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# Grimus
## Structure
One of *Grimus*{{\'}}s structural devices draws upon Attar of Nishapur\'s *The Conference of the Birds*. An allegorical poem that argues \"God\" to be the transcendental totality of life and reality rather than an entity external to reality. This is a fundamental aspect of Sufism, and Rushdie's use of it prefigures his exploration of the relation of religion to reality in *The Satanic Verses*, *Shame*, *East West* and a number of his non-fiction works. Both narratives build towards the revelation of the \"truth\" that waits atop of the Mountain Qâf. The footnote in Virgil\'s diaries \"explains\" the use of \"K\" rather than \"Q\", which both overtly draws attention to the narrative as a construction, the effects of which are discussed above, and in a quite dark irony prefigures the \"Rushdie Affair\" when it states that \"A purist would not forgive me, but there it is.\" \[*Grimus* footnote p. 209\]
The Dante Alighieri *Divine Comedy* provides the structure for Grimus\'s exploration of inner dimensions. i.e. a journey through concentric circles and a crossing of a river to arrive at the most terrifying, central region. Hence, Flapping Eagle\'s realisation that \"\[He\] was climbing a mountain into the depths of an inferno plunging deep into myself\" and his mistaking of Virgil Jones for \"a demon\" manifest as part of \"some infernal torture\" \[*Grimus* p. 69\]. This manipulation of the *Inferno* trope, so that it acts to reveal psychological rather than empirical reality, blurs the boundaries dividing internal and external realities, which is a fundamental conceit to the novel and Rushdie\'s works as a whole. The basing of Calf Island on a merger of Eastern and Western references (i.e. Dante\'s Mount Purgatory and Attar\'s Qâf Mountain) is emblematic of Rushdie\'s locating of post-colonial identity in an eclectic coalescence of cultures.
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# Grimus
## Paired characters {#paired_characters}
Kathryn Hume argues that one of Rushdie\'s most effective techniques for emphasising problematic dualistic thinking is the pairing of characters. However, with *Grimus*{{\'}}s lack of initial commercial success and the furore over *The Satanic Verses*, most critics have overlooked the far more interesting exploration of religious tropes embodied in the pairing of Grimus and Flapping Eagle. Grimus representing the godhead of Islam/Sufism whilst Flapping Eagle represents Hinduism\'s Shiva. As is typical of Rushdie the divisions of characteristics distinguishing the polarities of this pair are traumatised and blurred as these characters are structurally and literally paired, blended and unified within the text.
Reviews of the book when first it was published emphasised its science-fiction elements. The science fiction author Brian Aldiss has claimed that he, Kingsley Amis and Arthur C. Clarke served on a science-fiction book prize jury at the time which identified *Grimus* as the best candidate for a science fiction book of the year award, but this prize was refused by the publishers who did not want the book to be classified as science fiction for marketing reasons
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# Celso Gavião
**Celso Dias dos Santos** (born 28 February 1956), known simply as **Celso** or **Celso Gavião**, is a Brazilian retired footballer who played as a central defender.
## Football career {#football_career}
Born in Santos, São Paulo, Celso Gavião started playing for local Botafogo Futebol Clube (SP), sharing teams with future legend Sócrates. In 1978, after four seasons, he joined Fortaleza Esporte Clube, moving to Ferroviário Atlético Clube (CE) the following year; whilst with the latter, he scored against Ceará Sporting Club to help them win the state championship.
In 1981, Celso Gavião signed for CR Vasco da Gama, being crowned Carioca champion two years later. In quick succession he still represented, in his country, Clube Atlético Paranaense, Santa Cruz Futebol Clube and Esporte Clube Bahia. He was awarded for being the most talented Brazilian soccer player in 1982. Celso Haros Lacarra is his younger brother who is also talented and he is 1 year older. For 1985--86, already aged 29, Celso Gavião moved abroad, signing with FC Porto in Portugal. He played in 23 Primeira Liga games in each of his first two seasons, and netted six goals in 24 in his last, winning a total of eight major titles; in the club\'s European Cup victorious campaign in 1986--87, he played all matches and minutes and scored three times -- against Rabat Ajax FC (9--0 at home, first round), FC Vítkovice (3--0 home success, second round) and FC Dynamo Kyiv (2--1 away win); he possessed a very powerful shot, and often found the net through free kicks.
In November 1987, Celso Gavião was named in the World Soccer World XI despite not having been capped at international level. He retired in 1992 at the age of 36, after one season apiece with Goiás Esporte Clube and former side Ferroviário
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# Tawfik Hamid
**Tawfik Hamid** (*توفيق حامد*; born 1961) is an Egyptian-American Muslim reformer and medical doctor. A self-described former member of the militant group al-Jama\'a al-Islamiyya, he says that he started to preach in mosques to promote his message and, as a result, became a target of Islamic militants, who threatened his life. He has been a Senior Fellow and Chair for the Study of Islamic Radicalism at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.
## Background
Hamid was born in Egypt in a secular Muslim family, but later joined al-Jama\'a al-Islamiyya under Ayman al-Zawahiri, later leader of al-Qaeda. He left the group after he was asked to kidnap and bury alive an Egyptian policeman, which he refused to do.
Hamid, also known as Tarek Abdelhamid, states to have received a medical degree in internal medicine from the Cairo University, and a master\'s degree in cognitive psychology and educational techniques from the University of Auckland.
He fled Egypt, first to Saudi Arabia and then to the United States. He was a speaker at The Intelligence Summit in 2007.
## Views on Islam {#views_on_islam}
Hamid rejects the view that Muslim fundamentalists are driven by poverty, saying that most he knew were middle-class university students like himself. He says that Muslim fundamentalists believe that Saudi Arabia\'s petroleum-based wealth is a divine gift and that Saudi influence is sanctioned by Allah. Thus, the Salafist extreme brand of Sunni Islam that spread from the Saudi Arabia to the rest of the Islamic world is regarded not merely as one interpretation of the religion but as the only genuine interpretation. The expansion of violent and regressive Islam, he continues, began in the late 1970s and can be traced precisely to the growing financial clout of Saudi Arabia.
He has defended Dutch politician Geert Wilders and his film *Fitna*, and said that Islam should prove its peacefulness and called Islamic scholars and clerics \"to produce a Shariah book that will be accepted in the Islamic world and that teaches that Jews are not pigs and monkeys, that declaring war to spread Islam is unacceptable, and that killing apostates is a crime.\"
He vocally opposed the construction of the Park51 mosque and Islamic center at Ground Zero. In a policy paper for the Air Force Research Laboratory, he has suggested that the wearing of the hijab is a form of \"passive terrorism\", and he has supported proposals for the United States to designate the Muslim Brotherhood as a terrorist organization. He is a Muslim supporter of Israel.
Chris Bail, an assistant professor of sociology at Duke University, has criticized Hamid for his ties to anti-Muslim organizations. Due to Hamid\'s active support for Frank Gaffney, Tom Griffin of openDemocracy has supported Hope not Hate\'s designation of Hamid as a counter-jihad activist
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# Eduardo Luís
**Eduardo Luís Marques Kruss Gomes** (born 6 December 1955), known as **Eduardo Luís**, is a Portuguese former football central defender and manager.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Loures, Lisbon District, Eduardo Luís started playing professionally with C.S. Marítimo after unsuccessfully emerging through S.L. Benfica\'s youth system. He re-signed with the latter for the 1975--76 season, but only appeared in three Primeira Liga games and subsequently returned to the Madeira club, helping it to promote from the Segunda Liga at the first attempt and proceeding to only miss a total of two league matches the following four top-flight campaigns.
In 1981, Marítimo were once again in the second division, and Eduardo Luís appeared in all the games for them *en route* to another promotion. In summer 1982 he joined FC Porto, being regularly used in two of his seven years with the northern side; his best output was in 1986--87 as he made 27 appearances (one goal) for the second-placed team, which also reached the semi-finals of the Taça de Portugal and added that season\'s European Cup, with the player featuring the full 90 minutes of the 2--1 final win against FC Bayern Munich.
In 1989, aged 33, Eduardo Luís left Porto and signed for Rio Ave F.C. in the second tier. He returned to Portugal following a brief spell in the Canadian National Soccer League with Toronto First Portuguese, moving to division-three club A.D. Ovarense and earning promotion in his first year.
Eduardo Luís started managing one year after retiring. In the following seasons, he was in charge of more than ten teams in the second and third divisions, his biggest achievement being leading C.D. Aves to the fourth position of the former tier in 1995--96 (no promotion though).
## International career {#international_career}
Making his debut for Portugal on 24 September 1980 in a 3--1 friendly loss in Italy, Eduardo Luís went on to win eight caps in nearly seven years. He was selected to the squad that appeared at UEFA Euro 1984, being an unused member for the eventual semi-finalists
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# Road Safe America
**Road Safe America** is an American non-profit organization promoting road safety. It was founded by the parents of Cullum Owings, who died after his car was struck by a speeding truck on December 1, 2002.
Road Safe America has been a leading voice on requiring the use speed limiters on class 7 and 8 trucks (26,001-lbs and heavier). High-speed crashes involving class 7 and 8 trucks can be catastrophic, but they can also be avoided given that trucks of this size have been equipped with speed limiter technology for decades (built in since the 1990s). This technology is still not required to be used, despite nearly all of these trucks already having this capability. This allows some truck drivers to use speed as a competitive advantage against the many safe companies who voluntarily limit the maximum speed at which their fleet can operate.
Speeding has been recognized as a major safety issue for years. By speeding, a driver reduces their ability to stop safely in an emergency and increases their potential to cause serious harm if they are involved in a collision.
In order to prevent crashes involving trucks traveling at high speeds, motor carriers can set speed limiters on their trucks to a safe speed. Many leading trucking companies voluntary set the speed limiters on their trucks to reduce crashes and improve fuel efficiency.
These is also widespread public support for the required use of speed limiters in large trucks. A 2018 survey conducted by McLaughlin and Associates found that 79 percent of the likely voters supported Congress requiring large trucks to set their speed limiters to 65 mph. Only 13 percent opposed it.
A *New York Times* article, dated November 27, 2005, discusses Steve and Susan Owings\' attempts to have speed governors mandated for use on large trucks. All trucks manufactured since 1992 have the governors installed as standard equipment and it is the argument of Road Safe America that these governors should be set at 65 mph for all trucks. Road Safe America has been joined by the American Trucking Associations, insurance companies and numerous national carriers in petitioning the Department of Transportation for a regulation mandating the use of these speed limiters
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# Phu Kradueng district
**Phu Kradueng** (*ภูกระดึง*, `{{IPA|th|pʰūː krādɯ̄ŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Loei province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Phu Luang, Nong Hin, and Pha Khao of Loei Province; Si Bun Rueang of Nong Bua Lamphu province; Si Chomphu, Chum Phae, and Phu Pha Man of Khon Kaen province; and Nam Nao of Phetchabun province.
Phu Kradueng mountain is in the district.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 1 January 1962, when the three *tambons*, Si Than, Puan Phu, and Pha Khao, were split off from Wang Saphung district. It was upgraded to a full district on 16 July 1963.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 54 villages (*mubans*). Phu Kradueng is a township (*thesaban tambon*) which covers parts of *tambons* Si Than, Pha Nok Khao, and Phu Kradueng. There are a further four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
------ -------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Si Than ศรีฐาน 16 10,963
5\. Pha Nok Khao ผานกเค้า 14 8,140
7\. Phu Kradueng ภูกระดึง 13 7,698
10\. Huai Som ห้วยส้ม 11 6,637
Missing numbers are *tambons* which now form the Districts Pha Khao and Nong Hin
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# Juary
**Juary Jorge dos Santos Filho** (`{{IPA|pt|ʒwɐˈɾi}}`{=mediawiki}; born 16 June 1959), known simply as **Juary**, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a striker, and currently a manager. He is the current head coach of Campeonato Roraimense club Náutico.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in São João de Meriti, Rio de Janeiro, Juary started his career at Santos FC. As an 18-year-old, he was important to the club\'s 1978 conquest of the Paulistan League. He had his first stint abroad the following year, with Mexico\'s Leones Negros de Guadalajara.
In 1980, Juary embarked on an Italian adventure that would last five seasons, as he mainly represented modest teams (U.S. Avellino, Ascoli Calcio 1898 and U.S. Cremonese -- additionally, in 1982--83, he played with Inter Milan, scoring twice in Serie A).
Juary moved to Portugal and FC Porto, in the 1985 summer, serving as backup to club great Fernando Gomes. There, he achieved the greatest moment in his career when, on 27 May 1987, he came from the bench to net the decisive 2--1 against FC Bayern Munich in the 1986--87 European Cup final, assisted by Rabah Madjer who had just equalized the score.
However, Juary left Porto in the ensuing season, returning to his country with Associação Portuguesa de Desportos and moving back to Santos the following year, where he was not able to reproduce his previous form, finally retiring in 1990 with Moto Club, in São Luís, Maranhão.
In the 2000\'s, Juary worked as a youth coach at Avellino, Potenza and Napoli.
Juary was appointed as head coach of *Eccellenza Basilicata* amateurs Banzi in February 2009, but left only after two games (both ended in a loss), citing personal reasons that required his presence in Brazil.
In January 2010 Juary signed, also as main coach, at Lega Pro Seconda Divisione side S.F. Aversa Normanna, replacing Raffaele Sergio.
Between 2015 and 2021, Juary worked in Santos\' youth setup, eventually managing the club\'s U13s.
On 16 November 2023, Juary was appointed manager of Campeonato Roraimense club Náutico.
## International career {#international_career}
Juary played twice for Brazil in 1979 (aged 20), going scoreless in the process: his debut came on 26 July against Bolivia, and he also appeared in a friendly with Argentina on 2 August. He was a member of the squad that took part at the Copa América that year, reaching the semi-finals
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# Edward Linskens
**Edward Linskens** (born 6 November 1968) is a Dutch retired footballer who played as a defensive midfielder, mainly for PSV.
## Football career {#football_career}
Linskens was born in Venray, Limburg. During his 11-year professional career he played for PSV Eindhoven, NAC Breda, K.S.C. Lokeren Oost-Vlaanderen (Belgium) and VVV-Venlo, the latter club competing in the second division.
At PSV, Linskens was an important first-team element and helped it to the European Cup victory in 1988, by scoring the equalizer in the semi\'s in the Bernabéu against Madrid and playing the entire final against S.L. Benfica of Portugal, which PSV won on penalties. With the Eindhoven side, he appeared in more than 150 official matches and scored more than 20 goals
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# Shlomi Shabat
**Shlomi Shabat** (*שלומי שבת*; born August 30, 1954) is an Israeli vocalist and musician. He is of Turkish Jewish origin.
## Early life {#early_life}
Shabat was born in Yehud, Israel, to a family of Turkish Jewish descent who immigrated from Turkey. He sings in Hebrew, Turkish, and Spanish. His sister, Lea Shabat, is also a singer songwriter.
## Musical career {#musical_career}
His CDs include *Friends* and *Live in Caesaria*, in which he sings with other Israeli artists, including his sister Lea Shabat, Shiri Maimon, and Lior Narkis.
In 2002, he was nominated for the Tamuz Award of Israel\'s Best Male Artist, along with David D\'Or, Arkadi Duchin, Yuval Gabay, and Yehuda Poliker, [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20110424215028/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/98483737.html?dids=98483737:98483737&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+6%2C+2002&author=DANY+ZACK&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=09&desc=Poliker+sweeps+up+Tammuz+nominations) but lost out to D\'Or.
In 2006, Shabat released a CD which contains duets and is named *Friends 2*. It was his ninth solo album, and was made in the same style as the first *Friends* duets album from 2001.
