id
int64 39
11.1M
| section
stringlengths 3
4.51M
| length
int64 2
49.9k
| title
stringlengths 1
182
| chunk_id
int64 0
68
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
9,999,181 |
# Daijirin
is a comprehensive single-volume Japanese dictionary edited by `{{nihongo|Akira Matsumura|松村明||''Matsumura Akira'', 1916–2001}}`{=mediawiki}, and first published by `{{nihongo|Sanseido Books|三省堂書店||''Sanseidō Shoten''}}`{=mediawiki} in 1988. This title is based upon two early Sanseidō dictionaries edited by Shōzaburō Kanazawa (金沢庄三郎, 1872--1967), *Jirin* (辞林 \"Forest of words\", 1907) and the revised *Kōjirin* (広辞林 \"Wide forest of words\", 1925).
## History
Sanseido specifically created *Daijirin* to compete with Iwanami\'s profitable *Kōjien* dictionary, which was a longtime bestseller through three editions (1955, 1969, and 1983). Two other contemporary dictionaries directed at the *Kōjien* market share were Kōdansha\'s color-illustrated *Nihongo Daijiten* (日本語大辞典 \"Great dictionary of Japanese\", 1989) and Shōgakukan\'s *Daijisen* (大辞泉 \"Great fountainhead of words\", 1995, also edited by Akira Matsumura).
The first edition of *Daijirin* (1988) had 220,000 headword entries and included encyclopedic content in numerous charts, tables, and illustrations. While *Kōjien* was printed in black and white, Sanseido included 19 two-color illustrations for topics like the seasons (with *kigo*), linguistics (synonymy), and Japanese language (*Man\'yōgana*). According to Matsumura\'s preface, the process of editing the first edition took over 28 years.
The second edition (1995) increased the number of entries to 233,000 and augmented the number of illustrations (including 31 pages of full-color maps and charts). Sanseido published the second edition in printed, CD-ROM, e-book, and Web versions. They additionally bundled the so-called \"Super\" version *Sūpā Daijirin* (スーパー大辞林) CD-ROM with other Sanseido Japanese and English dictionaries, plus pronunciation sound files. In 1997, Sanseido published a reverse dictionary of the second edition, entitled *Kanji-biki, Gyaku-biki Daijirin* (漢字引き・逆引き大辞林, `{{ISBN|4-385-13901-6}}`{=mediawiki}), with two indexes. The first lists *kanji* by *on-yomi* and stroke count, the second indexes headwords both by first and last *kanji* (for example, it lists *jisho* 辞書 \"wordbook; dictionary\" under both *ji* 辞 \"word\" and *sho* 書 \"book\"). According to Sanseido, total sales of the first two editions totaled over one million copies in 2003.
The third edition (2006) added new headwords, such as the English loanword *intarakutibu* (インタラクティブ \"interactive\"), for a total of 238,000 entries. Japanese dictionary publishers have an ongoing dilemma, the increasing popularity of Internet and electronic dictionaries is decreasing the sales of printed ones. Kono (2007) notes, \"According to Jiten Kyokai, an association of dictionary publishers, total annual sales of printed dictionaries, including popular Japanese and English, and specialized ones, such as technical dictionaries, halved to 6.5 million copies in the past decade.\" To promote the third edition, Sanseido launched a novel \"Dual\" service, the *Dyuaru Daijirin* (デュアル大辞林), allowing purchasers of the printed version to register for free online dictionary access. The online version is being regularly updated (currently`{{when|date=April 2016}}`{=mediawiki} including over 248,000 entries) and allows keyword searching for synonyms and related expressions. In 2006, collective *Daijirin* sales exceeded 1.5 million copies.
*Daijirin* is also available on the Internet. Sanseido\'s Web Dictionary offers Web and mobile phone subscription access to numerous dictionaries, including *E-jirin* (e辞林). Nippon Telegraph and Telephone\'s \"Goo Lab\" provides a server that allows free online searching of the second edition *Sūpā Daijirin*. Yahoo also used to provide access to the second edition of the dictionary, but the service has since been discontinued.
## Editions
### Japanese dictionaries {#japanese_dictionaries}
- Daijirin
- 1st edition (`{{ISBN|4-385-14001-4}}`{=mediawiki}) (1988-11-03)
- 2nd edition (`{{ISBN|4-385-13900-8}}`{=mediawiki}) (1995-11-03)
- 3rd edition (`{{ISBN|4-385-13905-9}}`{=mediawiki}) (大辞林 第三版) (2006-10-27): Includes 238,000 entries.
- 4th edition (`{{ISBN|4-385-13906-7}}`{=mediawiki}) (2019-09-05)
- Dual Daijirin \[Web edition\] (Dual 大辞林［Web版］): It is a web browser-based version of Daijirin 3rd edition.
### Japanese-Chinese dictionaries {#japanese_chinese_dictionaries}
- Shuangjierihancilin (雙解日漢辭林) (`{{ISBN|978-957-11-4904-2}}`{=mediawiki}, 1A88): Published by Wu-Nan Culture Enterprise(Wu-Nan Book Inc.), based on the Sanseido\'s Jirin 21 which is based on first edition of Daijirin. Includes 150,000 entries.
- 1st impression (2007-11-01)
- Xinrihancilin (新日漢辭林) (`{{ISBN|978-957-11-6084-9}}`{=mediawiki}, 1A89): Published by Wu-Nan Culture Enterprise(Wu-Nan Book Inc.), based on the Daijirin 2nd edition. Includes 170,000 entries.
- 1st impression (2010-10-01)
| 623 |
Daijirin
| 0 |
9,999,181 |
# Daijirin
## Comparison with *Kōjien* {#comparison_with_kōjien}
One of the biggest differences between *Daijirin* and *Kōjien* definitions is how they arrange meanings. A dictionary can arrange entries either historically with the oldest recorded meanings first (e.g., *Kōjien* and *Oxford English Dictionary*) or popularly with the most common meanings first (e.g., *Daijirin* and *American Heritage Dictionary*).
*Daijirin* entries encompass diverse vocabulary, including modern and classical Japanese words, scientific terminology, proper names, alphabetical abbreviations (like *NG* \"no good; outtake, blooper\"), and *yojijukugo* idioms. Some definitions include semantic notes distinguishing homonyms and synonyms. *Daijirin* usage examples range from classical texts like Man\'yōshū to modern publications.
Tom Gally lists three advantages of *Daijirin*,
> Though *Koujien* is regarded by many in Japan as the authoritative dictionary and is the one most often cited by newspaper editorialists trying to make etymological points of questionable validity, I regard the best single-volume *kokugo* \[Japanese language\] dictionary to be *Daijirin*. Designed to compete directly with *Koujien*, *Daijirin* is different in one key way from its illustrious predecessor: whereas *Koujien* arranges the senses of its definitions in historical order, *Daijirin* puts the most common contemporary meanings first. The result, for a person reading modern Japanese, is that *Daijirin* is the most likely to list the intended meaning where it can be found easily.
The other two *Daijirin* advantages are semantically \"more detailed\" definitions and the \"unusual, though not unprecedented\" *kanji* and reverse-dictionary index.
Baroni and Bialock describe *Daijirin*,
> This is the most up-to-date and attractive of the large single-volume *kokugo jiten*. In this sense, it may overlap or even supersede *Kōjien* in neologism and *gairaigo*. It also features illustrations and historical references, charts, and explanations of historic or complicated terms. It is visually easier to use, with *gojuon* headings clearly boxed off, and uses larger headings for more significant entries.
Faris writes,
> In general the definitions in the *Daijirin* are fairly easy to read, while in many cases a non-native of Japanese would have more trouble reading *Kōjien* definitions, which often contain words more difficult than the one they are defining. There are also many cases where the *Daijirin* is simply more complete, and contains usage or definitions not given in the *Kōjien*.
He compares the definitions for *abarenbō* (暴れん坊), literally meaning \"rambunctious kid, wild child; bundle of energy\" and figuratively meaning *abaremono* (暴れ者) \"rowdy; hooligan; tough; maverick\".
- *Kōjien*: 思うままに振舞う人。あばれもの。\"A person who behaves however he wants. A violent person.\"
- *Daijirin*: 1. けんかやいたずらをする活発な子供。2. 周囲を気にせず強引な行動をする人。\"1. An energetic child that gets into fights and causes mischief. 2. A person who behaves forcefully without regard for people around him.\"
Faris concludes that since, \"The most popular use of this word is with regard to overactive children, so the *Daijirin* wins in this case
| 454 |
Daijirin
| 1 |
9,999,193 |
# Chico Che
**Francisco José Hernández Mandujano** (December 7, 1945 -- March 29, 1989), better known as **Chico Che**, was a musician, singer, songwriter, and performer from Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico.
Born in 1945, Chico Che was the youngest of three. Though he never received formal training, he mastered the guitar and numerous other instruments. Throughout his career, he founded several notable groups including Los 7 Modernistas, Los Temerarios, and La Crisis. Among his hit songs were \"De Quén Chon\" and \"Quién Pompó\".
On March 29, 1989, Chico Che died of a stroke at his home in Mexico City at the age of 43
| 103 |
Chico Che
| 0 |
9,999,200 |
# Content (measure theory)
In mathematics, in particular in measure theory, a **content** $\mu$ is a real-valued function defined on a collection of subsets $\mathcal{A}$ such that
1. $\mu(A)\in\ [0, \infty] \text{ whenever } A \in \mathcal{A}.$
2. $\mu(\varnothing) = 0.$
3. $\mu\Bigl(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\Bigr) = \sum_{i=1}^n \mu(A_i) \text{ whenever } A_1, \dots, A_n, \bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i \in \mathcal{A} \text{ and } A_i \cap A_j = \varnothing \text{ for } i \neq j.$
That is, a content is a generalization of a measure: while the latter must be countably additive, the former must only be finitely additive.
In many important applications the $\mathcal{A}$ is chosen to be a ring of sets or to be at least a semiring of sets in which case some additional properties can be deduced which are described below. For this reason some authors prefer to define contents only for the case of semirings or even rings.
If a content is additionally *σ*-additive it is called a pre-measure and if furthermore $\mathcal{A}$ is a *σ*-algebra, the content is called a measure. Therefore, every (real-valued) measure is a content, but not vice versa. Contents give a good notion of integrating bounded functions on a space but can behave badly when integrating unbounded functions, while measures give a good notion of integrating unbounded functions.
## Examples
A classical example is to define a content on all half open intervals $[a,b) \subseteq \R$ by setting their content to the length of the intervals, that is, $\mu([a,b))=b-a.$ One can further show that this content is actually *σ*-additive and thus defines a pre-measure on the semiring of all half-open intervals. This can be used to construct the Lebesgue measure for the real number line using Carathéodory\'s extension theorem. For further details on the general construction see article on Lebesgue measure.
An example of a content that is not a measure on a *σ*-algebra is the content on all subsets of the positive integers that has value $1/2^n$ on any integer $n$ and is infinite on any infinite subset.
An example of a content on the positive integers that is always finite but is not a measure can be given as follows. Take a positive linear functional on the bounded sequences that is 0 if the sequence has only a finite number of nonzero elements and takes value 1 on the sequence $1, 1, 1, \ldots,$ so the functional in some sense gives an \"average value\" of any bounded sequence. (Such a functional cannot be constructed explicitly, but exists by the Hahn--Banach theorem.) Then the content of a set of positive integers is the average value of the sequence that is 1 on this set and 0 elsewhere. Informally, one can think of the content of a subset of integers as the \"chance\" that a randomly chosen integer lies in this subset (though this is not compatible with the usual definitions of chance in probability theory, which assume countable additivity).
## Properties
Frequently contents are defined on collections of sets that satisfy further constraints. In this case additional properties can be deduced that fail to hold in general for contents defined on any collections of sets.
### On semi ring {#on_semi_ring}
If $\mathcal{A}$ forms a Semi ring of sets then the following statements can be deduced:
- Every content $\mu$ is *monotone* that is, $A \subseteq B \Rightarrow \mu(A) \leq \mu(B) \text{ for } A, B \in \mathcal{A}.$
- Every content $\mu$ is *sub additive* that is,
$$\mu(A \cup B) \leq \mu(A) + \mu(B)$$ for $A, B \in \mathcal{A}$ such that $A \cup B \in \mathcal{A}.$
### On rings {#on_rings}
If furthermore $\mathcal{A}$ is a Ring of sets one gets additionally:
- *Subtractive*: for $B \subseteq A$ satisfying $\mu (B) < \infty$ it follows $\mu (A \setminus B) = \mu (A) - \mu (B).$
- $A,B\in\mathcal{A} \Rightarrow \mu(A\cup B)+\mu(A\cap B) = \mu(A)+\mu(B).$
- *Sub additive*: $A_i\in \mathcal{A}\; (i=1,2,\dotsc,n) \Rightarrow \mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^n A_i\right)\leq \sum_{i=1}^n \mu(A_i).$
- *$\sigma$-Superadditivity*: For any we$A_i \in \mathcal{A}\; (i=1,2,\dotsc)\$ pairwise disjoint satisfying $\bigcup_{i=1}^\infty A_i\in \mathcal{A}$ we have $\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^\infty A_i\right) \geq \sum_{i=1}^\infty \mu(A_i).$
- If $\mu$ is a finite content, that is, $A \in\mathcal{A} \Rightarrow \mu(A)<\infty,$ then the inclusion--exclusion principle applies: $\mu\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^nA_i\right) = \sum_{k=1}^n(-1)^{k+1}\!\!\sum_{I\subseteq\{1,\dotsc,n\},\atop |I|=k}\!\!\!\!\mu\left(\bigcap_{i\in I}A_i\right)$ where $A_i\in \mathcal{A}$ for all $i\in\{1,\dotsc,n\}.$
## Integration of bounded functions {#integration_of_bounded_functions}
In general integration of functions with respect to a content does not behave well. However, there is a well-behaved notion of integration provided that the function is bounded and the total content of the space is finite, given as follows.
Suppose that the total content of a space is finite. If $f$ is a bounded function on the space such that the inverse image of any open subset of the reals has a content, then we can define the integral of $f$ with respect to the content as $\int f \, d\lambda = \lim \sum_{i=1}^n f(\alpha_i)\lambda (f^{-1}(A_i))$ where the $A_i$ form a finite collections of disjoint half-open sets whose union covers the range of $f,$ and $\alpha_i$ is any element of $A_i,$ and where the limit is taken as the diameters of the sets $A_i$ tend to 0.
| 843 |
Content (measure theory)
| 0 |
9,999,200 |
# Content (measure theory)
## Duals of spaces of bounded functions {#duals_of_spaces_of_bounded_functions}
Suppose that $\mu$ is a measure on some space $X.$ The bounded measurable functions on $X$ form a Banach space with respect to the supremum norm. The positive elements of the dual of this space correspond to bounded contents $\lambda$ $X,$ with the value of $\lambda$ on $f$ given by the integral $\int f \, d\lambda.$ Similarly one can form the space of essentially bounded functions, with the norm given by the essential supremum, and the positive elements of the dual of this space are given by bounded contents that vanish on sets of measure 0.
## Construction of a measure from a content {#construction_of_a_measure_from_a_content}
There are several ways to construct a measure μ from a content $\lambda$ on a topological space. This section gives one such method for locally compact Hausdorff spaces such that the content is defined on all compact subsets. In general the measure is not an extension of the content, as the content may fail to be countably additive, and the measure may even be identically zero even if the content is not.
First restrict the content to compact sets. This gives a function $\lambda$ of compact sets $C$ with the following properties:
1. $\lambda(C) \in\ [0, \infty]$ for all compact sets $C$
2. $\lambda(\varnothing) = 0.$
3. $\lambda(C_1) \leq \lambda(C_2) \text{ whenever } C_1\subseteq C_2$
4. $\lambda(C_1 \cup C_2) \leq \lambda(C_1) + \lambda(C_2)$ for all pairs of compact sets
5. $\lambda(C_1 \cup C_2) = \lambda(C_1) + \lambda(C_2)$ for all pairs of disjoint compact sets.
There are also examples of functions $\lambda$ as above not constructed from contents. An example is given by the construction of Haer measure on a locally compact group. One method of constructing such a Hear measure is to produce a left-invariant function $\lambda$ as above on the compact subsets of the group, which can then be extended to a left-invariant measure.
### Definition on open sets {#definition_on_open_sets}
Given λ as above, we define a function μ on all open sets by $\mu(U) = \sup_{C\subseteq U} \lambda (C).$ This has the following properties:
1. $\mu(U) \in\ [0, \infty]$
2. $\mu(\varnothing) = 0$
3. $\mu(U_1) \leq \mu(U_2) \text{ whenever } U_1\subseteq U_2$
4. $\mu\left(\bigcup_nU_n\right) \leq \sum_n\mu\left(U_n\right)$ for any collection of open sets
5. $\mu\left(\bigcup_nU_n\right) = \sum_n\mu\left(U_n\right)$ for any collection of disjoint open sets.
### Definition on all sets {#definition_on_all_sets}
Given μ as above, we extend the function μ to all subsets of the topological space by $\mu(A) = \inf_{A\subseteq U}\mu (U).$ This is an outer measure, in other words it has the following properties:
1. $\mu(A) \in\ [0, \infty]$
2. $\mu(\varnothing) = 0.$
3. $\mu(A_1) \leq \mu(A_2) \text{ whenever } A_1\subseteq A_2$
4. $\mu\left(\bigcup_nA_n\right) \leq \sum_n\mu\left(A_n\right)$ for any countable collection of sets.
### Construction of a measure {#construction_of_a_measure}
The function μ above is an outer measure on the family of all subsets. Therefore, it becomes a measure when restricted to the measurable subsets for the outer measure, which are the subsets $E$ such that $\mu(X) = \mu(X \cap E) + \mu(X \setminus E)$ for all subsets $X.$ If the space is locally compact then every open set is measurable for this measure.
The measure $\mu$ does not necessarily coincide with the content $\lambda$ on compact sets, However it does if $\lambda$ is regular in the sense that for any compact $C,$ $\lambda(C)$ is the inf of $\lambda(D)$ for compact sets $D$ containing $C$ in their interiors
| 575 |
Content (measure theory)
| 1 |
9,999,208 |
# Detroit Lakes station
**Detroit Lakes station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Detroit Lakes, Minnesota, served by Amtrak\'s daily *Empire Builder*. The building was originally built by the Northern Pacific Railroad and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1988 as the **Northern Pacific Passenger Depot**.
The station was renovated in 2010 under the direction of the local White Earth Reservation and the Minnesota Department of Transportation. The exterior brickwork was cleaned; wood soffits repaired; and window and door trim painted. On the interior, the space was reconfigured to accommodate retail kiosks.
The station is one of three in Minnesota and 78 across the Amtrak network listed in a 2021 settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice over inaccessible facilities under the Americans with Disabilities Act. Under the company\'s ADA Stations Program (ADASP), new station platforms, walkways, lighting, and other accessibility improvements will be constructed between Amtrak\'s fiscal year 2025 and 2027.
In 2023, \$4 million was included in the Minnesota state budget to study a daytime train service between the Twin Cities and Fargo, North Dakota, a service that would include stops at Detroit Lakes station
| 193 |
Detroit Lakes station
| 0 |
9,999,232 |
# Sir Robert Abdy, 3rd Baronet
**Sir Robert Abdy, 3rd Baronet** FSA (8 April 1688 -- 27 August 1748), of Albyns, Essex, was a British Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1727 to 1748.
Abdy was the only son of Sir John Abdy, 2nd Baronet and his wife, Jane Nicholas, the daughter of Sir Edward Nicholas. In 1691, aged only three, he succeeded his father as baronet. Abdy matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, on 4 August 1705. On 5 July 1711, he married Theodosia Bramstone, only daughter of George Bramstone at St Christopher le Stocks in London.
At the 1727 British general election Abdy was returned unopposed as Tory member of parliament (MP) for Essex. He voted against the Administration in all known divisions. He was returned in a contest at the 1734 British general election and was unopposed at the 1741 British general election. He was a Jacobite and was to have been one of the leaders of the 1744 Jacobite rising in Essex, and was privy to the military details of the planned French invasion. He was returned unopposed for Essex at the 1747 general election. Abdy was further a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA).
Abdy died on 27 August 1748 aged 60 and was buried in Stapleford Abbotts in Essex. He and his wife had two sons and two daughters. He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son John.
Abdy had a private library of some significance, and books with his bookplate can still be found in libraries today
| 262 |
Sir Robert Abdy, 3rd Baronet
| 0 |
9,999,240 |
# Zentrum Paul Klee
The **Zentrum Paul Klee** is a museum dedicated to the artist Paul Klee, located in Bern, Switzerland and designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano. It features about 40 percent of Paul Klee\'s entire pictorial oeuvre.
In 1997, Livia Klee-Meyer, Paul Klee\'s daughter-in-law, donated her inheritance of almost 690 works to the city and canton of Bern. Additional works and documents donated and loaned by the family and the Paul-Klee-Foundation and a further 200 loans from private collections contributed to creating a very large collection of works by the artist. The decision to build the museum in the Schöngrün site on the eastern outskirts of the city was made in 1998, and renowned Italian architect Renzo Piano was contracted the same year. A preliminary project was elaborated in 2000. The building was completed in 2005. It takes the form of three undulations blending into the landscape
| 150 |
Zentrum Paul Klee
| 0 |
9,999,250 |
# Trials in Burma
***Trials in Burma*** is a memoir by Maurice Collis, an English author of Irish origin who served in Burma in the Indian Civil Service under the British Empire written in 1937 describing events in 1929-30.
After postings at Arakan, Sagaing and elsewhere, Collis was district magistrate in Rangoon in 1929-1930, a period when relations between Burmese, Indians and British became particularly difficult. In *Trials in Burma* he gives special attention to the political trial of Jatindra Mohan Sengupta, mayor of Calcutta, for sedition in impromptu speeches made during a brief visit to Rangoon in 1930; also to two criminal trials which became politically charged because they brought to light underlying attitudes of British merchants and army officers to Burmese people (the same attitudes that were soon to be exposed in a fictional context in George Orwell\'s *Burmese Days*). Collis\'s judgments were (according to his own analysis) too independent to be pleasing to the then British Government of Burma, arousing the particular disapproval of his superior, Booth Gravely, Commissioner of the Pegu Division. After giving judgment in the last of these trials Collis was hastily moved to the post of Excise Commissioner.
*Trials in Burma* was reviewed by Orwell in *The Listener*, published 9 March 1938:
: This is an unpretentious book, but it brings out with unusual clearness the dilemma that faces every official in an empire like our own. Mr Collis was District Magistrate of Rangoon in the troubled period round about 1930. He had to try cases which were a great deal in the public eye, and he soon discovered the practical impossibility of keeping to the letter of the law and pleasing European opinion at the same time. Finally, for having sentenced a British Army officer to three months\' imprisonment for criminal negligence in driving a car, he was reprimanded and hurriedly transferred to another post. For the same offence a native would have been imprisoned as a matter of course.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
: The truth is that every British magistrate in India is in a false position when he has to try a case in which European and native interests clash. In theory he is administering an impartial system of justice; in practice he is part of a huge machine which exists to protect British interests, and he has often got to choose between sacrificing his integrity and damaging his career. Nevertheless, owing to the exceptionally high traditions of the Indian Civil Service, the law in India is administered far more fairly than might be expected \-- and, incidentally, far too fairly to please the business community.
A new edition of the book was published in 1945. It contains an introduction written by the author dated 14 May 1945, and commenting on events in Burma since the book was originally published.
The book was anonymously reviewed by George Orwell, who also lived in British Burma, in *The Listener* in 1938
| 490 |
Trials in Burma
| 0 |
9,999,259 |
# Bulleid
**Bulleid** is a surname
| 6 |
Bulleid
| 0 |
9,999,276 |
# Mike Siani (American football)
**Mike Siani** (born May 27, 1950) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the Oakland Raiders and Baltimore Colts.
## Early life {#early_life}
Siani was a high school football star with the New Dorp High School \"Centrals\", in New Dorp, Staten Island, New York City, New York, graduating in 1968. At New Dorp, Siani played for legendary coach Sal Somma. Somma and Siani have been inducted into the Staten Island Sports Hall of Fame.
## College career {#college_career}
Siani attended Villanova University, where he not only played football but also excelled in baseball. Between 1968 (when he was still in high school) and 1972, Siani was selected on four occasions by three Major League organizations (the New York Yankees, the Los Angeles Dodgers, and the Texas Rangers), but he never signed.
On the football field Siani wore number 88 and earned close to 30 achievement awards. He was selected to the 1971 College Football All-America Team. Siani was inducted into the Villanova University Sports Hall of Fame in 1988.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Siani was the first round draft choice of the Oakland Raiders. In 1972, his first year in Oakland, he set multiple rookie team records for receiving and finished as the runner-up to Franco Harris as NFL Rookie of the Year. He played for the Raiders through 1977, appearing in 74 games with 32 starts, and he caught 128 passes for 2,079 yards and 13 TDs. With the Raiders having a surplus of wide receivers, the team traded Siani along with a 1979 third-round selection (72nd overall--traded to Houston Oilers) to the Colts for Raymond Chester and a 1979 second-round pick (33rd overall--traded to Tampa Bay Buccaneers for Dave Pear) on July 21, 1978. Siani played three seasons with the Colts before finishing his NFL career in 1980.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
### Regular season {#regular_season}
Year Team Games
------ ------ -------- --------
GP GS Rec Yds
1972 OAK **14** 13
1973 OAK **14** **14**
1974 OAK 6 0
1975 OAK **14** 4
1976 OAK 14 1
1977 OAK 12 0
1978 BAL 7 0
1979 BAL 10 5
1980 BAL 10 1
101 38
### Playoffs
Year Team Games
------ ------ ------- -------
GP GS Rec Yds
1972 OAK 1 1
1973 OAK **2** **2**
1975 OAK **2** **2**
1976 OAK **2** 0
1977 OAK **2** 0
9 5
## Personal life {#personal_life}
When his playing career ended, Siani was an indoor football coach for several teams, being named the interim head coach for the Myrtle Beach Stingrays, Fayetteville Guard and Florence Phantoms. He was named the head coach of the Atlantic City CardSharks in 2004, and the Richmond Raiders of the American Indoor Football Association in 2010. Siani has been employed as a scout for the New Orleans Saints, and was the quarterbacks and wide receivers coach for the Princeton Tigers Varsity Sprint Football program in 2009.
Major League Baseball player Michael Siani is a distant relative of Siani\'s.
## Books
"Cheating is Encouraged: A Hard-Nosed History of the 1970s Raiders" was authored by Mike Siani and Kristine Setting Clark
| 538 |
Mike Siani (American football)
| 0 |
9,999,277 |
# Fargo station
**Fargo Station** is a train station in Fargo, North Dakota, United States. It is served by Amtrak\'s *Empire Builder*. It is the only railway station in use in the Fargo-Moorhead area and is the third-busiest in North Dakota. The platform, tracks, and station are currently all owned by BNSF Railway. The station is currently located in the former BNSF freight house. The former main station building is now home to Great Northern Bicycle Co.
## History
Fargo station was originally built by the Great Northern Railway in 1906. It was designed by Samuel L. Bartlett in a Romanesque Revival style. He also designed other stations for the Great Northern, including stations in Minot and Rugby, North Dakota. The Great Northern also built a nearby freight warehouse in Fargo, listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
At the time of the station\'s construction, Fargo was served by both the Great Northern Railway and the Northern Pacific. The station was served by Great Northern trains, while Northern Pacific operated its own station along Fargo\'s Main Avenue.
In 1970, the two railway companies merged to form the Burlington Northern. Freight trains used the Northern Pacific tracks, while passenger trains used the Great Northern tracks. All passenger service in Fargo began using the Great Northern depot. From 1971, passenger service was operated by Amtrak. Amtrak currently uses the former BNSF freight house as the station building, as the main building became unused in 1986. The former main station building is now used for retail. Various businesses have operated in the building, since 1995.
Fargo station is listed as a contributing property on National Register of Historic Places Downtown Fargo District as the **Great Northern Depot**.
## Operation
Fargo station is served by Amtrak\'s *Empire Builder* service. Westbound trains are headed for Spokane, Washington (splitting to serve Seattle, Washington and Portland, Oregon) while eastbound trains are headed for Chicago. There are several intermittent stops between. About one-eighth of *Empire Builder* passengers board or alight at this station.
The station previously served the *North Coast Hiawatha* until that service was discontinued in 1979.
The Minnesota Department of Transportation has proposed regional rail services to connect Fargo-Moorhead with the Twin Cities in Minnesota. The route is listed as a Phase 1 project for Minnesota\'s regional rail projects, to be completed by 2030. Due to existing infrastructure, Fargo Amtrak station would be used.
Fargo station is served by MATBUS within one block of the station. Route 11 stops at the corner of 4th Avenue North and 5th Street North on its way from the downtown transfer hub to the Northport neighborhood in northern Fargo.
## Ridership
While the largest city in North Dakota, Fargo has only the third-most rail passenger traffic in the state, behind Minot and Williston. This is chiefly because Amtrak\'s daily *Empire Builder*, which makes stops in six other North Dakota cities, stops in Fargo during the middle of night---between 2 am and 4 am---on both its eastbound and westbound journeys. In Amtrak\'s 2010 fiscal year, an average of about 60 passengers boarded or detrained at the station each day
| 519 |
Fargo station
| 0 |
9,999,280 |
# Plaza de Almas
***Plaza de almas*** (**Soul\'s Square**) is a 1997 Argentine drama film, written directed by Fernando Díaz. The picture was produced by Daniel Burman, Fernando Díaz, and Diego Dubcovsky. It stars Olga Zubarry, Norman Briski, Vera Fogwill, and others.
## Plot
Marcelo makes a living as a painter in a Buenos Aires square, with other street artists. He\'s sad and lonely because his family\'s does not get along. He lives with his grandfather and becomes romantically involved with a budding actress. He devotes much of his time to her, and dreams of a happy future together.
