwahnee_principles}
In 1991, the LGC helped bring together the architects Peter Calthorpe, Michael Corbett, Andrés Duany, Elizabeth Moule, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Stefanos Polyzoides and Daniel Solomon to develop a set of community principles for land use planning. Called the Ahwahnee Principles (after Yosemite National Park\'s Ahwanee Lodge). The Ahwahnee Principles were designed to help revitalize existing parts of communities through infill development and create communities that are complete and integrate a mix of uses. These principles, are a blueprint for elected officials and planners to provide compact, mixed use, walkable and transit-oriented development in their communities. The Ahwahnee Principles were the start of the now widespread and diverse SmartGrowth and New Urbanism movement This movement largely arose out of the looming presence of urban sprawl and land consumption that saw exponential expansion since the 1950s. According to the LCG, the ten principles of smart growth are 1) Preservation of open space 2) Development towards existing communities 3) Compact building design 4) Mix land uses 5) Range of housing choices 6) Variety of transportation choices 7) Walkable neighborhoods 8) Strong sense of place 9) Community and stakeholder collaboration 10) Predictable development decision
## Civic Spark {#civic_spark}
The LCG in partnership with the Governor\'s Office of Planning and Research started CivicSpark; an AmeriCorps program that hires fellows each year to implement targeting projects dedicated to helping build capacity for local governments to address environmental issues in California like climate change and water resource management. Civic Spark is administered by CaliforniaVolunteers and sponsored by the Corporation for National and Community Service
| 404 |
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| 0 |
9,987,790 |
# Data-driven testing
**Data-driven testing** (**DDT**), also known as **table-driven testing** or **parameterized testing**, is a software testing methodology that is used in the testing of computer software to describe testing done using a table of conditions directly as test inputs and verifiable outputs as well as the process where test environment settings and control are not hard-coded. In the simplest form the tester supplies the inputs from a row in the table and expects the outputs which occur in the same row. The table typically contains values which correspond to boundary or partition input spaces. In the control methodology, test configuration is \"read\" from a database.
## Introduction
In the testing of software or programs, several methodologies are available for implementing this testing. Each of these methods co-exist because they differ in the effort required to create and subsequently maintain. The advantage of Data-driven testing is the ease to add additional inputs to the table when new partitions are discovered or added to the product or system under test. Also, in the data-driven testing process, the test environment settings and control are not hard-coded. The cost aspect makes DDT cheap for automation but expensive for manual testing.
## Methodology overview {#methodology_overview}
Data-driven testing is the creation of test scripts to run together with their related data sets in a framework. The framework provides re-usable test logic to reduce maintenance and improve test coverage. Input and result (test criteria) data values can be stored in one or more central data sources or databases, the actual format, organization and tools can be implementation specific.
The data comprises variables used for both input values and output verification values. In advanced (mature) automation environments data can be harvested from a running system using a purpose-built custom tool or sniffer, the DDT framework thus performs playback of harvested data producing a powerful automated regression testing tool.
Automated test suites contain user\'s interactions through the system\'s GUI, for repeatable testing. Each test begins with a copy of the \"before\" image reference database. The \"user interactions\" are replayed through the \"new\" GUI version and result in the \"post test\" database. The *reference* \"post test\" database is compared to the \"post test\" database, using a tool. Differences reveal probable regression.
Navigation through the program, reading of the data sources, and logging of test status and information are all coded in the test script.
## Data driven {#data_driven}
Anything that has a potential to change (also called \"variability,\" and includes elements such as environment, end points, test data, locations, etc.) is separated out from the test logic (scripts) and moved into an \'external asset\'. This can be a configuration or test dataset. The logic executed in the script is dictated by the data values.
Keyword-driven testing is similar except that the logic for the test case itself is encoded as data values in the form of a set of \"action words\", and not embedded or \"hard-coded\" in the test script. The script is simply a \"driver\" (or delivery mechanism) for the data that is held in the data source
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| 0 |
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# We Want Our Mummy
***We Want Our Mummy*** is a 1939 comedy thriller short subject, directed by Del Lord starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Curly Howard). It is the 37th entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959. The film marks the final appearance of James C. Morton in this film series.
In the film, the Stooges are depicted as private detectives. Two museum curators hire them to locate an Egyptologist who disappeared in Cairo, and to retrieve the pharaoh\'s mummy which the Egyptologist had located before his disappearance. In Egypt, the detectives have to face both a criminal gang and a living mummy.
## Plot
Museum of Ancient History curators Dr. Powell and Professor Wilson enlist the Stooges\' services as private detectives to locate Professor Tuttle, an Egyptologist who has gone missing while in pursuit of the mummy of Egyptian King Rootentooten in Cairo. Tasked with retrieving the mummy, the Stooges embark on a perilous journey, driven by the promise of a substantial reward.
Upon arrival in Egypt, the Stooges encounter a series of misadventures, exacerbated by their naivety and ineptitude. Mistaking a mirage for a body of water, they inadvertently stumble into a network of tunnels purportedly leading to the tomb of Rootentooten. However, their exploration leads to unintended consequences, including a harrowing encounter with a living mummy.
Subsequently, the Stooges discover Professor Tuttle being held captive by a group of thieves. Complicating matters further, they inadvertently destroy what they believe to be the mummy of Rootentooten. Faced with the threat of imminent demise at the hands of the malevolent gang leader, Jackson, Who believes that the jewels buried inside the mummy of Rootentooten, the Stooges devise a comically ingenious plan to deceive their captors, involving Curly masquerading as a makeshift mummy.
During a tumultuous showdown between the Stooges and the criminals, a pivotal moment occurs when it is unveiled that the mummy inadvertently destroyed by the Stooges is not that of Rootentooten, but rather his diminutive wife, Queen Hotsy-Totsy. The unexpected discovery prompts a hasty retreat, with the Stooges and Professor Tuttle narrowly escaping the clutches of danger, only to encounter yet another obstacle in the form of a Nile crocodile.
## Cast
### Credited
- Moe Howard as Moe
- Larry Fine as Larry
- Curly Howard as Curly
### Uncredited
- Dick Curtis as Jackson
- Bud Jamison as Dr. Powell
- Ted Lorch as Thug in Mummy Outfit
- Eddie Laughton as Cab Driver
- James C. Morton as Prof. Wilson
- John Tyrell as Thug in Egyptian Garb
- Robert B. Williams as Prof
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# Prospect Hill, Cincinnati
**Prospect Hill Historic District** is located on a hillside outside of downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Mount Auburn neighborhood of Cincinnati. Prospect Hill is bounded by the following streets, Liberty, Sycamore, Boal and Highland. Prospect Hill is sometimes called locally \"Liberty Hill\".
The District is bordered to the north by the Mount Auburn Historic District and the Pendleton neighborhood of Over-the-Rhine to the south.
## Architecture
The majority of buildings are brick, and the predominant architectural style is Italianate. Dating from the 1860-80 period, this style is characterized by bracketed cornices and round or segmental arched window details. Good examples of earlier Greek Revival style architecture constructed between 1835 and 1860 are also found, predominantly located on the lower streets which developed the earliest. This style utilizes classical details and geometric, symmetrical forms. Examples of the Queen Anne style, which displays a variety of contrasting materials and decorative surface treatments, and the French Second Empire style, which is characterized by a Mansard roof whose slope actually forms part of the front facade, may also be found scattered throughout the district. These styles date from the turn of the century.
Contributing to the distinct character of Prospect Hill are the street steps, which evolved in response to a hillside environment which did not lend itself to a linear grid plan. Where the terrain was too steep to build roads, stairways and \"paper\" streets developed. The streets that were built often cut sharply into the hillside, requiring retaining walls along lot fronts. Many of these retaining walls, which are primarily stone, support original iron fences and contribute to the character of the district. Open space between lots reflect the fact that the land was too irregular for construction purposes.
## History
The majority of early settlers were veterans of the American Revolutionary War. One of the earliest residents of the hill was Dr. Daniel Drake. He lived in a log cabin while his new home was being built on Third Street.
Senator George H. Pendleton also had a house prominently located at 559 Liberty Hill
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# Poledo
**Poledo** was a Canadian alternative rock band based in Thornhill, Ontario, consisting of vocalist and bassist Joshua Malinsky, vocalist and guitarist Mitch Roth and drummer Dave Capogna, Their music is characterized by loud, heavily distorted guitar riffs and screamed lyrics.
## History
Poledo was formed in 1994 in Thornhill. the band released two independent cassettes, *Buzz Muffin* and *Let Up*, before signing to Sonic Unyon.
They released the full-length album *There, You* on Sonic Unyon in 1995, and shared a split 7-inch single, *Lunar Landing Confirmed*, with Hayden on Toronto\'s Squirtgun Records in 1996. Both releases charted on Canada\'s campus radio charts in 1996. The band performed as far west as Vancouver that year.
In March 1997, the band recorded some new songs, which were envisioned for their second album (which never materialized) with Hayden as engineer, which the band would later end up releasing as *The Poledo Demos*, in 1998. Two of these tracks were re-recordings, originally released on 1994\'s *Buzz Muffin*.The band broke up in December 1997; after performing one final show on January 25, 1998 at Club Shanghai in Toronto, Malinsky and Roth both joined Hayden\'s touring band.
The tracks \"Just Don\'t Care\", originally released on 1995\'s *There, You*, was re-released on Sonic Unyon\'s 1998 *Now We Are 5* compilation, and the April 29, 1996 recorded track \"Herskin\", recorded at the same session as \"Two Words\" (from *Lunar Landing Confirmed*) was released on Squirtgun Records\' *More of Our Stupid Noise* in 1996,
Malinsky subsequently went solo under the name Kid Lunch, releasing an eponymous CD on Teenage USA in 1999. Malinsky released a second album under the name Kid Lunch, in 2020, titled *Volume 2*
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# Bibinagar
**Bibinagar** is a Mandal in Yadadri Bhuvanagiri district of the Indian state of Telangana. It is located in Bibinagar mandal of Bhongir revenue division. It is famous for All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bibinagar. 39 km from Hyderabad.
## Governance
Bibinagar Grama panchayat is the local self-government
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# Charley Hannah
**Charles Alvin Hannah** (born July 26, 1955) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive guard and defensive end in the National Football League (NFL) from 1977 to 1988. Charley played six years for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and six years for the Los Angeles Raiders. He is the son of an NFL player, Herbert (Herb) Hannah, an offensive lineman for the Alabama Crimson Tide, who played a year at tackle for the New York Giants in 1951. His brothers John, a Pro Football Hall of Famer, and David were also All-Conference offensive linemen for the University of Alabama.
Replacing Curt Marsh, Hannah was the starting left guard for the Raiders from 1983 to 1986, but played more sparingly in his final two years. At that position, he opened gaping holes with his linemates against the Washington Redskins, so that Marcus Allen gained a whopping 191 yards on the ground on 20 carries, to help the Raiders win Super Bowl XVIII
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# Pagidipalli railway station
**Pagidipall railway station** (station code:PGDP), is a railway junction located near Bibinagar in Bhuvanagiri district where Nadikudi line meets Secunderabad--Kazipet line
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# Tokyo Metro 10000 series
The `{{Nihongo|'''Tokyo Metro 10000 series'''|東京メトロ10000系|Tōkyō Metoro 10000-kei}}`{=mediawiki} is an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated on the Yurakucho and Fukutoshin subway lines of Tokyo Metro in Japan since 2006.
## Design
The trains are manufactured by Hitachi with aluminium bodies to its \"A-train\" concept.
The 10000 series was the first new model to be built for the Tokyo Metro following privatization. The front-end design is intended to evoke the appearance of the 300 series trains, which were the first trains used on the Marunouchi Line.
On set numbers 10105 onward, built from 2007, the gold colour line was omitted on the front ends.
## Operations
- Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line (from June 2008)
- Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line (from September 2006)
- Tobu Tojo Line (from September 2006)
- Seibu Yurakucho Line (from February 2007)
- Seibu Ikebukuro Line (from February 2007)
- Tokyu Toyoko Line (from September 2012)
- Minatomirai Line (from September 2012)
The fleet of 10-car sets operates on the Yurakucho and Fukutoshin lines, including inter-running services over the Tobu Tojo Line between Wakōshi Station and Shinrinkōen Station. Also, it services over the Seibu Yurakucho and Ikebukuro Lines between Kotake-mukaihara Station and Hannō Station.
The trains were designed to allow 2 intermediate cars (cars 5 and 6) to be removed easily to create 8-car sets when through-running commences from the Fukutoshin Line to the Tokyu Toyoko Line in 2013. From 7 September 2012, five sets (10101 to 10105) were reformed as 8-car sets to cover a shortage in 8-car 7000 series trainsets. These sets are identified by the addition of \"8 CARS\" stickers on the cab windows. They were introduced on Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line services, several months before the planned start of through-running operations. Once the shortage in 8-car 7000 series trainsets was over these 8-car sets were subsequently reformed back into 10-car sets.
## Formation
, the fleet consists of 36 ten-car sets (numbered 01 to 36), formed as follows, with car 1 at the northern (Wakoshi) end.
Car No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Designation CT2 M2 M1 T TC2 MC1 TC1 MC2 M1\' CT1
Numbering 10000 10900 10800 10700 10600 10500 10400 10300 10200 10100
Cars 3 and 9 each have two single-arm pantographs, while car 6 has one.
When necessary, the trains can be shortened to eight cars, formed as follows.
Car No. 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10
------------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- -------
Designation CT2 M2 M1 T TC1 MC2 M1\' CT1
Numbering 10000 10900 10800 10700 10400 10300 10200 10100
Cars 3 and 9 each have two single-arm pantographs.
## Interior
Passenger accommodation consists of longitudinal bench seating throughout. Priority seats are provided at the ends of each car, and cars 2 and 9 have wheelchair spaces. Car 9 is designated as a \"moderately air-conditioned\" car.
<File:Metro-Series10000-10228> Inside.jpg\|Interior view <File:Metro-Series10000-10228> Priority-Seats.jpg\|Priority seating <File:Metro-Series10000-10228> Free-Space.jpg\|Wheelchair space <File:Metro-Series10000-10228> Digital-Signage.jpg\|LCD passenger information display screens above doorways (before software change) <File:Tokyometro10000cab.jpg%7CDriver's> cab
## History
The first set was delivered in May 2006, and entered service on the Tokyo Metro Yurakucho Line and Tobu Tojo Line in September 2006, allowing four 07 series sets to be transferred to the Tozai Line to replace the remaining 5000 series sets. 10000 series sets entered service on the Seibu Line in February 2007. At the start of Fukutoshin Line services in June 2008, a total of 22 sets had been delivered. And as of 1 April 2015, the fleet consists of 36 ten-car sets.
8-car 10000 series sets entered service on the Tokyu Toyoko Line and Minatomirai Line from 7 September 2012. These 8-car sets were subsequently reformed back into 10-car sets.
From April 2016, the original three-colour LED destination indicator panels on some sets were replaced with full-colour LED indicator panels.
## Gallery
<File:TokyoMetro10000-FS777.jpg%7CFS-777> bogie as used on the 10000 series <File:Tokyometro10000-SIV.jpg%7CSIV> equipment of the 10000 series <File:Tokyometro10000-VVVF.jpg%7CVVVF> equipment as used on the 10000 series <File:TokyoMetro10000-DoorSW02.jpg%7CDoor> controls for the 10000 series <File:Tokyometro10000-ATO.jpg%7CSignalling> equipment of the 10000 series <File:Tokyometro> 10705 fliner 20161009.jpg\|Full-colour LED side display displaying the F-Liner service and destination on the 10000 series <File:Seibu> Railway Musashigaoka Train base
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# Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville
***Erznoznik v. City of Jacksonville***, 422 U.S. 205 (1975), is a United States Supreme Court case concerning a city ordinance prohibiting the showing of films containing nudity by a drive-in theater located in Jacksonville, Florida.
## Opinion
The Supreme Court issued a ruling invalidating the ordinance and held:
: \(a\) The ordinance by discriminating among movies solely on the basis of content has the effect of deterring drive-in theaters from showing movies containing any nudity, however innocent or even educational, and such censorship of the content of otherwise protected speech cannot be justified on the basis of the limited privacy interest of persons on the public streets, who if offended by viewing the movies can readily avert their eyes. Pp. 208--212.
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: \(b\) Nor can the ordinance be justified as an exercise of the city\'s police power for the protection of children against viewing the films. Even assuming that such is its purpose, the restriction is broader than permissible since it is not directed against sexually explicit nudity or otherwise limited. Pp. 212--214.
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: \(c\) Nor can the ordinance be justified as a traffic regulation. If this were its purpose, it would be invalid as a strikingly under-inclusive legislative classification since it singles out movies containing nudity from all other movies that might distract a passing motorist. Pp. 214--215.
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: \(d\) The possibility of a narrowing construction of the ordinance appears remote, particularly where appellee city offered several distinct justifications for it in its broadest terms. Moreover, its deterrent effect on legitimate expression in the form of movies is both real and substantial. Pp. 215--217
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# The Gentleman of Venice
***The Gentleman of Venice*** is a Caroline era stage play, a tragicomedy written by James Shirley, and first published in 1655.
The play was licensed for performance in London by Sir Henry Herbert, the Master of the Revels, on 30 October 1639. It was acted by Queen Henrietta\'s Men at the Cockpit Theatre in that year, though Shirley himself still seems to have been in Ireland at the time. It is possible, however, that the play was performed earlier at the Werburgh Street Theatre in Dublin, where Shirley worked as producer/director and house dramatist in the later 1630s.
In 1655, *The Gentleman of Venice* was published twice in alternative quarto and octavo formats by the bookseller Humphrey Moseley, who issued the play both as a solo work and bound together with Shirley\'s *The Politician*. (Moseley issued the octavo edition so that owners of his 1653 octavo collection *Six New Plays* could have the two newly printed works bound together with the earlier texts if they so desired.) These publications were unusual in that the lists of *dramatis personae* were furnished with short descriptions of each of the important characters, an atypical feature in the printing of plays at that time. In *The Gentleman of Venice,* for example, Florelli is described as \"Of a noble extraction and person, much honoured for his parts, by which he gained much reputation in the academies.\"
## Synopsis
Giovanni is the son of the gardener to the Duke of Venice; though a commoner of the humblest station, he is a serious young man of admirable character -- which attracts the attention of Bellaura, the Duke\'s niece. Giovanni decides to serve as a soldier in Venice\'s war with Genoa; Bellaura equips him with armor and with a letter of introduction to the military commander, who is her relative. Giovanni distinguishes himself notably in the campaign -- so much so that the Duke tells him to name his own reward. With great hesitation, the courageous Giovanni asks for the hand of Bellaura in marriage. But the proud young lady refuses him, and Giovanni returns to his gardening.
At the same time, the Duke\'s son Thomazo has been convicted of high treason. The court is astonished when his old nurse Ursula, Giovanni\'s mother, pleads for a pardon for him, announcing that Thomazo is really her son, while Giovanni is the rightful heir of Venice. Ursula had switched the two as infants. Giovanni is recognized and accepted as the Duke\'s son; he and Bellaura are married.
In the subplot, Cornari is a wealthy gentleman of Venice (the play\'s title derives from this subplot) who laments the childlessness of his marriage with his wife Claudiana. He is determined that his debauched nephew Malipiero shall not inherit the Cornari estate. So Cornari abducts an English gentleman called Florelli, a man of virtue and valor, and imprisons the kidnapped man in his palace. Cornari\'s goal is that Florelli will impregnate Claudiana.
When Cornari thinks this has been accomplished, he plans to have Florelli killed; before doing so, Cornari masquerades as a priest and hears Florelli\'s confession -- which convinces him that his wife has kept her virtue and no impregnation has taken place. In fact, Florelli and Claudiana spent their time together praying for Cornari. Ashamed and repentant, Cornari abandons his scheme and releases Florelli. (Florelli is tossed into the street with a bag over his head; the experience leaves him distracted. He determines, firstly, to get drunk, and secondly, to leave Venice.) Cornari\'s nephew Malipiero, however, is arrested for participating in Thomazo\'s treasonous plot, and eventually comes to a sincere reformation of his ways, making him suitable as his uncle\'s heir.
Critic Arthur Nason called the play\'s comic scenes \"worthy of Restoration comedy at its best
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# Brunton, Inc.
thumb\|upright=1.2\|A standard Brunton Geo, used commonly by geologists **Brunton International LLC** (formerly Brunton Inc.) is a manufacturer of navigation tools. Their product line includes recreational compasses, navigational equipment, and geology and survey instruments. They are located in Riverton, Wyoming.
## History
David W. Brunton, a Canadian-born geologist and mining engineer, and William Ainsworth, a skilled watch repairman, founded Brunton in 1895. The firm is most famous for its earliest product, the Brunton Pocket Transit. Geologists, foresters, surveyors, and archaeologists use this handheld compass and clinometer. Often simply called a \"Brunton\", the *Pocket Transit* was first patented in 1894 by David Brunton, who commissioned William Ainsworth & Sons to manufacture his invention in Denver, Colorado. The company later incorporated as William Ainsworth Inc. and for many years produced the *Pocket Transit* along with surveying transits, theodolites, and other instruments.