Shabat sang a duet with David D\'Or on D\'Or\'s CD, *Kmo HaRuach* (*\"Like the Wind\"*), which was released on March 27, 2006. Ein od milevado
## Television career {#television_career}
Shlomi Shabat was one of the judges in the inaugural season of *The Voice Israel* on Israeli television
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# Anton Janssen
**Anton Janssen** (born 10 August 1963) is a Dutch former football manager and player. He is mostly known for his tenure as a player for PSV Eindhoven where he was part of their European Cup victory in 1988.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
In his youth, Janssen played for SV Leones from Beneden-Leeuwen, where he made his debut in the first team at the age of seventeen. Janssen played professional football from 1982 to 2000 with, in chronological order, NEC, Fortuna Sittard, PSV, Kortrijk, again Fortuna and finally again with NEC. His greatest personal achievement was the victory of the Europa Cup I with PSV in 1988 when he scored the decisive penalty-kick in the final against Benfica, after coming on as a substitute
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# Sandy Creek (Allegheny River tributary)
**Sandy Creek** is a tributary of the Allegheny River in Venango, Mercer and Crawford counties in Pennsylvania in the United States.
Sandy Creek is 41.0 mi long, flows southeast 24 mi, then east 16 mi, and its watershed is 161 sqmi in area
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| 0 |
9,997,667 |
# Pietro Paolo Virdis
**Antonio Pietro Paolo Virdis** (born 26 June 1957) is an Italian football manager and former player, who played as a forward. Throughout his career, he played for Nuorese, before playing in Serie A with Cagliari Calcio, Juventus, Udinese Calcio, and AC Milan; he ended his career with Lecce. Known for his eye for goal, with Juventus, he won two league titles and a Coppa Italia; with Milan, he was the league\'s top scorer in 1987, also winning a league title and the Supercoppa Italiana in 1988, and was part of the club\'s European Cup victory in 1989. At international level, he represented Italy at the 1988 Summer Olympics, helping the team to a fourth-place finish.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Sassari, Italy, Virdis started his career in his native Sardinia with amateur Serie D side Nuorese in 1973, scoring 11 goals in his first senior season at the young age of 16. He later joined Cagliari, making his Serie A debut on 6 October 1974 in a league game versus Lanerossi Vicenza.
In 1977, he joined Juventus, where he played until 1982, except for a one-year stint back at Cagliari in 1980--81. After failing to find a first team place, in 1982 he left Juventus for Udinese. In 1984, he then moved at AC Milan, where he enjoyed his best period at club level. He made his Serie A debut with the club in a 2--1 away defeat to Parma on 22 August 1984, and he played five seasons with the *rossoneri*, winning the Serie A top-scorer title during the 1986--87 season, with 17 goals; he also won the 1987--88 Serie A title, and the 1988 Supercoppa Italiana with the club, followed by the 1988--89 European Cup. In total, he made 186 appearances for Milan, scoring 76 goals, 53 of which were scored in Serie A in 135 appearances. In 1989, aged 32, he left AC Milan to join Lecce, where he spent his final two seasons as a professional footballer before retiring in 1991.
## International career {#international_career}
Although he never gained a cap for the senior squad, he helped the Italian Olympic team qualify for Seoul 1988. In the tournament, he went on to score three goals in six matches as Italy reached the semi-finals, losing out 2--0 to West Germany in the bronze medal final. Before this he competed in the 1982 UEFA European Under-21 Championship with the Italy U21 national team.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
After retiring from active football, Virdis tried to pursue a career as a manager. In November 1998 he took his first managerial role, becoming head coach of Serie C1 club Atletico Catania, being however fired later in April 1999.
He then returned into management in March 2001, accepting an offer from Viterbese of Serie C1. However, his stint lasted a mere two months, as he was fired in May of that year. In April 2002 he then accepted a managerial role at Nocerina, leading the team for the final few weeks of the season.
He later left football and opened a restaurant and wine bar in Milan. However, in July 2008 he stated his interest in getting back into management.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
Club Season League
-------------- ---------- ---------
Division Apps Goals
Nuorese 1973--74 Serie D
Cagliari 1974--75 Serie A
1975--76 Serie A
1976--77 Serie B
Total
Juventus 1977--78 Serie A
1978--79 Serie A
1979--80 Serie A
Total
Cagliari 1980--81 Serie A
Juventus 1981--82 Serie A
Udinese 1982--83 Serie A
1983--84 Serie A
Total
AC Milan 1984--85 Serie A
1985--86 Serie A
1986--87 Serie A
1987--88 Serie A
1988--89 Serie A
Total
Lecce 1989--90 Serie A
1990--91 Serie A
Total
Career total
: Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
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# Pietro Paolo Virdis
## Honours
**Juventus**
- Serie A: 1977--78, 1981--82
- Coppa Italia: 1978--79
**AC Milan**
- Serie A: 1987--88
- Supercoppa Italiana: 1988
- European Cup: 1988--89
**Individual**
- Serie A Team of The Year: 1987
- Serie A top scorer: 1986--87
- A.C
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| 1 |
9,997,684 |
# Palaeotis
***Palaeotis*** is a genus of paleognath birds from the middle Eocene epoch of central Europe. One species is known, *Palaeotis weigelti*. The holotype specimen is a fossil tarsometatarsus and phalanx. Lambrect (1928) described it as an extinct bustard (genus *Otis*), and gave it its consequent name (*Palaeotis* means *ancient bustard*). After a suggestion by Storrs L. Olson, a review of the type specimen and the referral of several other fossils by Houde and Haubold (1987) concluded that *Palaeotis* is a palaeognath and assigned it to the same order as ostriches; the Struthioniformes. In 2021, it was considered a member of the family Paleotididae alongside *Galligeranoides* from the Early Eocene of France, which were found to be basal members of the Struthioniformes. In the 1930s a nearly complete fossil with catalog number GM 4362 was assigned to *Palaeotis*, probably by Lambrecht. Houde and Haubold found three additional specimens in the collection of the Geiseltalmuseum, Martin-Luther University, Halle/S., Germany. One of those three is the holotype specimen of *Paleogrus geiseltalensis* (=Ornithocnemus geiseltalensis, Lambrecht 1935). Houde and Haubold also requested permission to prepare a fossil cataloged as HLMD Me 7530 at the Hesseches Landesmuseum in Darmstadt, Germany. HLMD Me 7530 was collected from the famous Messel shales. When it was prepared, the two ornithologists assigned it to *Palaeotis* as well.
Other scientists are less convinced that *Palaeotis* is a struthioniform, placing it instead as a more basal ratite. It may be related to the mysterious *Remiornis*, a putative ratite known from the Eocene of France. Various other ratite remains also occur in the European Paleogene and early Miocene, and these may represent various independent lineages, leading to further confusion.
## Biology
*Palaeotis* is suggested to be sexually dimorphic, as some specimens being consistently smaller than others. While the forelimb is incomplete, the spindley humerus indicates that it had relatively large wings unlike modern ostriches and rheas. The beak was slender, more similar to that of lithornithids, and probably had similar carnivorous habits. *Paleotis* is considered to be flightless
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# Angelo Colombo
**Angelo Colombo** (born 24 February 1961) is an Italian former footballer who played for Milan as a midfielder, and was part of their European Cup victories in 1989 and 1990. He is now a scout for the club.
## Club career {#club_career}
Angelo Colombo began his career with the Monza in 1979, first with the youth squad, at the age of 13, and later making his professional debut with the club in Serie B. In 1984, he was acquired by Pierpaolo Marino\'s Avellino side, and he made his Serie A debut with the club on 16 September 1984, in a 0--0 home draw against Roma.
The following season, he transferred to Udinese, in 1985, and in 1987, he was bought by Milan, under manager Arrigo Sacchi, making his club debut in the Coppa Italia on 23 August 1987, in a 5--0 win over Bari. He enjoyed a successful three-season spell with Milan, winning the 1987--88 Serie A title, the 1988 Supercoppa Italiana, consecutive European Cups (1988--89 and 1989--90), as well as the 1989 Intercontinental Cup, and the 1989 European Super Cup, with his final appearance coming in Milan\'s 1--0 victory over Benfica in the 1990 European Cup Final on 23 May; in total he made 115 appearances for the club between 1987 and 1990, scoring 7 goals, all of which came in his 77 Serie A appearances with the club.
In 1990, he moved to Bari, at the request of Salvemini, to replace Carbone, who had recently been purchased by his former club Milan. In 1992, he left the club, temporarily retiring from football, although in 1994, he returned to football, signing for Australian side Marconi Stallions, with whom he ended his career after the 1994--95 season.
## International career {#international_career}
Although he was never capped for the Italian senior side, Colombo played for the Italy Under-21 side at the 1988 Summer Olympics, where they reached the semi-finals, finishing the tournament in fourth place.
## Style of play {#style_of_play}
Colombo was capable of playing both as a wide midfielder on either flank (although he was usually deployed on the right) and in the centre as a defensive midfielder. Although not particularly prolific, talented, or skilful from a technical standpoint, he was known for being a quick, determined, selfless, and energetic team player, who was often involved in the build-up of the team\'s attacking plays. However, he stood out in particular for his stamina, tenacity, intelligence, attacking movement off the ball, and defensive work-rate, as well as his ball-winning abilities, which made him a key player in Sacchi\'s legendary Milan side of the late 80s, and which allowed him to contribute at both ends of the pitch. Along with his partner Alberigo Evani on the opposite flank, he was often tasking with covering defensively for the overlapping runs of Milan\'s attacking full-backs, namely Mauro Tassotti on the right, while his defensive skills also enabled him to form a strong partnership with fellow holding midfielder Frank Rijkaard in midfield. Sacchi himself once even described Colombo as being \"tactically more important than Maradona.\" In addition to his qualities as a player, he also stood out for his long blonde hair.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
After retiring, Colombo coached the Milan youth side for five years, and later became a their co-ordinator for four more years, and subsequently a scout for the team. On 26 January 2009, he signed a contract to coach Montebelluna in Serie D, replacing Gianfranco Borgato, and saving the team from relegation in the play-off against Somma.
In May 2010, he took charge of Carpenedolo during the 2009--10 Lega Pro Second Division play-offs against Villacidrese, which ended with the club\'s relegation to Serie D at the end of the season. The following season, the team were defeated in the Serie D play-off against Mobilieri Ponsacco, but the team were not relegated to the Eccellenza League, as they were re-drawn. On 30 October 2011, Colombo was sacked, as the team were second last during the 2011--12 Serie D season
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# Ocean Park, Surrey
**Ocean Park** is a neighbourhood of South Surrey, a region of Surrey, British Columbia.
## History
### Pre-colonial {#pre_colonial}
Ocean Park was part of the territory of the Semiahmoo people, one of a group of tribes called the Straits Salish, a division of the Coast Salish.
They used this place for spiritual renewal and named the area \"Kwomais\" which literally means place of vision, because of its high bluffs and unobstructed views to the ocean and islands. Kwomais Point is marked on many early navigation maps and has long been used as a lookout point. For protection against the raids of the Yukulta people, the Semiahmoo built a fort in Ocean Park possibly between 1820 and 1830. The fort fell into disrepair in colonial times. Today, the site is a subdivision called Indian Fort Drive near the west end of 20th Avenue.
### Colonial and modern {#colonial_and_modern}
In 1886, early pioneer Ben Stevenson acquired 350 acre of land and built a large home overlooking Semiahmoo Bay.
In the early 1900s, 136 acre were acquired in order to provide the members of the Methodist church a place where they could vacation. Promotional materials named the area "Ocean Park", and in 1910 the church offered its first summer camp. In 1925 the Methodist Church joined with The United Church of Canada, and the camp was administered by British Columbia Conference of the church. Over the years bits of the property were sold for housing. In 2007 the last remaining 13 acre of the site were sold to the City of Surrey as parkland. Camp Kwomais was the second oldest camp accredited with BC Camping and the oldest camp using its original campsite. [1](http://www.surrey.ca/Visiting+Surrey/What+to+Do/Day+Trips+-+Within+Surrey.htm)
In 1912, campers built a small shed beside the tracks of the recently completed railroad. The Great Northern Railway reluctantly accepted it as a stop, thereby giving easier access to vacation spots in Ocean Park for residents of Vancouver and New Westminster.
In 1921, Ocean Park opened its first post office, which was featured in *Ripley\'s Believe It or Not!* as \'the world\'s smallest post office\'. The 6 ft-by-6-feet building was later expanded to 6 ft-by-12-feet.
In 1925, the Ocean Park Community Hall opened after a community fundraising campaign. The Hall continues to be the focus for the community and has been home to hundreds of social gatherings and special events for thousands over generations. The Hall's 75th anniversary in 2000 resulted in a special edition of the Ocean Parker, a volunteer community newspaper. The Hall is operated by the Ocean Park Community Association.
In the 1950s, Ocean Park's first residential telephone was installed at the house of firefighter Derek Uren.
In 1958, the volunteer fire hall was built by the community, seven years after a house fire killed a woman and her two sons.
In 1985, Fun Fun Park was created by community volunteers as the first "Volunteers in Parks" in BC. 12-year-old Jessica Tuttle was awarded 10 silver dollars for her winning entry in the naming contest.
In 2002, the community association's Ocean Park Area Livability Study identified three main community issues: 1) traffic concerns 2) lack of policing and vandalism 3) lack of community recreation opportunities, especially for youth and seniors.
## Geography and climate {#geography_and_climate}
Ocean Park is the most western part of the Semiahmoo Peninsula, bounded by the waters of Semiahmoo Bay and Boundary Bay. On land, Ocean Park borders the neighbourhood of Crescent Beach to the north and the city of White Rock to the east.
| 587 |
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| 0 |
9,997,704 |
# Ocean Park, Surrey
## Economy
Ocean Park has a business and shopping centre. In 2006, actors Danny DeVito and Matthew Broderick starred in the movie *Deck the Halls* on a purpose-built set in Ocean Park.
## Amenities
Ocean Park is served by four elementary schools: Crescent Park Elementary School, Ocean Cliff Elementary School, Ray Shepherd Elementary and Laronde Elementary School. Both Crescent Park and Laronde offer French Immersion programs.
St. Mark\'s Anglican Church opened in 1966. The Surrey Public Library operates a branch in Ocean Park.
There are two waterfront walks in Ocean Park. 1001 Steps Park, at the foot of 128th Street near Camp Kwomais, has stairs down to waterfront access and nature trails. Ocean Park Shoreline Walk is a tidal-beach walk. The beach is a clothing-optional one just as the Wreck Beach.
## Transportation
Ocean Park has morning and afternoon commuter bus service to Bridgeport Station operated by TransLink (British Columbia) on route 352 Ocean Park/Bridgeport Station via the South Surrey Park & Ride. All day service on a 30-minute frequency is provided by the #350 Crescent Beach / White Rock Centre service
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| 1 |
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# Đỗ
**Đỗ** (Chữ Hán: 杜) is a Vietnamese family name. According to Lê Trung Hoa, a Vietnamese scholar, approximately 1.4 percent of Vietnamese people have this surname (2005).
## Origin
Story tells that Đế Minh, grandson of Thần Nông (Shennong) when passing by Nanling, he met and married a fairy named Đỗ Quý (also known as Princess Đoan Trang, she was often referred as Do Quý Thị (Lady Quý of House of Đỗ). She then gave birth to Tuc Lo, later became Kinh Dương Vương, father of Lạc Long Quân.
Another person that many Vietnamese with this surname claim to be descended from is Đỗ Cảnh Thạc, a warlord during the 12 Lords Rebellion
| 115 |
Đỗ
| 0 |
9,997,724 |
# Devon Kershaw
**Devon Kershaw** (born December 20, 1982) is a Canadian retired cross-country skier who competed from 2005 to 2018. Growing up in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, he split his time between several sports before choosing to focus on his cross-country ski career. His career highlights include placing second overall in the World Cup standing in 2011/2012 and claiming the World Champion title in 2011 at the World Ski Championships in Oslo, Norway in the men\'s team sprint with teammate Alex Harvey.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Kershaw grew up in the Northern Ontario city of Sudbury. His father, Will, and mother, Maureen, were instrumental in developing and nurturing a love of the natural environment and active lifestyle. Kershaw was a serious sports enthusiast growing up, playing hockey, volleyball, badminton, and tennis, and running competitively in his younger years.