She, however, has other plans, and events take a dramatic turn when she is forced to undergo an abortion. Marcelo also discovers the reasons for his family\'s separation and makes Marcelo face reality more clearly.
## Cast
- Alejandro Gance as Marcelo
- Olga Zubarry as grandmother
- Norman Briski as grandfather
- Vera Fogwill as Laura
- Thelma Biral as mother
- Villanueva Cosse as the director
- Roberto Carnaghi
- Rolly Serrano
- Guadalupe Martínez Uría
- María L. Cali
- Maximiliano Ghione
## Distribution
The film was first presented at the Mar del Plata Film Festival in November 1997. It opened wide in Argentina on June 4, 1998.
In the United States it screened at the Miami Hispanic Film Festival on April 24, 1999.
The picture was shown at various film festivals, including: the Biarritz International Festival of Latin American Cinema, France; the Gramado Film Festival, Gramado, Brazil; and others.
## Awards
**Wins**
- Mar del Plata Film Festival: Best Ibero-American Film, Fernando Díaz; 1997.
- Biarritz International Festival of Latin American Cinema: Audience Award; Fernando Díaz; 1998.
- Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor; Best Supporting Actress, Olga Zubarry; 1999.
- Lleida Latin-American Film Festival: ICCI Screenplay Award Fernando Díaz; 1999.
**Nominations**
- Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor, Best New Actor, Alejandro Gancé; Best Supporting Actor, Norman Briski; 1999.
- Gramado Film Festival, Gramado, Brazil: Golden Kikito, Best Film, Fernando Díaz; 1998
| 338 |
Plaza de Almas
| 0 |
9,999,283 |
# Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service
The **Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service** (**NFRS**) is a fire and rescue service covering the county of Northamptonshire, United Kingdom. NFRS covers an area of 948 sqmi area with a population of around 750,000.
## History
Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service was founded in 1974 when the former Northamptonshire Fire Brigade and Northampton Borough Fire Brigade (both formed in 1948 by the Fire Services Act 1947) merged.
In April 2021, Moulton Logistics Centre closed down, leaving Moulton Fire Station and the service\'s workshops behind. The new headquarters for the service is now shared with Northamptonshire Police, at a new site in Wellingborough.
## Organisation
Since 2019, the fire service has been overseen by the Northamptonshire Police, Fire and Crime Commissioner. It was previous overseen by Northamptonshire County Council.
NFRS has 22 fire stations, with 28 fire engines, a headquarters in Wellingborough, and an administration hub in Kettering which is shared with Northamptonshire Police. Its firefighters are split 62% wholetime and 38% retained (on-call).
## Performance
In November 2018, an inspection of NFRS by Her Majesty\'s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS) found that the service was routinely operating below the safe number of fire engines needing to cover the county. It also found that firefighter training records were incomplete and the service could not assure itself that they all had the necessary safety-critical skills. Three follow-up visits by HMICFRS in 2019 and 2020, allowed them to announce in March 2021 that they were satisfied with NFRS progress.
Every fire and rescue service in England and Wales is periodically subjected to a statutory inspection by HMICFRS. The inspections investigate how well the service performs in each of three areas
| 287 |
Northamptonshire Fire and Rescue Service
| 0 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
The Seattle Seahawks are a professional American football team organized in 1976 and based in Seattle, Washington, US, that plays in the National Football League. This article details the history of the Seattle Seahawks American football club.
## Overview
As one of the agreed parts of the 1970 AFL--NFL Merger, the NFL began planning to expand from 26 to 28 teams. Ralph Wilson was the first to propose a team for Seattle; due to the decrepit stadium situation at War Memorial Stadium and the reluctance of Buffalo, New York officials to replace it In 1971, he openly threatened to move his team, the Buffalo Bills, to Seattle. Buffalo officials acquiesced and built what is now Highmark Stadium, in 1973, keeping the Bills in Buffalo, where they remain. Pro Football Hall of Famer Hugh McElhenny, a Seattle resident and University of Washington alumnus, signed a contract with a group called the Seattle Sea Lions in hopes of bringing an NFL franchise to the city. In anticipation, he named himself general manager of the non-existent \"Seattle Kings\" in May 1972, and the next year the franchise gained the backing of Edward Nixon, brother of president Richard Nixon. However, McElhenny\'s plan ultimately fell through. On June 15, 1972, ***Seattle Professional Football Inc.***, a group of Seattle business and community leaders started by Herman Sarkowsky and Ned Skinner, announced its intention to acquire an NFL franchise for Seattle. Almost two years later on June 4, 1974, the NFL awarded the group an expansion franchise. On December 5, 1974, NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle announced the official signing of the franchise agreement by Lloyd W. Nordstrom, representing the Nordstrom family as majority partners for the consortium. Nordstrom died of a heart attack on January 20, 1976, just months before the Seahawks played their first game; in the aftermath of his death, Lloyd\'s son, Elmer, would oversee the team on behalf of the Nordstroms.
On March 5, 1975, John Thompson, a former University of Washington executive, was hired as the general manager of the yet-unnamed team. The nickname *Seahawks* was selected on June 17, 1975, after a public naming contest which drew more than 20,000 entries and over 1,700 different names. 151 people had submitted the name in the list such as Clark McMillan and Hazel Cooke (who each received a framed piece of literature for their efforts). Five names were selected as finalists: Sockeyes, Mariners, Olympics, Evergreens, and Seahawks. Nordstrom and his group telephoned Rozelle and Jim Kensil (league executive director) for a response on the names, and their favorable reaction to Seahawks led to the use of the name for the team. The nickname was previously used by the All-America Football Conference Miami Seahawks . Thompson recruited and hired Jack Patera, a Minnesota Vikings assistant coach, to be the first head coach of the new team. Patera was introduced as the new head coach at a press conference on January 3, 1976. Thompson would serve as general manager for the first seven seasons, which resulted in a 39--62 record with no playoff appearances and only two non-losing seasons -- 9--7 in 1978 and 1979. The expansion draft was held March 30 and 31, 1976, with Seattle and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers alternating picks for 39 rounds selecting unprotected players from the other 26 teams in the league. In the 1976 draft, the Seahawks were awarded the 2nd overall pick, which they used on defensive tackle Steve Niehaus. The team took the field for the first time on August 1, 1976, in a pre-season game against the San Francisco 49ers in the then brand new Kingdome.
The Seahawks are the only NFL team to switch conferences twice. The franchise began play in 1976 in the NFC West division but switched conferences with the Buccaneers after one season and joined the AFC West. This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan, so that both expansion teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise. Between 1977 and 2002, their division rivals were Denver, San Diego, Kansas City and Oakland/Los Angeles.
Seattle has won eleven division titles in their franchise history: two AFC West titles (1988 and 1999) and nine NFC West titles (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2013, 2014, 2016, and 2020). They have won the NFC Championship Game thrice in 2005, 2013, and 2014, and lost the AFC Championship Game once in 1983; as a result, they are the only team to have appeared in both the AFC and NFC Conference Championship games. The Seahawks have one Super Bowl victory in 2013 and two losses (2005 and 2014). Prior to 2005, Seattle had the longest drought of playoff victories of any NFL team, dating back to the 1984 season. That drought was ended with a 20--10 win over the Washington Redskins in the 2005 playoffs. In 2010, the Seahawks became the first team in NFL history to win their division with a losing record (7-9) in a full season. They\'d participate in the 2010 playoffs, beating the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints in the Wild Card round---a game that featured the infamous \"Beast Quake\" run by running back Marshawn Lynch---before losing to the Chicago Bears in the Divisional round. As of January 2025, the all-time Seahawks playoff record is 17--19.
| 890 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 0 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## Beginnings: 1976--1978 {#beginnings_19761978}
The Seahawks had their biggest \"win\" before ever taking the field for a regular season game. On August 26, 1976, the Seahawks traded an eighth round pick in 1977 to the Houston Oilers for Steve Largent. The franchise\'s first win came on October 17 when they beat their expansion brethren Tampa Bay Buccaneers 13--10 at Tampa Bay. On November 7 they won their first game at home, 30--13 over the Atlanta Falcons. Those were the lone victories in an inaugural 2--12 season. However, the exciting play of Jim Zorn and Largent served notice of the entertainment to come.
The Seahawks hosted the 1977 Pro Bowl in the Kingdome on January 17, 1977, and a sellout crowd of 63,214 saw the AFC beat the NFC 24--14. It was the first sellout in Pro Bowl history.
In a reversal of the cunning that brought them Largent, the Seahawks traded their first round pick in 1977 to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a first and 3 second round draft picks. Dallas selected Tony Dorsett, who threatened to play in the Canadian Football League if he was drafted by the Seahawks, with the pick obtained from Seattle.
The 1977 season began with four straight losses before Tampa Bay came to town. The Seahawks won \"Expansion Bowl II\" by a score of 30--23. Two weeks later the season highlight happened on October 30 when quarterback Jim Zorn came back from missing four games with an injury to throw four touchdown passes in a 56--17 win over the Buffalo Bills at the Kingdome. The 1977 Seahawks finished with a record of 5--9, to establish a then record for wins by a second year franchise.
In 1978, the Seahawks achieved their first winning season with a 9--7 record as WR Steve Largent finished second in the NFL with 1,168 receiving yards, Jack Patera was named NFL Coach of the Year and Jim Zorn was named AFC Player of the Year by the Touchdown Club of Washington, D.C. Season highlights included becoming the first team since 1965 to sweep the Raiders (27--7 win at home and a 17--16 win in Oakland).
1979 saw the Seahawks attract a national following after their first *Monday Night Football* appearance on October 29, 1979. After trailing 14--0 against the Atlanta Falcons, Seattle battled back to win 31--28. A fake field goal pass from Zorn to kicker Efren Herrera led Howard Cosell to exclaim \"the Seahawks are giving the nation a lesson in entertaining football!\" The good vibe was short-lived, as the next week the Seahawks set an NFL record for the lowest total offense in one game (minus 7 yards) in a 24--0 loss to the Los Angeles Rams at the Kingdome. The team rebounded from that embarrassment to win 5 of their last 6 games, including a 30--7 victory over the New York Jets on MNF, to finish with a 9--7 record.
| 492 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 1 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1979--1982: Final Patera years {#final_patera_years}
Great hopes after consecutive wins were crushed in 1980. The Seahawks lost their last 9 games to turn a 4--3 record into a 4--12 season, losing all eight home games. The collapse did enable the Seahawks to select safety Kenny Easley out of UCLA in the first round of the 1981 draft.
In 1981, the Seahawks lost five of their first six games on their way to a 6--10 record. Steve Largent had another stellar season with 1,224 receiving yards. Dave Krieg made his first career start in place of an injured Zorn on December 6, 1981, completing 20 of 26 passes in a 27--23 win over the Jets.
In the strike-shortened season of 1982, the Seahawks fired Patera during the strike after losing their first two games. Interim coach Mike McCormack finished the rest of the season and the Seahawks compiled a 4--5 record.
## 1983--1991: The Chuck Knox era {#the_chuck_knox_era}
### 1983
After a disappointing 1982 season (which was shortened because of a players\' strike), the Seahawks moved interim coach Mike McCormack back into the front office and hired Chuck Knox as their head coach. In 1983, the Seahawks were battling for a playoff berth with a 6--6 record. Then in week 13, the Seahawks beat the Kansas City Chiefs 51--48 at the Kingdome to start their winning ways. They won 2 of the next 3 games to earn their first ever playoff berth. In the wild-card playoffs the Seahawks shut down the Denver Broncos and their rookie quarterback John Elway 31--7. The next week at the Miami Orange Bowl the Seahawks beat the Miami Dolphins in a dramatic fashion, coming from behind, driving 66 yards in 5 plays, ending with a dramatic Curt Warner TD run. Seattle then recovered a fumble on Miami\'s kick return to seal the 27--20 victory, defeating an up-and-coming rookie quarterback Dan Marino. The Seahawks\' miracle season ended in the AFC Championship Game as they lost to the eventual Super Bowl XVIII champion Los Angeles Raiders 30--14. Despite the 1983 season ending on a sour note, it was the first breakthrough season for the Seahawks. Curt Warner rushed for 1449 yards, scored 14 touchdowns, and was named AFC Rookie of the Year. Chuck Knox was named AFC Coach of the Year.
### 1984 {#section_1}
The first game of 1984 was costly, as Curt Warner suffered a season ending knee injury in the 33--0 win over the Cleveland Browns, the first Opening Day win in team history. Without Warner, the \"Ground Chuck\" offense became \"Air Knox\". Led by QB Dave Krieg, the Seahawks enjoyed a then franchise record 8-game winning streak and a 12--4 record. The Seahawk defense posted 3 shutouts. One of the shutouts occurred on November 4 where they beat the Chiefs 45--0 in a game highlighted by 4 touchdowns off interception returns (still an NFL record). A season ending 2-game losing streak cost them the division title and forced a wild card game against the Raiders. The Seahawks rode running back Dan Doornink and prevailed 13--7 in the team\'s last playoff victory for 21 years, avenging last year\'s AFC Championship Game loss. The Seahawks, in turn, fell to the Super Bowl bound Miami Dolphins 31--10 in the divisional playoffs, with the Dolphins exacting revenge for their loss in the divisional playoffs at the hands of the Seahawks the previous year. Chuck Knox was named AFC Coach of the Year for a consecutive season.
| 584 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 2 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1983--1991: The Chuck Knox era {#the_chuck_knox_era}
### 1985--1990 {#section_2}
The 1985 campaign was one of the most frustrating in the team\'s history. Seattle went through an alternating pattern of winning two consecutive games and losing two consecutively, to end at 8--8. Quarterback Dave Krieg passed for 3,602 yards on the season. A final game loss at home to Denver was a microcosm of the season, as the Seahawks squandered an early lead and an attempt at a game-tying field goal hit the upright as time expired.
The 1986 season is generally considered one of the \"ones that got away\". A 5--2 start was ruined by a 4-game losing streak. Improbably, the team then went on a roll that saw them win their final 5 games in convincing fashion. Included in the run were a 31--14 road victory over the Dallas Cowboys on Thanksgiving, a 37--0 shutout of the Los Angeles Raiders on *Monday Night Football* and a season ending 41--16 victory over the Super Bowl bound Denver Broncos. Despite a 10--6 record, the Seahawks failed to qualify for the playoffs due to a tiebreaker. They were the only team to beat both Super Bowl teams (Denver and the New York Giants) in 1986.
1987 began with great expectations and predictions of a Super Bowl appearance. The Seahawks had won a lottery for the first pick in a supplemental draft, and they selected Oklahoma University linebacker Brian Bosworth, the 1985 and 1986 Dick Butkus award winner. The 1987 team, like Bosworth, never did live up to expectations. After an early-season 24-day labor dispute, the team qualified for the playoffs as a wild card with a 9--6 record. A 23--20 overtime loss to the Houston Oilers in the playoffs was marred by a controversial call nullifying an apparent Fredd Young interception deep in Oilers territory in the sudden-death period.
Before the 1988 season began, the team gained new ownership for the first time, as California land developer Ken Behring purchased the team from the Nordstrom family. That season, the team won its first AFC West division title, beating the Los Angeles Raiders 43--37 on the road to finish with a 9--7 record. The Seahawks lost 21--13 in the divisional playoffs to the Super Bowl bound Cincinnati Bengals. The next year, Behring named former Los Angeles Raiders head coach Tom Flores team president and general manager.
1989 saw the Seahawks fall to a 7--9 record. During the season, the overhyped and underperforming Brian Bosworth suffered a career-ending shoulder injury, and became an actor. Also retiring was wide receiver Steve Largent, the last remaining player from the team\'s inaugural 1976 season.
Despite a poor early-season performance in 1990, the Seahawks managed to recover and go 9--7, but were competing in a strong division and so missed the playoffs.
| 471 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 3 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1991--1995: Turmoil and Mediocrity {#turmoil_and_mediocrity}
These years were the most tumultuous of the franchise\'s history so far. 1991 was Chuck Knox\'s last year as head coach of the Seahawks. After finishing with a 7--9 record, he resigned to rejoin the Los Angeles Rams. The year also saw Seattle make another bad draft choice in quarterback Dan McGwire, the brother of baseball star Mark McGwire. Widely expected to take over as starting quarterback, he struggled on the field and ultimately never got that position. The Seahawks held onto McGwire until 1995, then traded him to the Dolphins.
Team President/general manager Tom Flores assumed the head coaching duties for the 1992 season. Longtime quarterback Dave Krieg was ousted in 1992 and replaced by three different quarterbacks (first-round pick Dan McGwire, Stan Gelbaugh and Kelly Stouffer). 1992 was also the Seahawks\' worst year ever when they finished 2--14 and scoring just 140 points in the regular season. The Seattle offense was historically inept, and the only bright spot for the 1992 season was defensive tackle Cortez Kennedy being declared NFL Defensive Player of the Year.
In 1993, the Seahawks drafted Rick Mirer out of the University of Notre Dame with the second pick in the draft, hoping to make him the franchise\'s quarterback of the future. Mirer looked to be on his way to stardom as he shared the NFL\'s Offensive Rookie of the Year Award with former college teammate Jerome Bettis in his first season. The honeymoon soon turned sour as his inconsistent play in the following three seasons led to several benchings and eventually his departure in a trade to the Chicago Bears following the 1996 season.
In 1994, the Seahawks temporarily moved to nearby Husky Stadium on the campus of the University of Washington for the preseason and 3 regular season games as repairs were being made to the Kingdome after an acoustic tile fell inside the stadium. Upon returning to the Kingdome, the team finished with a 6--10 record; Tom Flores was replaced as president by David Behring, son of owner Ken Behring, and as head coach by University of Miami coach Dennis Erickson. The 1995 season was only average, with the Seahawks going 8--8, following by a 7--9 campaign in 1996.
| 380 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 4 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1996--1998: Paul Allen takes over {#paul_allen_takes_over}
In January 1996, Seahawks owner Ken Behring announced that he was moving the franchise to Los Angeles, where the team would play at Anaheim Stadium (the same venue that the Rams had abandoned for St. Louis, Missouri the previous year). Behring claimed safety concerns (specifically the building\'s structural integrity in the event of an earthquake) as his reason for breaking the team\'s lease with King County. However, seismologists found Behring\'s claims to be unproven. Also, the Los Angeles area is even more earthquake-prone than Seattle. Although Behring moved the team\'s operations to Anaheim, his plans for a full move were scuttled when lawyers discovered that the Seahawks were locked into the Kingdome through 2005; additionally, the NFL threatened Behring with fining him \$500,000 each day if he did not return the team from Southern California. Having seen his effort to permanently relocate the franchise thwarted, Behring decided to sell. A potential buyer was found in Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, who reached an agreement to buy the club if a new stadium would be built. After funding a special statewide election for stadium financing, a new stadium for the Seahawks went forward and Allen purchased the team.
Under the new ownership, Bob Whitsitt was installed as president of the club and big-name players such as Chad Brown, Warren Moon, and Ricky Watters were brought in raising hopes in Seattle that a page had been turned. What followed instead was more mediocrity as the club in 1997 and 1998 failed to get over the .500 mark with consecutive 8-8 marks. This led to head coach Dennis Erickson ultimately being fired at the end of the 1998 season. This period was not without its memorable moments, specifically Vinny Testaverde\'s \"Phantom Touchdown\" in a regular season game, an officiating error that became a primary factor in the NFL\'s reinstatement of instant replay. The error resulted in a 32--31 loss to the New York Jets.
The NFL officially apologized for the officiating error. Instant replay was reinstated in the NFL the following season. Referee Phil Luckett, who headed the crew that made the touchdown call (the call itself was made by head linesman Earnie Frantz), was later reassigned at his request to back judge, and is also infamous for another controversial issue during the Thanksgiving game on November 26 between the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Detroit Lions.
| 405 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 5 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1999--2008: The Mike Holmgren era {#the_mike_holmgren_era}
### 1999--2001 {#section_3}
In 1999, the Seahawks made their biggest coaching hire with the appointment of Green Bay Packers head coach Mike Holmgren. Coming off his success with the Packers, Holmgren was given the dual role of general manager and head coach. The hiring brought instant credibility to the franchise as under Holmgren\'s guidance, the Seahawks won their second division title and first playoff berth since 1988. That year included a memorable 27--7 win over Holmgren\'s former team, the Green Bay Packers on *Monday Night Football* but despite a strong 8--2 start, the Seahawks lost 5 of their last 6 to close out the regular season 9--7. This skid continued on into the playoffs as the Seahawks lost the final game in the Kingdome 20--17 to Dan Marino and the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Wild Card round; the game was Marino\'s only career road playoff win.
For the 2000 and 2001 seasons the Seahawks moved to Husky Stadium while their new stadium was being built. The Seahawks drafted running back Shaun Alexander in 2000 as their running back of the future. The move to Husky Stadium could not halt the Seahawks\' decline, as they finished a disappointing 6--10 in 2000.
Holmgren then traded for Green Bay Packers backup quarterback Matt Hasselbeck and made him the starting quarterback. But Hasselbeck struggled in the first half of the 2001 season compiling a 5--7 record. Hasselbeck was replaced by former Super Bowl winner Trent Dilfer who steadied the ship and led the Seahawks to a 9--7 finish and a narrow playoff miss in the team\'s final season in the AFC.
### 2002: Return to the NFC West {#return_to_the_nfc_west}
Big changes were afoot in 2002. When the Seahawks left Husky Stadium at the end of the 2001 season they were part of the AFC West, but when they moved into Seahawks Stadium they were now part of the NFC West, where they were based in their inaugural season 26 years earlier. This was because of the 2002 divisional realignment caused by the addition of the expansion Houston Texans, and to keep traditional divisional rivalries, such as Dallas-Washington despite Dallas being further west than St. Louis. The year was one of ups-and-downs as Dilfer was injured in Week 7 and Hasselbeck became the starting quarterback. He ended the season on a 3-game winning streak, and Shaun Alexander led the NFC with 18 touchdowns. But the team finished with a 7--9 record and rumblings began over whether Holmgren was up to having dual roles as de facto general manager and head coach.
### 2003 {#section_4}
Before the 2003 season, Holmgren relinquished his general manager duties so that he could concentrate exclusively on coaching the team. This move was especially hard for Holmgren as one of the factors for him leaving the Packers was to step out of the shadow of long-time general manager Ron Wolf. With their head coach focused solely on the coaching side, the Seahawks made the playoffs as a wild card with a 10--6 record and finished with an impressive 8--0 mark at home. The Seahawks faced Holmgren\'s former team, the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field. The Seahawks came out strong but blew several opportunities (including a crucial endzone drop by receiver Koren Robinson) and were forced to go to overtime. It was during the coin-flip where quarterback Hasselbeck made the prediction \"we want the ball, and we\'re going to score.\" Unfortunately for the Seahawks, an Al Harris interception returned for a touchdown sealed their fate, as they lost 33--27.
| 602 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 6 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1999--2008: The Mike Holmgren era {#the_mike_holmgren_era}
### 2004 {#section_5}
The Seahawks entered the 2004 season with lofty expectations. Publications such as *Sports Illustrated* predicted that the team would represent the NFC in Super Bowl XXXIX. The Seahawks started off strongly, going 3--0 including a 34--0 shutout of the lowly San Francisco 49ers at home. The season took a dramatic turn for the worse, however, when the Seahawks blew a 27--10 lead late in the fourth quarter to their division-rivals, the St. Louis Rams. Trailing 27--10 late in the fourth quarter, the Rams scored to pull within ten with 5:34 remaining on the clock. This was followed by a 41-yard touchdown pass to Kevin Curtis, making the score 27--24. After the Seahawks failed to convert on a critical third down, leaving 1:14 on the game clock, the Rams tied the game on the ensuing possession, sending the game into overtime. In the extra period, the Rams won the game on a stunning 52-yard touchdown catch by Shaun McDonald. The Seahawks never fully recovered from the shocking loss and went on to win only six of their last twelve games.
The Seahawks had another memorable fourth quarter meltdown against the Dallas Cowboys on *Monday Night Football*. As Seattle led 39--28 late in the fourth quarter, Vinny Testaverde completed a touchdown pass to Keyshawn Johnson, leaving 1:45 on the game clock. Jason Witten recovered the ensuing onside kick, and Julius Jones was heavily featured in the Cowboys\' 57-yard drive to win the game. Jones finished with a game-high 198 rushing yards for the night.
The Seahawks won their first NFC West title with a 28--26 win over the Atlanta Falcons in the final regular season game. The team\'s celebrations were overshadowed by bickering between Holmgren and running back Shaun Alexander, stemming from Holmgren\'s decision to bench Alexander for precautionary reasons midway through the team\'s final game of the season. Alexander missed the 2004 rushing title by a single yard, with the honor instead going to New York Jets running back Curtis Martin. The Seahawks ended their 2004 season by losing to the Rams 27--20 in the NFC Wild Card game, the first playoff game at Qwest Field, in what was their third loss to the Rams.
| 380 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 7 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1999--2008: The Mike Holmgren era {#the_mike_holmgren_era}
### 2005: First Conference Championship {#first_conference_championship}
The 2005 season saw them advance to the Super Bowl for the first time in the team\'s history. They were the NFC representative in Super Bowl XL, a game they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Seahawks compiled a 13--3 record in the regular season, easily winning the NFC West and clinching home field advantage in the NFC playoffs. There, they beat the Washington Redskins and Carolina Panthers to win the George Halas Trophy and advance to the Super Bowl, the first in franchise history.
#### Super Bowl XL {#super_bowl_xl}
Seattle fell short in its bid for its first NFL title, losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers at Super Bowl XL in Detroit, Michigan, on February 5, 2006, by a score of 21--10. Although the Seahawks outgained the Steelers, 396 yards to 339, and led in time of possession, those differences were erased after the first quarter in which Seattle could only muster a field goal. Pittsburgh won on the strength of three big plays converted for touchdowns, including the longest run in Super Bowl history. Seattle, on the other hand, was plagued by highly questionable penalties, dropped passes, and an interception during a drive deep into Pittsburgh territory.
The controversial penalty calls made during Super Bowl XL were met with criticism from both fans and members of the media, many of whom suggested that the officials had wrongly nullified several key plays made by the Seahawks offense. Jason Whitlock encapsulated the views of a few when he wrote the day after the game, \"Leavy and his crew ruined Super Bowl XL. Am I the only one who would like to hear them defend their incompetence?\" In response to the criticisms, NFL spokesman Greg Aiello said in a statement, \"The game was properly officiated, including, as in most NFL games, some tight plays that produced disagreement about the calls made by the officials.\" The game ended a playoff season that was plagued by complaints about officiating.
Seahawks head coach Mike Holmgren fueled the debate upon returning to Seattle, saying during a Seahawks rally, \"We knew it was going to be tough going up against the Pittsburgh Steelers. I didn\'t know we were going to have to play the guys in the striped shirts as well.\" Al Michaels commented during a *Sunday Night Football* game a few months later, \"The fact that Holmgren was not fined for that statement speaks volumes to me.\" Michaels explained he was alluding to Holmgren\'s need to \"blow off steam\", but also suggested a perceived admission by the NFL that something went wrong in that game. Both Michaels and John Madden noted Seattle\'s mistakes, such as poor clock management at the end of each half.
In 2010, before meeting with Seattle-area media on the new NFL rule changes, referee Bill Leavy unexpectedly apologized to the Seahawks for his mistakes in the game.
\"It was a tough thing for me. I kicked two calls in the fourth quarter and I impacted the game and as an official you never want to do that. It left me with a lot of sleepless nights and I think about it constantly. I\'ll go to my grave wishing that I\'d been better. I know that I did my best at that time, but it wasn\'t good enough. When we make mistakes, you got to step up and own them. It\'s something that all officials have to deal with, but unfortunately when you have to deal with it in the Super Bowl it\'s difficult.\"
### 2006 {#section_6}
The Seahawks repeated as NFC West champions with a 9--7 record; their season included a 34--24 pounding of the Green Bay Packers on *Monday Night Football* and a pair of two-point wins over the St. Louis Rams. The Seahawks hosted the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Wildcard Playoffs; trailing 20--13 the Seahawks pounced on a botched Tony Romo throw to Terry Glenn in Dallas\' endzone for a safety, then scored on a 37-yard Hasselbeck touchdown. The Cowboys drove downfield but on the ensuing field goal attempt Romo (the holder) blew the snap and was stopped in his rush to the endzone. A desperate last-second Romo throw was batted down, and the Seahawks won 21--20. The Seahawks fell 27--24 in overtime to the Chicago Bears in the divisional round of the NFC playoffs.
### 2007 {#section_7}
The Seattle Seahawks finished the regular season with a 10--6 record, winning their fourth consecutive, NFC West title, and defeated the Washington Redskins 35--14 in the first round of the playoffs, to advance to an NFC Divisional Round Playoff game against the Green Bay Packers, where they were defeated 42--20.
| 788 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 8 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 1999--2008: The Mike Holmgren era {#the_mike_holmgren_era}
### 2008 {#section_8}
The Seattle Seahawks made little noise in free agency, although they did address their need for change at running back, by cutting oft-injured former league MVP Shaun Alexander and signing both speedster Julius Jones from the Dallas Cowboys and the more powerful T. J. Duckett from the Detroit Lions. A major free agency casualty was suffered, however, when kicker Josh Brown, who hit 6 last minute game winning field goals in his 5-year Seahawks career (including 4 during the 2006 season, an NFL single season record), left for the division-rival St. Louis Rams. It was also announced that this season, Holmgren\'s tenth as head coach, was also to be his last; defensive backs coach Jim L. Mora (the son of former New Orleans Saints and Indianapolis Colts head coach Jim E. Mora) was to replace Holmgren at season\'s end.
