id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
9,985,898 |
# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
## Baton Rouge {#baton_rouge}
The 19th\'s division was removed from Vicksburg and sent into Louisiana to attack Federal positions at Baton Rouge. By this time, the 19th Tennessee was a regiment in name only and could only muster less than 100 healthy men, so they were consolidated with the remnants of other regiments to form a battalion. One-third of the Confederate force had no shoes, many lacked shirts and coats, and some were almost naked. They carried no tents and had only two days worth of rations in their haversacks.
The heat and humidity of the march took their toll, as well as a lack of sources of clean drinking water. The men of the 19th were soon beset with exhaustion, fever, chills, and bloody diarrhea from dysentery. By the time they reached the Comite River, ten miles from Baton Rouge, only about 2,600 effective soldiers remained and many of those were seriously ill. When the divisions marched on the Union positions just before dawn, fog limited the ability to see more than \"twenty steps\" and there were not enough troops to form the standard double battle line.
Still, the Confederates managed to press the attack and drove the Union army back, but only to a prepared defensive position. The CSS Arkansas, a Rebel gunboat, had been intended to provide support, but it had run aground. With only about 1,000 soldiers still fit to fight and having run out of water, the Rebels could not risk another attack. Civilians helped gather the wounded and the dead.
The Confederates occupied Port Hudson for a time and fearing another attack by them, Union forces abandoned Baton Rouge on August 18.
| 283 |
19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
| 5 |
9,985,898 |
# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
## Murfreesboro
The men of the 19th recuperated for the rest of the month in Jackson, Mississippi and the troops left ill at Vicksburg and Baton Rouge began to trickle back in. The men of the 19th Tennessee stitched the battle honors of Fishing Creek, Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Baton Rouge into their regimental flag, to which they were fiercely devoted. The 19th\'s flag was never surrendered to the Yankees at the end of the war and its whereabouts are unknown.
In September, the 19th\'s brigade was sent to Knoxville via Chattanooga in cattle cars on a train that the men described as \"filthy beyond description\". By this time, the 19th could only muster about 150 effectives, but that number increased to about 380 by the end of Fall. On October 15, the regiment was moved to Loudon where they continued recruiting and building their depleted numbers. By Winter, they were in Murfreesboro. As Union forces under the command of Gen. William Rosecrans approached, one of the strangest battles of the war commenced: a battle of musicians. When Union bands played \"Yankee Doodle\", the Confederates answered with \"Dixie\" and \"Bonnie Blue Flag\" was answered with \"Hail Columbia\". Finally, the bands of both sides joined in playing \"Home Sweet Home\" and the men of both sides sang together.
The Confederates decided to seize the moment and attacked first, driving Union forces back for some two miles before grinding to a halt. The men of the 19th Tennessee overran and artillery battery that had shelled them, but was met with another fusillade of fire, killing the regiment\'s flag bearer. Corporal John Mason picked up the flag and held it high and inspiring the troops, who forced the Federals back.
The Confederates forced the Union all the way to the Nashville Pike before the attack petered out after a heavy barrage of Union canister. The Rebels managed to capture 300 small arms, ammunition, and supplies, along with 50 Federals, but the 19th, who had entered the battle with 382 men, suffered 136 casualties. First Sergeant Amos C. Smith of Washington County was among those cited for gallantry.
The Federals dug in, eventually forcing Gen. Braxton Bragg to withdraw his forces, which severely demoralized the troops. The 19th winter quartered at Shelbyville.
| 382 |
19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
| 6 |
9,985,898 |
# 19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
## Chickamauga
During the winter of 1863, a Christian movement of \"big revivals\" developed among the Army of Tennessee, along with a great deal of dissension against Gen. Braxton Bragg. Bragg was a fairly good military strategist, but his personality was strongly detested by his commanders and ranks. Thus, his campaigns tended to be well planned, but poorly executed by his commanders.
Bragg\'s army entered Chattanooga on July 7, 1863. By this time, Vicksburg and Middle Tennessee had fallen, and Lee had been defeated at Gettysburg. The 19th Tennessee dug in on a hill above the town\'s landing and awaited the federals. Federal artillery soon began to bombard the town on soldiers and civilians alike. On September 8, Bragg realized that Rosecran\'s army was behind him and that the Army of Tennessee would have to abandon its fortifications or be cut off, and so his forces abandoned Chattanooga and marched toward Rome, Georgia.
By this time, Federal troops occupied much of East Tennessee and with Unionist guerrillas anxious to punish the region\'s Rebels and their families, desertions from the army rose dramatically, taking their toll on all units, including the 19th. However, some \"deserters\" were actually decoys sent by Bragg to make the Confederate Army of Tennessee\'s dilemma appear worse than it actually was in an attempt to bolster overconfidence and force the Union army into careless acts that Bragg could exploit.
On September 12, Bragg ordered Gen. Leonidas Polk to take a division and attack the Yankees, but Polk ignored the order. By the next day, an entire Union corps was positioned on the opposite bank of Chickamauga Creek. Even after Bragg sent reinforcements, Polk was still overly cautious and did not move until 9 AM. A brief skirmish ensued with Polk attempting to draw the Yankees out, but they didn\'t take the bait.
The 19th Tennessee, tired, hungry, and apprehensive, did not join the fighting until September 18. By that time, Bragg\'s army had crossed the creek around 7 AM. The dense brush and undergrowth made advancing difficult and commanders had to pause to straighten their lines. Passing near the 19th, Gen. Benjamin Cheatham yelled, \"Give them hell, boys, give them hell!\" Gen. Polk, a bishop in the Episcopal church, yelled, \"Give them what General Cheatham says, we will pay off old chores today.\" About that time, a shell crashed nearby wounding two men. Within minutes, the Rebels and Yankees were heavily engaged.
The Confederates managed to force the Federals back into their breastworks, but the attack stalled as ammunition ran low. Reinforced by reserve units, the Rebels pressed again with the 19th on the extreme right of the line. In fifteen minutes, 75 of the unit\'s 242 men were struck down, but the steady nerve of Colonel Francis Walker held them together. A number of Company level officers were cut down.
The Confederate lines began to buckle as the Federals advanced, but a Rebel artillery barrage of canister and grapeshot, effective turning the big guns into shotguns, forced the Yankees to retreat. The 19th lost 40% of its total strength, with 8 killed, 66 men wounded, and 20 missing, but the Tennesseans held their ground. The Rebels attacked again at dusk, but the attack sputtered in the darkness. Temperatures that night fell to near freezing, but the proximity of enemy forces prevented the use of campfires. Meanwhile, the Federals spent the night fortifying their earthworks. The battle resumed about 9:30 the next morning and about 11 AM, a mix up in orders caused the Federals to pull a division out of the center just as the Rebels came screaming in. The Yankees panicked and their lines splintered. The Army of Tennessee had its victory.
Bragg received word that the Federals had abandoned Chattanooga, but arrived there to find them entrenched. He decided to lay siege to the town and it worked, with the deprivation of the Federals soon matching that of the Confederates. Two divisions, including the 19th Tennessee were sent to Sweetwater to prevent Rosecrans from being reinforced, but there was little for them to do. This was the last time that the East Tennessee Confederates would see home until the end of the war.
## The 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors {#the_19th_tennessee_infantry_reenactors}
A group of Civil War reenactors from Northeast Tennessee and Southwest Virginia represents Company B (Washington County) of the 19th Tennessee Infantry. The unit was organized in the late 1980s and continues to the present. The group participates in many reenactments of Army of Tennessee battles, gravesite and monument dedications, parades, school programs, and other events. They served as the Honor Guard at the gravesite during the funeral for the crew of the H. L. Hunley (submarine) on April 17, 2004, at Magnolia Cemetery in Charleston, South Carolina.
Previous captains of the 19th Tennessee Infantry Reenactors were Scott Templeton, Jerry Nave, Richard Gouge, Richard Ragle and Scot Koenig
| 819 |
19th Tennessee Infantry Regiment
| 7 |
9,985,937 |
# UK Raw!
***UK Raw!*** is a late-night studio show, concerning real people and their fetishes.
It is co-presented by Tanya Broome and Trevor Ward.
It was produced by Roger Beam and his company **R.B. Television Productions** for Channel 5.
It was first broadcast by Channel 5 on 17 February 1999.
Trevor also presented other late night Channel 5 shows of the late 1990s to early 2000s, which are similar to *UK Raw!* such as *European Blue Review* and *X Certificate.*
## Premise
Each episode contains 4 short films about things like sex, fetishism, bondage, sadomasochism, witchcraft, the paranormal, the supernatural etc and other weird subjects, which are separated into 4 segments throughout the show. Those short films are shown to an audience who comment on what they\'ve just seen, in between each showing. Trevor and Tanya question not only the audience members for their opinions on those short films and their own personal lives, but they also interview some of the people who appeared in those short films. The show then ends with a weird act from one of those short films
| 183 |
UK Raw!
| 0 |
9,985,961 |
# Ebenezer Young
**Ebenezer Young** (December 25, 1783 -- August 18, 1851) was a United States representative from Connecticut. He was born in Killingly, Connecticut and graduated from Yale College in 1806. He studied law and was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Danielson, Connecticut. In addition, he engaged in the manufacture of cloth at East Killingly, Connecticut.
Young was elected as a Federalist to the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1810, 1811, 1816, and 1817. He served in the Connecticut Senate 1823--1825 and was again a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives 1826--1828, serving as speaker in 1827 and 1828. He was elected to the Twenty-first, Twenty-second, and Twenty-third Congresses (March 4, 1829 -- March 3, 1835) and served as chairman, Committee on Expenditures on Public Buildings (Twenty-second Congress). He died in West Killingly, Connecticut in 1851 and was buried in Westfield Cemetery, Danielson, Connecticut
| 149 |
Ebenezer Young
| 0 |
9,985,987 |
# Eliab
**Eliab,** also spelled **Eliaab**, is a male name, held by three people in the Hebrew Bible, respectively the sons of Helon, Pallu, and Jesse. Only the last is covered in any detail.
## Eliab, son of Helon {#eliab_son_of_helon}
Eliab, the son of Helon, was one of the leaders of the tribes of Israel and a prince of the house of Zebulun according to Numbers 1:9.
## Eliab, son of Pallu {#eliab_son_of_pallu}
Eliab was the son of Pallu and the father of Nemuel, Dathan, and Abiram, of the house of Reuben, according to Numbers 16:1 and Numbers 26:8-9.
## Eliab, son of Jesse {#eliab_son_of_jesse}
Eliab of Bethlehem, of the tribe of Judah, was the eldest son of Jesse (`{{bibleverse|1|Samuel|16:6|NKJV}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{bibleverse|1|Chronicles|2:13|NKJV}}`{=mediawiki}) and thus the eldest brother of King David. He was apparently tall and had fair features, and was the first potential king of Israel considered for anointing by the prophet Samuel after his disillusion with King Saul. His features resembled those Samuel had first seen in Saul and Samuel may have considered him a \'fit successor\' to Saul. However, God told Samuel that Eliab did not have the proper heart to be king of Israel:
: *Do not consider his appearance or his height \... the Lord looks at the heart.*
Samuel went on to consider each of Eliab\'s brothers in turn. Some commentators have suggested that Eliab was rejected because of his temper, as he argued with David before David went to fight Goliath, accusing David of pride and insolence
| 253 |
Eliab
| 0 |
9,985,998 |
# Ho Chi Minh City University of Culture
**Ho Chi Minh City University of Culture** is a university in Thảo Điền, Thủ Đức, Ho Chi Minh City. This university includes programs for Journalism, Tourism, Museum Management, Information - Library Management, Culture Management, Folk Culture, Cultural Studies, Traditional Culture, and Asian Culture
| 51 |
Ho Chi Minh City University of Culture
| 0 |
9,986,003 |
# Rough House (album)
***Rough House*** is a studio album by jazz guitarist John Scofield. It features pianist Hal Galper, bassist Stafford James and drummer Adam Nussbaum (who would go on to play in Scofield's trio)
| 36 |
Rough House (album)
| 0 |
9,986,039 |
# Lawrence Gates
**Lawrence Gates** is an American attorney and the former chair of the Kansas Democratic Party. During his tenure, the Democrats were able to win top offices and make gains in the Kansas Legislature by appealing to moderate Republican and independent voters.
## Personal life and public service {#personal_life_and_public_service}
Gates graduated from the University of Kansas. Gates has raised funds for disaster relief and serves as a governance boardmember for the nonprofit Community Living Opportunities, Inc. whose mission it is to help people with severe developmental disabilities.
## Career
Gates founded the law firm Gates, Biles, Shields & Ryan, P.A. in 1980 and is active in the real estate business
| 112 |
Lawrence Gates
| 0 |
9,986,041 |
# Big Apple Coaster
The **Big Apple Coaster** (formerly **Manhattan Express** and **The Roller Coaster**) is a steel hyper roller coaster at the New York-New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada, United States. The ride\'s trains are themed to New York City taxicabs. Opened in 1997, it is the only roller coaster by Japanese roller coaster manufacturer TOGO still operating in North America. The ride travels on a 4777 ft track. It contains a 180 ft lift hill and a 76 ft first drop, followed by a hill and another 144 ft drop. The ride also has two inversions: a standard vertical loop and a dive loop.
The ride was constructed as part of the New York-New York Hotel and Casino, which was developed by MGM and Primadonna Resorts. Completed at a cost of \$18 million, the coaster was known as Manhattan Express when it opened along with the resort on January 3, 1997. In the months after the ride opened, Clark County building officials shut it down several times over safety issues, and many of the ride\'s steel tension rods had to be replaced. After some modifications by Premier Rides in the mid-2000s, the Manhattan Express was renamed The Roller Coaster in 2007 before being renamed the Big Apple Coaster in 2013. The ride introduced a virtual reality option in 2018, and Premier replaced the trains in 2021.
## History
### Opening and early years {#opening_and_early_years}
The ride, originally called the Manhattan Express, was built by Japanese roller coaster manufacturer TOGO. It was one of only two roller coasters in the world to feature a heartline roll into a dive when it opened. The ride was conceived by Gary Primm, owner of Primadonna Resorts, which co-developed New York-New York. When groundbreaking ceremonies for New York-New York occurred in March 1995, a 180-foot-tall coaster was planned to be built along with the resort. The *Elko Daily Free Press* described the ride as a \"Coney Island-style roller coaster\", complementing the resort\'s replicas of major New York City attractions such as the Empire State Building, the Brooklyn Bridge, and the Statue of Liberty. The ride cost \$18 million to build, and it opened along with New York-New York on January 3, 1997.
Within two months of its opening, 500,000 people had ridden the Manhattan Express. In March 1997, Clark County building officials shut down the Manhattan Express over safety issues, which the resort had failed to report to the county. Clark County officials issued five summonses to the resort\'s owners for violations of county building codes. The ride contained 250 steel tension rods, of which approximately 40 had snapped. The resort was cited for continuing to operate the ride despite the breakages. Repairs were made, but the ride reopened and closed several times that month as more rods broke. The initial 40 broken rods had been replaced using stronger material, which strained the weaker rods and caused them to snap. The strain also created fine cracks in the coaster track.
The Manhattan Express reopened in April 1997, after two weeks of repairs and safety improvements. Further rod breakages occurred on several occasions later in the year. The rods were repaired as they broke, and the county deemed the ride safe despite the frequent breakages. By July 1997, the Manhattan Express had been closed for repairs at least eight times. The coaster had its one-millionth rider the same month. Ultimately, the resort had to replace 175 of the rods with steel tension cables. All except 50 of the rods had been replaced by September 1998. By then, problems with the coaster had decreased significantly, though broken rods were still being reported. According to Ron Lynn of the Clark County building department, the coaster was still safe to ride, even as three faulty rods were being replaced every week.
| 641 |
Big Apple Coaster
| 0 |
9,986,041 |
# Big Apple Coaster
## History
### Renaming and modifications {#renaming_and_modifications}
Over the years, the Big Apple Coaster gained a reputation for being a rough roller coaster. The original TOGO trains used over-the-shoulder restraints, which many guests reported were uncomfortable. In addition, the track layout placed high amounts of lateral forces on guests. In 2004, Premier Rides installed magnetic brakes on the ride; by then, TOGO had gone out of business. In August 2006, Premier also installed new trains to replace the original TOGO trains. After the Premier trains were installed, the ride became noticeably smoother, compared to when the TOGO trains were in use. The ride was renamed The Roller Coaster in 2007, and it was again renamed in 2013, becoming the Big Apple Coaster.
In February 2018, the ride\'s operator introduced a virtual reality coaster option, designed by VR Coaster. Riders could pay an additional fee to wear a virtual-reality headset on the ride. The headsets contained 3D footage of aliens being chased through the Nevada desert and into the skyline of New York City.
, the Big Apple Express is the only roller coaster by TOGO still operating in North America. For the 2021 season, the ride received another set of new trains from Premier Rides. These consist of more open-air seating and can hold up to 18 riders, thus increasing the coaster\'s capacity. Testing began in December 2020, with the ride slated to reopen in February 2021. An accident occurred in mid-December, where the middle car of one of the new trains derailed on the lift hill, causing severe damage to part of the catwalk. The ride reopened on January 30, 2021. The newer trains contain lighter restraints that exert less pressure on riders\' shoulders.
## Characteristics
The ride travels on a 4777 ft track. It contains a 180 ft lift hill and a 76 ft first drop, followed by a hill and another 144 ft drop. The ride also has two inversions: a standard vertical loop and a dive loop (twist and dive element), where the train performs a 180-degree twist and then performs a half-loop. This element is found on another coaster: the \"Mega Coaster\" at Hamanako Pal Pal Park in Japan. *The New York Times* wrote in 2011 that the ride was \"designed to simulate the barrel roll a pilot feels inside a jet fighter\". The ride\'s station is themed to a New York City Subway station.
The coaster\'s computer system could adjust the ride based on the arid climate of the area. The system could modify the train\'s speed at the top of the lift hill, and it could also activate the mid-course brake run to slow down a speeding train. When wind speeds are excessively high, the computer system notifies the ride\'s technicians.
, the ride costs \$25 per individual ticket. Las Vegas residents with valid ID, and military personnel also receive discounts. The New York-New York Hotel and Casino also allows guests to get married on the Big Apple Coaster. When the ride opened, riders had to be at least 46 in tall; this height restriction has since been increased to 54 in.
| 523 |
Big Apple Coaster
| 1 |
9,986,041 |
# Big Apple Coaster
## Ride experience {#ride_experience}
The ride begins with a left-hand, 135-degree turn out of the station which then begins to climb the chain lift hill. After reaching the peak, the train turns 45 degrees left into the first, 76-foot drop, crossing over the New York-New York\'s driveway. The train then ascends a hill that curves left into the second, 144-foot drop, next to the New York-New York\'s entrance. The train ascends another hill and curves left again onto the roof of the casino, dropping slightly to enter a vertical loop. Immediately afterward, the train twists to the right and enters the dive loop. Exiting the dive loop, the train ascends into a hill with a mid-course brake run, then turns 180 degrees to the left, ascending an airtime hill. The train turns 180 degrees to the right, dips into two airtime hills, and traverses a 540-degree helix to the right, traveling through one last airtime hill before hitting the final brake run. The ride then travels indoors above a replica of Little Italy, Manhattan, on a structure that resembles an old elevated railway.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
When the Manhattan Express opened in 1997, the *Las Vegas Review-Journal* said that the \"unmistakable Las Vegas mystique\" gave the \"Manhattan Express a unique appeal\". A reporter for *The Boston Globe* wrote that many of the early riders seemed to have \"enjoyed this coaster immensely\". Paul Goldberger of *The New York Times* wrote that the ride looked \"like a rope that has been used to capture \[New York City\'s\] landmarks and hold them hostage, a mirage of the New York skyline in the desert.\" Conversely, the website *TripSavvy* wrote that the Big Apple Coaster was rough, saying: \"Instead of doubling the fun, The Big Apple's hypercoaster heights and looping inversion elements cancel each other out---and cause some pain to boot.\"
The *Los Angeles Times* said of the virtual-reality option: \"The VR experience does a fairly accurate job of rendering the Vegas Strip, but non-MGM properties get short shrift.\" Among the issues were that the site of the Tropicana Las Vegas was rendered as a parking lot and that the Vegas Vic neon sign was incorrectly shown as being at Harry Reid International Airport
| 374 |
Big Apple Coaster
| 2 |
9,986,056 |
# List of highways numbered 466
The following highways are numbered **466**:
## Canada
- Manitoba Provincial Road 466
## Japan
- Japan National Route 466
## United States {#united_states}
- U.S
| 32 |
List of highways numbered 466
| 0 |
9,986,064 |
# Roman de Troie
***Le Roman de Troie*** (*The Romance of Troy*) by Benoît de Sainte-Maure, probably written between 1155 and 1160, is a 30,000-line epic poem, a medieval retelling of the theme of the Trojan War. It inspired a body of literature in the genre called the *roman antique*, loosely assembled by the poet Jean Bodel as the Matter of Rome. The Trojan subject itself, for which de Sainte-Maure provided an impetus, is referred to as the Matter of Troy.
influenced the works of many in the West, including Chaucer and Shakespeare. In the East it was translated into Greek as *The War of Troy* (Ο Πόλεμος της Τρωάδος), by far the longest medieval Greek romance. Of medieval works on this subject, only Guido delle Colonne\'s *Historia destructionis Troiae* was adapted as frequently. Benoît\'s sources for the narrative were the Latin recensions of Dictys and Dares, and some material from the all-but-lost Latin recension that is represented now only in part, in a single, fragmentary manuscript, the Rawlinson *text=Excidium Troie* in the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford.
The audience for Benoît\'s famous poem consisted of aristocrats for whom this retelling (and the *romans antiques* in general) served a moral purpose: it was a \"mirror for princes\" within the larger didactic genre of mirror literature. To fulfil this audience\'s expectation that heroic characters should be lovers in accordance with the principles of courtly love, Benoît invented the story of the young Trojan prince Troilus\'s love for the daughter of Calchas, the priestly defector to the Greeks. After she is handed over to her father during a hostage exchange, she is successfully wooed by the Greek warrior Diomedes. This love triangle would be the central subject of a number of later works. In the *Roman*, the daughter of Calchas is called Briseida, but she is better known under a different name, becoming Criseida in Boccaccio\'s *\[\[Il Filostrato\]\]*, Criseyde in Chaucer, Cresseid in Robert Henryson\'s *The Testament of Cresseid*, and ultimately Cressida in Shakespeare\'s *Troilus and Cressida*.
The dedication of the poem, to a \"riche dame de riche rei\", generally believed to be Eleanor of Aquitaine, consort of Henry II, is buried deep within it, interpolated in the narrative. It serves to date the poem to the years before Eleanor\'s imprisonment by Henry in 1173
| 385 |
Roman de Troie
| 0 |
9,986,065 |
# Haji Khanmammadov
**Haji Dadash oglu Khanmammadov** (*Hacı Xanməmmədov*) (June 15, 1918, Derbent -- April 7, 2005, Baku) was an Azerbaijani and Soviet composer. He is best known for writing the first concertos for the Azeri stringed folk instruments tar and kamancheh.
## Early life {#early_life}
Khanmammadov was born in Derbent (present-day Dagestan, Russia) and began studying tar at age 10. In 1932, the boy\'s life experienced a major change when his father and uncle were arrested during the Great Purge and permanently exiled to Siberia on account of owning land. After Khanmammadov graduated from middle school, his mother, who was struggling to take care of six children, sent him to Baku to find Uzeyir Hajibeyov, an Azerbaijani composer known for his patronage of the arts. Indeed, Hajibeyov did provide lodging for the boy and, after being convinced of his musical abilities, the composer enrolled him in the Asaf Zeynally Music College. Khanmammadov would go on to develop into a fine artist.
## Contributions
Khanmammadov composed his first song *Gozal pari* (\"Beautiful Nymph\") in 1942. In 1946 he was sent to Tabriz, then ruled by the Soviet-backed Azerbaijan People\'s Government to found a philharmonic orchestra but after the Soviets\' withdrawal returned to Baku. In 1947, Khanmammadov was admitted to the Azerbaijan State Conservatory to study folk music and musical composition taught by Hajibeyov and Gara Garayev respectively. He graduated in 1952. It was Garayev who challenged him to write a concerto for tar and symphonic orchestra for his graduation piece.
Khanmammadov also wrote two successful musical comedies: *Bir dagiga* (\"One Minute\", 1961; lyrics by Maharram Alizadeh) about the life of oil workers; and *Butun arlar yakhshidir* (\"All Husbands Are Good\", 1971; lyrics by Alexander Khaldeyev in Russian). He also composed about 150 vocal songs, many of which were written specifically for the plaintive voice of Shovkat Alakbarova.
In addition to his work as a composer, Khanmammadov was involved in administration as Director of the Azerbaijan Musical Comedy Theatre in 1944--1948), Artistic Director of the Azerbaijan State Song and Dance Ensemble in 1952--1954, and Director of the Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Society in 1966--1968.
## Recognition
Khanmammadov\'s contribution to Azerbaijani music was acknowledged on the State level with the following awards: Honorary Art Worker of Azerbaijan (1967), People\'s Artist of Azerbaijan (1988), Professor of the Azerbaijan State Conservatory (1993), Order of Honor (1998), and the coveted Presidential monthly benefit since 2001.
Khanmammadov was 87 when he died
| 405 |
Haji Khanmammadov
| 0 |
9,986,080 |
# US Aircraft A-67 Dragon
The **US Aircraft A-67 Dragon** is a single-engine, propeller-driven, ground-attack aircraft. It is designed for counter-insurgency (COIN), close air support (CAS), and intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. The A-67 is a low-cost aircraft built for low-intensity conflict situations, with a reported unit price of \$4--5 million. The sole aircraft built is in storage at the MAPS Air Museum
| 64 |
US Aircraft A-67 Dragon
| 0 |
9,986,096 |
# Rudolph Hennig
**Rudolph Hennig** (May 5, 1886 -- February 28, 1969) was a politician from Alberta, Canada. He served in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1926 to 1935 as a member of the United Farmers of Alberta.