By 1965, William Ainsworth Inc. was owned by a series of corporate conglomerates, and product quality varied as the company changed hands repeatedly. In 1972, a group of businessmen from Riverton, Wyoming bought the company and formed Brunton, Inc. In Riverton, Brunton began producing a new series of recreational outdoor compasses, hunting knives, and binoculars in addition to the *Brunton Pocket Transit*.
In 1996, the company was acquired by Silva of Sweden AB, the original Swedish-based manufacturer of the *Silva* brand compass. Initially, Brunton sold Silva of Sweden compasses and GPS devices imported from Sweden under the *Elite* *Pro Elite*, *Nexus*, and *MNS* labels (Johnson Outdoors retained the exclusive rights to the *Silva* brand name in North America). Brunton began sourcing some of its compass models from Asia.
In 2006, the Silva Group was acquired by the Finnish Fiskars Corporation. Along with the rest of the Silva Group, Brunton became part of the Outdoor division of Fiskars. As of 2009, Brunton, Inc. employed about 40 people.
In December 2009, Fiskars announced the sale of Brunton Inc. to Fenix Outdoor AB, a Swedish company. As a result of Fiskars divestment of Brunton Inc., Silva of Sweden AB ceased all exports of its Swedish-made compasses and GPS devices to North America, including the *Nexus*, *Elite*, and *Pro Elite* lines. In turn, Brunton ceased export of its model 8020, 8040, and 9020 compasses to Silva of Sweden AB.
As of 2012, the company employed around 68 people at its Riverton, Wyoming manufacturing facility.
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# Brunton, Inc.
## Product range {#product_range}
### Magnetic compasses {#magnetic_compasses}
As William Ainsworth Inc., production of the *Pocket Transit* continued; the same basic design remains in production today, in numerous versions and configurations.
In 1970, the company introduced the *Brunton Cadet*, a simplified evolution of the Pocket Transit incorporating a compass and clinometer, intended for use in training students in the fields of geology, forestry, mining, and surveying. The company soon began marketing the *Cadet* to instruct Boy Scouts in the principles of surveying. In 1972, the newly formed Brunton, Inc. began compass and transit production in Riverton, Wyoming. Compasses included the *Pocket Transit*, *Cadet*, and an emergency compass called the *Life Card*, designed to float in a bowl of water. This was followed in 1981 by the Model 8040 *Sportsman\'s Compass*, a map (baseplate) compass with folding cover and mirror sight. In the same year, Brunton introduced the Model 9020. This small baseplate compass was designed for hikers, outdoorsmen, and hunters.
Over the next ten years, Brunton would introduce a full range of map or baseplate compasses based on a liquid-filled vial with *no-tools adjustment* for magnetic declination. This new line included Models *8010*, *8020*, *8040*, *9020*, and the compact 9030 *Trailbuster*. Brunton baseplate compasses with a **G** suffix (i.e. *9020G)* featured bright \'optic green\' acrylic baseplates combined with a \'deep well\' capsule and top-hat mount needle pivot in order to function in most magnetic zones. Brunton often included UTM and map scales with these compasses for U.S. standard 1:24,000 and 1:62,500 USGS topographic maps. The *Model 9030 Trailbuster* was intended to replicate the popular Boy Scout *Trailblazer* pocket compass discontinued by Taylor Instrument Co. The 9030 omitted the usual acrylic baseplate in order to minimize bulk (it weighed only 1 ounce), yet could still be adjusted to hold a set course or take bearings from a map.
In 1991, the U.S. military purchased a number of Brunton Model *8010* *Smoke Chaser* compasses originally produced for U.S. Forest Service fire-fighting crews. Assigned an NSN stock number, the compasses were stocked in survival kits for U.S. Navy and Marine flight crews. These Model 8010 compasses used clear baseplates and were equipped with lanyards. The compasses were shipped in plain cardboard boxes with military stock number NSN 6605-00-553-8795. Brunton discontinued all 8000- and 9000- series compasses in 2011.
After being acquired by Silva, Brunton began selling Silva of Sweden compasses and GPS devices. The Brunton \'Nexus\' line included the Silva Model 15T and Model 25 *Ranger* compasses, rebranded as the Nexus 15TDC/TDCLE and 25TDC/TDCLE (Nexus 225) Pro Elite. The 25TDCL and 25TDCLE Pro Elite aka *Nexus Type 225* compasses remain, technologically speaking, the high-water mark of the Silva of Sweden \'Ranger\' design. Another advanced Silva design sold by Brunton was the Model 54LU (Silva Expedition 54), a sophisticated prismatic baseplate compass marketed to foresters, surveyors, geologists, and SAR teams. Silva of Sweden in turn imported some Brunton designs to be marketed in Europe under the *Voyager* name. Brunton at this time began importing some of their compass line from Taiwan, including the Models *9030 Trailbuster*, and the *9075* and *9077* lensatic compasses.
In 1997, Brunton introduced an electronic fluxgate compass called the *Brunton Outback*. Imported from Taiwan, the *Outback* featured gimbal-mounted magnetic sensors. Brunton claimed that the Outback could be tilted in use up to 15 degrees while producing accurate readings. Storing up to 10 bearings in its memory, the Outback also featured a night navigation mode with illuminated arrows to warn the user if he walked off-course. The *Outback* was criticized for poor rain resistance and short overall battery life, and was eventually replaced by the Brunton *Nomad* electronic compass, which was produced in two versions. Poor sales caused Brunton to discontinue the *Nomad* in 2011.
In 1998, Brunton introduced its *Eclipse* range of imported liquid-filled baseplate compasses featuring low-profile vials, a magnified readout in 1-degree increments, and an unconventional, patented *circle-over-circle* magnetized disk in place of a traditional pointed needle, set into an extremely shallow liquid-filled capsule. The *Eclipse* compasses included the *Model 8096 GPS*, the *Model 8097*, and the *Model 8099 Pro*. Like older Brunton outdoor compasses, the *Eclipse* series used *no-tools* adjustable declination. Designed by Brunton, but imported from China, some owners of *Eclipse* compasses reported issues with air bubbles forming in the compass vials as well as parallax issues when using the sighting mechanism. The shallow capsule depth also limited the compass\' ability to point accurately to north in varying magnetic zones.
In 2009, Brunton stopped selling most Silva of Sweden products. The *Nexus* and *Elite* lines were discontinued, as well as the *Brunton 54LU*. Some Silva models, including the *Brunton 15TDCL* and *Brunton 16DLU*, were later sourced from a production facility in China. In 2011, Brunton discontinued the Models 8010G, 8020, 8040G, 9020G, and 9030 compasses.
In 2012, Brunton introduced a new series of outdoor compasses called *O.S.S.* (*Orbital Sighting System)*. Like the *Eclipse* series, the O.S.S. compasses featured double-thickness acrylic baseplates, a large liquid-filled capsule and a *circle-over-circle* north indicator. To answer criticisms of the previous Eclipse design, Brunton incorporated several design changes including a deep-well \'global\' vial, a serrated outer bezel, and map meridian lines imprinted in the base of the housing (to aid in map orientation). Unlike older *Eclipse* compasses, *O.S.S.* compasses were assembled in Riverton, Wyoming from components made in the United States. As of 2012, Brunton was the only major compass manufacturer with U.S.-based production facilities.
In 2014, Brunton dropped the circle-over-circle magnetized disk/needle design used in the *Eclipse* and *O.S.S.* series, and returned to a traditional needle design for the magnetic north indicator. The current TruArc baseplate compass line uses rare-earth magnets to stabilize the north indicator needle. Equipped with \'deep-well\' liquid-filled capsules, all TruArc compasses were designed from the outset to work in all magnetic zones.
In 2016 Brunton introduced the Axis Pocket Transit (F-5011 and F-5012) intended specifically for geologists. The Axis Pocket Transit offered for the first time simultaneous measurements of strike, dip, trend, and plunge in a variety of configurations. The Axis Pocket Transit features an unconventional lid design that swings a full 360 degrees in both directions and two axes that allow precise measurement of vertical and horizontal angles on all configurations of bedding surfaces. It also breaks from traditional transit functionality in orienting north in-line with the major axis and in sighting through this hinge without the standard mirror and sight arm.
Brunton launched a new series of illuminated field survey instruments and general outdoors (baseplate-style) compasses at the OutDoor show in Friedrichshafen, Germany, June 18, 2017. The Omnisight LED is a lensatic (direct-sighting) surveying compass reminiscent of the previous Brunton Clinomaster, but with LED illumination. The compass is also available with a built-in clinometer as the Omnislope LED. Brunton introduced new photoluminescent dials to its TruArc line of compasses, and reintroduced the older Brunton 8010 (*Smoke Chaser*) compass with clear baseplate, now incorporating a new photoluminescent dial marked in degrees. A version using an MRAD (mils) scale has since been discontinued.
### GPS receivers {#gps_receivers}
In 2000, Silva of Sweden AB introduced its Silva *Multi-Navigator* GPS device. Brunton marketed the product in North America as the Brunton *MNS*. The *MNS* featured an electronic compass, barometer, and barometric altimeter in addition to GPS functionality. With a relatively high energy consumption of 210 mA (or 270 mA with illumination on), the *MNS* had a battery life of around 10 hours. At \$399, the *Brunton MNS* faced intense competition competitors such as *Garmin* and *Magellan.* Products with better battery life and improved scrolling menu displays kep the *MNS* from gaining significant market share. Furthermore, the *MNS* was not WAAS capable and did not offer internal storage of waypoints, routes or tracks. In 2004, Brunton introduced a lower-priced GPS receiver, the *ATLAS*, a rebadged version of the Lowrance iFinder. This product also failed to gain a significant share of the handheld GPS market, and Brunton discontinued all handheld GPS receivers in 2009.
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# Brunton, Inc.
## Product range {#product_range}
### Optics
In 1992, Brunton introduced a line of binoculars and other optical equipment aimed at the hunting and outdoor recreation market. The optics line was discontinued in 2014
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# Natalie Wexler
**Natalie L. Wexler** is an American education writer focusing on literacy and equity issues.
## Background and career {#background_and_career}
Wexler is a graduate of the Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore and Radcliffe College (A.B. 1976, magna cum laude), where she wrote for the *Harvard Crimson*. After college she worked as a reporter at the *Winston-Salem Journal*.
Wexler also has degrees from the University of Sussex (Master of Arts 1977), and the University of Pennsylvania Law School (Juris Doctor 1983), where she served as editor-in-chief of the *University of Pennsylvania Law Review*. After graduating law school, she worked as a law clerk for Judge Alvin Benjamin Rubin of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, and then for Associate Justice Byron R. White of the United States Supreme Court. Following her clerkships, she practiced law at Bredhoff & Kaiser in Washington, D.C. She later served as an associate editor of the eight-volume series *The Documentary History of the Supreme Court, 1789-1800*.
Wexler has written articles and essays for a number of publications, including the *New York Times*, The Atlantic, and the *Washington Post*. Beginning in 2010 she shifted her focus to education writing and served as education editor of the website Greater Greater Washington for several years. She is currently a senior contributor to Forbes.com focusing on education. She has been interviewed on many TV and radio shows and podcasts, including *Morning Joe* and NPR's *On Point* and *1A*.
In 1986, she married James Feldman, an attorney who was a Supreme Court clerk for Justice William J. Brennan.
## *The Knowledge Gap* {#the_knowledge_gap}
Wexler\'s first non-fiction book as a solo author, *The Knowledge Gap* (2019), addresses the achievement gap between schoolchildren on the higher and lower ends of the socioeconomic scale. Wexler argues that, particularly in elementary schools, reading comprehension is taught as a set of skills that can be acquired and tested through exercises like \"finding the main idea,\" when in fact comprehension depends largely on the reader\'s background knowledge and vocabulary. Wexler rejects the idea that reading comprehension \"can be taught in a manner completely disconnected from content\" and argues that the increasing time devoted to skills-based comprehension exercises in schools has crowded out the systematic teaching of knowledge. More privileged children have the opportunity to acquire more academic knowledge and vocabulary outside of school, while many less privileged children arrive at high school unprepared to read and understand texts that assume background knowledge they have not been given access to. Wexler therefore concludes that the achievement gap is largely a gap in knowledge rather than skills and supports the adoption of elementary literacy curricula that focus on building knowledge. *The Knowledge Gap* examines attempts to implement this kind of curriculum in several schools and school districts in the United States and the United Kingdom. Wexler\'s argument has been compared to that of E.D. Hirsch, an education scholar who has been advancing similar ideas since the 1980s.
Wexler's previous education book, *The Writing Revolution* (2017), was written with Judith C. Hochman and provides a guide to implementing the method of writing instruction that Hochman developed. In contrast to most other approaches to writing instruction, the method begins at the sentence level and is designed to be embedded in the content of a school's core curriculum.
Wexler has also written three novels: *A More Obedient Wife* (2007), based on the lives and letters of two early Supreme Court justices and their wives; *The Mother Daughter Show* (2011), a satire set at an elite Washington, DC private school; and *The Observer* (2014), set in the early 19th century and based on the life of Eliza Anderson Godefroy, the first American woman to edit a magazine.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- *The Knowledge Gap* (2019), `{{ISBN|9780735213555}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Writing Revolution* (2017), `{{ISBN|9781119364917}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Observer* (2014), `{{ISBN|9780615991498}}`{=mediawiki}
- *\"What Manner of Woman Our Female Editor May Be\": Eliza Crawford Anderson and the Baltimore Observer, 1806-1807*, [105 Maryland Historical Magazine 100](http://msa.maryland.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc5800/sc5881/000001/000000/000419/pdf/msa_sc_5881_1_419.pdf) (Summer 2010)
- *A More Obedient Wife: A Novel of the Early Supreme Court* (2007), `{{ISBN|0615135161}}`{=mediawiki}
- *In The Beginning: The First Three Chief Justices*, [154 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1373](http://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1315&context=penn_law_review) (2006)
- *The Case For Love*, [75 Am. Scholar 80](https://www.jstor
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# Stephen Bingham
**Stephen Mitchell Bingham** (born April 23, 1942) is an inactive American legal services and civil rights attorney who, after being a fugitive from justice from 1971 to 1984, was tried and acquitted in 1986 for his alleged role in Black Panther George Jackson\'s attempted escape earlier from San Quentin State Prison in Marin County, California, in 1971.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Stephen Bingham, the son of Alfred Mitchell Bingham and Sylvia Doughty Knox Bingham, was raised in Salem, Connecticut where he grew up among the state\'s wealthy class. His father was an author, attorney, and activist who was elected to the Connecticut State Senate as a New Deal Democrat in 1940 and served one term; he was also the editor and a founder of the left-leaning *Common Sense*. His grandfather, Hiram Bingham III was a governor and a U.S. Senator from Connecticut as well as the first European to see the ruins of Machu Picchu since the late-16th century conquistador Baltasar de Ocampo.
Bingham graduated from Milton Academy in 1960, where he was captain of the track team. He attended Yale University, where he participated on the freshman track and the varsity cross country teams. Bingham became involved in politics during his sophomore year, and was reportedly influenced by Allard Lowenstein. He was a member of the Yale Young Democrats and the Student Advisor Board, as well as the executive editor of the *Yale Daily News*. In 1964, he graduated from Yale with honors, and spent two months in Mileston, Mississippi as a volunteer in the Freedom Summer civil rights project.
Bingham decided to pursue a career in law and attended the University of California, Berkeley School of Law. During his first year, after a six-month relationship, he married Gretchen Spreckels, the granddaughter of Adolph B. Spreckels and whose family founded the Spreckels Sugar Company. The couple joined the Peace Corps and were assigned to Sierra Leone. After spending two years in West Africa with the Peace Corps, they returned to Berkeley in the fall of 1967 where Bingham resumed the study of law. In 1969, he received a J.D. degree from Berkeley. The couple divorced in May, 1969. He was admitted to the California bar in January 1970.
He marched for Cesar Chavez as well as with the Congress of Racial Equality in Mississippi, he was an intern in the United States Congress and the United States Department of Justice, and he worked for Berkeley Neighborhood Legal Services. Bingham worked as part of a San Francisco Bay Area group that provided legal help to inmates. Bingham worked on Robert F. Kennedy\'s presidential campaign in 1968.
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# Stephen Bingham
## Defendant in San Quentin case {#defendant_in_san_quentin_case}
Bingham was accused of concealing a pistol in a tape recorder and smuggling it to Jackson in San Quentin\'s Adjustment Center. On August 21, 1971, Jackson used a pistol, an Astra 9-mm semi-automatic, to take over his tier in the Adjustment Center. In the failed escape attempt, six people were killed, including Jackson, two fellow inmates and three prison guards.
Following the incident, Bingham fled the country and lived in Europe for 13 years. He was reported to have traveled to France at least twice. In 1974, Bingham was interviewed for *The New York Times* in an unknown Canadian city by a law school classmate. Afterwards, the FBI worked with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in an attempt to locate him. In 1984, he returned to the United States and surrendered in San Francisco. He claimed that he was framed due to his activism in prison reform. He was reported to have \"lived quietly in San Jose, California for six months\" prior to surrendering.
On July 5, 1984, Bingham\'s attorney, Paul A. Harris , announced that Bingham would surrender \"within a week\". He surrendered on July 9 with the help of former United States Attorney General Ramsey Clark. According to Harris, government authorities set up Bingham as a scapegoat to deter other attorneys assisting the \"black radical movement\". Bingham\'s father suggested that a woman who went with Bingham to San Quentin that day, but was never arrested or indicted, may have been involved in a plot to smuggle a weapon into the prison.
Georgia State Senator Julian Bond and writer Jessica Mitford were among those noted to have contributed financial or moral support to Bingham. Prior to the trial, he was defended by Leonard Weinglass.
Opening arguments in the trial were scheduled to begin on April 7, 1986.
As *Time Magazine* wrote at the time, \"During a ten-week trial, Marin County prosecutors argued that Bingham\'s flight was proof of his guilt. Defense attorneys contended that prison guards had slipped Jackson the gun, hoping that the incendiary black militant would be killed. Bingham, they said, fled to save his life. \"To understand this case,\" declared Bingham\'s lawyer M. Gerald Schwartzbach, \"you have to understand 1971 . . . We\'re talking about a time when students were murdered at Kent State and Jackson State.\" A Marin County, California jury eventually acquitted him of murder and conspiracy charges at trial in 1986.
## Later life {#later_life}
While in Paris, Bingham met Francoise Blusseau whom he married after his surrender and before his trial. In April 1987, the couple had a daughter, Sylvia, who in 2009 was struck and killed by a truck while riding her bicycle to work in Cleveland.
Bingham was reported to have retained his \"political activism\" after the trial. After his release, he worked for an Oakland law firm handling pension litigation, was a member of Jesse Jackson\'s Rainbow Coalition, and supported a campaign to free Black Panther Elmer Pratt, who claimed he was also framed by the FBI.
Bingham worked at Bay Area Legal Aid in California, where he was a staff attorney in its San Francisco regional office specializing in welfare law issues.
Bingham became an inactive member of the State Bar of California on January 15, 2015
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# Rentachintala
**Rentachintala** is a village in Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Rentachintala mandal of Gurazala revenue division.
## Geography and climate {#geography_and_climate}
Rentachintala is located near latitude 16.55 N and longitude 79.55 E. The village lies in the Krishna River plains, having an elevation of 130 m above sea level. The nearest large water body is the Nagarjuna Sagar dam and reservoir, about 25 km west of Rentachintala.
Rentachintala has a tropical wet and dry climate. The highest temperatures are experienced in the month of May, when the summer season is at its peak. The maximum temperature averages more than 40 degrees, occasionally reaching as high as 45 degrees. The highest temperature ever recorded is 48 degrees Celsius in 2012. Winters are pleasant, with occasional spells of rain from the northwest monsoon.
## Demographics
Census of India, Rentachintala has a total population of 16,523. Males constitute 51% and females constitute 49% of the population. The literacy rate in Retachintala is 55.46%, lower than the national average of 74.04%. Male literacy is at 63.33% and female literacy is at 47.27%. Less than 1% of the population at Rentachintala is below 6 years of age.
## Government and politics {#government_and_politics}
Rentachintala gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. The ward members are headed by a Sarpanch.
## In popular media and films {#in_popular_media_and_films}
The village of Rentachintala is featured in Tollywood movie, Mirchi
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# Shubha Raul
**Shubha Raul** (born 1967) was the mayor (2007--09) of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) for a period of 33 months. And now she is currently the Spokesperson of Shivsena and is a Member of COVID-19 Ayush Task Force, Government of Maharashtra. She was elected to the post of Mayor on 10 March 2007 and was the third woman mayor of the 124-year-old civic body. She has also served as a Corporator for continuous 3 terms representing the Northern Mumbai suburb of Dahisar, and has served almost all the committees of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM).
Raul belongs to the Shiv Sena political party and is an M.D. in Ayurveda, Gold Medalist and a University Topper in Maharashtra.