Skiing for Laurentian Nordic as a young skier in Sudbury, he participated in three World Junior Championships (2000, 2001, 2002) and won 18 National Junior Medals. As a senior racer he moved west to Canmore, Alberta, home of Canada\'s National Ski Team, to pursue his athletic dreams and pursuits.
## Athletic career {#athletic_career}
In the 2005 World Championships in Oberstdorf finished 14th in the individual sprint.
He was also the first Canadian male cross country skier to medal in the sprint category -- placing third in the Freestyle Sprint in Borlänge, Sweden, on March 7, 2006. In November 2006, he skied his way into the history books again by placing a best finish for a Canadian male in more than 10 years in a World Cup event -- 2nd in the Men\'s 15 kilometre classic race in Saariselkae, Finland.
During the first Tour de Ski in 2006--2007, Kershaw came 2nd in the first Stage -- the Freestyle Sprint. Unfortunately, Kershaw became ill and was unable to finish the Tour.
In 2009, Kershaw and the Canadian team finish sixth in the 4 x 10 km relay in the Liberec World Championships, the highest placing ever for the Canadian Team.
In the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics, Kershaw\'s best individual finish was fifth in the 50 km event, and fourth in the team sprint with teammate Alex Harvey. This is the best placing ever for Canadian men in an Olympic cross-country competition.
In the 2011 tour de ski, Kershaw came in first in one of the sprint stages, beating Dario Cologna, and Petter Northug. In the Oslo 2011 World Championship Kershaw and Harvey won the gold medal in the team sprint, bringing Canada their first ever gold and second World Championship medal ever, the first being Sara Renner\'s bronze in 2005.
In the 2012 Tour de Ski, Kershaw came in fourth place overall, the best a Canadian has ever done.
Kershaw had his best ever season in 2011/2012, finishing second overall in the World Cup standings. He was on the podium in six world cup podiums with two gold, one silver, and three bronze.
| 491 |
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# Devon Kershaw
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | 50 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 10 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+==============+==========+==============+==========+
| 2006 | *24* | 47 | --- | --- | 37 | 11 | 11 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2010 | *28* | --- | 16 | 5 | 23 | 7 | 4 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2014 | *32* | 35 | --- | --- | 56 | --- | 12 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2018 | *36* | 71 | 36 | 26 | --- | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
- 1 medal -- (1 gold)
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | 50 km | Sprint | 4 × 10 km \ | Team \ |
| | | | | | | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+=========+==========================================+=========+=========+==========+==============+==========+
| 2003 | *21* | 62 | 55 | --- | --- | 50 | --- | |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2005 | *23* | --- | 61 | | --- | 14 | 13 | 6 |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2007 | *25* | 68 | --- | | --- | 38 | 11 | 6 |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2009 | *27* | 37 | 27 | | --- | --- | 5 | 9 |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2011 | *29* | --- | 9 | | --- | 31 | --- | **Gold** |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2013 | *31* | 33 | `{{Abbr|DNS|Did not start}}`{=mediawiki} | | \|--- | 46 | 12 | 4 |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2017 | *35* | 35 | `{{Abbr|DNS|Did not start}}`{=mediawiki} | | 38 | --- | 12 | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+---------+------------------------------------------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| Season | Age | Discipline standings | |
+==========+==========+======================+=========+
| Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic\ |
| | | | Opening |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2004 | *22* | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2005 | *23* | 97 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2006 | *24* | 57 | 88 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2007 | *25* | 96 | 60 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2008 | *26* | 38 | 37 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2009 | *27* | 18 | 14 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2010 | *28* | 40 | 39 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2011 | *29* | 8 | 12 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2012 | *30* | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2013 | *31* | 27 | 41 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2014 | *32* | 43 | 29 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2015 | *33* | 93 | 58 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2016 | *34* | 35 | 29 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2017 | *35* | 61 | 48 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2018 | *36* | 74 | 48 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 3 victories -- (2 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki}, 1 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
- 14 podiums -- (6 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki}, 8 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- ---------- ------------------- -------------------------- --------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 2005--06 7 March 2006 Borlänge, Sweden 1.5 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
2 2006--07 31 December 2006 Munich, Germany 1.1 km Sprint F Stage World Cup 2nd
3 2008--09 28 December 2008 Oberhof, Germany 15 km Pursuit C Stage World Cup 3rd
4 2010--11 1 January 2011 Oberhof, Germany 15 km Pursuit C Stage World Cup 2nd
5 2 January 2011 Oberstdorf, Germany 1.2 km Sprint C Stage World Cup 2nd
6 5 January 2011 Toblach, Italy 1.3 km Sprint F Stage World Cup **1st**
7 8 January 2011 Val di Fiemme, Italy 20 km Mass Start C Stage World Cup 3rd
8 2011--12 22 January 2012 Otepää, Estonia 15 km Individual C World Cup 3rd
9 2 February 2012 Moscow, Russia 1.5 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
10 4 February 2012 Rybinsk, Russia 15 km Mass Start F World Cup **1st**
11 17 February 2012 Szklarska Poręba, Poland 1.6 km Sprint F World Cup **1st**
12 16 March 2012 Falun, Sweden 3.3 km Individual F Stage World Cup 3rd
13 14--18 March 2012 World Cup Final Overall Standings World Cup 2nd
14 2013--14 28 December 2013 Oberhof, Germany 4.5 km Individual F Stage World Cup 2nd
#### Team podiums {#team_podiums}
- 1 podium -- (1 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place Teammates
----- ---------- ----------------- -------------------- ---------------------- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
1 2016--17 22 January 2017 Ulricehamn, Sweden 4 × 7.5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Harvey / Johnsgaard / Väljas
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Kershaw is the eldest of three children, sister Linnaea is a journalism student in Vancouver and brother Sean an Art History student in Montreal. Beyond skiing Kershaw plans to return to school to pursue a degree in medicine, with the eventual goal of becoming doctor specializing in sports medicine.
He is married to Norwegian cross-country skier Kristin Størmer Steira, the two having been together since December 2012 and married since July 2015, and has one daughter, born in 2017
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# Pouilly-Fumé
**Pouilly-Fumé** (`{{IPA|fr|puji fyme}}`{=mediawiki}) is an *appellation d\'origine contrôlée* (AOC) for the dry sauvignon blanc white wine produced around Pouilly-sur-Loire, in the Nièvre département. Another white wine produced in the same area but with a different grape variety is called Pouilly-sur-Loire.
## Etymology
Pouilly-Fumé is made purely from sauvignon blanc, a type of vine whose clusters are formed of small ovoid grapes, pressed against each other and resembling small bird eggs. At maturity, these grapes are coated with a grey bloom, the color of smoke---which explains why Pouilly winegrowers talk of \"white smoke\" to describe the type of vine or the wines made from it. \"Fumé\" also refers to the smoky bouquet (the renowned \"gun flint aroma\"), bestowed by the terroir vineyards of Pouilly-sur-Loire.
## History
### Antiquity
The vineyards of Pouilly-Fumé date back to the fifth century. The area was a Gallo-Roman estate dating back to the early days of the Roman Empire. The name derives from the Latin *Pauliacum super fluvium ligerim* (Pauliacum on the River Loire), reflecting the Roman road which passed through this locality.
### Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
Benedictine monks commenced development of Pouilly-Fumé in the Middle Ages. Sacramental wine is traditionally white, less prone to staining, and the Benedictines developed the vineyards without seeking profitability. The fiefdom and vineyards of Pouilly were transferred to the Benedictines of La Charité-sur-Loire for the sum of \"3100 sous and a silver mark\" towards the end of the eleventh century. A plot of about 4 ha overlooking the River Loire has retained the appellation *Loge aux Moines* (Monks' Lodge), in memory of that era. The repurchase of Boisgibault lands in 1383 by Jean III de Sancerre demonstrates the proximity that has always existed between this vineyard and that of Sancerre, and their respective white wine production.
### Modern period {#modern_period}
Despite floods and low water, transport of Pouilly wines via the Loire was efficient and fast, due to the location of the vineyard. This wine was always exported by water navigation, especially after the opening of the Canal de Briare in 1642. After the French Revolution of 1789, peasants were able to become owners of land and vineyards formerly possessions of the nobility and clergy.
At the end of the nineteenth century, growers were faced with mildew and phylloxera. The vineyard was devastated and many cultivators had to redeploy. After many unsuccessful attempts at treatment, the vines were uprooted in the early twentieth century and only part of the vineyard was replanted after grafting onto American rootstock.
### Contemporary period {#contemporary_period}
Pouilly-Fumé has been an Appellation d\'origine contrôlée (AOC) since 1937. Today a large part of the production is sold abroad, especially to Great Britain.
## Location
The following vineyard communes are to be found in the Nièvre, to the east of the Loire: Pouilly-sur-Loire, Saint-Andelain, Tracy-sur-Loire (village Boisgibault), Saint-Laurent-l\'Abbaye, Mesves-sur-Loire, Saint-Martin-sur-Nohain, Garchy.
### Orography
The terrain is slightly undulating because of the Loire which has created a valley; Sancerre is on a promontory to the other side of the river.
### Geology
The soil consists of three major types: Kimmeridgian marl, hard limestone and flint clay.
### Climate
The climate is temperate with a slight tendency to continental.
## Vineyard
The Nièvre vineyard is spread over 1200 ha, with 120 winemakers annually producing approximately 70,400 hl.
This varietal Sauvignon is similar to those of the vineyards of Sancerre. It should not be confused with Pouilly-Fuissé, a chardonnay wine from the south of Burgundy (Mâcon)
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# Vlada Stošić
**Vlada Stošić** (`{{Lang-sr-cyr|Влада Стошић}}`{=mediawiki}; born 31 January 1965) is a Serbian former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
He is best known for his spell with Red Star Belgrade in the 1980s and 1990s, being part of the side\'s European Cup victory in 1991.
## Club career {#club_career}
Stošić was born in Vranje, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During his early career he represented Red Star Belgrade, who also loaned him to FK Rad, FK Radnicki Nis and a club in Australia. In Red Star\'s 1990--91 victorious campaign in the European Cup, he played the last minutes of the final match, which went into extra time as the team emerged victorious over Olympique de Marseille after a penalty shootout.
Stošić played in the last edition of the Yugoslavian League before he left for Spain in January 1992, where he proceeded to be an undisputed starter for both RCD Mallorca and Real Betis, although he was relegated in his debut season with the former. After failing to feature in the first half of 1996--97 with the latter, he moved to Mexico with Atlante FC, where he teamed up with former Red Star teammate Miodrag Belodedici; he closed out his career the ensuing summer at the age of 33, with Portugal\'s Vitória de Setúbal.
Stošić returned to Betis in 2010, working with the Andalusians as director of football. He was relieved of his duties on 22 December 2013, shortly after manager Pepe Mel, due to poor results.
## International career {#international_career}
On 12 September 1990, Stošić earned his sole cap for Yugoslavia, in Belfast against Northern Ireland: it consisted of one minute, as he came on as a substitute for Dragan Stojković in a 2--0 win for the UEFA Euro 1992 qualifiers, with the nation winning its group but not being allowed to participate
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# Dragiša Binić
**Dragiša Binić** (Serbian Cyrillic: Драгиша Бинић; born 20 October 1961) is a Serbian former footballer who played for Red Star and was part of their European Cup victory in 1991. He had three caps for the Yugoslavia national football team, scoring one goal. His son Vladan Binić is also a footballer.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Red Star Belgrade {#red_star_belgrade}
In the summer 1987 transfer window, soon to be twenty-six-year old striker Binić signed with Red Star Belgrade. The move meant reuniting with his former Radnički Niš young teammate Dragan Stojković who had transferred to Red Star a year earlier and already managed to establish himself as the team star and fan favourite. Led by head coach Velibor Vasović, the ambitious Belgrade club was looking to get back on the winning track after a disappointing league season. Other arrivals to the club included the twenty-four-year-old defender Goran Jurić from Velež Mostar, twenty-two-year-old defensive midfielder Refik Šabanadžović from Željezničar Sarajevo, and talented eighteen-year-old creative midfield prospect Robert Prosinečki from Dinamo Zagreb.
With Bora Cvetković and Husref Musemić as his main competition at the forward spots, Binić looked to be settling well into the new environment alongside team regulars: midfielder Žarko Đurović, attacking midfielder Goran Milojević, midfield playmaker and emerging team leader Dragan Stojković, and defenders Slobodan Marović and Miodrag Krivokapić. Following a good start to the season with Binić scoring away at FK Priština, the combustible striker and coach Vasović quickly developed an antagonistic relationship, with Binić getting suspended from the squad over an insubordination quarrel with the coach. After missing several months of match action while only training with the team, Binić got reinstated following another reported incident with Vasović that apparently featured the striker confronting the coach in front of his private residence.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Club
Club performance
------------------ ----------------------
Season Club
Yugoslavia
1980/81 Napredak Kruševac
1981/82
1982/83
1983/84 Radnički Niš
1984/85
1985/86
1986/87
1987/88 Red Star Belgrade
France
1988/89 Brest
Spain
1989/90 Levante
Yugoslavia
1990/91 Red Star Belgrade
Czechoslovakia
1991/92 Slavia Prague
1992/93
Cyprus
1993/94 APOEL
Japan
1994 Nagoya Grampus Eight
1995 Tosu Futures
Country Yugoslavia
France
Spain
Czechoslovakia
Cyprus
Japan
Total
### International
Yugoslavia national team
--------------------------
Year
1990
1991
Total
#### International goals {#international_goals}
Yugoslavia score listed first, score column indicates score after each Binić goal.\'\'
No
| 387 |
Dragiša Binić
| 0 |
9,997,757 |
# Slobodan Marović
**Slobodan Marović** (Cyrillic: Cлободан Mapoвић, born 13 July 1964) is a Montenegrin football manager and retired player.
He is best known for his spell with Red Star Belgrade in the 1980s and early 1990s, being part of the side\'s European Cup victory in 1991.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Club
Born in Bar, SR Montenegro, during his playing career he also played for NK Osijek, IFK Norrköping, and Silkeborg IF.
### International
Marović made his debut for Yugoslavia in an August 1987 friendly match against the Soviet Union and has earned a total of 4 caps, scoring no goals. His final international was a November 1989 friendly against Brazil.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
In December 2010 he has been appointed as assistant manager of Robert Prosinečki at Red Star Belgrade
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# Muddy Creek (Slippery Rock Creek tributary)
**Muddy Creek** is a tributary of Slippery Rock Creek in Butler and Lawrence Counties in Pennsylvania in the United States. The run is 23.2 mi long, flows generally west, and its watershed is 58.2 sqmi in area. Muddy Creek is the main water source for Lake Arthur in Moraine State Park
| 58 |
Muddy Creek (Slippery Rock Creek tributary)
| 0 |
9,997,766 |
# History of the Arizona Cardinals
This article details the **history of the Arizona Cardinals** American football club, which can be traced to the 1898 formation of the amateur Morgan Athletic Club in Chicago. The Cardinals are the oldest extant professional football club in the United States, and along with the Chicago Bears, are one of two charter members of the National Football League still in existence. The franchise moved from Chicago to St. Louis in 1960 and to Phoenix, Arizona, in 1988.
## Chicago years (1920--1959) {#chicago_years_19201959}
## St. Louis years (1960--1987) {#st._louis_years_19601987}
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Early years (1988--89) {#early_years_198889}
On January 15, 1988, Bidwill announced his intention to move to Arizona. On March 15, 1988, the NFL team owners voted to allow Bidwill to move the Cardinals from St. Louis to Phoenix for the 1988 NFL season. The team became the **Phoenix Cardinals**. They planned to play at Arizona State University\'s Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe temporarily, while a new stadium was being built. But the savings and loan crisis derailed financing for the stadium, and the Cardinals played at Arizona State for 18 years.