Injuries plagued the team from the very outset, with receivers Deion Branch and Bobby Engram both missing the first three games and Nate Burleson suffering a season-ending knee injury in the first game, a 34--10 loss to the Buffalo Bills. Quarterback Matt Hasselbeck was also hounded by a back injury, which forced him off the field for a total of nine games, contributing to a six-game losing streak during the second half of the season. Although the Seahawks won two of their last three games, including a 13--3 victory over the New York Jets in Holmgren\'s last home game at Qwest Field, the team finished third in the NFC West and end up with a record of 4--12, the worst the franchise had seen since 1992. This also marked the first time since 2002 the Seahawks missed the playoffs.
| 294 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 9 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2009: Jim L. Mora\'s only season {#jim_l._moras_only_season}
The 2009 offseason began with Jim L. Mora taking over the head coaching job over Holmgren. A big splash was made in the free agency market when the Seahawks managed to land talented wide receiver T. J. Houshmandzadeh from the Cincinnati Bengals and All-Pro running back Edgerrin James from division rival Arizona. In the draft, the Seahawks used their 4th overall pick on linebacker Aaron Curry from Wake Forest University, and sought to bolster their offensive line in the second round with 49th overall pick Max Unger.
Despite an undefeated preseason record and a 28--0 shutout of the Rams in the first week, things quickly began to unravel when Matt Hasselbeck again found himself sidelined after a hit by Patrick Willis in a Week 2 matchup against the 49ers left him with fractured ribs. Backup Seneca Wallace went 0--2 as his replacement, including a heartbreaking 25--19 loss to the Chicago Bears in which kicker Olindo Mare missed two field goal attempts. Though they were on the fringes of the playoff hunt all the way up to Week 13, the team\'s season ended on four straight losses, three of which were blowouts against the Houston Texans, Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Green Bay Packers. Meanwhile, general manager Tim Ruskell resigned late in the season when he could not be guaranteed an extension at the end of the year. Though finishing with a slightly better record than the previous season at 5--11, it was not enough for Mora to save his job, as his controversial calling-out of Mare after the Chicago loss and questioning the toughness of injured first-string center Chris Spencer caused a backlash among fans, and he was fired at the end of the season to make room for new head coach Pete Carroll.
| 307 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 10 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2010 {#section_9}
Pete Carroll took over as the Seahawks head coach in 2010.
Thanks to a trade with the Denver Broncos the previous year, the Seahawks had two first-round picks in the draft, which they used to select left tackle Russell Okung from Oklahoma State University and safety Earl Thomas from the University of Texas. Their second-round pick was used to draft wide receiver Golden Tate from Notre Dame University. Among the many roster moves the team made included signing running back Leon Washington, defensive end Raheem Brock, and wide receiver Mike Williams; releasing wide receiver T. J. Houshmandzadeh, running back Julius Jones and fullback Owen Schmitt. The Seahawks also traded for backup quarterback Charlie Whitehurst during the offseason, and running back Marshawn Lynch in Week 5.
The team got off to a promising 4--2 start, with Seattle returning two kickoffs for touchdowns in Week 3 for a 27--20 win over the San Diego Chargers and the Seahawks defense causing six sacks of Chicago Bears quarterback Jay Cutler in a Week 5 23--20 win. The team displayed plenty of weaknesses, however, and each of their losses during the regular season was by no fewer than 15 points. Blowout losses included a two-week stretch against the Oakland Raiders and New York Giants where the team was outscored 78--10. Despite coming into the final week of the season with a 6--9 record, they were still eligible to a playoff spot thanks to the extreme weakness of the NFC West, and Whitehurst\'s backup performance in their regular season finale against the St. Louis Rams was enough to clinch the NFC West title with a 16--6 win, making the Seahawks the first division champion in NFL history to finish the season with a losing record.
In the playoffs\' Wild Card match up, the Seahawks hosted the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints, who had previously beaten the Seahawks 34--19 in Week 11. Though they fell behind by 10 points on two separate occasions during the game, a 4-touchdown performance by Hasselbeck (two to Brandon Stokley) and an electrifying 67-yard touchdown run by Marshawn Lynch late in the game propelled the Seahawks to a stunning 41--36 upset over the Saints. The game also was noteworthy for a small earthquake produced by the enormous noise generated by the 12th Man (Seahawks fans) at Qwest Field. The \"Beast-quake\", as it was called, was a 67-yard breakaway touchdown run by Marshawn Lynch (Seattle\'s running back who earned the nickname \"Beast Mode\") which was the margin of victory. Reaction by the home crowd to the play resonated as seismic activity to local seismologists, thus earning the moniker. Lynch broke 9 tackles on the play and it was the winning touchdown. It was also Hasselbeck\'s final home game in a Seahawks uniform, where he had played from 2001 to 2010.
The Seahawks then traveled to Chicago for a rematch with the Bears in the divisional round, but as most experts predicted, the latter won the game easily: thanks to two passing touchdowns and two rushing touchdowns by Jay Cutler, the Bears jumped out to a 21--0 halftime lead and eventually defeated the Seahawks 35--24. It marked the third time in five years that the Seahawks were eliminated in the divisional round, and the second time by the Bears.
### 2011 {#section_10}
In 2011, the Seahawks let Hasselbeck go and made free agent acquisition Tarvaris Jackson their starting quarterback. The Seahawks opened 2--6 and then went on a 5--1 run capped by a big win against the Chicago Bears by a score of 38--14 pulling their record to 7--7. But, the Seahawks lost a home game against the San Francisco 49ers 19--17 and then lost to the Arizona Cardinals on the road in overtime. So, the team finished 7--9 which, unlike the previous year, wasn\'t enough to get them into the playoffs.
| 655 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 11 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2012 {#section_11}
#### Russell Wilson's rookie year {#russell_wilsons_rookie_year}
During the offseason, the Seahawks changed their logo and uniforms. The team signed former Green Bay Packers backup quarterback Matt Flynn to replace departing quarterback Tarvaris Jackson, and also drafted rookie quarterback Russell Wilson as the 75th pick in the third round of the 2012 NFL draft. Though Flynn was signed with the intention of being the starter for the 2012 season, Wilson\'s preseason performances were impressive enough that coach Carroll decided to name Wilson the starter for Week 1 against the Cardinals.
The season started sluggishly. The team went 2--2 in the first four games, including a controversial 14--12 Monday night win in Week 3 over the Packers in which the sloppy officiating by replacement referees caused enough of a media outcry to convince the NFL and its Referees Association to reach a deal. Although the Seahawks reached the end of Week 12 with a middling 6--5 record, signs of a breakout by Russell Wilson were apparent in a come-from-behind victory over the New England Patriots in Week 6, and convincing wins over the Minnesota Vikings and New York Jets in consecutive weeks.
The Week 13 game on the road against the Chicago Bears was a turning point in the season for the Seahawks. Down 14--10 late in the fourth quarter, Wilson orchestrated a 97-yard touchdown drive to take the lead, and when the Bears tied the game at the end of regulation, the Seahawks drove the ball another 80 yards in the first possession of overtime to seal a 23--17 win. From there, the Seahawks went on a rampage, winning its next three games against the Arizona Cardinals, Buffalo Bills, and San Francisco 49ers by a combined score of 150--30. They finished the season with an 11--5 record and qualified for the playoffs as the Wild Card. as the 49ers\' 11--4--1 record edged the Seahawks out for the NFC West title.
Their Wild Card game was played in Washington against the fourth-seeded Washington Redskins. Despite falling behind early in the first quarter by a score of 14--0, the Seahawks scored 24 unanswered points in the second and fourth quarters to win 24--14. It was their first road playoff win since 1983. They then traveled to Atlanta to play the Divisional playoff game against the top-seeded Atlanta Falcons. Once again, the Seahawks found themselves down big early, taking a 20--0 deficit to the locker room at halftime. A frantic fourth-quarter comeback allowed them to take the lead 28--27 with less than a minute to go in the game, but the Falcons were able to mount a quick drive and score a field goal with under 10 seconds left, and the Seahawks lost by the score of 30--28.
Highlights of the season include Russell Wilson starting all games for the Seahawks, becoming the first rookie quarterback since Jim Zorn in their inaugural season to do so. Wilson finished the year tying the record for touchdown passes by a rookie quarterback with 26, a record he shares with Peyton Manning. His three touchdown runs in the Week 15 game against the Bills was also a franchise record. Wilson received an invitation to the 2013 Pro Bowl, along with running back Marshawn Lynch, offensive tackle Russell Okung, center Max Unger, free safety Earl Thomas, and kick returner Leon Washington.
| 568 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 12 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2013: Super Bowl Champions {#super_bowl_champions}
In the offseason, the Seahawks looked to bolster their pass rush through free agency, signing defensive lineman Michael Bennett from the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Cliff Avril of the Detroit Lions. They also acquired wide receiver Percy Harvin in a trade with the Minnesota Vikings for the Seahawks\' first-round draft pick in the 2013 draft. Despite not having a first-round pick, the Seahawks managed to make 11 picks in the draft, including running back Christine Michael in the 2nd round, tight end Luke Willson in the 5th round, and offensive tackle Michael Bowie in the 7th round. Departures included running back Leon Washington who was released in the offseason, and fullback Michael Robinson who was cut during training camp, but returned to the team after injuries to Derrick Coleman and Spencer Ware.
The Seahawks got out to a fast start in the regular season, winning their first four games for the first time in franchise history. Wins during this stretch included a 29-3 trouncing of the San Francisco 49ers in Week 2, and an overtime win over the Houston Texans in Week 4 in which cornerback Richard Sherman returned an interception 58 yards to tie the game late in regulation. Their first loss was a 34--28 defeat in Week 5 at the hands of the Indianapolis Colts, notable for a blocked field goal attempt by kicker Steven Hauschka that was returned by the Colts for a touchdown. Injuries to many of the starting offensive line players caused difficulties in the middle of the season, with left tackle Russell Okung and right tackle Breno Giacomini both missing long stretches of time, and although Percy Harvin dazzled the crowd with an acrobatic catch and a long punt return in the game against his former team in Week 11, a nagging hip injury kept him off the field for the rest of the season. Despite these setbacks, the Seahawks managed to rattle off seven straight wins, taking control of the conference in Week 13 with a 34--7 blowout of the New Orleans Saints where the home crowd set a new Guinness World Record for the loudest outdoor stadium with a 137.6 decibel reading at one point during the game, reclaiming the record from the Kansas City Chiefs who had broken the record in Week 6. Although the Seahawks were the first team to clinch a playoff berth, losses to the 49ers and Cardinals in weeks 14 and 16 prevented them from clinching the division until the end of the season. Fortunately, the Seahawks defeated the St. Louis Rams handily in the regular season finale by a score of 27--9, clinching their second NFC West championship since Pete Carroll became head coach, as well as wrapping up homefield advantage throughout the NFC playoffs with the #1 seed.
The Seahawks\' 13--3 regular season record marked the second time in franchise history that the team had won 13 regular season games (the previous time being in 2005). Other franchise milestones achieved included their best ever 12-game start (11--1), as well as the first time the team has won 11 or more games in back-to-back seasons. In addition, six Seahawks were named to the 2014 Pro Bowl as a result of their performances: quarterback Russell Wilson, running back Marshawn Lynch, center Max Unger, cornerback Richard Sherman, strong safety Kam Chancellor and free safety Earl Thomas.
Their first playoff game was played on January 11 against the New Orleans Saints, in a rematch of both the Week 13 regular season game as well as the 2011 Wild Card game. Once again, the Seahawks prevailed on the back of a late rushing touchdown by Marshawn Lynch, and staved off a furious comeback attempt by the Saints to win 23--15. On January 19, they played in the NFC Championship Game versus their division rivals, the San Francisco 49ers. Despite a fumble by Russell Wilson on the first play from scrimmage, the Seahawks kept the game close in the first half, trailing 10--3. From there, the Seahawks got a 40-yard touchdown rush from Lynch, a 35-yard touchdown reception from Jermaine Kearse, plus interceptions of 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick from strong safety Kam Chancellor and linebacker Malcolm Smith in the fourth quarter. The game was capped off by a dramatic defensive stand, in which the 49ers threatened to score a game-winning touchdown in the final minute. With 22 seconds left to play, however, Kaepernick\'s throw to receiver Michael Crabtree in the end zone was deflected by Sherman into the hands of Malcolm Smith, securing the victory for the Seahawks in a play that has since gone down in Seahawks lore as \"The Tip\".
The Seahawks won by a final score of 23--17, sending the Seahawks to Super Bowl XLVIII as the NFC representative, their second trip to the Super Bowl in franchise history.
#### Super Bowl XLVIII {#super_bowl_xlviii}
*Main article: Super Bowl XLVIII* On February 2, 2014, the Seahawks played in Super Bowl XLVIII against the Denver Broncos, pitting the league\'s #1 defense (Seattle) against the #1 offense (Denver). The Broncos offense, led by future Hall of Fame quarterback Peyton Manning, had broken a number of NFL offense records including most points scored in a single season. Leading up to the Super Bowl, many were hailing the Denver Broncos as the best offense ever to play the game. (Denver and Seattle were division rivals in the AFC West before Seattle was moved to the NFC West in 2002). After kicking off to start the first half, the Seahawks immediately benefited from a miscue by the Broncos when the first snap of the game went over the head of Peyton Manning, which went into the end zone for a safety 12 seconds into the game. Seattle added two field goals in the first quarter to take an 8--0 lead. After Kam Chancellor intercepted a pass by Manning on the following drive, the Seahawks drove the ball 37 yards capped off by a 1-yard touchdown run by Marshawn Lynch to make the score 15--0. On the very next drive, Manning was picked off yet again by Malcolm Smith, who returned the interception 69 yards for a touchdown, blowing the game wide open with a 22--0 lead that the Seahawks eventually took into the locker room for halftime.
The Seahawks received the second half kickoff, which Percy Harvin took 87 yards for yet another touchdown (12 seconds into the second half), making the Seahawks the first team to score an offensive, defensive, and special teams touchdown since the Los Angeles Raiders in Super Bowl XVIII. Russell Wilson also recorded two passing touchdowns, one to Doug Baldwin and one to Jermaine Kearse. Although the Broncos broke the shutout with a 14-yard touchdown catch by Demaryius Thomas, that was all their scoring. The Seahawks won Super Bowl XLVIII by a final score of 43--8.
The win marked the Seahawks\' first Super Bowl Championship in franchise history. Russell Wilson finished with 206 passing yards and two touchdowns having won the Super Bowl in just his second year in the NFL, while the Seahawks defense logged four takeaways. Malcolm Smith was named Super Bowl MVP thanks in large part to his interception return and a fumble recovery in the second half.
Upon returning to Seattle, the Seahawks, in true fashion, put together a parade to thank their fans (The 12th Man) and their city of over 13 million Seahawks fans.
| 1,249 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 13 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2014: Second Consecutive Super Bowl Appearance {#second_consecutive_super_bowl_appearance}
For the first time in franchise history, the Seahawks started a season as the defending Super Bowl champions. As such, they earned the right to host the NFL Kickoff Game, where they defeated the Green Bay Packers 36--16. Then in Week 2, they traveled to San Diego, where the Chargers defeated them by a score of 30--21. This was Seattle\'s worst defeat since a 23--13 loss to the Dallas Cowboys in Week 9 of the 2011 season. Then in Week 3, they returned home to face the Denver Broncos in a rematch of Super Bowl XLVIII. Seattle took a 17--3 lead going into halftime, but the Broncos rallied in the fourth quarter to tie the game at 20--20. The game went into overtime, where Seattle scored a touchdown to win 26--20. After a bye in Week 4, they defeated the Redskins at Washington 27--17 on Monday Night Football. The following week, they suffered a 30--23 loss at home to the Dallas Cowboys, only their second home loss (including playoffs) since Russell Wilson became quarterback. After that, they traveled to St. Louis to face their divisional rival, the Rams, where they suffered their third loss of the season, 28--26, bringing their record to 3--3. However, from this point on Seattle caught fire, winning all but one of their remaining ten regular season games. First, they defeated the struggling Carolina Panthers on the road, 13--9, then they defeated the (then) winless Oakland Raiders 30--24 at home. Next, they blew out the New York Giants 38--17 in a second consecutive home game, before losing to the Chiefs in Kansas City, 24--20. This was their last defeat during the regular season. They won their next two games by identical scores of 19--3, first against their divisional rival Arizona Cardinals at home and then against San Francisco on the road in a prime-time game on Thanksgiving Day. After that, they traveled to Philadelphia and defeated the Eagles 24--14 before returning home to face San Francisco in a rematch of their Thanksgiving Day game. The Seahawks won 17--7 to sweep the 49ers for the first time in seven years and officially eliminate them from playoff contention. Finally, the Seahawks traveled to Arizona and defeated the Cardinals 35--6 on NBC Sunday Night Football before returning home to defeat the Rams 20--6 in the regular season finale to capture the NFC West title for the second consecutive season and a final regular season record of 12--4, tied with the Packers and Cowboys for best in the NFC. Due to tiebreakers (Seattle had the best record in inter-conference games out of the three), Seattle clinched the #1 seed in the NFC playoffs for the 2nd consecutive season. They were the first team in either conference to repeat as their conference\'s #1 seed since the 2013 Denver Broncos did it and the first NFC team to do it since the 2004 Philadelphia Eagles. As the Seahawks were the defending Super Bowl champions, this marked the first time that a defending Super Bowl champion won their conference\'s #1 seed the next season since the 1990 San Francisco 49ers.
By virtue of having the #1 seed in the playoffs, the Seahawks earned a first-round bye and home-field advantage throughout the playoffs. After their first-round bye, they defeated the Carolina Panthers, the second team in NFL history to qualify for the postseason (and win a playoff game) in a full season with a losing (sub-.500) record, in the Divisional round by a score of 31--17. This made them the first defending champion since the 2005 Patriots to win a playoff game the following season. Then the next week, they faced the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game. The Seahawks struggled for much of the game, largely due to quarterback Russell Wilson throwing four interceptions. They were shut out in the first half 16--0, but after a fake field goal attempt-turned-touchdown pass from Jon Ryan to Garry Gilliam, the Seahawks trailed 16--7 with 4:44 remaining in the third quarter. After a successful Mason Crosby field goal, Seattle\'s defense then managed to force Green Bay to punt at 5:00 left in regulation, giving them the ball on their own 31-yard line. Then, in seven plays, Seattle drove 69 yards to score a touchdown and cut their deficit to 19--14 with 2:09 left in regulation. The Seahawks then decided to attempt an onside kick, which they recovered successfully. Four plays later, with 1:25 remaining in regulation, the Seahawks scored a second touchdown and successfully converted the two-point conversion to take their first lead of the game, 22--19. After the ensuing kickoff, Green Bay managed to quickly drive downfield and kick a field goal with 14 seconds left in regulation to tie the game and force overtime. Seattle won the overtime coin toss and received possession first. Starting on their own 13-yard line, they capped off one of the greatest comebacks in franchise and league history by driving for six plays worth 87 yards in 3:19, capped off with a 35-yard touchdown pass from Russell Wilson to Jermaine Kearse, who had been Wilson\'s intended target on all four of Seattle\'s interceptions. The final score was Seattle 28, Green Bay 22. Thus Seattle became the first defending champion since the 2004 New England Patriots to return to the Super Bowl the next season. They also became the first NFC team since the 1997 Green Bay Packers to repeat as NFC Champions, the first team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1990--1991 Buffalo Bills, and the first NFC team to go to consecutive Super Bowls as the #1 seed in the playoffs since the 1982--1983 Washington Redskins.
#### Super Bowl XLIX {#super_bowl_xlix}
On Sunday, February 1, 2015, in Super Bowl XLIX, the Seahawks faced off against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots, seeking to become the first team to win two consecutive Super Bowls since the Patriots themselves won Super Bowl XXXVIII and Super Bowl XXXIX following the 2003 and 2004 seasons, respectively. After a scoreless first quarter, both teams scored two touchdowns in the second quarter, and the game was tied 14--14 at halftime. In the third quarter, the Seahawks scored a field goal and a touchdown to take a ten-point lead, which they held going into the fourth quarter. However, Seattle became the first team in NFL history to blow a 10-point fourth quarter lead in a Super Bowl, as New England scored two touchdowns to take the lead, 28--24 with 2:02 remaining. On their final possession, Seattle managed to drive to New England\'s 1-yard line and run the clock down to 26 seconds. Then Seattle decided to call a passing play rather than a running play, despite having talented running back Marshawn Lynch on their offense. Unfortunately for Seattle, Wilson\'s throw was intercepted by New England\'s rookie cornerback Malcolm Butler, which gave New England possession on their own one-yard line with 20 seconds remaining. This final play by Seattle was almost immediately criticized by many after the game as one of the worst calls in Super Bowl history. However, the game was not quite over, as the Patriots could not take a quarterback kneeldown without risking giving up a safety, which would give the Seahawks two points and possession of the ball. However, defensive lineman Michael Bennett was flagged for encroachment, which moved the ball out to the 6-yard line. When Brady attempted to take a knee to end the game, linebacker Bruce Irvin threw a closed hand punch at Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski, starting a brawl involving players from both teams that resulted in an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty for Seattle. In addition to the unsportsmanlike conduct penalty, Irvin was ejected from the game, making him the first player ever to be ejected from a Super Bowl. After the game, Irvin was fined \$10,000. Brady took a kneeldown at the 21-yard line to run out the rest of the clock and seal Seattle\'s fate. The Seahawks became the tenth consecutive team to be dethroned of their Super Bowl title, creating a record for the most years without a repeat Super Bowl champion.
| 1,379 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 14 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2015: The Quest For A 4th Super Bowl Appearance {#the_quest_for_a_4th_super_bowl_appearance}
The 2015 season marked the 40th season of play for the Seahawks.
Prior to the 2015 draft, the Seahawks made a blockbuster trade with the New Orleans Saints, trading Seattle\'s first-round pick for All-Pro Saints tight end Jimmy Graham. For this reason, the Seahawks did not have a first-round pick, but did make a total of eight picks in the draft, including defensive end Frank Clark in the second round, wide receiver and return specialist Tyler Lockett in the third round. Among the major free agency signings made by the team included cornerback Cary Williams, who replaced outgoing corner Walter Thurmond who had signed with the Philadelphia Eagles.
The season began with two consecutive road losses. Despite taking a 31--24 lead late in the fourth quarter against the Rams, a defensive breakdown allowed a touchdown by the Rams in the final minute, and the Rams prevailed in overtime 34--31. The following week, the Seahawks traveled to Green Bay to face the Packers, and lost 27--17, their first loss by double digits in 59 regular season games (67 games including the postseason). However, the team righted the ship with two straight wins against the hapless Chicago Bears and the Detroit Lions on Monday Night---the latter win ending controversially when a last-second play by Lions received Calvin Johnson was fumbled at the 1-yard line and linebacker KJ Wright batted the ball out of the back of the end zone for a safety. Although this could have been ruled a penalty against the Seahawks, which would have given possession to the Lions at the `{{frac|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-yard line, no penalty was called.
The Seahawks struggled for much of the year. They lost their next two games against the Cincinnati Bengals and the Carolina Panthers, blowing leads of 17 and 9 points against each opponent. Two straight wins against the 49ers and the Dallas Cowboys followed, although the Cowboys game was marred by a serious and eventually career-ending neck injury to Seahawks receiver Ricardo Lockette. A loss to the division-leading Cardinals followed, after which was another win against the 49ers which was highlighted by rookie running back Thomas Rawls piling up 209 rushing yards in relief for an ailing Marshawn Lynch, who was sidelined for several games with a back injury.
In week 12, the Seahawks faced the Pittsburgh Steelers for the third time since losing to them in Super Bowl XL. The game ended up being an offensive shootout, and a late touchdown by Doug Baldwin sealed a 39--30 victory, getting them over .500 for the first time in 2015. It was their first win against the Steelers since 2003. However, the team suffered another devastating injury as Jimmy Graham suffered a broken patella early in the game, and was lost for the year.
The Seahawks regained their stride during the homestretch, finishing the year 4--1, the one loss being in Week 16 against the Rams, who swept the Seahawks in the regular season for the first time since 2004. They finished the year 10--6, good enough for second place in the division (Arizona won the NFC West with a 13--3 record, earning the #2 seed.) and earning the #6 seed in the NFC Playoffs. Also worth noting was that the Seahawks overall team record rose above .500 for the first time in franchise history; their Week 14 win against the Baltimore Ravens brought the record to 313--312--0.
The Seahawks began their postseason run by traveling to Minnesota to face the Vikings in the wild card round, in one of the coldest games in NFL history, as the temperature on the field at game time was -6 F. Minnesota held the Seahawks scoreless until the fourth quarter, but could not reach the end zone themselves and had to settle for field goals the whole game. The Seahawks managed to score a touchdown and a field goal deep in the fourth quarter to take a 10--9 lead, but the Vikings seemed poised to score a fourth field goal and win until Vikings kicker Blair Walsh missed a 27-yard chip shot, allowing the Seahawks to escape with the victory. However, the Seahawks\' luck ran out in the divisional round, against the #1 seed Carolina Panthers. In one of the most disastrous first halves in team history, the Panthers ran the Seahawks off the field to the tune of a 31--0 halftime lead. The Seahawks made it a game in the second half, bringing the score all the way back to 31--24, but failed to recover an onside kick in the final two minutes of play to seal their fate.
Still, the Seahawks enjoyed their fifth consecutive year of ten or more wins, their longest streak in franchise history. The Seahawks also sent seven players to the Pro Bowl, including Russell Wilson, Michael Bennett, Earl Thomas, and Tyler Lockett.
### 2016 {#section_12}
The Seahawks began the 2016 season 4--1. In their next game against the Arizona Cardinals, they ended the game 6-6, the first tie in franchise history. The Seahawks had some impressive victories, including the complete dismantling of the Carolina Panthers 40--7. In week 15, they beat the Los Angeles Rams 24--3 to clinch their third NFC West title in the last four years. The Seahawks finished the season as the third seed in the NFC at 10--5--1. They went on to dominate the Detroit Lions in the wild-card round 26--6, but lost in the Divisional Round to the eventual NFC champion Atlanta Falcons 36--20.
| 931 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 15 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2017: Missing the playoffs {#missing_the_playoffs}
The 2017 season was the final season of the original Legion of Boom playing together, as well as the 21st and last full season under the ownership of Paul Allen, who died during the 2018 season. The Seahawks were hoping to improve their 10--5--1 record from 2016. However, it didn\'t happen because of a lack of consistency in the running game, special teams, and the offensive line combined with numerous injuries. The Seahawks started the season well at 8--4. They had an impressive win when they held the eventual Super Bowl LII champions, the Philadelphia Eagles, to just 10 points in their 24--10 victory. However, they lost 3 of their next 4 games, including a 42--7 home loss at the hands of the Los Angeles Rams. They finished the season 9--7, marking the first time since 2011 that the Seahawks failed to achieve double-digit wins. It was also the first time since that same year that they did not qualify for the playoffs. Russell Wilson finished as the league\'s leader in touchdown passes with 34, and finished as the team\'s leading rusher with 586 yards.
### 2018: Return to the playoffs {#return_to_the_playoffs}
There were low expectations for the Seahawks in the 2018 season. Many key players left the team. Cornerback Richard Sherman, defensive lineman Cliff Avril, and punter Jon Ryan were all released. Tight ends Jimmy Graham and Luke Willson, wide receiver Paul Richardson, and running back Thomas Rawls all departed in free agency. Kam Chancellor announced his retirement on July 1, 2018, due to the neck injury he sustained in week 10 of the previous season. In week 4 against the Arizona Cardinals, free safety Earl Thomas broke a bone in his left leg and missed the remainder of the season. Some of the players that were picked in the 2018 NFL draft include first rounder running back Rashaad Penny, standout tight end Will Dissly, eventual Pro Bowler punter Michael Dickson, and the first one-handed player in NFL history, Shaquem Griffin.
Paul Allen, owner of the Seahawks since 1997, died of cancer on October 15, 2018, at the age of 65.
The Seahawks started the season on the wrong foot, starting 0--2 and having given up 12 sacks and averaging 68 yards rushing a game. They won their next two games narrowly, but the Seahawks completely turned around the season in week 5. Although they lost to the Los Angeles Rams 33--31, they put up an impressive 190 rushing yards and won the turnover battle 2--0. The Seahawks then won their next two, including against the Oakland Raiders in their first NFL International Series game in London, England. They then fell to both of the Los Angeles teams, the Rams and the Chargers, but then went on a rampage, winning 6 of their next 7. Some notable wins, were against the 6--2 Carolina Panthers and against the eventual MVP Patrick Mahomes and the 11--3 Kansas City Chiefs. With that win, they clinched the a playoff berth and eventually finished the season as the 5th seed in the NFC at 10--6.
In the Wild Card game, they dueled with the 4th seed Dallas Cowboys. The Seahawks, however, could never get their run game going and, combined with kicker Sebastian Janikowski\'s injury at the end of the first half, led to them being down 10 with 2:08 remaining, the score being 24--14. The Seahawks rallied for a touchdown and subsequent two point conversion to cut the deficit to 2, but failed to recover Michael Dickson\'s drop kick onside kick, ending the game with a final score of 24--22.
| 615 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 16 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2019 {#section_13}
The Seahawks again started the season down many key players. They officially terminated the contract of strong safety Kam Chancellor and also wide receiver Doug Baldwin after failed physicals. They also traded defensive end Frank Clark to the Kansas City Chiefs. However, they did pick up many notable players. One was top wide receiver prospect DK Metcalf with the 64th pick of the draft. They beefed up their defensive line by signing defensive end Ezekiel Ansah to a one-year contract, and traded Jacob Martin, Barkevious Mingo, and a third-round pick for defensive end Jadeveon Clowney.