She lives in Borivali, Mumbai. She has two daughters - Tanvi (Engineer by profession) and Mayuri (Doctor by profession). Her husband Umesh is a Deputy General Manager with ONGC.
During her tenure as Mayor for Mumbai, which ended in November 2009, Shubha Raul is satisfied about two achievements: Eco-Friendly Ganesh festival by setting up artificial ponds and Ban on Hookah Parlours during her tenure.
Her tenure had also been controversial: she wanted Ganesh idol height reduced, adopted a cow and kept it in her bungalow without licence and went on seven foreign tours apart from cracking down on hookah parlours
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# Tilda Johnson
**Tilda Johnson**, introduced as the **Queen of the Werewolves** and also known as **Dr. Nightshade**, **Deadly Nightshade**, or simply **Nightshade**, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Introduced as a supervillain opposing Captain America, Falcon, Power Man, Iron Fist, and Black Panther, she is later reformed, becoming the superhero **Nighthawk** and joining the Avengers in 2017.
Gabrielle Dennis portrayed Tilda Johnson in the second season of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) / Netflix series *Luke Cage*. Additionally, Nabiyah Be was intended to portray Johnson in the MCU film *Black Panther*, but was renamed **Linda** due to Dennis being announced to portray Johnson in *Luke Cage*.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Tilda Johnson first appeared in *Captain America and the Falcon* #164 (August 1973), created by Steve Englehart and Alan Lee Weiss.
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
### Queen of the Werewolves {#queen_of_the_werewolves}
Tilda Johnson was born to a poor family in New York City. As a child, she possessed a natural aptitude in science. When she was a teenager, she began to use this extensive knowledge in pursuing a career as a criminal scientist. She received assistance from the Yellow Claw in developing a way to change normal humans so that they became compliant creatures similar to werewolves, and attempted to transform convicts into a werewolf army, but Captain America and S.H.I.E.L.D. stopped their plan. She later took control of a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility, and used pheromones to force Captain America to battle the Falcon, but was defeated. She clashes with Power Man and Iron Fist on several occasions.
Superia later made Nightshade her second-in-command over the Femizons. She helps develop a serum to transform men into women which she uses on Captain America and Paladin. She also helped Superia develop her sterilization bomb. She was also involved in a scheme with Dredmund Druid, though as a double agent for Superia. She used a serum to transform Captain America and the ordinary people of Starkesboro, Massachusetts into pseudo-werewolves.
### MODOK\'s 11 {#modoks_11}
Nightshade joined MODOK\'s 11, with the main objective of stealing the powerful Hypernova. It has been revealed after her last battle against the Black Panther, she tried to start her life over without crime. However, as she was self-taught and had no official degrees, the only medical job she could get was as a receptionist at a hospital. After she pointed out a mistake by one of the doctors, she was fired immediately and contemplated suicide, until MODOK contacted her and hired her for the heist. She had \"used up all \[her\] second chances\" and could not afford to turn MODOK down. She developed a friendship with her teammates Armadillo and Puma, and showed this strongly when backing up Puma in saving the Living Laser\'s life (and secretly giving him his Puma powers back through her \"werewolf serum\"). The three of them were the only villains to remain loyal to MODOK and get their cash (with a bonus); they appear to be sticking together, and she has offered to help Puma with his legal defense.
### *Shadowland*
During the *Shadowland* storyline, Nightshade organized Flashmob, a group of former Luke Cage enemies, in order to take on the new Power Man, Victor Alvarez. Although Flashmob was defeated and incarcerated at Ryker\'s Island, Nightshade\'s lawyer Big Ben Donovan mentions that he has plans to have them released from Ryker\'s Island. Donovan was able to secure the release of some of the members, but others had to remain incarcerated due to the warrants and/or parole violations. During the *Spider-Island* storyline, Nightshade is among the villains that have been infected by the bedbugs that bestowed spider powers on her. She alongside Cottonmouth and Flashmob ended up fighting Heroes for Hire.
### Reformation
A reformed Nightshade later allies with the Nighthawk of Earth-31916, helping him defend Chicago from a group of white nationalists called the True Patriots, and the Revelator. Sometime later, they help Hawkeye and Red Wolf after they find barrels of epidurium, a synthetic skin used to build Life-Model Decoys, on a truck that was hijacked. They go to an abandoned coal factory where they end up being attacked by armed soldiers led by Nick Fury. It\'s later revealed, that Nick Fury, as well as Dum Dum Dugan, Gabe Jones and the other agents, are Life-Model Decoys due to their outdated knowledge and technology. They later thwart an attack by gunmen attempting to rob the base. After defeating the gunmen, Nightshade decides to join Hawkeye and Red Wolf, saying her goodbyes to Nighthawk.
Sometime later, the group stops at Dungston, Iowa when their van breaks down. Hawkeye calls Wheels Wolinski to help fix the van until it is revealed that some of the residents are Skrulls, who are being hunted down by mysterious men. While Hawkeye, Red Wolf and Nightshade are fighting, Wolinski discovers that the van has an A.I. system, who convinces him to help in the fight. It is later revealed that the attackers are also Skrulls, led by Super-Skrull. Wolinski then manages to turn the van into a big robot and defeats Super-Skrull. Hawkeye then negotiates with Nick Fury Jr. to provide protection for the town\'s residents.
### Becoming Nighthawk {#becoming_nighthawk}
During the *Secret Empire* storyline, while Hawkeye joins the Underground resistance following Hydra\'s takeover in the United States, the rest of the team gather their own resistance army to help the people in rural areas that are being affected by Hydra\'s cruel treatment. Tilda also reveals that she became the new Nighthawk, after the former was killed by Hydra soldiers. After several successful victories, the resistance heads to a secret base in South Dakota and prepares for their next attack until Hydra forces raid the base. During the battle, Red Wolf and Tilda have a private conversation, in which both confess their feelings for each other, and they share a kiss. They then head out to help the resistance defeat Hydra.
## Powers and abilities {#powers_and_abilities}
Tilda Johnson is an extraordinary genius, and extensively self-taught in genetics, biochemistry, cybernetics, robotics and physics. She also obtained a doctoral degree from an undisclosed university while in prison.
Nightshade sometimes wears protective battle armor, including silver spikes for protection from attack by werewolves. She has created an array of advanced weaponry, and has built numbers of humanoid robots. She created a chemical serum to transform normal humans into werewolves under her control and has used concentrated pheromones to control men through her allure.
Nightshade apparently secretes chemical pheromones from her body that affect the will of certain animals, including werewolves, making them obedient to her commands.
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# Tilda Johnson
## In other media {#in_other_media}
Two characters inspired by Tilda Johnson appear in media set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU).
- Tilda Johnson herself appears in the second season of the MCU Netflix series *Luke Cage*, portrayed by Gabrielle Dennis. This version, also known by her birth name of \"**Matilda Maybelline Dillard**\", is the estranged daughter of Mariah Dillard, who was raped by her uncle \"Pistol Pete\" Stokes and denied an abortion by her mother \"Mama\" Mabel Stokes. While growing up in the care of Mariah\'s cousins, the Johnsons, Tilda initially believed her father was Mariah\'s late husband Dr. Jackson Dillard, became close to her cousin Cottonmouth, and became a holistic doctor. In the present, Tilda reluctantly reconnects with Mariah due to the latter\'s efforts to improve her publicity, becomes involved with Bushmaster after one of his men forces her to help him, and learns the truth about her father, Mariah\'s crimes, and Cottonmouth\'s death. After Mariah massacres several innocents to lure out Bushmaster, Tilda disowns and later fatally poisons her, believing she will receive everything in her mother\'s will. However, she only receives Cottonmouth\'s keyboard as Mariah left his club, Harlem\'s Paradise, to Luke Cage.
- In June 2017, Nabiyah Be confirmed that she had been cast as Tilda Johnson in the MCU film *Black Panther* (2018), with plans for her to reprise the role in future films. After Dennis was announced to have been cast as Johnson in *Luke Cage* in July 2017, Be\'s character was renamed **Linda Johnson** in reshoots. Throughout the film, she assists her boyfriend Killmonger in his plans until he kills her to reach Ulysses Klaue
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# Gurazala
**Gurazala** is a town in Palnadu district in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the headquarters of Gurazala mandal, Gurazala Assembly constituency and Gurazala revenue division.It was formed as a Nagar Panchayat combining panchayats of Gurazala and (J.M.Puram) Jangamaheswarapuram in 2020 by the government of Andhra Pradesh. The town has a history over 900+ years in the historical palnadu times (11th century) and served as the headquarters/capital of the region during 11th century.
## History
The battle of Palnadu took place between Gurazala and Macherla between 1176 AD -- 1182 AD at Karampudi (Yuddabhoomi). Gurazala is capital of Palnadu kingdom. This is one of the historical places in Andhra pradesh.
## Geography
Gurazala is situated at 16.58 N 79.57 E. It is spread over an area of 4341 ha.
## Governance
Gurazala nagar panchayat is the municipal body of the town.
Department Incharge
--------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------
Legislative Gurazala MLA, Gurazala Municipality Chairman
Executive Gurazala RDO, Gurazala MRO
Judiciary Hon\'ble Gurazala Court Judge, Addl.District Court Complex.
Police Sub Division Gurazala DSP
Health PHC,UHC Gurazala
: Governance
## Culture
Amaralingeswara Swami Temple is located in the village of Daida Bilam, near Gurazala. The temple features a significant Shiva Lingam and a large Nandi, both situated inside a small cave (Bilam). The temple\'s central feature is the Nagarjunasila, under which the main Shiva Lingam is located. Additionally, the temple includes a common arched structure that houses deities such as Lord Shiva, Bramaramba Devi, Ganesha, and Subramanya Swamy.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Nayakuralu Nagamma, minister of the Gurajala faction who led the army against Macherla faction in the Battle of Palnadu,
- Kaneganti Hanumanthu, started the Palnadu Rebellion against taxes.
```{=html}
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```
- Palnati Bramhanaidu, Minister of Palnadu Kingdom and a great social reformer of medieval india.
- Kavuri Venkaiah, a freedom fighter, started training institutes for teachers and free education for many poor people around the Palnadu area.
## Education
The village had 25 schools in 2018--2019, including one each of government, model, KGBV and state welfare residential schools; 11 private and 10 Zilla/Mandal Parishad schools. Jagarlamudi Zilla Parishad High School is a district council funded school, which provides Secondary education in the village
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# Paul Burston
**Paul Burston** is a Welsh journalist and author. He worked for the London gay policing group GALOP and was an activist with ACT UP before moving into journalism. He edited, for some years, the LGBT section of *Time Out* and founded the Polari Prize.
## Biography
Born in York and raised in South Wales, Burston attended Brynteg School and studied English, Drama and Film Studies at university. He worked for the London gay policing group GALOP and was an activist with ACT UP before moving into journalism. He edited, for some years, the gay and lesbian (later LGBT) section of *Time Out* magazine and was a founding editor of *Attitude* magazine. He has also written for publications including *The Guardian*, *The Independent*, *The Times* and *The Sunday Times*.
His first novel *Shameless*, published in 2001, was praised by *The New York Times* and shortlisted for the State of Britain Award. His third novel *Lovers & Losers*, published in 2007, was shortlisted for a Stonewall Award.
In 2007, Burston became the founder and host of award-winning LGBT literary salon Polari, which began in a bar in Soho before moving to the Southbank Centre. He was also the founder, in 2011, of The Polari Book Prize for new and established LGBTQ+ writing, which is now based at the British Library. In 2016, he was featured in the British Council\'s Five Films 4 Freedom Global List of 33 \"inspiring people who use culture to promote freedom and equality and provoke debate, or who are risking their lives to promote the rights of LGBT communities\".
Burston\'s novel *The Black Path* was published by Accent Press in September 2016 and was long-listed for *The Guardian*{{\'s}} \"Not The Booker Prize\".
By October 2018, five novels and two short story collections by Burston had been published. In that month, *The Bookseller* reported that his sixth novel *The Closer I Get* was published by Orenda Books as part of a two-book deal. *The Closer I Get*, published in July 2019, was partly inspired by the author\'s experience of online harassment.
In December 2021, *The Bookseller* announced that his memoir *We Can Be Heroes* would be published by Amazon imprint Little A in June 2023.
With New Yorker Michael-Anthony Nozzi and 1970s alternative drag performer Lavinia Co-op, Burston was interviewed by Alexis Gregory for his 2018 verbatim theatre work *Riot Act*
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# Willi Schröder
**Willi Schröder** (28 December 1928 -- 20 October 1999) was a German footballer who played as a forward.
## Club career {#club_career}
Schröder was a member of the 1961 Werder Bremen DFB-Pokal winning squad. It was Werder Bremen\'s first DFB-Pokal win, and earned them a spot as a charter member of the newly reformed Bundesliga.
Schröder played 54 games and scored 20 goals as a midfielder for Werder Bremen in the then Oberliga Nord for three seasons from 1960 to 1963. He also played 14 games with three goals as a striker in the Regionalliga Nord for TuS Bremerhaven 93 in 1963--64.
## International career {#international_career}
Schröder also had 12 career caps in international play for the West Germany national team, with three goals. He was part of the West German squad at the 1952 Summer Olympics
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# Western Jets
The **Western Jets** is an Australian rules football club which plays in the Victorian premier U19 competition, the Talent League, since its inception in 1992. The club have developmental squads in the U16, however much of the attention is towards its U18 team.
The club is geographically set in Melbourne\'s West as part of a decision by AFL Victoria (formerly Football Victoria) to have clubs in all regions of the state.
The club trains in Melbourne\'s inner west at Crofts Reserve in Altona North and plays NAB League matches at Burbank Oval in Williamstown. Their current coach is Robbie Chancellor, who replaced Ryan O'Keefe at the end of the 2020 season.
## Sponsors
The club is sponsored by TAC, Victoria University, Australia, Meat2U, Werribee Mazda, Master Dry Cleaners, Divella, Burbank Homes and KFC.
## Statistics
- **Premierships**: Nil
- **Runners Up (2):** 1992, 1993
- **Minor Premiers (1)**: 1993
- **Wooden Spoons (3)**: 1997, 1998, 2002
**Games Record Holder:** Darcy Weeks(76 games been there for 5 years)
**Goals Record Holder:** Lachlan Fitzgerald (59 goals)
**TAC CUP Coach Award Winners:** Paul Carson (2000), Bradley Miller (2001)
### Talent League Girls {#talent_league_girls}
- **Premierships (1)**: 2022
- **Runners-up (0)**: Nil
## Draftees
- 1992: Dustin Fletcher, Mark Ballan, Brad Copeland, Craig Ellis, Brendan Duncan
- 1993: Brad Johnson, Robert Stevenson, Darryl Griffin, Aaron James, David Innella, Cain Liddle
- 1994: Matthew Lloyd, Shannon Grant, Robert Di Rosa, Shawn Lewfatt, Allen Nash, Matthew Belleville, Stephen Zavalas, Lee Fraser, Dean Helmers, Todd McHardy, David Nicholson
- 1995: -
- 1996: -
- 1997: Lance Picioane, Chris Obst, David Antonowicz, Anthony Aloi,
- 1998: Heath Scotland, Matthew Pearce
- 1999: Daniel Giansiracusa, Ty Zantuck, Ben Haynes, James Podsiadly
- 2000: Paul Chambers
- 2001: Brad D. Miller
- 2002: Callum Urch, Dale Carson
- 2003: Michael Rischitelli, Murray Boyd
- 2004: Brent Prismall, Ben Davies
- 2005: Jake Edwards
- 2006: Bachar Houli
- 2007: Callan Ward, Will Sullivan
- 2008: Jayden Post, Mitch Banner, Bryce Carroll
- 2009: Jack Fitzpatrick, Majak Daw
- 2011: Will Hoskin-Elliott, Elliott Kavanagh
- 2012: Spencer White, Lachie Hunter
- 2013: James Sicily
- 2014: Liam Duggan, Corey Ellis, Jayden Laverde, Dillon Viojo-Rainbow, Connor Menadue, Brenton Payne
- 2015: Luke Goetz
- 2016: Daniel Venables, Oscar Junker
- 2017: Cameron Rayner, Lachie Fogarty, Tristan Xerri
- 2018: Zak Butters, Xavier O\'Halloran
- 2019: Josh Honey, Emerson Jeka
- 2020: Eddie Ford
- 2021: Paul Curtis, Cody Raak
- 2022: Massimo D\'Ambrosio
- 2023: Logan Morris
- 2024: Lucca Greggo, Keighton Matofai-Forbes
## Team of the Year {#team_of_the_year}
- 1992: Brad Copeland, Dustin Fletcher, Matthew Moylan
- 1993: Brad Johnson, David Weston, Mark Cheel
- 1994: Shannon Grant, Matthew Lloyd, Robert Di Rosa
- 1996: Dion Miles
- 1997: Lance Picioane
- 1998: Heath Scotland
- 1999: Ben Haynes
- 2000: Paul Chambers
- 2001: Brad D. Miller
- 2003: Cameron Gauci, Murray Boyd
- 2004: Brent Prismall
- 2006: Cameron Lockwood
- 2007: Callan Ward, Mitch Banner
- 2008: Mitch Banner
- 2009: Sean Tighe, Johnny Rayner
- 2010: Adam Kennedy
- 2011: Will Hoskin-Elliott, Adam Kennedy
- 2012: Lachie Hunter
- Source:1992-2010
## Grand Finals {#grand_finals}
Season Premiers GF Score Runner-up Best-on-ground
-------- ------------------ --------------------------- -------------- -----------------
1992 Geelong Falcons 18.16 (124) - 12.10 (82) Western Jets Daniel Fletcher
1993 Northern Knights 32.10 (202) - 18
| 561 |
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| 0 |
9,988,085 |
# Piduguralla
\| population_as_of = \| population_rank = \| population_density_km2 = auto \| population_demonym = \| population_footnotes = \| demographics_type1 = Languages \| demographics1_title1 = Official \| demographics1_info1 = Telugu \| timezone1 = IST \| utc_offset1 = +5:30 \| postal_code_type = PIN \| postal_code = 522413 \| area_code_type = Telephone code \| area_code = +91--8649 \| registration_plate = AP \| website = `{{URL|http://cdma.ap.gov.in/PIDUGURALLA/|Piduguralla Municipality}}`{=mediawiki} \| footnotes = \| official_name = }}
**Piduguralla** is a Town in Palnadu district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.The Town is the headquarters of Piduguralla mandal and administered under Gurazala revenue division. The Town is also known as *Lime City of India* as there are abundant reserves of limestone..
## Governance
**Civic administration**
The Piduguralla municipality was formed on 21 May 2005 and has an extent of 31.63 km2.
**Politics**
Piduguralla is a part of Gurazala (Assembly constituency) for Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly. Yarapathineni Srinivasa Rao is the present MLA of the constituency from Telugu Desam Party. It is also a part of Narasaraopet (Lok Sabha constituency) which was won by Lavu Sri Krishna Devarayalu of Telugu Desam Party.
## Economy
**Agriculture**
Most of the people here depend on agriculture with fertile lands having abundance of water from the Nagarjuna sagar canals.
The major agriculture produce includes, paddy, cotton, chillies etc. Hence, the town has many rice and cotton mills.
**Industries**
There are many Limestone Kilns as well. So, one of the main professions of the people is quarrying and exporting limestone and white cement in Piduguralla.
Business is not restricted to limestone only; there are several other industries such as timber depots, hollow brick industries, computer institutions, photo studios, printing presses, hand embroidery, fancy stores, stationery shops, pharmacies, etc. Overall it is one of the most important business places in Guntur district.
## Transport
National Highway 167A (NH167A) passes through Piduguralla. It is well connected by buses for Hyderabad, Chennai, Bengaluru, Tirupati, Nellore, Guntur, Amaravati, Vijayawada, Tenali, Narasaraopet, Macherla, Repalle, Warangal, Suryapet, Kodad, Sattenapalli and Ongole. It has a well established bus depot that connects villages around the town. The bus station code is PDRL.
Trains from/to Guntur, Vijayawada, Vizag, Hyderabad, Chennai, Tirupathi, Kerala, and Kolkata pass via Piduguralla. Later, Guntur-Nadikudi-Macherla line was converted from Meter Gauge to Broad Gauge \[under Project Unigauge\] and a new line was laid from Bibinagar, near Hyderabad, to Nadikudi. Thus Piduguralla is connected directly to Hyderabad by Broad Gauge Line. Piduguralla is located on the Pagidipalle-Nallapadu section Guntur division of South Central Railway (SCR). The railway Station code for Piduguralla is PGRL.
The railway line is an electrified single line one and a new railway track (Nadikudi-Srikalahasti ) is under construction. In first phase of Nadikudi-Srikalahasti 46 km From New Piduguralla Junction to Savalyapuram Junction was completed. Electrification also Completed. Present Goods Trains are running in this Route. Waiting for Passengers Trains Running Conformation from Higher Authorities.