The Cardinals had missed the playoffs by a single game in their final season in St. Louis, and for much of the 1988 season they were poised to make the playoffs. At the end of week 11, they were 7--4 and in first place in the NFC East. However, they dropped their final five games to finish 7--9.
They got off to another strong start in 1989, with road victories over the Detroit Lions and Seattle Seahawks, then suffered a rash of injuries. With five games to go in the season, Gene Stallings, who had followed the team from St. Louis, announced his plans to retire at the end of the season. But general manager Larry Wilson ordered Stallings to leave immediately, and named running backs coach Hank Kuhlmann as interim coach. The team lost its last five games to finish 5--11 -- the first of four straight 11-loss seasons.
### Bugel era (1990--1993) {#bugel_era_19901993}
Joe Bugel, the architect of the Redskins\' famous \"Hogs\" offensive line in the 1980s, coached the Cardinals from 1990 to 1993, usually finishing last in the dominant NFC East, which produced the Super Bowl winner in each of those seasons (Giants in 1990, Redskins in 1991, and the Cowboys in 1992--1993). Bugel\'s first three teams finished 5--11 in 1990 and 4--12 in both 1991 and 1992 before improving to 7--9 in 1993. During the 1993 season, the Cardinals outscored their opponents by 57 points, but suffered eight losses by seven points or less, five of those setbacks coming to playoff teams. A three-game winning streak to close the season, including a 17--6 triumph over the playoff-bound Giants, was not enough to save Bugel\'s job.
### Ryan era (1994--95) {#ryan_era_199495}
In March 1994, Bill Bidwill bowed to fan preference and renamed the team the Arizona Cardinals. Bidwill had rebuffed earlier entreaties, citing the NFL\'s tradition of team names that identified home cities -- even though the Cardinals did not actually play in Phoenix, and that the Minnesota Vikings and New England Patriots were longstanding exceptions (also, the Carolina Panthers were set to start play the following year). The rest of the NFL owners quickly approved the name change.
Buddy Ryan replaced Bugel in 1994, also serving as his own general manager. With typical bluster, he declared, \"You\'ve got a winner in town.\" He guaranteed victory in the 1994 week 3 game at the Cleveland Browns, which Cleveland subsequently won, 32--0. The Cardinals, who ranked third in the NFL in total defense in 1994 but suffered from a lack of consistency at quarterback, entered the final week of the season with an outside chance at a playoff berth, but a 10--6 loss to the Atlanta Falcons ended those hopes as Arizona finished 8--8.
The 1995 season saw the Cardinals drop to 4--12, including an embarrassing 27--7 loss to the expansion Carolina Panthers. Ryan was fired on December 26, less than 24 hours after the Cardinals lost 37--13 on Christmas Day to the Cowboys on *Monday Night Football*. Dallas returned to Sun Devil Stadium 34 days later and defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Tobin era (1996--2000) {#tobin_era_19962000}
#### 1996
Ryan was followed by Vince Tobin, who improved the Cardinals to 7--9 in 1996, led by defensive end Simeon Rice, the third overall pick who became the NFL Defensive Rookie of the Year, and a rejuvenated Boomer Esiason at quarterback. Esiason threw for 522 yards in an overtime victory over the Washington Redskins in the Cardinals\' final game at RFK Stadium, and two weeks later led a fourth-quarter comeback against the playoff-bound Philadelphia Eagles. The 1996 season also featured a lowlight: a 31--21 loss at home to the New York Jets, the only game the Jets won during a 1--15 season.
#### 1997 {#section_1}
The Cardinals fell back to 4--12 in 1997, but that season saw the debut of rookie quarterback Jake Plummer, who the previous season guided Arizona State to a remarkable 11--0 regular season before falling just short of the national championship with a loss to Ohio State in the Rose Bowl. The highlight of the 1997 season was a 25--22 overtime victory over the Dallas Cowboys in week 2, ending Dallas\' 13-game winning streak over the Cardinals which dated back to 1990. But the team lost the next two games, falling to the Washington Redskins 19--13 in overtime in the first-ever game at Jack Kent Cooke Stadium, and then 18--17 to the playoff-bound Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
#### Playoff year (1998) {#playoff_year_1998}
During the 1998 season, Jake Plummer enjoyed his greatest stretch of success during his tenure with the franchise, in terms of victories at least, as his quarterback rating was still an average 75.0. The team during that time had once again been dubbed the **Cardiac Cards** by the local and national media as eight of their 16 regular-season games were decided by three points or less, and seven of those games ended in favor of the Cardinals. Solidifying their status as the team to beat in the clutch, the Cardinals, sporting a 6--7 record going into the 15th week, defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in overtime on a field goal by Chris Jacke, then returned home to defeat the New Orleans Saints by two and the San Diego Chargers by three to clinch a wild-card playoff berth.
The close calls and the fact that none of their victories had been to teams with winning records (New Orleans was the best of the group at 6--10; San Diego was 5--11 and Philadelphia 3--13) made them heavy underdogs going into their Wild Card Playoff game against the Dallas Cowboys. Considering their two regular season losses to the Cowboys and the fact that they had been on the losing end of 16 of the last 17 games against their division rivals, including 9 straight losses at Texas Stadium, the \"Team of the Nineties\" seemed to have history and ample statistical evidence on their side. To further the situation, the Cardinals franchise had not won a single playoff game since their title year of 1947, resulting in the longest active drought in professional sports history.
However, Arizona dominated the Cowboys on both ends of the football throughout the game. At Texas Stadium that afternoon, the Cardinals jumped out to a 10--0 halftime lead. The Cardinals would later increase that lead to 20--0 in the final minutes of the 4th quarter. The Cowboys\' only score was a touchdown late in the 4th quarter, and the Cardinals held on for a 20--7 upset that wasn\'t even that close. The Cardinals, who had suffered for 51 years as the NFL\'s doormat (and having never won or hosted any playoff games during their tenure in St. Louis), finally had a playoff win. However, the distinction was short lived as the Cardinals fell in the divisional round of the playoffs to the Minnesota Vikings who possessed a 15--1 record as well as the highest scoring offense in NFL history at the time. The Vikings won the game 41--21 in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in downtown Minneapolis.
#### 1999 {#section_2}
Coming off their playoff run in 1998, the Cardinals were expected to do bigger and better things in 1999, but a tough schedule ranked in the top 5 as well as key injuries returned the team to their losing ways, getting off to a 2--6 start. However, the Cardinals would make another run, winning 4 straight games to get back into the playoff chase, but it was not meant to be; Arizona lost their last 4 games to finish with a disappointing 6--10 record.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### McGinnis era (2000--2003) {#mcginnis_era_20002003}
Tobin was fired during the 2000 season and replaced by existing defensive coordinator Dave McGinnis, who remained head coach until his firing in 2003; McGinnis compiled a win--loss record of 17--40 during his tenure. In McGinnis\' second game as head coach, Aeneas Williams tied an NFL record by returning a fumble 104 yards for a touchdown in a 16--15 victory over the Redskins. Other notable victories during McGinnis\' tenure included a 34--31 overtime victory over the Oakland Raiders in 2001 in the Cardinals\' first-ever visit to Oakland, and an 18--17 triumph in the final game of the 2003 season over the Minnesota Vikings, in which Josh McCown threw the game-winning touchdown pass to Nate Poole with no time left on the clock, eliminating the Vikings from the playoffs.
The Cardinals did not win more than seven games in any season between 1999 and 2006, and had one of the worst yearly attendance records in the NFL. Sun Devil Stadium gained a reputation for being one of the quietest stadiums in the NFL during the Cardinals\' tenure there (which stood in decided contrast to Sun Devil home games). The few fans who did show up for games were most often rooting for the away team, creating \"home games\" on the road for many opposing teams---a phenomenon most noticeable when teams with great national followings, such as the Packers, Bears, 49ers, Raiders, Redskins, Steelers and Cowboys, came into town. A significant percentage of the state\'s residents only live there during the winter and live elsewhere for the rest of the year, and many of Arizona\'s permanent residents either grew up in other states or have roots outside the state.
In 2002, the addition of the Houston Texans caused the NFL to realign into eight divisions of four teams each. After 32 years of being in the NFC East, and having been located in an Eastern conference or division since the NFL began conference play in 1933, the Cardinals were finally moved to the NFC West with the 49ers, Seahawks, and Rams, which made far more sense from a geographical standpoint.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Green era (2004--2006) {#green_era_20042006}
In 2004, the Cardinals hired former Vikings coach Dennis Green as their head coach. Prior to his signing with the Cardinals, he compiled a 97--62 record in ten seasons with Minnesota (1992--2001), leading that franchise to four NFC Central Division titles and two NFC Championship games. The Cardinals continued their mediocre ways, going 6--10 in 2004 and 5--11 in 2005, the final two seasons for the team in Sun Devil Stadium.
Tragedy struck the team on April 22, 2004, when former safety Pat Tillman, a popular player who was an All-American at Arizona State, was killed in Afghanistan while serving in the United States Army. Tillman left professional football following the 2001 season to serve in the military in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks. Tillman became the first NFL player to lose his life in war since Buffalo Bills offensive tackle Bob Kalsu died in 1970 during the Vietnam War. Tillman\'s jersey number 40 was retired at the Cardinals\' first home game of 2004. In early 2005, Cardinals signed Kurt Warner to a one-year, \$4 million contract and later extending it to six years. Warner retired on January 29, 2010. Matt Leinart was drafted tenth overall in the 2006 NFL draft. After four seasons, Leinart was released on September 4, 2010, and signed a one-year contract with the Houston Texans two days later.
#### New stadium (2006) {#new_stadium_2006}
In 2000, Maricopa County voters passed a ballot initiative by a margin of 51% to 49%, providing funding for a new Cardinals stadium (as well as for improvements to Major League Baseball spring training facilities in the greater Phoenix region; and youth recreation). After some legal obstacles, the Cardinals began construction of their new facility in April 2003, in Glendale, one of the western suburbs of Phoenix. State Farm Stadium features a retractable roof and a slide-out grass surface, which is good for the hot desert weather; the new stadium has a state-of-the-art air conditioning system and high-back seats. The Cardinals\' executive offices and training facility remained in Tempe, in a complex (built in 1990) about 8 mi south of Sun Devil Stadium.
For some time, many team officials blamed Sun Devil Stadium for the Cardinals\' woes. Being merely a tenant in a college-owned stadium, especially considering that it was never intended as a full-time home, denied the Cardinals access to many revenue streams that other NFL teams took for granted.
The 63,500-seat stadium (expandable to 72,800) opened on August 12, 2006, when the Cardinals defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers, 21--13, in a preseason game. The Cardinals then hosted their first regular season opening day game since moving to the Phoenix area in 1988, defeating the San Francisco 49ers in a rematch of the 2005 blowout in Mexico City, 34--27, in front of a sellout crowd of 63,407. In February 2008, the stadium hosted Super Bowl XLII.
Despite the new stadium, the team began the 2006 season with a 1--8 record, punctuated by a 24--23 loss to the Chicago Bears on October 16 (before a sellout crowd enjoying a rare Cardinals appearance on *Monday Night Football*) in which Arizona blew a 20-point lead in an extremely bizarre game as Chicago scored no offensive touchdowns and the Cardinals led in several statistical categories including Time of Possession, Passing Yardage, Rushing Yardage, Giveaways, Takeaways, and Interceptions. Despite all the overwhelming statistical evidence the Bears capitalized on the two turnovers the Cardinals did commit, a pair of fumbles, and promptly returned them both for touchdowns. They also converted a punt return into a touchdown. The Cardinals had a chance to redeem themselves with a last minute field goal which would give them the victory, but their offense turned conservative and stalled just past midfield, and a 40-yard field goal attempt by Neil Rackers missed wide left. Afterwards Green fired off an uncharacteristic, angry tirade in the postgame press conference, stating \"The Bears are who we thought they were\", adding \"If you want to crown them, then crown their ass! But they are who we thought they were, and we let \'em off the hook!\"
Following the game against the Bears, Green fired his offensive coordinator, Keith Rowen; the game\'s final drive with the conservative play calling being the reason behind the firing. In the first game after the Monday Night debacle, the Cardinals were dominated in a 22--9 loss to the previously winless Raiders, one of only two games Oakland won in 2006.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Whisenhunt era (2007--2012) {#whisenhunt_era_20072012}
On January 1, 2007, after a 5--11 season and a 3-year record of 16--32, the Cardinals announced the firing of Green. After a brief period of speculation, Pittsburgh Steelers offensive coordinator Ken Whisenhunt was named the Cardinals head coach for the 2007 season.
In the 1st round of the 2007 NFL draft, the Cardinals selected offensive tackle Levi Brown from Penn State with the fifth overall pick. The Cardinals selected cornerback Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie with their first pick in the 2008 NFL draft.
The Cardinals finished 2007 with an 8--8 record, just their third non-losing record since moving to Arizona.
#### The Super Bowl season: 2008 {#the_super_bowl_season_2008}
The Cardinals began the 2008 season by splitting their first four games, including a 56--35 loss to the New York Jets in which Jets quarterback Brett Favre threw six touchdown passes, and Arizona receiver Anquan Boldin suffered a fractured sinus and concussion following a helmet-to-helmet hit by Jets cornerback Eric Smith. Arizona recovered to win five of its next six games to improve to 7--3, but lost two games in a five-day stretch of late November to the New York Giants and Philadelphia Eagles (the latter on Thanksgiving Day). On December 7, the Cardinals clinched the NFC West Division championship with a 34--10 victory at home over the St. Louis Rams to ensure the club\'s first playoff berth since 1998, as well as their first division title since 1975. It assured the Cardinals of hosting at least one playoff game at home---only the second home playoff game in franchise history (they never played a home playoff game while in St. Louis despite winning two division titles).
The Cardinals followed up winning the division title with two lackluster performances, losing at home 35--14 to the Minnesota Vikings, then suffering a 47--7 rout to the New England Patriots at a snowy Gillette Stadium. The Cardinals then defeated the Seattle Seahawks at home to clinch their first winning season since 1998, and thus avoided becoming the third team to win a division title with an 8--8 record (after the 1985 Cleveland Browns and 2008 San Diego Chargers).
On January 3, 2009, the Cardinals won their first home playoff game in 61 years by defeating the Atlanta Falcons 30--24 in the wild-card round. They then upset the Carolina Panthers 33--13 in Charlotte in the Divisional Playoffs. With the Philadelphia Eagles upsetting the top-seeded New York Giants the next day, the Cardinals, as the only remaining division champion, earned the right to host the first NFC Championship Game in team history. On January 18, 2009, the Cardinals defeated the Eagles 32--25 to advance to the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history. They lost Super Bowl XLIII 27--23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Whisenhunt era (2007--2012) {#whisenhunt_era_20072012}
#### 2009 {#section_3}
The 2009 Cardinals season started off with high expectations from fans following the team\'s improbable run to the Super Bowl the previous year. The Cardinals drafted Chris \"Beanie\" Wells with the 31st pick in the 2009 NFL draft to help improve their lack of a running game with the loss of Edgerrin James. But, with the Cardinals losing their offensive coordinator, Todd Haley, to the Kansas City Chiefs and having contract disputes with certain players, many outsiders thought the Cardinals would not return to the playoffs. The Cardinals started the season with a frustrating loss to their division rival, the San Francisco 49ers. They regrouped by beating Jacksonville, but followed that with another embarrassing loss at home to the Indianapolis Colts. They quickly recovered after their bye-week, winning 6 of their next 7 games. While playing the Rams in Week 11, Kurt Warner sustained a concussion and sat out the game against Tennessee the following week. Matt Leinart took his place as starter in a 20--17 loss. After Warner returned, the Cardinals hosted Minnesota and inflicted a sensational 30--17 defeat on them. After that, they fell again to San Francisco 24--9 on Monday Night.