The Seahawks started the 2019 season 2--0 with wins over the Cincinnati Bengals and the Pittsburgh Steelers, marking their first 2--0 start since the 2013 season, in which they won the Super Bowl. They proceeded to fall to the New Orleans Saints, falling 6 points short of a 20-point comeback. This was their first home loss in September in the Pete Carroll era. The Seahawks rebounded, winning two straight divisional matchups, beating the Arizona Cardinals 27--10 on the road and the Los Angeles Rams on Thursday Night 30--29 at home. During their week 6 matchup against the Cleveland Browns, tight end Will Dissly tore his Achilles tendon and was placed on injured reserve for a consecutive season. The Seahawks ended up winning the game 32--28. The following week, the Seahawks played the Baltimore Ravens, who had signed Earl Thomas in the offseason. The Ravens prevailed, winning 30--16, marking Russell Wilson\'s only game with a passer rating of under 100 the whole season as well as his first interception. The Seahawks edged out the Atlanta Falcons 27--20 in their next game, which marked the first time the Seahawks were 4--0 on the road since 1980. The Seahawks managed to rally past the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 40--34 in overtime, with Russell Wilson throwing a season high 5 touchdowns, with Jacob Hollister, picked up off waivers from the New England Patriots and Tyler Lockett caught two apiece. The Seahawks played a thriller on the road against the 8-0 San Francisco 49ers, prevailing in a consecutive overtime game, 27--24, with Jason Myers making the game-winning field goal as time expired. The Seahawks continued the forward momentum and won their next two games, but lost to the Rams 28--12 for their first and only road loss of the season. The Seahawks\' 7--1 road record was the best in franchise history. The Seahawks rebounded against the Carolina Panthers 30--24, clinching a playoff spot, but lost their final two consecutive home divisional games, including a nail-biting week 17 rematch with the 49ers in which Jacob Hollister fell just inches from the goalline on 4th and goal. The two losses were influenced by the loss of three running backs in the last few games of the season, Chris Carson, Rashaad Penny, and C. J. Prosise. This lead them to sign ex-Seahawks running-back Marshawn Lynch, who was in his second retirement.
The Seahawks finished as the 5th seed in the NFC, and played a Week 12 rematch against the Philadelphia Eagles for the wild-card round. While the Seahawks\' pass rush was nearly non-existent during the season (registering just 28 sacks the entire season) they went on a rampage, recording 7 sacks during the game. DK Metcalf also broke the NFL record for most receiving yards by a rookie in their postseason debut with 160 yards. The Seahawks won, ironically, with the same score as the matchup earlier in the season, 17--9. In the Divisional round, the Seahawks matched up against the 13--3 Green Bay Packers. The Seahawks fell behind early, trailing 21--3 at halftime. However, the Seahawks came roaring back, thanks to two Marshawn Lynch touchdowns as well as one from Tyler Lockett, and trailed 28--23 late in the fourth quarter. The Seahawks managed to get the ball back with 4:54 remaining, but could not get a touchdown and were forced to punt. Their season ended on a controversial first-down pass from Aaron Rodgers to Jimmy Graham, resulting in the Packers winning 28--23.
| 684 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 17 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2020: Division champions {#division_champions}
The Seahawks made some big moves during the offseason, adding All-Pro star safety Jamal Adams from the New York Jets in a blockbuster trade in exchange for safety Bradley McDougald, a first-round and third-round pick in 2021, and a 2022 first-round pick, and lockdown corner Quinton Dunbar from the Washington Football Team to bolster their secondary. They also added wide receiver Phillip Dorsett from the Patriots veteran tight-end Greg Olsen from the Panthers. and running back Carlos Hyde from the Houston Texans, who racked up 1070 yards in the 2019 season, to fill in for a still injured Rashaad Penny. A notable loss was Jadeveon Clowney signing with the Tennessee Titans after a long free agency stalemate.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the NFL preseason was canceled for the 2020 season in its entirety.
In the first game of the season, the Seahawks started on the road against the Atlanta Falcons. In this game, the Seahawks abandoned their \"run first\" philosophy and answered fans calls to \"let Russ cook.\" Russell Wilson had a career day, completing 31/35 passes (88.6%) for 322 yards, 4 touchdowns and no interceptions. The Seahawks breezed past the Falcons 38--25, but the defense surrendered 450 passing yards to Falcons quarterback Matt Ryan. In the next two home games, each with no fans present (due to COVID-19 concerns), the Seahawks edged out the New England Patriots and the Dallas Cowboys, with Wilson throwing 5 touchdown passes in each, setting the NFL record for most touchdown passes through the first three games of the season. The Seahawks defense continued to give up a lot of passing yards, allowing 397 and 472 in those two games, respectively. A win over the Miami Dolphins followed by a comeback victory over the Minnesota Vikings marked the first 5--0 start in franchise history. The Seahawks suffered their first loss of the season at the hands of the Arizona Cardinals, which ended with a Zane Gonzalez field goal in the waning seconds of overtime. The Seahawks bounced back with a 37--27 victory over their division rivals, the San Francisco 49ers, with their defense allowing just 117 yards and one touchdown through the first three quarters of play. However, any progress made by the Seahawks defense was erased the following week against the Buffalo Bills, as they allowed 415 yards, an 81.6% completion percentage, and 4 total touchdowns to quarterback Josh Allen as the Seahawks suffered their second loss in three weeks, having given up 44 points, the most since Pete Carroll took over as head coach. They suffered their third loss in four outings against the Los Angeles Rams.
On November 19, 2020, the Seahawks announced that CenturyLink Field was renamed to Lumen Field due to CenturyLink rebranding as Lumen Technologies starting on their Thursday night rematch with the Cardinals. They won the game 28--21, with their defense turning a corner, holding the Cardinals\' top-ranked offense to 314 yards, compared to 519 in their last meeting. Dunlap had 2 sacks and three quarterback hits, including the game winning sack on fourth down with under a minute to play. The defensive momentum continued into the next matchup with the Philadelphia Eagles, where the defense had 6 sacks, an interception, and didn\'t allow a first down until the Eagles\' 6th drive. They also allowed 250 total yards and 17 points, both season bests. Their offense was shut down by the New York Giants as they were upset 17--12, but they bounced back against the then-winless New York Jets 40--3. After a narrow 20--15 win over the Washington Football Team, the Seahawks\' defense dominated the Rams, beating them 20--9 and clinching the NFC West for the first time since 2016. They rounded out the season with a 26--23 win over the 49ers.
The Seahawks achieved a record of 12--4 for just the third time in team history, as well as tying for the second best record in franchise history. Finishing 12--4 landed them in the 3rd seed of the NFC and set up a third meeting with the Rams. Quarterback Russell Wilson finished the regular season with 40 passing touchdowns, besting his own record of 35. He came up just 8 yards short of breaking the franchise record of 4,219 passing yards, also set by himself back in 2016. Wide receiver DK Metcalf broke Steve Largent\'s record for receiving yards in a season with 1,303. Wide receiver Tyler Lockett broke Bobby Engram and Doug Baldwin\'s record of receptions in a season with 100. Kicker Jason Myers did not miss a field goal the entire season, with a streak of 35 makes extending into last season. The Seahawks fell to the rival-Rams for the first home playoff loss in the Pete Carroll era by a score of 30--20. The game marked their third playoff loss in the last four years, compared to just one win. Their offense only mustered 2 touchdowns, one of which came when down by 17 late in the fourth quarter. Wilson played badly throughout thanks to poor offensive line play. In addition to being sacked five times, he completed just 11 of 27 passes for 174 yards, 2 touchdowns, and 1 interception, with the interception being a 42-yard pick six.
### 2021 {#section_14}
The Seahawks started off the season 2--2, including a week two matchup with the Titans in which they surrendered 183 yards and three rushing touchdowns to Derrick Henry and lost in overtime despite a 14-point fourth quarter lead. During the third quarter of the team\'s week five matchup against the Rams, quarterback Russell Wilson dislocated his right middle finger when hit defender Aaron Donald while attempting a pass. Backup Geno Smith took over at quarterback for the remainder of the game. In Smith\'s first drive under center, he led the sluggish Seahawks offense on a 98-yard touchdown drive. The comeback attempt fell short when Smith later through an interception during the Seahawks\' final drive of the game. Smith would start the next three games for the Seahawks, losing two more before winning against the Jaguars. In that game, he completed 20/24 pass attempts, including his first 14 consecutively, threw two touchdown passes, ran for one, and had zero interceptions. Following the bye week, Wilson returned from his injury and started against the Packers. With Wilson back at quarterback, the Seahawks lost their next three games. After that, they finished out the season with four wins and two more losses, ending with a 7--10 record. This was the most losses the Seahawks had finished with since 2009 and the first time they finished fourth in their division since 2000.
| 1,115 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 18 |
9,999,304 |
# History of the Seattle Seahawks
## 2010-2023: Pete Carroll era {#pete_carroll_era}
### 2022: Post-Wilson era {#post_wilson_era}
The Seattle Seahawks had low expectations following their poor performance in 2021 and the release of star linebacker Bobby Wagner. On March 8, 2022, the Seahawks agreed to trade quarterback Russell Wilson and a 2022 second-round draft pick to the Denver Broncos for quarterback Drew Lock, tight end Noah Fant, defensive lineman Shelby Harris, two first-round picks (2022 (9th overall) and 2023, respectively), two second-round picks (2022 (40th overall) and 2023, respectively) and a 2022 fifth-round pick. The Seahawks were widely criticized for the trade while the Broncos were generally praised and expected to now be able to compete with the Chiefs for the AFC West. However, the Wilson-led Broncos failed to qualify for the playoffs, winning just five games, with Wilson passing for just 16 touchdowns (his career low) compared to 11 interceptions.
The Seahawks, on the other hand, exceeded expectations. With Smith starting at quarterback they begin their season with a primetime matchup against Wilson and the Broncos, in which the Seahawks outlasted the Broncos 17--16. They lost their next two games before rebounding to beat the Lions in a 48--45 shootout, in which running back Rashaad Penny exploded for 151 rushing yards, to even their record at 2--2. During a loss to the Saints, Penny suffered a broken fibula and a severe ankle sprain, causing him to miss the remainder of the season. Kenneth Walker III filled in as the lead rusher. The Seahawks went on to win their next four games, resulting in a 6--3 record. However, they lost their momentum, losing five out of their next six games to fall out of the playoff picture. They managed to win their final two games, finishing with a 9--8 record and securing the seventh seed in the NFC thanks to the Lions topping the Packers on Sunday Night Football. Against the 49ers, a favorite to win the Super Bowl, in the wildcard round, the Seahawks kept it close in the first half, leading by one going into the third quarter. However, they collapsed in the second half, losing 41--23.
Walker III finished the season with 1,050 rushing yards and nine touchdowns, becoming just the second player in franchise history with 1,000 rushing yards as a rookie. Smith finished with the best stats of his career: a league-leading 69.8% completion percentage, for 4,282 yards, 30 touchdowns, 11 interceptions, and a 100.9 passer rating. His performance earned him his first Pro-Bowl appearance and the AP and PFWA Comeback Player of the Year award.
### 2023: Pete Carroll\'s final season {#pete_carrolls_final_season}
The 2023 season proved to be a turning point where the Seahawks started with a 6--3 record and they went on to a 4-game losing streak. They would later match their 9-8 record from last season, however it wasn't enough for them to make the playoffs.
On January 10, 2024, the Seahawks announced they released Pete Carroll where he was later place as Seahawks Advisor the next season.
## 2024: Mike MacDonald era begins {#mike_macdonald_era_begins}
On January 31, 2024, the Seattle Seahawks hired Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator Mike MacDonald as the teams new head coach
| 533 |
History of the Seattle Seahawks
| 19 |
9,999,307 |
# Łysogóry
**Łysogóry** is the largest mountain range in the Świętokrzyskie Mountains of central Poland. It is 25 km long, and runs from the Lubrzanka river in the northwest, to the area of Nowa Słupia in the southeast. It contains the highest peak of the Świetokrzyskie Mountains (Łysica) and its most famous mountain (Łysa Góra).
Łysogóry can be divided into two parts:
- eastern half, densely covered by the Jodlowa Wilderness (Puszcza Jodlowa), which contains both highest peaks of the range, and it lies within boundaries of Swietokrzyski National Park,
- western half, less forested and with smaller peaks.
Łysogóry is mostly made of quartzite, with numerous stone runs. The range is crossed by several tourist trail - red trail of Edmund Massalski, and two blue trails.
## The peaks {#the_peaks}
- Łysica -- 612 m.
- Łysa Góra -- 595 m.
- Ksieza Skala -- 550 m.
- Hucka -- 547 m.
- Biala Skala -- 547 m
- Widna Skala -- 544 m
- Sztymber -- 530 m
- Chelmiec -- 456 m
- Radostowa -- 451 m
- Krainski Grzbiet -- 428 m
- Wymyslona -- 415 m
| 191 |
Łysogóry
| 0 |
9,999,321 |
# Horse transports in the Middle Ages
In the Middle Ages, boats were used to transport horses over long distances, both for war and for trade. They can be found from the Early Middle Ages, in Celtic, Germanic and Mediterranean traditions.
## Military shipment of horses {#military_shipment_of_horses}
### The Mediterranean World {#the_mediterranean_world}
The Romans had developed efficient methods of sea transport for horses, which were improved by the Arabic nations in the Early Middle Ages; these transports became common in Europe from the tenth century. Horse transports could be powered by oars, or sometimes by sail.
The oared *tarida* was able to be loaded and unloaded directly on a beach, using doors as loading ramps. In 1174 an Italo-Norman force attacked Alexandria with 1,500 horses transported on 36 *tarides*. Detailed specifications for thirteenth century tarides exist, showing they could carry 20 to 30 horses. In Angevin tarides, horses were stalled in threes, supported by canvas slings. Genoese tarides in 1246 carried 150 water butts containing 39,750 litres in total.
Sailing transports, known as *usciere* in Italian (French *huissiers*; Latin *usserii*), were also built. These had two decks and could carry up to 100 horses. The horses were loaded through openings in the hull, which were then sealed for the voyage. Venetian *usciere* built for Louis IX in 1268 were 25.76 m long, had a beam of 6.1 m, had two decks and two masts.
### Northern Europe {#northern_europe}
Records of cavalry transportation abound throughout the period, reflecting the changes in warfare. For example, the Scandinavians had adapted the horse-transport technology by the 12th century as part of their move away from the traditional Viking infantry. The first illustration displaying such horse-transport in western Europe can be found in the Bayeux Tapestry\'s depiction of the Norman conquest of England. This particular military venture required the transfer of over 2,000 horses from Normandy. Scholars have linked the successful use of horse transports during the Norman conquest of England to Norman interactions with Byzantines (who had mastered horse transportation in amphibious operations) in Southern Italy in the 11th century.
The small size of many transport vessels available and the need to carry fodder and water on all but the shortest journeys restricted the number of horses that could be carried. Records from the 13th century show a range from 8 to 20 horses. In 1303 ships transporting horses between Scotland and Ireland carried between 10 and 32 animals.
Adapting a ship for horse transportation required the installation of stalls of wood or hurdles. Detailed records of the fitting of an English fleet of 1340 show the creation of 418 hurdles, 413 iron rings and staples, canvas mangers and the creation of four gangways for loading 30 feet long by 5 wide. Similar records from 1338 show 47 ships were equipped with 134 tuns to carry water for horses. Whether English vessels used canvas slings to support the horses like contemporary Mediterranean practice is uncertain. Military historian Michael Prestwich speculates they did and he is supported by naval historian Ian Friel, who believes that the references to canvas mangers referred to above should actually be translated as canvas slings.
## Shipping horses for trade {#shipping_horses_for_trade}
The development and building of horse transports for use in war meant it remained easy to transfer horses for breeding and purchase during peacetime. After William of Normandy\'s successful conquest of England, he continued to bring horses across from Normandy for breeding purposes, improving the bloodstock of the English horses. By the time of the Hundred Years\' War, the English government banned the export of horses in times of crisis
| 601 |
Horse transports in the Middle Ages
| 0 |
9,999,338 |
# British NVC community SM24
**British NVC community SM24 (*Elymus pycnanthus* salt-marsh community)** is one of the salt-marsh communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system.
This community is found in a number of coastal areas, but is not recorded from Scotland. There are no subcommunities.
## Community composition {#community_composition}
The following constant species are found in this community:
- Sea Couch (*Elymus pycnanthus*)
No rare species are associated with the community.
## Distribution
This community is found primarily in four coastal areas: The Wash/north Norfolk, Essex/Suffolk, along the English South Coast, and in Northwest England, although in this latter area, stands are small. It is also recorded from the Bristol Channel, the Isle of Man and in northeast England
| 120 |
British NVC community SM24
| 0 |
9,999,355 |
# Ashley Callie
**Ashley Callie** (30 December 1976 -- 15 February 2008) was a South African actress, best known for her role as Leone Haines in *Isidingo* (2000--08). She died on 15 February 2008, as a result of head injuries from a head-on car collision in Johannesburg, South Africa on 8 February 2008.
## Biography
Ashley Callie was born in Johannesburg. She went to St Mary\'s school, later earning her BA Honours degree in dramatic arts from the University of the Witwatersrand. She began her career with a role in the SABC TV production, *Homeland*, directed by Neil Sundstrom. Thereafter, she starred in a number of series, including *Natural Rhythm* and *Uninvited Guest*. She also spent time in Cape Town, where she starred in a number of commercials for the local South African market as well as the overseas markets.
On 15 March 2007, she told *Top Billing* magazine that playing the role of Lee Haines on *Isidingo* had been a lifelong ambition; she had been a fan of the South African soap opera since it first aired in 1998. In her interview, she explained how she disliked the fame that came with her celebrity, and how her family was an extremely important part of her life. She also explained why her character, Lee Haines, was not at all like her. During that year, she appeared on the cover of *Top Billing*.
Also in 2007, she played a role in a movie in the Netherlands; it was originally to be called *Surprise*; however, the title was changed later to *Mafrika* and then the producers promised to dedicate the film to Callie\'s memory. Aside from *Isidingo* (which she held from 2000 until her death in 2008), Callie was co-owner of La Vista social club, in Melville, Gauteng but sold her share in 2007.
In 2006, for her role in *Isidingo*, she won the South African Film and Television Awards (SAFTA) for Best Actress. The award took place on 28 October 2006, at Gallagher Estate in Johannesburg, South Africa. On 29 February 2008, she was awarded the Mzansi Star Actress award at the inaugural Stars of Mzansi awards ceremony, held at the South African State Theatre in Johannesburg. The award was accepted on her behalf by fellow *Isidingo* actors Robert Whitehead and Steven Miyambo.
After her death, South African Minister of Arts and Culture, Dr Zweledinga Pallo Jordan called Callie the image of the new South Africa: \"We were truly blessed to have a young, gifted, South African,\" he said, \"who stretched all the sinews in her body to reflect the ideals of a united, non-racial and non-sexist society \... the ministry is deeply shocked and saddened.\"
## Death
On 8 February 2008, Callie was on her way home from the Pirelli Calendar launch in Hyde Park, when her Smart Car collided with a red Renault on the corner of 4th Avenue and Tana road (in Linden), at around 22:30 SAST. She was rushed to the Johannesburg General Hospital, where she underwent surgery to alleviate pressure on her brain. Four days later, her younger sister Lauren Callie told the media that Callie was said to be in a stable condition in hospital; however she died on February 15 from complications of the injuries she had sustained.
### Memorial service {#memorial_service}
Callie\'s memorial service was held on 21 February 2008, at the Johannesburg Country Club.
### *Isidingo* footage {#isidingo_footage}
Callie\'s character, Lee Haines, continued to be portrayed on screen from February to March 2008 since Endemol, the company behind the production, still had unaired footage of the actress; however, the character was eventually written out when she disappeared after learning of her mother\'s death, and then mysteriously died, while away, although it was not revealed how.
| 623 |
Ashley Callie
| 0 |
9,999,355 |
# Ashley Callie
## Court case {#court_case}
Shortly after the actress\'s death, the Johannesburg Metro Police released a statement, speculating Callie may have been to blame for her accident. According to the official statement, Callie drove on the wrong side of the road. While alcohol may have been a factor, according to a Johannesburg metro spokesperson, Edna Mamonya, neither driver\'s blood at the time of the incident was tested for alcohol. However, on 28 August 2008, the driver of the second car appeared in the Randburg magistrate\'s court, charged with culpable homicide, and reckless and negligent driving. Sources describe the charge as a \"triple-whammy\" for his family: his father committed suicide a month after the accident, and his mother had her own accident in April 2008. The charges came as a shock; the family were expecting \"just a hearing\".
At the time of the accident, the unnamed driver had had five friends with him in his car. A senior state prosecutor said that the state had an eye-witness who claimed to have seen the events. The case was postponed to 3 October 2008 to give the driver time to obtain legal representation.
On 3 October 2008, the driver appeared with his attorney, Ronald Lotz. The case was postponed again to 20 November 2008. Lotz requested time to appoint an expert to review the docket.
The case was postponed again on 20 November 2008. Magistrate Fatima Khan postponed again to 14 January 2009 to give Lotz time to review colour photographs of the accident. He had previously only been able to review black-and-white copies. Upon re-convening on 14 January 2009, it was decided to move the case from the Randburg to the Johannesburg Magistrate\'s Court as jurisdiction of the matter was in dispute. The case was postponed a fifth time, to 13 February 2009.
### Outcome
On 13 February 2009, the case against the driver of the second car was withdrawn by the State. The defence attorney cited a lack of evidence as reason for the withdrawal
| 336 |
Ashley Callie
| 1 |
9,999,357 |
# Lesego Motsepe
**Lesego Motsepe** (28 April 1974 -- 20 January 2014) was a South African actress, social activist and singer best known for her role as Letti Matabane in Isidingo from 1998 to 2008.
## Early life {#early_life}
Motsepe grew up in Meadowlands, and attended Technikon Pretoria where she obtained a diploma in speech and drama. At the age of 5, she acted in a mutton advertisement on television, which earned her the childhood nickname *Nama Ya Nku* (Setswana for \"mutton\").
## Notable roles {#notable_roles}
Although best known for her role as Lettie Matabane in Isidingo, in which she played the sister of her former real-life boyfriend Tshepo Maseko, she enjoyed stage acting, and she played the lover of Steve Biko in the play \"Biko - Where the Soul Resides\", and the starring role in a musical at the State Theatre about Brenda Fassie.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She revealed her HIV-positive status in 2001. She attracted significant controversy in 2012 when she discontinued her antiretroviral therapy in favour of alternative medicine, as promoted by deceased former health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang
| 182 |
Lesego Motsepe
| 0 |
9,999,363 |
# Kim Engelbrecht
**Kim Suzanne Engelbrecht** (born 20 June 1980) is a South African actress best known for her roles as Lolly in *Isidingo*, Sgt. Noma Banks on *Dominion* (2014--2015), Marlize DeVoe on *The Flash* (2017--18), and the titular character in *Reyka* (2021). She has two South African Film and Television Awards as well as a nomination for an International Emmy Award.
## Career
Engelbrecht presented a local youth television programme called *Take5* in the 1990s. Much of Engelbrecht\'s work is localised in Johannesburg. Kim had a starring role in the South African film *Bunny Chow*, directed by John Barker.
She got her first big break at the age of 12 when she landed the lead role of Sara in an Italian production, *Sarahsara*, in which she played the role of a 12-year-old girl of Sudanese descent who swims from the Isle of Capri to Napoli in Italy.
Engelbrecht starred as Marlize DeVoe in the fourth season (2017--2018) of *The Flash*. In an interview with Kyle Zeeman of the *Sunday Times*, she said:
> \"It was amazing working with actors like Grant Gustin (who plays The Flash) and Neil Sandilands, who is also a South African. I am coming into a show that is the biggest on its network and is already on its fourth season. It has a huge fan base and that comes with a huge amount of pressure. I understand that it is a big show. That it is a big deal (for South Africa) and I just really want to do well\"
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------- ------------------ -----------------
1994 *Sarahsara* Sarah
2004 *Boy Called Twist* Nancy
2005 *The Flyer* Mickey
2006 *Bunny Chow* Kim
2013 *Death Race 3: Inferno* Kelly O\'Donnell Direct-to-video
2014 *Konfetti* Bianca Beekman
2015 *Eye in the Sky* Lucy Galvez
2017 *Dating Game Killer* Joanne
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ------------------------ ------------------- ------------------------
1998 *Isidingo* Lolly van Onselen
2012 *Rugby Motors* Leona
2013 *Wie is de Mol?* Herself
2013 *Mad Dogs* Greta 1 episode
2013 *Geraamtes in die Kas* Aesha Abrahams
2014 *SAF3* Becca Connors 4 episodes
2014--2015 *Dominion* Sgt Noma Banks Main role
2017 *Deadly Leaks 2* Layla Television film
2017--2018 *The Flash* Marlize DeVoe Season 4 (15 episodes)
2021 *Bulletproof* Megan 3 episodes
*Reyka* Reyka Gama Lead role
2022 *Raised By Wolves* Decima 5 episodes
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Year Award Category Work Result Ref
| 403 |
Kim Engelbrecht
| 0 |
9,999,390 |
# Jim Morrissey (American football)
**James Michael Morrissey** (born December 24, 1962) is an American former professional football linebacker who played in the National Football League (NFL). He played for the Chicago Bears from 1985 to 1993, and the Green Bay Packers in 1993. He was selected by the Bears in the 11th round of the 1985 NFL draft. He was a member of the Bears team that won Super Bowl XX following the 1985 NFL season
| 77 |
Jim Morrissey (American football)
| 0 |
9,999,398 |
# Naughton and Gold
**Naughton and Gold** were a comedy double act, consisting of Charlie Naughton and Jimmy Gold.
They started in the British Music Halls in 1908, and were still together as part of The Crazy Gang in 1962, becoming the longest period of two British comedians being in the same act. Both had Scottish accents and their act was fast but rather basic comedy.
Charlie Naughton, who was the bald one, was the butt of most of the physical comedy of the Crazy Gang
| 86 |
Naughton and Gold
| 0 |
9,999,400 |
# Johann Grugger
**Johann \"Hans\" Grugger** (born 13 December 1981 in Bad Hofgastein, Austria) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer, competing in the speed disciplines of downhill and super-G. He made his World Cup debut on 29 November 2003, in the downhill at Lake Louise, and finished seventh. He won his first World Cup race in Bormio, Italy on 29 December, 2004. Exactly one year later at Bormio, he crashed and had to drop out of the season due to the acquired injuries. However, he managed to come back to reach podium positions in 2007, including a victory in the super-G at Kvitfjell, Norway.
Grugger made his first Olympic team in 2010 in Vancouver and finished 22nd in the downhill at Whistler Creekside.
On 20 January 2011, Grugger crashed during a downhill training run at Kitzbühel and suffered a serious head injury. He was airlifted to Innsbruck and placed into an induced coma. Grugger suffered a severe head trauma by crashing head-first onto the ski piste after a long jump. On 18 March 2011 he left the rehab clinic two months earlier due to his fast recovery progress. He says he will be skiing again, but it is uncertain whether he will ever ski again competitively. Grugger\'s accident triggered discussions over safety in downhill skiing. In April 2012 at the age of 30, he announced that he would retire and not continue to pursue his comeback.
## World Cup podiums {#world_cup_podiums}
Season Date Location Race Place
---------- ------------- ---------------------- ---------- ---------
**2004** 14 Feb 2004 St
| 258 |
Johann Grugger
| 0 |
9,999,411 |
# Grand Forks station
**Grand Forks station** is a train station in western Grand Forks, North Dakota. It is served by Amtrak\'s *Empire Builder* line.
It is located at a railroad wye where Amtrak trains headed for Chicago turn south. The station was built in a standard design by Amtrak in 1982, replacing the use of a Great Northern station downtown and allowing Amtrak to serve the city without having to go downtown and then back up. For a while before the station officially opened, trains stopped here and passengers were bussed to and from the old station. The former Great Northern freight station has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1990.
Grand Forks is served by Amtrak\'s daily *Empire Builder*. Of the seven North Dakota stations served by Amtrak, Grand Forks was the fourth busiest in FY10, boarding or detraining an average of about 55 passengers daily. The station is owned by Amtrak. The platform and tracks are owned by BNSF Railway.
Between late 2020 and November 2021, Amtrak completed a project to make the Grand Forks station compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.
While there is no public transit service directly serving the station as of 2022, Cities Area Transit has a bus stop located at University Avenue and North 51st Street, approximately half a mile to the northeast.
## Gallery
<File:Amtrak> Grand Forks wye.jpg\|An eastbound *Empire Builder* pulled into the wye
| 241 |
Grand Forks station
| 0 |
9,999,422 |
# Order of Saint Stephen
The **Order of Saint Stephen** (officially ***Sacro Militare Ordine di Santo Stefano Papa e Martire***, \'Holy Military Order of St. Stephen Pope and Martyr\') is a Roman Catholic Tuscan dynastic military order founded in 1561. The order was created by Cosimo I de\' Medici, first Grand Duke of Tuscany. The last member of the Medici dynasty to be a leader of the order was Gian Gastone de Medici in 1737. The purported dissolution of the order in 1859 by the provisional government of Tuscany to the Kingdom of Sardinia was in breach of canon law and had no effect on the status of the Order. The former Kingdom of Italy did not recognize the order as a legal entity, but today the Italian republic includes it among the non-national Orders for which permission may be given in the name of the president to wear the decorations in Italy.
## History
The order was founded by Cosimo I de\' Medici, first Grand Duke of Tuscany, with the approbation of Pope Pius IV on 1 October 1561. The rule chosen was that of the Benedictine Order. The first grand master was Cosimo himself and he was followed in that role by his successors as grand duke. The dedication to the martyred Pope Stephen I, whose feast day is 2 August, derives from the date of Cosimo\'s victories at the Battle of Montemurlo on 1 August 1537 and the Battle of Marciano (Scannagallo) on 2 August 1554.
The objective of the order was to fight the Ottoman Turks and the pirates that sailed Mediterranean Sea in the 16th century. The Turks and the pirates were making dangerous inroads on the coast of the Tyrrhenian Sea where Cosimo had recently inaugurated the new port of Livorno. Cosimo also needed a symbolic fight to unite the nobility of the different cities that combined to form his new grand duchy (including Florence and Siena), and to demonstrate his support of the Roman Catholic Church. Finally, the creation of a Tuscan military order would also strengthen the prestige, both internal and international, of Cosimo\'s new state.