## Education
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the *School Education Department* of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English, Telugu. Schools include Tirumala Oxford EM High school, Scholars International school, Sri Chaitanya, Narayana, Bhashyam Schools. There are few degree colleges as well such as Tirumala Oxford women\'s degree college, Scholars degree college
| 547 |
Piduguralla
| 0 |
9,988,100 |
# More of Our Stupid Noise
***More of Our Stupid Noise**\'\' is a Canadian compilation album, originally released in 1996 on Squirtgun Records. It was subsequently rereleased in 1998 on Nettwerk with the title***More of Our Stupid Noise \'98**\'\', with an altered track order and a few different songs.
One of the album\'s most noted characteristics was that in addition to a song by Eric\'s Trip, it also included a song by each individual Eric\'s Trip member\'s own side project.
A sequel album, *Return of Our Stupid Noise*, was released in 2015 to mark Squirtgun\'s 20th anniversary.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### 1996 edition
1. Shortfall, \"Drive\"
2. hHead, \"Want\"
3. Scratching Post, \"Full Throttle\"
4. Treble Charger, \"Bubble and Star (Here\'s Where the Guitars Come In)\"
5. Radioblaster, \"Comfy New You\"
6. Versus, \"Forest Fire\"
7. Speedbuggy, \"Bionica\"
8. Poledo, \"Herskin\"
9. Lou Barlow, \"Blown Pony\"
10. Elevator to Hell, \"Veins/Green\"
11. Noah\'s Arkweld, \"Xfriend\"
12. Moon Socket, \"Almost Spring\"
13. The New Grand, \"Yours Truly\"
14. Orange Glass, \"Feel 500\"
15. Thee Suddens, \"A Rhyme That No One Understands\"
16. Purple Knight, \"Fireball 500\"
17. Hip Club Groove, \"16 Jabs\"
18. Eric\'s Trip, \"So Easier Last Time\"
19. Squirrel, \"Superforgettor\"
20. Julie Doiron (credited as Broken Girl), \"So Fast\"
21. Hayden, \"A Fortune I\'d Kept\"
22. Len, \"Making Our Dreams Come True\" (a cover of the Laverne and Shirley theme song)
### 1998 edition {#edition_1}
1. Bionic, \"C\'mon C\'Mon\"
2. Shortfall, \"Drive\"
3. Scratching Post, \"Full Throttle\"
4. Radioblaster, \"Perfect Burn\"
5. The Ids, \"Pain and Beauty\"
6. Lou Barlow, \"Blown Pony\"
7. Mystery Machine, \"What I Want\"
8. Elevator to Hell, \"Veins/Green\"
9. Poledo, \"Herskin\"
10. hHead, \"Want\"
11. Speedbuggy, \"Bionica\"
12. By Divine Right, \"Bigfoot\"
13. Squirrel, \"superforgettor\"
14. Versus, \"Forest Fire\"
15. Julie Doiron, \"So Fast\"
16. Hayden, \"A Fortune I\'d Kept\"
17. Moon Socket, \"Almost Spring\"
18. Hip Club Groove, \"Guaranteed\"
19. The Suddens, \"A Rhyme That No One Understands\"
20. Orange Glass, \"Feel 500\"
21. Eric\'s Trip, \"So Easier Last Time\"
22. Len, \"Trillion Daze\"
23. The Bonaduces, \"You\'re So Lame When You\'re Drunk\"
24. The New Grand, \"Yours Truly\"
25
| 358 |
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| 0 |
9,988,162 |
# Ramnagar, Barabanki
**Ramnagar** is a town in Barabanki district in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. It is a town, tehsil and a nagar panchayat in Barabanki District in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
## Geography
Ramnagar is located at 27 05 44 N 81 29 05 E. It has an average elevation of 64 metres (209 feet). It is close to some historic and religious places like Mahadeva Temple, Kunteshwar Temple and Parijaat Tree etc. RamNagar is situated on NH28C. Burhwal Junction is the nearest railway station.
## Demographics
India census, Ramnagar had a population of 12,416. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Ramnagar has an average literacy rate of 52%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 59%, and female literacy is 45%. In Ramnagar, 18% of the population is under 6 years of age
| 145 |
Ramnagar, Barabanki
| 0 |
9,988,196 |
# Marcelle Tinayre
**Marcelle Marguerite Suzanne Tinayre** (8 October 1870 in Tulle, Corrèze -- 23 August 1948 in Grossouvre, Cher) was a French woman of letters and prolific author. She was educated at Bordeaux and Paris, and in 1889 married the painter Julien Tinayre
| 44 |
Marcelle Tinayre
| 0 |
9,988,197 |
# Ramnagar, Varanasi
**Ramnagar** is a city, just adjacent to Varanasi city and a municipal board in Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Ramnagar has a fort known as Ramnagar Fort which is still the residence of King of Varanasi (Benares). He was known as Kashi Naresh meaning king of Kashi (Ancient name of Beneres) and is still regarded by old residents of the city of Varanasi. Ramnagar Fort and its museum are the repository of the history of the kings of Benares and since the 18th century has been the home of Kashi Naresh. Even today the Kashi Naresh is deeply revered by the people of Benares. He is the religious head and the people of Benares consider him the incarnation of Shiva. He is also the chief cultural patron and an essential part of all religious celebrations. Ramnagar is popular for Ramlila that is held annually under the aegis of King of Varanasi.
Recently Ramnagar has emerged as a favourite spot for shooting movies because of the scenic location of the Ramnagar Fort (residence of the King of Varanasi) near the Ganges. Chokher Bali, Raanjhanaa are one of the popular movies shot here. Amazon Prime web series Mirzapur and Anurag Kashyap Gangs of Wasseypur was also shot in Ramnagar. The town has many century-old houses and structures near the fort area.
## History
The Ramnagar Fort was built by Kashi Naresh Raja Balwant Singh with creamy *chunar* sandstone in the eighteenth century. It is a typically Mughal style of architecture with carved balconies, open courtyards, and picturesque pavilions.
## Ramlila
Over a million pilgrims arrive annually for the vast processions and performances of Ramlila organized by Kashi Naresh. The Ramlila of Ramnagar basically operated by Maharaja of Banaras with the help of Pt. Laxmi Narayan Pandey and his cultural family every year. It is one of the majestic show which happens once in the year every time. The venues are well scattered across Ramnagar, Lanka, Janakpuri, PAC and several small areas.
## Geographical indication {#geographical_indication}
Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal) was awarded the Geographical Indication (GI) status tag from the Geographical Indications Registry, under the Union Government of India, on 31 March 2023 and is valid until 3 November 2030.
Kashi Vishwanath Farmer Producer Company from Varanasi, proposed the GI registration of Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal). After filing the application in November 2020, the Brinjal was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in Chennai, making the name \"Ramnagar Bhanta (Brinjal)\" exclusive to the Brinjal grown in the region. It thus became the first brinjal variety from Uttar Pradesh and the 45th type of goods from Uttar Pradesh to earn the GI tag.
The GI tag protects the brinjal from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.
## Demographics
As of the 2001 Census of India, Ramnagar had a population of 39,941. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Ramnagar has an average literacy rate of 58%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 66%, and female literacy is 49%. In Ramnagar, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age
| 529 |
Ramnagar, Varanasi
| 0 |
9,988,293 |
# Duggirala
**Duggirala** is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is the mandal headquarters of Duggirala mandal in Tenali revenue division. It is one of the major turmeric trading centres in the country.
## History
The Chola dynasty has its presence in the area during 12th century AD, based on the inscriptions on the temple of Kesavaswami in the village.
## Geography
Duggirala is located at 16.3271 N 80.6280 E. It is spread over an area of 805 ha. A canal from Sitanagaram (Tadepalle) passes through the village, which draws water from the Krishna River and forms a part of *Western Delta system*. It also houses the headlocks of Kommamuru and Nizampatnam canals.
## Demographics
census of India, the village had a population of `{{formatnum:11098}}`{=mediawiki} with `{{formatnum:3128}}`{=mediawiki} households. The total population constitute `{{formatnum:5505}}`{=mediawiki} males, `{{formatnum:5593}}`{=mediawiki} females and `{{formatnum:1053}}`{=mediawiki} children (age group of 0--6 years). With 7,709 literates, the average literacy rate is 76.75%. There are 4,860 employees and 6,238 non-employees. The working population constitute `{{formatnum:3932}}`{=mediawiki} main and `{{formatnum:928}}`{=mediawiki} marginal workers.
## Government and politics {#government_and_politics}
Duggirala gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. The village is also the headquarters for *Executive Engineer* of Krishna Western Delta system. The village forms a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region and is under the jurisdiction of APCRDA.
Duggirala is a part of Mangalagiri assembly constituency of Andhra Pradesh. The present MLA of the constituency is Alla Ramakrishna Reddy of YSR Congress Party.
## Economy
**Agriculture**
*Duggirala Agriculture Marketyard* in the village is used for trading and exporting of agricultural commodities. The major crops cultivated include paddy, turmeric etc. *Duggirala Turmeric Yard* is the largest yard in the state, handling more than 30,000 bags of turmeric. It produces 10% of the total turmeric produced in the country and is exported to countries like Russia, United States, UK and Japan.
**Industries**
CCL Products (India) Limited has an instant coffee manufacturing plant at Duggirala. CCL Products (India) Limited, a listed public company limited by shares was founded in the year 1994 with the vision of creating only the finest and the richest coffee in the world.
## Transport
Local transport include, city bus services operated by APSRTC from Tenali bus station to Mangalagiri and Vijayawada. Tenali--Mangalagiri road passes through Duggirala. Rural roads connects the village with Chintalapudi, Emani, K.R.Konduru, Manchikalapudi, Morampudi, Namburu, Penumuli and Pedapalem.
## Education
As per the school information report for the academic year 2018--19, the village has a total of 15 schools. These schools include 6 private and 9 Zilla/Mandal Parishad schools. Zilla Parishad High School in the village is the oldest school. It was established in the year 1912 and was then known as *Sir George V Government Memorial Boarding School*
| 473 |
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| 0 |
9,988,348 |
# Lutheran High School (Springfield, Illinois)
**Lutheran High School** in Springfield, Illinois, is a private Lutheran high school that was founded in 1978. The school is accredited by the Illinois State Board of Education and the National Lutheran School Accreditation. As of the 2005-06 school year, the school had an enrollment of 197 students and 70.8 classroom teachers (on a FTE ) basis, for a student-teacher ratio of 18.3.
## Athletics
Lutheran High School is a member of the Illinois High School Association. Their mascot is the Crusader
| 88 |
Lutheran High School (Springfield, Illinois)
| 0 |
9,988,415 |
# Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque
***Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque*** is a collection of previously published short stories by Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1840.
## Publication
It was published by the Philadelphia firm Lea & Blanchard and released in two volumes. The publisher was willing to print the collection based on the recent success of Poe\'s story \"The Fall of the House of Usher\". Even so, Lea & Blanchard would not pay Poe any royalties; his only payment was 20 free copies. Poe had sought Washington Irving to endorse the book, writing to him, \"If I could be permitted to add *even a word or two* from yourself\... *my fortune would be made*\".
In his preface, Poe wrote the now-famous quote defending himself from the criticism that his tales were part of \"Germanism\". He wrote, \"If in many of my productions terror has been the thesis, I maintain that terror is not of Germany but of the soul\".
The collection was dedicated to Colonel William Drayton, anonymous author of *The South Vindicated from the Treason and Fanaticism of the Northern Abolitionists* (Philadelphia: H. Manly, 1836), whom Poe likely met while stationed in Charleston, South Carolina; when Drayton moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Poe continued to correspond with him. Drayton was a former member of Congress turned judge and may have subsidized the book\'s publication.
## Critical response {#critical_response}
Contemporary reviews were mixed. The anonymous critic in the *Boston Notion* suggested that Poe\'s work was better suited for readers of the future; people of the time should consider it \"below the average of newspaper trash\... wild, unmeaning, pointless, aimless\... without anything of elevated fancy or fine humor\". *Alexander\'s Weekly Messenger*, on the other hand, remarked that the stories were the \"playful effusion of a remarkable and powerful intellect\". Likewise, the *New York Mirror* complimented the author\'s intellectual capacity, his vivid descriptions, and his opulent imagination. Even with those positive reviews, the edition did not sell well. When Poe requested a second release in 1841 with eight additional tales included, the publisher declined.
## \"Grotesque\" and \"Arabesque\" {#grotesque_and_arabesque}
When its publication was announced in *Burton\'s Gentleman\'s Magazine*, its one-line description said that its title \"pretty well indicates their \[stories\'\] character\". There has been some debate, however, over the meaning of Poe\'s terms \"Grotesque\" and \"Arabesque\". Poe probably had seen the terms used by Sir Walter Scott in his essay \"On the Supernatural in Fictitious Composition\". Both terms refer to a type of Islamic art used to decorate walls, especially in mosques. These art styles are known for their complex nature. Poe had used the term \"arabesque\" in this sense in his essay \"The Philosophy of Furniture\".
Poe may have been using these terms as subdivisions of Gothic art or Gothic architecture in an attempt to establish similar subdivisions in Gothic fiction. For example, the \"grotesque\" stories are those where the character becomes a caricature or satire, as in \"The Man That Was Used Up\". The \"arabesque\" stories focus on a single aspect of a character, often psychological, such as \"The Fall of the House of Usher\". A distant relative of Poe, modern scholar Harry Lee Poe, wrote that \"grotesque\" means \"horror\", which is gory and often disgusting, and \"arabesque\" means \"terror\", which forsakes the blood and gore for the sake of frightening the reader. Even so, accurately defining Poe\'s intentions for the terms is difficult and subdividing his tales into one category or another is even more difficult.
## Contents
Vol. I
- \"Morella\"
- \"Lionizing\"
- \"William Wilson\"
- \"The Man That Was Used Up: A Tale of the Late Bugaboo and Kickapoo Campaign\"
- \"The Fall of the House of Usher\"
- \"The Duc de L\'Omelette\"
- \"MS. Found in a Bottle\"
- \"Bon-Bon\"
- \"Shadow: A Parable\"
- \"The Devil in the Belfry\"
- \"Ligeia\"
- \"King Pest: A Tale Containing an Allegory\"
- \"The Signora Zenobia\"
- \"The Scythe of Time\"
Vol
| 658 |
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| 0 |
9,988,437 |
# Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology
**Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology** (AIMT), in Ambala was established in 1996 to provide modern Quality Management Education to students. AIMT is affiliated to Kurukshetra University, and is approved by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi. Since inception, the institute has been an active member of the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Ludhiana Management Association (LMA) and All India Management Association (AIMA).
The institute is run by the Management of Shri Atmanand Jain College Trust & Management Society, established in 1938, under the Society Registration Act XXI of 1860, as very profitable educational society. The society also runs Shri Atmanand Jain (PG) College, Ambala City, which is affiliated to Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra for B.A., B.Sc., B.Com., B.B.A., M.A. (Eco.), M.Com., PGDCA, M.Sc. (Software)
The institute is providing full-time *Master of Computer Application* (MCA) and *Master of Business Administration* (MBA) courses
| 156 |
Shri Atmanand Jain Institute of Management and Technology
| 0 |
9,988,439 |
# Unset, Norway
**Unset** is a village in Rendalen Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The village is located along the river Unsetåa, about 10 km northeast of the village of Bergset
| 31 |
Unset, Norway
| 0 |
9,988,530 |
# Outsider (painting)
***Outsider*** is a 1988 oil and acrylic painting by post-modern Indigenous Australian artist Gordon Bennett. The painting focuses on issues of the increasing isolation Indigenous Australians feel in their own country, with the date the painting was painted in (1988) being the bicentennial anniversary of white settlement in Australia.
The painting depicts an Indigenous Australian with a severed head along with two classical and sculptural heads and reflects a lone culturally marginal figure who exists outside the social contexts of the mainstream world and art world. *Outsider* has been appropriated and is intended to be interpreted through the lens of the \'other\', otherwise known as those who exist to a subordinate social category under the dominant and westernised culture. It is charged with the feelings of frustration and confusion of Indigenous Australians.
Within this painting Bennett has appropriated famous works of Van Gogh, including *Bedroom in Arles* (1888) and *The Starry Night* (1889) and uses the paintings to represent his own life. The interpretation of *Outsider* varies between critics but is mainly suggested to be reflective of a man divided by the ideology of his upbringing and of his place.
## Description
*Outsider* measures 290 x 180 cm and is published as a collection within the University of Queensland\'s Art Museum. Bennett\'s subject is depicted through the central figure of an Indigenous Australian man\'s decapitated torso in of Van Gogh\'s *Bedroom in Arles (1888)* with blood spurting from his gaping neck. The upright torso leans over the yellow-brown bed in Van Gogh\'s *Bedroom in Arles* while two white decapitated classical sculptural heads are lolling dumbly on the bed as opposed to the empty bed of Van Gogh\'s. The walls are covered with red hand marks which are assumed to be the bloodshed of the decapitated figure. Along the top half of the painting, the spurting blood from the neck leads into and blends with the sky which has stylised strokes of Van Gogh\'s *The Starry Night (1889)* painted with the same colour scheme but with darker hues of blue, yellow, and black. It is suggested that the dots and dashes in the sky reflect Western Desert Aboriginal \'dot paintings\' which is the first instance in which Bennett makes these allusions in his work. These dots provide a connection to Bennett\'s Indigenous heritage.
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# Outsider (painting)
## Background
*\'Outsider*\' is considered an example of Outsider Art and Indigenous Australian Art. Bennett practices Outsider art to represent his experiences as a bi-cultural Australian of both Aboriginal and Anglo-Celtic descent. His painting confronts the idea of cultural identity within his artwork where he has stated that his feelings of alienation are through his Australian education system and the representation of Indigenous Australians in Western culture. *Outsider*, along with many of Bennett\'s other works is concerned with exploring Australian\'s colonial past and postcolonial present. The painting explores issues associated with the dominant role that white, Western culture has played in constructing the social and cultural landscape of the nation. Bennett had painted *Outsider* during his education at the Queensland College of Art in 1988, his final year. His two electives, Classicism and Aboriginal Art and Culture had heavily influenced Outsider\'s conception within the same year. The unveiling of trauma was a common subject for Bennett. *Outsider* avoids the glorification of Australia\'s history and instead focuses on the depiction of violence to reflect the effects of colonisation. In painting the composition of *Outsider* during 1988, Bennett attempted to realistically depict the marginal effect of the First Fleet and \"to question the way power is exercised (by) disputing claims to domination\". He came to learn about Australian history and Indigenous Australians through a Eurocentric bias that had \"colonised my mind and body\". The Eurocentric perspective was particularly evident for Bennett in the 1988 bicentennial celebrations that had glorified the First Fleet and their pillage. During the *1988* celebrations, Bennett had expressed disapproval in \"the grip of bicentennial celebrations that... set out to retrace the journey of the 'first (European) fleet' to Australia\". Historical events were re-enacted by individuals in period costume and were broadcast on television, commemorated in books and reproduced in magazine. Bennett feared that the romanticised images of ships, danger and adventure faced by the First Fleet were contributing to the reinforcement of Australia\'s colonial identity through the lens of a selective history and to be deemed as the mainstream. He sought to create a field of disturbance and to necessitate the 're-reading' of Australian history through his painting of *Outsider (1988).* Critic McLean purports that *Outsider* could be considered Bennett\'s unofficial and ironic contribution to Australia\'s bicentenary celebrations in 1988.
Bennett has intended to portray his main subject within Outsider, Indigenous Australia as victims, a way in which Bennett could come to terms with his own alienating experiences. He sought to display the extent of their pain to the point of self-mutilation rather than portraying a display of resistance or strength in opposition to their colonisation. The decapitated Indigenous Australian figure is looking for a head to replace his missing one and Bennett parallels this process to a \"transplantation of culture\".
*Outsider* is one of Bennett\'s many works that features criticism on Captain James Cook\'s positioning of Indigenous Australians as \'savages\', \'primitives\' and therefore as \'ahistorical\' which Bennett claims is nothing more than a distorted \"mirror reflection of European societies\". Bennett expresses a degree of discontent toward \'white\' Australia and has stated that it has proven to be a \"master of moralising\" in his own experiences. Some individuals have come to regard his expression of an Aboriginal point of view as a \'guilt trip\' designed to make non-Indigenous Australians feel guilty about Australia\'s past. In other instances, some have derided his works as existing within the \'guilt industry\' and derogatorily denoted as being \'politically correct\'.
| 580 |
Outsider (painting)
| 1 |
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# Outsider (painting)
## Interpretations and symbolism {#interpretations_and_symbolism}
***Outsider*** opens interpretations to a broad range of philosophical ideas related to the construction of identity and perception through Bennett\'s experiences of Australia\'s colonial past and postcolonial present. Critics of Bennett\'s work, Bob Lingard and Fazal Rizvi interpret that Bennett fragments historical images and recontextualises them in order to nuance postcolonial possibilities. This is in line with Bennett\'s purpose to deconstruct Eurocentric conditioning which is seen within Outsider.