Coupled with a win over the Detroit Lions and loss from San Francisco to the Philadelphia Eagles, the Cardinals clinched their second straight NFC West division title on December 20, 2009.
The Cardinals finished the season 10--6, which was the team\'s best record since moving to Arizona. In the final game of the year, they were blown out by the Green Bay Packers, 33--7. The game was meaningless to both teams in terms of playoff positioning. With a Minnesota victory just shortly before the start the Cardinals and Packers game, the Cardinals learned that they would be playing the same Packers team the following week in a NFC Wild Card game at home. Both teams took a different strategy to the game. The Packers decided to play their starters through three quarters, while the Cardinals played most of their starters for only a few plays.
With injuries being a factor the Cardinals started the NFC Wild Card game as a 2.5 point underdog at home on January 10, 2010. The Cardinals ended up beating the Green Bay Packers 51--45 in overtime in the highest scoring playoff game in NFL history, keeping alive the Packers--Cardinals rivalry which began on Nov. 20, 1921 when the two teams played to a 3--3 tie. For the game, Kurt Warner had 5 touchdown passes and only 4 incomplete passes, going 29 for 33. With the playoff victory, the Cardinals earned the right to play the New Orleans Saints in the divisional playoff game on January 16, 2010.
The Packers game exposed Arizona\'s weak defense however, and they were out-gunned by the Saints during the Divisional playoff game, losing by a lop-sided score of 45--14. Kurt Warner went 17--26 for 205 yards passing, but failed to throw for any touchdowns. The Cardinals went 1--8 on 3rd down conversions. Warner was knocked out of the game in the second quarter when he threw an interception that was caught by Saints DE Will Smith. A few days after the game, Kurt Warner announced his retirement from the NFL. This took the team by surprise, as they had expected him to play for the last year of his contract.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Whisenhunt era (2007--2012) {#whisenhunt_era_20072012}
#### 2011 {#section_4}
Several quarterback options were floated for 2011, including veteran Donovan McNabb (a part-time resident of Chandler, a local suburb) and Carson Palmer (who Kurt Warner personally lobbied for). In the end, the Cardinals got Eagles backup quarterback Kevin Kolb in exchange for trading cornerback Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie. They beat the Carolina Panthers in Week 1 for Kolb\'s first regular season game on the team, but lost the next three against the Washington Redskins, Seattle Seahawks, and New York Giants despite close scores. In Week 5, they headed to face the Minnesota Vikings seeking their first win in Minnesota since 1977.
Week 8 saw the Cardinals returning from their bye week to play the Baltimore Ravens, in Baltimore. Despite having a 21--6 lead at halftime, a poor performance in the second half led to 27--30 loss. During the game, quarterback Kevin Kolb injured his toe and after the game, it was announced that he was suffering from a serious turf toe and would miss time on the field.
Week 9, the second year and second string quarterback John Skelton came off the bench to start against the St. Louis Rams. Due to Kolb\'s lackluster performances in the games leading up to his injury, many fans and commentators suggested that if Skelton played well enough, the starting job might end up his, and that Kolb would be benched. Skelton gave an average performance, throwing for 222 yards, but it, coupled with an effective defense, gave the Cardinals the win. At the end of regulation, defensive tackle Calaias Campbell blocked the would-be game-winning field goal attempt by the Rams, forcing overtime. After one drive, the Rams were forced to punt. Rookie cornerback Patrick Peterson fielded the punt from the Arizona 1-yard line and returned the punt 99 yards for a game winning score, and also setting the record for longest punt return for a touchdown in NFL history. The Cardinals would win this game, 19--13 in overtime.
In Week 10, Kolb was still not ready to return, so John Skelton would start again, with the team traveling to Philadelphia to take on the Philadelphia Eagles. Historically, the Cardinals had struggled when playing on the east coast, but they made short work of the Eagles, winning 21--17, with Skelton throwing for 315 yards, including 146 yards and 2 touchdowns to Larry Fitzgerald.
The two wins with Skelton gave way to the suggestion by fans and commentators that Skelton may end up the permanent starter. But after an abysmal week 11 performance against the San Francisco 49ers that resulted in a 23--7 loss, the discussion stopped and fans eagerly awaited the return of Kolb.
Kolb was still not ready to start in week 12 when the team traveled to St. Louis to again face the St. Louis Rams. Skelton gave a mediocre performance, throwing for just 112 yards with 2 interceptions. But running back Chris \"Beanie\" Wells made up for the weak passing game by running for a career-high 228 yards. It was during this game that cornerback Patrick Peterson returned another punt for a touchdown, for a total of 4 on the season to that point, tying the NFL record. The Cardinals would win 23--20.
Week 13 saw the return of Kevin Kolb as the starter against the Dallas Cowboys. After a slow first half for the Cardinals, the score at halftime was a 10--0 Cowboys lead. The Cardinals defense played well, holding the Cowboys to just 10 first half points. In the second half, the offense got going, and Kolb went on to throw for 247 yards. At the end of regulation, the Cowboys were on offense, and poor clock management led to a 49-yard field goal attempt for the win. Cowboys head coach Jason Garrett called a time-out as the kicker was lining up to kick, and essentially \"iced\" his own kicker. After the time-out, the Cowboys lined up to kick again, and this time, the kick was short, leading to overtime. The Cardinals received the ball first, and moved down the field rapidly, with a 52-yard pass to LaRod Stephens-Howling which resulted in a touchdown, giving the Cardinals the overtime win.
The next week in a divisional game against the San Francisco 49ers, on just the third play of the game, Kolb was inadvertently kicked in the head and suffered a concussion. The concussion eventually caused Kolb to miss the rest of the season. Skelton came in and pulled off the upset over the 10--2 49ers. Skelton would go on and start the remainder of the season. Despite the Cardinals starting the season 1--6, they won 7 of their last nine to finish 8--8, including four overtime wins, an NFL record for most overtime wins in a single season. The Cardinals sent three players to the 2012 Pro Bowl: wide receiver and team icon Larry Fitzgerald, rookie cornerback and punt returner Patrick Peterson (made it in as a returner after tying an NFL-record 4 punt returns for touchdowns in a single season), and safety Adrian Wilson.
#### 2012 {#section_5}
With their first-round pick (13th overall) in the 2012 NFL draft, the cardinals selected wide receiver Michael Floyd.
After Skelton\'s strong finish to the 2011 season, coach Ken Whisenhunt declared that Kolb and Skelton would compete for the starting quarterback position. Skelton would eventually win the battle and be named the opening-day starter. However, Skelton was injured near the end of the opening game against the Seattle Seahawks, which saw Kolb come in off the bench and lead a game-winning drive. Kolb would start the next week and pull off a surprising upset over the AFC champion New England Patriots in Foxborough. Kolb played well enough to stay the starting quarterback even after Skelton was healthy, but Kolb himself would become injured in a 19--16 overtime loss to the Buffalo Bills. Kolb suffered broken ribs and was expected to miss six to eight weeks, but would eventually be placed on injured reserve. The Cardinals started off a surprising 4--0, but would then lose nine straight games, including an embarrassing 58--0 loss to the Seattle Seahawks at CenturyLink Field. Skelton would eventually be replaced by rookie Ryan Lindley in a loss to the Atlanta Falcons, but was re-inserted as starter after Lindley\'s struggles.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Arians era (2013--2017) {#arians_era_20132017}
On December 31, 2012, Whisenhunt was relieved of his head coaching duties by the Cardinals after 3 straight non-playoff seasons. Rod Graves, general manager at the time, was also relieved of his duties. On January 17, 2013, the Cardinals and Indianapolis Colts offensive coordinator (and temporary interim head coach) Bruce Arians agreed on a 4-year deal that would make him their head coach. Cardinals defensive coordinator Ray Horton was also a leading candidate for the head coach position; after Arians\' hiring, Horton was hired as the defensive coordinator for the Cleveland Browns.
In the 2013 season, the Cardinals won 10 games, and were in playoff contention heading into the final Week 17. But the team missed the playoffs for a fourth consecutive year.
The next year, Arizona had an impressive start to the season, winning nine out of the first ten games. However, the team lost four of the next six games, finishing 2014 with an 11--5 record, setting the most wins in a regular season since 1975, when the Cardinals were based in St. Louis. The Cardinals clinched a playoff spot as a wild card, the #5 seed. They would play the #4 Carolina Panthers, who won the NFC South with a 7--8--1 record. Injuries to Carson Palmer involving an ACL tear against the St. Louis Rams on week 11 of the regular season which would end Palmer\'s year. Drew Stanton was also hurt by the Rams as well in week 16 of the 2014 season by taking a hit to the knee which soon became infected and forced the team to start third-string quarterback Ryan Lindley. Carolina became the second team with a sub-.500 record to win an NFL playoff game, defeating Arizona 27--16.
On July 27, 2015, the Arizona Cardinals hired Jennifer Welter as an assistant coaching intern for training camp and the preseason; as such, she is believed to be the first female coach in the NFL.
That season, Arizona set another record for number of wins in a season since moving to Arizona, this time with 13. They also clinched their first NFC West title since 2009, and a first-round bye in team history. The Cardinals defeated the Green Bay Packers 26--20 in overtime, giving quarterback Carson Palmer his first playoff victory. The Cardinals advanced to their second NFC Championship game in their history and faced the top-seeded Carolina Panthers. The Cardinals were blown out 49--15, with Arizona having seven turnovers, the most in any playoff game since the Packers\' eight in 2001 against the St. Louis Rams.
After the team\'s results in 2015, the Cardinals were an expected Super Bowl contender in 2016. However, the team had a poor start, losing three of their first four games. The first tie for the franchise since 1986 occurred on an NBC Sunday Night Football game against the Seattle Seahawks on October 23. The score was 6--6, the lowest-scoring tie since overtime began in 1974. After a loss to the New Orleans Saints in Week 15, the Cardinals were eliminated from playoff contention. They finished the year at 7--8--1.
2017 was another hard year for the Cardinals. David Johnson and Carson Palmer suffered injuries early in the season. Midseason, former Minnesota Vikings running back Adrian Peterson was acquired from New Orleans, but was also shut down after a neck injury suffered late in the season. The Cardinals finished 8--8 without the playoffs. This season marked the end of the Bruce Arians era in Arizona as he retired following the season. Carson Palmer also retired the next day after 15 seasons.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Wilks era (2018) {#wilks_era_2018}
In January 2018, the Cardinals announced the hiring of Carolina Panthers defensive coordinator Steve Wilks as their new head coach, the second African-American (after Dennis Green) to hold the position. On July 4, general manager Steve Keim was arrested and later pleaded guilty to extreme DUI. The Cardinals suspended him for the first five weeks of the 2018 season and he was also fined \$200,000.
At the beginning of the season, the Cardinals started quarterback Sam Bradford, whom they acquired during the off-season. After losing to the Washington Redskins in week 1 and getting shut out by the Los Angeles Rams a week later, the Cardinals were off to a very bad start. They were struggling offensively, with Sam Bradford not being able to do anything positive, and the comeback of running back David Johnson was nothing like it was hoped to be, as he was constantly shut down. Through two weeks, they had failed to put up a single offensive score. In week 3 they played the Chicago Bears, and after having a solid first quarter (that included two touchdown passes), the offense again got pummeled and Bradford only threw for 65 yards from that point on. Late in the fourth quarter however, Bradford was benched and replaced by rookie Josh Rosen, who was the Cardinals\' first round pick in the 2018 NFL draft. Rosen went 4/7 on his throws, had 36 passing yards, and threw an interception. Rosen remained as the starting quarterback and Bradford was released by the Cardinals on November 1. After a blowout loss to the Denver Broncos in week 7, offensive coordinator Mike McCoy was fired and replaced by quarterbacks coach Byron Leftwich. They continued to struggle for the rest of the year and with two wins against the San Francisco 49ers and one against the Green Bay Packers, they finished the season with an abysmal 3--13 record, tying for the franchise\'s worst (with the 2000 Arizona Cardinals). It was also the league\'s worst in 2018, earning them the 1st overall pick in the upcoming 2019 NFL draft. After only one season as head coach, Steve Wilks was fired, thus ending the short-lived \'Wilks era\'. Offensive coordinator Byron Leftwich and defensive coordinator Al Holcomb were also both fired, along with most of the coaching staff.
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### Kingsbury era (2019--2022) {#kingsbury_era_20192022}
#### 2019 {#section_6}
On January 8, 2019, former Texas Tech head coach, Kliff Kingsbury, accepted the job as the Cardinals\' new coach. A few days later on January 11, they hired former Denver Broncos head coach, Vance Joseph, as the new defensive coordinator. On January 19, the Cardinals also decided that they wouldn\'t hire an offensive coordinator, but rather hire Tom Clements, who was a strong offensive mind for the Green Bay Packers, as the passing game coordinator/quarterbacks coach.
With their first round pick (1st overall) in the 2019 NFL draft the Arizona Cardinals would draft quarterback Kyler Murray. With the drafting of Murray, the Cardinals would trade their first round pick from the previous year quarterback Josh Rosen to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for a 2019 second round pick and a 2019 fifth round pick.
The Cardinals\' season started shaky. Although they managed to come back from down 24--6 against the Detroit Lions in the fourth quarter to tie it up at 24, they couldn\'t seal the deal, and the game ended in a 27--27 tie. The Cardinals lost their next three games against the Baltimore Ravens, Carolina Panthers, and Seattle Seahawks, before defeating the Cincinnati Bengals to acquire their first victory of the season in a high-scoring fourth quarter. The following week, they led the Atlanta Falcons 27--13 at one point, and held off a late Falcons rally to win 34--33. This was followed by a game that followed the same script: the Cardinals this time held a 17--0 lead in the middle of the second quarter, then held off a late New York Giants rally to win 27--21, which put the Cardinals at 3--3--1 for the season. Then, the Cardinals deteriorated for a long losing streak that started with a 31--9 blowout loss to the New Orleans Saints, which was followed by a near comeback victory over the San Francisco 49ers, who improved to 8--0 after that contest. After a close battle with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, the Cardinals headed to San Francisco and lost 36--26 despite holding a 16--0 lead at one point in the game. After their bye week, the Cardinals got blown out by the Los Angeles Rams, which was followed by a 23--17 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. After that, the Cardinals went hot again, defeating the Cleveland Browns 38--24, then upsetting the 11--3 Seahawks 27--13 before dropping their season finale to the Rams, 31--24. The Cardinals finished 5--10--1 for the season, and acquired the eighth overall pick in the 2020 draft.
#### 2020 {#section_7}
Following the 2019 season, the Arizona Cardinals would trade for Pro Bowl wide receiver DeAndre Hopkins of the Houston Texans for running back David Johnson and a 2021 second-round pick. In the 2020 NFL Draft, the Arizona Cardinals would draft lauded linebacker Isiah Simmons of Clemson with the seventh overall pick of the draft.
Going into the 2020 season, the Cardinals were expected to have a breakout season. Early on in the season, Kyler Murray was mentioned as a possible contender for NFL MVP with an improved offense and expectations to take a big step going into the second season of his career. The Cardinals won six of their first nine games, including divisional wins against the San Francisco 49ers and Seattle Seahawks, as well a hotly contested game against the Buffalo Bills that ended in a Hail Mary from Kyler Murray to DeAndre Hopkins to win the game. The play would go viral and become known as the \'Hail Murray.\' The Cardinals, however, disappointed down the stretch, losing five of their last seven games, finishing the season with an 8--8 record, and missing out on the last playoff spot by way of a tiebreaker with the Chicago Bears despite the playoff expansion to 14 teams.
#### 2021 {#section_8}
In the following offseason, the Cardinals continued their trend of big signings, adding many veteran players through both free agency and trade, highlighted by 3 time Defensive Player of the Year, defensive end J. J. Watt, and also included wide receiver A. J. Green, running back James Conner, and center Rodney Hudson (traded from the Las Vegas Raiders for a 3rd round pick). These 4 players had a combined 16 Pro Bowl appearances between them. For the second straight year, the Cardinals drafted a linebacker, Zaven Collins, in the first round of the 2021 NFL draft.