## Political career {#political_career}
Hennig first ran for the Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the 1926 Alberta general election. He stood as the United Farmers candidate in the electoral district of Victoria. He defeated former Liberal MLA Francis Walker and three other candidates.
Upon redistribution of districts in 1930, Hennig sought re-election in the new district of Clover Bar in that year\'s election. He defeated independent candidate Christian Hein in the second vote count.
Shortly before the 1935 election, he lost the UFA nomination in Clover Bar to David Roberts. He chose to retire at dissolution of the assembly rather than contesting the election as an independent.
## Honors
The University of Alberta awarded Hennig an honorary degree in 1965. École Rudolph Hennig School, a French immersion elementary and Junior High School in Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, was named in his honor
| 180 |
Rudolph Hennig
| 0 |
9,986,100 |
# Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
**Margaret Taylor-Burroughs** (November 1, 1915`{{Ref label|ida|a|none}}`{=mediawiki} -- November 21, 2010), also known as **Margaret Taylor Goss**, **Margaret Taylor Goss Burroughs** or **Margaret T G Burroughs**, was an American visual artist, writer, poet, educator, and arts organizer. She co-founded the Ebony Museum of Chicago, now the DuSable Museum of African American History.
An active member of the African-American community, she also helped to establish the South Side Community Art Center, whose opening on May 1, 1941 was dedicated by the first lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt. There, at the age of 23, Burroughs served as the youngest member of its board of directors. A long-time educator, she spent most of her career at DuSable High School.
Taylor-Burroughs was a prolific writer, with her efforts directed toward the exploration of the Black experience and toward children, especially to their appreciation of their cultural identity and to their introduction and growing awareness of art. She is also credited with the founding of Chicago\'s Lake Meadows Art Fair in the early 1950s.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Burroughs was born Victoria Margaret Taylor in St. Rose, Louisiana, where her father worked as a farmer and laborer at a railroad warehouse. She was raised there as a Catholic.
The family moved to Chicago in 1920 when she was five years old. There she attended Englewood High School along with Gwendolyn Brooks, who in 1985-1986 served as consultant in poetry to the Library of Congress (now United States Poet Laureate). As classmates, the two joined the NAACP Youth Council. Burroughs earned her teacher\'s certificates from Chicago Teachers College in 1937. She helped found the South Side Community Arts Center in 1939 to serve as a social center, gallery, and studio to showcase African American artists. In 1946, Taylor-Burroughs earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in art education from the School of the Art Institute of Chicago where she also earned her Master of Arts degree in art education, in 1948.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Taylor-Burroughs married the artist Bernard Goss (1913--1966), in 1939, and they divorced in 1947. In 1949, she married the poet Charles Gordon Burroughs and they remained married until his death in 1994.
## Career
Taylor-Burroughs taught at DuSable High School on Chicago\'s south side from 1946 to 1969, and from 1969 to 1979 was a professor of humanities at Kennedy-King College, a community college in Chicago. She also taught African American art and culture at Elmhurst College in 1968. She was named Chicago park district commissioner by Harold Washington in 1985, a position she held until 2010. Margaret Burroughs is the recipient of an honorary doctorate, as well as the President\'s Humanitarian Award (1975).
| 448 |
Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
| 0 |
9,986,100 |
# Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
## Career as an artist {#career_as_an_artist}
Dr. Margaret Taylor Burroughs exhibited her art with the American Negro Exposition (Chicago, 1940), as well as Atlanta University (1943-1945), and the San Francisco Civic Museum (1949).
Burroughs created many of her own works of art as well. In one of her linocuts, *Birthday Party*, both Black and white children are seen celebrating. The Black and white children are not isolated from each other; instead they are intermixed and mingling around the table together waiting for a birthday cake. An article published by The Art Institute of Chicago described Burroughs\' *Birthday Party* and said: \"Through her career, as both a visual artist and a writer, she has often chosen themes concerning family, community, and history. \'Art is communication,\' she has said. \'I wish my art to speak not only for my people - but for all humanity.\' This aim is achieved in *Birthday Party*, in which both black and white children dance, while mothers cut cake in a quintessential image of neighbors and family enjoying a special day together.\" The painting puts in visual form Burroughs\' philosophy that \"the color of skin is a minor difference among men which has been stretched beyond its importance.\"
In many of Burroughs\' pieces, she depicts people with half black and half white faces. In *The Faces of My People*, Burroughs carved five people staring at the viewer. One of the women is all black, three of the people are half black and half white and one is mostly white. While Burroughs is attempting to blend together the Black and white communities, she also shows the barriers that stop the communities from uniting. None of the people in *The Faces of My People* are looking at each other, and this implies a sense of disconnect among them. On another level, *The Faces of My People* deals with diversity. An article from the *Collector* magazine website describes Burroughs\' attempts to unify in the picture. The article says, \"Burroughs sees her art as a catalyst for bringing people together. This tableau of diverse individuals illustrates her commitment to mutual respect and understanding.\"
Burroughs once again depicts faces that are half black and half white in *My People*. Even though the title is similar to the previously referenced piece, the woodcut has some differences. In this scene, there are four different faces -- each of which is half white and half black. The head on the far left is tilted to the side and close to the head next to it. It seems as both heads are coming out of the same body -- taking the idea of split personalities to the extreme. The women are all very close together, suggesting that they relate to each other. In *The Faces of My People,* there were others pictured with different skin tones, but in *My People* all of the people have the same half black and half white split. Therefore, *My People* focuses on a common conflict that all the women in the picture face.
Artwork Medium Date Collection
-------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------- -----------------------------------
*Still Life* Oil on compressed particle board 1943 Corcoran Collection
*Sleeping Boy* Linocut 1953 Reba and Dave Williams Collection
*Black Venus* Linocut 1957 Reba and Dave Williams Collection
*On the Beach* Linocut 1957 Reba and Dave Williams Collection
*Abstraction* Linocut on paper ca. 1962 The Johnson Collection
*African Odalisque* Lithograph on paper 1984 The Johnson Collection
*Hop Scotch* Linocut on paper 1991 The Johnson Collection
*Bill Broonzy- Me Folk Singer* Linocut on paper 2006 The Johnson Collection
*Woman* Ink on paper 2006 DuSable Collection
| 598 |
Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
| 1 |
9,986,100 |
# Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
## Legacy
Margaret and her husband Charles co-founded what is now the DuSable Museum of African American History in Chicago in 1961. The institution was originally known as the Ebony Museum of Negro History and Art and made its debut in the living room of their house at 3806 S. Michigan Avenue in the Bronzeville neighborhood on Chicago\'s south side, and Taylor-Burroughs served as its first Executive Director. She was proud of the institution\'s grass-roots beginnings: \"We\'re the only one that grew out of the Indigenous Black community. We weren\'t started by anybody downtown; we were started by ordinary folks.\" Burroughs served as executive director until she retired in 1985 and was then named director emeritus, remaining active in the museum\'s operations and fundraising efforts.
The museum moved to its current location at 740 E. 56th Place in Washington Park in 1973, and today is the oldest museum of Black culture in the United States. Both the current museum building, and the Burroughs\' S. Michigan Avenue home are now listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and the house is a designated Chicago landmark. Burroughs was inspired by Harriet Tubman, Gerard L. Lew, Sojourner Truth, Frederick Douglass, and W.E.B. Du Bois. In Eugene Feldman\'s *The Birth and Building of the DuSable Museum*, Feldman writes about the influence Du Bois had on Burroughs\' life. He believes that Burroughs greatly admired Du Bois and writes that she campaigned to bring him to Chicago to lecture to audiences. Feldman wrote: \"If we read about \'cannabalistic and primitive Africa,\'... it is a deliberate effort to put down a whole people and Dr. Du Bois fought this... Dr. Burroughs saw Dr. Du Bois and what he stood for and how he suffered himself to attain exposure of his views. She identified entirely with this important effort.\" Therefore, Burroughs clearly believed in Dr. Du Bois and the power of his message.
| 319 |
Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
| 2 |
9,986,100 |
# Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
## Death
Burroughs died in Chicago on November 21, 2010.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- 1973 Young Women\'s Christian Association leadership award for excellence in art.
- 1975 The President\'s Humanitarian Award.
- 1982 Excellence in Art Award, National Association of Negro Museums.
- 1988 The Lifetime Achievement Award by the Women\'s Caucus for Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston.
- 1988 Progressive Black Woman\'s Award, Enverite Charity Club.
- 1989 The Paul Robeson Award.
- 2010 The Legends and Legacy Award, a program of the Leadership Advisory Committee of the Art Institute of Chicago.
- 2015 Inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame.
- On August 12, 2015, the Chicago Park District board voted to rename 31st Street Beach after Margaret Taylor-Burroughs. Burroughs had served as a commissioner on the park board for twenty-five years.
- The holdings of the Koehnline Museum of Art at Oakton Community College include a collection of fifteen of Burroughs\' linocut prints from the 1990s.
- The Muscarelle Museum of Art exhibited Burroughs\' \"Black Venus\" in an exhibition titled \"Building on the Legacy: African American Art from the Permanent Collection\" from September 2, 2017 - January 14, 2018.
## Selected writings {#selected_writings}
- *Jasper, the drummin\' boy* (1947)
- *Celebrating Negro History and Brotherhood: A Folio of Prints by Chicago Artists* (1956)
- *Whip me whop me pudding, and other stories of Riley Rabbit and his fabulous friends* (1966)
- *What shall I tell my children who are Black?* (1968)
- *Did you feed my cow? Street games, chants, and rhymes* (1969)
- *For Malcolm; poems on the life and the death of Malcolm X* Dudley Randall and Margaret G. Burroughs, editors (1969)
- *Africa, my Africa* (1970)
- *What shall I tell my children?: An addenda* (1975)
- *Interlude: seven musical poems* by Frank Marshall Davis, Margaret T. Burroughs, editor. (1985)
- *Minds flowing free: original poetry* by \"The Ladies\" women\'s division of Cook County Department of Corrections, Margaret Taylor-Burroughs, editor (1986)
- *The Family* Linocut (1986)
- *A very special tribute in honor of a very special person, Eugene Pieter Romayn Feldman, b. 1915-d. 1987 - poems, essays, letters by and to Eugene Pieter Romayn Feldman* Margaret T. Burroughs, editor (1988)
- *His name was Du Sable and he was the first* (1990)
- *Africa name book* (1994)
- *A shared heritage: art by four African Americans* by William E. Taylor and Harriet G. Warkel with essays by Margaret T. G. Burroughs and others (1996)
- *The Beginner\'s Guide to Collecting Fine Art, African American Style* Ana M
| 431 |
Margaret Taylor-Burroughs
| 3 |
9,986,118 |
# Robben
**Robben** is both a given name and a patronymic surname with origins in North Brabant, Drenthe and Emsland
| 20 |
Robben
| 0 |
9,986,159 |
# List of Australian films before 1910
: *This is a chronological list of Australian films by decade and year for years 1890s--1910s. For a complete alphabetical A-Z list, see **:Category:Australian films***.
A list of films produced in **Australia** by year, from the 1890s to the end of the 1910s, in the List of Australian films.
## Pre 1910s {#pre_1910s}
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Title | Director | Cast | Genre | Notes |
+=========================================================+==================================+=========================================+=====================+========================================================================================================================================+
| \| **1896** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Passengers Alighting from Ferry Brighton at Manly* | Marius Sestier | | Short | 27 October [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0499360/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Melbourne Cup* | Marius Sestier | Henry Walter Barnett, Lord Brassey | Sports documentary | 24 November IMDb a series of 10 films\ |
| | | | | about the Melbourne Cup Carnival |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *New South Wales Horse Artillery in Action* | Marius Sestier | | Short documentary | [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0499351/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Patineur Grotesque* | Marius Sestier | | Short comedy | Not released until 28 March 1897 (Lyon) [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1666779/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1897** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Prince Ranjitsinhji Practising Batting in the Nets* | Henry Walter Barnett | Ranjitsinhji | Sports documentary | 9 October 1897\| [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0345815/) one of a series of 4 cricket films |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1898** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Melbourne Street Scene* | Joseph Perry | | Short | 9 October 1897\| [ABC](https://web.archive.org/web/20010713205350/http://abc.net.au/limelight/docs/films/5_1_3_02.htm) Wayback machine |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Social Salvation* | Herbert Booth | | Short documentary | 1 July [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0475150/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Torres Strait Islanders* | Alfred Cort Haddon | | Short documentaries | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1899** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *North Shore Steam Ferry* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Sydney |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Newtown Railway Station* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Sydney |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Dipping Sheep* | Frederick Wills | | Short documentary | Queensland Department of Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *South Sea Islanders Cutting Cane* | Frederick Wills | | Short documentary | Queensland Department of Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Sugar Mills, Nambour* | Frederick Wills | | Short documentary | Queensland Department of Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Threshing at Allora* | Frederick Wills | | Short documentary | Queensland Department of Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Wheat Harvesting with Reaper and Binder* | Frederick Wills | | Short documentary | Queensland Department of Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *SS Katoomba Unloading* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Queensland Department of Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Building Construction* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Queensland Department of Agriculture |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Boer War Transvaal Contingent* | Frederick Wills | | Short documentary | Troops leaving for the Boer War |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Loading Horses on the SS Cornwall* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Horses for the Boer War |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Darnley Islanders Pay Tribute* | Henry Mobsby | | Short documentary | Torres Strait |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Opening of Queensland Parliament* | Frederick Wills | | Short | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Government Party Boards SS Lucinda* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Brisbane |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Queen Street and Victoria Bridge* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Brisbane |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Roma Street Station* | Frederick Wills | | Short | Brisbane |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1900** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Second Victorian Contingent Leaving Melbourne* | Joseph Perry | | Documentary | Troops leaving for the Boer War |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Soldiers of the Cross* | Herbert Booth, Joseph Perry | Beatrice Day, Harold Graham | Christian drama | 13 September [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0000335/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1901** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Inauguration of the Commonwealth* | Joseph Perry | | Documentary | 1 January [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2603956) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Royal Visit to Open the First Commonwealth Parliament* | Joseph Perry | | Documentary | 9 May [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2555376) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Aboriginal Life* | Walter Baldwin Spencer | | Documentary | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1902** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Under Southern Skies* | Joseph Perry | | Documentary | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Lazarus* | Joseph Perry | | Christian drama | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1904** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Melbourne Cup* | Franklyn Barrett | | Sports documentary | 1 November IMDb first film of the whole race from start to finish |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1906** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Story of the Kelly Gang* | Charles Tait | Elizabeth Tait, John Tait | Biography drama | 26 December Considered the first full-length feature film ever made [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0000574/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1907** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Eureka Stockade* | Arthur Cornwall, George Cornwell | | Short | 19 October [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0000592/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Robbery Under Arms* | Charles MacMahon | Jim Gérald, George Merriman, Lance Vane | Drama | 1 October -- Based on novel [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0000615/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Robbery Under Arms* | John Tait, Nevin Tait | | Drama | 31 October -- Based on novel; considered lost |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1908** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Grand Memorial Service* | Joseph Perry | | Documentary | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Great White Fleet Visits the Antipodes* | Joseph Perry | Great White Fleet | Documentary | August--September [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3763450/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *For the Term of his Natural Life* | Charles MacMahon | Martyn Keith, Rosie Knight Phillips | Short | 8 August [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0203505/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Burns-Johnson Fight* | Ernest Higgins | Jack Johnson, Tommy Burns | Sports documentary | 28 December [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2757608/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| \| **1909** | | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *Heroes of the Cross* | Joseph Perry | Vida Dutton | Christian drama | [IMDb](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0189574/) |
+---------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------+-----------------------------------------+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| *The Scottish Covenanters* | Joseph Perry | Iza Crossley, Beatrice Day | Christian drama | [IMDb](https://www.imdb
| 1,006 |
List of Australian films before 1910
| 0 |
9,986,187 |
# Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 188, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Pittsburgh Panthers|Year|Event|Location|Record|Result}}
^
``
| 20 |
Pittsburgh Panthers men's basketball
| 0 |
9,986,223 |
# Shingo Haketa
is a Japanese bureaucrat. He served as Grand Steward of the Imperial Household Agency from 1 April 2005 to 1 June 2012.
Appointed by Prime Minister Junichirō Koizumi, promoter of absolute primogeniture, Haketa is known as a supporter of the report submitted by the `{{Interlanguage link multi|Advisory Council on Imperial Household Act|2=ja|3=皇室典範に関する有識者会議|preserve=1}}`{=mediawiki}, recommending absolute primogeniture. He criticized Prince Tomohito of Mikasa for his comment that agnatic primogeniture should be kept, and requested the members of the Imperial House to refrain from expressing their opinion on the succession. Right after the birth of Prince Hisahito of Akishino, he commented that the newborn prince would not solve the succession crisis, and insisted that the law be changed. In November 2011, he held a meeting with Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda to discuss the possibility for allowing women to head branches of the Imperial House (rather than to lose imperial status upon marriage), in order to replenish the number of imperial members who can help fulfill the court-related duties.
He had worked at the Ministry of Health until he was installed as Vice-Grand Steward of the Imperial Household Agency in 2001. Among his senior workers at the Ministry of Health is `{{Interlanguage link multi|Teijiro Furukawa|2=ja|3=古川貞二郎|preserve=1}}`{=mediawiki}, a member of the Advisory Council on the Imperial Household Law. Haketa announced his retirement effective 1 June 2012, and was replaced by Noriyuki Kazaoka
| 229 |
Shingo Haketa
| 0 |
9,986,230 |
# 12 Concerti a cinque (Albinoni)
***12 Concerti a cinque*** (op. 9) is a collection of concertos by the Italian composer Tomaso Albinoni, published in 1722. `{{Listen
| filename = Albinoni, Concerto for Oboe and Strings No. 2 in D minor, Op. 9, I. Allegro e con presto.ogg
| title = Concerto for oboe in D minor, Op. 9, No. 2 - I. Allegro e non presto (3:50)
| format = [[ogg]]
| filename2 = Albinoni, Concerto for Oboe and Strings No. 2 in D minor, Op. 9, II. Adagio.ogg
| title2 = Concerto for oboe in D minor, Op. 9, No. 2 - II. Adagio (4:18)
| format2 = [[ogg]]
| filename3 = Albinoni, Concerto for Oboe and Strings No. 2 in D minor, Op. 9, III. Allegro.ogg
| title3 = Concerto for oboe in D minor, Op. 9, No. 2 - III. Allegro (3:25)
| description3 =
| format3 = [[ogg]]
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Listen
| filename = Albinoni_-_Concerto for 2 Oboes in F Major, op. 9 No. 3 - 1. Allegro.ogg
| title = Concerto for 2 Oboes in F Major, op. 9 No. 3 – I. Allegro
| format = [[ogg]]
| filename2 = Albinoni_-_Concerto for 2 Oboes in F Major, op. 9 No. 3 - 2. Adagio.ogg
| title2 = Concerto for 2 Oboes in F Major, op. 9 No. 3 – II. Adagio
| format2 = [[ogg]]
| filename3 = Albinoni_-_Concerto for 2 Oboes in F Major, op. 9 No. 3 - 3. Allegro.ogg
| title3 = Concerto for 2 Oboes in F Major, op. 9 No. 3 – III. Allegro
| description3 = Performed by the Advent Chamber Orchestra with oboists Humbert Lucarelli and Edino Biaggi
| format3 = [[ogg]]
| help = no
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Listen
| filename = Albinoni - Oboe Concerto in C major, Op. 9, No. 5- I. Allegro.oga
| title = Oboe Concerto, Op. 9, no 5 – 1. Allegro
| description = Performed by<br/>Camden, Anthony (oboe)<br/>London Virtuosi<br/>Georgiadis, John (Conductor)<br />Courtesy of [[Naxos Records|NAXOS]]
| format = [[ogg]]
| help = no
}}`{=mediawiki}
The most famous piece from Albinoni\'s Opus 9 is the Concerto in D minor for oboe (Opus 9, Number 2). It is known for its slow movement. This concerto is probably the second best-known work of Albinoni after the Adagio in G minor (which was actually written by musicologist and Albinoni biographer Remo Giazotto purportedly based on a fragment by Albinoni).
The concertos were dedicated to Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria, and were first published by Michel-Charles Le Cène in Amsterdam. It is possible, but not certain, that they were written in the Elector\'s court during a 1722 visit there by Albinoni during performances of his theatrical compositions. These are perhaps his most recognizable works.
## The 12 concertos {#the_12_concertos}
- *Concerto for violin in B flat major*, Op. 9, No. 1 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for oboe in D minor*, Op. 9, No. 2 (I. Allegro e non presto, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for 2 oboes in F major*, Op. 9, No. 3 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for violin in A major*, Op. 9, No. 4 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for oboe in C major*, Op. 9, No. 5 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for 2 oboes in G major*, Op. 9, No. 6 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for violin in D major*, Op. 9, No. 7 (I. Allegro, II. Andante e sempre piano, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for oboe in G minor*, Op. 9, No. 8 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for 2 oboes in C major*, Op. 9, No. 9 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for violin in F major*, Op. 9, No. 10 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for oboe in B flat major*, Op. 9, No. 11 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III. Allegro)
- *Concerto for 2 oboes in D major*, Op. 9, No. 12 (I. Allegro, II. Adagio, III
| 678 |
12 Concerti a cinque (Albinoni)
| 0 |
9,986,243 |
# Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves
***Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves*** is the debut album from Gavin Friday, following his exit from the Virgin Prunes. It was released in 1989 and is also his first collaboration with Maurice \"The Man\" Seezer.
The title track is an excerpt from Oscar Wilde\'s *The Ballad of Reading Gaol* set to original music. This album also features covers of Bob Dylan\'s \"Death is not the End\" and Jacques Brel\'s \"Next\" (in French : \"Au Suivant\").
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks written and arranged by Gavin Friday and Maurice Seezer; except where indicated
1. \"Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves\" (Lyrics by Oscar Wilde) - 5:31
2. \"Tell Tale Heart\" - 4:41
3. \"Apologia\" - 5:28
4. \"Dazzle and Delight\" - 6:24
5. \"Next\" - (Jacques Brel; English lyrics by Mort Shuman and Eric Blau) - 2:02
6. \"You take Away the Sun\" - 3:32
7. \"Death is not the End\" - (Bob Dylan) - 5:40
8. \"He Got What he Wanted\" - 3:25
9. \"Man of Misfortune\" - 4:40
10. \"Rags to Riches\" - 3:35
11. \"The Next Thing to Murder\" - 2:59
12. \"Love is Just a Word\" - 3:41
13. \"Another Blow on the Bruise\" - 3:24
14
| 212 |
Each Man Kills the Thing He Loves
| 0 |
9,986,255 |
# List of Australian films of the 1980s
: *This is a chronological list of Australian films by decade and year for years 1980s. For a complete alphabetical list, see **:Category:Australian films***.
A list of films produced in **Australia** by year during the 1980s, in the List of Australian films
| 50 |
List of Australian films of the 1980s
| 0 |
9,986,259 |
# List of Australian films of the 1990s
: *This is a chronological list of Australian films by decade and year for the 1990s. For a complete alphabetical list, see **:Category:Australian films***.
A list of films produced in **Australia** by year during the 1990s, in the List of Australian films
| 50 |
List of Australian films of the 1990s
| 0 |
9,986,281 |
# Ben Johnson (cricketer)
**Benjamin Andrew Johnson** (born 1 August 1973 in Naracoorte, South Australia) is a former Australian first-class cricketer who played for the Southern Redbacks. A left-handed middle order batsman and part-time medium pace bowler, he played between 1994/95 and 2002/03
Johnson started his career well, scoring a half century on debut and then making 81 and 168 against WA in just fifth first-class match, aged 21. He went on to score 8 more hundreds for the Redbacks. In 2001-02 he became the first man since Bill Lawry to carry his bat in consecutive matches in Australia. He finished his 69-game career with 4038 runs at 34
| 109 |
Ben Johnson (cricketer)
| 0 |
9,986,300 |
# John F. Kennedy High School (Texas)
**John F. Kennedy High School** is a public high school in San Antonio, Texas and classified as a 4A school by the University Interscholastic League. It was established in 1963 and is part of the Edgewood Independent School District. During 2022`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2023, Kennedy High School had an enrollment of 1,042 students and a student to teacher ratio of 16.68. The school received an overall rating of \"Not Rated\" from the Texas Education Agency for the 2021`{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki}2022 school year.
## History
John F. Kennedy High School was established in 1963. President Kennedy visited San Antonio on November 21, 1963, and promised to return and dedicate the new John F. Kennedy High School. He was assassinated in Dallas the following day
| 125 |
John F. Kennedy High School (Texas)
| 0 |
9,986,338 |
# Damian Hale
**Damian Francis Hale** (born 28 December 1969) is a former Australian Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives, representing the Division of Solomon from 2007 to 2010. He moved to the Northern Territory in 1974 and grew up in Maningrida, Katherine and Darwin, with his teacher parents, Bob and Bev Hale.
While growing up he was actively involved in sports, representing the Northern Territory in rugby league and Australian rules football. He later coached St Mary\'s Football Club to three premierships (2003-5) in the Northern Territory Football League. He has five children.
Hale won the marginal seat of Solomon for the Australian Labor Party at the 2007 Australia federal election, defeating sitting Country Liberal Party member Dave Tollner. Hale won an extremely close preselection process which included a letter of support from Labor leader Kevin Rudd despite Rudd having never met Hale.