Hugh Ramsey Chair of Australian Art History, Ian McLean expands on Bennett\'s appropriations by calling *Outsider* a \"metaphysical quest for meaning and identity\". *Outsider* could be interpreted in such a way that the decapitated figure could symbolise either Bennett or Van Gogh. Professor of philosophy, Melvin Rader has commented on the manifestoes of recent (art) schools and expresses how those within, such as Van Gogh, face feelings of \"opposition and estrangement\" as well as \"madness and suicide\" which is what Bennett sought to explore and display within his painting of *Outsider.* Though Van Gogh was an outsider to the art world, Bennett\'s decapitated figure is an outsider to his own country of origin and upbringing. *Outsider* reflects Van Gogh\'s realistic and humble \"self-portrait full of prophecy and psychoanalytical premonitions\". However Bennett\'s own appropriation is a violent ritual rather than Van Gogh\'s one of tense calmness, which McLean claims is \"transparently staged, his mutilation is a public theatre rather than a private act of desperation\". It is a blatantly shocking visualisation of the trauma which Van Gogh\'s *Bedroom in Arles* only symbolises and keeps invisible. According to Ian McLean, Bennett identified with Van Gogh\'s own tortured life and had a compulsion to show the \"darkness in light\"- where Van Gogh\'s work had been \"interrupted by madness\", Bennett\'s Outsider \"interrupts the madness of the world\" in order to reframe the role of identity in self-portraiture.
The walls of the room are occasionally spattered with red hand marks which artist Adam Gezcy interprets to be \"the most venerable Aboriginal sign of both presence and absence\". He suggests that it is a harrowing and an \"audacious work that places the pain of the Aboriginal peoples at the centre of the West\'s own mythologies\". Bennett deconstructs the history of Australian colonialism and is understood by Gezcy as an artistic form of 'payback' and the Aboriginal version of 'eye for an eye'- rather than being combative in nature, *Outsider* seeks to find a middle ground of redemption and peace. Another critic, Art Historian Jeanette Hoorn suggests that Van Gogh\'s *Bedroom at Arles* and *The Starry Night* are \"modern icons of Europeanness\" and are objects of admiration by cultures of the West which Bennett appropriates against \"black memories of violence and mutilation\"*.* The mutilation is interpreted to be an allusion toward bounty hunters in early colonial Australia who decapitated black men in exchange for money in Europe. Bolstering her claim are the spirals in Bennett\'s own \'Starry Night\' which are interpreted to be a gruesome reference to the vanishing of Indigenous Australian culture. The spurting blood from the neck of the Indigenous Australian has assimilated into and has been replaced by the culture of the West\'s \'Starry Night\' which Hoorn suggests is reinforced by the \"representation of classical statuary\" in the painting.
| 541 |
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| 2 |
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# Outsider (painting)
## Reception
In an exhibition at the inaugural Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art in 1990 Bennett was subjected to a racist verbal attack in an Adelaide restaurant by a woman who \"could not handle\" his painting.
Within an art program, Painting: \[Traces of Place\] between Bennett and Pat Hoffie, Pat describes it as a violent image but one which has a sense of rightness. She praises Bennett\'s work as being \"informed by history, by politics, by a whole number of subjects\"
| 84 |
Outsider (painting)
| 3 |
9,988,540 |
# Italy Davis Cup team
The **Italy men\'s national tennis team** represents Italy in Davis Cup tennis competition and is governed by the Italian Tennis Federation. Italy is the reigning champions, claiming the Davis Cup in 2024. It is three-time champions overall, also winning in 1976 and in 2023, and finishing as runners-up six times (1960, 1961, 1977, 1979, 1980, 1998). Nicola Pietrangeli is one of Italy\'s most decorated players, featuring in all major records for the team. He holds the record for most Davis Cup ties, most overall wins, most singles wins, most doubles wins (both individually and as part of a team), and most years played.
## History
### Early years pre-World War II {#early_years_pre_world_war_ii}
Italy competed in its first Davis Cup in the 1922 International Lawn Tennis Challenge. Prior to World War II, Italy generally made it to the quarterfinals of the European Zone and featured in the Inter-zonal final twice -- once in 1928 and once in 1930. The Inter-zonal final was the final match of competition before the Challenge Round match, where the winner would earn the right to challenge the defending champion. On both occasions, Italy lost to the United States by a scoreline of 4--1. Uberto De Morpurgo was the Davis Cup captain for both matches and was the only player to register a win in his two single rubbers.
### Post World War II -- 1962 {#post_world_war_ii_1962}
Two years after the resumption of the tournament which was put on hold due to World War II, Italy made its first reappearance in 1948. Italy was very strong over this period, appearing in four Inter-zonal finals in 1949, 1952, 1955 and 1958 before finally securing its maiden Challenge Round tie in 1960. Unfortunately, Italy were unable to overcome a strong Australian team featuring Rod Laver and Neale Fraser, losing 4--1 at White City in Sydney. Italian legend, Nicola Pietrangeli managed to win Italy\'s only point when he defeated Fraser in a dead-rubber match on the final day. The following year, Italy were again able to reach the Challenge Round Final after defeating the United States 4--1 in the Final in Rome. Pietrangeli won both his singles matches and his doubles match. However, Italy would again fall at the final hurdle. On this occasion, Italy lost 5--0 to Australia at Kooyong Stadium in Melbourne. The Australian side would again feature Laver (in singles and doubles) and Fraser (in doubles only), and were joined by Roy Emerson who played two singles matches. The Italian side once again featured Pietrangeli and also Orlando Sirola across all five matches. In 1962, Italy lost in the European Final to Sweden 1--4.
### Limited success to first Davis Cup title {#limited_success_to_first_davis_cup_title}
Following a somewhat lean period from 1963 to 1972, which included only one European Final in 1968, Italy returned to form in the competition with mixed success. In 1973 they made a European Final before going one step further the following year, losing 4--1 to South Africa in 1974 in the Inter-zonal Semifinals. Two years later, Italy claimed its maiden Davis Cup title when they defeated Chile 4--1 at Estadio Nacional in Santiago. Italy took an early lead on Day 1, after Corrado Barazzutti and Adriano Panatta both won their singles matches. Then Italy took an unassailable 3--0 lead the following day, when Panatta teamed up with Paolo Bertolucci in the doubles, and after finding themselves one-set-to-love down, won the next three sets to win the rubber in four sets. Over the next four years, Italy would reach the Davis Cup final three times, losing all three ties.
### World Group era (1981--2000) {#world_group_era_19812000}
Since the World Group format begun in 1981, Italy were able to maintain their top 16 status for twenty years. Italy finished as quarterfinalists or better in twelve of those twenty years, including two semifinal loses and one final loss. In the first four years of the format, Italy played Great Britain three times in the first round winning two and losing once. This loss came in the first year of World Group format, forcing them into an end of year World Group regelation play-off against South Korea. They won the tie 4--1 at home in Sanremo earning the right to continue in the World Group for the 1982 edition.
In 1986, Italy lost to Sweden in the quarterfinals and then again in the first round of the 1987 edition forcing them once again into a relegation playoff. They were drawn against South Korea for a second playoff match, this time being held in Seoul. Once again Italy prevailed in the match, 3--2, avoiding relegation into the Europe/Africa Zone for 1988.
Sweden defeated Italy for a third time in the new format in the first round of the 1989 Davis Cup World Group. Italy survived the playoff by defeating Denmark 4--1 away in Aarhus. Italy finally defeated Sweden in their fourth meeting of the new format, with a 3--2 home win in Cagliari in the first round of the 1990 Davis Cup. However, they would lose 5--0 to Austria in the quarterfinals.
In the 2000 Davis Cup, Italy lost 4--1 away to Spain setting them up for World Group Playoff clash against Belgium. Playing at home in Rome, Italy lost the tie 4--1, meaning they would be relegated for the first time in the World Group era.
### Relegation and return to World Group {#relegation_and_return_to_world_group}
After Italy\'s World Group playoff loss, they were relegated to Europe/Africa Zone Group I for the 2001 edition of the tournament. Italy would not return to the World Group until they defeated Chile 4--1 away in the 2011 Davis Cup World Group play-offs. Between 2013 and 2018, Italy were defeated in the Quarterfinals on four occasions and once in the Semifinals. Since the restructuring of the competition in 2019, Italy has made it into the Semifinals in 2022.
| 978 |
Italy Davis Cup team
| 0 |
9,988,540 |
# Italy Davis Cup team
## History
### Return to the top {#return_to_the_top}
Twenty-five years after the last final (1998) and 47 years after the last victory (1976), on 26 November 2023 Italy returned to win the Davis Cup, beating Australia 2--0.
On 24 November 2024, Jannik Sinner won the deciding game to beat the Netherlands 2-0 and give Italy the third Davis Cup, which adds up to Italy\'s women winning the Billie Jean King Cup title on the same year.
## Overall performance {#overall_performance}
Italy has played no less than 15 semifinals. Italy has recorded eight defeats and seven wins. Of those eight losses, Italy has suffered four whitewash defeats -- losing 5--0 to Australia in 1949 and 1955 and the United States in 1952 and 1958. Of the seven semifinals won, the greatest margin was a 4--1 victory, achieved on four occasions. These wins occurred in 1961 and 1998 against the United States, in 1977 against France and in 1979 against Czechoslovakia.
| 164 |
Italy Davis Cup team
| 1 |
9,988,540 |
# Italy Davis Cup team
## Recent performances {#recent_performances}
Here is the list of all match-ups since 1981, when the competition started being held in the current World Group format.
### 2010s
Year Competition Date Location Opponent Score Result
------ --------------------------------------- -------------------------- --------------------- ---------- ------- --------
2010 Europe/Africa Zone Group I, 1st Round 5--7 March Castellaneta (ITA) 5--0 Win
Europe/Africa Zone Group I, 2nd Round 7--9 May Zoetermeer (NED) 4--1 Win
World Group play-offs 17--19 September Lidköping (SWE) 2--3 Loss
2011 Europe/Africa Zone Group I, 2nd Round 8--10 July Arzachena (ITA) 5--0 Win
World Group play-offs 16--18 September Santiago (CHI) 4--1 Win
2012 World Group, 1st Round 10--12 February Ostrava (CZE) 4--1 Loss
World Group play-offs 14--16 September Napoli (ITA) 4--1 Win
2013 World Group, 1st Round 1--3 February Turin (ITA) 5--0 Win
World Group, quarterfinals 5--7 April Vancouver (CAN) 3--2 Loss
2014 World Group, 1st Round 31 January -- 2 February Mar del Plata (ARG) 3--1 Win
World Group, quarterfinals 4--6 April Napoli (ITA) 3--2 Win
World Group, semifinals 12--14 September Geneva (SWI) 2--3 Loss
2015 World Group, 1st Round 6--8 March Astana (KAZ) 2--3 Loss
World Group play-offs 18--20 September Irkutsk (RUS) 4--1 Win
2016 World Group, 1st Round 4--6 March Pesaro (ITA) 5--0 Win
World Group, quarterfinals 15--17 July Pesaro (ITA) 1--3 Loss
2017 World Group, 1st Round 3--5 February Buenos Aires (ARG) 3--2 Win
World Group, quarterfinals 7--9 April Charleroi (BEL) 2--3 Loss
2018 World Group, 1st Round 2--4 February Morioka (JPN) 3--1 Win
World Group, quarterfinals 6--8 April Genoa (ITA) 1--3 Loss
2019 Qualifying round 2--4 February Kolkata (IND) 3--1 Win
Finals, Round-robin 18 November Madrid (ESP) 1--2 Loss
Finals, Round-robin 20 November Madrid (ESP) 1--2 Loss
### 2020s {#s_1}
Year Competition Date Location Opponent Score Result
---------- ----------------------- -------------- ------------------ ---------- ------- -----------
2020--21 Qualifying round 6--7 March Cagliari (ITA) 4--0 Win
Finals, Round-robin 26 November Turin (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, Round-robin 27 November Turin (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, quarterfinals 29 November Turin (ITA) 1--2 Loss
2022 Qualifying round 4--5 March Bratislava (SVK) 3--2 Win
Finals, Round-robin 14 September Bologna (ITA) 3--0 Win
Finals, Round-robin 16 September Bologna (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, Round-robin 18 September Bologna (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, quarterfinals 24 November Málaga (ESP) 2--1 Win
Finals, semifinals 26 November Málaga (ESP) 1--2 Loss
2023 Finals, Round-robin 13 september Bologna (ITA) 0--3 Loss
Finals, Round-robin 15 September Bologna (ITA) 3--0 Win
Finals, Round-robin 17 September Bologna (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, quarterfinals 23 November Málaga (ESP) 2--1 Win
Finals, semifinals 25 November Málaga (ESP) 2--1 Win
Finals, final 26 November Málaga (ESP) 2--0 Champions
2024 Finals, Round-robin 11 September Bologna (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, Round-robin 13 September Bologna (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, Round-robin 15 September Bologna (ITA) 2--1 Win
Finals, quarterfinals 21 November Málaga (ESP) 2--1 Win
Finals, semifinals 23 November Málaga (ESP) 2--0 Win
Finals, final 24 November Málaga (ESP) 2--0 Champions
## Current squad {#current_squad}
Player Born ATP ranking Debut Ties
--------- --------- ------------- --------- ------- ------
Singles Doubles Singles Doubles Total
1 338 2021 12
17 180 2021 10
35 \- 2019 13
256 9 2024 3
\- 11 2007 34
: Squad representing Italy in the 2024 Davis Cup Finals, Knockout stage
## Captains
Although Italy had started its adventure in the Davis Cup back in 1922, it was only in 1928 that the team had its first captain and it was Baron Uberto De Morpurgo, who was also a player on that occasion.
Beginning in the 1950s, the team captain\'s position became a kind of coach called the *non-playing captain*.
Name Tenure Finals
-------------------- ------------ ---- -------- --------------------
**W** **Years** F Years
Uberto de Morpurgo 1928--?
1965--1968 4
Orlando Sirola 1969--1971 3
Giordano Maioli 1972 1
Fausto Gardini 1973--1975 3
Nicola Pietrangeli 1976--1977 3 **1** **1976**
1978--1979 2
Vittorio Crotta 1979--1983 4
Adriano Panatta 1984--1997 14
Paolo Bertolucci 1998--2000 3
Corrado Barazzutti 2001--2020 20
Filippo Volandri 2021-- 3 **2** **2023**, **2024**
: List of Italy Davis Cup captains
Notes
^1^ Crotta replaced Bergamo as captain after the Semifinals during the 1979 campaign. `{{notelist}}`{=mediawiki}
| 674 |
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| 2 |
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# Italy Davis Cup team
## Individual and team records {#individual_and_team_records}
Record Details
----------------------------------------------- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Youngest player** 17 years, 327 days Diego Nargiso versus Israel in 1988 World Group, first round
**Oldest player** 38 years, 342 days Simone Bolelli versus Netherlands in 2024 Davis Cup Finals, Group stage
**Longest rubber duration** 4 hours, 29 minutes Federico Luzzi defeated Ville Liukko (FIN) in 2001 Europe/Africa Zone Group I, quarterfinals
**Longest tie duration** 13 hours, 45 minutes Italy defeated Poland in 2004 Europe/Africa Zone Group II, Final
**Longest tie-break** 30 points (16--14) Paolo Lorenzi defeated Marco Chiudinelli (SUI) in 2016 World Group, first round
**Longest final set** 28 games (15--13) Nestor / Pospisil (CAN) defeated Bracciali / Fognini in 2013 World Group, quarterfinals
**Most games in a set** 38 (20--18) Alex Olmedo (USA) defeated Orlando Sirola in 1958 Inter-zonal Final
**Most games in a rubber** 79 Barry MacKay (tennis) (USA) defeated Nicola Pietrangeli in 1960 Inter-zonal Final
**Most games in a tie** 281 Italy defeated United States in 1960 Inter-zonal Final
**Most decisive victory (best of 5 rubbers)** 15 sets (15--0) Italy defeated Monaco in 1968 Europe Zone A, quarterfinals
**Most decisive victory (best of 3 rubbers)** 4 sets (6--2) Italy defeated Croatia in 2022 Davis Cup Finals, Group A
**Longest winning run** 9 ties 1976 Europe Zone B, preliminary round Quarterfinal -- 1977 Inter-zonal Semifinal (from 30 April 1976 until 16 September 1977)
### Most ties and wins {#most_ties_and_wins}
Rank Player
------ ----------------------------------------------- ----
1 66
2 46
3 38
4 34
4 **`{{sortname|Simone|Bolelli}}`{=mediawiki}** 34
6 32
6 32
8 **`{{sortname|Fabio|Fognini}}`{=mediawiki}** 30
9 28
10 27
10 27
: Most ties played
Rank Player
------ ---------------------------------------------- -----
1 120
2 64
3 57
4 55
5 44
6 41
7 38
8 **`{{sortname|Fabio|Fognini}}`{=mediawiki}** 35
9 30
10 29
: Most rubbers won
Rank Player
------ -------- --------- -------
1 21--6 77.8%
2 29--9 76.3%
3 30--10 75%
4 120--44 73.2%
5 25--10 71.4%
6 55--24 69.6%
7 38--17 69.1%
8 44--22 66.7%
9 41--21 66.1%
10 28--15 65.1%
: Highest win percentage
## Performance timeline {#performance_timeline}
The Italian team has participated in 91 editions of the Davis Cup since 1922.
------- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --- ---- ---
**W** F SF QF #R RR Z# PO A NH P
------- ----- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- --- ---- ---
: style=\"text-align:left\" \| **Key**
**1921--1940** *Challenge Round era*
---------------- -----------------------
21
17 A
1941--1960 *Challenge Round era*
41
13 NH
1961--1980 *Challenge Round era*
61
20
1981--2000 *World Group*
81
20 1R
2001--2020 *World Group*
01
20 PO
2021--2040 *Davis Cup Finals*
21
4 QF
## Record
Since Italy\'s debut in 1922, they have played against 48 nations with a winning record against 36 nations.
As of 9 July 2024, Italy has a perfect 100% winning record against 19 nations. The best of these is against Poland, achieving 100% of wins after 9 ties. Italy has not won a tie against three nations. The worst of these is against Canada, as they have been unable to record a win after four ties.
| 515 |
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| 3 |
9,988,540 |
# Italy Davis Cup team
## Results
### Key to eras and positions result {#key_to_eras_and_positions_result}
- **Challenge Round era (until 1971)**: the previous Davis Cup Champion would have a bye to and host the Challenge Round Final. Thus the losing team in the Final (or Inter-zonal final) was the third-placed team. For the purposes of this table, the third placed team is grouped as semifinalists and the Zonal finalists (fourth and fifth placed teams) are grouped as quarterfinalists.
- **1972--1980**: the previous Davis Cup Champion now had to compete in all rounds. There were four zones consisting of America, Eastern, Europe A and Europe B, with the competition culminating in a four team knockout between zonal winners. The zonal finalists were the equivalent of Davis Cup quarterfinalists.
- **Since 1981**: World Group (1981--2018), Davis Cup Finals (from 2019) consisting of 16 or 18 teams.
- **Abbreviations**: POW = Winner of World Group Playoff (1981--2018); POL = Lost in World Group Playoff (1981--2018); GS = Did not advance past the Group Stage of the Davis Cup Finals (from 2019); DNQ = Did not qualify for World Group Playoff
### Results table {#results_table}
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Result | Total | Challenge Round era\ | |
| | | (until 1971) | |
+======================+=======+======================+============================================+
| 1972--1980 | | Since 1981 | |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| \# | Years | \# | Years |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| **Champions** | 3 | 0 | |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Runners-Up | 6 | 2 | 1960, 1961 |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Semifinalists | 11 | 6 | 1928, 1930, 1949, 1952, 1955, 1958 |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Quarterfinalists | 20 | 5 | 1932, 1956, 1959, 1962, 1968 |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Other results | | | |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Not in Top 5\ | 41 | 28 | 1922, 1923, 1924, 1925, 1926, 1927, 1929,\ |
| or Zonal Final;\ | | | 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938, 1939,\ |
| Lost in First Round\ | | | 1948, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1954, 1957, 1963,\ |
| Group Stage | | | 1964, 1965, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1970, 1971 |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
| Not in World Group\ | 11 | | |
| or Davis Cup Finals | | | |
+----------------------+-------+----------------------+--------------------------------------------+
## Winning teams {#winning_teams}
**1976**
- Adriano Panatta
- Corrado Barazzutti
- Paolo Bertolucci
- Tonino Zugarelli
- Cap. Nicola Pietrangeli
**2023**
-
-
-
-
-
- Cap. Filippo Volandri
**2024**
-
-
-
-
-
- Cap
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| 4 |
9,988,568 |
# Demographics of Minneapolis
thumb\|right\|250px\|People walking and biking on Franklin Avenue in 2016.
The **demographics of Minneapolis** are tracked by the United States Census Bureau, with additional data gathered by the Minnesota State Demographic Center and the City of Minneapolis itself. Minneapolis is the largest city in the U.S. state of Minnesota and the county seat of Hennepin County.