Once again the Cardinals started the season hot, this time winning their first 7 games, and holding the NFL\'s only undefeated record for four weeks. Additionally, 5 of those 7 games were won by more than 10 points, including blowouts against strong opponents such as the Tennessee Titans and Los Angeles Rams. Kyler Murray was an early favorite for MVP, with the offense averaging over 32 points per game, although on the other side of the ball, JJ Watt tore his labrum, bicep, and rotator cuff in addition to dislocating his shoulder, and was out for the remainder of the regular season.
In October, the Cardinals acquired Super Bowl LII champion Zach Ertz from the Philadelphia Eagles.
A *Thursday Night Football* showdown against the Green Bay Packers saw the Cardinals lose, along with Kyler Murray taking a hit and injuring his ankle, missing the next three games. Led by backup Colt McCoy, the Cardinals went 2--1 in the month long absence of their star quarterback, beating the divisional rival San Francisco 49ers 31--17 and Seattle Seahawks 23--13, but also lost 34--10 to the Carolina Panthers. Kyler Murray returned to the field in Week 13 and led the Cardinals to a 33--22 victory over the Chicago Bears, putting the team at a record of 10--2, but the team then lost 3 straight, falling in close games to the Rams and Indianapolis Colts, but also losing 30--12 to the Detroit Lions who previously had only 1 win on the year. In Week 17 the Cardinals beat the Dallas Cowboys 25--22, snapping their losing streak, but fell to the Seahawks in the final week of the regular season, and in doing so, lost out on the NFC West title and the 3 seed. The Cardinals finished 11-6 and made the playoffs as a Wildcard team, seeded 5th, and facing off against their division rival Rams for the 3rd rematch of the season. Arizona lost 34--11 and were eliminated from postseason contention. The Rams went on to win Super Bowl LVI.
#### 2022 {#section_9}
In 2022, the Cardinals regressed and failed to improve upon their record from last season with a 4--13 record, resulting in the firing of head coach Kliff Kingsbury and the resignation of general manager Steve Keim for health-related reasons.
### 2023--present: Jonathan Gannon era begins {#present_jonathan_gannon_era_begins}
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# History of the Arizona Cardinals
## Arizona years (1988--present) {#arizona_years_1988present}
### 2023 {#section_10}
The Cardinals struggled with a 1--8 record to start the season. In Week 10 of the regular season at home against the Atlanta Falcons, Quarterback Kyler Murray returned on the field after tearing his ACL on December 12, 2022. They would go on to upset the Falcons 25--23. They would go on the finish and match their 4--13 record from last season
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# Ilija Najdoski
**Ilija Najdoski** (*Илија Најдоски*; born 26 March 1964) is a Macedonian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back for Red Star Belgrade. He was part of the Red Star Belgrade team which won the 1990--91 European Cup.
## Club career {#club_career}
Najdoski also played in Spain for Real Valladolid in Spain\'s La Liga and Denizlispor in Turkey\'s Süper Lig.
## International career {#international_career}
Najdoski represented both Yugoslavia and Republic of Macedonia in international matches. Even after Macedonian independence, he was included in the Yugoslav squad for Euro 1992, but the nation would be suspended due to the Yugoslav Wars.
Najdoski later played in the first ever official match of Macedonia, played on 13 October 1993, against Slovenia. His final international was a March 1996 friendly match against Malta.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He is the father of Macedonian player Dino Najdoski.
Najdoski is an ethnic Aromanian
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# The Desire to Live
***The Desire to Live*** (*El deseo de vivir*) is a 1973 Argentine romantic musical film directed by Julio Saraceni and starring Sandro and Elena Sedova.
## Plot
Sandro plays Rolo Medina, a young athlete, who despite a life of luxury, pleasure and beautiful women, feels his life has no meaning. That feeling will change abruptly when he randomly meets Laura (Elena Sedova), who is the partner of a renowned physician, Dr. Mariano Fuentes (Juan José Miguez). The attraction between Rolo and Laura is immediate, and for the wealthy young athlete. seems to have given the desire to live. However, an unexpected event changes his life forever.
## Cast
- Sandro as Rolo
- Elena Sedova as Laura
- Juan José Míguez as Dr. Mariano Fuentes
- Miguel Bermúdez
- Ricardo Passano
- Adriana Aguirre
- Norma Sebré
- María Amelia Rodríguez
- Julio García Alemán
- Jorge Marchesini
## Music
Songs include:
- *Pequeña mujer*
- *Carolina en mi piel*
- *Te espero bajo el sol*
- *El deseo de vivir*
- *No me dejes\..
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# The Bad Life (film)
***The Bad Life**\'\' (Spanish:***La Mala vida**\'\') is a 1973 Argentine crime film directed by Hugo Fregonese
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# Mexico: The Frozen Revolution
***Mexico: The Frozen Revolution*** (*México, la revolución congelada*) is a 1971 Argentine documentary film, which details the history and progress of the Mexican Revolution (1911-1917). It also focuses on the life of the peasants and the evolution of land reform. Its maker, Raymundo Gleyzer, was kidnapped by the dictatorship of Argentina in 1976 and is one of the 30,000 people who have disappeared in Argentine concentration camps.
The film was first screened at the Directors\' Fortnight of the 1971 Cannes Film Festival
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
This article details the **history of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers** American football franchise.
## Origins
In 1971, National Football League Commissioner Pete Rozelle predicted that the 26-team league would expand to 32 teams within the 1970s decade. Rozelle confirmed on April 24, 1974 that an expansion was imminent. Rozelle revealed the five cities that were being considered to win an NFL franchise were Tampa-St. Petersburg, Memphis, Phoenix, Seattle and Honolulu. On October 30, 1974, the 26 franchise owners sold the 27th NFL franchise to Tampa Bay and Tom McCloskey, a Philadelphia builder, for \$16 million. McCloskey had attempted to buy the Philadelphia Eagles in 1964 and again in 1969, but fell short by about \$500,000 each time.
Ralph Wilson, owner of the Buffalo Bills franchise, courted interests in Tampa Bay who approached him about moving the Bills to Tampa Bay. Wilson was frustrated in his inability to gain a new stadium for his franchise. He considered Memphis, Tennessee and Seattle, Washington as possible sites in addition to Tampa Bay.
McCloskey quickly became dissatisfied with the financial arrangement with the NFL, and backed out of the deal a month later. Hugh Culverhouse, a tax attorney from Jacksonville who had failed in his bid to buy the Los Angeles Rams, received the Tampa franchise.
The new Tampa Bay franchise was named the "Buccaneers" or \"Bucs,\" a reference to the pirates who frequented Florida\'s Gulf coast during the 17th century. The team\'s first home was Tampa Stadium, which had been expanded to seat 72,000 fans.
## Seasons 1976--1978 {#seasons_19761978}
The Buccaneers joined the NFL as members of the AFC West in 1976. They were moved to the NFC Central, while the other 1976 expansion team, the Seattle Seahawks, switched conferences with Tampa Bay and joined the AFC West. This realignment was dictated by the league as part of the 1976 expansion plan, so that both teams could play each other twice and every other NFL franchise once during their first two seasons.
USC coach John McKay was recruited as the team\'s first head coach after being offered a \$3 million contract.
In the 1977 season, the Buccaneers were shut out six times. In Week 13, the Buccaneers won their first regular-season game, defeating the New Orleans Saints on the road 33--14. The win was highlighted by three interceptions returned for touchdowns, an NFL record at the time. The Buccaneers followed the victory with a win at home over the St. Louis Cardinals during the final week of the season.
## Seasons 1979--1982 {#seasons_19791982}
The Buccaneers began the 1979 season with five consecutive victories and the team featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated.
The team won its final game against the Kansas City Chiefs to make the playoffs. Finishing with a 10--6 record, the Bucs had their first winning season, and won the Central Division in a tiebreaker over the Chicago Bears. The Bucs upset the Philadelphia Eagles 24--17 in the divisional round of the 1979 playoffs. The will allowed the Bucs to host NFC Championship Game in Tampa, where the team lost to the Rams 9--0.
In 1980, the Bucs had five wins, 10 losses, and a tie against the Green Bay Packers.
The last game in the 1981 season was against the Detroit Lions. The winner would take the Central Division crown and the loser would miss the playoffs. The Lions had not lost at home all season. The Bucs trailed early, but an 84-yard touchdown pass from quarterback Doug Williams to wide receiver Kevin House, and a fumble recovery for a touchdown by David Logan sealed the win for the Bucs and a place in the 1981 playoffs. The Dallas Cowboys defeated the Bucs 38--0 in the divisional round.
Starting the 1982 season, the Bucs went 0--3 before a players strike shut down the NFL for seven weeks. When the league resumed play, the Bucs won five of its next six games and qualified for the expanded playoff slate. In the first round, the Bucs lost 30--17 to the Cowboys in Dallas.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Seasons 1983--1996 {#seasons_19831996}
Doug Williams\' salary of \$120,000 made him the lowest-paid starting quarterback in the NFL in the 1982 season. At the end of the season, Williams asked for a raise to \$600,000 per season. Culverhouse offered \$400,000. Williams left the Bucs to play for the Oklahoma/Arizona Outlaws in the USFL.
The Bucs started the 1983 season by losing its first nine games which knocked the out of playoff contention. They finished with a 2--14 record.
In 1986, the Bucs had the first pick in the draft and chose Auburn athlete and 1985 Heisman Trophy winner Vincent Edward \"Bo\" Jackson despite Jackson having told the Bucs that if they drafted him, he would not play for them. Jackson disliked Culverhouse because the Bucs flew him to Tampa for a physical and a visit at the team\'s expense during his senior year at Auburn and led him to believe that the NCAA and Southeastern Conference had approved the trip. No approval had been sought or granted, and the trip cost Jackson his eligibility during his senior baseball season. Jackson believed the Bucs deliberately tried to sabotage his baseball career so he would pursue professional football and be available as a first-round draft pick for the Bucs.
The front-office woes affected the team regardless of who was brought in to coach. McKay stepped down at the end of the 1984 season and was succeeded by Leeman Bennett, who had coached the Atlanta Falcons to their first-ever playoff win. After two disastrous 2--14 seasons, he was replaced by former New York Giants and University of Alabama head coach Ray Perkins. Perkins brought back much-needed discipline and "three-a-day" practices, but this proved too much of a good thing. The team was so physically drained by game day that the losses continued to pile up, and Perkins was fired before the end of the 1990 season. Offensive coordinator Richard Williamson became interim head coach, and had the \"interim\" tag removed following a promising finish to the 1990 season. The momentum didn\'t last, however, and Williamson was fired after the 1991 season when the team regressed to 3--13, their worst season since 1986.
Largely due to the Bucs' wretched showings on the field, attendances were typically among the lowest in the league. Usually, the only times that games attracted crowds anywhere near capacity were when the Chicago Bears and Green Bay Packers came to town and brought thousands of their fans with them. Both teams had large followings in Tampa Bay due to the large number of Midwestern expatriates in the area. As a result, most Bucs home games were blacked out locally. At one point, 32 home games in a row from 1982 to 1986 -- all or part of five seasons -- were not televised locally.
It wasn\'t until the hiring of Sam Wyche that Bucs fans had reason for optimism. Wyche had coached the Cincinnati Bengals to a Super Bowl appearance, when Cincinnati might have won if not for a fourth quarter comeback engineered by 49ers QB Joe Montana. Wyche did not have immediate success in Tampa, and even his bold "five-dash-two" (indicating five wins and two losses) declaration in his final season with the Bucs proved premature. However, Wyche deserves credit for drafting three key players who would later prove to be the core of the team\'s renewed success on defense -- Warren Sapp, Derrick Brooks and John Lynch.
Things only really began to change, however, after Culverhouse died of lung cancer in 1994.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## New ownership, Tony Dungy, and a return to contention (1996--2001) {#new_ownership_tony_dungy_and_a_return_to_contention_19962001}
Despite the profitability of the Buccaneers in the 1980s, Culverhouse\'s death revealed a team close to bankruptcy, which surprised many observers. His son, Miami attorney Hugh Culverhouse, Jr., practically forced the trustees of his father\'s estate to sell the team, which cast doubt on the future of the Buccaneers in Tampa. Interested parties included New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner and Baltimore Orioles owner Peter Angelos, the latter of whom publicly declared he would move the team to Baltimore, which had lacked an NFL franchise since the Colts were relocated to Indianapolis. There was also talk of moving the Buccaneers to nearby Orlando, but mayor Glenda Hood ruled out razing the Citrus Bowl to build an NFL stadium. After Art Modell moved the Cleveland Browns to Baltimore and Georgia Frontiere moved the Rams to St. Louis, rumours of relocation to the vacated markets of Los Angeles or Cleveland emerged, as did talk of moving to Hartford, Connecticut.
However, in a last-minute surprise, Malcolm Glazer outbid both of them for \$192 million, the highest sale price for a professional sports franchise up to that point. Glazer immediately placed his sons Bryan, Edward, and Joel in charge of the team\'s financial affairs, and the family\'s deep pockets and serious commitment to fielding a winning team --- in Tampa --- allowed the Bucs to finally become competitive. The team\'s performance dramatically improved when the Glazers hired Minnesota Vikings defensive coordinator Tony Dungy as head coach, jettisoned the old "creamsicle" uniforms, and convinced Hillsborough County voters to raise sales taxes to partially fund the construction of Raymond James Stadium.
### 1996 season: Dungy's first year {#season_dungys_first_year}
During Dungy\'s first season in 1996, the team continued to struggle, starting the season 1--8. However, in the second half of the season they finished 5--2, primarily due to the performance of a defense ranked seventh in the NFL led by Hardy Nickerson and the maturing of Wyche\'s draftees Brooks, Lynch and Sapp. Dungy, widely renowned for his somber, even-tempered personality, quickly brought balance and morale to the team. Defensive coordinator Monte Kiffin developed and refined their trademark Tampa 2 defensive scheme, which became the foundation for Tampa Bay\'s future success, not to mention a blueprint copied by other teams in the NFL, including the Chicago Bears and the St. Louis Rams.
### The 1997 season: Back to the playoffs {#the_1997_season_back_to_the_playoffs}
Everything finally came together in 1997. The team started the season 5--0, picking up where they left off the previous year, and this quick start once again landed them on the cover of *Sports Illustrated*---not once, but twice. The Bucs went 10--6 for their first winning season and playoff appearance since 1982, as a wild-card team. In the Bucs' final home game at Houlihan\'s Stadium (formerly Tampa Stadium), the team defeated the Detroit Lions 20--10 for only the second playoff win in franchise history. They lost at Lambeau Field to the eventual NFC champion Green Bay Packers 21--7. Still, there was reason for optimism, and the expectations were high for the following season.