In June 2007 Hale was involved in an altercation with Fremantle Football Club player Chris Tarrant in a popular Darwin nightspot. Hale received a black eye when he was struck by Tarrant after intervening when the inebriated Tarrant exposed his buttocks to a female colleague of Hale.
Hale contested the 2016 Northern Territory election in the seat of Blain, which had been vacated by Nathan Barrett. He finished first on the primary vote, ahead of former Country Liberal Party Chief Minister Terry Mills, who ran for his old seat as an independent. However, despite the massive Labor wave that swept through Darwin/Palmerston, Mills defeated Hale on CLP preferences
| 255 |
Damian Hale
| 0 |
9,986,348 |
# Pohopoco Creek
**Pohopoco Creek** (locally known as **Big Creek**) is a tributary of the Lehigh River in Monroe and Carbon Counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. The creek is 27.8 mi long and its watershed is 111 sqmi in area. Beltzville Lake is formed by its damming by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Pohopoco\'s mouth is in Parryville. It was historically known as Heads Creek, Pocho Pochto Creek, Pohopoko Creek, and Poopoke Creek
| 78 |
Pohopoco Creek
| 0 |
9,986,355 |
# Springfield Ranch, British Columbia
**Springfield Ranch** is a ranch in the Cariboo region of British Columbia, Canada, located between Williams Lake, British Columbia and Soda Creek on the former British Columbia Railway line (now part of the CN rail empire).
## History
In 1862, a large tract of arable land a mile south of Deep Creek was occupied by five returning miners. These were speculators who went by the name of Edward Packe & Company and who, very shortly, sold their pre-emptions to Frederick Townsend of Quesnelle Mouth. For a time, Townsend rented the land to the Beck brothers, two young Englishmen who kept up their English traditions on a certain field on the ranch still known as "the cricket field".
By 1865, Townsend had sold the property, which now contained about a thousand acres (4 km²), to John Colin Calbraith. Calbraith took on a partner, John Frances Hawkes of Springfield, Ohio, and, between them, they produced large areas of hay and grain. By 1866, "the Springs," as their home was known, had become a popular stop for travelers.
During the early 1870s, when John Calbraith left the Cariboo, he sold his interests in the ranch to his partner Hawkes, who renamed it "Springfield", after his hometown in Ohio. Prior to his departure from the Cariboo in 1890, John Hawkes sold Springfield Ranch to Herman Nichols, who continued to reside in the old house built by Calbraith until March 1897, when it was destroyed by fire.
By 1900, William Adams, the new owner of Springfield Ranch, built a modern residence. Adams had a daughter Katherine, who married John Hargreaves, a Remittance Man and when Adams retired, he sold the ranch to the young couple. The Hargreaves, who operated an efficient ranch, were also known for their lavish entertaining. Their most famous houseguest was Prime Minister Mackenzie King, who visited there during the 1930s. When Hargreave's dog barked at the distinguished visitor, King was told not to worry, for the dog only attacked Conservatives.
During John Hargreave's tenure, Springfield Ranch grew to include over 2,000 acres (8 km²) of land. Upon his death in 1950, his son, Rae Hargreaves, continued the operation until 1963, when it was sold to C.W. Hoffman Jr. of Oregon
| 374 |
Springfield Ranch, British Columbia
| 0 |
9,986,366 |
# Belly Full of Turkey
\"**Belly Full of Turkey**\" is the ninth episode in the first season of the television series *How I Met Your Mother*. It originally aired on November 21, 2005.
## Plot
Marshall and Lily visit Marshall\'s family in St. Cloud, Minnesota for Thanksgiving. Marshall plays a game of \"bask-ice-ball\" (a no-rules, brawling combination of basketball and ice hockey that the Eriksen family invented) with his father and older brothers. At the same time, Lily helps her future sister-in-law and mother-in-law in the kitchen. The talk turns to babies, and Mrs. Eriksen reveals that her first-born son was abnormally almost 15 pounds at birth; this frightens Lily, who is dwarfed not only by Marshall, the shortest of his brothers at 6\'4\", but his entire family, and she fears the idea of trying to give birth to at least one baby that size.
At dinner, Lily argues with Marshall and the Eriksens when she reveals she does not want to change her surname after the wedding or raise their kids in Minnesota. Increasingly worked up, she drives off to a convenience store, where she is arrested for public urination. Marshall goes to the station and discovers Lily has used a home pregnancy test. Lily tells him of her concerns about raising a family of \"mayonnaise-guzzling giants in Minnesota,\" but Marshall, faced with the very real possibility of having a child, assures her that they will not settle down in Minnesota and alleviates Lily\'s fears. Suddenly, an officer walks in and holds out Lily\'s possessions, which include the pregnancy test. They find out that Lily is not pregnant and return to Eriksen\'s home, much relieved. The Thanksgiving dinner concludes amicably.
Meanwhile, Robin and Ted have no plans for Thanksgiving and decide to help out at a soup kitchen. When they arrive, they are shocked to find Barney volunteering there already, highly regarded as one of the best volunteers on staff. The organizer tells Ted and Robin that they have enough volunteers, but after Barney vouches for them, they are allowed to help. Soon after, they discover that not all the food received as donations to the soup kitchen are distributed to the needy; many volunteers selfishly take the better, more expensive donations for themselves. As Ted complains to Barney about this, he discovers that Barney has been working there as a mandatory community service after being arrested for public urination in the judge\'s church and has become the volunteer of the year.
Ted, determined to be selfless, begins to distribute the rare food items to the needy, which results in him, Robin, and Barney being kicked out of the kitchen. To make it up to an irate Barney, Ted, and Robin go with him to the Lusty Leopard strip club, which has a Thanksgiving buffet. Ted pays for a homeless man to get a lap dance, which he realizes is the one act of charity he performed on Thanksgiving. Another stripper named Tracy (Katie A. Keane) introduces herself to Ted and compliments him on his generosity. Ted tells his kids that is \"the story of how I met your mother,\" shocking them before Ted reveals, to their relief, that he is joking.
## Foreshadowing
Ted\'s kids are shocked when, after telling them of his meeting a stripper named Tracy, he says \"And that, kids, is the true story of how I met your mother.\" Although he was joking, this led many fans to believe that The Mother\'s real name was Tracy based on his kids\' shocked reactions. It was confirmed in the series finale that Ted\'s wife\'s name is Tracy.
| 601 |
Belly Full of Turkey
| 0 |
9,986,366 |
# Belly Full of Turkey
## Reception
According to statistics gathered by USDISH it is one of the most popular TV show episodes during the holiday season. *CBR* called the episode the series best Thanksgiving episode, saying, \"Without the unrelated gimmick to overshadow the character development, \"Belly Full of Turkey\" was able to actually explore the meaning of the holiday, the idea of family and its characters more than any subsequent attempts
| 72 |
Belly Full of Turkey
| 1 |
9,986,434 |
# David Fitzgerald (cricketer)
**David Andrew Fitzgerald** (born 30 November 1972) was an Australian first-class cricketer who played for the Southern Redbacks. He was a right-handed batsman and earned a reputation for grafting out long innings.
After starting his career with Western Australia, Fitzgerald moved to South Australia in 1995. He struggled early on for the Redbacks but began to find his feet in 1997-98 as an opening batsman and made two successive centuries to start the season.
In 1999-2000 he scored an unbeaten 111 against the touring Pakistanis. He carried his bat in the innings and became the first South Australian player in seven seasons to do so
| 109 |
David Fitzgerald (cricketer)
| 0 |
9,986,467 |
# Temporal single-system interpretation
The **temporal single-system interpretation** (**TSSI**) of Karl Marx\'s value theory emerged in the early 1980s in response to renewed allegations that his theory was \"riven with internal inconsistencies\" and that it must therefore be rejected or corrected. The inconsistency allegations had been a prominent feature of Marxian economics and the debate surrounding it since the 1970s. Andrew Kliman argues that charges of inconsistency serve to legitimate the suppression of Marx\'s critique of political economy and current-day research based upon it as well as the \"correction\" of Marx\'s inconsistencies.
Proponents of the temporal-single system interpretation of Marx\'s value theory claim that the supposed inconsistencies are actually the result of misinterpretation; they argue that when Marx\'s theory is understood as \"temporal\" and \"single-system\", the internal inconsistencies disappear. In a recent survey of the debate, a proponent of the TSSI concludes that \"the *proofs* of inconsistency are no longer defended; the entire case against Marx has been reduced to the *interpretive* issue\".
Critics of TSSI, including David Laibman (see Criticism section below), argue that Marx intended to present what they characterize as \"a structurally consistent\" model of value formation in a capitalist economy with competitive profit-rate equalization. They claim that Marx\'s formulations fail to do this, but also what they characterize as his fundamental insights can be revealed, and extended, by means of models and concepts that emerged after his time. Instead of trying to defend the consistency of Marx\'s original statements, non-TSSI Marxist theorists pursue what they characterize as ever-more effective versions of what they claim to be the core theory. They also claim that they believe that Marx himself would have done this.
## Scope of TSSI research {#scope_of_tssi_research}
Among the main issues addressed by the TSSI are Marx\'s law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall and the transformation of commodity values into prices of production----the so-called transformation problem----in Das Kapital Volume 3. TSSI authors have also challenged the \"Fundamental Marxian theorem\", which supposedly showed that Marx\'s value theory is unnecessary in order to arrive at his conclusion that exploitation of workers is the unique source of profit under capitalism.
Other research informed by the TSSI includes studies of the impact of European economic integration, theoretical and empirical analysis of economic crisis (see Crisis), critiques of the static equilibrium methodology widely employed in economics (mainstream as well as Sraffian and Marxian), and challenges to the statistical claim that industry-level values and prices are strongly correlated. Drawing on their experiences in the controversy over Marx\'s value theory, some proponents of the TSSI have also been active in the movement for pluralism in economics, and they have critiqued, and argued for the reform of, the interpretive methods employed in Marxian economics.
Proponents of the TSSI include, among others, Guglielmo Carchedi, John Ernst, Alan Freeman, Paolo Giussani, Andrew Kliman, Eduardo Maldonado-Filho, Ted McGlone, Nick Potts and Alejandro Ramos Martinez.
| 483 |
Temporal single-system interpretation
| 0 |
9,986,467 |
# Temporal single-system interpretation
## Significance of temporal and single-system {#significance_of_temporal_and_single_system}
The words \"temporal\" and \"single-system\" in the title of the TSSI refer to the two key differences between it and the interpretation of Marx\'s value theory derived from Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz that at one time dominated academic Marxist economics.
According to the Bortkiewiczian interpretation, prices and values of inputs into the production process are, in Marx\'s theory, determined simultaneously with the prices and values of the outputs that later emerge from the production process. Thus, inputs\' prices (or values) and outputs\' prices (or values) are necessarily equal. In contrast, the TSSI is \"temporal\" or non-simultaneous, holding that prices (and values) of inputs and outputs in Marx\'s theory need not be (and generally are not) equal.
Second, according to the Bortkiewiczian interpretation of Marx\'s value theory, values and prices constitute two distinct and independent \"systems\". With respect to relative magnitudes, prices do not depend on values, and values do not depend on prices. Prices of outputs depend on the prices of the inputs used to produce them, while values of outputs depend on the values of the inputs used to produce them. In contrast, the TSSI is a \"single-system\" interpretation since it holds that, in Marx\'s theory, (a) prices of outputs depend in the aggregate on the so-called \"value rate of profit\" (the ratio of surplus-value to capital invested), while (b) businesses\' investments of capital value, and thus the values of the outputs produced, depend partly on the prices of the inputs acquired by means of these investments. Value and price are therefore determined interdependently, though they remain distinct.
## Alleged proofs of Marx\'s inconsistencies {#alleged_proofs_of_marxs_inconsistencies}
\"Okishio\'s theorem\", a result produced by the Japanese Marxian economist Nobuo Okishio in 1961, was widely regarded as having disproved Marx\'s law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall, but TSSI authors have claimed that Marx\'s rate of profit (as they interpret it) can fall in circumstances in which Okishio\'s theorem says that \"the\" rate of profit cannot fall. Duncan K. Foley, a prominent critic of the TSSI, stated that
> \"I understand \[Alan\] Freeman and \[Andrew\] Kliman to be arguing that Okishio's theorem as literally stated is wrong because it is possible for the money and labor rates of profit to fall under the circumstances specified in its hypotheses. I accept their examples as establishing this possibility."
In 1906-07, Ladislaus von Bortkiewicz claimed to prove that Marx\'s account of \"the transformation of commodity values into prices of production\" (i.e., prices that allow businesses to obtain an average rate of return on their capital investments) was internally inconsistent. \"Correcting\" the inconsistency, Bortkiewicz produced results that seriously call into question Marx\'s theory that prices and profits are determined, in the aggregate, by the production of value and surplus-value: the \"price rate of profit\" no longer equals the \"value rate of profit\", and the sum of prices diverges from the sum of values. Proponents of the TSSI claim to have disproved Bortkiewicz\'s position, but many Marxist economists do not agree with it.
| 509 |
Temporal single-system interpretation
| 1 |
9,986,467 |
# Temporal single-system interpretation
## Criticism
Critics of the TSSI have characterized it as an outdated theory which asserts that \"Marx made no errors\". For instance, David Laibman charges that its proponents are non-scientific Marxists who
> \"assert that Marx\'s formulations, in both the theory of value and the analysis of capitalist accumulation and crisis, are *literally* and *completely* correct; that Marx made no errors . . . .\"
Roberto Veneziani similarly alleges that the TSSI upholds \"the literal truth of *all* \[of\] Marx's propositions\".
Proponents of the TSSI contend that these allegations are false:
> \"We have never said that Marx's contested insights are necessarily true . . . . We simply say the claims that his value theory is *necessarily wrong*, because it is logically invalid, are false.\"
Similarly, Andrew Kliman distinguishes between internal consistency on the one hand, and truth or correctness on the other, at least nine different times. For instance, he writes that the TSSI\'s ability to eliminate the apparent inconsistencies in Marx\'s value theory does not imply
> \"that Marx's theoretical conclusions are necessarily correct. It does imply, however, that empirical investigation is needed in order to determine whether they are correct or not. There is no justification for disqualifying his theories *a priori*, on logical grounds.\"
Within their criticism of the TSSI\'s handling of the Okishio theorem, Laibman and Foley claimed that material profit rates predict trends within value profit rates. Duncan Foley specifically, claimed that the profit rates do not diverge really "asymptotically". David Laibman proposed a tracking theorem critique, where the value rate of profit follows the trend set by the material profit rate. What "do not diverge asymptotically" means is that there is a maximum amount by which the two rates will differ. For instance, if rising productivity growth causes the physical rate of profit to rise from 25% to a maximum level of 50%, while causing the value/price rate to fall from 25% to a minimum level of 0%, the two rates have not diverged asymptotically. It is extremely difficult to see how this result (which is, in any case, specific to Foley's example) can possibly be construed as confirmation of the notion that the physical rate of profit governs the value/price rate, much less as a confirmation of the Okishio theorem. If the physical rate of profit rises forever, while the value rate of profit falls forever, the value rate is certainly not following the trend of the physical rate, not even eventually.
The two critics ultimately rescinded their points:
David Laibman claimed:
> "If a viable technical change is made, and the real wage rate is constant, the new MATERIAL rate of profit must be higher than the old one. That is all that Okishio, or Roemer, or Foley, or I, or anyone else has ever claimed!"
Duncan Foley claimed:
> "I understand Freeman and Kliman to be arguing that Okishio's theorem as literally stated is wrong because it is possible for the money and labor rates of profit to fall under the circumstances specified in its hypotheses
| 511 |
Temporal single-system interpretation
| 2 |
9,986,508 |
# Marie of Cleves, Duchess of Orléans
**Marie of Cleves** (19 September 1426 -- 23 August 1487) was the third wife of Charles, Duke of Orléans. She was born a German princess, the last child of Adolph I, Duke of Cleves and his second wife, Mary of Burgundy.
Marie was a patron of letters and commissioned many works; she was also an active poet herself, producing ballads and other verses. After the Duke\'s death she was secretly remarried in 1480 to one of her gentlemen of the chamber, the Artesian \"Sieur de Rabodanges\", who was some years her junior. She died in Chaunay.
## Marriage and issue {#marriage_and_issue}
At the age of fourteen, Marie was married to 46-year-old Charles of Valois, Duke of Orléans, a man 32 years her senior, on 27 November 1440, in Saint-Omer. She became his third and last wife. Their eldest child was born fully 17 years after the wedding. They had three children together, being:
- Marie of Orléans, Viscountess of Narbonne (19 December 1457 -- 1493); married John of Foix, Viscount of Narbonne in 1483.
- King Louis XII of France (1462--1515)
- Anne of Orléans, Abbess of Fontevraud and Poitiers (1464--1491).
## In literature {#in_literature}
Marie is a character in Hella Haasse\'s historical novel about Charles, Duke of Orléans *In a Dark Wood Wandering* (original Dutch title *Het Woud der Verwachting*)
| 228 |
Marie of Cleves, Duchess of Orléans
| 0 |
9,986,561 |
# List of Strawberry Panic episodes
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 14, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Episode list
^
``
| 21 |
List of Strawberry Panic episodes
| 0 |
9,986,603 |
# Holburn
**Holburn** is a small hamlet in the English county of Northumberland. Holburn is located between Lowick and Belford. It is part of the Berwick-upon-Tweed parliamentary constituency. The halmet is known for its rural charm and proximity to natural features such as Holburn Lake and Moss.
## Governance
**Holburn** is in the parliamentary constituency of Berwick-upon-Tweed
| 57 |
Holburn
| 0 |
9,986,621 |
# Florida Preparatory Academy
**Florida Prep**, formerly known as **Florida Air Academy**, is a private boarding and day school founded in 1961 by Jonathan Dwight, located in Melbourne, Florida, United States. Students in grades 6-12 are provided a college-preparatory education that emphasizes leadership, character, accountability, and trust. There are 130 students from 22 countries.
## History
Ernest Kouwen-Hoven built the main building in 1925 as his personal residence. It is Mediterranean Revival architecture with Art Deco interior. He used the mansion as his home for only one year, before selling it in 1926 to A.S. Widrig, who named the property \"The Lincoln Hotel.\" In 1957, the Lincoln Hotel was sold to August J Rimer who renamed the hotel the Belcelona.
In 1961, educator Jonathan Dwight bought the building and founded the Florida Air Academy, patterning the school on the United States Air Force Academy.
For several decades, the former Florida Air Academy operated as a military (Air Force JROTC) boarding/prep school, placing an emphasis on discipline.
Another strong draw to Florida Air Academy was the unique opportunity for students to enroll in flight training at the Florida Institute of Technology, where they could earn their Private Pilot License and multi-engine ratings. Consequently, the school served as a springboard for future military and commercial airline pilots who went on to continue their careers at aeronautical universities and flight schools throughout the nation.
In 2015, President James Dwight announced a change to the school name. In June 2015, the school became Florida Preparatory Academy, or Florida Prep for short.
Despite the name change from Florida Air Academy to Florida Preparatory Academy, the Florida Air Academy Alumni Association remains active with the contribution of students from the former Air Force JROTC school. The Alumni Association organizes annual events during Florida Prep Academy\'s Homecoming celebrations and is attended by hundreds who return to the Melbourne Area for fellowship and continued support for the organization.
## Academics
The academy is accredited by AdvancedED, formally known as the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Florida Council of Independent Schools.
In 2015, class sizes ranged from 5 to 20 students, and averaged 13. A.P. classes, Honors classes and Dual Enrollment classes are offered (Dual Enrollment at nearby Florida Tech and Eastern Florida State College) A Teacher Help period occurs after school and students are encouraged to see their teachers for help with homework or other questions. A formal \"Academic Assistance Program\" is in place for students needing additional academic motivation and instruction.
Graduates have had a 100% rate of acceptance by colleges since 1978.
| 429 |
Florida Preparatory Academy
| 0 |
9,986,621 |
# Florida Preparatory Academy
## Student body {#student_body}
In 2023, there were 130 students. Day students were admitted in the 1980s and comprised 50% of the student body. Boarding students are from across the USA and beyond and represent 22 different countries.
Boarding students live with one or two other roommates, depending on the size of the room. Each room has beds, desks, swivel chairs, and wall lockers. Students are allowed to have a footlocker for additional storage. Boarding students arise at 7:15 a.m. They have breakfast at the dining hall until 8:00. All dormitories are inspected in the morning to ensure cleanliness. Day students must be on campus by 8:15 to attend class at 8:30 a.m. Students wear branded polo shirts and shorts or slacks. Various opportunities occur during the school year to wear personal clothing, and students may wear their own clothing when leaving campus on the weekend for outings.
The campus consists of a landscaped 11 acres and contains the largest collection of historic buildings in Brevard County. It includes an outdoor stage and gymnasium, athletic fields and tennis courts. A city golf course is located across the street and several pools are nearby. The school day is made up of eight class periods, with a five-minute passing period between classes. The last class ends at 3:40 p.m. Boarding students are given the option of going home for the weekend or to remain on campus. If the student stays on campus, a variety of activities are available, including trips to Orlando, visits to the local beach, ice skating, bowling, and trips to the local movies and mall.
## Recognition
- Boys basketball Class 3A State Champions 1998, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007
- \[Sasha Kaun\] was one of the star players at Florida Air Academy during its period of State Championships
- Boys baseball Class 3A State Champions 1998
- Boys baseball Class 2A State Champions 1992--1993 season
- Class 3A State Champion, triple jump, long jump, high jump
- F.A.A. has had three Olympic athletes who have won two bronze medals.
- Girls basketball Class 2A State Champions 2018--2019, 2019-2020
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Jade Cargill, professional wrestler
- Prince Fielder, retired professional baseball player; attended FPA for three years
- Walter Hodge (2005), starting point guard for the Florida Gators
- Sasha Kaun (2004), former basketball player for the Kansas Jayhawks, played professional basketball for Cleveland Cavaliers
- Andy González (2001), professional baseball player
- Glenn Standridge (attended 1989--91), Grammy-winning multi-platinum R&B producer and audio mixing engineer.
- Jorge Padilla (1998), outfielder, Triple-A Buffalo
| 429 |
Florida Preparatory Academy
| 1 |
9,986,646 |
# Soliton model in neuroscience
The **soliton hypothesis** in neuroscience is a model that claims to explain how action potentials are initiated and conducted along axons based on a thermodynamic theory of nerve pulse propagation. It proposes that the signals travel along the cell\'s membrane in the form of certain kinds of solitary sound (or density) pulses that can be modeled as solitons. The model is proposed as an alternative to the Hodgkin--Huxley model in which action potentials: voltage-gated ion channels in the membrane open and allow sodium ions to enter the cell (inward current). The resulting decrease in membrane potential opens nearby voltage-gated sodium channels, thus propagating the action potential. The transmembrane potential is restored by delayed opening of potassium channels. Soliton hypothesis proponents assert that energy is mainly conserved during propagation except dissipation losses; Measured temperature changes are completely inconsistent with the Hodgkin-Huxley model.
The soliton model (and sound waves in general) depends on adiabatic propagation in which the energy provided at the source of excitation is carried adiabatically through the medium, i.e. plasma membrane. The measurement of a temperature pulse and the claimed absence of heat release during an action potential were the basis of the proposal that nerve impulses are an adiabatic phenomenon much like sound waves. Synaptically evoked action potentials in the electric organ of the electric eel are associated with substantial positive (only) heat production followed by active cooling to ambient temperature. In the garfish olfactory nerve, the action potential is associated with a biphasic temperature change; however, there is a net production of heat. These published results are inconsistent with the Hodgkin-Huxley Model and the authors interpret their work in terms of that model: The initial sodium current releases heat as the membrane capacitance is discharged; heat is absorbed during recharge of the membrane capacitance as potassium ions move with their concentration gradient but against the membrane potential. This mechanism is called the \"Condenser Theory\". Additional heat may be generated by membrane configuration changes driven by the changes in membrane potential. An increase in entropy during depolarization would release heat; entropy increase during repolarization would absorb heat. However, any such entropic contributions are incompatible with Hodgkin and Huxley model
## History
Ichiji Tasaki pioneered a thermodynamic approach to the phenomenon of nerve pulse propagation which identified several phenomena that were not included in the Hodgkin--Huxley model. Along with measuring various non-electrical components of a nerve impulse, Tasaki investigated the physical chemistry of phase transitions in nerve fibers and its importance for nerve pulse propagation. Based on Tasaki\'s work, Konrad Kaufman proposed sound waves as a physical basis for nerve pulse propagation in an unpublished manuscript. The basic idea at the core of the soliton model is the balancing of intrinsic dispersion of the two dimensional sound waves in the membrane by nonlinear elastic properties near a phase transition. The initial impulse can acquire a stable shape under such circumstances, in general known as a solitary wave. Solitons are the simplest solution of the set of nonlinear wave equations governing such phenomenon and were applied to model nerve impulse in 2005 by Thomas Heimburg and Andrew D. Jackson, both at the Niels Bohr Institute of the University of Copenhagen. Heimburg heads the institute\'s Membrane Biophysics Group. The biological physics group of Matthias Schneider has studied propagation of two-dimensional sound waves in lipid interfaces and their possible role in biological signalling
## Justification
The model starts with the observation that cell membranes always have a freezing point (the temperature below which the consistency changes from fluid to gel-like) only slightly below the organism\'s body temperature, and this allows for the propagation of solitons. An action potential traveling along a mixed nerve results in a slight increase in temperature followed by a decrease in temperature. Soliton model proponents claim that no net heat is released during the overall pulse and that the observed temperature changes are inconsistent with the Hodgkin-Huxley model. However, this is untrue: the Hodgkin Huxley model predicts a biphasic release and absorption of heat. In addition, the action potential causes a slight local thickening of the membrane and a force acting outwards; this effect is not predicted by the Hodgkin--Huxley model but does not contradict it, either.