As of the 2020 United States Census, the city\'s population was estimated to be 429,606. The racial composition of the city is predominantly non-Hispanic White, making up approximately 58.1% of the population, followed by African Americans at 18.9%, and Asian at 5.8%. Hispanic or Latinos of any race constitute around 10% of the city\'s inhabitants.
Minneapolis has a growing immigrant population that includes communities of Somali, Hmong, and Latino immigrants, among others. The 2021 ACS 5-Year estimates 14.8% of Minneapolis residents were not born in the United States.
The age distribution within the city is relatively balanced, with a median age of 31.7 years. Economic factors also play a significant role in the demographic landscape, with a median household income of \$58,993 as of 2020, and a poverty rate of 20.7%.
Educational attainment in Minneapolis is higher than the national average, with 87.9% of adults 25 years and older holding a high school degree, and nearly half have a bachelor\'s degree or higher.
## Population and age {#population_and_age}
### Early years to mid-20th century {#early_years_to_mid_20th_century}
In its infancy, Minneapolis experienced rapid population growth due to industrialization, immigration, and the city\'s strategic location near the Mississippi River. This early exponential growth saw a moderate stabilization during the first half of the 20th century. Despite facing significant challenges such as the Great Depression, Minneapolis exhibited resilience, with its population growing to 464,356 by 1930 --- an increase of 22.0%.
### Post-war period {#post_war_period}
The years following World War II presented a new set of challenges for the city. Population growth peaked at 521,718, after which Minneapolis experienced a gradual decline. The exodus to suburban areas was in part due to factors like \"white flight,\" urban decay, and increased automobile ownership. By 1980, the city had lost a considerable number of residents, with the population dipping to 370,951.
### Late 20th century to present {#late_20th_century_to_present}
The narrative changed in the latter years of the 20th century and into the 21st century as Minneapolis began to regain its population. Initiatives to rejuvenate downtown areas, improved public transportation, and an influx of younger professionals and immigrants contributed to this renewal. Although the population remained fairly stable from 2000 to 2010, it experienced a significant increase of 12.4% by 2020, reaching 429,954 residents. Downtown Minneapolis has also seen a resurgence, thanks in part to increased housing production, boasting over 60,000 inhabitants.
### Metropolitan area dynamics {#metropolitan_area_dynamics}
The Minneapolis--Saint Paul metropolitan area also witnessed notable transformations. While the metropolitan area doubled in population since 1950, the proportion of metropolitan area residents in Minneapolis and its twin city, St. Paul, dwindled from 70% in 1950 to just 20% by 2010. Suburban expansion was a crucial factor in this demographic shift.
### Recent age demographics {#recent_age_demographics}
According to the 2021 ACS 5-Year estimates, the population of Minneapolis has a diverse age distribution that suggests an overall aging trend. Specifically, there is a noticeable increase in the 25-34 age bracket compared to the 2010 Census, while younger age groups have slightly diminished.
- 5 to 14 years: 10.9%
- 15 to 44 years: 52.4%
- Under 18 years: 19.7%
- 18 to 24 years: 13.2%
- 60 years and over: 14.9%
- 65 years and over: 10.2%
- 75 years and over: 3.5%
| 602 |
Demographics of Minneapolis
| 0 |
9,988,568 |
# Demographics of Minneapolis
## Race and ethnicity {#race_and_ethnicity}
### Contemporary
As of the 2020 Census, the racial composition was 58.1% non-Hispanic White, 18.9% Black or African American, 10.4% Hispanic or Latino, 5.8% Asian or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, 1.2% American Indian, and 0.5% some other race. 5.24% were of two or more races.
The city's younger population has an estimated composition of 35% being non-Hispanic White, 32% Black, 17% Hispanic, 5% Asian, 2% Native American, 12% multiracial, and 9% of some other race.
### Historical
Minneapolis was overwhelmingly white for much of its history, with a composition around 99.0% white until approximately 1950.
Black residents began settling in Minneapolis as early as the late 19th century, particularly after the American Civil War, when northern cities were considered safer from the racial politics of the South. Over time, many were concentrated in public housing, a trend that was later challenged and dispersed through lawsuits in the 1990s. After the 1960s when much of the white flight occurred, the black population largely settled on the north side of Minneapolis.
The Asian population in Minneapolis, although historically small, has grown in recent years to about 17,700 individuals. Originally consisting mainly of southern Chinese labor workers in the late 19th century, the city has since welcomed immigrants from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and Korea. The latter half of the 20th century saw an influx of Southeast Asians, particularly following the Vietnam War.
Since then, the city has undergone significant diversification. Immigrants from countries such as Mexico, Somalia, Ethiopia, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia have contributed to this diversity. Minneapolis is home to one of the largest Somali communities in North America, with approximately one-third of the 85,700 people with Somali ancestry in the U.S. residing in Minnesota as of 2010. There has also been a noticeable increase in the Mexican population, particularly in the South and Northeast regions of Minneapolis.
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| Year | White | Black | Asian\ | Native | Other\ | Two or\ | Hispanic or Latino | Non-Hispanic White |
| | | | (incl. Pacific Is.) | | race | more | | |
+=============+=======+=======+=====================+========+========+=========+====================+====================+
| 1860 | 99.6% | 0.3% | | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1870 | 99.2% | 0.8% | | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1880 | 99.2% | 0.8% | | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1890 | 99.2% | 0.8% | | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1900 | 99.2% | 0.8% | | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1910 | 99.1% | 0.9% | | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1920 | 98.9% | 1.0% | 0.1% | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1930 | 99.0% | 0.9% | 0.1% | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1940 | 98.9% | 0.9% | 0.1% | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1950 | 98.4% | 1.3% | 0.2% | 0.1% | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1960 | 96.8% | 2.4% | 0.3% | 0.4% | 0.1% | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1970 | 93.6% | 4.4% | 0.4% | 1.3% | 0.3% | | 0.9% | 92.8% |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1980 | 87.3% | 7.7% | 1.1% | 2.4% | 1.5% | | 1.3% | 86.7% |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 1990 | 78.4% | 13.0% | 4.3% | 3.3% | 0.9% | | 2.1% | 77.5% |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 2000 | 65.1% | 18.0% | 6.1% | 2.2% | 4.1% | 4.4% | 7.6% | 62.5% |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 2010 | 63.8% | 18.3% | 5.6% | 1.7% | 0.3% | 3.4% | 10.5% | 60.3% |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 2020 | 59.5% | 18.9% | 5.8% | 1.2% | 0.5% | 5.2% | 10.4% | 58.0% |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| 2021 (est.) | 62.4% | 16.6% | 5.3% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 10.2% | 9.8% | 61.1% |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
| | | | | | | | | |
+-------------+-------+-------+---------------------+--------+--------+---------+--------------------+--------------------+
: Historical racial and ethnic demographics since 1860
| 674 |
Demographics of Minneapolis
| 1 |
9,988,568 |
# Demographics of Minneapolis
## Languages
The language landscape of Minneapolis is predominantly English-speaking, with 78.8% of the population using only English at home. Given that 8.4% speak English less than \"very well\", the city provides services in several other languages, including Spanish (spoken by 7.1%), Somali (3.7%), Hmong (2.2%), and American Sign Language. Other languages spoken by smaller percentages of the population include Oromo, Russian, Amharic, Chinese, and French.
The following table presents data from the 2000 Census, detailing the languages spoken at home in Minneapolis.
Language Speakers \%
------------------ ---------- -------
English 288,930 80.94
Spanish 25,580 7.17
Hmong 9,665 2.71
Cushite 7,525 2.11
French 2,585 0.72
Vietnamese 2,465 0.69
German 1,675 0.47
Arabic 1,579 0.44
Laotian 1,504 0.42
Amharic 1,485 0.42
Chinese 1,220 0.34
Russian 975 0.27
Japanese 713 0.20
Korean 659 0.18
Norwegian 594 0.17
Italian 574 0.16
Swedish 540 0.15
Polish 520 0.15
Mon-Khmer 480 0.13
Tagalog 445 0.12
Hindi 425 0.12
Swahili 425 0.12
Kru, Ibo, Yoruba 405 0.11
Ukrainian 394 0.11
Ojibwa 379 0.11
Serbo-Croatian 354 0.10
Tibetan 309 0.09
Mande 285 0.08
Lettish 245 0.07
Greek 240 0.07
Persian 240 0.07
Urdu 235 0.07
Finnish 225 0.06
Mandarin 225 0.06
Portuguese 215 0.06
Dakota 204 0.06
Telugu 185 0.05
Thai 160 0.04
Bengali 140 0.04
Hebrew 124 0.03
Turkish 119 0.03
Fulani 105 0.03
Dutch 100 0.03
Czech 95 0.03
Cantonese 90 0.03
Croatian 85 0.02
Gujarathi 85 0.02
Tamil 85 0.02
French Creole 80 0.02
Romanian 80 0.02
Bantu 75 0.02
Danish 70 0.02
Nepali 70 0.02
Bulgarian 65 0.02
Indonesian 65 0.02
Irish Gaelic 65 0.02
Nilotic 55 0.02
Other Indian 50 0.01
Serbian 50 0.01
Hungarian 49 0.01
Efik 45 0.01
Yiddish 40 0.01
Malayalam 39 0.01
Formosan 35 0.01
Marathi 30 0.01
Pashto 30 0.01
Afrikaans 25 0.01
Hocąk 25 0.01
Lithuanian 20 0.01
Total 356,954 100
## Households and families {#households_and_families}
According to the 2005-2007 American Community Survey, there were a total of 155,155 households, out of which 45.3% were family households and 54.7% were non-family households. Of the family households, 21.9% had children under the age of 18 living in them while 29.1% were married couples. In addition, 4.8% of family households were made up of a male householder with no wife present and 11.4% were made up of a female householder with no husband present. Non-family households were 54.7% of all households. Of the non-family households, 42.7% were made up of a householder living alone and 7.4% were made up of a householder living alone who was 65 years of age and over. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 3.11.
| 440 |
Demographics of Minneapolis
| 2 |
9,988,568 |
# Demographics of Minneapolis
## Income, employment and disparity {#income_employment_and_disparity}
After the recent boom of the 1990s, Minneapolis still lags behind its suburban counterparts in terms of income and employment. Job growth was double in suburban areas and with it, the labor force is growing faster outside the city. Though city wages are exceeding regional jobs, most of the increases are in the downtown area and in corporate industries where employees may not necessarily live inside the city. When downtown is excluded from the statistics, Minneapolis\' neighborhood wages are 92.0% of their suburban counterparts. Neighborhoods have gained 5,300 jobs since 1996 but the industry makeup has changed with stable manufacturing and trade jobs losing the most in favor of education, health and service jobs.
Though jobs are leaving the city, Minneapolis has a highly educated work force. The share of adults in the labor force was 70.0% and the recorded low unemployment rate was 4.7% in 2002. However, racial and ethnic minorities lag behind White counterparts with 15.0% of African Americans and 13.0% of Hispanics holding bachelor\'s degrees, compared to 42.0% of European Americans. About 15.8% of families and 21.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.1% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those aged 65 or over.
Regionally, the population is continuing to decentralize away from Minneapolis, relocating families and middle to upper income brackets outside the city. Growth in the middle class has been slow with the 2000 median household income at \$37,974 and the median family income at \$48,602. However, the median household income now stands at \$44,478 and the median family income now stands at \$59,816.
## Religion
According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 70% of the population of the Minneapolis metro area identified themselves as Christians, with 46% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 21% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. while 23% claim no religious affiliation. The same study says that other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively make up about 5% of the population.
Affiliation \% of population
----------------------------------- ------------------
**Christian** {{bartable\|70
Protestant {{bartable\|46
*Lutheran* {{bartable\|23
*Historically Black Protestant* {{bartable\|4
*Methodist* {{bartable\|3
*Other Protestant* {{bartable\|16
Roman Catholic {{bartable\|21
Mormon {{bartable\|1
Eastern Orthodox {{bartable\|1
Other Christian {{bartable\|1
**Other religion or association** {{bartable\|5
**Unaffiliated** {{bartable\|23
Nothing in particular {{bartable\|16
Agnostic {{bartable\|4
Atheist {{bartable\|3
: style=\"font-size:98%\" \| Religious affiliation in the Minneapolis metro area by movement (2014)
31% of residents attend religious service at least once a week, 33% attend at least a few times a year, and 36% do only seldom or never at all. 42% pray at least daily. 69% believe in Heaven, and 51% believe in Hell
| 450 |
Demographics of Minneapolis
| 3 |
9,988,607 |
# Stan White (linebacker)
**Stanley Ray White** (born October 24, 1949) is an American former professional football player who was a linebacker in the National Football League (NFL) and United States Football League (USFL). A defensive leader for the NFL\'s Baltimore Colts and Detroit Lions, White later became a analyst for televised games of the Baltimore Ravens, successor to the Colts in the league.
White was the first active player to sign with the USFL in 1983 and was named to the All-USFL team during that year.
## Early life {#early_life}
White was born in Dover, Ohio and grew up in Kent, Ohio. White attended Theodore Roosevelt High School. He was the only player in the history of Ohio High School sports to play in the state all-star games for football, basketball, and baseball. He was 1st team All State twice in football, All State in Basketball as a senior averaging 25 points a game, and All State in baseball playing catcher as a senior hitting 0.467 (He pitched a championship game and won 1-0 with 17 strikeouts). Against Ravenna his senior year he scored every way possible: He scored a touchdown and a two point conversion, kicked a field goal and an extra point, and tackled the quarterback in the end zone for a safety. His senior year ten Roosevelt players played both offense and defense, and six of those ended up playing in the NFL. White graduated in 1968.
## Football career {#football_career}
### College
White played college football at Ohio State University, where he was an All-Big Ten and All-American selection. He also played baseball and basketball at OSU. When he left OSU he held the OSU records for career tackles, tackles in a season (1970), and tackles in a game (Michigan State 1970). He also briefly held the record for most extra points kicked in a season(1969).
### NFL
White was selected in 1972, the 438th player out of 442 taken. White played for the Baltimore Colts and the Detroit Lions. He was named First Team All NFL in 1975 by The Football News, and First Team All NFL in 1977 by The New York Daily News.
White scored two touchdowns, both from interception returns and both for the Colts; the first was in 1973 against the Houston Oilers from a Dan Pastorini interception, the second coming against the New York Giants from a Craig Morton interception in 1975. He was a UPI 1st Team All AFC linebacker in 1977. White still holds the single season NFL record for linebackers of eight interceptions in a season (1975), and is second all-time for linebackers with 34 career interceptions. He is third all-time in takeaways for linebackers with 49, behind Jack Ham and Ray Lewis. He was selected as a linebacker on the Baltimore Colts All-Time Team. He is also the only player n NFL history to have at least seven sacks and seven interceptions in a single season(1977-8 sacks,7 int). In fact only four times has a player had at 6 sacks and 6 interceptions in a season and White did it twice(1975,1977) Rodney Harrison and Dave Duerson are the other two.
White left the NFL after the 1982 season.
### USFL
Following his departure from the Lions, White played in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Chicago Blitz and the Arizona Wranglers, becoming the first active NFL player to sign with the new league. He was All-USFL, and was also selected to the Madden All-Time USFL Team.
## Broadcasting and other endeavors {#broadcasting_and_other_endeavors}
Since 2006, White has worked as a color analyst for the Baltimore Ravens\' radio broadcasts, teaming with Gerry Sandusky, who does the play-by-play, and former Ravens player Qadry Ismail. He also contributes to other programming on Baltimore station WBAL-AM. He previously worked for ESPN, NBC Radio NFL games, and Home Team Sports.
White is a lawyer, graduating magna cum laude from the University of Baltimore School of Law in 1978. He went at night during the season and full-time in the off season, completing his degree in four years. His first job was with Ron Shapiro, noted sports lawyer. His classmates included sports agents Tom Condon and Tony Agnone.
White\'s book, *If These Walls Could Talk: Baltimore Ravens*, published by Triumph Books, was released in October 2017.
| 716 |
Stan White (linebacker)
| 0 |
9,988,607 |
# Stan White (linebacker)
## Personal life {#personal_life}
White and his wife have two daughters and a son
| 18 |
Stan White (linebacker)
| 1 |
9,988,610 |
# South Africa Davis Cup team
The **South Africa men\'s national tennis team** represents South Africa in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Tennis South Africa.South Africa won the Davis Cup in 1974 by default as India withdrew from the finals as a protest against apartheid policies. They currently compete in Group II of the Europe/Africa Zone. They competed in the World Group from 1995 to 1998.
## History
South Africa competed in its first Davis Cup in 1913. Their player with the most single wins all-time is Cliff Drysdale with 32 and in doubles it is Frew McMillan with 23
| 104 |
South Africa Davis Cup team
| 0 |
9,988,618 |
# Transport (band)
**Transport** is a three-piece independent rock band from Brisbane, Queensland, made up of Keir Nuttall (guitar, vocals), Scott Saunders (bass, vocals) and Steve Pope (drums).
## History
Transport was formed in 2001 when all three members were studying at the Queensland Conservatorium of Music. In 2003 they won Australia\'s National Campus Band Competition.
Transport also tours and records as the band of Brisbane singer and Sony-BMG artist Kate Miller-Heidke, joined by singer and violinist Sallie Campbell.
Transport\'s material is written and developed co-operatively by the band, and Keir Nuttall has also contributed songs to Kate Miller-Heidke\'s repertoire, notably her turntable hit *Space They Cannot Touch* from 2004\'s *Telegram*, and her 2007 single *Words*.
Transport\'s first two EPs and other songs including the single *Sunday Driver* were recorded by producer Guy Cooper (Serotonin Productions) on the Gold Coast.
The band has continued to record and perform independently of Kate Miller-Heidke, mainly at Brisbane venues but also on international and interstate tours, and live radio broadcasts. The band\'s song *Sunday Driver* was downloaded a record 24,000 times from the website of youth radio network Triple J, and in Britain *Stone Hearted* has been aired on BBC Radio 1 and on Kerrang! Radio.
In April 2007 Transport appeared at the Roxy Theatre in Los Angeles as part of the Musexpo music and media conference. In May--June 2007 the band toured independent venues in the UK as part of the [CMEAS Spring Tour](http://www.cmeas.com/). In November 2007 Transport\'s first full-length album *Inner Chimp* was pre-released for download
| 255 |
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| 0 |
9,988,626 |
# Masanori Morita
is a Japanese manga artist known for his works *Rokudenashi Blues* and *Rookies*. He made his debut while still in high school and was an assistant of Tetsuo Hara on *Fist of the North Star*
| 38 |
Masanori Morita
| 0 |
9,988,631 |
# Hokushin Line
The `{{Nihongo|'''Hokushin Line'''|北神線|Hokushin-sen}}`{=mediawiki} is a line of Kobe Municipal Subway connecting Tanigami in Kita-ku, Kobe and Shin-Kobe in Chūō-ku, Kobe. The 7.5 km line has only these two stations.
Formerly operated by the third-sector **Hokushin Kyuko Electric Railway** (:ja:北神急行電鉄; a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Toho Group), in 2020 the company was absorbed into the Kobe Municipal Transportation Bureau, and the Hokushin Line became part of the subway network.
## Operations
All trains of the line operate through services to the Seishin-Yamate Line beyond Shin-Kobe Station.
## Stations
## History
The Hokushin Line opened on 2 April 1988, including the 7179 m Hokushin Tunnel.
The line was built by `{{Nihongo|Hokushin Kyuko Railway Co., Ltd.|北神急行電鉄株式会社|Hokushin Kyūkō Dentetsu Kabushiki-gaisha}}`{=mediawiki}, a private railway company in Kobe, Japan. It was headquartered in Kita-ku, Kobe. Investors in the company included Hankyu Railway and Kobe Electric Railway, and it was a subsidiary of Hankyu Hanshin Holdings. On 4 March 2020, the Kobe Municipal Transportation Bureau announced that it would acquire Hokushin Kyuko Railway Co., Ltd. due to the heavy debt burden that had been incurred by Hokushin Kyuko; the transaction was completed on 31 May, after which operation of the Hokushin Line was transferred to the transportation bureau
| 204 |
Hokushin Line
| 0 |
9,988,680 |
# India Davis Cup team
The **India men\'s national tennis team** represents India in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the All India Tennis Association.
India competed in its first Davis Cup in 1921. India finished as runners-up 3 times (1966, 1974, 1987), the most by any nation from Asia proper. In 1974, the final was scratched and South Africa were awarded the Davis Cup after India refused to participate in the final due to the South African government\'s apartheid policies. India were strong favorites to win with Vijay Amritraj and Anand Amritraj at their best.
Only Romania and India have contested more than one final without being crowned champion. In the 1974 Eastern Zone Final, India and Australia established a record for the most number of games in a tie, 327
| 134 |
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| 0 |
9,988,691 |
# Peter de Neumann
Captain **Bernard Peter de Neumann** GM (18 September 1917 -- 16 September 1972) was a British Merchant Navy officer. His seagoing career included being sunk twice in the space of one month, and being charged and convicted of piracy by the Vichy French, after which he was imprisoned in Timbuktu.