In its early years, the Order took part successfully in the Spanish wars against the Ottomans, being present at the siege of Malta (1565), the Battle of Lepanto (1571) and the 1607 capture of Annaba in Algeria by the then admiral Jacopo Inghirami. They burned the city, killed 470 people and took 1,500 captives. After its aggressive capabilities had been recognized, the Order concentrated on the defence of the Mediterranean coasts against Turkish and African pirates. In particular, the Knights made some incursions into the Aegean Islands controlled by the Turks, and took part in the campaigns in Dalmatia, Negroponte and Corfu. The organization peaked in the early 17th century, when it counted 600 knights and 2,000 other soldiers, sailors, and oarsmen. Of the 3,756 knights who served in the organization between 1562 and 1737, 68 percent were Tuscans, 28 percent came from neighboring Italian states (mostly the Papal States), and 4 percent came from elsewhere.
After 1640, military involvement was reduced. The Order concentrated on the coastal defence and on ordnance duties, but did not avoid the chance to send help to the Republic of Venice, then engaged in a desperate war against the Ottoman Empire. The order\'s last military action dates from 1719. Grand Duke Peter Leopold of Tuscany promoted a reorganization of the order, turning it into an institute for education of the Tuscan nobility.
On 7 March 1791, six months after becoming Emperor, Leopold abdicated the grand duchy to his younger son, Ferdinand III, the founder of the present Grand Ducal House. Although Ferdinand was the first European sovereign to recognize the French Republic, he was forced to submit to the French authorities who occupied the grand duchy in 1799. He abdicated both the grand duchy and the Grand Magistery of Saint Stephen. The order survived during the short-lived Kingdom of Etruria. Following the restoration of Ferdinand III in 1814, the revival of the Order was proposed. By a decree dated 1815 the *Ripristinazione dell\'Ordine dei Cavalieri di S. Stefano* was proclaimed. The Order was again dissolved in 1859, when Tuscany was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia.
| 706 |
Order of Saint Stephen
| 0 |
9,999,422 |
# Order of Saint Stephen
## Currently
An attempt was made to suppress it during the Napoleonic era, on 9 April 1809, but Ferdinand III of Lorraine restored it on 22 December 1817, with some changes to the statutes. On the eve of the Unification of Italy, the Order consisted of 23 Bailiffs, 34 Priors, 49 Knights with family commenda, 177 Knights of Justice, 187 Knights Collatarii with commenda di Grazia and 12 authorised Collatarii without commenda, for a total of 482 members, in addition to the Grand Master and the Knights of the Grand Cross. Among the last illustrious members of the Grand Ducal period are Prince Colloredo-Mansfeld, the Marquises Malaspina, Emanuele Fenzi, Prince Andrea Corsini, Stanislao Grottanelli De Santi, the Princes Poniatowski, Count Francesco De Larderel, Alessandro Carega, the Counts della Gherardesca, the lawyer Ubaldo Maggi, the Count Demetrio Finocchietti, Cosimo Ridolfi, Giovanni Baldasseroni, Guglielmo De Cambray Digny, the lawyer Primo Ronchivecchi and the Count lawyer Luigi Fabbri.
The attempt to suppress the Order made in 1859, with the unification of Tuscany with the Kingdom of Sardinia, was limited to the confiscation of the Order\'s properties, since the Order of Saint Stephen, as a religious order founded \"in perpetuity\" directly by a Pope, could only be suppressed by a Papal Bull. On 20 December 1866, Ferdinand IV and his children returned to the authority of the Emperor as Austrian subjects, but the Tuscan line continued to be treated as a former sovereign branch; Ferdinand retained his right to award the Tuscan Orders and his title of Grand Duke, which continued to be accorded to him in the court almanach and the Almanach de Gotha while permission was given to Austrian subjects to accept and wear the Tuscan Orders.
Following the death of Grand Duke Ferdinand IV in 1908, Emperor Franz Joseph I no longer recognised the title of Grand Duke of Tuscany for his heir and permission was no longer given to wear the dynastic orders conferred by the Grand Dukes of Tuscany.
On 20 December 1866, Ferdinand IV and his children returned to the imperial family and the House of Tuscany ceased to exist as a sovereign branch, being absorbed by the Austrian imperial branch; Ferdinand IV was allowed to retain his fons honorum vita natural durante, while his children became only imperial princes (archdukes/archduchesses of Austria) and no longer princes/princesses of Tuscany. In 1870, Ferdinand IV renounced his political rights on the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in favour of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. The successors of the last ruling Grand Duke haven\'t retained the title and the privileges of their predecessors. Despite the extinction of the Grand Magistery in 1908 with the death of Ferdinand IV, the last Grand Duke of Tuscany, and despite the renunciation of the dynastic rights of the Tuscan branch before 1961, in the years 1971-1972 one of his descendants, but not the eldest son, Gottfried , ignoring the renunciations of his grandfather Ferdinand IV and, at the same time, the authorization to confer the Tuscan dynastic Orders obtained personally by his grandfather, by Emperor Franz Joseph I and only and exclusively until the death of Ferdinand IV of Tuscany, which occurred in 1908, he resumed conferring the Order of Santo Stefano and the other Orders of Chivalry, already conferred by Ferdinando IV and his predecessors in the government of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the direction of Giorgio Cucentrentoli. At the same time Goffredo himself made him Count of Monteloro: on September 22, 1971, Gottfried reconfirmed the continuity of the Orders. In reality it was a new foundation that copied part of the statutes and insignia of the old chivalric order, and could not even boast continuity in the grand magistry as the son of Ferdinand IV, Peter Ferdinand, Gottfried\'s father, never granted or claimed anything about the Tuscan chivalric orders .
| 644 |
Order of Saint Stephen
| 1 |
9,999,422 |
# Order of Saint Stephen
## Eligibility
To join the Order a postulant had to be at least eighteen years of age, able to meet the financial obligations of membership, make the necessary noble proofs and not be descended from heretics. The initial seat of the order was on Elba before moving to Pisa. The Knights\' Square in Pisa, on which their palace faces, is named after the Order. The Coat of Arms include a red cross with eight points, flanked by golden lilies
| 84 |
Order of Saint Stephen
| 2 |
9,999,425 |
# List of The Jetsons episodes
*The Jetsons* is an American animated sitcom produced by Hanna-Barbera, originally airing in primetime from 1962 to 1963 on ABC, with new episodes airing in first-run syndication from 1985 to 1987. It was Hanna-Barbera\'s Space Age counterpart to *The Flintstones*.
## Series overview {#series_overview}
`{{Series overview
| color1 = #B30713
| link1 = #Season 1 (1962–63)
| episodes1 = 24
| start1 = {{Start date|1962|9|23}}
| end1 = {{End date|1963|3|3}}
| network1 = [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]
| color2 = #ff69b4
| link2 = #Season 2 (1985)
| episodes2 = 41
| start2 = {{Start date|1985|9|16}}
| end2 = {{End date|1985|12|13}}
| network2 = [[Broadcast syndication|Syndication]]
| color3 = #689CCF
| link3 = #Season 3 (1987)
| episodes3 = 10
| start3 = {{Start date|1987|10|19}}
| end3 = {{End date|1987|11|12}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Episodes
### Season 1 (1962--63) {#season_1_196263}
In the original closing credits, George came home and tried to walk Astro, the family dog, but when Astro noticed a cat by the electronic dog walk, he began to chase it, and George got caught into the dog-walk which begins going too fast. After jumping to safety on a wall Astro and the cat both looked on as George is trapped on the out-of-control dog walker running for his life while crying out \"Jane, stop this crazy thing! Help! JANE!\" This was a counterpart to *The Flintstones*{{\'}} closing credits in which the saber-toothed cat Baby Puss puts Fred Flintstone out for the night. This ending was parodied in an episode each of *Animaniacs*, *The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron, Boy Genius*, *Family Guy*, *Clarence*, and *Jim Henson\'s Muppet Babies*.
Season 1 contained a laugh track, which was removed when the episodes were released for syndication in 1985. The syndicated episodes were also \"updated\" with a re-recorded theme song, episode title cards, and a new closing sequence (see Season 2 below). The title cards and the closing sequence featured the character of Orbitty, who did not appear in any of the original episodes.
The 24 episodes from the 1960s were released to DVD in Region 1 in May 2004 with the laugh track, original closing sequence, and original opening theme intact. However, the DVD release still featured the 1980s \"Orbitty\" title cards, and the original *Flintstones*-style teaser intros were not reinstated. (The versions of \"The Space Car\" and \"The Coming of Astro\" available on Amazon Video on Demand retain the original opening teasers.)
Rosie the Robot\'s name was sometimes spelled \"Rosey\", especially after the 1985 revival series when it appeared on the added title card for episode one. This episode did not have a title card when it aired in 1962. The \"Rosie\" spelling appeared on the 1962 original soundtrack album containing the first episode, as well as the largest percentage of merchandise and printed material, although there were some that also spelled it \"Rosey.\"
### Season 2 (1985) {#season_2_1985}
- For the 1980s incarnation of the show, new characters were introduced, including Orbitty (the Jetson family\'s alien pet) and Spacely\'s inventive nephew Orwell. George\'s work computer R.U.D.I. (the \"Referential Universal Digital Indexer\"), who appeared in one 1960s episode, was reintroduced in a recurring role.
- The opening credits featured a rerecorded version of *The Jetsons* theme song, which features the use of electronic drums to create percussion typical of 1980s music.
- The closing credits are static picture captions (like most of Hanna-Barbera\'s shows of the time). This format replaced the original credit sequence described above when the 1960s episodes were rebroadcast.
- Starting from Judy\'s Birthday Surprise to season 3 onward, the series is switched into digital ink and paint
| 604 |
List of The Jetsons episodes
| 0 |
9,999,435 |
# Emmanuel Jonnier
**Emmanuel \"Manu\" Jonnier** (born Dijon, May 31, 1975) is a French cross-country skier and non-commissioned officer who has been competing since 1998. His best finish at the Winter Olympics was fourth in the 50 km event at the 2006 games in Turin.
Jonnier\'s best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth in the 4 × 10 km at Sapporo in 2007. His best individual finish was 20th in the 15 km event both in 2005 and 2007.
Jonnier\'s best individual World Cup finish was second in a 30 km event in Russia in January 2007. He also finished second in a 15 km Continental Cup event in Austria in 2000.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+--------+-------+---------+-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | 50 km | Sprint | 4 × 10 km \ | Team \ |
| | | | | | | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+=========+===========================================+=========+=========+==========+==============+==========+
| 2002 | *26* | --- | 60 | 10 | --- | --- | 8 | |
+--------+-------+---------+-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2006 | *30* | --- | `{{Abbr|DNF|Did not finish}}`{=mediawiki} | | 4 | --- | 4 | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2010 | *34* | 20 | --- | | --- | --- | 4 | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+---------+-------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:60px;"><p> Year </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:40px;"><p> Age </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 10 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 15 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Pursuit </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 30 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 50 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Sprint </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 4 × 10 km <br />
relay </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Team <br />
sprint </p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1999</p></td>
<td><p><em>23</em></p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2001</p></td>
<td><p><em>25</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>67</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>25</p></td>
<td><p>27</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2003</p></td>
<td><p><em>27</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>29</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>26</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p><em>29</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2007</p></td>
<td><p><em>31</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2009</p></td>
<td><p><em>33</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>51</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
Season Age Discipline standings
---------- ---------- ---------------------- -----------------
Overall Distance Long Distance Middle Distance
1999 *23*
2000 *24*
2001 *25* 86
2002 *26* 103
2003 *27* 59
2004 *28* 56 35
2005 *29* 56 34
2006 *30* 21 12
2007 *31* 21 9
2008 *32* 34 17
2009 *33* 42 29
2010 *34* 80 47
2011 *35* 48 91
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 1 victory -- (1 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
- 5 podiums -- (3 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki}, 2 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- ---------- ------------------ ---------------------------- ----------------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 2006--07 20 January 2007 Rybinsk, Russia 30 km Mass Start F World Cup 2nd
2 16 February 2007 Changchun, China 15 km Individual F World Cup 3rd
3 24 March 2007 Falun, Sweden 15 km + 15 km Skiathlon C/F World Cup 3rd
4 2007--08 29 December 2007 Nové Město, Czech Republic 15 km Pursuit F Stage World Cup **1st**
5 1 January 2008 Nové Město, Czech Republic 15 km Pursuit F Stage World Cup 3rd
#### Team podiums {#team_podiums}
- 1 victory -- (1 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki})
- 7 podiums -- (7 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki})
No
| 623 |
Emmanuel Jonnier
| 0 |
9,999,443 |
# Angus Stirling
**Sir Angus Duncan Aeneas Stirling** (born 10 December 1933) is a former director general of the National Trust and has served on many other charitable bodies in the United Kingdom.
Stirling was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, before taking a Diploma in the History of Art at London University as an extramural student. Hon Fellow The Courtauld Institute of Art, and Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance. He trained as an artist at the Lydgate Art Research Centre in Britain and has had exhibitions in London and in Somerset
| 96 |
Angus Stirling
| 0 |
9,999,449 |
# Firestone Firehawk 600
The **Firestone Firehawk 600** was a planned American open-wheel car race scheduled for April 29, 2001 at the Texas Motor Speedway in Fort Worth, Texas, United States. The event was sanctioned by Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) and was the third round of the 2001 CART season. It was scheduled for 248 laps around the 1.5 mi oval track. However, the race was postponed and ultimately canceled due to concerns about driver safety, as the high speeds the cars sustained through the circuit\'s long corners (which had 24° of banking) could potentially have led to drivers experiencing g-force induced loss of consciousness. It was the only race in CART history that was canceled outright for safety reasons. Kenny Bräck was awarded one point for qualifying on pole position at an average speed of 375.531 km/h.
## Background
The Firestone Firehawk 600 was to be the second attempt to run an open-wheel race on a high-banked oval. Texas Motor Speedway, which opened in 1997, is classified as an intermediate oval with a length of 1.5 mi. The turns are banked at 24°. By comparison, the turns at Indianapolis Motor Speedway are only banked at 9°, and those at Michigan International Speedway are 18°.
Texas Motor Speedway was originally designed with a dual-banking layout. The steep 24° banking on top would accommodate NASCAR races. A secondary 8° banking below was designed for the faster open-wheel machines. While the track was under construction, CART had expressed interest in holding a race at the facility, but upon closer examination of the unusual dual-banking system decided it was not feasible. The secondary banking design was ultimately deemed a failure, and in 1998, the turns were reconfigured. The dual banking was removed in favor of a larger apron, and after unrelated difficulties during the NASCAR events, the turn transitions were corrected.
The rival Indy Racing League (IRL) had run what is now the DXC Technology 600 at Texas since 1997, along with a fall race from 1998 to 2004. IRL cars were slower than their CART counterparts (due to their less powerful naturally aspirated engines) and this, combined with a higher downforce chassis, allowed them to handle the steep banking.
After the success of the IRL events, CART expressed renewed interest in holding an event at the track. Over the summer of 2000, negotiations were ongoing, with a tentative date of May 6, 2001 set for the inaugural event. When the 2001 CART schedule was released, the race was scheduled for April 29, 2001, and was set to air live on ABC. However, it was eventually switched to sister network ESPN.
### Initial concerns {#initial_concerns}
The expectations for dangerously high speeds were an early concern, and even led to rumors of cancellation or moving the race to the infield road course. Unlike their IRL counterparts, CART cars had much more horsepower from their turbocharged engines, and less downforce and drag. They were thus expected to traverse the circuit much faster. TMS would have been the highest-banked track for a CART race since Atlanta Motor Speedway in 1983. The high banking and sharp turns were expected to impose unprecedented *g* loads on the drivers and cars. A test was scheduled for December 18, 2000 in order to address concerns.
TMS president Eddie Gossage wrote to CART management urging them to mandate certain suspension components, among others, to improve safety for the event. CART driver Maurício Gugelmin expressed that the drivers would face a challenge, but was confident that CART would find the solutions needed to conduct the race. Gugelmin also noted that \"stronger parts will be necessary because of the loading generated by the banking.\"
| 612 |
Firestone Firehawk 600
| 0 |
9,999,449 |
# Firestone Firehawk 600
## Testing
The first CART test session began on December 19, 2000. Kenny Bräck, a former IRL driver who had previously raced at Texas while with that series, was the first driver to take to the track. The target speeds were set at 225 mph. Bräck completed over 100 laps, with a top lap over 221 mph. CART chief steward J. Kirk Russell, track officials, Bräck, and Team Rahal expressed satisfaction with the test and the data collected. CART set its rules package for the race as utilizing 37 inHG manifold pressure (down from 40) and installing the Hanford device on all rear wings. However, Gossage told NBC Sports in 2016 that Bräck was not going full throttle during the test.
While CART did not arrange a full-field open test, several private tests followed. The second series of private tests, scheduled for three days, began February 21, 2001. The entire week was hindered by rain and cool temperatures. Patrick Racing and driver Jimmy Vasser were the first teams to take to the track. On the first day, rain kept the track closed until 11:30 a.m. A busy afternoon saw Vasser drive over 100 laps, with a top lap over 215 mi/h. Vasser reported it was \"fairly easy to drive flat out\" and said the track was somewhat bumpy. The team claimed to have accomplished all of their goals in the abbreviated half-day session, and canceled the remaining two days they had scheduled for the test.
Team KOOL Green tested at the track on February 22 with driver Dario Franchitti. He completed 190 laps with a top lap speed of 225.7 mi/h. Top trap speeds may have been as high as 228 mi/h.
Like Patrick Racing the day before, Team Green canceled their second scheduled day of testing when they felt they had accomplished their testing goals after only one session. Franchitti expressed reservations about the track\'s roughness and reported pulling 3 Gs in the corners. He also predicted that two-wide racing would be possible during the race.
PacWest Racing also tested at the track on February 22 with rookie driver Scott Dixon and Maurício Gugelmin. In 55 degree weather, Dixon drove about 140 laps, with a top speed close to 225 mph. Gugelmin also reported the ability to drive flat out around the track.
However, Gugelmin told Gossage and CART officials in a March 19 teleconference that he didn\'t believe CART could run a race at TMS. He claimed that the \"wing configuration was wrong,\" and the cars were \"too fast\" for the track.
Also at the track on February 22 was Penske Racing with driver Hélio Castroneves and Walker Racing with driver Tora Takagi. Castroneves had a fast lap at about 226 mph.
All scheduled testing for February 23 was canceled due to rain. During the week, no incidents were reported. Tora Takagi, however, suffered gearbox trouble, and completed only 20 laps of testing.
### Comparisons with IRL {#comparisons_with_irl}
The existing track qualifying record at Texas Motor Speedway for the Indy Racing League events was set June 5, 1998, by Tony Stewart (24.059 seconds; 224.448 mph). The fastest race lap, aided by a tow was set by Billy Boat the following day (23.759 seconds; 227.273 mph). The following year, the cars were slowed down by rule changes, and speed remained in the 215--216 mph range.
Scott Dixon\'s unaided 225 mi/h lap during testing already unofficially broke the IRL\'s qualifying record.
### Changes
Following the tests, very few changes were made to the cars leading up to the race. The teams that participated reported satisfaction with the information gathered during the tests. The primary concerns expressed dwelled on the roughness of the circuit.
The track itself, however, underwent a few upgrades. Changes included a concrete wall on pit lane between the pit stalls and the grassy \"quad oval\" area along the frontstretch. The track\'s surface was also smoothed in some areas, in response to the complaints.
| 660 |
Firestone Firehawk 600
| 1 |
9,999,449 |
# Firestone Firehawk 600
## Race weekend {#race_weekend}
### Friday morning practice {#friday_morning_practice}
Going into race week, many drivers expressed apprehension about the upcoming race. The first practice session was held the morning of Friday April 27, 2001. CART officials re-measured the track for scoring purposes, and utilized a length of 1.482 miles. At the time, NASCAR and IRL utilized a track measurement of 1.5 mi. The first practice session saw no incidents. Tony Kanaan turned the fastest lap at 22.845 seconds (233.539 mph), a full second quicker than the fastest time reported during the test sessions.
April 27, 2001 -- Morning Practice Top Speeds
-----------------------------------------------
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
### Friday afternoon practice {#friday_afternoon_practice}
The first crash of the weekend occurred during the Friday afternoon session, when Maurício Gugelmin crashed in turn 3. His car got loose exiting turn 2 and hit the inside wall at 66.2 *g*.`{{clarify|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} His foot became lodged between the pedals, and the car accelerated. The car slid down the backstretch and hit the outside wall in turn 3 with a force of 113.1 *g*.`{{clarify|date=September 2020}}`{=mediawiki} The car continued to slide until it reached the apex between turn 3 and turn 4. Gugelmin claims to have blacked out during the crash, but he was not seriously injured. Gugelmin was wearing the HANS device. He withdrew, nursing bruised shoulders and ribs, and sat out the rest of the weekend.
Meanwhile, Kenny Bräck upped the fastest lap of the day to 22.821 seconds (233.785 mph). Dario Franchitti logged the fastest single trap speed at the start/finish line, at 238.936 mph.
During the day, some drivers remarked on the improvements made to the surface, that various bumps had been smoothed out. Most called the track very fast, and two-wide racing and drafting was observed. Bryan Herta likened the track to a bowl, calling it \"fast and fun.\" Paul Tracy also called it \"a fast track.\" Bruno Junqueira said it was the fastest track he had ever driven. An awestruck Nicolas Minassian compared it to a riding a roller coaster. Hélio Castroneves called the track \"physical,\" due to the banking, and Cristiano da Matta echoed the sentiment.
The first serious concerns about driver safety occurred on Friday afternoon. CART medical affairs director Steve Olvey would later report that two drivers felt dizzy and disoriented after running their cars at over 230 mi/h, and that they felt they could not control their cars. The identities of the two drivers were not disclosed, but Tony Kanaan and Alex Zanardi later claimed they experienced the symptoms. Olvey later recalled that Max Papis was unable to tell the frontstretch from the backstretch when his crew told him to pit. Adrian Fernandez also reported to the media he was experiencing dizziness. Olvey said in his 25 years of working in motorsports, it was a problem he had never experienced.
Later, chief steward Chris Kneifel recalled that he had also heard reports about drivers feeling dizzy, with some saying they had lost their equilibrium after getting out of their cars. CART competition and PR chief Mike Zizzo said that the cars were going so fast that one could get dizzy just watching them roar around the track.
April 27, 2001 -- Afternoon Practice Top Speeds
-------------------------------------------------
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
### Saturday practice {#saturday_practice}
On April 28, 2001 the morning practice session saw the fastest speeds thus far at the track. Paul Tracy ran a lap of 22.542 seconds (236.678 mph) to break the all-time track record from the previous afternoon.
Cristiano da Matta was involved in the second crash of the weekend. His car crashed in turn 3, and he was uninjured.
April 28, 2001 -- Morning Practice Top Speeds
-----------------------------------------------
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
### Qualifying
Kenny Bräck qualified for the pole position at an all-time official track record of 22.854 seconds (233.447 mph). Patrick Carpentier was second, and Oriol Servia third. Twenty-four of the twenty-five cars were over 226 mi/h, and the average speed for the field was 229.9 mph.
During qualifying, drivers were reporting 5 lateral *g* sustained for 14-18 of the 23 seconds per lap.
April 28, 2001 -- Qualifying Speeds
-------------------------------------
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
### Post-qualifying {#post_qualifying}
After the CART series finished qualifying, the Dayton Indy Lights series held a 100 mi race at the track. Dan Wheldon and Mario Dominguez had led the speed charts in practice and qualifying, with top laps over 188 mi/h. Damien Faulkner won the race at an average speed of 150.491 mph.
By late Saturday afternoon, concerns were rising about driver safety on the track. Patrick Carpentier went to the medical facility to have his wrist checked (a previous injury he had suffered in a crash at Long Beach). As an aside, he mentioned that he could not walk in a straight line for at least four minutes after he got out of his car. An impromptu survey was taken during the private drivers\' meeting and 21 of the 25 drivers in the starting field reported suffering disorientation and vertigo-like symptoms, including inner ear, or vision problems, after running more than 10 laps (or 20 laps). They also claimed that they had had virtually no peripheral vision and limited reaction time. This was due to sustained *g*-loads as high as 5.5, almost double what most persons can endure, and closer to what jet pilots usually experience in shorter time intervals.
Veteran racing reporter John Oreovicz later said that the Saturday practice session was one of the few times he could recall fearing for the safety of the drivers and fans in what at the time was a quarter-century of covering races. By then, at least one driver, Franchitti, doubted that the race would go on as scheduled. Later, Bräck recalled that when the drivers\' meeting concluded, only he and Tracy were in favor of racing the following day.
| 1,005 |
Firestone Firehawk 600
| 2 |
9,999,449 |
# Firestone Firehawk 600
## Postponement
Olvey contacted Dr. Richard Jennings, a former flight director at NASA and professor of aviation medicine at the University of Texas. They discussed the known levels of human tolerance of vertical *g*-loads. Jennings replied that the human body could not tolerate sustained loads of more than 4-4.5 *g*. CART determined that the race could not be run at more than 225 mi/h without raising safety concerns over g-force induced Loss Of Consciousness (g-LOC).
The night before the race, CART officials attempted to make last-ditch efforts to curtail speeds by having the teams take downforce out of the car, and reduce horsepower. According to Zizzo, they felt that they could not slow the cars down by more than three or four mph without risking engine failure. One proposal, seriously considered, would have called for a makeshift chicane of cones along the backstretch. Another proposal considered was to wave yellow flags every 20 laps to regulate the drivers\' bloodstream.
However, by Sunday morning, time was running out to make changes necessary to hold the race safely. The morning warm-up session was canceled. Two hours before the scheduled start, the race was postponed. Over 60,000 fans were sent home. The move came after Kniefel and CART president Joe Heitzler had a series of meetings with drivers, owners and sponsors. All parties agreed that it didn\'t make sense to hold the race under the circumstances.
At a press conference, Heitzler did not blame the track. Rather, he stressed that officials could not in good conscience allow a race with such serious concerns about the safety of the drivers. Olvey added that the drivers were experiencing *g* forces well beyond the limits of \"human tolerance\"--a problem that would have likely been exacerbated since the temperature was an unseasonably warm 80 F. There was fear of the possibility that drivers could suffer \"grey-outs\" or lose consciousness from *g-LOC*. It is also likely that the high *g*-loads would have been outside the design limits for the HANS device, which was required for all CART races at oval tracks.
Gossage was harshly critical of CART\'s decision. He argued that CART assured him it could run the race even though it had not conducted more extensive tests at the track. Russell argued that there was no time due to scheduling conflicts. Michael Andretti added that there was no real way to simulate ≈26 or more cars in a race. ESPN\'s Robin Miller later said that CART should have known there was a problem the minute the first driver clocked 230 mi/h on Friday.
CART officials held out the possibility of rescheduling the race, but there was no room in the schedule and it was ultimately canceled. The race marked the first and only time a CART race would be canceled outright due to driver safety issues.
| 473 |
Firestone Firehawk 600
| 3 |
9,999,449 |
# Firestone Firehawk 600
## Lawsuit and settlement {#lawsuit_and_settlement}
Speedway Motorsports, the owner of Texas Motor Speedway, sued CART on May 8 for breach of contract. Damages cited included issuing refunds for over 60,000 tickets, purse, the \$2.1 million sanction fee, and additional compensation for promotional expenses, lost profits, and other damages.
During the suit, it subsequently emerged that CART had ignored repeated requests to conduct testing at TMS before the aborted race. On October 16, the two parties settled for an undisclosed amount. Terms were not disclosed, but estimates were between \$5--\$7 million. A contract that included a race for 2002 and 2003 was annulled.
In the aftermath, the handling of the incident was widely criticized by fans and media. While the sanctioning body was commended by many for choosing not to put its drivers in danger the race was largely viewed as a debacle, a low point for the slumping series, and very damaging to the organization in the months and years to come. CART reported that it spent \$3.5 million for the settlement and legal costs, resulting in a \$1.7 million loss for the third quarter of 2001. CART declared bankruptcy and was sold in 2003, became known as Champ Car, and never attempted to return to Texas Motor Speedway. Ultimately it was absorbed into the Indy Racing League in 2008
| 224 |
Firestone Firehawk 600
| 4 |
9,999,459 |
# Margaret E. Curran
**Margaret E. \"Meg\" Curran** served as United States Attorney for Rhode Island from 1998 to 2003.
The most notable case during Curran\'s tenure was the prosecution of the Operation Plunder Dome, which led to the conviction of Providence mayor Buddy Cianci on conspiracy charges. Curran, who was one of only 12 U.S. Attorneys appointed by President Bill Clinton to keep their posts after the election of George W. Bush, stepped down in 2003 because she has multiple sclerosis.
She currently serves as the chair of Rhode Island\'s Health Benefits Exchange Advisory Board.
## Education
Curran earned a bachelor\'s degree from the University of Pennsylvania, a master\'s degree in anthropology from Purdue University, and a law degree form the University of Connecticut School of Law in 1983. Curran was an editor of the Connecticut Law Review while earning her degree.
## Affiliations
In 1995, Curran became an adjunct professor at the Roger Williams University School of Law. She is a member of the Rhode Island Bar Association.
## Political activities {#political_activities}
During the 2006 Rhode Island U.S. Senate race, Curran endorsed incumbent Senator Lincoln Chafee over his Democratic challenger and eventual victor Sheldon Whitehouse. While Curran had worked for Whitehouse during his tenure as U.S. Attorney, Chafee fought for Curran to keep her job after Bush\'s election in 2000. Despite the fact that Curran endorsed Chafee, she refused to criticize Whitehouse.