The soliton model attempts to explain the electrical currents associated with the action potential as follows: the traveling soliton locally changes density and thickness of the membrane, and since the membrane contains many charged and polar substances, this will result in an electrical effect, akin to piezoelectricity. Indeed, such nonlinear sound waves have now been shown to exist at lipid interfaces that show superficial similarity to action potentials (electro-opto-mechanical coupling, velocities, biphasic pulse shape, threshold for excitation etc.). Furthermore, the waves remain localized in the membrane and do not spread out in the surrounding due to an impedance mismatch.
| 803 |
Soliton model in neuroscience
| 0 |
9,986,646 |
# Soliton model in neuroscience
## Formalism
The soliton representing the action potential of nerves is the solution of the partial differential equation
$$\frac{\partial^2 \Delta \rho}{\partial t^2} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x} \left[\left(c_0^2 + p\Delta \rho + q\Delta \rho^2\right)\frac{\partial \Delta \rho}{\partial x}\right] - h\frac{\partial^4 \Delta\rho}{\partial x^4},$$
where `{{math|''t''}}`{=mediawiki} is time and `{{math|''x''}}`{=mediawiki} is the position along the nerve axon. `{{math|Δ''ρ''}}`{=mediawiki} is the change in membrane density under the influence of the action potential, `{{math|''c''<sub>0</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} is the sound velocity of the nerve membrane, `{{math|''p''}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|''q''}}`{=mediawiki} describe the nature of the phase transition and thereby the nonlinearity of the elastic constants of the nerve membrane. The parameters `{{math|''c''<sub>0</sub>}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{math|''p''}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{math|''q''}}`{=mediawiki} are dictated by the thermodynamic properties of the nerve membrane and cannot be adjusted freely. They have to be determined experimentally. The parameter `{{math|''h''}}`{=mediawiki} describes the frequency dependence of the sound velocity of the membrane (dispersion relation). The above equation does not contain any fit parameters. It is formally related to the Boussinesq approximation for solitons in water canals. The solutions of the above equation possess a limiting maximum amplitude and a minimum propagation velocity that is similar to the pulse velocity in myelinated nerves. Under restrictive assumptions, there exist periodic solutions that display hyperpolarization and refractory periods.
## Role of ion channels {#role_of_ion_channels}
Advocates of the soliton model claim that it explains several aspects of the action potential, which are not explained by the Hodgkin--Huxley model. Since it is of thermodynamic nature it does not address the properties of single macromolecules like ion channel proteins on a molecular scale. It is rather assumed that their properties are implicitly contained in the macroscopic thermodynamic properties of the nerve membranes. The soliton model predicts membrane current fluctuations during the action potential. These currents are of similar appearance as those reported for ion channel proteins. They are thought to be caused by lipid membrane pores spontaneously generated by the thermal fluctuations. Such thermal fluctuations explain the specific ionic selectivity or the specific time-course of the response to voltage changes on the basis of their effect on the macroscopic susceptibilities of the system.
## Application to anesthesia {#application_to_anesthesia}
The authors claim that their model explains the previously obscure mode of action of numerous anesthetics. The Meyer--Overton observation holds that the strength of a wide variety of chemically diverse anesthetics is proportional to their lipid solubility, suggesting that they do not act by binding to specific proteins such as ion channels but instead by dissolving in and changing the properties of the lipid membrane. Dissolving substances in the membrane lowers the membrane\'s freezing point, and the resulting larger difference between body temperature and freezing point inhibits the propagation of solitons. By increasing pressure, lowering pH or lowering temperature, this difference can be restored back to normal, which should cancel the action of anesthetics: this is indeed observed. The amount of pressure needed to cancel the action of an anesthetic of a given lipid solubility can be computed from the soliton model and agrees reasonably well with experimental observations.
| 502 |
Soliton model in neuroscience
| 1 |
9,986,646 |
# Soliton model in neuroscience
## Differences between model predictions and experimental observations {#differences_between_model_predictions_and_experimental_observations}
The following is a list of some of the disagreements between experimental observations and the \"soliton model\":
Antidromic invasion of soma from axon:An action potential initiated anywhere on an axon will travel in an antidromic (backward) direction to the neuron soma (cell body) without loss of amplitude and produce a full-amplitude action potential in the soma. As the membrane area of the soma is orders of magnitude larger than the area of the axon, conservation of energy requires that an adiabatic mechanical wave decrease in amplitude. Since the absence of heat production is one of the claimed justifications of the \'soliton model\', this is particularly difficult to explain within that model.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Persistence of action potential over wide temperature range: An important assumption of the soliton model is the presence of a phase transition near the ambient temperature of the axon (\"Formalism\", above). Then, rapid change of temperature away from the phase transition temperature would necessarily cause large changes in the action potential. Below the phase transition temperature, the soliton wave would not be possible. Yet, action potentials are present at 0 °C. The time course is slowed in a manner predicted by the measured opening and closing kinetics of the Hodgkin-Huxley ion channels.\
Collisions:Nerve impulses traveling in opposite directions annihilate each other on collision. On the other hand, mechanical waves do not annihilate but pass through each other. Soliton model proponents have attempted to show that action potentials can pass through a collision; however, collision annihilation of orthodromic and antidromic action potentials is a routinely observed phenomenon in neuroscience laboratories and are the basis of a standard technique for identification of neurons. Solitons pass each other on collision (Figure\--\"Collision of Solitons\"), solitary waves in general can pass, annihilate or bounce of each other and solitons are only a special case of such solitary waves.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Ionic currents under voltage clamp:The voltage clamp, used by Hodgkin and Huxley (1952) (Hodgkin-Huxley Model) to experimentally dissect the action potential in the squid giant axon, uses electronic feedback to measure the current necessary to hold membrane voltage constant at a commanded value. A silver wire, inserted into the interior of the axon, forces a constant membrane voltage along the length of the axon. Under these circumstances, there is no possibility of a traveling \'soliton\'. Any thermodynamic changes are very different from those resulting from an action potential. Yet, the measured currents accurately reproduce the action potential.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Single channel currents:The patch clamp technique isolates a microscopic patch of membrane on the tip of a glass pipette. It is then possible to record currents from single ionic channels. There is no possibility of propagating solitons or thermodynamic changes. Yet, the properties of these channels (temporal response to voltage jumps, ionic selectivity) accurately predict the properties of the macroscopic currents measured under conventional voltage clamp.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Selective ionic conductivity:The current underlying the action potential depolarization is selective for sodium. Repolarization depends on a selective potassium current. These currents have very specific responses to voltage changes which quantitatively explain the action potential. Substitution of non-permeable ions for sodium abolishes the action potential. The \'soliton model\' cannot explain either the ionic selectivity or the responses to voltage changes.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Pharmacology: The drug tetrodotoxin (TTX) blocks action potentials at extremely low concentrations. The site of action of TTX on the sodium channel has been identified. Dendrotoxins block the potassium channels. These drugs produce quantitatively predictable changes in the action potential. The \'soliton model\' provides no explanation for these pharmacological effects.
## Action waves {#action_waves}
A recent theoretical model, proposed by Ahmed El Hady and Benjamin Machta, proposes that there is a mechanical surface wave which co-propagates with the electrical action potential. These surface waves are called \"action waves\". In the El Hady--Machta\'s model, these co-propagating waves are driven by voltage changes across the membrane caused by the action potential
| 670 |
Soliton model in neuroscience
| 2 |
9,986,653 |
# Fishing Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)
**Fishing Creek** is an 11.5 mi tributary of the Susquehanna River in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania, in the United States.
Fishing Creek flows west through West Hanover and Middle Paxton townships and joins the Susquehanna River at the unincorporated community of Fort Hunter.
Another Fishing Creek exists directly across the Susquehanna River in the borough of Marysville, Pennsylvania
| 63 |
Fishing Creek (Susquehanna River tributary)
| 0 |
9,986,656 |
# Peter Miskew
**Peter Alexander Miskew** (27 November 1899 -- 9 September 1965) was a politician and lawyer from Alberta, Canada. He served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta from 1930 to 1935 sitting with the United Farmers caucus in government and also with the Liberal caucus in opposition.
## Political career {#political_career}
Miskew ran for a seat to the Alberta Legislature in the Victoria Alberta electoral district in the 1930 Alberta general election as a candidate under the United Farmers banner. Miskew held the riding for the United Farmers of Alberta in a hotly contested election. He won the three-way race by a plurality of 66 votes over Liberal candidate S.W. Bahlay.
Miskew crossed the floor to the Liberal caucus on February 3, 1934 three days after Premier John Brownlee announced Miskew would move the speech from the throne in the 4th Session of the 7th Alberta Legislative Assembly. Miskew informed the Premier of his decision to cross by a memo and stated that he did not support the policies of the United Farmers government any longer.
Miskew achieved his law degree graduating the University of Alberta on May 10, 1935 as part of a class of 20 senior law students. Miskew\'s tenure as an MLA caused the University to clarify its ban on campus political clubs. President Robert Wallace had originally stated that no student should ally with a political party. He was later forced to clarify that he meant in regards to the ban on political clubs when asked about Miskew and a Social Credit candidate who had attended the University.
Miskew retired from provincial politics at dissolution of the Assembly in 1935
| 279 |
Peter Miskew
| 0 |
9,986,679 |
# Nallapadu
**Nallapadu** is a neighbourhood of Guntur in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was merged in Guntur Municipal Corporation in 2012 and is a part of Guntur West mandal. It is situated on the south west of Guntur on SH 2
| 44 |
Nallapadu
| 0 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
The **Army Service Forces** was one of the three autonomous components of the United States Army during World War II, the others being the Army Air Forces and Army Ground Forces, created on 9 March 1942. By dividing the Army into three large commands, the Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, drastically reduced the number of officers and agencies reporting directly to him. The Army Service Forces brought together elements of five different components of the Army: elements of the War Department General Staff (WDGS), especially its G-4 division (responsible for logistics); the Office of the Under Secretary of War; the eight administrative bureaus; the nine corps areas, which became service commands; and the six supply arms and services, which became known as the technical services. The Army Service Forces was initially known as the United States Army Services of Supply but the name was changed on 12 March 1943, as it was felt that the term \"supply\" did not accurately describe the broad range of its activities. The Army Service Forces was abolished on 11 June 1946 and most of its functions were taken over by the War Department General Staff.
For most of its existence, the Army Service Forces was commanded by General Brehon B. Somervell, with Lieutenant General Wilhelm D. Styer as his chief of staff. After Styer left for the Pacific, he was succeeded by Major General LeRoy Lutes on 18 April 1945. Brigadier General Lucius D. Clay was the Deputy Chief of Staff for Requirements and Resources, and as such he was responsible for the development of the Army Supply Program, the operation of the Lend-Lease program, and liaison with the War Production Board concerning the allocation of raw materials. Although he had his own logistics staff in the G-4 division of the War Department General Staff, it was to Somervell and Styer that Marshall turned to for advice on logistical matters, and it was Somervell who attended the important wartime conferences.
Six supply arms and services became part of the new organization: the Corps of Engineers, Signal Corps, Ordnance Department, Quartermaster Corps, Chemical Warfare Service and the Medical Department. They were designated \"supply services\" in April 1942, and \"technical services\" in April 1943. A seventh technical service, the Transportation Corps, was created in July 1942. The technical services developed military equipment, manufactured or purchased it, stored it in depots, maintained and repaired it, and issued it to the troops. Each had its own budget, and together they accounted for half of the Army\'s appropriations.
The service commands were the field agencies of the ASF. There were initially nine of these, each responsible for a different geographical region. In August 1942 the Military District of Washington also assumed the status of a service command. The Northwest Service Command was created in September 1942. It was responsible for the construction and maintenance of the Alaska Highway, the operation of the railway between Skagway, Alaska and Whitehorse, and the Canol Project. Army installations in the continental United States that were placed directly under the service commands included recruiting stations, induction and reception centers, repair shops, enemy alien and prisoner of war camps, medical and dental laboratories, Reserve Officers\' Training Corps units, dispensaries, finance offices, disciplinary barracks and named general hospitals except for the Walter Reed General Hospital.
| 555 |
Army Service Forces
| 0 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Origins
By late 1941, there was dissatisfaction with the existing structure of the United States Army, and a recognition that change was required in order to fight World War II, which the United States was on the brink of entering. Lieutenant General Lesley J. McNair, the chief of staff of General Headquarters (GHQ), had broad responsibility for the organization and training of ground combat troops, but this brought him into conflict with the chiefs of the arms and services. At the same time, the Army Air Forces (AAF) sought greater autonomy. The establishment of an independent air force had been an aspiration of air officers between the wars, and despite the establishment of AAF in June 1941, they were still not satisfied with their status in what they saw as a war in which air power would play a dominant role. In October 1941, the AAF recommended the creation of autonomous air and ground forces, supported by a service force. However, the main driver was the Chief of Staff, General George Marshall, who felt overwhelmed by the large number of officers and agencies---at least 61---with direct access to him, and he received about fifty staff studies each day. This was in spite of explicit orders to bring to his attention only matters that could not be handled by anyone else.
The agencies reporting directly to the Chief of Staff could be divided into five groups:
- The War Department General Staff (WDGS) in Washington, DC. This was divided into five divisions, each with its own Assistant Chief of Staff. There were also three deputy chiefs of staff, one each for supply, administration and the air. The Deputy Chief for Air was also the chief of the AAF.
- The two major commands, the AAF and GHQ. These were responsible for the preparation and training of air and ground combat units respectively. GHQ was also responsible for the defense of the continental United States, which was conducted through four defense commands, the Central, Eastern, Southern and Western, which had been formed on 17 May 1941. GHQ had been set up with the idea that it would command the forces overseas, as had occurred in World War I, but by early 1942 it was apparent that World War II would be fought in many theaters. The Chief of Staff was the chief of the WDGS and the commanding general of GHQ, but the two were quite separate entities.
- The chiefs of the combat arms, service arms and administrative bureaus. These were located in Washington, DC, and had responsibility for training schools and the development of doctrine.
- There were four armies that controlled the combat troops located in the United States, and nine corps areas that provided them with services and managed most military posts. In late 1941 the corps areas were engaged in the task of inducting civilians and mobilization of the Army.
- There were also some miscellaneous installations, such as the United States Military Academy, United States Army Command and General Staff College and the ports of embarkation.
The G-4 Division of the WDGS, which was responsible for logistics, was headed from 25 November 1941 by Brigadier General Brehon B. Somervell. Supply was a critical issue, and became more so after the United States entered the war in December. The mobilization of the Army was being slowed by shortages of equipment, as was the deployment of troops overseas. If the United States Army was to take the field in 1942, production would need to be stepped up, but this was not the responsibility of G-4, but of the Under Secretary of War, Robert P. Patterson. The Office of the Under Secretary of War (OUSW) had grown from 78 people on 1 July 1939 to 1,136 on 1 November 1941. Somervell saw that the closest cooperation between G-4 and the OUSW was required, and he asked a New York attorney, Goldthwaite H. Dorr, to study the supply organization of the supply organization of the War Department.
Marshall called his staff together for a meeting on 3 February 1942, where he explained the new organization that he was considering. He wanted no more than three commands reporting to him, so everything which did not fit into the Army Ground Forces or Army Air Forces would become part of the Services of Supply. He gave his staff 48 hours to review the proposal and offer suggestions. The officer in charge of the reorganization, Major General Joseph T. McNarney, told Somervell to draw up an organization for a supply agency. Like McNarney\'s work, it had to be done in secret so as not to give the anticipated opposition a chance to organize. Somervell immediately contacted Dorr. They were assisted by two staff officers, Colonel Wilhelm D. Styer and Lieutenant Colonel Clinton F. Robinson. An important decision was to accept the continued existence of the supply arms and services, although a new transportation organization would be created. This meant that procurement would remain decentralized, but a position of Director of Procurement and Distribution was created. It was recognized that an organization devoted to supply would be preferable, but since Marshall wanted three agencies, not four, it was accepted that the administrative bureaus would also be part of the new organization, and these were placed under a Chief of Administrative Services. Somervell gave the proposed organization structure to McNarney in the second week of February.
The new organization was ordered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 28 February 1942 by Executive Order Number 9082 \"Reorganizing the Army and the War Department\". Details were provided in War Department Circular No. 59, dated 2 March, and the new organization was publicly announced by the Secretary of War, Henry L. Stimson, in a press release that day. It went into effect on 9 March, and Somervell assumed command of the United States Army Services of Supply (USASOS). The Services of Supply was renamed the Army Service Forces (ASF) on 12 March 1943, as it was felt that the term \"supply\" did not accurately describe its broad range of activities.
| 1,017 |
Army Service Forces
| 1 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Insignia
According to the website of the U.S. Army Institute of Heraldry, the insignia of the Army Service Forces consisted of \"a blue five-pointed star, one point up, 1`{{fraction|3|8}}`{=mediawiki} inches in diameter on a white background within a red border, outside diameter 2`{{fraction|1|4}}`{=mediawiki} inches, inside invected of six.\" The design invokes the red, white and blue national colours of the United States. The patch was approved for wearing by War Department Overhead on 30 July 1941, Services of Supply on 27 March 1942, Army Service Forces on 12 March 1943, technical and administrative Services in June 1946, Department of the Army staff support on 8 October 1969, and Department of the Army field operating agencies on 29 October 1996.
## Organization
### Staff divisions {#staff_divisions}
The Army Service Forces brought together elements of five different components of the Army: elements of the War Department General Staff, especially its G-4 component; the Office of the Under Secretary of War; the eight administrative bureaus; the nine corps areas, which became the service commands; and the six supply arms and services, which became known as the technical services. Somervell commanded the Army Service Forces for most of its existence. For most of the war, Styer was his chief of staff. He left for the Pacific on 18 April 1945, and was succeeded by Major General LeRoy Lutes. In the directive that created the USASOS, Somervell created the position of Deputy Chief of Staff for Requirements and Resources, which was initially filled by Brigadier General Lucius D. Clay. He was responsible for the development of the Army Supply Program, the operation of the Lend-Lease program, and liaison with the War Production Board concerning the allocation of raw materials. He was succeeded by Howard Bruce on 27 November 1944.
Somervell organized his staff along functional lines, with divisions for requirements, resources, procurement, distribution, defense aid, operations, personnel, training and finance. This lasted just eight days before the procurement and distribution divisions were combined. The requirements, resources and production divisions were placed under Clay in April 1942. In July 1942, new divisions were created production and purchases, but in December the production and resources divisions were merged. A renegotiating division was created in August 1943 to renegotiate contracts, and a Readjustment Division in November 1943 to handle the termination of contracts. The Defense Aid Division was renamed the International Division in April 1942. Its role was to ensure that supplies earmarked for use by Allied nations were shipped. From 1943 on it also became involved in the distribution of civil affairs and military government supplies.
The Operations Division was headed by LeRoy Lutes. In July 1942 he became the Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations, with the Operations Division (renamed the Plans Division) and Distribution Branch (upgraded to a staff division) assigned to him. In August a strategic planning division was added. By July 1942 there were sixteen staff divisions, but only nine officers reporting directly to Somervell. The title of \"assistant chief of staff\" was replaced by \"director\" in May 1943. There were now six directors, for personnel, training, operations, materiel, finance and administration. Later that year, the Distribution (renamed Stock Control), Storage and the Maintenance Divisions were grouped together under a Director of Supply, Major General Frank A. Heileman.
The position of Director of Administration was created in May 1943, with responsibility for the Adjutant General, Judge Advocate General, Army Exchange Service, Provost Marshal General, the National Guard Bureau and the Executive for Reserve and Reserve Officers\' Training Corps (ROTC) Affairs. However, the positions of the Adjutant General and Judge Advocate General were considered too important and prestigious to be subordinated. In November 1943, the position of Director of Administration was abolished, and henceforth they reported directly to Somervell, and functioned as staff agencies of ASF. Responsibility for the other administrative services was dived among the staff directors. The Women\'s Army Auxiliary Corps was created in 1942 and became the Women\'s Army Corps (WAC) in September 1943. It was initially placed under the Director of Personnel. In November 1943 it was assigned to Somervell\'s office. On 10 February 1944, responsibility for the WAC was transferred to the G-1 (Personnel) Division of the WDGS. By April 1945, over 100,000 women were serving in the WAC. Other miscellaneous staff units such as the National Guard Bureau, the Executive for Reserve and ROTC, the Provost Marshal General and the Intelligence Division reported through the Deputy Chief of Staff for Service Commands, but this was never a satisfactory arrangement, and they too were transferred to the WDGS in May and June 1945. On 31 July 1943, 45,186 military and civilian personnel were working on ASF staff. By 1945, this had declined to 34,138 personnel. There were 723 work in the Office of the Commanding General, 2,675 for the Director of Personnel, 205 for the Director of Military Training, 523 for the Director of Supply, 913 for the Director of Materiel, 136 for the Director of Intelligence, 815 for the Judge Advocate General, 856 for the Provost Marshal General, 14,718 for the Fiscal Director and 12,574 for the Adjutant General. Of these, 16,305 were in ASF headquarters in Washington, DC.
| 866 |
Army Service Forces
| 2 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Organization
### Technical Services {#technical_services}
When the Services of Supply was formed on 9 March 1942, six supply arms and services became part of the new organization: the Corps of Engineers, Signal Corps, Ordnance Department, Quartermaster Corps, Chemical Warfare Service and the Medical Department. In April 1942, shortly after they became part of the USASOS, they were redesignated \"supply services\". This term was replaced with \"technical services\" in April 1943, which, it was felt, better described their function.
A seventh technical service, the Transportation Corps, was established as the Transportation Division on 28 February 1942 under the authority of Executive Order 9082. It was renamed the Transportation Service in April 1942 and became a corps in its own right on 31 July 1942, with its own chief, replacement training center, officer candidate school and distinctive branch insignia. The Transportation Corps took over control of the ports of embarkation and regulating points from the Quartermaster Corps, and on 16 November, and the Military Railway Service was transferred from the Corps of Engineers to the Transportation Corps. Aside from that, the only significant changes in the responsibilities of the technical services during World War II were the transfer of the Construction Division of the Quartermaster Corps to the Corps of Engineers, which occurred on 1 December 1941, before the creation of the USASOS, and the transfer of responsibilities for the development, procurement, storage and maintenance of motor vehicles from the Quartermaster Corps to the Ordnance Department in July 1942. `{{Gallery
| title = Chiefs of the Technical Services
| File:Levin Hicks Campbell.jpg
| Lieutenant General [[Levin H. Campbell Jr.]], Chief of Ordnance
| File:Edmund B. Gregory.png
| Lieutenant General [[Edmund B. Gregory]], Quartermaster General
| File:Charles P. Gross.png
| Major General [[Charles P. Gross]], Chief of Transportation
| File:Harry C. Ingles.JPG
| Major General [[Harry C. Ingles]], Chief Signal Officer
| File:Major General William N. Porter (grayscale).png
| Major General [[William N. Porter]], Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service
| File:Norman T. Kirk.jpg
| Major General [[Norman T. Kirk]], Surgeon General
| File:Lieutenant General Eugene Reybold, Chief of Engineers.png
| Lieutenant General [[Eugene Reybold]], Chief of Engineers
}}`{=mediawiki}
Each technical service had a chief based in Washington, DC, with a large staff, and field installations scattered across the country. On 31 July 1943, the seven technical services controlled 728,796 military and civilian personnel in the United States, comprising 48 percent of the ASF. There were 261,118 in the Ordnance Department; 149,121 in the Transportation Corps; 103,450 in the Quartermaster Corps; 90,493 in the Corps of Engineers (including those assigned to the Manhattan District); 72,109 in the Signal Corps; 35,539 in the Chemical Warfare Service; and 16,936 in the Medical Department. Of these, 16,904 worked in the offices of the chiefs of the technical services. Unlike the chiefs of the four combat arms, who had their offices abolished and their authority transferred to the Chief of Army Ground Forces, neither the duties nor the structure of the technical services were substantially altered by their becoming part of the Army Service Forces. But their status changed; the chiefs no longer had direct access to the Chief of Staff or the Secretary of War. With the exception of the chief of the Transportation Corps, they chafed under their diminished status.
The chiefs of the technical services were all regular army soldiers. Three of them were in office when the USASOS was created and remained for the duration: the Quartermaster General, Major General Edmund B. Gregory; the Chief of Engineers, Major General Eugene Reybold; and the Chief of Chemical Warfare Service, Major General William N. Porter. New chiefs were selected jointly by Marshall and Somervell. Three were replaced during the war: the Chief of Ordnance, Major General Charles M. Wesson, retired in June 1942 and was succeeded by Major General Levin H. Campbell, Jr.; the Surgeon General, Major General James C. Magee retired in May 1943 and was succeeded by Major General Norman T. Kirk on 1 June; and the Chief Signal Officer, Major General Dawson Olmstead, was relieved by Somervell on 30 June 1943 and replaced by Major General Harry C. Ingles, a West Point classmate. Major General Charles P. Gross, the Chief of Transportation, was another classmate and a personal friend of Somervell, and was appointed on his recommendation in March 1942. In the case of the Ordnance Department, Roosevelt had nominated Major General James H. Burns, an assistant to presidential advisor Harry L. Hopkins and the chairman of the Combined Munitions Assignments Board, to replace Wesson but Burns asked for his nomination to be withdrawn as he felt he could not work with Somervell.