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
During the Second World War, De Neumann was awarded both the George Medal and the Lloyd\'s War Medal for Bravery at Sea for removing a 250 kilogram bomb from deep in the engine-room of SS *Tewkesbury* and dropping it over his ship\'s side during a Luftwaffe attack off Aberdeen on 1 March 1941. SS *Tewkesbury* was torpedoed and sunk by gunfire from *U-69* on 21 May 1941. All of the crew survived and escaped in two boats; de Neumann\'s lifeboat was picked up by the American freighter SS *Exhibitor*. He was later transferred to HMS *Cilicia*. (SS *Tewkesbury*\'s other lifeboat was rescued by SS *Antinous* after 13 days.)
HMS *Cilicia* arrived at Freetown on 17 June 1941, and de Neumann volunteered as Second Officer aboard the Royal Navy prize vessel SS *Criton* (captured from the Vichy French). SS *Criton* sailed from Freetown for the UK on 19 June 1941, but was intercepted by two Vichy France warships, *Air France IV* and *Edith Germaine*, on 21 June and sunk by gunfire. *Criton*\'s crew were escorted under armed guard to Conakry, where the executive officers were tried and found guilty of piracy by a Vichy French naval court-martial and imprisoned in Timbuktu. They managed to escape, and walked 400 mi up the Niger River before they were recaptured and returned to Timbuktu. De Neumann was eventually released at the end of December 1942, and arrived back in the UK aboard the armed merchant cruiser HMS *Asturias* in mid-January 1943.
De Neumann received the George Medal from King George VI for his bravery while aboard SS *Tewkesbury* in mid-February 1943.
In 1945 he captained the ex-Luftwaffe Flak Ship *Hilde* on a voyage to Leningrad, as part of the division of German ships amongst the Allies, returning overland by train and ferry to the UK. He then captained the *Empire Maymorn* on her delivery to Georgetown, British Guiana, returning to the UK as Captain of the *Ariguani*, which had formerly been HMS *Ariguani*, the very first Fighter Catapult Ship and a forerunner of the Catapult Armed Merchantmen. From 1947 to 1953, he captained `{{ship|HMRC|Vigilant|1947|6}}`{=mediawiki}.
| 409 |
Peter de Neumann
| 0 |
9,988,691 |
# Peter de Neumann
## Port of London Authority {#port_of_london_authority}
De Neumann began developing thoughts on the potential for a port-control system while he was captain of HMRC *Vigilant*. These ideas followed on from considering such incidents as the accidental ramming of the submarine `{{ship|HMS|Truculent|P315|6}}`{=mediawiki} by *Divina* in 1950, the Norwegian vessel *Baalbek*{{\'}}s collision with the Nore Army Fort in 1953, and the disastrous North Sea flood that resulted in the flooding of Canvey Island, Foulness and the East Coast in 1953. In these and other situations, rescue and intelligence gathering were severely hampered by a lack of centralised command and control, which led to a lack of situational awareness.
In 1953, de Neumann resigned his command of HMRC *Vigilant* following the Spithead Review and transferred to the Port of London Authority. He then put in place a feasibility study of a port-control system which he oversaw throughout its development and ultimate installation at Gravesend, which was completed in 1960.
He served as Harbourmaster, and, after his health deteriorated owing to his earlier imprisonment in West Africa, Dockmaster at Tilbury.
### Commendations
De Neumann was commended for his handling of the rescue attempt following the sinking of the Tug *Sunfish* under Tower Bridge on 12 March 1960. The *Sunfish* was aft and the *Sun VI* forward of the Ellerman Lines\' *Palermo*, dragging through Tower Bridge inward bound in the Upper Pool, when the *Sunfish* was dragged on the Northern Buttress of the bridge. Her stern struck, rolling her over, and she sank with the loss of her Chief Engineer. She was raised the next day, refurbished, and returned to service.
Another commendation came for his part in rescuing the crew of the Tug *Kenia* when she sank in the New Lock bellmouth, Tilbury Dock, on 25 August 1964. The *Crested Cock* and the *Kenia* were undocking the *Maashaven* from Tilbury Dock New Entrance. The ship started her swing to starboard in the Bellmouth and the *Kenia* was on the port bow when coming around, the *Maashaven* went ahead and pinned her to the upper dock head before she cleared the ship\'s bow. The *Kenia* was cut from the deck to the keel in the after end of the engine room starboard side. A line was passed to the pier head and secured, and all crew rapidly taken ashore, before she sank. *Kenia* was raised by the PLA Salvage Department and scrapped.
De Neumann was also commended for his attempt to save the life of a crane driver injured when his crane toppled across the open hold of a ship in Tilbury Dock on 10 March 1966. The crane driver died before he could be released.`{{fact|date=January 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
## Death
A few days before his death, he was involved in another incident with a toppled crane at Tilbury. This time the driver survived.`{{fact|date=January 2023}}`{=mediawiki} De Neumann was killed in an accident at Tilbury Docks on 16 September 1972, two days before his 55th birthday. His ashes were scattered on the River Thames in Gravesend Reach.
## Museum pieces {#museum_pieces}
Three items which de Neumann brought home from Timbuktu were on loan to the Imperial War Museum in London and displayed in the Survival at Sea Exhibition
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# James Oldshue
**James Young Oldshue** (April 1925 -- January 16, 2007) was a chemical engineer with more than a hundred publications in scientific journals, numerous book chapters in textbooks and manuals, many patents, and an important textbook of his own, *Fluid Mixing Technology* Oldshue completed his B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago although his education was interrupted by service on the Manhattan Project from 1944 to 1945 in World War II. From 1950 to 1992, Oldshue worked as vice president and director of research at Lightnin\' Mixers Corporation of Rochester, New York and gave his time to both national and international engineering societies, winning numerous engineering awards and honorary degrees including service as president of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers in 1979 and election to the prestigious National Academy of Engineering in 1980. In addition, Oldshue gave extensively of himself to his church and the YMCA. He served on the North American Alliance of Reformed Churches and was a member of its Board of Foreign Missions. He worked locally for the YMCA in Rochester and visited more than forty different YMCAs in other countries as part of his work for the national YMCA organization and its efforts to support and stabilize YMCAs in the Middle East and Africa.
In his last years, Oldshue continued to teach technical seminars and taught his fellow seniors through the O.A.S.I.S. program funded by Lord and Taylor, offering a course called *Science Made Simple* in Rochester, Sarasota, Florida and Portland, Oregon. He is survived by his wife, Betty, his three sons, Paul, Richard, and Robert, and seven grandchildren.
He died at Sarasota Memorial Hospital in Sarasota, Florida, after a brief illness
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| 0 |
9,988,762 |
# Tomas von Brömssen
**Tomas Birger von Brömssen** (born 8 May 1943) is a Swedish theatre, film, and television actor.
von Brömssen was born in Örgryte and grew up in Gothenburg. His father, Birger von Brömssen, was a painter. He studied Scandinavian languages, intending to become a teacher, but decided to apply to Malmö Theatre Academy and was accepted. He
He played leading roles in *Albert & Herbert*, *My Life as a Dog* (*Mitt liv som hund*), *`{{Interlanguage link multi|Dykaren|sv}}`{=mediawiki}* (English title *Baltic Sea*, *Salvation* or *The Diver*), Mannen från Mallorca (English title *The Man from Majorca*) and *Sofies verden* (English title *Sophie\'s World*).
Together with Lars-Eric Brossner, he wrote the 2003 play *The Story of the Little Gentleman*, based on Barbro Lindgren\'s book *The Story of the Little Old Man*.
He was first married to Eva von Brömssen from 1966 to 2000 (her death). He remarried on 21 November 2004 to the scientist Dorte Velling Pedersen, close friend to his first wife Eva. They currently reside in Frölunda, outside Gothenburg.
## Awards
In 1992, von Brömssen received Povel Ramel\'s prize *Karamelodiktstipendiet*. In 1995, he won the Guldbagge Award in the category best male actor in a supporting role, for his role in *All Things Fair*. He was nominated for the same award in 2019.
He received the royal medal *Litteris et Artibus* in 2014
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Tomas von Brömssen
| 0 |
9,988,779 |
# Kerikeri Airport
**Kerikeri Airport** `{{Airport codes|KKE|NZKK}}`{=mediawiki}, also known as **Bay of Islands Airport**, is an airport near Kerikeri, New Zealand. It is a ten-minute drive from Kerikeri and a 50-minute flight to or from Auckland Airport.
## History
The airport was initially a grass airstrip created in the early 1930s or possibly earlier. During World War II the airport was taken over by the Defence Department for Royal New Zealand Air Force training. After the war ended it was once again run by local government.
In 1972, Mount Cook Airlines decided to use the airport to connect to tourist resorts. The service failed through lack of patronage. A Kerikeri-Auckland route was started by the airline but was not widely used. It was not until 1992, after the transfer of the airport to Northern Airports Corporation (now merged into Far North Holdings Ltd), that Eagle Airways (a subsidiary of Air New Zealand) took over scheduled service and patronage on the route increased. Eagle Airways ceased its Kerikeri service in 2015. Air New Zealand Link subsidiary, Air Nelson, (who had been operating to Kerikeri on occasion) took over the Auckland to Kerikeri route using a 50-seat Bombardier Dash 8 Q300. During the Auckland lockdown in August 2021 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic, Air New Zealand operated a direct service from Kerikeri to Wellington between September and December 2021. This service has not operated since. In 2024, Air New Zealand began operating the ATR 72-600 to Auckland, complementing the Dash 8.
In 2008, Salt Air began twice daily flights to North Shore Aerodrome in Auckland with a Cessna Caravan, utilising the Northern Busway to transport passengers to the city centre traffic free. That same year the airline began tours to a private airfield near Cape Reinga from Kerikeri with a Gippsland GA8 Airvan. The North Shore service was sold to Flight Hauraki (now Air Auckland) in 2012, before being dropped in February 2013 by the airline, less than three months after it was taken over.
Salt Air operates Cape Reinga tours and uses Kerikeri for fixed wing operations with its sole Gippsland GA8.
The runway was extended in 2014--15 and the apron area was strengthened and expanded to allow more aircraft to park. This was paid for by Air New Zealand. In October 2016 it was announced the terminal would be expanded due to an increase in passenger numbers with a record 87,000 in 2015, an increase of 33 percent since Dash 8 began servicing the Auckland-Kerikeri route.
The government announced on 16 March 2018 that the airport required a new terminal to meet demand; it was one of the fastest-growing regional airports in the country handling a record 110,000 passengers in the 2017/2018 financial year. The existing terminal was not fit for purpose and did not meet Air New Zealand\'s requirements, while growth in passenger numbers also put pressure on the existing facilities. The new \$4.75 million terminal opened on 16 June 2019 with improved arrivals and departures, baggage screening and luggage collection facilities. \$1.75 million of the funding came from the government\'s annual \$1 billion provincial growth fund, announced by the Regional economic development minister Shane Jones.
In 2024 Barrier Air decided to serve Kerikeri from Auckland to introduce competition on the Kerikeri to Auckland Route.
## Light aircraft transit {#light_aircraft_transit}
Kerikeri Airport is used by light aircraft arriving or departing from New Zealand. Norfolk Island Airport is 890 km (481 nautical miles) north-west of Kerikeri, 1613 km (870 nautical miles) to Nouméa in New Caledonia, or 1439 km (777 nautical miles) to Lord Howe Island which can be used as a stepping stone to the Australian mainland.
These distances are within the range of many light aircraft when fitted with long range tanks, while the direct distance without using Norfolk Island as a stepping stone is usually beyond their capabilities. From New Caledonia other Pacific Islands such as Vanuatu and Fiji are within range and can be used as further \'stepping stones\' to the other South Pacific and North Pacific destinations through the \'island hopping\' technique. Kaitaia Airport also has fuel available and is 52 km (28 nautical miles) closer to Norfolk Island than Kerikeri.
| 696 |
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| 0 |
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# Kerikeri Airport
## Airlines and destinations {#airlines_and_destinations}
`{{Airport-dest-list
| [[Air New Zealand]] | [[Auckland Airport|Auckland]]<ref>http://3rdlevelnz.blogspot.co.nz/2014/07/kerikeri-flight-changes.html Kerikeri Flight Changes</ref>
| [[Barrier Air]] | [[Auckland Airport|Auckland]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Barrier Air spreads wings to Bay of Islands to shake-up national carrier |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/flights-to-kerikeri-set-to-be-more-competitive-as-barrier-air-spreads-its-wings/2LJHQZMC5RAS7FYS6PNCUI3K6E/ |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=4 May 2024 |language=en-NZ}}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki}
Alongside scheduled operators, Kerikeri Airport is also home to a skydive operator and the Bay of Islands Aero Club, both situated alongside the south-eastern grass runway
| 77 |
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| 1 |
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# Japan Davis Cup team
The **Japan men\'s national tennis team** represents Japan in Davis Cup tennis competition and is governed by the Japan Tennis Association.
Japan first competed at the Davis Cup in 1921, where they finished as runners-up. They were an inaugural member of the World Group in 1981 and competed at the top division until 1985 when they were relegated to the second division. They are currently competing in the World Group for the eighth time.
## History
Japan competed in its first Davis Cup in 1921 finishing as the runners-up to the United States.
## Results
Year Competition Date Venue and location Surface Opponent Score Result
---------- ------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------- ---------- ------- --------
2002 Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round 8--10 February 2002 \| `{{flagicon|KOR}}`{=mediawiki} Gunsan, South Korea Carpet, Indoor 3--2 Won
Group I, Asia/Oceania, 2nd Round 5--7 April 2002 Muang-Thong-Thani Complex, Bangkok, Thailand Hard, Outdoor 1--4 Loss
2003 Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round 7--9 February 2003 \| `{{flagicon|IND}}`{=mediawiki} R.K. Khanna Tennis Stadium, New Delhi, India Grass (Grass), Outdoor 1--4 Loss
Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round Relegation Play-offs 4--6 April 2003 Toyota City Gymnasium, Toyota, Aichi, Japan Carpet, Indoor 5--0 Won
2004 Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round 6--8 February 2004 Gelora Bung Karno Tennis Stadium, Jakarta, Indonesia Hard, Outdoor 3--2 Won
Group I, Asia/Oceania, 2nd Round 9--11 April 2004 Utsubo Tennis Center, Osaka, Japan Hard, Outdoor 3--2 Won
2004 Davis Cup World Group play-offs 24--26 September 2004 Club Naval de Campo Las Salinas, Viña del Mar, Chile Clay, Outdoor 0--5 Loss
2005 Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round 4--6 March 2005 Soleada Club, Taoyuan, Taiwan Hard (rebound ace), outdoor 2--3 Loss
Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round Relegation Play-offs 15--17 July 2005 Namihaya Dome, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan Carpet (Taraflex), Indoor 4--1 Won
2006 Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round 10--12 February 2006 Namihaya Dome, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan Carpet (Taraflex), Indoor 5--0 Won
Group I, Asia/Oceania, Semifinals 7--9 April 2006 Rama Gardens Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand Hard (Plexipave), Outdoor 2--3 Loss
2007 Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round 9--11 February 2007 Beijing International Tennis Center, Beijing, China Hard (rebound ace), indoor 4--1 Won
Group I, Asia/Oceania, Semifinals 6--8 April 2007 Namihaya Dome, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan Carpet (Taraflex), Indoor 5--0 Won
World Group, play-offs 21--23 September 2007 Namihaya Dome, Kadoma, Osaka, Japan Carpet (Taraflex), Indoor 2--3 Loss
2008 Group I, Asia/Oceania, 1st Round 8--10 February 2008 Rizal Memorial Tennis Center, Manila, Philippines Hard (Truflex Acrylic), Outdoor 5--0 Won
Group I, Asia/Oceania, Semifinals 11--13 April 2008 R.K
| 413 |
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| 0 |
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# Bedni Bugyal
**Bedni Bugyal** is a Himalayan Alpine meadow situated at an elevation of 3354 m in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state of India. Bedni Bugyal falls on the way to Roopkund near Wan village. Trisul and Nanda Ghunti are clearly visible from here. This lush green meadow is adorned with blooms in a wide range of varieties. There is a small lake named *Vaitarani* (Bedni Kund) situated amidst the meadow. The rich flora of the area includes \'Brahm Kamal\' or *Saussurea obvallata*.
## Cultural & Religious Significance {#cultural_religious_significance}
Bedni Bugyal is an important stop on the famous Nanda Devi Raj Jat. It comes just before the last stop, Homkund, a sacred pond near Roopkund. The mysterious glacial lake of Roopkund is near Bedni Bugyal and is about 12 km away. One of the most revered places in Bedni Bugyal is **Bedni Kund**, which is a holy lake also known as Baitarni Kund. Near this pond, there is an ancient temple dedicated to Goddess **Nanda Devi**, a small temple of local deity **Latu** and other small carved shrines. Every year, a smaller pilgrimage of Nanda Devi Raj Jat concludes at the temples near Bedni Kund, while the grand twelve-yearly pilgrimage continues towards Homkund.
During the pilgrimage, Bedni Kund becomes the center of important rituals. Devotees offer Pindas to their ancestors here. Many believe that taking a dip in this holy lake purifies the soul and brings God\'s blessings. A grand fair is held around the lake during the pilgrimage, where priests and devotees pray, sing hymns, and offer flowers and food to the deities.
## Accessibility
Getting to Bedni Bugyal requires a hike of about 20 km (12.4 mi) from the village of Lohajung. A shorter but steeper route to Bedni Kund starts from Wan village, which is accessible from Lohajung village via a motorable road of about 15 km. Starting from Lohajung, the trail crosses the small Neel Ganga River and passes through Didna village and **Ali Bugyal**. To reach the nearest locations of Wan or Lohajung, Rishikesh is the closest city, accessible only by road (about 250 km). From Rishikesh, the route passes through Karnprayag, Tharali, and Deval before finally reaching Lohajung. The nearest airport to Lohajung is Jolly Grant Airport in Dehradun, and the nearest railway station is Yog Nagari Rishikesh Railway Station (YNRK).
## Conservation
Bedni Bugyal is classified as a high-altitude Himalayan region, and according to folklore, plucking flowers, singing songs, playing musical instruments like the flute, shouting, dancing, and engaging in disrespectful behavior are prohibited here. According to local beliefs, the Himalayan highlands are the abode of deities, who are thought to be sensitive to human actions. It is possible that these restrictions were made to maintain the sanctity of these holy places, conservation of wildlife system and to avoid natural disasters like avalanches, heavy snowfall, etc. However, scientific explanations do not support prohibitions affecting the risk of heavy snowfall, avalanches, and other natural disasters. Coincidental timing (such as someone shouting before an avalanche) might have strengthened this belief as scientific evidence over time.
Bedni Bugyal is under the reserve forest. The Allahabad High Court (1997) ruled that Bedni Bugyal is a fragile ecosystem meant for wildlife and must remain undisturbed. It ordered the removal of tourist camps, citing environmental harm from plastic waste. The court emphasized sustainable tourism to preserve the meadow's natural balance. In August 2018, the Uttarakhand High Court recognized the ecological significance of high-altitude meadows, known as bugyals, and implemented measures to protect them. The court banned overnight stays in these areas, citing threats to their fragile ecosystems, and ordered the removal of permanent structures, including fiber huts constructed for tourists
| 613 |
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9,988,828 |
# Lee A. Johnson
**Lee A. Johnson** (born June 28, 1947) is a former Kansas Supreme Court Justice appointed by Governor Kathleen Sebelius. He started on January 8, 2007, to replace retiring Justice Donald L. Allegrucci.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lee A. Johnson was born June 28, 1947, in Caldwell, Kansas. He received a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from the University of Kansas in 1969. Johnson attended Washburn University School of Law and graduated *summa cum laude* in 1980 with a Juris Doctor. He was a member of Phi Delta Phi. He is married to Donna and has two children, Jordan and Jennifer.
## Professional life {#professional_life}
Upon graduating from KU, Johnson served two years on active duty with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and then became an insurance salesman for his family business.
After graduating from Washburn, Johnson went into private practice as an attorney for 21 years. He served as Mayor of Caldwell in 1975-1976 and Caldwell City Attorney from 1987 to 1997. He served as president of the Sumner County bar association in 1992. He also spent 16 years serving on the Sumner Mental Health board. In 2001 Johnson was appointed to the Kansas Court of Appeals. While there he authored 500 decisions.
Governor Kathleen Sebelius appointed Johnson to the Kansas Supreme Court in 2007 to replace Justice Donald L. Allegrucci who retired due to state mandated age limits. Johnson retired from the court on September 8, 2019.