Curran endorsed Chafee in the 2010 Rhode Island gubernatorial election
| 244 |
Margaret E. Curran
| 0 |
9,999,472 |
# Devils Lake station
**Devils Lake station** is a train station in Devils Lake, North Dakota. It is served by Amtrak\'s *Empire Builder* train, which stops in six other North Dakota cities.
The station was originally built in the early 1900s by the Great Northern Railway and has been a contributing property to the Devils Lake Commercial District, which has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 1989, along with the Bangs-Wineman Block and the U.S. Post Office and Courthouse
| 82 |
Devils Lake station
| 0 |
9,999,492 |
# KXFX-CD
**KXFX-CD**, virtual channel 67 (UHF digital channel 20), is a low-power, Class A television station licensed to Brownsville, Texas, United States. It is a translator of Harlingen-licensed Fox affiliate KFXV (channel 38) which is owned by Santa Monica, California--based Entravision Communications. KXFX-CD\'s transmitter is located on McAllen Road in Brownsville; its parent station shares studios with duopoly partner and Univision affiliate KNVO (channel 48) on Jackson Road in McAllen.
## History
While affiliated with Telefutura, the programming of KXFX-CA (then known as KVTF-CA) was also seen in McAllen on KTFV-CA channel 32, in La Feria on KCWT-CA channel 30, and on the digital signal of KNVO channel 48.2 / 49.2. KTFV and the KNVO subchannel continue to carry what is now UniMás, while KCWT is now a CW affiliate.
## Technical information {#technical_information}
### Subchannels
Channel Video Aspect Short name Programming
--------- ------- -------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------
67.1 720p 16:9 KFXV-DT Simulcast of KFXV / Fox
67.2 480i Simulcast of KCWT-CD / Rio Grande Valley CW 21
KXFX-CD and KMBH-LD operate on the same physical channel and carry the same programming
| 182 |
KXFX-CD
| 0 |
9,999,529 |
# Winding Road (Ayaka and Kobukuro song)
\"**Winding Road**\" is a first collaboration single between Ayaka and duo Kobukuro.
## Information
This single was used in Japanese commercials to promote the Nissan Cube. The commercial made its first television airing on March 1, 2007. The single was sold for ¥555 or roughly \$4.50, an unusually low price for a physical single, although this price may be attributed to the single containing only 2 tracks as most singles contain 4. In its first week, the single placed 2nd on the Oricon weekly singles listing
| 93 |
Winding Road (Ayaka and Kobukuro song)
| 0 |
9,999,540 |
# Nyangwe
thumb\|right\|upright=1.33\|Arab slavers shooting at women at the market of Nyangwe during the massacre witnessed by David Livingstone in 1871 **Nyangwe** is a town on the right bank of the Lualaba River, in the Maniema Province in the east of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (territory of Kasongo). In the second half of the 19th century, it was an important Swahili--Arab hub for trade goods like ivory, gold, iron and slaves, remaining one of the main slave trading centres until the Congo Arab war.
The town was founded as an Arab trading depot around 1860. It subsequently became a part of the Sultanate of Utetera, ruled by the Swahili slave trader Tippu Tip and associated with the Zanzibar slave trade of the Sultanate of Zanzibar.
David Livingstone was the first European to visit Nyangwe in 1871. According to his notes, the Swahili--Arabs had driven away the original inhabitants of the area, the Wagenya, when establishing their town. As a result, the Wagenya had become distrustful of any foreigners visiting the region.
On 15 July 1871, Livingstone witnessed around 400 to 500 Africans being massacred by Arab slavers at the Nyangwe market on the banks of the Lualaba, while he was watching next to the leading Arab trader Dugumbe who had given him assistance. As he recorded in his field diary, the attack was an act of retaliation for actions of Manilla, a head slave who had sacked villages of Mohombo people at the instigation of the Wagenya chieftain Kimburu. The Arabs attacked Kimburu\'s people as well as anyone they found to be present at the market.
Researchers from the Indiana University of Pennsylvania who scanned Livingstone\'s diary suggest that in putting his fragmentary notes about the massacre into the narrative of his journal, he left out his concerns about some of his followers, slaves owned by Banyan merchants who had been hired by John Kirk, acting British Consul at Zanzibar, and sent to get Livingstone to safety. These slaves had been liberated and added to his party, but had shown violent conduct against local people contrary to his instructions, and he feared they might have been involved in starting the massacre. His diary notes \"Dugumbe\'s men murdering Kimburu and another for slaves\" and implied that the slave Manilla played a leading part, but looking back at the events, he says Dugumbe\'s people bore responsibility and started it to make an example of Manilla. In the diary he described his sending his men with protection of a flag to assist Manilla\'s brother, in his journal version it was to assist villagers. The edited version published posthumously in Livingstone\'s *Last Journals* in 1874 left out the context of Livingstone\'s earlier comments about Kirk and bad behaviour of the hired Banyan men, and omitted the villagers\' earlier violent resistance to Arab slavers, thus portraying the villagers as passive victims. The section on the massacre itself had only minor grammatical corrections.
When Livingstone visited Nyangwe, it was the last known town for people coming from the east, and Livingstone thought that the Lualaba was the upper part of the Nile. In 1877 Henry Morton Stanley followed the river downstream from Nyangwe with support of the local ruler, Tippu Tip, and as he arrived in Boma, he had established that it was actually one of the sources of the Congo River.
Other European visitors to the town were Verney Lovett Cameron in 1874 and Hermann Wissmann in 1883
| 575 |
Nyangwe
| 0 |
9,999,573 |
# Rory Finnigan
**Rory \"Finn\" Finnigan** is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera *Hollyoaks*, played by James Redmond. He first appeared in June 1998 before leaving in January 2002. He left to return to his previous life before his time in *Hollyoaks* village. Finn returned for the sixth series of *Hollyoaks Later*. *Hollyoaks* celebrated twenty years on air in October 2015, with Redmond reprising his role for the celebrations. In October 2017, *Hollyoaks* confirmed that Finn was returning at Christmas. Finn returned on 14 December 2017 and again the following year, last appearing on 5 March 2018.
## Casting
In 2009 the Daily Star reported current *Hollyoaks* producer Lucy Allan was planning to lure Redmond back into his role. On 12 June 2013, it was announced that Redmond had reprised his role for the sixth series of *Hollyoaks Later*. On 6 October 2015 it was announced that Redmond will be briefly reprising the role for its 20th anniversary. In October 2017, it was announced that Redmond would return to the soap. *Hollyoaks* executive producer, Bryan Kirkwood, explained that he decided to bring back the \"much-loved\" character for a guest stint in order to \"celebrate the loyalty of \[the\] audience\", and that the production team had been inspired over the positive reception of the returns of Luke Morgan (Gary Lucy) and Mandy Richardson (Sarah Jayne Dunn), who had returned earlier that year. Kirkwood added:
> \"I think there was a feeling up until our 20th birthday that we should always be looking forward -- they were certainly conversations that we had with Channel 4. But now that we\'ve reached the ripe old age of 22, it\'s fantastic to be able to celebrate the loyalty of our audience. Some of the people who started watching us as teenagers are now mums themselves, who are maybe watching *Hollyoaks* with their own teenagers. It\'s fantastic to have Luke and Mandy back in the show. We\'ve got to strike the right balance. We need to move forward with our new, brilliant cast while also having a healthy dose of nostalgia.\"
Finn returned on 14 December 2017. Kirkwood also revealed that the character would also reappear in 2018.
## Characterisation
Rory has been described as a \"cheeky chancer\" and a \" heart-throb\".
| 380 |
Rory Finnigan
| 0 |
9,999,573 |
# Rory Finnigan
## Storylines
Rory Finnigan, better known as Finn, was lovable and cheeky. Finn arrived in Hollyoaks when Tony Hutchinson discovered a supposed vagrant sleeping in Jambo\'s old shed. Little did Tony realise that this philosophical, free-spirited charmer would become one of his closest friends. Immediately, Tony went on a mission to have Finn evicted from the shed, beginning a comical rivalry that would continue throughout Finn\'s time in the village. Finn\'s father was in prison and his mother was dead, so he tended to drift from place to place. He had no idea how long he would remain in Hollyoaks, yet he planned to stick around and see what opportunities came his way. Whilst persevering in his war with Tony, Finn soon hooked up with Lewis Richardson and together they ran a market in the Yard, with Finn specialising in selling antiques. Along the way, Finn embarked on quite a few money-making ventures, the most infamous being the time he decided to use his double-decker bus as a tour bus around Chester, procuring the services of Carol Groves as the unsuspecting tour guide.
Finn\'s enigmatic status attracted considerable interest from women in Hollyoaks including Jude Cunningham, Kate Patrick, Carol and Geri Hudson, even more so when he revealed that he was, in fact, Lord Kildiggin and heir to a castle in Ireland. True to his nature, Finn declined the inheritance of his castle and although he retained his title, he preferred the life of an anonymous drifter. Carol and Finn embarked on a passionate and sometimes tumultuous relationship, climaxing in a marathon 48-hour session on Finn\'s bus, yet Chis free-spirited nature and roving eye brought the relationship to a premature close. Finn and Lewis found another money-making idea when they began to organise Nineties revival nights at a local club, giving them the idea of building their own night-club. After using Finn\'s title to secure a bank loan, the pair finally got the go ahead to build The Loft. Problems in Finn\'s relationship with Tony resurfaced when an unsuspecting Finn embarked on an affair with a woman called Victoria (Fiona Mollison). Even Finn was shocked to discover that she was Tony\'s mother. Unsurprisingly, Tony was actively against the union, but the two carried on regardless. Soon, Victoria became Victoria Finnigan and along with the marriage came Finn\'s new role as Tony\'s stepfather. Finn and Victoria\'s marriage lasted for six months, collapsing after Victoria discovered that Finn had been unfaithful. The end of the marriage marked the beginning of Finn\'s life crisis when he began to question what it was he wanted from life.
Whilst business at The Loft continued to thrive, Finn became increasingly bored with life and, after learning that Lewis had got himself in debt and had to put the future of the club in jeopardy, he persuaded Tony to buy out Lewis. Finn returned the favour by buying into Tony\'s new restaurant \'Il Gnosh\' and they both became embroiled in a new set of adventures in Hollyoaks: Movin\' On. Finn\'s life crisis continued, however, and Lewis\'s shocking death only underscored his belief that life was indeed too short. Whilst Finn returned to Hollyoaks, it was not long before he moved on. He left the running of The Loft to Tony, saying that he wanted to return to the life he used to have, the life of uncertainty. And so Finn boarded a barge with a mystery woman (cameo appearance by TV presenter Cat Deeley) and sailed off into the sunset.
Finn returned in 2013 for series six of Hollyoaks: Later in which he, Tony, Harry Thompson (Parry Glasspool) and Dom Reilly (John Pickard) go to Spain to attend Dom\'s wedding and embark on crazy adventures and run foul of a gangster known as The White Man (Danny Dyer). Kurt Benson (Jeremy Edwards) also appeared as visions in Tony\'s mind
In October 2015, Finn returns to Hollyoaks for the vow renewal of Tony and Diane O\'Connor (Alex Fletcher). In December 2017, Finn returns to help Diane who is worried about Tony\'s mental health, later, he takes a drunken Cindy Cunningham home. In February 2018, Finn returns and tries to buy the restaurant with Tony but is shocked to find out that Tony has brought the restaurant with other villagers and never asked Finn. Finn catches up with Luke Morgan and gives Tony a present of an old newspaper of the restaurant years ago. Finn decides to enter business with Cindy instead but they don\'t have the money. Cindy robs 10,000 Off Tom and puts it on a dog but it fails to win. Milo tracks the IP address for Tom and blames Finn for taking the money. Milo wants to get rid of Finn as Finn doesn\'t like him. Cindy admits to Finn that she took the money but Finn still takes the blame. He promises to pay Tom back and after saying goodbye to Tony, Finn leaves for Margate.
## Reception
MSN described him as having \"a face like a seal\". When speaking about Finn\'s 2017 return, Eden-Olivia Lord from *Closer* called him a \"fun character\" and agreed with Kirkwood\'s decision to reintroduce former characters from nostalgia. Lord also wrote \"Eek!\" when speaking about the character\'s return. Daniel Kilkelly from *Digital Spy* called the character a \"cheeky chappy\"
| 884 |
Rory Finnigan
| 1 |
9,999,581 |
# George Dennison
**George Dennison** (1925--1987) was an American novelist and short-story author best known for *The Lives of Children*, his account of the First Street School. He also wrote fiction, plays, and critical essays, most notably his novel *Luisa Domic* and a collection of shorter works, *Pierrot and Other Stories*. Having grown up in a suburb of Pittsburgh, he joined the Navy during World War II, attended the New School for Social Research on the GI Bill, and took graduate courses at New York University.
Although he devoted himself primarily to his art, he also taught school for a number of years, at all levels from preschool to high school. He trained at the New York Institute for Gestalt Therapy with Paul Goodman and later worked with severely disturbed children as a lay therapist and teacher. As an educator he promoted the idea that *relationships, not instruction, promoted real learning*. As such schools needed to be places where freedom of choice created the trust that allows for a full relationship between teachers and students. These ideas were considered radical because they questioned compulsory attendance and the focus on external student behavior to enhance student *management*. Since the focus on controlling student behavior interferes with relationship, his work suggests a preference for small schools and an implied criticism of large schools, especially in their ability to be effective with high risk students. He believed teaching was an art, not really a science and, as such, it was never technique that caused learning to occur, but rather the full complexity of individual relationships between students and teachers that were not reducible to the predictability of technique. Further, he felt that much of significant learning occurs strictly within the student\'s individual motivation and between students, *when the teachers are wise enough to stand aside* and allow it to occur.
His plays were produced at the Judson Memorial Church in New York and elsewhere, and his essays and fiction appeared in many periodicals. In the late Sixties George Dennison and his wife Mabel Chrystie, the founder of the First Street School, moved to rural Maine, where they raised three children
| 357 |
George Dennison
| 0 |
9,999,582 |
# Deportes Naval
**Club de Deportes Naval de Talcahuano** is a Chilean football club, their home town is Talcahuano, Biobío Region. They currently play at the fifth level of Chilean football, Tercera B of Chile.
The club were founded on August 27, 1972 as *Club de Deportes Los Náuticos*. In 1992 the club were called *Deportes Talcahuano*, and since 2004, *Club de Deportes Naval*. Their home games are played at the Estadio El Morro, which currently has a capacity of 5,000 seats
| 82 |
Deportes Naval
| 0 |
9,999,594 |
# Karyakshama Seva Vibhushanaya
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox military award
|name= Karyakshama Seva Vibhushanaya
|image= KSV medal.JPG
|image_size= 140px
|caption=
|presenter= [[Sri Lanka]]
|type= Service medal
|eligibility= Commissioned officers of the [[Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force]]
|awarded_for= 18 years of service with an exceptional record
|campaign=
|status= Currently awarded
|description= Suspended from a plain suspension bar
|clasps=None
|established= 1972
|firstawarded= 1990
|lastawarded=
|total_awarded=
|total_awarded_posthumously=
|total_recipients=
|individual=
|post-nominals=KSV
|higher= [[Riviresa Campaign Services Medal]]
|same= [[Prashansaniya Seva Vibhushanaya]] (Sri Lanka Navy)
|lower=[[Karyakshama Seva Padakkama]]
|image2=[[File:Karyakshama Seva Vibhushanaya ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
|caption2=[[Ribbon bar]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
The **Karyakshama Seva Vibhushanaya** (**KSV**, Efficient Service Order) (Sinhala: කාර්යක්ෂම සේවා විභූෂණය *kāryakṣama sēvā vibhūṣaṇaya*) is a medal awarded to commissioned officers of the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force. Established on 7 January 1986, it replaced the Efficiency Decoration (Ceylon) with effect from 22 May 1972 with volunteer officers who have completed the stipulated required years of service qualifying to the award. Since 2020, with the Karyakshama Seva Padakkama becoming opened to all ranks, the KSV became limited to award for senior volunteer officers.
## Award process {#award_process}
It is ordained that the period of service requisite to qualify for the Decoration shall be an aggregate of eighteen years of Efficient Commissioned Service on the Active List of the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force, provided that the period of service so rendered has not been previously rewarded by any other Decoration for Efficient Service in the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force. The recipient of the decoration will be entitled to use the symbol 'KSV' after his/her name
All commissioned officers of the Sri Lanka Army Volunteer Force (including those attached to the National Cadet Corps) who, by or after 22 May 1972, have completed 18 years of excellent service are eligible for the award.
Recipients are entitled to use the post-nominal letters \"**KSV**\".
## History
Volunteer officers of the Ceylon Defence Force, were awarded the Volunteer Officers\' Decoration and thereafter the Efficiency Decoration (Ceylon). This practice continued following the formation the Ceylon Army in 1949 and the creation of the Ceylon Volunteer Force under the Army Act of 1949. The practice ended in 1972, when Ceylon became the Republic of Sri Lanka after the Republic Constitution was enacted on 22 May 1972. The Karyakshama Seva Vibhushanaya was established on 7 January 1986 with retroactive to 22 May 1972. The first recipients of this decoration, set out in The Sri Lanka Gazette of 12 October 1990, were:
--------------------------------- ----------------------------- -------------------------------
Brig. C.N. Panabokke Brig. A.E.R. Abeysinghe Brig. P.N.K. Dias
Col. S.B.G. De Silva Col. N.P.D. Pelpola Col. R.M. Peris
Col. G.L. Premachandra Lt. Col. A.P.D. Edirisuriya Lt. Col. L.D.S. Kariyawasam
Lt. Col. S.V. Panabokke Lt. Col. A.M.B. Amunugama Lt. Col. P.V. Pathirana
Lt. Col. S.D. Lankadeva Lt. Col. A. Weerakoon Lt. Col. K. Amarasinghe
Lt. Col. S. Weragama Lt. Col. S.A. Kulathunga Lt. Col. C.P. Algama
Lt. Col. R.M.D. Ratnayake Lt. Col. K.R.U. Gunawardana Lt. Col. L.R. Attanayake
Lt. Col. D.G. Amaratunga Lt. Col. D.M. Amarakoon Lt. Col. G.K. Wickramasinghe
Bvt. Lt. Col. D.N. Alawathugoda Maj. C. Gnaseswaran Maj. M. Suriyarachchi
Maj. D.S.N. Gancgoda Capt. T.C.M. Abeysekara Capt. (QM) R.M.B. Ratnamalala
Lt. W.A.C. Dias Lt. (QM) H.P. Jayasena Lt. (QM) R.M.S
| 528 |
Karyakshama Seva Vibhushanaya
| 0 |
9,999,606 |
# Adonis annua
***Adonis annua*** (syn. *Adonis autumnalis* L., *Adonis phoenicea* Bercht. & J.Presl.), also known`{{refn|group="†"|<!-- These names may be historic. Only old sources were found. -->Other common names include '''Adonis Flos'''<ref>Temple Henry Croker, Thomas Williams, Samuel Clark, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z28iAQAAMAAJ&pg=PT57 ''The complete dictionary of arts and sciences''], 1764</ref> and '''Flos Adonis'''.<ref>"[[s:Ornithological Biography/Volume 1/Selby's Flycatcher|Selby's Flycatcher]]" in John James Audubon, ''[[s:Ornithological Biography|Ornithological Biography]]'', 1831.</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} as **pheasant\'s-eye**, **Adonis\' flower**, **autumn Adonis**, **autumn pheasant\'s-eye**, **blooddrops**, **red chamomile**, **red Morocco**, **rose-a-ruby**, and **soldiers-in-green**, is an ornamental plant of the family Ranunculaceae. It is named after the Greek mythology character Adonis.
It is native to North Africa, Western Asia, the Mediterranean, and Europe. The name Bird\'s Eye is also associated with the bird\'s-eye primrose. Pheasant\'s eye is also an alternative name for poet\'s narcissus.
*Adonis annua* grows to a height of 10 in. The flowers are often scarlet in color with darker spots at the base.
In the UK, *Adonis annua* is endangered and listed as a priority species under the UK Biodiversity Action Plan.
The leaves and roots are poisonous to humans and livestock
| 179 |
Adonis annua
| 0 |
9,999,607 |
# Listener (band)
**Listener** is an American spoken word rock band from Fayetteville, Arkansas. Originally a hip hop project by Dan Smith, who used the moniker \"Listener\", it soon evolved into a full-fledged rock band. The current lineup consists of Smith as vocalist, trumpeter, and bassist together with guitarist Jon Terrey and drummer Kris Rochelle.
## History
Listener originally started as a solo underground hip hop project of vocalist Dan Smith beginning with the commercial release of the album *Whispermoon* on Mush Records in 2003. He has also contributed to several collaborative albums with the groups Deepspace5 and Labklik, both of which he is a founding member of.
With his second release *Ozark Empire* in 2005, Smith began his first \"Tour of Homes\". This consisted almost entirely of traveling from home to home around the United States (the European leg of the tour was titled the \"European Tour of Homes\") in a grassroots style of touring. The European leg consisted more of performing in standard live music venues as well as houses, coffee shops, art galleries and warehouses. It was also during this period that Smith invited drummer Andrew Gibbens and guitarist Erik Olsen to join him on tour, thus starting the transition away from traditional hip-hop performances toward a live band format. Gibbens and Olsen remained until they departed the band in December 2006. Regardless of using the name Listener for his solo work, Smith decided to continue using the name as the project developed into a live band.
It was during the Tour of Homes in 2005 that Smith met musician Christin Nelson at a house show in Las Vegas, Nevada. After finding out that Nelson played drums, Smith asked him to join the group in June 2007 and the band released the album *Return to Struggleville*.
After a year and a half of touring, Listener released their third studio album, *Wooden Heart*, in July 2010. Later that year after being introduced to the band The Chariot, Smith was asked to collaborate on the song \"David De La Hoz\" on the album *Long Live*, which released in November 2010.
Listener has since released two LPs: 2013\'s Time Is a Machine and a concept album in 2018 exploring the lives of famed inventors like Nikola Tesla and Robert Oppenheimer entitled *Being Empty : Being Filled*.
Smith now also works as a talk therapist in Kansas City, Missouri.
## Members
Current members
- Dan Smith - vocals, bass, mellophone, cornet
- Kris Rochelle - drums
- Jon Terrey - guitar
Former members
- Christin Nelson - guitar
- Andrew Gibbens - drums
- Caleb Clendenen - guitar
- Erik Olsen - guitar
- Kristen Smith - bass
- Wolfgang Robinson - drums
## Discography
### Albums
- *Whispermoon* (Mush Records, 2003)
- *Ozark Empire* (Deepspace5 Records, 2005)
- *Talk Music* (Talk Music Records, 2007)
- *Not Waving, Drowning* (self-released, 2009)
- *Return to Struggleville* (Tangled Talk Records/Homemade Genius/Sounds of Subterrania, 2007)
- *Wooden Heart* (Tangled Talk Records/Sincere Records/Broken Circles/Sounds of Subterrania, 2010)
- *Time Is a Machine* (Tangled Talk Records/Sounds of Subterrania, 2013)
- *Being Empty : Being Filled* (Tangled Talk Records/Sounds of Subterrania, 2018)
### EPs
- *Listener and Dust -- Just in Time for Christmas* (Deepspace5 Records, 2005)
- *Train Songs* (self-released, 2009)
- *Being Empty : Being Filled - Volume 1* (Black Basset Records, 2017)
### Singles
- *Live on 3FM* (self-released, 2013)
### Music Videos {#music_videos}
- \"Train Song\" (2003)
- \"Ozark Empire\" (2005)
- \"Wooden Heart\" (2010)
- \"Falling in Love with Glaciers\" (Ver. 1) (2010)
- \"Building Better Bridges\" (2011)
- \"Falling in Love with Glaciers\" (Ver
| 603 |
Listener (band)
| 0 |
9,999,631 |
# Tongham railway station
**Tongham railway station** was a railway station serving the village of Tongham, Guildford, Surrey in England which opened in 1856 and closed in 1937.
## History
The station was opened in 1856 by the London and South Western Railway (LSWR) as one of two intermediate stops on a now-closed section of the LSWR\'s Guildford to Alton line.
Architecturally, Tongham station was similar to Ash Green Halt in that the main station building was situated at street level on a road bridge crossing the line, with a covered staircase leading down to the Up platform. The station was equipped with two platforms, with several sidings to the east of the station as well as the line to the Gas Works which led off to the north-west from the Up line; a short siding also led into Hyde\'s dog biscuit factory situated to the west of the station.
Tongham station, along with Farnborough (Main), was one of the first railheads for the military traffic associated with the recently established army camps at Aldershot. Its significance was drastically reduced, both as a station and as part of a through route, with the opening of Aldershot railway station in 1870 on a new more direct line from Pirbright Junction on the London to Basingstoke line which linked with the Guildford to Alton line between Tongham and Farnham, effectively bypassing the short section. This was followed in 1879 by the laying of a spur from Ash to Aldershot which had the effect of diminishing the Guildford to Farnham traffic.
Although a short branch was laid from Tongham to serve the nearby Aldershot Gas Works in 1898, the line became a forgotten byway and was singled in 1930. Passenger services ceased in 1937 as a consequence of electrification of other lines in the vicinity, but Tongham remained open to serve the Gas Works until its closure in 1954. With the closure of the Gas Works, British Railways decided that the twice-weekly goods service was no longer justified and the last service ran on 31 December 1960.
The station has been demolished and the course of the line to the west is largely taken up by the A331 \"Blackwater Valley Relief Road\" which links the A31 Hogs Back Road with the M3 motorway. A footpath passes to the west of the station. The road bridge which crossed the former railway line was demolished in 1994
| 402 |
Tongham railway station
| 0 |
9,999,690 |
# Rugby station (North Dakota)
Rugby station}} `{{Use American English|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} **Rugby station** is a train station in Rugby, North Dakota served by Amtrak\'s *Empire Builder* line. The station was built in 1907 as the **Great Northern Passenger Depot**. In 1987 a local Lions Club chapter was among the groups involved in a restoration project for the station. The former Great Northern Depot was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 26, 1991.
Rugby is served daily by Amtrak\'s *Empire Builder*. The platform, tracks, and station are all owned by BNSF Railway
| 99 |
Rugby station (North Dakota)
| 0 |
9,999,723 |
# Mycobacterium komossense
***Mycobacterium komossense*** is a species of the phylum Actinomycetota (Gram-positive bacteria with high guanine and cytosine content, one of the dominant phyla of all bacteria), belonging to the genus *Mycobacterium*.
## Description
Gram-positive, nonmotile, short to moderately long and acid-fast rods.
**Colony characteristics**
- Eugonic, smooth, glistening and yellow-beige pigmented colonies. On Middlebrook 7H10 agar 0.5-2mm in diameter with entire margins.
**Physiology**
- Growth on Löwenstein-Jensen media and Middlebrook 7H10 agar at temperatures between 22 °C-37 °C in less than 7 days.
- Optimal growth at 31 °C, no growth at 45 °C.
**Differential characteristics**
- Uniqueness of species supported by antigenic analysis (immunodiffusion) and specific lipid patterns.
- A numerical taxonomy comparison showed close relationship to Mycobacterium aichiense.
## Pathogenesis
- Not known to be pathogenic in animals or humans.
- Biosafety level 1
## Type strain {#type_strain}
- First isolated from intact sphagnum vegetation in the Komosse sphagnum bog in southern Sweden and Atlantic coastal area of Norway.
Strain Ko 2 = ATCC 33013 = CIP 105293 = DSM 44078 = HAMBI 2279 = HAMBI 2280 = JCM 12408
| 184 |
Mycobacterium komossense
| 0 |
9,999,731 |
# Mid-Eastern Conference
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 285, column 22):
unexpected 's'
{| class="wikitable" style=
^
``
| 19 |
Mid-Eastern Conference
| 0 |
9,999,732 |
# List of African-American non-fiction writers
This is a **list of African American nonfiction writers** who are notable enough to be, or are likely to be, the subject of Wikipedia articles and who are largely known for their books or writing:
(See also)
## A
- Larry Dell Alexander (born 1953), visual artist, author of commentaries on Christianity
- Chalmers Archer (1928--2014)
## B
- Christopher C. Bell (born 1933)
## C
- Jennie Carter (1830--1881), journalist and essayist
- Julia Ringwood Coston, 19th-century Afro-American publisher and magazine editor who founded the first magazine ever published for black women
## D
- W. E. B. Du Bois (1868--1963), writer, activist, scholar
## G
- Henry Louis Gates, Jr. (born 1950), literary critic and Harvard professor
- Lawrence Otis Graham (born 1962), attorney, speaker, and *New York Times* best-selling author
- John Langston Gwaltney (1928--1998), anthropologist, author of *Drylongso*
## H
- Karla F.C. Holloway (born 1949), author, scholar, professor, administrator Duke University
- bell hooks (1952--2021), feminist, author, professor
## K
- Elizabeth Keckley (1818--1907), wrote a controversial book about her time at the White House as Mary Todd Lincoln\'s employee and confidante
## M
Denise Monique (born 1977), author of \"Despite My Odds: A Memoir,\" published February 2020
- E. Frederic Morrow (c. 1906--1994), author of *Black Man in the White House*, a memoir of his years as the first African American appointed to a president\'s administrations (1955--1960)
## N
- Neil deGrasse Tyson (born 1958), astrophysicist and science communicator
## P
- Rosa Parks (1913--2005), civil rights leader
## S
- Thomas Sowell (born 1930), economist, syndicated columnist, academic at the Hoover Institution
## T
- Beverly Daniel Tatum, writer, former president of Spelman College
- Lynn Toler (born 1959), arbitrator on *Divorce Court*
- Lisa Tolliver, academic-practitioner, editor, journalist, and writer
## W
- Cornel West (born 1953), public intellectual, author, Princeton University professor
- Steven Whitehurst (born 1967), award-winning author
## Z
- Zamba Zembola (born c
| 331 |
List of African-American non-fiction writers
| 0 |
9,999,741 |
# 2006 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament
The **2006 Mountain West Conference men\'s basketball tournament** was played at Pepsi Center in Denver, Colorado from March 7--11, 2006. Regular season league champion San Diego State held off Wyoming, who were at the time the lowest seed to ever make the championship game (7th), 69--64 in overtime to claim the Mountain West Conference tournament title and the league\'s automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. SDSU became the first school in the league\'s brief history to win multiple tournament titles (2002 & 2006)
With the expansion and addition of TCU to the Mountain West Conference at the start of the 2005--06 athletic year, the conference tournament format was revised to include a play-in game between the 8th and 9th place teams, with the winner advancing to play the regular season MWC champion in the quarterfinals.