The technical services developed military equipment, manufactured or purchased it, stored it in depots, maintained and repaired it, and issued it to the troops. Each had its own budget, and together they accounted for half of the Army\'s appropriations. With installations in many Congressional districts, they had strong political support in the United States Congress. The internal organizations of the technical services were determined by their chiefs. The Medical Department, Corps of Engineers, Chemical Warfare Service and Transportation Corps were organized along functional lines, whereas the Ordnance Department was organized along commodity lines; the Signal Corps and Quartermaster Corps used a combination of both. ASF adjudicated jurisdictional disputes between the technical services, but the chiefs had Army-wide technical authority and supervision responsibilities. ASF therefore functioned as a coordinating command. Some standardization did result from the creation of ASF. ASF laid down certain principles of organization in the 1942 Services of Supply Organization Manual, and the ASF staff divisions pressed the technical services to adopt structures similar to that of ASF headquarters, as having this simplified their own work practices. However, with the exception the Transportation Corps, the technical services resisted this, as their organizational structures had evolved to suit their individual needs.
This was especially true of the way in which they organized their field installations, which reported directly to the office of their respective chief. These included procurement districts, supply depots, ports, arsenals and schools. Only the Ordnance Department had its own manufacturing plants, known as government-owned, government-operated (GOGO) plants to distinguished them from government owned, privately operated enterprises. There were 73 of these, of which 21 were for TNT and powder plants, 10 were ammonia and nitrate plants, 24 were loading plants, 12 were small arms plants, and 6 were other types. In 1943, 178 installations were operated the Ordnance Department, 113 by the Transportation Corps, 97 by the Quartermaster Corps, 92 by the Corps of Engineers, 54 the Signal Corps, 42 by the Medical Department and 32 by the Chemical Warfare Service. ASF controlled the number and size but not the organization of these installations. ASF instituted standard procedures for procurement December 1944, but this did not affect the organization of the purchasing offices, which still varied greatly. That month ASF also laid down a standard organization for all depots, but the each technical service still controlled them in accordance with its own procedures.
| 1,173 |
Army Service Forces
| 3 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Organization
### Service Commands {#service_commands}
On 4 June 1920, the National Defense Act of 1920 abolished the old territorial divisions and replaced them with nine corps areas. Each had roughly the same population in 1920, and the idea was that each would control at least one division each of the Regular Army, National Guard and Organized Reserve. The corps areas became responsible for defending the United States against invasion by Canada or Mexico. The corps areas did not work out as well as hoped. During the 1920s and 1930s, many installations, particularly those belonging to the supply arms and services, were exempted from their control; their tactical organization failed to materialize due to budget shortfalls; and the best maneuver areas were in the IV and VIII Corps Areas. In July 1940, the control of tactical forces was removed from the corps areas with the creation of General Headquarters, United States Army, leaving the corps areas with administrative responsibilities only.
thumb\|left\|upright=1.3\|Corps areas with corps mobilization responsibilities, 1921 The corps areas were renamed service commands on 10 July 1942. The new title reflected their status as administrative and supply agencies. Somervell saw them fulfilling the role of field agencies of the ASF. Army installations in the continental United States were divided into four categories. Class I installations were ASF installations, which were placed directly under the service commands; Class II installations were posts and stations of the Army Ground Forces; Class III installations were Army Air Forces bases; and Class IV installations were those which, on account of their technical nature, remained under the direct command of a chief of a technical or administrative service. These included the GOGO manufacturing plants, proving grounds, procurement offices and the ports of embarkation. Class I installations included recruiting stations, induction and reception centers, repair shops, enemy alien and prisoner of war camps, medical and dental laboratories, Reserve Officers\' Training Corps (ROTC) units, dispensaries except for the General Dispensary in Washington, DC, finance offices, disciplinary barracks and named general hospitals except for Walter Reed General Hospital.
The boundaries of the service commands and the location of their headquarters were not changed, and they remained the same throughout the war with one exception. The Military District of Washington (MDW) was created in May 1942. It included the District of Columbia and Arlington County, Virginia. In August 1942 it was separated from the Third Service Command and assumed the status of a service command, except that its commander also served as the headquarters commandant for the War Department, and as such also reported to the Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army. The MDW was enlarged in December 1942 to include Fort Washington and Fort Belvoir. One additional service command was created: the Northwest Service Command, in September 1942, with its headquarters at Whitehorse in the Canadian Yukon Territory. It was responsible for the construction and maintenance of the Alaska Highway, the operation of the railway between Skagway, Alaska and Whitehorse, and the Canol Project. It was abolished on 30 June 1945, and its responsibilities were transferred to the Sixth Service Command. On 31 July 1943, 751,911 personnel were assigned to the service commands, representing 45 percent of the ASF.
The idea of a unified command of many arms and services was a familiar one to Army officers---the division was an expression of the concept---but it had not been applied to the continental United States before. With the creation of GHQ in 1940, the command of an Army post had become separated from that of the combat units stationed there, who became tenants of a Class II installation. At a Class II installation, there was a post commander who was responsible to the commanding general of the service command in which it was located. His job was to provide services to the AGF units stationed there. The principle was that the customer was always right, so the post commander complied with requests from the AGF units there. The increasingly stringent manpower situation from 1943 on meant that sometimes the post commander had to ask the AGF units for assistance. The technical services generally regarded their work as so specialized that it could only be carried out by dedicated field installations over which they had complete control. From the beginning, many procurement and storage installations were exempted from their control, becoming Class IV installations, and Gross successfully argued the case for the staging areas and ports of embarkation to also be exempt. On the other hand, there were many installations that had formerly been centrally controlled that now became Class I installations. These included the named general hospitals. To the ASF staff these were more Army posts with buildings to be maintained, staff and patients to be fed, and utilities to be provided. Sometimes there were even German and Italian prisoners of war to be guarded. The Surgeon General argued that these administrative tasks were incidental to the function of hospitals.
The Army Specialized Training Program and training for the Women\'s Army Corps were directly controlled by the service commands. Several training installations of the administrative and technical services were designated as Class IV installations. These included the School of Military Government under the Provost Marshal General, the Edgewood Arsenal under the Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service, Camp Lee under The Quartermaster General, the Aberdeen Proving Ground under the Chief of Ordnance, Fort Monmouth and Camp Murphy under the Chief Signal Officer, and Carlisle Barracks under the Surgeon General. However others were classified as Class I installations. These included the Signal Corps training center at Camp Crowder, the Engineer training centers at Fort Leonard Wood and Fort Belvoir, the Quartermaster training center at Fort Warren, and the Transportation Corps training center at Camp Gordon Johnston. But in these cases the commandant or commanding officer was appointed, and training activities were those specified by, the chief of the technical service concerned. The difference between Class I and Class IV installations was never settled.
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| Insignia | Service Command | Commander | Headquarters | Location | Personnel | Reference |
+==========+=================================+================================================================================================================+=============================+==============================================================================================+===========+===========+
| 60px | First Service Command | Major General Sherman Miles | Boston, Massachusetts | Connecticut, New Hampshire. Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont | 31,246 | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Second Service Command | Major General Thomas A. Terry | Governors Island, New York | Delaware, New Jersey, New York | 50,749 | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Third Service Command | Major General Milton Reckord (until December 1943);\ | Baltimore, Maryland | District of Columbia (until August 1942), Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia | 60,548 | |
| | | Major General Philip Hayes | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Fourth Service Command | Major General William Bryden (until 15 January 1944);\ | Atlanta, Georgia | Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina | 175,166 | |
| | | Major General Frederick Uhl (until 10 June 1945);\ | | | | |
| | | Major General Edward H. Brooks | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Fifth Service Command | Major General Daniel Van Voorhis (until 2 July 1943);\ | Columbus, Ohio | Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, West Virginia | 42,600 | |
| | | Major General Fred C. Wallace (until 2 December 1943);\ | | | | |
| | | Major General James L. Collins | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Sixth Service Command | Major General George Grunert (until September 1942);\ | Chicago, Illinois | Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan | 42,050 | |
| | | Major General Henry Aurand (until November 1944);\ | | | | |
| | | Major General Russell B. Reynolds (until 23 May 1945);\ | | | | |
| | | Major General David McCoach Jr. | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Seventh Service Command | Major General Frederick Uhl (until 10 January 1944);\ | Omaha, Nebraska | Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Wyoming, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota | 76,530 | |
| | | Major General Clarence Danielson | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Eighth Service Command | Major General Richard Donovan (until 15 June 1945);\ | Dallas, Texas | Colorado, Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma | 147,952 | |
| | | Lieutenant General Walton H. Walker | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| 60px | Ninth Service Command | Major General Kenyon Joyce (until 11 October 1943); Major General David McCoach Jr. (until 1 September 1944);\ | Fort Douglas, Utah | Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington | 106,991 | |
| | | Major General William Shedd | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| | Military District of Washington | Major General John T. Lewis (until 6 September 1944);\ | Washington, DC | Washington, DC, Arlington County, Virginia | 18,079 | |
| | | Major General Charles F. Thompson | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
| | Northwest Service Command | Brigadier General James A. O\'Connor (until 20 February 1944);\ | Whitehorse, Yukon Territory | Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon Territory | | |
| | | Brigadier General Ludson D. Worsham (until 6 May 1944);\ | | | | |
| | | Colonel Frederick S. Strong Jr. (until 30 June 1945) | | | | |
+----------+---------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------+-----------+
: Service Commands (strengths as at 31 July 1943)
| 1,569 |
Army Service Forces
| 4 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Operations
Although he had an Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4, on the WDGS, it was to Somervell and the staff of ASF that Marshall turned to for advice on logistical matters, and it was Somervell who would attend the important wartime conferences. Logistics and strategy were interdependent; no strategic plan could be put into effect without due consideration of the logistical constraints. The ASF identified four major influences of logistics on strategy:
1. The availability of supplies and resources in the United States at the time of the operation;
2. Shipping and transport capacity in the United States;
3. The capacity of the beaches and ports in the theater of operations, and the ability to move supplies from them to the combat areas; and
4. The enemy\'s ability to interfere with the logistical support.
### Sledgehammer
The most important strategic decision of the war was to concentrate on the war in Europe against Germany rather than the Pacific War against Japan. This made sound logistical sense: the distance across the Atlantic to the United Kingdom was half that across the Pacific to Australia, the largest ports in the United States were on the Atlantic coast, most of the industry was located in the northeast, and the railway network was oriented to the movement of goods there. This meant that forces could be deployed to the UK much faster than to the Pacific. Resources were not adequate to permit simultaneous action in both in 1942, so the Combined Chiefs of Staff decided to build up the forces in the UK. This activity up was codenamed Operation Bolero.
Action was desirable to relieve the pressure on Britain and the Soviet Union. Bolero was to be followed by an emergency assault across the English Channel in the event of indications of a sudden German or Soviet collapse in 1942, codenamed Operation Sledgehammer, and a major one in 1943, codenamed Operation Roundup. Roundup required a million American troops to be moved to the UK by the 1 April 1943 target date. The ASF staff determined that the major constraints were the availability of shipping in the United States, and the capacity of British ports to handle the volume of cargo. The War Shipping Administration agreed to provide 70 to 100 sailings in June, July and August 1942 to take advantage of the long Summer daylight hours in the UK.
Somervell also approached Lord Leathers, the British Minister of War Transport, for a loan of fifty British ships. Often the equipment most needed in the UK was not available, but ASF shipped what was. To maximize the usilization of shipping space, ships were loaded \"full and down\", using up all cargo space and weighing them down to the Plimsoll line. By July, British setbacks in the Middle East caused shipping and supplies to be sent there instead. That month, ASF shipped 38,000 LT of equipment to the British forces in Egypt. Sinkings by German U-boats reduced the ships available for Bolero still further, and by the end of August only a fraction of the required cargo had been shipped.
The ability of the United States to conduct Sledgehammer and Roundup was hampered by a shortage of landing craft and crews. In May 1942, the SOS was directed to train Army landing craft crews, and the Engineer Amphibian Command was established for this purpose on 10 June. The Navy agreed to provide the crews for the larger ocean-going landing ships. By July, it was apparent that there would not be sufficient landing craft to conduct Sledgehammer. Sledgehammer had been abandoned in favor of an invasion of French Northwest Africa (Operation Torch), a ship-to-shore operation, and plans for the 1943 cross-Channel invasion operation were scaled back. The Navy then announced that it would take over the operation of all landing craft. Given the additional time, the Navy now believed that it could train all boat crews. Training was restricted to the three engineer special brigades that had already been created, which were sent to the Southwest Pacific Area.
| 676 |
Army Service Forces
| 5 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Operations
### Bolero
Chaos had resulted during World War I because the organization of the SOS in France was different from that of the War Department, and an important lesson of that war was the need for the theater SOS organization to parallel the one the United States. Marshall and Somervell wanted it led by someone familiar with the SOS organization, and selected Major General John C. H. Lee, who had previously commanded the Pacific Ports of Embarkation in the United States. Each branch head in SOS headquarters was asked to nominate his best two men, one of whom was selected by Somervell and Lee for SOS-ETO headquarters, while the other remained in Washington.
Somervell was disturbed by the proposed troop basis of the European Theater of Operations (ETO), which provided for just 277,000 personnel. This represented about 26 percent of the proposed theater strength, which Somervell felt was insufficient to unload, transport and store the flow of Bolero supplies. He was overruled by the Operations Division (OPD) of the WDGS, which prioritized combat and air units for deployment to the UK. Its 1942 troop basis for the Army as a whole provided for only 11.8 percent of the Army\'s strength to be service troops. USASOS was unable to raise units without personnel, but by June 1942 every theater commander was calling for more. They then accepted partially trained units with the idea that they could learn on the job, but this did not work out well. In September, OPD slowed the activation of ground units and raised the proportion of service troops to 35 percent.
That month, the War Production Board sent Somervell a report by the economist Simon Kuznets, which concluded that the purchasing agencies had been so preoccupied with placing contracts and expediting production of military goods that in the process they had exceeded the ability of the economy to produce them. The result of the uncontrolled purchasing would be widespread shortages of raw materials. Somervell and Patterson were skeptical, but agreed that setting unrealistic production targets was counterproductive. The matter was referred to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who cut the military spending by \$13 billion to \$80 billion (equivalent to cutting by \$`{{inflation|US-GDP|13|1942}}`{=mediawiki} billion to \$`{{inflation|US-GDP|80|1942|fmt=c}}`{=mediawiki} billion in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}). The planned strength of the Army was reduced by 300,000 and there practice of issuing only 50 percent of the equipment allowance of units in training was extended.
| 407 |
Army Service Forces
| 6 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Operations
### North Africa {#north_africa}
The increase in service troops in ETOUSA came too late. The flow of Bolero supplies overwhelmed the service units in the UK, and were stored in depots without proper markings, and without records being kept of what was in each depot. The result was that equipment required for Torch could not be located in time, and on 8 September Lee had to ask for it to be shipped from the United States. USASOS was unable to ship the requested 260,000 MTON of supplies in time, but with frantic efforts the technical services were able to ship 132,000 MTON; another eight shiploads followed that would join convoys en route from the UK to North Africa. The Western Task Force was loaded in the United States, at Norfolk and Newport News. By 27 September it was clear that the ports of Morocco could not handle the required stores, and the Navy could not provide escorts for multiple convoys. Given a choice between reducing the number of personnel or the number of vehicles, the latter option was chosen.
The Torch landings went reasonably well, and the initial objectives were attained, but poor planning and execution, and stiff German and Italian resistance caused a drawn-out campaign, and the difficulty of shipping supplies mounted. In January 1943, the Supreme Allied Commander, Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower, asked Somervell if he could provide additional transportation resources. Somervell (in North Africa for the Casablanca Conference) saw this as an opportunity to demonstrate what the USASOS could do. He secured an assurance from the Commander-in-Chief, United States Fleet, Admiral Ernest King, that the Navy would provide escorts for an extra convoy, and ordered Styer to ship 5,400 trucks, 2,000 trailers and 100 locomotives. Rain and snow slowed loading, but these vehicles, totaling 220,000 MTON, were loaded on 23 ships in 21 days. The special convoy, known as UGS 5½, sailed on 15 February and arrived in North Africa on 6 March.
The North African campaign raised new logistical concerns. One was the unanticipated requirement for civilian relief supplies. This was the responsibility of a civilian agency, the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation Operations, but competition for shipping, port and transportation resources soon arose between military and civil requirements. It became apparent that civilian relief had to be at least a component of military planning. It was agreed that civil affairs would be a military responsibility for the first 90 days of a major operation, and a civilian section was added to ASF headquarters in July 1943. In November responsibility for civilian relief was transferred to the military.
Another important development was the program for re-equipping the French Army. Eisenhower allocated 25,000 LT per convoy for this purpose, but the French commander, *\[\[Général d\'Armée\]\]* Henri Giraud, was not satisfied with this allocation. Eisenhower then asked Marshall if a special convoy cou;ld be provided, and Marshall turned this request over to USASOS. The Navy agreed to provide an escort for a special convoy, UGS 6½, and Somervell asked the War Shipping Administration for twenty-five ships. Nineteen were ultimately provided, and USASOS loaded the convoy, which sailed in March 1943 with 132,000 LT of supplies. In July, Somervell met with Giraud to discuss the latter\'s needs, and it was decided to ship another 200,000 LT in July and August. The program ultimately provided eight divisions for the Allied cause that fought in the Italian and southern France campaigns, but the French were unable to provide a full complement of service units.
### China-Burma-India {#china_burma_india}
Although the war against Germany had top priority, ASF did not neglect the war against Japan. After the Casablanca Conference, Somervell flew to Karachi in British India, where he met with Lieutenant General Joseph W. Stilwell, the commander of American troops in the China-Burma-India Theater (CBI), and Field Marshal Sir Archibald Wavell, the British Commander-in-Chief, India. Somervell judged that the Assam line of communication (LOC) was inadequate to support the air bases sending supplies to China by air over the Hump, as the route over Himalayan Mountains was called, and the engineers working on the construction of the Ledo Road to link Burma with China by road and pipeline.
Somervell pressed the British for permission for American troops to take over the running of the Bengal and Assam Railway and the barge traffic on the Brahmaputra River. For a time, Marshall considered having Somervell replace Stilwell, with Lieutenant General Jacob L. Devers taking over ASF. While happy for the Americans to take over the river traffic, the British at first balked at handing over control of the railway to the Americans, but agreed in October 1943. Somervell appointed Colonel Paul F. Yount, who had operated the Iranian railway to Tehran, to head it and arranged for additional construction equipment, engineer supplies and service troops to be sent to CBI. By July, the railway had exceeded the 22,000 ST per month target set at the Quebec Conference for 1 January 1946. In August, 16,439 cars rolled along it, an average of 530 per day, compared with 327 in March. By September, the it was carrying 6,537 LT per day, and there was still ten percent capacity to spare.
| 871 |
Army Service Forces
| 7 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Operations
### Shipping crisis {#shipping_crisis}
Somervell did not directly involve himself in the affairs of the ETO nearly as much, for fear that Eisenhower and Lee would resent it, but in October 1944, a major shipping crisis developed that threatened to derail the global war effort. Inadequate port facilities created congestion at the ports in Europe, with ships left waiting for weeks to discharge. This was exacerbated by a similar crisis in the Southwest Pacific Area, also the result of a lack of port capacity. Lee insisted that the supplies the ships carried were required, and that use of ships as floating warehouses allowed him to meet critical requests from Eisenhower.
By 20 October over 240 vessels were awaiting discharge in Northwest Europe, and Somervell informed Lee that he could expect no more ships carrying rations, vehicles or ammunition until he made headway with reducing the backlogs. Somervell sent Clay to ETO to resolve problems at the port of Cherbourg, and Brigadier General John M. Franklin, the Assistant Chief of Transportation for water transportation, to advise the ETO on improving turnaround time and developing more realistic estimates of port capacity. He arrived in France on 28 October, and was appointed the Assistant Chief of Transportation of COMZ and ETOUSA.
In November, he chairman of the Maritime Commission, Vice Admiral Emory S. Land, noted that 350 ships were being held idle in the theaters awaiting discharge, and 400 more WSA vessels were being retained for various uses by theater commanders. This represented 7,000,000 DWton of shipping, which was about 30 percent of all Allied-controlled tonnage. As ships failed to return on time, supplies began piling up at the ports, depots and railway sidings in the United States.
Somervell suggested cuts be made to the shipping allocated to the British import program, Lend-Lease shipments to the UK and Soviet Union, and to civilian relief. The WSA and the Maritime Commission opposed this, seeing no reason why civilians should have to tighten their belts due to the inability of American theater commanders to make efficient use of the shipping supplied to them. Somervell cancelled sailings to both ETO and SWPA. The crisis subsided after the opening of the port of Antwerp in November, but Somervell sent Gross to ETO the following month to advise on making better use of the available port capacity.
| 395 |
Army Service Forces
| 8 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Operations
### Manhattan Project {#manhattan_project}
ASF was also responsible for the Manhattan Project, which developed the first atomic bombs. Syer was designated the Army\'s representative on nuclear matters. At first he was not allowed to reveal anything about it to Somervell, but in June Marshall gave Styer permission to brief Somervell on the project and to enlist his support. In September 1942, Somervell and Styer decided to strengthen the Army\'s control of the project, with a single officer placed in charge. The obvious candidate was Styer, but Somervell did not want to lose his chief of staff, so Colonel Leslie R. Groves Jr. (who was promoted to brigadier general) was appointed.
Groves reported to the Military Policy Committee, which consisted of Styer, Rear Admiral William R. Purnell and Vannevar Bush, the head of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). At the Quebec Conference in May 1943, it was decided to merge the British Tube Alloys project with the Manhattan Project. Styer then became the chairman of the Combined Policy Committee, which included British and Canadian representatives. He also headed its Technical Subcommittee. The size and scope of activities of the ASF was so great that it was able to hide a project that cost nearly \$2 billion (equivalent to \$`{{inflation|US-GDP|2|1945|r=0}}`{=mediawiki} billion in `{{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}), built major industrial complexes, and at its peak employed 80,000 people.
| 231 |
Army Service Forces
| 9 |
9,986,683 |
# Army Service Forces
## Abolished
On 30 August 1945, Marshall created a board head by Lieutenant General Alexander M. Patch to review the organization of the War Department. The board had no officers from the ASF staff but two came from the technical services. The board submitted its recommendations to the Chief of Staff on 18 October. These were that the technical services be continued, with the Transportation Corps made permanent, and that the Finance Department becoming an eighth technical service. There would be six administrative services: the Adjutant General\'s Department, the Judge Advocate General\'s Department, the Corps of Chaplains, the Office of the Provost Marshal General, and the Special Services Division. Their activities would be supervised by a Director of Personnel and Administration in the WDGS. The service commands would be abolished, and their functions transferred to the Armies. The ASF would also be abolished, and its staff sections transferred to the WDGS.
Eisenhower succeeded Marshall as Chief of Staff on 19 November 1945, and Somervell\'s retirement was announced on 26 December, effective 30 April 1946. He was succeeded as commander of ASF by Lutes on 1 January 1946. On 13 May 1946, President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9722, which amended Executive Order 9082, and gave the Secretary of War thirty days \"to reassign to such agencies and officers of the War Department as he may deem appropriate the functions, duties, and powers heretofore assigned to the service of supply command and to the Commanding General, Services of Supply. War Department Circular 138 abolishing ASF was issued the following day implementing the new organization, effective 11 June 1946.
The Army Service Forces was successful in terms of the mission given to it by Marshall when it was created in March 1942: it relieved him of the burden of having large numbers of people reporting to him, and gave him a single person who could handle logistics. Much of the criticism of the ASF involved the personality of Somervell, but it was his energy, drive, and determination to achieve efficiencies that made the ASF the organization that it was. In the new organization, Lutes became the Director of Service, Supply and Procurement on the WDGS. The position was later renamed the Director of Logistics. Procedures developed by the ASF remained in place. On 1 November 1948, the technical services were subordinated to the Director of Logistics, and the administrative services to the Director of Personnel and Administration
| 410 |
Army Service Forces
| 10 |
9,986,694 |
# Dick Doran
**Richard A. Doran** (1935 -- January 22, 2007) served as a legislative assistant to Philadelphia Congressman William J. Green, as executive director of the Philadelphia Democratic County Executive Committee, as Chief of Staff to Governor Milton J. Shapp, as President of the Greater Philadelphia First Corporation, as Philadelphia City Representative and Director of Commerce, and as Vice-President of Independence Blue Cross.
## Cultural institutions {#cultural_institutions}
A leader in the world of Philadelphia cultural institutions, he was Chairman of the Board of the Curtis Institute of Music, a member of the Board of the Opera Company of Philadelphia, and an advisor to the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Philadelphia Orchestra. He served as a mentor and friend to the Chinese pianist Lang Lang in his youth, who studied with Gary Graffman at Curtis.
## Author
He was the author of an extensive personal diary for the years 2000--2002 entitled *Suddenly Sixty-Five*. He was the author of a political novel---he called it a fable---about the corruption caused by large campaign contributions, lobbyists, and pollsters entitled *It Takes A Villain*.
## Death and legacy {#death_and_legacy}
Doran died suddenly in New York, possibly of a heart attack, on January 22, 2007, at the age of 71, immediately after a performance of the Metropolitan Opera.
His close friend, the former Congressman and Mayor of Philadelphia, William J. Green, III, eulogized him as \"Thomas Jefferson without the contradictions\" and said of his cultural leadership \"he gave and he gave and he gave until he just couldn\'t give any more
| 257 |
Dick Doran
| 0 |
9,986,721 |
# Godavari railway station
**Godavari railway station** (station code:GVN), is a railway station in Rajahmundry sub-urban. It falls in the Vijayawada railway division of the South Coast Railway of the Indian Railways.