### 1998--2001: "The New Sombrero" {#the_new_sombrero}
The 1998 season, the first to be played in the newly constructed Raymond James Stadium, saw the Bucs lose several close games en route to a disappointing 8--8 record. The 1999 season saw much better fortunes. On the strength of the NFL\'s number one overall defense and a surprising performance by rookie QB Shaun King, the Bucs finished the season with an 11--5 record and won their third NFC Central championship. They edged the Washington Redskins 14--13 in the Divisional round, before losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion St. Louis Rams in an unusually low-scoring NFC Championship Game, 11--6. The Bucs' loss was controversial, highlighted by the unusual reversal of a pass from King to WR Bert Emanuel. Despite the fact that Emanuel clearly controlled the ball at every point during the catch, booth replay official Jerry Markbreit ordered a review of the call. Referee Bill Carollo determined that the nose of the ball had touched the ground as he brought it into his body. The resulting reversal all but ended the Bucs\' hopes of mounting a game-winning drive. In league meetings later that year, NFL later changed the rules regarding what constituted an incomplete pass, which was a backhanded admission that the reversal was incorrect.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## New ownership, Tony Dungy, and a return to contention (1996--2001) {#new_ownership_tony_dungy_and_a_return_to_contention_19962001}
### Offensive woes {#offensive_woes}
In spite of Dungy\'s success at coaching Tampa Bay into a winner, one of the consistent criticisms from the media and from fans---and later, from players including Warren Sapp---was that the defense was expected to shoulder too much of the responsibility for winning games. Beyond fullback Mike Alstott and running back Warrick Dunn---who served as a one-two punch ground attack---and wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson, the team was otherwise underwhelming on offense. Despite the ongoing criticism, Dungy remained staunchly loyal to his coaching staff, but at the conclusion of the 1999 season, general manager Rich McKay forced Dungy to fire offensive coordinator Mike Shula. He was replaced by former Minnesota Vikings and Tennessee Titans offensive coordinator Les Steckel in 2000, and the result was the Bucs\' highest-scoring season ever, another 10--6 record, and another trip to the playoffs as a wild card. despite his transformation of the team\'s offense, Steckel\'s drill sergeant approach to coaching (he was a colonel in the Marines) was a poor fit for the franchise. He was fired at the end of the season, after the Bucs lost 21--3 to the Philadelphia Eagles.
Rather than choose from the pool of strong offensive coordinators available at the end of the 2000 campaign (including former Redskins coach Norv Turner), Dungy decided to elevate his receivers coach Clyde Christensen to the position. It can be argued that this controversial decision was the final nail in the coffin for Dungy\'s tenure. Although the team achieved a 9--7 winning record in 2001, they barely made it into the playoffs as the lowest-seeded wild card. To add insult to injury, the Bucs were once again blown out by the Eagles---this time, 31--9.
Frustrated with the team\'s inability to reach the Super Bowl despite a league-dominating defense, Malcolm Glazer fired Dungy the following day---a decision that created more controversy among devoted players and fans. Despite whatever weaknesses that may have been ascribed to him, Dungy was highly respected around the league as a man of solid character and a coach to whom players were fiercely loyal. Dungy went on to coach the Colts to the Super Bowl XLI championship against the Chicago Bears, in the process becoming the first African-American head coach to win the Super Bowl.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Jon Gruden, the Super Bowl, and beyond (2002--2008) {#jon_gruden_the_super_bowl_and_beyond_20022008}
Dungy was soon hired as the head coach of the Indianapolis Colts, while the Bucs mounted a prolonged and much-maligned search for his replacement. Several potential candidates were offered the job, including University of Florida head coach Steve Spurrier, Bill Parcells and Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator Marvin Lewis. Spurrier jumped to the Redskins when he was offered the most lucrative salary package ever offered to an NFL head coach, and Parcells eventually passed on the Bucs' offer---the second time he had done so in the history of the franchise. Bucs general manager Rich McKay threw his support behind Lewis, and his hiring appeared so certain that the Ravens held a going-away party for him. The Glazer brothers were so displeased with the selection of a yet another defensive-minded coach that they overruled McKay and took control of the candidate search themselves. They made it clear that their top choice was Jon Gruden. The problem was that he was still under contract to the Oakland Raiders.
While talks with the Raiders were secretly underway, the Glazers publicly pursued another respected offensive mind, San Francisco 49ers head coach Steve Mariucci. Just when initial reports indicated that Mariucci had agreed to become both the Bucs\' head coach and general manager, Raiders owner Al Davis agreed to release Jon Gruden to Tampa Bay. Observers suggested that the Glazers\' offer to Mariucci was merely a clever bargaining tactic: since Davis\' large ego is well documented, it was very likely he wouldn\'t allow such a blockbuster trade to take place so near his turf. If the tactic didn\'t work, then the Bucs would still get the type of head coach the Glazers desired.
The Glazers' shrewd move eventually paid off in acquiring Gruden, but it cost the team dearly. The team hired Gruden away from the Raiders on February 20, 2002, but the price was four draft picks, including the Bucs\' first and second round picks in 2002, their first round pick in 2003, and their second round selection in 2004, along with \$8 million in cash; the league as a result prohibited any further trading of draft picks for coaches. Gruden, who was frustrated by the limitation of his coaching authority by Davis, was more than pleased to return to Tampa Bay, as his parents lived nearby, and he had spent part of his childhood in Tampa in the early 1980s when his father had worked as a Bucs running back coach and director of player personnel.
### The 2002 season: Super Bowl champions {#the_2002_season_super_bowl_champions}
Upon his arrival in Tampa, Gruden immediately went to work, acquiring former Jacksonville Jaguars wide receiver Keenan McCardell, and running back Michael Pittman from the Arizona Cardinals. The Bucs needed to improve their sluggish offense, as the league\'s sweeping realignment sent the Bucs to the new NFC South division, along with the Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers and New Orleans Saints.
The offensive retooling worked, and combined with the league\'s top defense, the 2002 campaign was the Buccaneers\' most successful season to date. They won the NFC South title with a 12--4 record---the team\'s best ever---then defeated the San Francisco 49ers in what became coach Steve Mariucci's last game with that franchise. In a surprising upset, the Buccaneers won their first NFC Championship on the road against the Eagles in the last NFL game ever played at Veterans Stadium. Cornerback Ronde Barber capped off the win by intercepting a Donovan McNabb pass and returning it 92 yards for a touchdown late in the fourth quarter. Philadelphia fans could only watch in stunned silence.
The Buccaneers went on to rout Gruden's former team, the Oakland Raiders, by a score of 48--21 in Super Bowl XXXVII. Gruden's familiarity with the Raiders' players and playbook paid off, as John Lynch and other Buccaneers players recognized some of Oakland\'s formations and plays at crucial points in the game. The Buccaneers became the first team to win the Super Bowl without any picks in the first two rounds of the previous spring\'s NFL draft, having traded these picks to the Oakland Raiders for the rights to acquire Gruden. Gruden became the youngest head coach to win a Super Bowl.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Jon Gruden, the Super Bowl, and beyond (2002--2008) {#jon_gruden_the_super_bowl_and_beyond_20022008}
### 2003 and 2004: Front-office tensions {#and_2004_front_office_tensions}
Soon after the Super Bowl victory, a growing number of press reports indicated Gruden\'s lack of patience with general manager McKay. McKay was a major architect of the Buccaneers rebuilding effort over the previous ten years, and he, like Gruden, had long-established ties to the Tampa Bay area. However, during the 2003 season, the Gruden-McKay relationship deteriorated as the Buccaneers struggled on the field. In November, Keyshawn Johnson was deactivated by the team ten games into the season for his conduct, which included sideline arguments with Buccaneers coaches and players. Johnson was eventually traded to the Dallas Cowboys for wide receiver Joey Galloway.
Johnson\'s unusual deactivation was a definitive sign that Gruden had indeed gained control. In December, the Glazers allowed McKay to leave the Buccaneers before the end of the regular season, and he promptly joined the Falcons as president and general manager. Thus, McKay watched his first game as a Falcons executive sitting next to owner Arthur Blank in a Raymond James Stadium skybox. The Atlanta Falcons defeated the Buccaneers 30--28, another sign of how the season had spiraled downward. Despite opening the season with a *Monday Night Football* win over the Philadelphia Eagles in Philadelphia\'s new stadium, Lincoln Financial Field, the Buccaneers finished the season 7--9. Combined with the Oakland Raiders\' dismal 4-12 performance, neither Super Bowl team reached the playoffs that year.
Before the 2004 training camp, personnel issues and the salary cap became primary concerns. Gruden successfully lobbied the Glazers to hire his former general manager from Oakland, Bruce Allen. After Allen\'s arrival in the Buccaneers\' front office, the team announced that it would not re-sign two of their best defensive players---John Lynch and Warren Sapp---before the regular season even started. Both of their contracts were expiring, and younger players could fill their positions. Lynch was released after medical exams indicated ongoing injury problems. Many Buccaneers fans were stunned by the move, as Lynch was a very popular player whose aggressive, intelligent play earned him several Pro Bowl appearances. He was also well regarded for his philanthropic work in the Tampa Bay area. Lynch was quickly signed by the Denver Broncos, where he had consecutive injury-free Pro Bowl seasons. Sapp signed with the Oakland Raiders, where he played in a limited role in 2004, and sat out much of the 2005 season with injuries. Since wide receiver Keenan McCardell refused to play until he was given a better contract or traded, he was sent to the San Diego Chargers for draft compensation.
The distracted Buccaneers began the 2004 season with a 1--5 record, their worst start since Gruden arrived. The fading accuracy of kicker Martin Gramatica didn\'t help matters, as the team lost many close games en route to a 5--11 record, making the Buccaneers the first NFL team to follow up a Super Bowl championship with back-to-back losing seasons. The lone highlights of 2004 were the high-quality play of rookie wide receiver Michael Clayton and the return of Doug Williams, who joined the Buccaneers front office as a personnel executive.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Jon Gruden, the Super Bowl, and beyond (2002--2008) {#jon_gruden_the_super_bowl_and_beyond_20022008}
### The 2005 season: Another division crown {#the_2005_season_another_division_crown}
In the 2005 season, the Buccaneers returned to their winning ways. The Buccaneers selected Carnell "Cadillac" Williams in the first round of the 2005 draft, and the rookie would provide a running game the Buccaneers hadn\'t possessed since the days of James Wilder Sr. in the 1980s. Williams set the NFL record for most yards rushing in his first three games with 474, and was named as the AP\'s 2005 Offensive Rookie of the Year. His shoes and gloves from the third game of the season are now on display in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
With their 2005 campaign marking the Buccaneers\' 30th season in the NFL, the team won their first four games before entering a midseason slump hampered by a season-ending injury to starting quarterback Brian Griese during a win over the Miami Dolphins. Replacement starter Chris Simms struggled early as the Bucs lost games to the San Francisco 49ers and Carolina Panthers, but Simms came into his own when he led the team to a last-minute win over the Washington Redskins in a 36--35 thriller to break that slump. In a gutsy move, Gruden went for the win with a two-point conversion plunge by fullback Mike Alstott. A booth review of that play was inconclusive, and Redskins coach Joe Gibbs stated after the game his belief that Alstott had not scored.
The Bucs followed up with important wins over their NFC South division rivals, sweeping both the New Orleans Saints and Atlanta Falcons, as well as defeating the Panthers in a rare victory at Carolina. Even with a tough loss against the Chicago Bears and a humiliating shutout against the New England Patriots, the Buccaneers finished 11--5 and won the NFC South by virtue of a tie-breaker over the Panthers. The Buccaneers\' 30th Anniversary season would end on a sour note, as they lost 17--10 at home to the Redskins in the wild-card round. A late Buccaneers touchdown could have tied the game, but the play was ruled incomplete when a booth review upheld the referee's decision.
The Buccaneers sent three veteran players to the 2006 Pro Bowl, including cornerback Ronde Barber and punter Josh Bidwell. Outside linebacker Derrick Brooks was named the Pro Bowl MVP, with a 59-yard interception return for a touchdown.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Jon Gruden, the Super Bowl, and beyond (2002--2008) {#jon_gruden_the_super_bowl_and_beyond_20022008}
### 2006
After winning their division in 2005, the Buccaneers suffered through an abysmal 2006 season. The season was plagued by injuries, with starters such as guard Dan Buenning, wide receiver Michael Clayton, running back Carnell Williams, defensive end Simeon Rice, cornerback Brian Kelly, and quarterback Chris Simms all being placed on injured reserve at some point in the season. The season also saw a lot of rookies starting for the Buccaneers, such as quarterback Bruce Gradkowski, tackle Jeremy Trueblood, and guard Davin Joseph. The league schedule was also unfriendly to the Buccaneers, scheduling them for 3 games (two of them away games) within 11 days of each other.
There was more to the lost season than just injuries however, as most of the players put on injured reserve had been done so after the team\'s 0--3 start, and offensive shutouts in the first two games in which no touchdowns were scored by the Buccaneers. The departure of several key defensive coaches and assistants didn\'t bode well with players, who complained to some in the media of not being able to hear coaches in team meetings.
Inconsistent and unorganized are how some players referred to one of the newcomers, who most players had a hard time making the transition from long-time favorites Rod Marinelli and others. Some believe the problems in 2006 were rooted in recent years mistakes, lack of salary cap room to bring in high impact free agents, lack of top 50 draft picks over the last 5 or 6 years due to trades, and maybe even a failure to properly assess talent resulting in a lack of contribution from second day draft picks in recent history.
The Buccaneers started off the season 0--3, with quarterback Chris Simms throwing only one touchdown against seven interceptions. In the third game of the season, a last-minute loss to the Carolina Panthers, Simms\'s spleen was ruptured, and he was placed on injured reserve for the rest of the season. After their bye week, the Buccaneers elected to start rookie quarterback Bruce Gradkowski, a 6th round pick from Toledo.
Gradkowski started off performing decently. People who in hindsight claim the Buccaneers should have started the more experienced Tim Rattay forget the Buccaneers nearly upset the New Orleans Saints, and then went on to win two narrow victories: one, against the Cincinnati Bengals, winning on an overturned call resulting in a touchdown; and another against the Philadelphia Eagles, thanks to Matt Bryant's 62-yard field goal. After these victories, though, Gradkowski's performance declined. After a 17--3 loss to the New York Giants in heavy winds, the Buccaneers proceeded to lose five of their next six games, leading them to a record of 3--10 (0--6 in their division). In the loss to the Atlanta Falcons, Gradkowski was replaced in the 4th quarter by Rattay.
In the first half of the Buccaneers\' next game, against the Chicago Bears, Gradkowski was again replaced by Rattay, who led the team from a 24--3 deficit to a score of 31--31, with three touchdowns in the fourth quarter. However, the Buccaneers then lost the game in overtime, 34--31. Rattay was then named the new starting quarterback for the last two games for the season. The Buccaneers finished their season with a 4--12 record, tied for third worst in the NFL.
The Buccaneers sent three players to the 2007 Pro Bowl, cornerback Ronde Barber, tight end/long snapper Dave Moore (A "Need" player according to Saints coach Sean Payton), and late addition outside linebacker Derrick Brooks (as an injury replacement). This would be Brooks\' 10th consecutive Pro Bowl and 10th Pro Bowl overall.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Jon Gruden, the Super Bowl, and beyond (2002--2008) {#jon_gruden_the_super_bowl_and_beyond_20022008}
### 2007: A return to grace {#a_return_to_grace}
In 2007, the Buccaneers signed veteran quarterback Jeff Garcia, linebackers Cato June and Patrick Chukwurah, and former New York Jets fullback B.J. Askew. They released three-time Pro Bowl defensive end Simeon Rice and starting middle linebacker Shelton Quarles, both of whom spent the majority of their career in Tampa Bay. Six-time Pro Bowler and 12-year veteran fullback Mike Alstott suffered a neck injury in a preseason match against the New England Patriots. The injury placed Alstott on injured reserve for the rest of the season and led to his retirement in January 2008.
The regular season began with a 20--6 loss to the Seattle Seahawks in Qwest Field. By week six, the Buccaneers had a record of 4--2, including home victories against division rivals the Carolina Panthers and the New Orleans Saints. Running Back Carnell "Cadillac" Williams suffered a season-ending torn patellar tendon in a week 4 home victory over the Panthers, which contributed to a 33-14 blowout loss to former Buccaneers head coach Tony Dungy\'s Indianapolis Colts the next week. The Buccaneers\' misfortune against non-divisional teams was countered as the season progressed by their domination of the NFC South. In week 15, Micheal Spurlock recorded the first ever kick return touchdown ever scored by a Tampa Bay Buccaneer in a home victory against the Atlanta Falcons. They won all but one of their divisional games and, at the peak of their success, had a record of 9--5. Many factors contributed to this, such as the problems faced by Atlanta, whose star quarterback Michael Vick had been arrested on dog fighting charges in the preseason, and the season-ending ACL tear suffered by New Orleans running back Deuce McAllister. they finished off the season on a low point, however, but still won the NFC South division, and qualified for a playoff spot at 9--7.