It is, to date, the last MWC Tournament played in Denver. In 2007 the tournament returned to the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, where it had previously been from 2000 to 2003.
## Tournament Bracket {#tournament_bracket}
[1](http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/mwc/sports/m-baskbl/auto_pdf/07mbb-bracket
| 182 |
2006 Mountain West Conference men's basketball tournament
| 0 |
9,999,779 |
# Middlesbrough and Guisborough Railway
The **Middlesbrough & Guisborough Railway** (**M&G**) was a railway line serving the towns of Middlesbrough and Guisborough as well as areas of the Eston Hills in North Yorkshire from 1853 to 1964 when the Guisborough terminus closed. More than half the line\'s original length is still in use as part of the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby.
## History
### Beginning
The M&G was backed by Joseph Pease and his family, one of the major local iron ore mine owners. It was one of two railway schemes (along with the Cleveland Railway) competing for the mining business in the area. The scheme was promoted by the Stockton & Darlington Railway (S&DR), which worked the line and absorbed it in 1858.
The line was opened in 1853 to an iron ore mine at Codhill, and passenger services started a year later, stopping in the villages of Ormesby, Nunthorpe and Pinchinthorpe, before terminating at Guisborough. A private station also existed for the sole use of the Pease family at Hutton Gate for the nearby Hutton Hall.
The Cleveland Railway\'s original Act was for a line east of Guisborough, but it also developed a rival line across private land branching from further along the S&DR than the M&G, and after permission from the government, its line extended to Guisborough, meaning the town was served by two railway lines.
Despite the line\'s close proximity to the Picton-Battersby Line, it was not until 1865 that the Nunthorpe-Battersby Link was built to connect the two lines.
### Part of NER {#part_of_ner}
During 1863-5 both M&G and the Cleveland Railway were absorbed by NER and the old Cleveland line was abandoned south of Ormesby. NER then connected the line east of Guisborough to the M&G line before Guisborough, meaning trains had to reverse out of the terminal before continuing along the line to Loftus. It remained this way until its closure in 1960.
A new station was built at Pinchinthorpe and in 1904 Hutton Gate was purchased for public use. The remaining stretch of the Cleveland line was connected to the Middlesbrough-Redcar line and was run as a goods service until 1966.
Pinchinthorpe station closed in 1951, with Hutton Gate and Guisborough closing when the branch line service from Middlesbrough ended in 1964.
### Present day {#present_day}
The line from Nunthorpe Junction to Guisborough closed in 1964 leaving the section from Middlesbrough open to Battersby. This still remains in use as part of the Esk Valley Line, represented by the non-faded part of the diagram.
Ormesby station was renamed to Marton to take advantage of the James Cook connection, and Gypsy Lane was opened.
In January 2019, Campaign for Better Transport released a report identifying the line which was listed as Priority 2 for reopening. Priority 2 is for those lines which require further development or a change in circumstances (such as housing developments).
## Gallery
Image:North yorkshire moors railway map
| 491 |
Middlesbrough and Guisborough Railway
| 0 |
9,999,787 |
# Minot station
**Minot station** is a train station in Minot, North Dakota served by Amtrak, the national railroad passenger system. The station is located at the site of the former Great Northern Railway station, adjacent to the Minot Public Library, and close to Minot\'s City Hall and Downtown Minot.
Minot is a service stop for Amtrak\'s daily *Empire Builder*, which also serves six other cities in North Dakota. This is the only scheduled service stop---20 minute refuel and crew change---between Minneapolis, Minnesota and Havre, Montana. Minot station is the busiest Amtrak station in the state.
The station was built in 1905 by the Great Northern Railway. It originally featured a brick exterior and a gabled roof. In 1975, the station was modernized; a stucco exterior and a flat roofline drastically altered the appearance of the depot. According to Great American Stations, the Amtrak Depot Restoration Committee used federal, state and city funds to renovate the station in recent years. In 2008, the brick exterior and gabled roof were restored, while the renovation of the interior was completed in Fall 2010. However, flooding in the summer of 2011 damaged the interior of the main waiting room, which was then closed for repairs. A small temporary waiting room was opened in early Nov 2011 for Empire Builder passengers to use until the main waiting room was repaired.
In fall 2012, Amtrak proceeded with the next round of improvements, including repairs to the waiting room\'s tile floor and wall paneling. Work was completed by April 2013 and a few weeks later, on National Train Day, the city held an open house at the depot. That September, 15 wood benches were installed in the main waiting room. The Minot Area Community Foundation, which supports both local and national charities and charitable causes, funded the project through a \$30,000 grant.
The platform, tracks and station building are all owned by BNSF Railway.
Minot City Transit does not directly serve the station; however, buses travel north-south on both Broadway and 6th Street and may be flagged down at any street corner
| 346 |
Minot station
| 0 |
9,999,811 |
# Lake Ray Hubbard Transit Center
**Lake Ray Hubbard Transit Center** is a mass transit station in southeastern Garland, Texas. The station is part of the Dallas Area Rapid Transit system and is located near the intersection of Broadway Boulevard and Interstate 30.
Bus routes at the station service other portions of Garland (notably Downtown Garland station and South Garland Transit Center), as well as Downtown Dallas. During weekday peak times, an express bus is operated between the station and Downtown Dallas. This route makes use of high-occupancy vehicle lanes on I-30 to improve travel times.
The station is also a hub for two on-demand services. Eastern Pilot GoLink, operated by DART, services Garland neighborhoods east of the station and the city of Rowlett, while STARNow Mesquite, operated by STAR Transit, serves the city of Mesquite.
## History
Southeastern Garland was originally serviced by a park-and-ride lot at Audubon Park.
Ground was broken on the current station in May 1993. The station was completed in December 1994, though the parking lot was opened earlier in the year.
In 1996, plans were made to build bus-only ramps connecting the station to proposed HOV lanes on Interstate 30. Ultimately, these ramps were not built, as the completed lanes stopped at Northwest Drive, about a mile west of the station.
In 2023, a groundbreaking was held for a transit-oriented development project adjacent to the station
| 232 |
Lake Ray Hubbard Transit Center
| 0 |
9,999,827 |
# Liénard–Wiechert potential
The **Liénard--Wiechert potentials** describe the classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a vector potential and a scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge. Stemming directly from Maxwell\'s equations, these describe the complete, relativistically correct, time-varying electromagnetic field for a point charge in arbitrary motion, but are not corrected for quantum mechanical effects. Electromagnetic radiation in the form of waves can be obtained from these potentials. These expressions were developed in part by Alfred-Marie Liénard in 1898 and independently by Emil Wiechert in 1900.
## Equations
### Definition of Liénard--Wiechert potentials {#definition_of_liénardwiechert_potentials}
The retarded time is defined, in the context of distributions of charges and currents, as
$$t_r(\mathbf{r},\mathbf{r_s}, t) = t - \frac{1}{c}|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|,$$ where $\mathbf{r}$ is the observation point, and $\mathbf{r}_s$ is the observed point subject to the variations of source charges and currents. For a moving point charge $q$ whose given trajectory is $\mathbf{r_s}(t)$, $\mathbf{r_s}$ is no longer fixed, but becomes a function of the retarded time itself. In other words, following the trajectory of $q$ yields the implicit equation
$$t_r = t - \frac{1}{c}|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r)|,$$ which provides the retarded time $t_r$ as a function of the current time (and of the given trajectory):
$$t_r = t_r(\mathbf{r},t)$$.
The Liénard--Wiechert potentials $\varphi$ (scalar potential field) and $\mathbf{A}$ (vector potential field) are, for a source point charge $q$ at position $\mathbf{r}_s$ traveling with velocity $\mathbf{v}_s$:
$$\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \left(\frac{q}{(1 - \mathbf{n}_s \cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|} \right)_{t_r}$$
and
$$\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r},t) = \frac{\mu_0c}{4 \pi} \left(\frac{q \boldsymbol{\beta}_s}{(1 - \mathbf{n}_s \cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|} \right)_{t_r} = \frac{\boldsymbol{\beta}_s(t_r)}{c} \varphi(\mathbf{r}, t)$$
where:
- $\boldsymbol{\beta}_s(t) = \frac{\mathbf{v}_s(t)}{c}$ is the velocity of the source expressed as a fraction of the speed of light;
- ${|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|}$ is the distance from the source;
- $\mathbf{n}_s = \frac{\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|}$ is the unit vector pointing in the direction from the source and,
- The symbol $(\cdots)_{t_r}$ means that the quantities inside the parenthesis should be evaluated at the retarded time $t_r = t_r(\mathbf{r},t)$.
This can also be written in a covariant way, where the electromagnetic four-potential at $X^{\mu}=(t,x,y,z)$ is:
$$A^{\mu}(X)= -\frac{\mu_0 q c}{4 \pi} \left(\frac{U^{\mu}}{R_{\nu}U^{\nu}} \right)_{t_r}$$ where $R^{\mu}=X^{\mu}-R_{\rm s}^{\mu}$ and $R_{\rm s}^{\mu}$ is the position of the source and $U^{\mu}=dX^{\mu}/d\tau$ is its four velocity.
| 378 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential
| 0 |
9,999,827 |
# Liénard–Wiechert potential
## Equations
### Field computation {#field_computation}
We can calculate the electric and magnetic fields directly from the potentials using the definitions: $\mathbf{E} = - \nabla \varphi - \dfrac{\partial \mathbf{A}}{\partial t}$ and $\mathbf{B} = \nabla \times \mathbf{A}$
The calculation is nontrivial and requires a number of steps. The electric and magnetic fields are (in non-covariant form): $\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} \left(\frac{q(\mathbf{n}_s - \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)}{\gamma^2 (1 - \mathbf{n}_s \cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)^3 |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|^2} + \frac{q \mathbf{n}_s \times \big((\mathbf{n}_s - \boldsymbol{\beta}_s) \times \dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}_s}\big)}{c(1 - \mathbf{n}_s \cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)^3 |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|} \right)_{t_r}$ and $\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4 \pi} \left(\frac{q c(\boldsymbol{\beta}_s \times \mathbf{n}_s)}{\gamma^2 (1-\mathbf{n}_s \cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)^3 |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|^2} + \frac{q \mathbf{n}_s \times \Big(\mathbf{n}_s \times \big((\mathbf{n}_s - \boldsymbol{\beta}_s) \times \dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}_s}\big) \Big)}{(1 - \mathbf{n}_s \cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)^3 |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|} \right)_{t_r}$ $\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mathbf{n}_s(t_r)}{c} \times \mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r}, t)$
where $\boldsymbol{\beta}_s(t) = \frac{\mathbf{v}_s(t)}{c}$, $\mathbf{n}_s(t) = \frac{\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t)}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t)|}$ and $\gamma(t) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 - |\boldsymbol{\beta}_s(t)|^2}}$ (the Lorentz factor).
The first term is link to the static field of the charge when it moves at a constant velocity.
The second term, which is connected with electromagnetic radiation by the moving charge, requires charge acceleration $\dot{\boldsymbol{\beta}}_s$ and if this is zero, the value of this term is zero, and the charge does not radiate (emit electromagnetic radiation). This term requires additionally that a component of the charge acceleration be in a direction transverse to the line which connects the charge $q$ and the observer of the field $\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r}, t)$. The direction of the field associated with this radiative term is toward the fully time-retarded position of the charge (i.e. where the charge was when it was accelerated).
#### Static field {#static_field}
The $\mathbf{n}_s - \boldsymbol{\beta}_s$ part of the first term of the electric field updates the direction of the field toward the instantaneous position of the charge, if it continues to move with constant velocity $c \boldsymbol{\beta}_s$. This term is connected with the \"static\" part of the electromagnetic field of the charge. On the illustration, we observe an event that happened in the center of the sphere and that propagated at the speed of light. The problem is that when the speed of the particle is very close to the speed of light, the particle is then almost on the wave front which explains this strong electrostatic field on the front as we are now very close to the particle. Note that outside the propagation sphere, the electric field has its initial state (no connection with the event we observe). When the speed is very close to the speed of light, we consider that the electric field becomes almost flat in the transverse plane, a bit like a \"pancake\", with an opening angle on $1/\gamma$.
| 450 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential
| 1 |
9,999,827 |
# Liénard–Wiechert potential
## Derivation
The $\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t)$ scalar and $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}, t)$ vector potentials satisfy the nonhomogeneous electromagnetic wave equation where the sources are expressed with the charge and current densities $\rho(\mathbf{r}, t)$ and $\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r}, t)$ $\nabla^2 \varphi + {{\partial } \over \partial t} \left ( \nabla \cdot \mathbf{A} \right ) = - {\rho \over \varepsilon_0} \,,$ and the Ampère-Maxwell law is: $\nabla^2 \mathbf{A} - {1 \over c^2} {\partial^2 \mathbf{A} \over \partial t^2} - \nabla \left ( {1 \over c^2} {{\partial \varphi } \over {\partial t }} + \nabla \cdot \mathbf{A} \right ) = - \mu_0 \mathbf{J} \,.$
Since the potentials are not unique, but have gauge freedom, these equations can be simplified by gauge fixing. A common choice is the Lorenz gauge condition: ${1 \over c^2} {{\partial \varphi } \over {\partial t }} + \nabla \cdot \mathbf{A} = 0$
Then the nonhomogeneous wave equations become uncoupled and symmetric in the potentials: $\nabla^2 \varphi - {1 \over c^2} {\partial^2 \varphi \over \partial t^2} = - {\rho \over \varepsilon_0} \,,$ $\nabla^2 \mathbf{A} - {1 \over c^2} {\partial^2 \mathbf{A} \over \partial t^2} = - \mu_0 \mathbf{J} \,.$
Generally, the retarded solutions for the scalar and vector potentials (SI units) are $\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4\pi \varepsilon_0}\int \frac{\rho(\mathbf{r}', t_r')}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} d^3\mathbf{r}' + \varphi_0(\mathbf{r}, t)$ and $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \int \frac{\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r}', t_r')}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} d^3\mathbf{r}' + \mathbf{A}_0(\mathbf{r}, t)$
where $t_r' = t - \frac{1}{c} |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|$ is the retarded time and $\varphi_0(\mathbf{r}, t)$ and $\mathbf{A}_0(\mathbf{r}, t)$ satisfy the homogeneous wave equation with no sources and boundary conditions. In the case that there are no boundaries surrounding the sources then $\varphi_0(\mathbf{r}, t) = 0$ and $\mathbf{A}_0(\mathbf{r}, t) = 0$.
For a moving point charge whose trajectory is given as a function of time by $\mathbf{r}_s(t')$, the charge and current densities are as follows:
$\rho(\mathbf{r}', t') = q \delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t'))$ $\mathbf{J}(\mathbf{r}', t') = q\mathbf{v}_s(t') \delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t'))$
where $\delta^3$ is the three-dimensional Dirac delta function and $\mathbf{v}_s(t')$ is the velocity of the point charge.
Substituting into the expressions for the potential gives $\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4\pi\epsilon_0} \int \frac{q \delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r'))}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} d^3\mathbf{r}'$ $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \int \frac{q\mathbf{v}_s(t_r') \delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r'))}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} d^3\mathbf{r}'$
These integrals are difficult to evaluate in their present form, so we will rewrite them by replacing $t_r'$ with $t'$ and integrating over the delta distribution $\delta(t' - t_r')$: $\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \iint \frac{q\delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t'))}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} \delta(t' - t_r') \, dt' \, d^3\mathbf{r}'$ $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \iint \frac{q\mathbf{v}_s(t') \delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t'))}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} \delta(t' - t_r') \, dt' \, d^3\mathbf{r}'$
We exchange the order of integration: $\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \iint \frac{\delta(t' - t_r')}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} q\delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')) \, d^3\mathbf{r}' dt'$ $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \iint \frac{\delta(t' - t_r')}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}'|} q\mathbf{v}_s(t') \delta^3(\mathbf{r'} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')) \, d^3\mathbf{r}' dt'$
The delta function picks out $\mathbf{r}' = \mathbf{r}_s(t')$ which allows us to perform the inner integration with ease. Note that $t_r'$ is a function of $\mathbf{r}'$, so this integration also fixes $t_r' = t - \frac{1}{c} |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')|$. $\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \int q\frac{\delta(t' - t_r')}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')|} dt'$ $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \int q\mathbf{v}_s(t') \frac{\delta(t' - t_r')}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')|} \, dt'$
The retarded time $t_r'$ is a function of the field point $(\mathbf{r}, t)$ and the source trajectory $\mathbf{r}_s(t')$, and hence depends on $t'$. To evaluate this integral, therefore, we need the identity $\delta(f(t')) = \sum_i \frac{\delta(t' - t_i)}{|f'(t_i)|}$ where each $t_i$ is a zero of $f$. Because there is only one retarded time $t_r$ for any given space-time coordinates $(\mathbf{r}, t)$ and source trajectory $\mathbf{r}_s(t')$, this reduces to: $\begin{align}\delta(t' - t_r')
=& \frac{\delta(t' - t_r)}{\frac{\partial}{\partial t'}(t' - t_r')|_{t' = t_r}}
= \frac{\delta(t' - t_r)}{\frac{\partial}{\partial t'}(t' - (t - \frac{1}{c} |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')|))|_{t' = t_r}} \\
&= \frac{\delta(t' - t_r)}{1 + \frac{1}{c} (\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t'))/|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')|\cdot (-\mathbf{v}_s(t')) |_{t' = t_r}}\\
&= \frac{\delta(t' - t_r)}{1 - \boldsymbol{\beta}_s \cdot (\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s)/|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s|}\end{align}$ where $\boldsymbol{\beta}_s = \mathbf{v}_s/c$ and $\mathbf{r}_s$ are evaluated at the retarded time $t_r$, and we have used the identity $|\mathbf{x}|' = \hat{\mathbf{x}} \cdot \mathbf{v}$ with $\mathbf{v} = \mathbf{x}'$. Notice that the retarded time $t_r$ is the solution of the equation $t_r = t - \frac{1}{c} |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r)|$. Finally, the delta function picks out $t' = t_r$, and $\varphi(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \left(\frac{q}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s| (1 - \boldsymbol{\beta}_s \cdot (\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s)/|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s|)}\right)_{t_r} = \frac{1}{4\pi \epsilon_0} \left(\frac{q}{(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s|}\right)_{t_r}$ $\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{r}, t) = \frac{\mu_0}{4\pi} \left(\frac{q\mathbf{v}}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s| (1 - \boldsymbol{\beta}_s \cdot (\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s)/|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s|)}\right)_{t_r} = \frac{\mu_0 c}{4\pi} \left(\frac{q\boldsymbol{\beta}_s}{(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot \boldsymbol{\beta}_s)|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r}_s|}\right)_{t_r}$ which are the Liénard--Wiechert potentials.
| 744 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential
| 2 |
9,999,827 |
# Liénard–Wiechert potential
## Derivation
### Lorenz gauge, electric and magnetic fields {#lorenz_gauge_electric_and_magnetic_fields}
In order to calculate the derivatives of $\varphi$ and $\mathbf{A}$ it is convenient to first compute the derivatives of the retarded time. Taking the derivatives of both sides of its defining equation (remembering that $\mathbf{r_s} = \mathbf{r_s}(t_r)$): $t_r + \frac{1}{c} |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|= t$ Differentiating with respect to t, $\frac{d t_r}{d t} + \frac{1}{c}\frac{d t_r}{d t}\frac{d |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|}{d t_r}= 1$
$\frac{d t_r}{d t} \left(1 - \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right) = 1$
$\frac{d t_r}{d t} = \frac{1}{\left(1 - \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)}$
Similarly, taking the gradient with respect to $\mathbf{r}$ and using the multivariable chain rule gives
${\boldsymbol \nabla} t_r + \frac{1}{c}{\boldsymbol \nabla} |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}| = 0$
${\boldsymbol \nabla} t_r + \frac{1}{c} \left({\boldsymbol \nabla} t_r \frac{d |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|}{d t_r} + \mathbf{n}_s\right) = 0$
${\boldsymbol \nabla} t_r \left(1 - \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right) = -\mathbf{n}_s/c$
${\boldsymbol \nabla} t_r = -\frac{\mathbf{n}_s/c}{\left(1 - \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)}$
It follows that
$\frac{d |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|}{d t} = \frac{d t_r}{d t}\frac{d |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|}{d t_r} = \frac{- \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s c}{\left(1 - \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)}$
${\boldsymbol \nabla} |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}| = {\boldsymbol \nabla} t_r \frac{d |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|}{d t_r} + \mathbf{n}_s = \frac{\mathbf{n}_s}{\left(1 - \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)}$
These can be used in calculating the derivatives of the vector potential and the resulting expressions are
$\begin{align}
\frac{d \varphi}{d t} =&
-\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^2}\frac{d}{d t}\left[(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s)\right]\\
=& -\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^2}\frac{d}{d t}\left[|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|-(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right]\\
=& -\frac{q c}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^3}\left[- \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s + {\beta_s}^2 - (\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s /c \right]\end{align}$
$\begin{align}{\boldsymbol \nabla}\cdot\mathbf{A} =&
-\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0 c}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^2} \big({\boldsymbol \nabla} \left[\left(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|-(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)\right]\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s - \left[\left(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|-(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)\right]{\boldsymbol \nabla}\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\big)\\
=& - \frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0 c}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^3}\cdot\\
&\left[(\mathbf{n}_s\cdot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) - {\beta}_s^2(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) - {\beta}_s^2\mathbf{n}_s\cdot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s + \left((\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c\right)(\mathbf{n}_s\cdot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) + \big(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|-(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\big)(\mathbf{n}_s\cdot \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c)\right]
\\=&\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0 c}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^3}\left[\beta_s^2 - \mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s - (\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c\right]\end{align}$
These show that the Lorenz gauge is satisfied, namely that $\frac{d \varphi}{d t} + c^2 {\boldsymbol \nabla}\cdot\mathbf{A} = 0$.
Similarly one calculates:
${\boldsymbol \nabla}\varphi = -\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^3}\left[\mathbf{n}_s\left(1-{\beta_s}^2 + (\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c\right) - {\boldsymbol \beta}_s(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s)\right]$
$\frac{d\mathbf{A}}{dt} = \frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^3}\left[{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\left(\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s-{\beta_s}^2 + (\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c\right) + |\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|\dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s (1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s)/c\right]$
By noting that for any vectors $\mathbf{u}$, $\mathbf{v}$, $\mathbf{w}$: $\mathbf{u}\times(\mathbf{v}\times\mathbf{w}) = (\mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{w})\mathbf{v}- (\mathbf{u}\cdot \mathbf{v})\mathbf{w}$ The expression for the electric field mentioned above becomes $\begin{align}\mathbf{E}(\mathbf{r}, t) =& \frac{q}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{1}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|^2(1 - \mathbf{n}_s \cdot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s)^3}\cdot \\
&\left[\left(\mathbf{n}_s - {\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)(1-{\beta_s}^2) + |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|(\mathbf{n}_s \cdot \dot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c) (\mathbf{n}_s - {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) - |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|\big(\mathbf{n}_s \cdot (\mathbf{n}_s - {\boldsymbol \beta}_s)\big) \dot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c \right]\end{align}$ which is easily seen to be equal to $-{\boldsymbol \nabla}\varphi - \frac{d\mathbf{A}}{dt}$
Similarly ${\boldsymbol \nabla}\times\mathbf{A}$ gives the expression of the magnetic field mentioned above: $\begin{align}{\mathbf{B}} =& {\boldsymbol \nabla}\times\mathbf{A} \\[1ex]
=&
-\frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0 c}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^2}\big({\boldsymbol \nabla} \left[\left(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|-(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)\right]\times{\boldsymbol \beta}_s - \left[\left(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|-(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)\right]{\boldsymbol \nabla}\times{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\big)\\
=& - \frac{q}{4\pi\epsilon_0 c}\frac{1}{|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|^2\left(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)^3}\cdot\\
&\qquad \left[(\mathbf{n}_s\times {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) - ({\boldsymbol \beta}_s\times {\boldsymbol \beta}_s)(1-\mathbf{n}_s\cdot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) - {\beta}_s^2\mathbf{n}_s\times {\boldsymbol \beta}_s + \left((\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c\right)(\mathbf{n}_s\times {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) + \big(|\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s}|-(\mathbf{r}-\mathbf{r_s})\cdot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\big)(\mathbf{n}_s\times \dot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c)\right]
\\=&
-\frac{q}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 c} \frac{1}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|^2(1 - \mathbf{n}_s \cdot {\boldsymbol \beta}_s)^3}\cdot \\
&\qquad \left[\left(\mathbf{n}_s\times{\boldsymbol \beta}_s\right)(1-{\beta_s}^2) + |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|(\mathbf{n}_s \cdot \dot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c) (\mathbf{n}_s\times {\boldsymbol \beta}_s) + |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s|\big(\mathbf{n}_s \cdot (\mathbf{n}_s - {\boldsymbol \beta}_s)\big) \mathbf{n}_s\times\dot{\boldsymbol \beta}_s/c \right] \\[1ex]
=& \frac{\mathbf{n}_s}{c}\times\mathbf{E}
\end{align}$ The source terms $\mathbf{r}_s$, $\mathbf{n}_s$, and $\mathbf{\beta}_s$ are to be evaluated at the retarded time.
| 533 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential
| 3 |
9,999,827 |
# Liénard–Wiechert potential
## Implications
The study of classical electrodynamics was instrumental in Albert Einstein\'s development of the theory of relativity. Analysis of the motion and propagation of electromagnetic waves led to the special relativity description of space and time. The Liénard--Wiechert formulation is an important launchpad into a deeper analysis of relativistic moving particles.
The Liénard--Wiechert description is accurate for a large, independently moving particle (i.e. the treatment is \"classical\" and the acceleration of the charge is due to a force independent of the electromagnetic field). The Liénard--Wiechert formulation always provides two sets of solutions: Advanced fields are absorbed by the charges and retarded fields are emitted. Schwarzschild and Fokker considered the advanced field of a system of moving charges, and the retarded field of a system of charges having the same geometry and opposite charges. Linearity of Maxwell\'s equations in vacuum allows one to add both systems, so that the charges disappear: This trick allows Maxwell\'s equations to become linear in matter. Multiplying electric parameters of both problems by arbitrary real constants produces a coherent interaction of light with matter which generalizes Einstein\'s theory which is now considered as founding theory of lasers: it is not necessary to study a large set of identical molecules to get coherent amplification in the mode obtained by arbitrary multiplications of advanced and retarded fields. To compute energy, it is necessary to use the absolute fields which include the zero point field; otherwise, an error appears, for instance in photon counting.
It is important to take into account the zero point field discovered by Planck. It replaces Einstein\'s \"A\" coefficient and explains that the classical electron is stable on Rydberg\'s classical orbits. Moreover, introducing the fluctuations of the zero point field produces Willis E. Lamb\'s correction of levels of H atom.
Quantum electrodynamics helped bring together the radiative behavior with the quantum constraints. It introduces quantization of normal modes of the electromagnetic field in assumed perfect optical resonators.
| 326 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential
| 4 |
9,999,827 |
# Liénard–Wiechert potential
## Universal speed limit {#universal_speed_limit}
The force on a particle at a given location `{{math|'''''r'''''}}`{=mediawiki} and time `{{math|''t''}}`{=mediawiki} depends in a complicated way on the position of the source particles at an earlier time `{{math|''t''<sub>r</sub>}}`{=mediawiki} due to the finite speed, c, at which electromagnetic information travels. A particle on Earth \'sees\' a charged particle accelerate on the Moon as this acceleration happened 1.5 seconds ago, and a charged particle\'s acceleration on the Sun as happened 500 seconds ago. This earlier time in which an event happens such that a particle at location `{{math|'''''r'''''}}`{=mediawiki} \'sees\' this event at a later time `{{math|''t''}}`{=mediawiki} is called the retarded time, `{{math|''t<sub>r</sub>''}}`{=mediawiki}. The retarded time varies with position; for example the retarded time at the Moon is 1.5 seconds before the current time and the retarded time on the Sun is 500 s before the current time on the Earth. The retarded time *t~r~*=*t~r~*(***r***,*t*) is defined implicitly by
$$t_r=t-\frac{R(t_r)}{c}$$
where $R(t_r)$ is the distance of the particle from the source at the retarded time. Only electromagnetic wave effects depend fully on the retarded time.
A novel feature in the Liénard--Wiechert potential is seen in the breakup of its terms into two types of field terms (see below), only one of which depends fully on the retarded time. The first of these is the static electric (or magnetic) field term that depends only on the distance to the moving charge, and does not depend on the retarded time at all, if the velocity of the source is constant. The other term is dynamic, in that it requires that the moving charge be *accelerating* with a component perpendicular to the line connecting the charge and the observer and does not appear unless the source changes velocity. This second term is connected with electromagnetic radiation.
The first term describes near field effects from the charge, and its direction in space is updated with a term that corrects for any constant-velocity motion of the charge on its distant static field, so that the distant static field appears at distance from the charge, with **no** aberration of light or light-time correction. This term, which corrects for time-retardation delays in the direction of the static field, is required by Lorentz invariance. A charge moving with a constant velocity must appear to a distant observer in exactly the same way as a static charge appears to a moving observer, and in the latter case, the direction of the static field must change instantaneously, with no time-delay. Thus, static fields (the first term) point exactly at the true instantaneous (non-retarded) position of the charged object if its velocity has not changed over the retarded time delay. This is true over any distance separating objects.