## Classification
In terms of earnings and outward passengers handled, Godavari is categorized as a *Non-Suburban Grade-5 (NSG-5)* railway station. Based on the re--categorization of Indian Railway stations for the period of 2017--18 and 2022--23, an NSG--5 category station earns between {{₹\|1}}--{{₹\|10}} crore and handles `{{Nowrap|1–2 million}}`{=mediawiki} passengers.
## Station amenities {#station_amenities}
It is one of the 38 stations in the division to be equipped with Automatic Ticket Vending Machines (ATVMs)
| 103 |
Godavari railway station
| 0 |
9,986,737 |
# Nadogo F.C.
**Nadogo F.C.** is a Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based in Wainikoro, which is a situated on the island of Vanua Levu.
Their uniform includes olive green shirt
| 42 |
Nadogo F.C.
| 0 |
9,986,738 |
# Aaron Tolson
**Aaron Tolson** (born Manchester, New Hampshire`{{when|date=November 2021}}`{=mediawiki}, United States) has been a tap dancer since 1986. He was the assistant choreographer, co-creator and assistant producer of *Imagine Tap!* - a tap show created with Derick Grant. He is currently an associate professor of dance at The Boston Conservatory in Boston, Massachusetts and is the founder, choreographer, and director for the pre-professional tap company Speaking in Taps.
## Education and Track Career {#education_and_track_career}
At age 14, Tolson joined the track team at Manchester Memorial High School. Throughout his four-year high school career, he set every high school record in the event he competed in, including the 55 and 300-meter indoor dashes and the 100 and 200-meter outdoor events. Tolson\'s times qualified him to compete in the 1992 U.S. Olympic Trials and earned him induction into the Memorial High School and Manchester, NH Halls of Fame. Graduating high school, he earned a full scholarship to St. Johns University, where he once again set records in track. A number of them still stand to this day. In 1996, he was once again invited to compete in the U.S. Olympic Trials.
Tolson graduated from St. Johns University in 1997 with a Bachelor of Science degree in communications.
## Tap Dance Career {#tap_dance_career}
Aaron Tolson started dancing at the age of ten in Lawrence, Massachusetts. Four years into his dance career he was performing in the *Great Tap Reunion* at the Apollo Theater alongside tap legends Derick Grant, Savion Glover, Gregory Hines, and the cast of the movie *Tap*. Soon after, Tolson met Julia Boynton in Boston, who guided him in the direction of tap as a lifestyle.
While attending college at St. Johns University, Tolson was honing his tap technique in Manhattan. His senior year of college led him to the New York Shakespeare Festival tap program, also known as *Funk U!* Soon Tolson became a company member of Manhattan Tap. Jumping feet-first into choreography, he landed a job with Absolut in a national tour called *Absolut Tap!* He choreographed a piece for their second tour and was a dance captain for all of the teams for two years. Soon after, Tolson accepted a role in the national and international tours of *Riverdance*. He was a soloist and the captain of the tap dancers during his six-year run with the show and had the opportunities to perform on Broadway, at Radio City Music Hall, on various TV shows, at NBA games, and on stages all over the world.
### *Imagine Tap!* {#imagine_tap}
In 2006, Tolson began working with longtime friend Derick K. Grant on *Imagine Tap!*, a Chicago-based show whose formation would eventually become the subject of a feature-length documentary, titled *Tap or Die*. Tolson performed in the show alongside Grant and fellow tap dancers Jason Samuels Smith, Michelle Dorrance, Chloe Arnold, Dormeshia Sumbrey-Edwards, Ayodele Casel, Joseph Wiggin, Jason Janas, Jared Grimes, Jumaane Taylor, Tre Dumas, Brill Barrett, and more.
## Teaching the Next Generation {#teaching_the_next_generation}
### New England Tap Ensemble {#new_england_tap_ensemble}
Aaron founded New England Tap Ensemble, a non-profit organization, in May 2007. His goal was to promote the art of tap dance in the community while fostering a sense of individuality in a professional artist. While he was a faculty member at The Boston Conservatory and Plymouth State University, he choreographed, produced, and directed *Something to Tap About*, *Tapped*, *Tapped In*, and *Inspired*, which all featured performers from New England Tap Ensemble. The youth organization resolved in 2010.
### Speaking in Taps {#speaking_in_taps}
Following the conclusion of the New England Tap Ensemble, Tolson founded Speaking in Taps in 2010. Speaking in Taps, which is commonly abbreviated as \"SIT,\" is a pre-professional youth tap company. Members range in age from 10 to 20-years old and hail from all over New England. In January 2021, the company put on their first show since the pandemic, *Something to Tap About*. It was the first show the company has put on that only features choreographed dances by Tolson and improv solos by multiple members.
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, the company expanded their platform and added \"remote members\" which call into rehearsals via Zoom.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 2017, Tolson resumed to his teaching position at The Boston Conservatory as an associate professor of dance. He currently resides in Bedford, NH with his wife and two daughters.
In correspondence with Bedford Community Television, Tolson created his own show, *The Aaron Tolson Entertainment and Variety Show*, in September 2017. It ran for a total of five episodes, airing the final one in late August 2018
| 764 |
Aaron Tolson
| 0 |
9,986,748 |
# Mirai Shida
is a Japanese actress. She became recognized after her breakthrough role as Kazumi Kanda in \"*Joō no Kyōshitsu*\" (\"The Queen\'s Classroom\") leading her to more prominent roles, such as Miki Ichinose in *14-year-old Mother*.
## Biography
She married a non-celebrity in September 2018.
## Filmography
### Film
- *Kamen Rider 555: Paradise Lost* (2003), Mina(Childhood)
- *Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger The Movie: Full Blast Action* (2004), a girl from the planet \"Leslie\"
- *Amemasu no Kawa \"First Love\"* (2004), Sayuri Takakura(Childhood)
- *Spring Snow* (2005), Satoko Ayakura
- *Tsubakiyama Kachō no Nanokakan* (2006)
- *Kabei: Our Mother* (2008), Hatsuko Nogami
- *Dare mo Mamotte Kurenai* (2009), Saori Funamura
- *Shokudō Katatsumuri* (2008), Momo-chan
- *The Borrower Arrietty* (2010), Arrietty (voice)
- *POV: Norowareta Film* (2012), Mirai Shida(Herself)
- *Reunion* (2013), Yūko Terui
- *The Wind Rises* (2013), Kayo Horikoshi (voice)
- *Eiga ST Aka to Shirō no Sōsa File* (2015), Shō Aoyama
- *Mother\'s Trees* (2015)
- *Good Morning Show* (2016), Saya Miki
- *Yell for the Blue Sky* (2016), Yūka Mori
- *The Many Faces of Ito* (2018), Shūko Nose (B)
- *Laplace\'s Witch* (2018), Tetsuko Okunishi
- *My Hero Academia: Two Heroes* (2018) - Melissa Shield
- *Fictitious Girl\'s Diary* (2020)
- *A Whisker Away* (2020), Miyo, Tarō (voice)
- *#HandballStrive* (2020), Teruteru
- *By the Window* (2022), Yukino Arisaka
- *Samurai Detective Onihei: Blood for Blood* (2024)
- *Acma:Game: The Final Key* (2024), Ran Kuroda
- *Shinpei* (2025), Toshiko
### Television
- *Eien no 1/2* (TBS, 2000)
- *Nukumori* (NTV, 2000), Kana Murayama
- *Gekai Arimori Saeko II* (NTV, 2000), Rie Ogawa
- *Shikei Dai no Ropeway* (BS Japan, 2001), Kyōko Fujiki
- *Mariko* (NHK, 2001), Mariko(Childhood)
- *Hatsu Taiken* Episode 3, 4 (Fuji TV, 2002)
- *Inubue* (BS Japan, 2002), Ryōko Akizu
- *Shōnentachi 3* (NHK, 2002)
- *Bara no Jūjika* Episode 5 (Fuji TV, 2002)
- *Zako Kenji Ushio Tadashi no Jikenbo* (TBS, 2002), Senju Ushio
- *Stewardess Keiji 7* (Fuji TV, 2003), Kyōko
- *Kamen Rider Ryuki* (TV Asahi, 2003)
- *Honto ni Atta Kowai Hanashi: Haru no Kyōfu Mystery* (Fuji TV, 2003), Marie
- *Kawa, Itsuka Umie* Episode 1 (NHK, 2003), Tami Honma
- *Zako Kenji Ushio Tadashi no Jikenbo 2* (TBS, 2004), Senju Ushio
- *Itoshi Kimi e* Episode 3 (Fuji TV, 2004), Rina Nakagawa
- *Reikan Bus Guide Jikenbo* Episode 6 (TV Asahi, 2004), Yuki Shinozaki
- *The Queen\'s Classroom* (Joō no Kyōshitsu) (NTV, 2005), Kazumi Kanda
- *Haru to Natsu* (NHK, 2005), Natsu Takakura
- *Honto ni Atta Kowai Hanashi: Nanika ga Soko ni Iru* (Fuji TV, 2005), Rie Sasada
- *Zako Kenji Ushio Tadashi no Jikenbo 3* (TBS, 2005), Senju Ushio
- *Manbiki G-Men Nikaidou Yuki* Episode 13 (TBS, 2005), Aya Nakamura
- *Tantei Gakuen Q* (NTV, 2006), Minami Megumi(Meg)
- *Suppli* (Fuji TV, 2006), Natsuki Konno
- *14-year-old Mother* (`{{transliteration|ja|14-sai no Haha}}`{=mediawiki}) (NTV, 2006), Miki Ichinose
- *The Queen\'s Classroom Special: Datenshi* Episode 1 (NTV, 2006), Kazumi Kanda
- *Watashitachi no Kyōkasho* (Fuji TV, 2007), Asuka Aizawa
- *Tantei Gakuen Q* (NTV, 2007), Minami Megumi(Meg)
- *Dream Again* (NTV, 2007), Hina Asahina/Hina Fujimoto
- *Kujira to Medaka* (Fuji TV, 2008), Sachiko Imai
- *Seigi no Mikata* (NTV, 2008), Yōko Nakata
- *Voice: Inochi Naki Mono no Koe* Episode 6 (Fuji TV, 2009), Tomoko Sōma
- *Kurobe no Taiyō* (Fuji TV, 2009), Mitsuko Takiyama
- *Boss* Episode 6 (Fuji TV, 2009), Yuki Ishihara
- *Shōkōjo Seira* (TBS, 2009), Seira Kuroda
- *Sakuramichi* (NTV, 2009), Miki Kobayashi
- *Honto ni Atta Kowai Hanashi Special* (Fuji TV, 2009), Yukari Mutō
- *Sotsu Uta: Best Friend* (Fuji TV, 2010), Ayumi Takano
- *Hammer Session!* (TBS, 2010), Kaede Tachibana
- *Himitsu* (TV Asahi, 2010), Monami Sugita/Naoko Sugita
- *Bull Doctor* (NTV, 2011), Mia Takeda
- *Yonimo Kimyōna Monogatari: Aki no Tokubetsuhen* (Fuji TV, 2011), Yuri Dōjima
- *Ghost Mama Sōsasen: Boku to Mama no Fushigina 100-nichi* (NTV, 2012), Aoi Uehara
- *Kagi no Kakatta Heya* Episode 8 (Fuji TV, 2012)
- *Black Board: Jidai to Tatakatta Kyōshi Tachi* (TBS, 2012)
- *Reset: Hontō no Shiawase no Mitsukekata* (TBS, 2012), Tomoko Miyoshi
- *Tazunebito* (2012), Mitsuki Ōmae
- *The Knife and the Sword* (TV Asahi, 2013), Natsu
- *ST: Keishichō Kagaku Tokusōhan* (NTV, 2013), Shō Aoyama
- *Naru Youni Narusa* (TBS, 2013), Yōko Uchida
- *Dandarin: Rōdō Kijun Kantokukan* Episode 4 (NTV, 2013), Yumi Sanada
- *Naru Youni Narusa* Season 2 (TBS, 2014), Yōko Uchida
- *The Knife and the Sword* Part 2 (TV Asahi, 2014), Natsu
- *ST Aka to Shirō no Sōsa File* (2014), Shō Aoyama
- *Masshiro* (2015), Nana Matsuoka
- *Daddy Sister* (2016)
- *The Supporting Actors* (2017), herself
- *The Many Faces of Ito* (2017), Shūko Nose (B)
- *Temp Staff Psychic Ataru* (2019)
- *Asagao: Forensic Doctor* (2019)
- *Yell* (2020)
- *The Supporting Actors 3* (2021), herself
- *What Will You Do, Ieyasu?* (2023), Ito
- *Oshi no Ko* (2024), Abiko Samejima
- *The Hot Spot* (2025), Mizuki Manabe
### Dubbing
- *Tomorrowland* (June 2015), Casey Newton (Britt Robertson)
## Commercials
- Tokyo Denryōku
- IH Cooking Heater
- TEPCO Hikari
- \"Mama no Manzoku (Shopping)\" (May 2006 -- November 2006)
- \"Ojīchan no Manzoku\" (May 2006 -- November 2006)
- Marvelous Interactive \"Bokujō Monogatari Series\"
- Nintendo DS \"Bokujō Kimi to Sodatsu Shima\" (September 2006)
- \"Sekai ga Sodatsu\" (December 2006 -- present)
- KDDI \"au\"
- Oyako de, au debut no Haru
| 899 |
Mirai Shida
| 0 |
9,986,758 |
# Hara Chandra Ghosh
Rai Bahadur **Hara Chandra Ghosh** (archaic **Hurro Chunder Ghose**) was one of the prominent leaders of the Young Bengal group (a group of radical Bengali free thinkers emerging from Hindu College, Calcutta of British India in the early 19th century). He was the first Bengali to be a judge of the Calcutta Small Causes Court from 1854 to 1868. H.E.A. Cotton says, \"In his youth, he was a favourite pupil, as the Rev. K.M.Banerjee had been of David Hare and Derozio: but unlike others he maintained his Hinduism.\" He earned fame as a judge and was not involved in religion and social reform.
## Formative years {#formative_years}
The family of Hara Chandra Ghosh hailed from Sarsuna in South 24 Parganas. His father was Abhay Charan Ghosh. His grandfather Sitanath Ghosh was a close friend of Babu Pran Krishna Singha, a famous zamindar of Calcutta and granduncle of Kaliprasanna Singha. In those days, it was a custom to learn Persian, but Ghosh was not satisfied with learning Persian only. He was keen to learn English also. As a result of his own efforts, he joined the newly founded Hindu College and later became a favourite student of Derozio. He was one of the students actively involved in the Academic Association, where he used to deliver speeches.
## Career
As a youngster, he attracted attention of Lord William Bentinck, who wanted to appoint him on his personal staff and take Ghosh with him but the latter could not accept the offer because of opposition from his mother. However, in 1832, when the position of *munsif* was created for the Indians, Bentinck appointed him *munsif* of Bankura. Within a few days of his arrival in Bankura the situation started changing. The court started working from ten to five. When there was shortage of staff, Ghosh himself took down notes and wrote out judgments. His honesty and devotion enhanced the respect for the judiciary in the eyes of the public.
After successfully working in Bankura for six years, he was transferred to Hooghly in 1838, and in 1844, he became principal *sadar amin* of 24 Parganas. After serving for twenty years as a member of the subordinate Civil Judiciary in Bengal, he was gazetted as junior police magistrate of Kolkata (then known as Calcutta) in 1852, on the unanimous recommendation of the judges of the *Sadar Diwani Adalat*. In 1854, he was transferred to the Small Causes Court, where he remained till his death.
He was associated with John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune in the formation of the Bethune School and was a member of the school committee. He joined the other Derozians for the construction of a memorial statue for David Hare.
He became the legal guardian of Kaliprasanna Singha, the son of his neighbour Nandalal Singha of Jorasanko after the later\'s untimely death. He stood with the family through thick and thin, and assisted Kaliprasanna\'s mother in legal cases against relatives. He was also a trusted advisor of the Kaliprasanna.
## Honours
He enjoyed the confidence of Lord William Bentinck, Lord Auckland and Lord Dalhousie. He was made a *Rai Bahadur* (a title of honor issued in British India to individuals who have performed a deed of great service to the nation).
A memorial meeting was held in the Town Hall, on 4 January 1869, where Chief Justice Norman, mentioned Ghosh as \'the very model of what a native gentleman should be.\' A marble bust of Hara Chandra Ghosh was unveiled in the main entrance to the Small Causes Court by Sir Arthur Macpherson, then a judge of Calcutta High Court on 8 March 1876
| 606 |
Hara Chandra Ghosh
| 0 |
9,986,777 |
# Brighton Rock (band)
**Brighton Rock** was a Canadian hard rock band, who released three albums in their home country during the 1980s and 1990s. They broke up in 1991, before reuniting and releasing a live album in 2002.
## History
The band was formed in 1982 in Niagara Falls by guitarist Greg Fraser and bassist Stevie Skreebs, along with vocalist Gerry McGhee, keyboardist Martin Victor and drummer Mark Cavarzan. Initially, the band\'s name was Heart Attack. After their song \"Breakin\' Down The Barricade\" was included in CILQ\'s 1984 *Q107 Homegrown* compilation, they changed their name to Brighton Rock and released the EP *Brighton Rock* the following year.
They signed to WEA for their 1986 debut album, *Young, Wild and Free*, which was produced by Michael Wagener with pre-production assistance from Jack Richardson. By this time, Martin Victor had left to join a band called Buxx, and been replaced on keyboards by Johnny Rogers. *Young, Wild and Free* spawned the Canadian hit singles \"We Came to Rock\" and \"Can\'t Wait for the Night\". The album charted at No. 82 in Canada and was certified gold in 1989.
In 1988, Brighton Rock released the album *Take a Deep Breath*, which was produced entirely by Richardson. This was the band\'s most commercially-successful album. In Canada, it peaked at #22 and was #11 on the Top 50 Cancon Albums of \'89. Its singles, \"One More Try\", \"Hangin\' High & Dry\" and \"Can\'t Stop the Earth from Shakin\'\" charted at #38, #77 and #65. Following its release, the band toured the UK for the first time.
While writing for their next album, the band realized that they no longer needed keyboards. McGhee stated, \"We didn\'t feel that keyboards were part of us anymore. There\'s really no place for them in our musical direction.\" Fraser noted: \"We definitely did not want to repeat ourselves on that record, and keyboards were becoming too polished sounding for what was being released at the time. A lot of tougher sounds were becoming more popular with the likes of Guns N\' Roses, and Skid Row, and keyboards were considered uncool, and wimpy. Most of the new songs I was writing did not lend themselves to keyboards.\" Rogers left the band and replaced for touring purposes by a second guitarist, Greg Bioleau, who had played in McGhee\'s first band, The Rockers. At the Juno Awards of 1990, Brighton Rock was nominated as Most Promising Group of the Year\--the award went to The Tragically Hip.
In 1991, Brighton Rock released the album *Love Machine*. The album didn\'t chart, but the single \"Hollywood Shuffle\" earned the #6 spot on the Cancon: To Watch chart. The band toured Ontario to support the album, then broke up. Their last show was at the Toronto nightclub Spectrum in June 1992. As Fraser explained, they were suffering from a combination of burn-out from an exhausting touring schedule, and frustration at not being able to break into the US market. They had fired their manager and couldn\'t find someone who could help them move to the next level. McGhee decided to move to Los Angeles; Fraser joined Helix. At the Juno Awards of 1992, *Love Machine* was nominated as Hard Rock Album of the Year.
The band regrouped for a reunion tour in 2001, releasing the live album *A Room for Five Live* in 2002. In 2006 a greatest hits package was released titled *The Essentials*. In 2007, Fraser and Skreebs formed a band called Fraze Gang and released the album *Fraze Gang* in 2008. A Brighton Rock EP called *Don\'t Call Us* was announced for release in 2009, but it did not materialize.
The band regrouped again Thursday October 30, 2008, at the Phoenix Concert Theatre in Toronto for a benefit concert for fellow Canadian rocker Carl Dixon who was injured in a car crash. In 2013, they played the Firefest X Festival in England, and released the single and video for "Creatures of the Night", a re-imagining of the Kiss classic, for the fundraising album *A World With Heroes (A Kiss Tribute For Cancer Care)*.
Brighton Rock has since played a couple of shows every year. Their last live shows were as part of the 2019 Monsters of Rock Cruise in Jamaica. Also in 2019, Brighton Rock released a new song, \"End of Time\".
On August 25, 2020, Gerry McGhee died of cancer. In the same year, Fraser had recorded a studio album with a new band, Storm Force.
## Discography
**Albums**
- *Young, Wild and Free* (1986), WEA
- *Take a Deep Breath* (1988), WEA
- *Love Machine* (1991), WEA
- *A Room for Five Live* (2002), Z Records
- *The Essentials* (2006, compilation), Warner Music
**EPs**
- *Brighton Rock* (1985), Flying Fist Records
- *Hangin\' High & Dry* (1988), WEA
**Singles**
- \"Breakin\' Down The Barricade\" (1984, as Heart Attack)
- \"Can\'t Wait For The Night\" (1986)
- \"Change Of Heart\" (1986)
- \"We Came To Rock\" / \"Young, Wild And Free\" (1987)
- \"One More Try\" / \"Shootin\' For Love\" (1988)
- \"Hangin\' High & Dry\" (1988)
- \"Unleash The Rage\" (1989)
- \"Can\'t Stop the Earth from Shaking\" (1989)
- \"Hollywood Shuffle\" (1991)
- \"Creatures of the Night\" (2013)
- \"Shootin\' For Love\" (2014, re-release)
- \"End of Time\" (2019)
**Compilation inclusions**
- *Q-107 Homegrown Volume Six* (1984, as Heart Attack), RCA
- *Be Naughty Be Hair Metal* (2010), Rhino Entertainment
- *A World With Heroes (A Kiss Tribute For Cancer Care)* (2013), MSPVS.org
| 913 |
Brighton Rock (band)
| 0 |
9,986,777 |
# Brighton Rock (band)
## Personnel
**Former members**
- Greg \"Fraze\" Fraser -- guitar (1982--1992, 2001--2020)
- Steve \"Stevie\" Skreebs -- bass guitar (1982--1992, 2001--2020)
- Johnny Rogers -- keyboards, piano, guitar (1985--1991, 2001--2020)
- Mark Cavarzan -- drums, percussion (1982--1992, 2001--2020)
- Gerry McGhee -- vocals (1982--1992, 2001--2020; died 2020)
- Martin Victor -- keyboards (1982--1985)
**Former touring members**
- Greg Boileau -- guitar (1991--1992)
- Derek McGowan - guitar (2002)
**Timeline** {{#tag:timeline\| ImageSize = width:800 height:auto barincrement:18 PlotArea = left:110 bottom:80 top:0 right:10 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = mm/dd/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1982 till:08/25/2020 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
Colors =
` id:vocals value:red legend:Lead_vocals`\
` id:guitar value:green legend:Guitar`\
` id:bass value:blue legend:Bass`\
` id:keys value:purple legend:Keyboards`\
` id:piano value:lavender legend:Piano`\
` id:drums value:orange legend:Drums,_percussion`\
` id:studio value:black legend:Studio_album`\
` id:other value:gray(0.6) legend:EP`\
` id:bars value:gray(0
| 136 |
Brighton Rock (band)
| 1 |
9,986,783 |
# Fecal sac
A **fecal sac** (also spelled **faecal sac**) is a mucous membrane, generally white or clear with a dark end, that surrounds the feces of some species of nestling birds. It allows parent birds to more easily remove fecal material from the nest. The nestling usually produces a fecal sac within seconds of being fed; if not, a waiting adult may prod around the youngster\'s cloaca to stimulate excretion. Young birds of some species adopt specific postures or engage in specific behaviors to signal that they are producing fecal sacs. For example, nestling curve-billed thrashers raise their posteriors in the air, while young cactus wrens shake their bodies. Other species deposit the sacs on the rim of the nest, where they are likely to be seen (and removed) by parent birds.
Not all species generate fecal sacs. They are most prevalent in passerines and their near relatives, which have altricial young that remain in the nest for longer periods. In some species, the fecal sacs of small nestlings are eaten by their parents. In other species, and when nestlings are older, sacs are typically taken some distance from the nest and discarded. Young birds generally stop producing fecal sacs shortly before they fledge.
Removal of fecal material helps to improve nest sanitation, which in turn helps to increase the likelihood that nestlings will remain healthy. It also helps to reduce the chance that predators will see it or smell it and thereby find the nest. Experiments on starling nests suggest that bacteria in faeces produce volatile chemicals that may provide cues for predators and ectoparasites such as flies in the genus *Carnus*. There is evidence that parent birds of some species gain a nutritional benefit from eating the fecal sacs; studies have shown that females -- which tend to be more nutritionally stressed than their mates -- are far more likely to consume sacs than are males. Even brood parasites such as brown-headed cowbirds, which do not care for their own offspring, have been documented swallowing the fecal sacs of nestlings of their host species.
Scientists can use fecal sacs to learn a number of things about individual birds. Examination of the contents of the sac can reveal details of the nestling\'s diet, and can indicate what contaminants the young bird has been exposed to. The presence of an adult bird carrying a fecal sac is used in bird censuses as an indication of breeding
| 407 |
Fecal sac
| 0 |
9,986,786 |
# Washington Student Achievement Council
The **Washington Student Achievement Council** (WSAC) is the Washington State Government agency overseeing higher education in the state of Washington. It consists of a nine-member citizen board and an associated cabinet-level agency.
WSAC was created on July 1, 2012, when it received the duties of the former Washington State Higher Education Coordinating Board with the passage and enactment of HB 2483
| 66 |
Washington Student Achievement Council
| 0 |
9,986,819 |
# Nalawa F.C.
**Nalawa F.C.** was a Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based in Vunikavikaloa in Ra, which is a situated on the island of Viti Levu.
Their uniform includes black shirt with white trim.