Johnson voted against the death penalty in every case which came before the court, citing it as cruel and unusual
| 264 |
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| 0 |
9,988,843 |
# André Michel Lwoff
**André Michel Lwoff** (8 May 1902 -- 30 September 1994) was a French microbiologist and Nobel laureate.
## Education, early life and career {#education_early_life_and_career}
Lwoff was born in Ainay-le-Château, Allier, in Auvergne, France, into a Jewish family of Russian-Polish origin, the son of Marie (Siminovitch), an artist, and Solomon Lwoff, a psychiatrist. He joined the Institute Pasteur in Paris when he was 19 years old. In 1932, he finished his PhD and, with the help of a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, moved with his wife and co-researcher Marguerite Lwoff to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research of Heidelberg to Otto Meyerhof, where he did research on the development of flagellates. Another Rockefeller grant allowed him go to the University of Cambridge in 1937. In 1938, he was appointed departmental head at the Institut Pasteur, where he did groundbreaking research on bacteriophages, microbiota and on the poliovirus.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
He was awarded numerous prizes from the French Académie des Sciences, the Grand Prix Charles-Leopold Mayer, the Leeuwenhoek Medal of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960 and the Keilin Medal of the British Biochemical Society in 1964. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1965 for the discovery of the mechanism that some viruses (which he named proviruses) use to infect bacteria. He was an elected member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. Throughout his career he partnered with his wife Marguerite Lwoff although he gained considerably more recognition. Lwoff was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1958. Lwoff was also president of the FEMS for a term of two years from 1974. The FEMS-Lwoff Award in microbiology is named in his honour.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Lwoff was married to the microbiologist and virologist Marguerite Lwoff with whom he published many works. He was also a humanist against capital punishment
| 331 |
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| 0 |
9,988,849 |
# Mexico Davis Cup team
The **Mexico national tennis team** represents Mexico in Davis Cup tennis competition and are governed by the Federación Mexicana de Tenis.
Mexico finished as runners-up in 1962 losing with Australia 5-0 in Melbourne. They currently compete in the World Group I Play-Offs. They last competed in the World Group in 1997.
## History
Mexico competed in its first Davis Cup in 1924
| 67 |
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| 0 |
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# Armen Ra
**Armen Ra** is an Iranian-Armenian artist, self-taught thereminist, production designer, director, and performer.
## Musical career {#musical_career}
### Career (2010-2013) {#career_2010_2013}
Ra began studying the theremin 2001, debuting with the orchestral group Antony & the Johnsons in New York City.
Ra has played at the United Nations, Wiener Konzerthaus Mozartsaal Vienna, CBGBs, Knitting Factory, La MaMa E.T.C., Joe\'s Pub, Boulder Museum of Modern Art, Lincoln Center, The Gershwin Hotel, B.B. King Museum, and Dietch Projects.
He has performed and recorded with various bands and on many projects (including a collaboration with British recording artist Marc Almond (of Soft Cell), on the song \"My Madness & I\" from his 2010 release *Varieté*). His debut solo CD *Plays the Theremin* (released on Bowl & Fork Records in 2010) showcases many classical Armenian laments and folk songs. Ra performed on the Sharon Needles album *PG-13* on band Ministry\'s cover track \"Everyday Is Halloween\".
### Career (2014-present) {#career_2014_present}
In recent years, Ra has appeared in the following works:
- Armen plays on the Current 93 album entitled *HoneySuckle Æons*. He appears in multiple songs on this 2011 release.
- Armen plays on the debut album of Sharon Needles. The songs "Everyday Is Halloween" and "This Club Is a Haunted House" were released in 2013.
- In 2014, he played the theremin for Voltaire\'s album *Raised by Bats*.
- In 2015, he released *Theremin Classique*, a collection of European arias.
- Armen\'s recording of "Dle Yaman" was used for the video of designer Michael Schmidt's 3-D gown in 2015.
- He was featured on Selena Gomez's *Revival* on the track "Me and My Girls" in 2016
- He was featured on Gwen Stefani's album on the track "Naughty" in 2016.
- He was featured on track 11 \"Supernatural\" of BØRNS\' *Blue Madonna*
## Appearances in media {#appearances_in_media}
He has a cameo appearance in the film *Party Monster*. Other appearances in media include:
- Cameo as a desk clerk in *Tomorrow Always Comes* in 2006.
- Music for the short film *Connect* in 2010.
- Guest judge on the Logo Network show *The Arrangement*.
- Opener for Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds\'s Grinderman on their 2010 tour.
- Production designer for the 2012 horror movie *Excision*.
- Release of the documentary *When My Sorrow Died: The Legend of Armen Ra & the Theremin*.
- Music for the movie *Hara Kiri* in 2016.
- Promotional videos for electropop artist BØRNS, entitled \"The Search for the Lost Sounds\" and \"The Faded Heart Sessions\".
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Armen Ra is gay
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9,988,903 |
# Wade Sanders
**Wade Sanders** is an attorney from San Diego, California and a retired United States Navy Captain who served as Deputy Assistant United States Secretary of the Navy for Reserve Affairs during the Clinton Administration. He was formerly California Lt. Gov. John Garamendi\'s senior adviser for veterans and military affairs. As an attorney, he specialized in the legal practice of corporate governance and ethics, as well as employee owned companies and lobbying for major corporations. In December 2008, he pleaded guilty to one charge of possession of child pornography and served almost three years in prison. On January 9, 2013, Sanders was disbarred.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Sanders is the son of a career U.S. Navy officer who was injured while serving aboard the USS *Pensacola*, and Mary Houston, an artist.
Sanders received his Bachelor of Arts from California State University, Long Beach, his Juris Doctor from the University of San Diego School of Law, and is a graduate of the Naval War College. He also attended Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University.
## Career
### Government and politics {#government_and_politics}
Sanders was the senior adviser for veterans and military affairs to John Garamendi, D-Calif., while Garamendi served as California\'s lieutenant governor in 2008.
A former Deputy Assistant United States Secretary of the Navy for Reserve Affairs during the Clinton Administration, he contributed to post-Cold War restructuring and modernization of the Armed Forces of the United States and worked with the United States Secretary of Defense to achieve full integration of the Reserve and Guard Components of the U.S. Military.
Sanders sat on the board of the non-profit organization Vietnam Veterans of San Diego. He was a member of the San Diego Police Department Senior Oversight Committee and briefly ran for the United States Congress as a Democrat in 2000 before dropping out of the race, citing a lack of funding.
During the 2004 presidential campaign, Sanders made an appearance in the documentary *Going Upriver: The Long War of John Kerry* (2004), and made public rebuttals to criticisms of Kerry\'s war record made by the group Swift Boat Veterans for Truth.
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# Wade Sanders
## Career
### Navy
A combat veteran of the Vietnam War, where he served as Swift Boat skipper, PCF-98 and retired reserve Navy Captain, Sanders served nearly thirty years of active and reserve Naval service and received the Bronze Star, the Purple Heart, and in 1992 was awarded the Silver Star. In August 2010, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus stripped Sanders of the Silver Star. According to a Navy spokesperson, \"Had the subsequently determined facts and evidence surrounding both the incident for which the award was made and the processing of the award itself been known to the secretary of the Navy in 1992, those facts would have prevented the award of the Silver Star.\"
Sanders is the author of many published articles and opinion pieces in major newspapers and the Navy Institute Proceeding, and served as a columnist for Military.com and a television commentator on national security matters and the war in Iraq for NBC and Fox.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On December 22, 2008, Sanders pleaded guilty to one felony charge of possession of images of minors engaged in sexually explicit conduct, before the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of California in San Diego. Investigators found eight videos in addition to individual photos containing child pornography on Sanders\' computers. After initially denying that he was in possession of child pornography, Sanders later stated that the material was for an article on child exploitation in foreign countries and was intended for scholarly purposes as he had previously worked in aiding child sex abuse victims in Yugoslavia and stated that his motives were \"pure and innocent\". A therapist treating Sanders testified that he was not a danger to children, and several mental health experts concluded he was not a pedophile. Prior to the sentence hearing, more than 50 people expressed their support of Sanders, including U.S. Senators Kerry, Cleland, and Congresswoman Schenk.
On May 4, 2009, Sanders was sentenced by U.S. District Court Judge Thomas Whelan to 37 months in prison. He was released from federal prison on March 16, 2012.
On January 9, 2013, Sanders was disbarred by the California Bar
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# 33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)
The `{{nihongo|'''33rd Division'''|第33師団|Dai-sanjūsan Shidan}}`{=mediawiki} was an infantry division of the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the `{{nihongo|'''Bow Division'''|弓兵団|Yumi Heidan}}`{=mediawiki}. The 33rd Division was raised in Utsunomiya, Tochigi prefecture, simultaneously with 32nd, 34th, 35th, 36th and 37th Divisions. Its headquarters were initially in Sendai. It was raised from conscripts largely from the northern Kantō prefectures of Tochigi, Ibaraki and Gunma.
## Action
Initially the 33rd division was assigned to the 11th army in central China and sent to Hubei. It saw combat at the First Battle of Changsha from 14 September 1939. In April 1941, the 33rd division was transferred to Shanxi, and its reconnaissance regiment was disbanded.
The 33rd division was transferred to the 15th army on 6 November 1941, and took part in the invasion of British Burma, under Lieutenant General Shozo Sakurai. Initially the 33rd division landed in Bangkok in January 1942 and proceeded inland. It lost a battalion at the Battle of Yenangyaung, but completed the conquest of Burma in May 1942 nonetheless. In December 1942, the 33rd division was instrumental in defeating Allied forces in the Arakan campaign.
### Battle of Imphal {#battle_of_imphal}
As the Burma Railway was officially completed on 25 October 1943, the Japanese command in Burma had been reorganized. A new headquarters, Burma Area Army, was created under Lieutenant General Masakasu Kawabe. One of its subordinate formations, responsible for the central part of the front facing British India in Nagaland and Assam, was the 15th army, whose new commander was Lieutenant General Renya Mutaguchi. At the same time, Lieutenant General Shozo Sakurai was promoted to command the 28th army in southern Burma. His command of the 33rd Division was succeeded by Lieutenant General Motoso Yanagida.
Renya Mutaguchi's plan was to have the 33rd Division destroy the Indian 17th Infantry Division at Tedim, then attack Imphal from the south - an action known as Operation U-Go. The 33rd Division Infantry Group HQ, under Major General Tsunoru Yamamoto, formed the Yamamoto Force, composed of units of the Japanese 33rd and 15th Divisions, which would destroy the Indian 20th Infantry Division at Tamu, then attack Imphal from the east. Meanwhile, the 15th Division under Lieutenant General Masafumi Yamauchi would envelop Imphal from the north, while in a separate subsidiary operation, the 31st Division under Lieutenant General Kotoku Sato would isolate Imphal by capturing nearby Kohima. All Renya Mutaguchi\'s divisional commanders disagreed with the plan to some extent, and Motoso Yanagida openly derided him as an \"imbecile\".
In the opening stages of the Battle of Imphal, the 33rd Division cut off the Indian 17th Division under Major General Cowan. The Japanese 215th Regiment under Colonel Masahiko Sasahara captured a supply dump at Milestone 109, twenty miles behind Cowan\'s leading outposts. The Japanese 214th Regiment under Colonel Takanobu Sakuma seized Tongzang and a ridge named Tuitum Saddle across the only road, a few miles behind the Indian 17th Division\'s position. However, they were unable to dig in properly before they were hit by the Indian 48th Brigade on 18 March 1944, taking heavy casualties. Fighting around Milestone 109 was even more severe.
In early April 1944, the 33rd Division attacked from the south at Bishenpur, where they cut a secondary track from Silchar into the plain. Motoso Yanagida was already pessimistic and depressed by his failure to trap the Indian 17th Division. He had also been rattled by a garbled radio message which suggested that one of his regiments had been destroyed at Milestone 109. He, therefore, advanced cautiously. By doing so, he may have lost a chance to gain success as Bishenpur was held only by the Indian 32 Brigade (from 20th Division) and the Indian 17th Infantry Division was resting after its retreat. Renya Mutaguchi removed him from command.
In early May 1944, the British counter-attacked. None of the Japanese divisions had received adequate supplies since the offensive began (the Burma Railway was able to transfer only 400 ton supplies per day, out of 3000 ton per day nominal capacity), and some of the troops were starving; others were sick with malaria, and most were low on ammunition. Although there was now no realistic hope of success, Renya Mutaguchi (and his superior Masakasu Kawabe) ordered renewed attacks. The 33rd Division, reinforced in June 1944 by battalions from the 53rd and 54th Divisions and under a new forceful commander, Lieutenant-General Nobuo Tanaka, launched fierce attacks on the Indian 17th Division\'s positions at Bishenpur 20 May 1944, but failed to break through, suffering 70% casualties by the June 1944.
By 2 June 1944, Renya Mutaguchi\'s divisional commanders refused to make a renewed attacks on Imphal, as they were in no condition to comply. Renya Mutaguchi finally ordered the offensive to be broken off on 3 July 1944. The Japanese fell back to the Chindwin River, abandoning their artillery, transport, and soldiers too sick to walk. The defeat at Kohima and Imphal was the largest defeat to that date in Japanese history. They had suffered 55,000 casualties, including 13,500 dead.
### Later Operations in Burma {#later_operations_in_burma}
The Division was rebuilt to a strength of about 10,000. When the Allies launched their offensive (Battle of Meiktila and Mandalay) into Central Burma, the Japanese withdrew behind the Irrawaddy River. A rearguard from 33rd Division took heavy losses defending the river port of Monywa on the Chindwin River. During opening stages of the Battle of Pokoku and Irrawaddy River operations in February-March 1945 after the Allies crossed the Irrawaddy River, the 33rd Division defended the vital river port of Myingyan. It was not directly attacked, as the Allied bridgeheads were east and west of their positions. The division held Myingyan until most of 15th army were already in full retreat. The 33rd division suffered further casualties while retreating southward.
At the end of the war, the division had moved to Moulmein in southern Burma
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# Antonio Benivieni
**Antonio di Paolo Benivieni** (1443--1502) was a Florentine physician who pioneered the use of the autopsy and many medical historians have considered him a founder of pathology.
## Biography
### Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Benivieni was born in Florence, Italy, on November 3, 1443. His father Paolo was a nobleman, notary and a member, alongside his wife Nastagia de' Bruni, of a prominent and wealthy Florentine family from S. Giovanni. Their coat of arms had a silver moon with a blue background. He was the first of five children alongside Domenico, theology reader at the University of Pisa, and Girolamo, famous poet and scholar. At first he embraced the literary career and was a pupil of Francesco da Castiglione during his studies of Greek. Subsequently, he abandoned this path to devote himself *\"ad philosophie \... et medicine secreta perscrutandum\"*, continuing however to cultivate letters having the protection of the House of Medici: Cosimo il Vecchio and Piero il Gottoso. Benivieni\'s early education was provided by tutors and he then studied medicine at the university of Pisa and Siena.
### Adult life and career {#adult_life_and_career}
The beginning of his activity as a doctor can be dated to around 1470, since Girolamo, in the epistle to Giovanni Rosati, writes that his brother went *\"medicating for about thirty-two years\"*. In Florence Benivieni soon acquired a great reputation for safety in diagnoses, for the wise use of drugs and above all for his skill as a surgeon. Due to a lack of data, it is not possible to establish the year in which Benivieni was enrolled in the *"Arte dei medici e degli speziali"*.
In 1473 he was appointed consul of the Arte and from March 1494 to May 1496 he was prior. He treated members of noble and powerful families such as the Medici, the Pazzi, the Adimari, the Strozzi family, and was also a doctor of convents (San Nicolò, S. Caterina, SS. Annunziata, S. Marco). He treated Francesco of 16 years old of the Guicciardini family, and he was a friend and follower of Gerolamo Savonarola as well as his doctor. He had a particular friendship with Lorenzo il Magnifico and he treated his daughter. In 1464 he dedicated to Lorenzo il Magnifico the *"εγκώμιον Cosmi"*, then the *"De regimine sanitatis"* and again the *"De peste"*.
In the book of Memories, which is an autobiographical manuscript in the State Archives of Florence, there is various information on Benivieni\'s economic life; he noted in this book private business, purchases, payments and sometimes even notes on his profession. Most of his income came from possessions in Florence and in the countryside. Antonio Benivieni owned various Greek, Latin and Arab works, including many medical works such as *\"I Consilia\"* of Taddeo and treatises on poisons, baths and various medications. This collection shows not only Antonio Benivieni\'s great medical culture but also the humanistic one.
### Death
Benivieni died on November 2, 1502, in Florence and was buried in the chapel of the Basilica of SS. Annunziata. On the tombstone was engraved *"D.O.M. Antonio Benivenio patri philosopho ac doctor sibi posterisque Michael Benivenius posuit. Obiit die II. November an. sal. MDII \"*. The chapel then passed to the Donati family and in 1665 Carlo Donati changed the plaque which is still visible today.
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# Antonio Benivieni
## Contributions to medicine {#contributions_to_medicine}
### Cultural context {#cultural_context}
During the Renaissance (14th - 17th century),a new curiosity aroused towards pathological conditions of the human body. Attempts in this direction had already been made by the Alexandrian school, but the first autopsy done for this purpose was performed in 1302 in Bologna. However, it was only at the end of the fifteenth century, after the Church and governments granted the authorisation for the free exercise of anatomical dissection, that the autopsy, aimed at knowing the cause of death, became a common practice both in hospitals and in private houses.
### *De Abditis Morborum Causis* {#de_abditis_morborum_causis}
He was considered a skilled diagnostician and praised for his ability to treat difficult cases. The observations reported in the work \"Abditis morborum causis\" (Florence 1507) are the first objective anatomical-pathological studies; in this work emerges the intuition that it is necessary to seek the existence of relations between the clinic, pathology, and pathological anatomy for the correct understanding of morbid phenomena. It will be this same intuition that after two centuries will inspire Giovanni Battista Morgagni in the compilation of the work that marks the beginning of pathological anatomy *"De sedibus et causis morborum per anatomen indagatis\"* (1761).
In the work of Benivieni are reported some of the most important pathological anatomy representations, such as the discovery of gallbladder stones, a peritoneal abscess, a stomach and intestine cancer, an intestinal perforation (the first described in the history of medicine), and a megacolon; he was the first to objectively study teratology, and also in the clinical field he had a very important contribution with his studies on helminthology and on the transmission of syphilis from the mother to the fetus.
#### History of the work {#history_of_the_work}
Antonio Benivieni did not publish his works when he was alive, after his death his brother Girolamo, while reorganizing his belongings, found some writings that he described as very interesting clinical cases; then he sent them to Giovanni Rosati, an important physician, who suggested publishing them because of their brilliance so they published a part of those writings calling them "Antonii Benivenii, De abditis nonnullis ac mirandis morborum et sanationum causis, Florentiae" (1507).
The title would appear to have been suggested by Celsus\'s \" Abdditae morborum causae\", in these writings the observations of Benivieni imply that he knew about medicine, surgery and obstetrics. The work was subsequently published again in Latin and in the nineteenth century we have the first Italian translation by Carlo Burci, which was based on the sixteenth-century edition because the original manuscript at that time was lost; it was later found by Burci himself, who discovered that the original manuscript contained a dedication.
This dedication was to Lorenzo Lorenzani and stated that the plan of his work was to divide his observations into three groups of one hundred; this dedication and some unpublished observations were subsequently published by Francesco Puccinotti and Burci in the treatise "Storia della Medicina\". Nowadays the original manuscript is lost and no trace remains.
#### Benivieni\'s findings {#benivienis_findings}
Some of the protocols which resemble the ones used nowadays in autopsy are described i*n De Abditis Morborum Causis* (\"The Hidden Causes of Disease \'\'), which is now considered one of the first works in the science of pathology. This is one of the reasons why he has been referred to as the \"father of pathologic anatomy."
The observations, which are about 111, are mainly clinical and yet stand out for Beninvieni\'s skills in medicine, surgery and obstetrics. The following are particularly noteworthy: on Gallic disease (n. 1), important for the year of compilation; on liver stones in a woman (No. III); on the bone resection he performed on a young girl (n. XXV); on a dead fetus which he extracted with the hook (n. XXIX); on the vascular connections (n. LXVIII); on lithotripsy (n. LXXX); the various teratological observations are also important.
Furthermore, other interesting pathological observations to point out are: the presence of an abscess between the laminae of the mesentery in a young woman who suffered from violent pains in the abdomen; narrowing of the intestine with enlargement and hardening of its walls (possibly a cancer) in a woman subject to colic and constipation; a cancer of a pylorus, described as scirrhous and constricted in a man prone to chronic vomiting. Benivieni also saw intestinal perforations in chronic dysentery (it recalls the amoebic dysentery); a megacolon in a child who died of colic; a bristly, hairy-looking heart in an executed man.
#### The importance of Benivieni\'s work {#the_importance_of_benivienis_work}
The great importance of Benivieni\'s work, for which he obtained the appellant of \"father of pathological anatomy\", consists in the association of observations carried out during clinical cases and necropsy. He was looking for the causes of death and he endeavoured to establish a parallelism between the symptoms reported in life and anatomical lesions. The anatomical-clinical method started by Benivieni, will slowly develop in the following centuries and culminates with Giovanni Battista Morgagni. His work is also a valuable testimony of the importance already attributed to the autopsy at the time
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