The second term, however, which contains information about the acceleration and other unique behavior of the charge that cannot be removed by changing the Lorentz frame (inertial reference frame of the observer), is fully dependent for direction on the time-retarded position of the source. Thus, electromagnetic radiation (described by the second term) always appears to come from the direction of the position of the emitting charge **at the retarded time**. Only this second term describes information transfer about the behavior of the charge, which transfer occurs (radiates from the charge) at the speed of light. At \"far\" distances (longer than several wavelengths of radiation), the 1/R dependence of this term makes electromagnetic field effects (the value of this field term) more powerful than \"static\" field effects, which are described by the 1/R^2^ field of the first (static) term and thus decay more rapidly with distance from the charge.
| 602 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential
| 5 |
9,999,827 |
# Liénard–Wiechert potential
## Universal speed limit {#universal_speed_limit}
### Existence and uniqueness of the retarded time {#existence_and_uniqueness_of_the_retarded_time}
#### Existence
The retarded time is not guaranteed to exist in general. For example, if, in a given frame of reference, an electron has just been created, then at this very moment another electron does not yet feel its electromagnetic force at all. However, under certain conditions, there always exists a retarded time. For example, if the source charge has existed for an unlimited amount of time, during which it has always travelled at a speed not exceeding $v_M < c$, then there exists a valid retarded time $t_r$. This can be seen by considering the function $f(t') = |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')| - c(t - t')$. At the present time $t' = t$; $f(t') = |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')| - c(t - t') = |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t')| \geq 0$. The derivative $f'(t')$ is given by
$$f'(t') = \frac{\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r)}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r)|} \cdot (-\mathbf{v}_s(t')) + c \geq c - \left|\frac{\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r)}{|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r)|}\right| \, |\mathbf{v}_s(t')| = c - |\mathbf{v}_s(t')| \geq c - v_M > 0$$
By the mean value theorem, $f(t - \Delta t) \leq f(t) - f'(t)\Delta t \leq f(t) - (c - v_M)\Delta t$. By making $\Delta t$ sufficiently large, this can become negative, *i.e.*, at some point in the past, $f(t') < 0$. By the intermediate value theorem, there exists an intermediate $t_r$ with $f(t_r) = 0$, the defining equation of the retarded time. Intuitively, as the source charge moves back in time, the cross section of its light cone at present time expands faster than it can recede, so eventually it must reach the point $\mathbf{r}$. This is not necessarily true if the source charge\'s speed is allowed to be arbitrarily close to $c$, *i.e.*, if for any given speed $v < c$ there was some time in the past when the charge was moving at this speed. In this case the cross section of the light cone at present time approaches the point $\mathbf{r}$ as the observer travels back in time but does not necessarily ever reach it.
#### Uniqueness
For a given point $(\mathbf{r}, t)$ and trajectory of the point source $\mathbf{r}_s(t')$, there is at most one value of the retarded time $t_r$, *i.e.*, one value $t_r$ such that $|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_r)| = c(t - t_r)$. This can be realized by assuming that there are two retarded times $t_1$ and $t_2$, with $t_1 \leq t_2$. Then, $|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_1)| = c(t - t_1)$ and $|\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_2)| = c(t - t_2)$. Subtracting gives $c(t_2 - t_1) = |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_1)| - |\mathbf{r} - \mathbf{r}_s(t_2)| \leq |\mathbf{r}_s(t_2) - \mathbf{r}_s(t_1)|$ by the triangle inequality. Unless $t_2 = t_1$, this then implies that the average velocity of the charge between $t_1$ and $t_2$ is $|\mathbf{r}_s(t_2) - \mathbf{r}_s(t_1)|/(t_2 - t_1) \geq c$, which is impossible. The intuitive interpretation is that one can only ever \"see\" the point source at one location/time at once unless it travels at least at the speed of light to another location. As the source moves forward in time, the cross section of its light cone at present time contracts faster than the source can approach, so it can never intersect the point $\mathbf{r}$ again.
The conclusion is that, under certain conditions, the retarded time exists and is unique
| 552 |
Liénard–Wiechert potential
| 6 |
9,999,863 |
# 1593 in music
## Events
- 1593--1594 -- Diomedes Cato goes with King Sigismund to Sweden, where his fame as a lutenist and composer is large.
- Johann (Johannes) Christoph Demantius, German poet/composer and music theorist, receives a degree from the University of Wittenberg.
- English composer William Byrd moves to Essex.
- Peter Philips moves to Amsterdam, and probably meets Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck in this year.
## Music published {#music_published}
- Raffaella Aleotti
- *Sacrae cantiones*, book 1 (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- *Ghirlanda de madrigali* (Garland of madrigals) (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Blasius Amon -- *Breves et selectae quaedam motetae*\... (Munich: Adam Berg), published posthumously
- Giammateo Asola -- *psalmodia\]\]* for six voices (Venice:Ricciardo Amadino), also includes a Magnificat
- Ippolito Baccusi -- Fourth book of masses for five and nine voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Lodovico Bellanda -- First book of canzonettas for three voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Girolamo Belli -- Third book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Giulio Belli
- Second book of madrigals for five and six voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Second book of canzonettas for four voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Fabrizio Dentice -- Lamentations for five voices (Milan: Francesco & Simon Tini)
- Girolamo Diruta -- *Il Transilvano* (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), a treatise on organ playing, including tablatures of original pieces and pieces by various composers
- Johannes Eccard -- *Epithalamia* *(Regina Stephanoque;* *Frölich zu sein)* (Königsberg: Georg Osterberg), wedding music
- Andrea Gabrieli & Giovanni Gabrieli -- *Intonationi d\'organo, libro primo* (Venice: Angelo Gardano), published posthumously for Andrea
- Bartholomäus Gesius -- Psalm 112 for five voices (Frankfurt (Oder): Friedrich Hartmann), a wedding motet
- Ruggiero Giovannelli
- First book of motets for five and eight voices (Rome: Francesco Coattino)
- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Rinaldo del Mel -- Second book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Claudio Merulo -- Second book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Philippe de Monte
- for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Sixteenth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Thomas Morley -- *Canzonets. Or Little Short Songs To Three Voyces* (London: Thomas Este)
- Giovanni Maria Nanino -- First book of canzonettas for three voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina publishes a collection of Offertoria, his last publication.
- Benedetto Pallavicino -- Fifth book of madrigals to five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
## Music composed {#music_composed}
- Franco-Flemish Renaissance master Orlande de Lassus began composing *Lagrime di San Pietro* (1593--1594), dedicated to Pope Clement VIII: it was the final work of Lassus and considered, by some,`{{who|date=July 2020}}`{=mediawiki} the absolute summit of the 16th-century Italian madrigal. It would be completed early in 1594, and published in 1595.
## Births
- April 3 -- George Herbert, poet, orator, hymnist (d. 1633)
- September 20 -- Gottfried Scheidt, organist and composer (d. 1661)
- *date unknown* -- Claudia Rusca, composer, singer, and organist (d. 1676)
## Deaths
- February -- Nicolao Dorati, trombone player and composer (b. 1513)
- *date unknown* --
- Count Mario Bevilacqua, patron of music and collector of instruments (b
| 532 |
1593 in music
| 0 |
9,999,918 |
# HMS P36
Two ships of the Royal Navy have been named **HMS *P36***.
- , a P-class patrol boat launched in 1916 and sold in 1923.
- , a U-class submarine launched in April 1941 and sunk in Sliema Harbour, Malta on 1 April 1942 by a German aircraft. The wreck was raised in August 1958 and scrapped
| 59 |
HMS P36
| 0 |
9,999,924 |
# Semen analysis
A **semen analysis** (plural: semen analyses), also called **seminogram** or **spermiogram**, evaluates certain characteristics of a male\'s semen and the sperm contained therein. It is done to help evaluate male fertility, whether for those seeking pregnancy or verifying the success of vasectomy. Depending on the measurement method, just a few characteristics may be evaluated (such as with a home kit) or many characteristics may be evaluated (generally by a diagnostic laboratory). Collection techniques and precise measurement method may influence results. The assay is also referred to as ejaculate analysis, human sperm assay (HSA), sperm function test, and sperm assay.
Semen analysis is a complex test that should be performed in andrology laboratories by experienced technicians with quality control and validation of test systems. A routine semen analysis should include: physical characteristics of semen (color, odor, pH, viscosity and liquefaction), volume, concentration, morphology and sperm motility and progression. To provide a correct result it is necessary to perform at least two, preferably three, separate seminal analyses with an interval between them of seven days to three months.
The techniques and criteria used to analyze semen samples are based on the *WHO manual for the examination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction* published in 2021.
## Reasons for testing {#reasons_for_testing}
The most common reasons for laboratory semen analysis in humans are as part of a couple\'s infertility investigation and after a vasectomy to verify that the procedure was successful. It is also commonly used for testing human donors for sperm donation, and for animals semen analysis is commonly used in stud farming and farm animal breeding.
Occasionally a man will have a semen analysis done as part of routine pre-pregnancy testing. At the laboratory level this is rare, as most healthcare providers will not test the semen and sperm unless specifically requested or there is a strong suspicion of a pathology in one of these areas discovered during the medical history or during the physical examination. Such testing is very expensive and time-consuming, and in the U.S. is unlikely to be covered by insurance. In other countries, such as Germany, the testing is covered by all insurances.
## Relation to fertility {#relation_to_fertility}
The characteristics measured by semen analysis are only some of the factors in semen quality. One source states that 30% of men with a normal semen analysis actually have abnormal sperm function. Conversely, men with poor semen analysis results may go on to father children. In NICE guidelines, *mild male factor infertility* is defined as when two or more semen analyses have one or more variables below the 5th percentile, and confers a chance of pregnancy occurring naturally through vaginal intercourse within two years similar to people with mild endometriosis.
## Collection methods {#collection_methods}
Methods of semen collection include masturbation, condom collection, and epididymal extraction. The sample should never be obtained through *coitus interruptus* as some portion of the ejaculate could be lost, bacterial contamination could occur, or the acidic vaginal pH could be detrimental for sperm motility. The optimal sexual abstinence for semen sampling is two to seven days. The most common way to obtain a semen sample is through masturbation and the best place to obtain it is in the clinic where the analysis will take place in order to avoid temperature changes during the transport that can be lethal for some spermatozoa. Once the sample is obtained, it must be put directly into a sterile plastic receptacle (never in a conventional condom, since they have chemical substances such as lubricants or spermicides that could damage the sample) and be handed to the clinic for it to be studied within the hour.
There are some situations that necessitate alternative collection methods, such as retrograde ejaculation, neurological injury or psychological inhibition. Depending on the situation, specialized condoms, electrostimulation or vibrostimulation might be used.
| 638 |
Semen analysis
| 0 |
9,999,924 |
# Semen analysis
## Parameters
The parameters included in the semen analysis can be divided in macroscopic (liquefaction, appearance, viscosity, volume and pH) and microscopic (motility, morphology, vitality, concentration, sperm count, sperm aggregation, sperm agglutination, and presence of round cells or leukocytes). The main three parameters of the spermiogram are the **concentration** of the spermatozoa in the semen, the **motility** and the **morphology** of them. This analysis is important to analyse fertility, but even in a perfectly fertile man is very difficult to find normal spermatozoa. For the average fertile man, only 4% of their spermatozoa are normal in every parameter, while 96% are *abnormal* in at least one of them.
### Sperm count {#sperm_count}
Sperm count, or *sperm concentration* to avoid confusion with *total sperm count*, measures the concentration of sperm in ejaculate, distinguished from *total sperm count*, which is the sperm count multiplied with volume. Over 16 million sperm per milliliter is considered normal, according to the WHO in 2021. Older definitions state 20 million. A lower sperm count is considered oligozoospermia. A vasectomy is considered successful if the sample is azoospermic (zero sperm of any kind found). When a sample contains less than 100,000 spermatozoa per milliliter we talk about cryptozoospermia. Some define success as when rare/occasional non-motile sperm are observed (fewer than 100,000 per millilitre). Others advocate obtaining a second semen analysis to verify the counts are not increasing (as can happen with re-canalization) and others still may perform a repeat vasectomy for this situation.
Chips for home use are emerging that can give an accurate estimation of sperm count after three samples taken on different days. Such a chip may measure the concentration of sperm in a semen sample against a control liquid filled with polystyrene beads.`{{ums|date=December 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
### Sperm motility {#sperm_motility}
The World Health Organization has a value of 40% and this must be measured within 60 minutes of collection. WHO also has a parameter of *vitality*, with a lower reference limit of 60% live spermatozoa. A man can have a total number of sperm far over the limit of \>16 million sperm cells per milliliter, but still have bad quality because too few of them are motile. However, if the sperm count is very high, then a low motility (for example, less than 60%) might not matter, because the fraction might still be more than 8 million per millilitre. The other way around, a man can have a sperm count far less than 20 million sperm cells per millilitre and still have good motility, if more than 60% of those observed sperm cells show good forward movement - which is beneficial because nature favours quality over quantity.
A more specified measure is *motility grade*, where the total motility(PR+NP) and immotile.
Progressively motile- Sperm moving in forward direction is Progressively Motile Non progressively Motile-Those sperms are moving circular motion are Non Progressively Motile Immotile- Those sperms are fail to move or dead sperms.
The total motility reference of 40% can be divided in a 32% of progressive motility and 8% of motility in situ.
Semen samples which have more than 30% progressive motility are considered as normozoospermia. Samples below that value are classified as asthenozoospermia regarding the WHO criteria.
| 535 |
Semen analysis
| 1 |
9,999,924 |
# Semen analysis
## Parameters
### Sperm morphology {#sperm_morphology}
Regarding sperm morphology, the WHO criteria as described in 2021 state that a sample is normal (samples from men whose partners had a pregnancy in the last 12 months) if 4% (or 5th centile) or more of the observed sperm have normal morphology. If the sample has less than 4% of morphologically normal spermatozoa, it\'s classified as teratozoospermia.
Normal sperm morphology is hard to classify because of lack of objectivity and variations in interpretation, for instance. In order to classify spermatozoa as normal or abnormal, the different parts should be considered. Sperm has a head, a midpiece and a tail.
Firstly, the head should be oval-shaped, smooth and with a regular outline. What is more, the acrosomal region should comprise the 40--70% area of the head, be defined and not contain large vacuoles. The amount of vacuoles should not excess the 20% of the head\'s area. It should be 4--5 μm long and a width of 2,5--3,5 μm.
Secondly, the midpiece and the neck should be regular, with a maximal width of 1 μm and a length of 7--8 μm. The axis of the midpiece should be aligned with the major axis of the head.
Finally, the tail should be thinner than the midpiece and have a length of 45 μm approximately and a constant diameter along its length. It is important that it is not rolled up.
Since abnormalities are frequently mixed, the teratozoospermia index (TZI) is really helpful. This index is the mean number of abnormalities per abnormal sperm. To calculate it, 200 spermatozoa are counted (this is a good number). From this number, the abnormalities in head, midpiece and tail are counted, as well as the total abnormal spermatozoa. Once that task has been done, the TZI is calculated like this:
TZI= (h+m+t)/x
- x = number of abnormal spermatozoa.
- h = number of spermatozoa with head abnormalities.
- m = number of spermatozoa with midpiece abnormalities.
- t = number of spermatozoa with tail abnormalities.
Another interesting index is the sperm deformity index (SDI), which is calculated the same way as the TZI, but instead of dividing by the number of abnormal spermatozoa, the division is by the total number of spermatozoa counted. The TZI takes values from 1 (only one abnormality per sperm) to 3 (each sperm has the three types of abnormalities).
Morphology is a predictor of success in fertilizing oocytes during in vitro fertilization.
Up to 10% of all spermatozoa have observable defects and as such are disadvantaged in terms of fertilising an oocyte.
Also, sperm cells with tail-tip swelling patterns generally have lower frequency of aneuploidy.
#### Motile sperm organelle morphology examination`{{anchor|MSOME}}`{=mediawiki} {#motile_sperm_organelle_morphology_examination}
A *motile sperm organelle morphology examination* (MSOME) is a particular morphologic investigation wherein an inverted light microscope equipped with high-power optics and enhanced by digital imaging is used to achieve a magnification above x6000, which is much higher than the magnification used habitually by embryologists in spermatozoa selection for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (x200 to x400). A potential finding on MSOME is the presence of sperm vacuoles, which are associated with sperm chromatin immaturity, particularly in the case of large vacuoles.
### Semen volume {#semen_volume}
According to one lab test manual semen volumes between 2.0 mL and 5 mL are normal; WHO regards 1.4 mL as the lower reference limit. Low volume, called hypospermia, may indicate partial or complete blockage of the seminal vesicles, or that the man was born without seminal vesicles. In clinical practice, a volume of less than 1,4 mL in the setting of infertility is most likely due to incomplete ejaculation or partial loss of sample, asides this, patient should be evaluated for hypoandrogenism and obstructions in some parts of the ejaculatory tract, azoospermia, given that it has been at least 48 hours since the last ejaculation to time of sample collection.
The human ejaculate is mostly composed of water, 96 to 98% of semen is water. One way of ensuring that a man produces more ejaculate is to drink more liquids. Men also produce more seminal fluid after lengthy sexual stimulation and arousal. Reducing the frequency of sex and masturbation helps increase semen volume. Sexually transmitted diseases also affect the production of semen. Men who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) produce lower semen volume.
The volume of semen may also be increased, a condition known as hyperspermia. A volume greater than 6mL may indicate Prostate inflammation. When there\'s no volume, the condition is named as aspermia, which could be caused by retrograde ejaculation, anatomical or neurological diseases or anti-hypertensive drugs.
### Appearance
Semen normally has a whitish-gray colour. It tends to get a yellowish tint as a man ages. Semen colour is also influenced by the food we eat: foods that are high in sulfur, such as garlic, may result in a man producing yellow semen. Presence of blood in semen (hematospermia) leads to a brownish or red coloured ejaculate. Hematospermia is a rare condition.
Semen that has a deep yellow colour or is greenish in appearance may be due to medication. Brown semen is mainly a result of infection and inflammation of the prostate gland, urethra, epididymis and seminal vesicles. Other causes of unusual semen colour include sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, genital surgery and injury to the male sex organs.
| 893 |
Semen analysis
| 2 |
9,999,924 |
# Semen analysis
## Parameters
### Fructose level {#fructose_level}
Fructose level in the semen may be analysed to determine the amount of energy available to the semen for moving. WHO specifies a normal level of 13 μmol per sample. Absence of fructose may indicate a problem with the seminal vesicles. The semen fructose test checks for the presence of fructose in the seminal fluid. Fructose is normally present in the semen, as it is secreted by the seminal vesicles. The absence of fructose indicates ejaculatory duct obstruction or other pathology.
### pH
According to one lab test manual normal pH range is 7.2--8.2; WHO criteria specify normal as 7.2--7.8. Acidic ejaculate (lower pH value) may indicate one or both of the seminal vesicles are blocked. A basic ejaculate (higher pH value) may indicate an infection. A pH value outside of the normal range is harmful to sperm and can affect their ability to penetrate the egg. The final pH results from balance between pH values of accessory glands secretions, alkaline seminal vesicular secretion and acidic prostatic secretions.
### Liquefaction
The liquefaction is the process when the gel formed by proteins from the seminal vesicles and the prostate is broken up and the semen becomes more liquid. It normally takes between 30 minutes and 1 hour for the sample to change from a thick gel into a liquid. In the NICE guidelines, a liquefaction time within 60 minutes is regarded as within normal ranges.
### Viscosity
Semen viscosity can be estimated by gently aspirating the sample into a wide-bore plastic disposable pipette, allowing the semen to drop by gravity and observing the length of any thread. High viscosity can interfere with determination of sperm motility, sperm concentration and other analysis.
### MOT
MOT is a measure of how many million sperm cells per ml are highly motile, that is, approximately of grade a (\>25 micrometer per 5 sek. at room temperature) and grade b (\>25 micrometer per 25 sek. at room temperature). Thus, it is a combination of sperm count and motility.
With a straw or a vial volume of 0.5 milliliter, the general guideline is that, for intracervical insemination (ICI), straws or vials making a total of 20 million motile spermatozoa in total is recommended. This is equal to 8 straws or vials 0.5 mL with MOT5, or 2 straws or vials of MOT20. For intrauterine insemination (IUI), 1--2 MOT5 straws or vials is regarded sufficient. In WHO terms, it is thus recommended to use approximately 20 million grade a+b sperm in ICI, and 2 million grade a+b in IUI.
### DNA damage {#dna_damage}
DNA damage in sperm cells that is related to infertility can be probed by analysis of DNA susceptibility to denaturation in response to heat or acid treatment and/or by detection of DNA fragmentation revealed by the presence of double-strand breaks detected by the TUNEL assay. Other techniques performed in order to measure the DNA fragmentation are: SCD (sperm chromatin dispersion test), ISNT (*in situ* nick translation), SCSA (sperm chromatin structural assay) and comet assay.
### Total motile spermatozoa {#total_motile_spermatozoa}
*Total motile spermatozoa* (TMS) or *total motile sperm count* (TMSC) is a combination of sperm count, motility and volume, measuring how many million sperm cells in an entire ejaculate are motile.
Use of approximately 20 million sperm of motility grade c or d in ICI, and 5 million ones in IUI may be an approximate recommendation.
### Others
The sample may also be tested for white blood cells. A high level of white blood cells in semen is called `{{visible anchor|leucospermia}}`{=mediawiki} and may indicate an infection. Cutoffs may vary, but an example cutoff is over 1 million white blood cells per milliliter of semen.
| 617 |
Semen analysis
| 3 |
9,999,924 |
# Semen analysis
## Abnormalities
- Aspermia: absence of semen
- Azoospermia: absence of sperm
- Hypospermia: low semen volume
- Hyperspermia: high semen volume
- Oligozoospermia: very low sperm count
- Asthenozoospermia: poor sperm motility
- Teratozoospermia: sperm carry more morphological defects than usual
- Necrozoospermia: all sperm in the ejaculate are dead
- Leucospermia: a high level of white blood cells in semen
## Factors that influence results {#factors_that_influence_results}
Apart from the semen quality itself, there are various methodological factors that may influence the results, giving rise to inter-method variation.
Compared to samples obtained from masturbation, semen samples from collection condoms have higher total sperm counts, sperm motility, and percentage of sperm with normal morphology . For this reason, they are believed to give more accurate results when used for semen analysis.
If the results from a man\'s first sample are subfertile, they must be verified with at least two more analyses. At least two to four weeks must be allowed between each analysis.`{{medical citation needed|date=December 2017}}`{=mediawiki} Results for a single man may have a large amount of natural variation over time, meaning a single sample may not be representative of a man\'s average semen characteristics. `{{medical citation needed|date=December 2017}}`{=mediawiki} In addition, sperm physiologist Joanna Ellington believes that the stress of producing an ejaculate sample for examination, often in an unfamiliar setting and without any lubrication (most lubricants are somewhat harmful to sperm), may explain why men\'s first samples often show poor results while later samples show normal results.`{{medical citation needed|date=December 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
A man may prefer to produce his sample at home rather than at the clinic. The site of semen collection does *not* affect the results of a semen analysis. . If produced at home the sample should be kept as close to body temperature as possible as exposure to cold or warm conditions can affect sperm motility
## Measurement methods {#measurement_methods}
Volume can be determined by measuring the weight of the sample container, knowing the mass of the empty container. Sperm count and morphology can be calculated by microscopy. Sperm count can also be estimated by kits that measure the amount of a sperm-associated protein, and are suitable for home use.`{{ums|date=December 2017}}`{=mediawiki}
*Computer assisted semen analysis* (*CASA*) is a catch-all phrase for automatic or semi-automatic semen analysis techniques. Most systems are based on image analysis, but alternative methods exist such as tracking cell movement on a digitizing tablet. Computer-assisted techniques are most-often used for the assessment of sperm concentration and mobility characteristics, such as velocity and linear velocity. Nowadays, there are CASA systems, based on image analysis and using new techniques, with near perfect results, and doing full analysis in a few seconds. With some techniques, sperm concentration and motility measurements are at least as reliable as current manual methods.
Raman spectroscopy has made progress in its ability to perform characterization, identification and localization of sperm nuclear DNA damage.
Semen Fructose Test has made progress in its ability to perform characterization, identification and localization of sperm nuclear DNA damage
| 503 |
Semen analysis
| 4 |
9,999,940 |
# Sealed bottles
right\|thumb\|upright=0.9\|Onion bottle with a seal that reads, \"I Cooke Shepton 1721\" **Sealed bottles** have an applied glass seal on the shoulder or side of the bottle. The seal is a molten blob of glass that has been stamped with an embossed symbol, name or initials, and often it included a date. Collectors of bottles sometimes refer to them as **Applied seals**, **Blob seals** or **Prunt seals**.
Up until the 17th century bottles would have been made of pottery or leather but by the middle of the century a \'new\' black/dark green glass wine bottle came into general use. Early glass bottles were squat, broad and rounded sometimes referred to as \"onion bottles\".
Around 1636 English law prohibited the sale of wine by the \'bottle\' in England, according to Jancis Robinson\'s *Oxford Encyclopedia of Wine*. Individuals were encouraged to have private bottles made carrying their own seals which they then took to a wine merchant who filled them with wine from a cask using a liquid measure
| 169 |
Sealed bottles
| 0 |
9,999,956 |
# Mycobacterium kubicae
***Mycobacterium kubicae*** is a Gram-positive, nonmotile and acid-fast bacterial species. Cells are typically rod-shaped, with some coccoid forms. Colonies of *M. kubicae* on solid media (specifically Middlebrook 7H11 agar) are generally smooth and domed, with a yellow scotochromogenic pigment. On Löwenstein-Jensen media they appear film-like. This species is not known to be pathogenic to humans. The species is named after American mycobacteriologist George Kubica.
## Physiology
*M. kubicae* requires 21 days of incubation between 33 °C and 37 °C to reach mature growth. Isolates have been shown to be resistant to the antibiotics amikacin and rifampin and partially resistant to ciprofloxacin, cycloserine, ethambutol, isoniazid, rifabutin and streptomycin. Susceptibility to clarithromycin, clofazimine and ethionamide has been detected for some strains.
## Type strain {#type_strain}
The type strain of *M. kubicae*, ATCC 700732, was isolated from human sputum. The strain may also be identified as CDC 941078, CIP 106428, DSM 44627, or JCM 13573
| 155 |
Mycobacterium kubicae
| 0 |
9,999,969 |
# Dos locos en el aire
***Dos locos en el aire*** is a 1976 Argentine film, directed by Palito Ortega
| 20 |
Dos locos en el aire
| 0 |
9,999,972 |
# The Song Tells Its Story
***The Song Tells Its Story**\'\' (*El canto cuenta su historia*), sometimes***The Tango Tells Its Story**\'\', is a 1976 Argentine musical film directed by Fernando Ayala and Héctor Olivera. The film tells the history of song in Argentina, with a particular history of tango.
The film was made during the period of the Argentine military dictatorship. The censorship of the regime forced Olivera and Ayala to cut scenes featuring the banned and exiled singer Mercedes Sosa.
The film should not be confused with *The Tango Tells its Story*, (*El tango cuenta su historia*) released in 1914, a documentary history of the tango.
## Cast
### Musical performers {#musical_performers}
Musicians performing in the film are:
- Cayetano Daglio
- Ángel Villoldo
- Francisco Canaro
- Carlos Gardel
- Rosita Quiroga
- Ignacio Corsini
- Ada Falcón
- Agustín Magaldi and Pedro Noda
- Marta de los Ríos
- Margarita Palacios
- Eduardo Falú
- Los Cantores de Quilla Huasi
- Jorge Cafrune
- Amelita Baltar
- Los Hermanos Abalos
Some of these performances are archive footage from other films of notable singers
| 186 |
The Song Tells Its Story
| 0 |
9,999,986 |
# El Profesor erótico
***El Profesor erótico*** is a 1976 Argentine film.
## Cast
- Osvaldo Pacheco
- Beatriz Bonnet
- Alberto Anchart Jr
| 24 |
El Profesor erótico
| 0 |
9,999,990 |
# Piedra libre
***Piedra libre*** is a 1976 Argentine film
| 10 |
Piedra libre
| 0 |
10,000,001 |
# Juan que reía
***Juan que reía*** is a 1976 Argentine film
| 12 |
Juan que reía
| 0 |
10,000,012 |
# No toquen a la nena
***No toquen a la nena*** (\"Don\'t touch the girl\") is a 1976 Argentinian film. It is a comedy of manners directed by Juan José Jusid. The film stars Luis Politti, María Vaner, Norma Aleandro, Lautaro Murúa, Pepe Soriano and Julio de Grazia, among others. Among the roster of extras, the film featured Cecilia Roth in her debut performance, 2 years before she would flee Argentina. When it was released in Argentina, many of its actors had had to go into exile for reasons of political persecution.
The script, written by Oscar Viale and Jorge Goldemberg, received initial approval from the Argentine censors, but was banned before it could be screened. The plot of the film centering on a middle class family dealing with a teen pregnancy, was found to be objectionable by the censors.
The film has a cast of great Argentinian cinema actors, including Julio Chávez in a leading role. In the technical team Adolfo Aristarain acted as assistant director, and Juan Carlos Desanzo in photography, who would later become prominent directors of Argentinian cinema.
## Plot
Patricia (Patricia Calderón) is a beautiful 17-year-old teenager who has become pregnant and, in desperation, befriended a friend of her hippie brother, Willy (Julio Chávez), in whom she finds support and understanding
| 216 |
No toquen a la nena
| 0 |
10,000,030 |
# Men Only Think of That
***Men Only Think of That*** (*Los Hombres sólo piensan en eso*) is a 1976 Argentine film directed by Enrique Cahen Salaberry
| 27 |
Men Only Think of That
| 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.