## History
The Nalawa Soccer Association was formed in 1978, under the presidency of Ram Vinod
| 62 |
Nalawa F.C.
| 0 |
9,986,842 |
# Hootie & the Blowfish (album)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 77, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{album chart|Billboard200|46|artist=Hootie the Blowfish|rowheader=true|accessdate=June 12, 2019}}
^
``
| 25 |
Hootie & the Blowfish (album)
| 0 |
9,986,865 |
# Pennada Agraharam
**Pennada Agraharam** is a village is located on National Highway 214 between Bhimavaram and Palakollu. Pin Code - 534243
## Demographics
Census of India, Pennada Agraharam had a population of 5603. The total population constitute, 2809 males and 2794 females with a sex ratio of 995 females per 1000 males. 534 children are in the age group of 0--6 years, with sex ratio of 861 The average literacy rate stands at 81.30%
| 75 |
Pennada Agraharam
| 0 |
9,986,948 |
# John Cavanaugh (sculptor)
**John William Cavanaugh** (September 20, 1921 in Sycamore, Ohio -- January 9, 1985 in Washington, D.C.) was an American sculptor who worked for much of his career in Washington, D.C., where he lived and worked in the Dupont Circle neighborhood. He worked primarily in lead, a poisonous metal. This is believed to have led to his death from cancer of the lungs.
## Life
John Cavanaugh was born in rural Sycamore, Ohio as the third of four sons of Hilda and Chauncy Floyd Cavanaugh, intensely religious, poor ethnic Irish parents. His family struggled, especially after the suicide of his father in 1929 when John was eight. Cavanaugh first attended local schools, but his mother recognized and wanted to encourage his creativity, sending him to an Ursuline school for art training. In 1938, Cavanaugh went to live and study art in Urbana, Ohio, under Alice Archer Sewall James (1870-1955), learning to paint. (James was a follower of Swedenborg.) Cavanaugh graduated from Ohio State University, with a BA in 1945, studying English and sculpture.
In 1946, Cavanaugh married Janet Corneille and they had a son together, who died at nine months of hydrocephaly syndrome. In 1949, their second son Jon was born. In 1951, Cavanaugh won a National Sculpture Society Purchase Prize, giving him a lift to have his artistry recognized. But Cavanaugh felt increasingly conflicted about his sexuality, religion and marriage.
In 1956 he left his wife and son, and other family, to move to New York City to pursue his sculpture career and make his way. It caused an irrevocable break with his mother, whom he never saw again. After her death, he became reconciled with his brothers, and maintained a relationship with his son.
By 1959 Cavanaugh had developed what became a lifelong relationship with his partner, Philip Froeder, who became an architect and urban planner. In 1963, they moved to Washington, D.C. where Froeder had gotten work. This developed as an intensely productive time for Cavanaugh, although he became somewhat isolated from the New York art scene. He continued to participate \"in biennial exhibitions at New York's Sculpture Center until 1977. At the same time, Cavanaugh was receiving income from his twice-yearly exhibitions in his Washington studio space\" on Swann Street, NW.
He died in 1985 at the age of 63.
## Career
Cavanaugh\'s works have been shown at the National Sculpture Center in New York City, and at the National Arts Club in Washington, D.C. Some of Cavanaugh\'s pieces were presented by President Clinton as state gifts to the presidents of Egypt and France. His sculpture, *Demeter*, after the Greek goddess of agriculture, is featured in the Friendship Garden of the U.S. National Arboretum. His sculpture of Olive Risley Seward, adopted daughter of William Henry Seward, is installed by a private residence in Southeast Washington, near Seward Square, which is named for the statesman.
Some of his sculptural plaques were installed on buildings in the Dupont Circle area which were restored by his partner Froeder. Cavanaugh was prolific and sold numerous sculptures and other works from his Swann Street studio shows. The breadth of Cavanaugh\'s work extended into less traditional formats including Flux Box Year Two (1967), one of many compilations of small artists\' objects produced by the interdisciplinary movement, Fluxus.
From 2008 to 2011, a retrospective exhibit of Cavanaugh\'s work, *In Search of Motion,* traveled to the Saginaw Art Museum, the Kalamazoo Institute of the Arts, and the Dubuque Museum of Art.
## Legacy and honors {#legacy_and_honors}
- The John Cavanaugh Foundation was formed by Philip Froeder and others to preserve his art and make it known.
- The National Sculpture Society annually awards the National Sculpture Society Silver Medal and John Cavanaugh Memorial Prize to artists exhibiting with the institution
| 629 |
John Cavanaugh (sculptor)
| 0 |
9,986,956 |
# Gorintada railway station
**Gorintada railway station** (station code: GOTD), is situated on Narasapuram--Bhimavaram branch railway between Narasapuram and Palakollu stations. It is close to National Highway 216 and is a walkable distance from village Digamarru-Kothapeta located on NH 216
| 40 |
Gorintada railway station
| 0 |
9,986,985 |
# Savusavu F.C.
**Savusavu F.C.** is a Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based in Savusavu, which is a situated on the southern side of the island of Vanua Levu.
Their uniform includes white shirt with black trim.
## History
The Savusavu Soccer Association was formed in 1959, under the presidency of Kup Sami. In season 2002, the team made the Second Division Inter-District Cup Final in Ba at Govind Park and beat Tailevu-Naitasiri 1-0.
In 2009, the team made the Final of the Northern Zone League with the following scores in the final played over two legs - First Leg \[November 29, Ratu Cakobau Park, Nausori\] Tailevu-Naitasiri 2 Savusavu 3, Second Leg \[December 6, Ganilau Park, Savusavu\] Savusavu 3 Tailevu-Naitasiri 0 giving them an aggregate score of 6-2.
This win allowed Savusavu to qualify for a promotion-relegation play-off against First Division Nasinu F.C.; again it would be decided over two legs which went as follows - First Leg \[December 13, Ratu Cakobau Park, Nausori\] Nasinu F.C. 2 Savusavu 1 \[Aldrine Kilua 7, Nitan Kumar 17; David Matavesi \~50\], and the Second Leg (December 19, Ganilau Park, Savusavu) Savusavu 1 Nasinu F.C. 2 \[Imroz Rahim 49; Nitan Kumar 44, 79\] overall losing the game 4-2 on aggregate meaning they stay in the second tier. (Sunday 4 April 2010 - GWB)
Savusavu qualified for the Super Premier Division after defeating Nasinu in the 2010 promotion/relegation playoffs. The team finished 7th in its inaugural season. In 2012, after successive poor results the administration of Jabid Hussein, coach Billy Hussein and their compatriots resigned from their respective posts midway through the season. They had just one draw to boast of after 9 games as the team lied bottom of the table with 1 point.
The team is currently under Gopen Narayan\'s presidency assisted by Hari Dutt Sharma who is the VP. The new team has brought back Manoj Lal as coach, a move that was widely applauded by the Savusavu public. Former national captain Tony Kabakoro is assisting him as technical adviser. The new management have also brought back hometown heroes Thomas Vulivuli who is also the current captain and Pene Erenio from Suva and Navua respectively. Their return along with the signing of Labasa legend Waisale Rasoki has brought vast improvements in the Savusavu side as they remain unbeaten in their last 4 games with wins over Rewa and a crushing defeat of Labasa. The side has also seen the return of midfield ace David Fong Toy who has been absent from the soccer scene for a couple of years. Other notable names in the team include former national 7s rep Kitione Kamikamica along with Roderick Kumar, Epeli Deyama, Akuila Bulewa, George Singh and Naveendra Deo Jerry
| 465 |
Savusavu F.C.
| 0 |
9,986,988 |
# Tionesta Creek
**Tionesta Creek** is a tributary of the Allegheny River in Forest, Clarion, Warren, McKean, and Elk Counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. Together with its West Branch, Tionesta Creek is 61.9 mi long, flows generally south, and its watershed is 480 sqmi in area
| 48 |
Tionesta Creek
| 0 |
9,986,994 |
# Greatest & Latest (Warrant album)
***Greatest & Latest*** is an album by the American rock band Warrant, released in 1999. The album contains new recorded studio versions of their (\"greatest\") material with three previously unreleased (\"latest\") songs \"The Jones\", \"Southern Comfort\" and \"Bad Tattoo.\"
## Background
The album was re released twice in 2004 under new titles ***\'Cherry Pie all the Hitz \'n\' More*** and the import version ***Most Wanted*** with slightly different track lists.
The album has new versions of Warrant\'s biggest hit singles \"Heaven\", which peaked at number 2 on The Billboard Hot 100, and \"Cherry Pie\", which peaked at #10. The re-recorded \"Heaven\" and \"Cherry Pie\" were released as promo and later iTunes singles and were also released on several mixed compilation albums. In 2004, Jani Lane re-recorded acoustic versions of \"Cherry Pie\" and \"Heaven\" which appeared on the \"VH1 Classic Metal Mania: Stripped\" compilations.
\"Heaven\" was used in *Tool Academy*{{\'}}s series finale and was covered by the American punk band New Found Glory on the compilation album *Punk Goes Metal*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Cherry Pie \'99\"
2. \"The Jones\"\*
3. \"Down Boys \'99\"
4. \"Southern Comfort\"\* (co-written with Todd Meagher)
5. \"Hollywood (So Far, So Good) \'99\"
6. \"Uncle Tom\'s Cabin \'99\"
7. \"Sometimes She Cries \'99\"
8. \"32 Pennies \'99\"
9. \"Heaven \'99\"
10. \"Thin Disguise \'99\"
11. \"I Saw Red \'99\"
12. \"Bad Tattoo\"\*
13. \"Down Boys (Julian Beeston Remix)\" - (Bonus track)
14. \"Cherry Pie (Sigue Sigue Sputnik Remix)\" - (Bonus track)
15. \"32 Pennies (Meeks Remix)\" - (Bonus track)
16. \"Down Boys (Razed in Black Remix)\" - (Bonus track)
\"***Cherry Pie all the Hitz \'n\' More***\" - instead of the last four club mixes it has two cover songs
1. \"Lay Your Hands on Me\" (Bon Jovi cover)
2. \"Photograph\" (Def Leppard cover)
\"***Most Wanted***\'\'\" - instead of the last four club mixes it has four cover songs
1. \"Lay Your Hands on Me\" (Bon Jovi cover)
2. \"Photograph\" (Def Leppard cover)
3. \"I Want You to Want Me\" (Cheap Trick cover)
4. \"Free for All\" (Ted Nugent cover)
## Credits
- Jani Lane - lead vocals
- Erik Turner - guitar
- Jerry Dixon - bass guitar
- Rick Steier - lead guitar
- Bobby Borg - drums (for the new songs marked with \*)
Additional personnel
- Danny Wagner - keyboards
- Mitch Dynamite (a.k.a
| 398 |
Greatest & Latest (Warrant album)
| 0 |
9,987,005 |
# Felix Braun
**Felix Braun** (4 November 1885, Vienna -- 29 November 1973, Klosterneuburg, Lower Austria) was an Austrian writer.
## Life
Braun was born in Vienna, then capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to a Jewish family. His mother died in 1888 during the birth of his younger sister, Käthe, who would also become a famous writer. In 1904, he enrolled in German studies, as well as art history, at the University of Vienna, and took his doctorate four years later. His literary publications began to appear in 1905 in the *Neue Freie Presse*, the *Österreichische Rundschau*, and in *Die neue Rundschau*. He was appointed arts editor of the Berliner *National-Zeitung* in 1910.
In 1912, Braun married Hedwig Freund, but the couple would divorce in 1915. While working as an editor at Verlag Georg Müller in Munich, he made the acquaintance of a number of important writers, among whom were Hans Carossa, Thomas Mann, and Rainer Maria Rilke. From 1928 to 1938, he was a Privatdozent in German literature at Palermo and Padua. He converted from Judaism to Catholicism in 1935. To escape persecution by the Nazis, who banned his work, he immigrated in 1939 to the United Kingdom and remained there until 1951, teaching literature and art history. After returning to Austria, Braun lectured at the Max Reinhardt Seminar and the University of Applied Arts Vienna. Braun died in 1973 and was honored with a burial in the Zentralfriedhof of Vienna. In 1977, a lane in Vienna was named after him.
## Writing
At the beginning of the 20th century, Braun belonged to the movement known as Young Vienna, where he found the company of such innovative writers as Stefan Zweig, Anton Wildgans, and Max Brod. Braun was a Neo-Romantic, who wrote refined, cultivated poetry in multiple forms. His work centered around the themes of religion, classical antiquity, and his Austrian homeland. Braun also served as secretary to the great Austrian writer Hugo von Hofmannsthal and formed a close friendship with his employer.
Braun edited and published a highly respected anthology of German lyric poetry, called *Der Tausendjährige Rosenstrauch* (*The Thousand-Year Rose Bush*), in 1937. It has been reissued in numerous editions and remains one of the most popular collections of its kind. He also translated the work of Thomas à Kempis and John of the Cross.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- 1947 Literary Prize of the City of Vienna
- 1951 Grand Austrian State Prize for Literature
- 1955 Ring of Honour of the City of Vienna
- 1955 Founder Medal of the Federal Ministry for Education
- 1965 Grillparzer Prize
- 1966 Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art
- 1977 Naming of Felix-Braun-Gasse in Vienna-Döbling
## Publications
- *Gedichte*, poems, 1909
- *Novellen und Legenden*, 1910
- *Der Schatten des Todes*, novel, 1910
- *Till Eulenspiegels Kaisertum*, comedy, 1911
- *Neues Leben*, poems, 1912
- *Verklärungen*, 1916
- *Tantalos*, tragedy, 1917
- *Die Träume des Vineta*, legends, 1919
- *Hyazinth und Ismene*, dramatic lyrics, 1919
- *Das Haar der Berenike*, poems, 1919
- *Attila*, legend, 1920
- *Aktaion*, tragedy, 1921
- *Die Taten des Herakles*, novel, 1921
- *Wunderstunden*, short stories 1923
- *Der unsichtbare Gast*, novel, 1924, rev. 1928
- *Der Schneeregenbogen*, 1925
- *Das innere Leben*, poems, 1926
- *Deutsche Geister*, essay, 1925
- *Die vergessene Mutter*, short stories, 1925
- *Esther*, play, 1926
- *Der Sohn des Himmels*, mystery play, 1926
- *Agnes Altkirchner*, novel, 1927, rev. 1965
- *Zwei Erzählungen von Kindern*, 1928
- *Die Heilung der Kinder*, short stories, 1929
- *Laterna magica*, short stories and legends, 1932
- *Ein indisches Märchenspiel*, 1935
- *Ausgewählte Gedichte*, 1936
- *Kaiser Karl V.*, tragedy, 1936
- *Der Stachel in der Seele*, novel, 1948
- *Das Licht der Welt*, autobiography, 1949, rev. 1962
- *Die Tochter des Jairus*, drama, 1950
- *Briefe in das Jenseits*, short stories, 1952
- *Aischylos*, dialogue, 1953
- *Viola d\`Amore*, selected poems from 1903 to 1953, 1953
- *Das musische Land*, essays, 1952, rev
| 667 |
Felix Braun
| 0 |
9,987,020 |
# Philip Merrill College of Journalism
The **Philip Merrill College of Journalism** is a journalism school located at the University of Maryland, College Park. The college was founded in 1947 and was named after newspaper editor Philip Merrill in 2001. The school has about 550 undergraduates and 70 graduate students enrolled. The school awards B.A., M.A., M.J. and Ph.D. degrees in journalism. Undergraduates can focus on broadcast or multi-platform journalism.`{{fact|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The university\'s student newspaper, *The Diamondback*, is not affiliated with the school. However, the school provides opportunities for students to publish work with the Capital News Service (Maryland), a wire service serving print, broadcast and online media in the Washington, D.C. region and *Maryland Newsline*, a live half-hour three-day-per-week news broadcast (during the fall and spring semesters) that reaches more than 500,000 households in the greater Washington metropolitan area. The newscast is now streamed via YouTube in HD.
The three college-sponsored student news outlets---the nightly television show, online news magazine, and weekly radio show---have all been named the best in the nation by the Society of Professional Journalists in the last few years.
The school is home to the National Association of Black Journalists, the largest organization of journalists of color in the U.S. From 1987 to 2015, the university published *American Journalism Review*, a magazine covering print, television, radio and online media; in 2013 *AJR* became an online-only publication, and in 2015, the college announced that it was terminating the journal.
In 2018, the Scripps Howard Foundation established the Howard Center for Investigative Journalism at the Philip Merrill College of Journalism.
## Faculty
The school\'s faculty has won a combined 17 Pulitzer Prizes and Peabody Awards. Pulitzer-winners include Knight Chair Dana Priest (*The Washington Post*), Jon Franklin (*The Baltimore Sun*), and Deborah Nelson (*The Seattle Times*).`{{fact|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
Emmy Award-winners include Eaton Broadcast Chair Mark Feldstein.
## Building
The school was formerly housed in the Journalism building located next to McKeldin Library; the building was the smallest on campus to be home to a college. Most of the broadcast facilities, including the *Maryland Newsline* studio, are located in nearby Tawes Hall. The college moved into a new journalism building, the John S. and James L. Knight Hall, on January 4, 2010.`{{fact|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Bonnie Bernstein, ESPN and CBS sportscaster
- Carl Bernstein, who worked with Bob Woodward to uncover the Watergate Scandal, attended the school but did not graduate
- Connie Chung, former anchor and reporter for NBC, CBS, ABC, CNN, and MSNBC.
- Sarah Cohen, Pulitzer winner with *The Washington Post*
- Mark Davis, talk show host and writer, KSKY Dallas-Ft Worth, Salem Media Group, *Dallas Morning News*, townhall.com
- Christine Delargy, 2012 Walter Cronkite Award for Excellence in Television Political Journalism, former senior producer and video content manager for *POLITICO*
- Jon Franklin, two-time Pulitzer Prize winner
- Emilio Garcia-Ruiz, editor-in-chief of the *San Francisco Chronicle*.
- Jane Healey, Pulitzer winner with the *Orlando Sentinel*
- John A. Jenkins, publisher of Congressional Quarterly
- Dick Jerardi, *Philadelphia Daily News* sportswriter, 2014 elected to the United States Basketball Sportswriters Association Hall of Fame
- Samantha Waldenberg, *CNN* White House producer
- Tim Kurkjian, ESPN Baseball writer and reporter
- David Mills, Emmy-winning TV writer and producer
- Mi-Ai Parrish, president and publisher *Arizona Republic*, azcentral.com, kansascity.com, *Kansas City Star* and *Idaho Statesman*; first minority in all; first female publisher of the *Kansas City Star*.
- Megha Rajagopalan, Pulitzer winner with BuzzFeed news.
- Giuliana Rancic, E! News presenter and TV personality.
- Jimmy Roberts, NBC Sports Host
- Patrick J
| 596 |
Philip Merrill College of Journalism
| 0 |
9,987,033 |
# Adam 'n' Eve
***Adam \'n\' Eve*** is the second album from Gavin Friday and again features Friday teaming up with musician Maurice \"The Man\" Seezer.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All tracks composed by Gavin Friday and Maurice Seezer
1. \"I Want to Live\" -- 4:03
2. \"Falling Off the Edge of the World\" -- 4:19
3. \"King of Trash\" -- 2:45
4. \"Why Say Goodbye\" -- 2:47
5. \"Saint Divine\" -- 4:41
6. \"Melancholy Baby\" -- 5:16
7. \"Fun and Experience\" -- 4:05
8. \"The Big No! No!\" -- 3:07
9. \"Where in the World?\" -- 3:55
10. \"Wind and Rain\" -- 5:27
11
| 105 |
Adam 'n' Eve
| 0 |
9,987,042 |
# Tlilhua
In Aztec mythology, **Tlīlhua** (Nahuatl:\[`{{IPA|ˈt͡ɬiːl.wa|lang=nah}}`{=mediawiki}\], lit.\"one that has ink\") is one of the Centzontotochtin, the gods of pulque
| 20 |
Tlilhua
| 0 |
9,987,045 |
# Veeravasaram
gender population
-------- ------------
Male 32302
Female 31840
: population table
**Veeravasaram** is a village in West Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh
| 28 |
Veeravasaram
| 0 |
9,987,105 |
# 1969 Mid Ulster by-election
The 1969 Mid Ulster by-election was held on 17 April 1969 following the death of George Forrest, the Ulster Unionist Party Member of Parliament for Mid Ulster. The two-way contest was unusual in featuring two female candidates.
Forrest had held the seat since 1956, initially winning it as an Independent Unionist, but joining the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) immediately on his election. The seat had been created six years earlier, and during that period had been held by two Nationalist Party members, one Sinn Féin member, and an Ulster Unionist.
At the 1966 general election, Forrest had achieved only a slim majority over former Sinn Féin MP Tom Mitchell, standing as an Independent Republican. It was clear that the balance between nationalist and unionist voters in the constituency was very close.
Since 1966, the political situation in Northern Ireland had changed. The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association had been formed to campaign for civil rights for nationalists. After its marches were disrupted, leading to the start of The Troubles, more radical groups such as People\'s Democracy organised. Among its leaders was radical student Bernadette Devlin, who stood against prominent unionist James Chichester-Clark for the South Londonderry seat at the 1969 Northern Ireland general election in February.
Two prominent members of NICRA, Dr Conn McCluskey and his wife Patricia McCluskey, organised a Unity Convention in order to select a single anti-Unionist candidate. After six public meetings between the candidates there were three contenders: Kevin Agnew, a Maghera-based solicitor and member of Sinn Féin, Austin Currie of the Nationalist Party, and Bernadette Devlin of People\'s Democracy. On 2 April 1969, both Agnew and Currie agreed to withdraw in favour of Devlin. In contrast to Mitchell\'s abstentionist stance, she committed to attending the British House of Commons to fight her cause. Her uncle, Daniel Devlin, was treasurer of her campaign, Loudon Seth, a Protestant, was her election agent and Eamonn McCann served as press agent.
The Ulster Unionist Party stood Anna Forrest, George Forrest\'s widow. She did not hold any public meetings or do any electioneering work. In a brief address to electors, she stated \"if elected, I will endeavour, with God\'s help, to strive for a more peaceful and prosperous society where all people can live in harmony and work together for the common good of all.\"
## Result
Devlin achieved a narrow victory, becoming at twenty-one years of age the youngest ever female MP. The election also saw the highest turnout in any Westminster by-election since universal suffrage, with 91.5% of the electorate voting.
Devlin held the seat at the 1970 general election, at which time the Unity movement acquired another MP, Frank McManus, in Fermanagh and South Tyrone. However they both lost their seats at the February 1974 UK general election
| 466 |
1969 Mid Ulster by-election
| 0 |
9,987,125 |
# Ikoma Shrine
is a Shinto shrine in Ikoma, Nara, Japan. Generally called `{{nihongo|'''Ikoma Taisha'''|往馬大社}}`{=mediawiki}. The formal name of the shrine is \"**`{{nihongo|Ikomaniimasu-Ikomatsuhiko Jinja|往馬坐伊古麻都比古神社}}`{=mediawiki}**\". This shrine is also known as \"Ikoma-Taisha\", which means \"great shrine of Ikoma\".
## History
According to the *Sokoku-Fudoki*, an ancient record of Japan, this shrine was extant in 458. The original object of worship at the shrine was a mountain, Mount Ikoma, behind the shrine. This shrine has a long relationship with the Japanese royal family and the dynasty. In *Engishiki*, a formal record on shrines written in 972, this shrine was given the title of \"Kanpei-dai\" as very high rank among Japanese shrines.
## Patron deities {#patron_deities}
Today, this shrine is dedicated to seven gods, Ikomatsu-Hikono-Kami, Ikomatsu-Himeno-Kami, Okinaga-Tarashihimeno-Mikoto (Empress Jingū), Tarashinakatsu-Hikono-Mikoto (Emperor Chūai), Hondawakeno-Mikoto (Emperor Ōjin), and Katsuragi-Takanukahimeno-Mikoto (mother of Empress Jingū), Okinaga-Sukuneono-Mikoto (father of Empress Jingū). Ikomatsu-Hikono-Kami and Ikomatsu-Himeno-Mikoto are understood to be husband and wife, and are embodied by Mount Ikoma itself.
## Cultural Property {#cultural_property}
This shrine has the *Ikoma-Mandara*, or \"Mandala of Ikoma\", and the Mandala was selected as an Important Cultural Property by the Japanese government.
This shrine is also well known as a shrine of fire, and the Japanese royal family use the *Shinboku* or sacred woods of the shrine, as firewood at the *Daijosai* ceremony. In October, the shrine has the *Hi-matsuri* or the \"festival of fire\".
## Access
The entrance station to the shrine is Ichibu Station of Kintetsu Ikoma Line. About 5 minute walk from the station.
## Gallery
<File:Ikoma> Taisya
| 256 |
Ikoma Shrine
| 0 |
9,987,173 |
# Kaća Čelan
**Kaća Čelan** (born August 5, 1956 in Ratkovo, SR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia) is a writer, director, theatre and acting expert, professor and actress. She is internationally known for being awarded the first prize for the best German-language play from the Bund der Theatergemeinden (Alliance of the German Theatre Community) for her play **Heimatbuch** among other awards.
## Biography
### Early life {#early_life}
Kaća Čelan (`{{lang-sr-cyrl|Каћа Челан}}`{=mediawiki}) was born and grew up in Ratkovo (Odžaci), SR Serbia, FPR Yugoslavia; an area in the multicultural and multifaceted region of Vojvodina, dominated by five cultures and languages: Serbian, Hungarian, German, Ukrainian (Rusyn) and Czech, which influenced and shaped her early childhood. She graduated from the scientific high school in Odžaci and its rigorous classical curriculum with straight A\'s as best student of her generation.
### Move to Sarajevo {#move_to_sarajevo}
After finishing her high school education, she chose the city of Sarajevo as her \"home of choice\". Her studies in the Olympic metropolis included comparative literature, theatre studies, and acting at the University of Sarajevo. Following her studies, she founded Teatar Amfiteatar Sarajevo (TAS) theatre, which she ran for seven years. Čelan has also worked as a directing professor at the Academy for Scenic Arts, Sarajevo. Her awards have included Best Young Actress in Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Yugoslavian award for avant-garde Arts, and Best Director award at the Avant-garde Theatre Festival in Socialist Republic of Montenegro. She has been the production director of the International Theatre Festival in Kotor, Montenegro. As a theatre academic she held fellowships in Moscow and Vienna.
### Slovenia and Germany {#slovenia_and_germany}
Prior to the siege of Sarajevo, Čelan moved to Ljubljana, Slovenia, where she worked as a writer and director for a year. With a fellowship from the German cultural department and the Heinrich Böll Foundation in hand, she moved to Germany in 1993. In the Böll-House, she founded the TAS theatre in exile, and during its first project, *Project 3*, she toured well-known German theatres such as the Munich Kammerspiele and Hamburg\'s Thalia Theater. In 1999 she founded her acting school, the Čelan Theatre School at Burgau Castle, where her theatre was based as well. In 1995, Čelan won the first prize for the best German-language play from the Bund der Theatergemeinden (Alliance of the German Theatre Community) for her play **Heimatbuch**. That was followed by the International Award, Kristal Vilenice, for poetry in 1996. The next year the Cultural Minister of North Rhine-Westphalia awarded her the prize in theatre literature.
### New York and Los Angeles {#new_york_and_los_angeles}
In 2008, Čelan re-established Theater TAS in New York City with the performance and installation *Yard Sale: New Footfalls\...* as its first production, presented by the arts organization chashama. She is a member of PEN American Center.
The Theater TAS production of Rainer Werner Fassbinder\'s play \"Blood on the Cat\'s Neck\" directed by Čelan was presented in March 2014 by the Goethe-Institut LA as a multimedia theater and film performance. On June 28, 2014, the Max Kade Institute at the University of Southern California hosted the multimedia reading of Čelan\'s play \"Woyzeck von Sarajevo\" under her direction.
## Works
Čelan\'s plays have been performed on the German radio and in theatres. In addition to her own plays, such as *The Last Story*, *Woyzeck from Sarajevo* (both translated into English) and *Struwwelpit & Co.*, she has directed twenty plays by classical authors, including Anton Chekhov, William Shakespeare, Edward Albee, Franz Kafka, Sophocles, and Samuel Beckett, in her theatre. Her works have been published in English, German and Serbo-Croatian. Čelan has translated texts written by Sylvia Plath, Leonid Andreyev and Isak Samokovlija among others.
### Drama
- *The Death of Omer & Merima*
- *The Royal Marine*
- *The King's Murderers*
- *Heimatbuch* (Homeland Book)
- *Commedia Goldoniana*
- *The Last Story* (translated into English)
- *Chekhov*
- *Woyzeck from Sarajevo* (translated into English)
- *Felix*
- *Cabaret International*
- *The Struwwelpit & Co
| 659 |
Kaća Čelan
| 0 |
9,987,174 |
# Chintaparru
**Chintaparru** is a village in Palacole mandal, located in West Godavari district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. Chintaparru has its own railway station connecting major cities.
## Demographics
Census of India, Chintaparru had a population of 3440. The total population constitute, 1775 males and 1665 females with a sex ratio of 938 females per 1000 males. 339 children are in the age group of 0--6 years, with sex ratio of 836. The average literacy rate stands at 72.98%
| 82 |
Chintaparru
| 0 |
9,987,232 |
# Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
The **Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City** (**IUH**), formerly known as **Ho Chi Minh University of Industry** (esquire: **HUI**) (*Trường Đại học Công nghiệp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh*) (esquire: ĐHCN TP. HCM), is a university in Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon), Vietnam. It is one of technical universities in the city. The university has 2,000 employees, including about 1,600 teachers and 200 guest trainers who are invited from universities, scientific institutes, and industry. University of Industry School, Ho Chi Minh City is working under the management of the Ministry of Industry and Trade. The total number of students in the university in 2011 was approximately 129,000. (According to the report of the Conference of the academic year (2010--2011) by Dr. Dean. Anh Tuan Tran)
In 2020 the university was ranked in the top 650 of Asian universities of the QS World University Rankings.
## Brief history and development {#brief_history_and_development}
- The precursor of the school vocational career Go Vap is a private vocational school by the friars Salesians of Don Bosco in Vietnam established on November 11, 1956 in Hanh Thong commune, Go Vap District, Gia Định Province, Saigon city, Republic of Vietnam. As Father Peter Cuisset (Quy) and Father Isidoro Huong Le operating base line Don Bosco Go Vap (1956--1973)
- By 1968, the school vocational career, Go Vap was renamed.Don Bosco Technical Schools, Go Vap. Decision 6224 GD/TT/2D Secretary of the Ministry of Education, allows priests Le Huong been open The school and Secondary level II (Vietnam) - Don Bosco Technical schools. \[Go Vap\], August 24, 1967, the Secretary of the Ministry of Education, Huynh Ngoc Anh (signed)
- Early in 1970, the school was upgraded from junior level has become the high schools ranks. Don Bosco High Technical schools. By Father John Ty Van Nguyen as Director cum Principal and Father Cho Dinh Phan, Deputy Director, school administration (1973--1975).
- At the end of 1975, the Vietnam government requisitioned campus and December 19, 1975, the school was handed over to the General Department of Metallurgy Engineering and Electronics.
- On January 1, 1976; school running back with the name School Technical Don Bosco.
- In 1978, the school was renamed. School Worker Technical Four, of the Mechanical and Metallurgical.
- In 1994, Secondary School of Chemical stationed at Biên Hòa city, Đồng Nai Province had merger into The High School of Industrial Engineering Four, under the Ministry of Industry.
- March 1999, the School was upgraded to College Industry Four of the Ministry of Industry.
- On December 24, 2004, the school was upgraded to a University of Industry, Ho Chi Minh City, under the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
## List of principals {#list_of_principals}
- (1956 - 1973) Father Isiđôrô Lê Hướng (Died);
- (1973 - 1975) Father John Nguyễn Văn Ty (Died);
- (1975 - 1991) BSEE. Lâm Ngọc Anh (Died);
- (1991 - 1996) BEng. Mai Văn Hợi (Died);
- (1996 - 2011) Hero of Labor (Vietnam) of reform era - Dr. Tạ Xuân Tề
- (2011 - 2013) Dr. Trần Tuấn Anh.
- (2013 - 2015) Dr. Nguyễn Thiên Tuế, acting
- (2015 - 2020) Dr. Nguyễn Thiên Tuế
- (2020--present) Dr. Phan Hồng Hải
## Achievements
- Third-class Labor Medal in 1995;
- Second-class Labor Medal in 1999;
- First-Class Labor Medal in 2004;
- As the first university of Vietnam receives ISO certification by TUV - Federal Republic of Germany
| 582 |
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
| 0 |
9,987,232 |
# Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
## Structure
### Office functions {#office_functions}
Office of Organization - Administration; Training Division; Office of Accounting - Financial; Office of Political Affairs and Student Affairs; Office of Management Training - Sciences and Graduate; Office of International Cooperation; Office of Planning - Supplies; Office of Service; Management Center - Dormitory.
### The training unit {#the_training_unit}
The unit directly perform tasks training and department under:
- Specialized training courses: Faculty of Information Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Technology, Electronics Technology Department, Faculty of Computers Fashion, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Technology O Cars, Faculty of Technology refrigeration, Faculty of Foreign Languages, Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Banking and Finance, Auditing Department, Tourism Department of Commerce, National Institute for Biotechnology & Food Science and Technology Institute and Environmental Management.
- Training courses non-majors: Faculty of Reasoning - Politics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Faculty of university links was working and learning
## The service units for training and scientific research {#the_service_units_for_training_and_scientific_research}
- The unit supports training and scientific research:
Journal of Industrial University, Publisher of industry University, HCM City; Station Health; Information Center - Library.
- The training service unit under the Industrial University of HCM City
Testing center and quality control training, Faculty of Continuing Education, Centre for Training, Research and Development, Center Technology - Industrial (Industrial Research & Development for technology - Machinery)
### The council {#the_council}
Council of Scientific and Training:
- The functions, duties and composition of the Board shall comply with the Charter and university establishment decision of the Rector of the University of Industry, Ho Chi Minh City. Council is responsible for advising the principal on a specific job, such as goals, training programs, long-term plans and annual plans educational development - education, science and technology schools, training and retraining of faculty, staff and employees \...
- The other councils:
Based on the specific tasks of the school, the principal may decide to set up a number of advisory boards including the Board of Admissions, Rank Promotion Council, Council salaries, recruitment Council Council emulation - Bonus Disciplinary Council, the Council of liquidating assets and other assemblies as needed \... to help principals decide basics, the important content of the training creation, organization - personnel, scientific research (scientific research), infrastructure and the implementation of policies and guidelines of the Party and State law. The composition of the Council by the Principal decided to set up under the provisions of existing laws.
### Scientific research achievements {#scientific_research_achievements}
- Period 2007 - 2008, there are 01 state-level projects, 03 projects of the 06 projects at school;
- Period 2009 - 2010, there are 06 state-level projects, 30 projects of Ministry Industry and hundreds of projects of School level for local and projects approved
| 465 |
Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City
| 1 |
9,987,271 |
# Tailevu North F.C.
**Tailevu North F.C.** also known as Northland Tailevu is a Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based in Korovou, which is a situated on the northern side of the island of Viti Levu, some 35 kilometers from Suva.
Their uniform includes green and white.
## History
The Tailevu North Soccer Association was formed in 1957, under the presidency of Kunji Raman
| 75 |
Tailevu North F.C.
| 0 |
9,987,300 |
# Hadubangi
**Hadubangi**, also romanized as **Hadobhangi** or **Haddubangi**, is a village in Kashinagara Tehsil, Gajapati District, Odisha, India. It is located near the Odia-Andhra Pradesh border, about 13 kilometres west of the district capital Paralakhemundi, and 11 kilometres southeast of the tehsil capital Kashinagara. As of the year 2011, It has a total population of 1,124.
## Geography
Hadubhangi is located to the north of Vamsadhara River. Its average elevation is 58 metres above the sea level.
## Demographics
According to the 2011 Census of India, there are 291 households within Hadubhangi. Among the 1,124 residents, 586 are male and 538 are female. The total literacy rate is 56.85%, with 395 of the male population and 244 of the female population being literate. Its census location code is 414556
| 130 |
Hadubangi
| 0 |
9,987,324 |
# American International School Dhaka
The **American International School Dhaka** (AISD) is a not-for-profit, international, independent, and co-educational day school located in Baridhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh, serving students of all nationalities in pre-kindergarten through grade 12
| 35 |
American International School Dhaka
| 0 |
9,987,372 |
# Taveuni F.C.
**Taveuni F.C.** is a Fijian football team playing in the second division of the Fiji Football Association competitions. It is based on the island of Taveuni.
Their uniform includes gold and black shirt.
## History
The Taveuni Soccer Association was formed in 1947, under the presidency of A. Dayaram
| 52 |
Taveuni F.C.
| 0 |
9,987,401 |
# National Geographic Traveler
***National Geographic Traveler*** is a magazine published by NG Media in Armenia, Belgium, the Netherlands, China, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Indonesia, Latin America, Israel, Poland, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK. The US edition was published from 1984 to 2019.
## History
*National Geographic Traveler* was launched as a quarterly publication in the Spring of 1984 by the National Geographic Society under the leadership of president Gilbert M Grosvenor. Vice president for publications Robert L. Breeden oversaw the launch. Joan Tapper was the first editor. The final US print edition appeared in December 2019, with George Stone as editor. In its 35-year run, the US print edition had six editors:
- Joan Tapper, 1984--1989
- Richard Busch, 1988-1998
- Keith Bellows, 1998-2015
- *Norie Quintos, Acting Editor*, 2015
- Maggie Zackowitz, 2015-2016
- George Stone, 2016--2019
In September 2013, the National Geographic Society formed National Geographic Travel group by consolidating its travel assets, including *National Geographic Traveler* magazine, National Geographic Expeditions, its travel books, digital travel content, maps, apps and travel community. *National Geographic Traveler* editor Keith Bellows was named senior vice president of the newly-formed group.
On September 9, 2015, the National Geographic Society announced that it would reorganize its media properties and publications (including *National Geographic Traveler*) into a new company known as National Geographic Partners LLC. 21st Century Fox paid \$725 million to own 73% of this new, for-profit, corporation.
The acquisition of 21st Century Fox by The Walt Disney Company began December 14, 2017 and continued to March 20, 2019. Among other key assets, the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney included a 73% stake in National Geographic Partners (including *National Geographic Traveler*). As of August 2019 NG Media publishing operations were assumed by Disney Publishing Worldwide. Disney ceased the *National Geographic Traveler* print edition with the December 2019 issue
| 311 |
National Geographic Traveler
| 0 |
9,987,415 |
# Cyme (Aeolis)
**Cyme** (*Κύμη*) or **Cumae** was an Aeolian city in Aeolis (Asia Minor) close to the kingdom of Lydia. It was called Phriconian, perhaps from the mountain Phricion in Aeolis, near which the Aeolians had been settled before their migration to Asia.
The Aeolians regarded Cyme as the largest and most important of their twelve cities, which were located on the coastline of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey). As a result of their direct access to the sea, unlike most non-landlocked settlements of the ancient world, trade is believed to have prospered.
## Location
Both the author of the *Life of Homer* and Strabo the ancient geographer, locate Cyme north of the Hermus river on the Asia Minor coastline:
> After crossing the Hyllus, the distance from Larissa to Cyme was 70 stadia, and from Cyme to Myrina was 40 stadia. (Strabo: 622)
Archaeological finds such as coins give reference also to a river, believed to be that of the Hyllus.
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
Little is known about the foundation of the city to supplement the traditional founding legend. Kyme was the largest of the Aiolian cities. According to legend, it was founded by the Amazon Kyme. The Amazons were a mythical tribe of warlike women from Pontos (or variously from Kolchis, Thrace or Scythia), who fought against Greek heroes. Ancient coins from Cyme often depict the head of Kyme wearing a taenia with the reverse featuring a horse prancing - probably in allusion to the prosperous equine industry of the region.
Alternatively, settlers from mainland Greece (most likely Euboea) migrated across the Aegean Sea during the Late Bronze Age as waves of Dorian-speaking invaders brought an end to the once mighty Mycenaean civilization some time around 1050 BCE. During the Late Bronze Age and early Greek Dark Ages, the dialect of Cyme and the surrounding region of Aeolis, like that of neighboring island Lesbos, closely resembled the local dialect of Thessalia and Boetia in continental Greece.
The city was founded after the Trojan War by Greeks from Locris, central Greece, after they have first captured the Pelasgian citadel of Larisa near the river Hermus.
Cyme prospered and developed into a regional metropolis and founded about thirty towns and settlements in Aeolis. The Cymeans were later ridiculed as a people who had for three hundred years lived on the coast and not once exacted harbor taxes on ships making port. Hesiod\'s father is said to have started his journey across the Aegean from Cyme. The cities of southern Aeolis in the region surrounding Cyme occupied a good belt of land with rough mountains in the background, yet Cyme like other colonies along the coast did not trade with the native Anatolians further inland, who had occupied Asia Minor for thousands of years. Cyme consequently played no significant role in the history of western Asia Minor, prompting the historian Ephorus, 400-330 BCE, himself a native of the city, to comment repeatedly in his narrative of Greek history that while the events he wrote about were taking place, his fellow Cymeans had for centuries sat idly by and kept the peace. He may, however, have been unaware of the significance of the city\'s links to Phrygia and Lydia through two Greek princesses, Hermodike I and Hermodike II and their role in popularising the written Greek alphabet and coined money, respectively.
> Tradition recounts that a daughter of a certain Agamemnon, king of Aeolian Cyme, married a Phrygian king called Midas. This link may have facilitated the Greeks \"borrowing\" their alphabet from the Phrygians because the Phrygian letter shapes are closest to the inscriptions from Aeolis.
> A passage in Pollux speaks about those who invented the process of coining money mentioning Pheidon and Demodike from Cyme, wife of the Phrygian king, Midas, and daughter of King Agamemnon of Cyme.
Politically, Cyme is assumed`{{who|date=March 2014}}`{=mediawiki} to have started as a settler democracy following in the tradition of other established colonies in the region although Aristotle concluded that by the 7th and 6th centuries BCE the once great democracies in the Greek world (including Cyme) evolved not from democracies to oligarchies as was the natural custom but from democracies to tyrannies.
| 701 |
Cyme (Aeolis)
| 0 |
9,987,415 |
# Cyme (Aeolis)
## History
### 5th century BC {#th_century_bc}
By the 5th century BC, Cyme was one of the 12 established Ionian colonies in Aeolis. Herodotus (4.138) mentions that one of the esteemed voters deciding whether or not to support Militiades the Athenian in his plan to liberate the Ionian Coast from Persian rule in (year BC) was Aristagoras of Cyme. Aristagorus campaigned on the side of Histiaeus the Milesian with the tyrants Strattis of Chios, Aeaces of Samos and Laodamas of Phocaea in opposing such an initiative arguing instead that each tyrant along the Ionian Coast owed their position to Darius King of Persia and that liberating their own cities would encourage democracy over tyranny. Cyme eventually came under the control of the Persian Empire following the collapse of the Lydian Kingdom at the hands of Cyrus the Great. Herodotus is the principal source for this period in Greek history and has paid a great deal of attention to events taking place in Ionia and Aeolis.
When Pactyes, the Lydian general, sought refuge in Cyme from the Persians the citizens were between a rock and a hard place. As Herodotus records, they consulted the Greek god Apollo (supporting the claim that they were of Ionic not eastern culture), who said after much confusion through an oracle that he should be handed over. However, a native of Cyme questioned Apollo\'s word and went back to the oracle himself to confirm if indeed Apollo wanted the Cymians to surrender Pactyes. Not wanting to come to grief over the surrender of Pactyes, nor wanting the ill-effects of a Persian siege (confirms Cyme was a fortified city capable of self-defence) they avoided dealing with the Persians by simply sending him off to Mytilene on the island of Lesbos, not far from their city. In his *Histories*, Herodotus makes reference to Cyme (or *Phriconis*) as being one of the cities in which the rebel Lydian governor Pactyes sought refuge, following his attempted rebellion against the Persian King Cyrus the Great: c.546 BC
> Pactyes, when he learnt that an army was already on his tracks and near, took fright and fled to Cyme, and Mazares the Mede marched to Sardis with a detachment of Cyrus\' troops. Finding Pactyes and his supporters gone, the first thing he did was to compel the Lydians to carry out Cyrus\' orders --- as a result of which they altered from that moment their whole way of life; he then sent a demand to Cyme that Pactyes should be surrendered, and the men of the town decided to consult the oracle at Branchidae as to whether they should obey \... The messengers returned home to report, and the citizens of Cyme were prepared in consequence to give up the wanted man.
After the Persian naval defeat at Salamis, Xerxes moored the surviving ships at Cyme. Before 480 BC, Cyme had been the principle naval base for the Royal Fleet. Later accounts of Cyme\'s involvement in the Ionian Revolt which triggered the Persian Wars confirm their allegiance to the Ionian Greek cause. During this time, Herodotus states that due to the size of the Persian army, Darius the Great was able to launch a devastating three-pronged attack on the Ionian cities. The third army which he sent north to take Sardis was under the command of his son-in-law Otanes who promptly captured Cyme and Clazomenae in the process. However, later accounts reveal how Sandoces, the supposed Ionian governor of Cyme helped draft a fleet of fifteen ships for Xerxes I great expedition against mainland Greece c. 480 BC. Cyme is also believed to have been the port in which the Persian survivors of the Battle of Salamis wintered and lends considerable weight to the argument that Cyme was not only well served by defensive walls, but enjoyed the benefits of a large port capable of wintering and supplying a large wartime fleet. As a result, Cyme, like most Ionian cities at the time was a maritime power and a valuable asset to the Persian Empire.
Once Aristagoras of Miletus roused the Ionians to rebel against Darius, Cyme joined the insurrection. However, the revolts at Cyme were quelled once the city was recovered by the Persians. Sandoces, the governor of Cyme at the time of Xerxes, commanded fifteen ships in the Persian military expedition against Greece (480 BC). Herodotus believes that Sandoces may have been a Greek. After the Battle of Salamis, the remnants of Xerxes\'s fleet wintered at Cyme. Thucydides does not provide any significant mention of place is hardly more than mentioned in the history of Thucydides.
| 769 |
Cyme (Aeolis)
| 1 |
9,987,415 |
# Cyme (Aeolis)
## History
### Roman and Byzantine era {#roman_and_byzantine_era}
200px\|right\|thumb\|**Front:** Cyme Ruins and Christian Cross, **Back:** Aliağa Port and Wind Mill Polybius records that Cyme obtained freedom from taxation following the defeat of Antiochus III, later being incorporated into Roman Asia province. During the reign of Tiberius, the city suffered from a great earthquake, common in the Aegean. Other Roman sources such as Pliny the Elder mention Cyme as one of the cities of Aeolia which supports Herodotus\' similar claim:
> The above-mentioned, then, are the twelve towns of the Ionians. The Aeolic cities are the following: Cyme, called also Phriconis, Larissa, Neonteichus, Temnos, Cilla, Notium, Aegiroessa, Pitane, Aegaeae, Myrina, and Gryneia. These are the eleven ancient cities of the Aeolians. Originally, indeed, they had twelve cities upon the mainland, like the Ionians, but the Ionians deprived them of Smyrna, one of the number. The soil of Aeolis is better than that of Ionia, but the climate is less agreeable.
It was assigned to the Roman province of Asia Prima.
The *Philogelos*, a Greek-language joke book, written circa 4th century CE, features a series of jokes about the people of Cyme, who are stereotyped as unintelligent, superstitious, and literal-minded.
## Ecclesiastical history {#ecclesiastical_history}
During the Eastern Roman Empire, Cyme became a bishopric, which was a suffragan of the Metropolitan of Ephesus.
### Titular see {#titular_see}
The diocese was nominally restored in 1894 as a Latin titular see.
It is vacant, having had the following (non-consecutive) incumbents, all of the lowest (episcopa) rank:
- Carlo Quaroni (1894.10.08 -- 1896.01.20)
- Orazio Mazzella (1896.02.11 -- 1898.03.24) (later Archbishop)
- Jeno Kránitz (1907.04.15 -- 1935.07.12)
- Peter Leo Ireton (1935.08.03 -- 1945.04.14)
- James Donald Scanlan (1946.04.27 -- 1949.05.31) (later Archbishop)
- Urbain-Marie Person, Capuchin Friars (O.F.M. Cap.) (1955.07.03 -- 1994.02.09)
| 300 |
Cyme (Aeolis)
| 2 |
9,987,415 |
# Cyme (Aeolis)
## Archaeology
Archaeologists first started taking an interest in the site in the middle of the 19th century as the wealthy landowner D. Baltazzi and later S. Reinach began excavation on the southern necropolis. In 1925, A. Salaç, working out of the Bohemian Mission, uncovered many interesting finds, including a small temple to Isis, a Roman *porticus* and what is believed to be a \'potter\'s house\'. Encouraged by their successes, Turkish archaeologist E. Akurgal began his own project in 1955 which uncovered an Orientalising ceramic on the southern hill. Between 1979 and 1984, the Izmir Museum carried out similar excavations at various locations around the site, uncovering further inscriptions and structures on the southern hill.
Geophysical studies at Cyme in more recent years, have given archaeologists a much greater knowledge of the site without being as intrusive. Geomagnetic surveys of the terrain reveal additional structures beneath the soil, as yet untouched by excavations.
> The northwest side of the southern hill was utilized as a residential neighborhood during the entire existence of the city. Only a limited area of the hill has been investigated. It has been verified that there were at least five successive phases of building.
>
> 1\. A long and straight wall going from north to southeast represented the most ancient building phase. In the wall there are visible traces of a threshold linking two rooms. There is uncertainty as to the chronology of the wall, but what is sure is that it was built before the end of the 5th century BC.
>
> 2\. Two rooms (A and B), that were part of a building dating back to the end of the 5th century BC, belong to the second phase. The building appears to be complete on the northern side, but could have also had other rooms on the southern side, where the entrance to room A opened up. The western wall of room A, was constructed with squared limestone blocks, and also acted as a terracing wall connecting the strong natural difference on the side of the hill. At the foot of this wall there was a cistern excavated in the rock that gathered water coming from the roof of the house. The cistern was filled with debris and great amounts of black and plain pottery dating back to the late Hellenistic Age.
>
> 3\. Some walls that belonged to the Imperial Roman Period were constructed by means of white mortar and bricks. During this phase a service room east of room A, with a floor that was made of leveled rock, was built. In the area of the cistern, by now filled, a new room decorated by wall paintings was also built.
>
> 4\. A large house occupied the area during the Late Roman Period. The rooms were constructed using reused materials, but without the use of mortar, and often enriched by polychrome mosaics. Access was gained by a ramp placed at the edge of the southwestern part of the excavation. Still, what needs to be clarified is the extent of the building, whose destruction is placed between the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century AD.
>
> 5\. The final phase is represented by some superficial structures found at the northern part of the excavation. There is a long wall going from the northwest to the southeast and a ramp built with reused blocks, with the same orientation as the wall. The wall and the ramp could be proof that this area was utilized during the Byzantine Age.
| 598 |
Cyme (Aeolis)
| 3 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.