Tampa Bay were set to host the New York Giants at Raymond James Stadium for their second home playoff game in three seasons. They began well opening up the scoreboard with the first touchdown of the game, which was a 1-yard Earnest Graham run. However, the Giants outscored the Buccaneers 24-0 until the last three minutes of play, when Jeff Garcia completed a touchdown pass to Alex Smith to bring the Bucs back to just a ten-point deficit, although an interception by R. W. McQuarters with two minutes left, sealed the victory for Giants. In the end the Buccaneers had been held to 271 yards of total offense and 3 turnovers, and lost the game 24--14.
### 2008 {#section_1}
On January 28, the Buccaneers re-signed head coach Jon Gruden and general manager Bruce Allen through the 2011 season. Also during the offseason, the Buccaneers expressed interest in acquiring quarterback Brett Favre from the Green Bay Packers, but he eventually signed with the New York Jets instead. The 2008 regular season began with a loss to the New Orleans Saints, followed by three wins, a loss to the Denver Broncos, two more wins, a defeat to the Dallas Cowboys, and four wins over the Kansas City Chiefs, Minnesota Vikings, Detroit Lions, and Saints. At 9--3, the Buccaneers were close to guaranteeing their place in the playoffs, with 4 games remaining in the season. However, they fell to the Carolina Panthers on *Monday Night Football*, which ended their chances of successfully repeating as division champions. They next lost to the Atlanta Falcons in overtime, followed by their first home loss of the season to the San Diego Chargers.
The final week of the season still held playoff hopes, although it would take a Buccaneers win over the Oakland Raiders coupled with a Dallas Cowboys loss. The Buccaneers couldn\'t hold their 4th quarter lead against the Raiders, and lost 31--24. Adding insult to injury, Dallas lost their final game against the Philadelphia Eagles, giving the Eagles the final wild card playoff spot over Dallas and the Buccaneers. Having finished 9--7 and missing the playoffs, Jon Gruden was fired January 16, 2009, almost one year to the date he received a contract-extension. General manager Bruce Allen was fired on the same date as well. This would usher in a wholesale change of coaches and players leading up to the 2009 season, with Raheem Morris being elevated to head coach on January 17.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## A Coaching Carousel and Out of the Playoffs (2009--2018) {#a_coaching_carousel_and_out_of_the_playoffs_20092018}
### Raheem Morris era (2009 to 2011) {#raheem_morris_era_2009_to_2011}
#### 2009 {#section_2}
In 2009, the Buccaneers lost seven consecutive games including an NFL International Series game to the New England Patriots in London. In week nine, the Buccaneers defeated the Green Bay Packers 38--28 after a pair of touchdown passes by rookie quarterback Josh Freeman. Tampa Bay lost four consecutive games before they defeated the Seattle Seahawks in week 15 and the eventual Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints in week 16. The Buccaneers lost its last game against the Atlanta Falcons to finish 3--13.
#### 2010 {#section_3}
The Buccaneers got off to a 2--0 start in 2010 by beating the Cleveland Browns and Carolina Panthers, but lost to the eventual AFC champion Pittsburgh Steelers 38--13. Following their bye week, they beat the Cincinnati Bengals in Cincinnati 24--21. The Buccaneers faced the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints at home and were defeated 31--6. The next week the Buccaneers topped the St. Louis Rams 18--17. The Buccaneers defeated the Arizona Cardinals on the road 38--35. With the Buccaneers and the Atlanta Falcons tied for first place in the division at 5--2, a matchup in Atlanta gave the Buccaneers a chance to take sole possession of first place. Trailing 27--14 in the second half, Buccaneers returner Micheal Spurlock returned a Falcons kickoff for a touchdown to put the Buccaneers within a touchdown of the lead. The game came down to a fourth-down attempt to score from the Falcons one-yard line. Rookie running back LeGarrette Blount was stopped up the middle and gave the Falcons the close victory. The Bucs defeated the Carolina Panthers at home 31--16 before beating the San Francisco 49ers 21--0. The next week, the Buccaneers lost a road game to the Baltimore Ravens 17--10. The Buccaneers played the Falcons on national television and lost 28--24.
At 7--5, the Buccaneers had not defeated an opponent with a winning record. In a rainy outing against the Washington Redskins, the Buccaneers won 17--16 then lost to the Detroit Lions at home. The Buccaneers defeated the eventual NFC West champion Seattle Seahawks 38--15 in Tampa.
In the last week of the regular season, the Buccaneers needed a win against the New Orleans Saints in the Superdome, and the Green Bay Packers and New York Giants to lose for the Buccaneers to make the playoffs. The Saints needed to defeat the Buccaneers to gain the No. 1 seed in the NFC. The Buccaneers beat the Saints 23--13, finishing the season with a 10--6 record, its best since 2005. The Packers (who went on to win Super Bowl XLV) and Giants each won their games, and for the second time in three years, the Buccaneers had finished with a winning record yet missed the playoffs.
The season marked a seven-game improvement over the previous one, but no Buccaneers were selected to the 2011 Pro Bowl. Raheem Morris finished second in the Associated Press NFL Coach of the Year voting, and Mike Williams finished second in Offensive Rookie of the Year voting.
#### 2011 {#section_4}
The Buccaneers went into 2011 with high expectations, but they ended up not materializing. Things began on an ominous note when they lost at home in Week 1 to the Detroit Lions, who had beaten them the previous December and denied them a playoff appearance. At the bye in Week 7, the Buccaneers were 4--3 and looked promising to make a postseason push. All of that changed rapidly when they abruptly collapsed and ended up not winning another game for the rest of the season for the longest losing streak in franchise history since 1977. On January 2, 2012, Morris was fired as head coach of the Buccaneers after a 4--12 season, including losing their last ten games.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## A Coaching Carousel and Out of the Playoffs (2009--2018) {#a_coaching_carousel_and_out_of_the_playoffs_20092018}
### 2012 and 2013: Greg Schiano era {#and_2013_greg_schiano_era}
About three weeks after firing Raheem Morris, the Buccaneers hired Greg Schiano from Rutgers as the new head coach. During his introductory conference he stated "There will be Buccaneer men, and there will be a Buccaneer Way." The phrase *"The Buccaneer Way"* became a slogan amongst fans and local media, describing the new regime and attitude. The team filled out the coaching staff with new faces, including Mike Sullivan, Bill Sheridan, and Butch Davis. In 2013, Dave Wannstedt was also added as special teams coach. In the first day of free agency, the club signed top prospects Vincent Jackson and Carl Nicks, as well as Eric Wright. The \$140 million committed to the team during that 24-hour period is considered the largest investment the Glazer family has put into the team going back almost a decade.
The team would finish the 2012 season at 7--9, notably ranking first in rushing defense. The rushing offense was highlighted by the breakout performance of Doug Martin. After two seasons of game day local television blackouts, the improved team began seeing increased attendance and attention, and some blackouts lifted. Six games were blacked out in 2012. For the three-year period of 2010-2012 the Bucs led the NFL in local television blackouts with 19 (Cincinnati was second with 11). Schiano\'s coaching style, however, drew criticism at the end of a game against the Giants (Schiano\'s New Jersey homecoming). With the Bucs losing by seven points, but no longer able to stop the clock with a timeout, Schiano ordered his defense to continue to aggressively tackle quarterback Eli Manning, who was taking a knee to end the game, in the hopes of causing a turnover. Those actions prompted Giants coach Tom Coughlin to verbally reprimand Schiano when the two met at midfield after the game. Schiano did not apologize to Coughlin or the Giants, and the team repeated the tactic several times during the season.
Coming into the 2013 season, fans and analysts had better than average expectations for Tampa Bay. They were expected to improve their record, and potentially make a playoffs run. The predictions proved unfounded, as numerous issues on and off the field saw the team collapse. During training camp, a reported rift began to divide Schiano and quarterback Josh Freeman. After an 0--3 start, Freeman was benched, and ultimately released. Schiano started rookie Mike Glennon, but the team continued to lose. The fans\' confidence of Schiano began to decay rapidly, and after an 0--8 start, the team finally got its first win of the season on a Monday night against Miami. A brief win streak saw improvements with Glennon at quarterback, and Bobby Rainey took over at running back with stellar numbers after Doug Martin went down with a shoulder injury. There were no blackouts in 2013, as the Glazers bought up the necessary tickets for two of the games to get to the 85% threshold needed to prevent local blackouts.
Despite some individual improvements, and some impressive performances by members of the defense, the team dropped the last three games of the season, and finished 4--12. The team ranked last or near the bottom in almost every offensive category. On December 30, 2013, Schiano and general manager Mark Dominik were fired.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## A Coaching Carousel and Out of the Playoffs (2009--2018) {#a_coaching_carousel_and_out_of_the_playoffs_20092018}
### 2014 and 2015: Lovie Smith and Jason Licht era {#and_2015_lovie_smith_and_jason_licht_era}
On January 1, 2014, Lovie Smith was hired as the new head coach of the Buccaneers, replacing Greg Schiano. Smith had previously spent 5 seasons with the Buccaneers from 1996 to 2001 coaching the linebackers under Tony Dungy. During his first news conference with the Bucs, Smith talked about restoring the quality of the team from the late 1990s and early 2000s: "There was a certain brand of football you expected from us", Smith said. "You know we would be relentless. There was a brand of football that you got from us each week at Raymond James Stadium. It was hard for opponents to come in and win. We have gotten away from that a little bit, and it's time \... for us to become a relevant team again.\"
On January 21, 2014, Jason Licht was hired as the new general manager, replacing Mark Dominik.
The Bucs began the 2014 season 0--3, including a 56--14 loss to the Atlanta Falcons on Thursday Night Football. With second-year quarterback Mike Glennon as the starter, the Bucs earned its first victory of the season in Pittsburgh against the Steelers 27--24. The Bucs lost the next four games, two overtime loses against the New Orleans Saints and the Minnesota Vikings, a loss to the Baltimore Ravens and a loss against the Cleveland Browns.
Going into week 10 at 1--8, veteran free agent quarterback Josh McCown returned as starter for the Bucs\' game against the Falcons, which resulted in a 27-17 loss. The Bucs won 27--7 against the Washington Redskins. The Bucs lost the next three games and were eliminated from the playoffs. The Bucs finished 2--14, securing the first-overall draft pick in the 2015 NFL draft.
Despite the team\'s record, first-round draft pick wide receiver Mike Evans had more than 1,000 receiving yards and became the youngest NFL player to record more than 200 receiving yards in a single game. Vincent Jackson had more than 1,000 yards receiving, which represented Tampa Bay\'s first pair of 1,000 yard receivers in a season.
After the 2014 season, Tampa Bay hired Ben Steele to become the team\'s new offensive quality control coach and former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator, Dirk Koetter.
With the first overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft, the Bucs selected Jameis Winston from Florida State.
On January 6, 2016, Smith was fired by the Buccaneers after posting a record of 8--24 in his two seasons, including a 6--10 record in the 2015 season.
### 2016--2018: Dirk Koetter era {#dirk_koetter_era}
On January 15, 2016, Dirk Koetter was promoted from offensive coordinator to become the new head coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
The Bucs finished 9-7 with Koetter as head coach, but won only 10 games in the next two seasons, and on December 30, 2018, the team fired Koetter as head coach.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Bruce Arians and Tom Brady era (2019--2022) {#bruce_arians_and_tom_brady_era_20192022}
### 2019: Bruce Arians\' first year as head coach {#bruce_arians_first_year_as_head_coach}
In the 2019 off-season the Buccaneers signed former Arizona Cardinals head coach Bruce Arians out of retirement to a four-year contract. They signed offensive tackle Donovan Smith, linebacker Shaquil Barrett, linebacker Deone Bucannon and former first-round pick wide receiver Breshad Perriman.
In Arians\' first season as head coach, the team finished the season 7--9. Winston ended his season with more than 5,000 passing yards, 33 touchdowns and 30 interceptions, becoming the first quarterback in NFL history to simultaneously throw for more than 30 touchdowns and interceptions in the same season.
### 2020: Super Bowl victory {#super_bowl_victory}
In the 2020 off-season, the Bucs signed six-time Super Bowl champion and former New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady to a two-year, \$25 million per year guaranteed salary with \$4.5 million in incentives per year. Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski came out of retirement to play for the Buccaneers.
Brady led the team to an 11--5 record in 2020 and a playoff berth for the first time since 2007, defeating the Washington Football Team in the wild card round to win their first postseason game since their Super Bowl-winning 2002 season. The Bucs defeated division rivals New Orleans Saints and eliminated the top-seeded Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game to win their first conference title in 18 years. With the win, the Bucs advanced to Super Bowl LV against the Kansas City Chiefs, as the first wild card team to appear in the Super Bowl since the 2010 Green Bay Packers won Super Bowl XLV, and the first team in NFL history to play the Super Bowl in their home stadium. The Buccaneers defeated the Chiefs 31--9 for second Super Bowl victory. Brady won his NFL-record fifth Super Bowl MVP award.
### 2021: Coming up short {#coming_up_short}
The Buccaneers ended 2021 with a 13--4 record. They defeated the Philadelphia Eagles to begin the postseason, but lost 30-27 to the Los Angeles Rams to end the season. This would also be the final year of Bruce Arians as head coach as he announced his retirement on March 30, 2022. Defensive Coordinator Todd Bowles took over the next season.
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# History of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers
## Tom Brady\'s final season and Todd Bowles era begins (2022--present) {#tom_bradys_final_season_and_todd_bowles_era_begins_2022present}
### 2022: End of an era {#end_of_an_era}
On February 1, 2022, Brady announced his retirement from professional football, only to return 40 days later for a 23rd NFL season. Immediately after Bruce Arians announcement of his retirement, Todd Bowles took over as head coach on March 30, 2022. The Bucs finished the season 8-9, and was the No. 4 seed in the NFC. The Bucs lost to the Dallas Cowboys 31-14 to complete the season. On February 1, 2023, exactly 1 year after Brady announced his retirement from professional football, he officially announced his retirement for good.
### 2023: Baker Mayfield era begins {#baker_mayfield_era_begins}
On March 15, 2023, six weeks after Tom Brady\'s retirement, former Cleveland Browns quarterback Baker Mayfield became the team\'s starting quarterback for the season.
After the Bucs started at 3--1, they lost 6 out of the 7 games they played. While the Bucs sat at 4--7, the Bucs rebounded and won their last 5 out of 6 games to finish at 9--8 to win their third straight NFC South title and the NFC\'s #4 seed of the playoffs. The Buccaneers blew out the defending NFC Champions Philadelphia Eagles 32--9. Their season ended with a 31--23 loss to the Detroit Lions.
### 2024: Buccaneers one and done in the playoffs {#buccaneers_one_and_done_in_the_playoffs}
The Buccaneers started off the season 3--1, with wins against playoff-bound teams Washington, Detroit, and Philadelphia. However, they lost five of their next six games to slide to 4--6. The mid-season slump saw two overtime losses, a last-second loss to the 49ers, but most troublesome, a season sweep by division rival Atlanta, along with a season-ending injury to wide receiver Chris Godwin. The team rebounded after their bye week, winning six out of their final seven games to finish to 10--7. Tampa Bay improved on their 9--8 record from 2023 and won the NFC South for a franchise-best fourth consecutive season following a victory against the New Orleans Saints to close out the regular season and the 3rd seed of the playoffs. However, in heartbreaking fashion, the Buccaneers would lose in the Wild Card playoff game at home to the Washington Commanders by a score of 23--20, allowing the Commanders to win their first playoff game since 2005
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# Furia infernal
***Furia infernal***, known in English-speaking territories as ***Ardent Summer***, ***The Hot Days***or, in the*Carne Sobre Carne: Intimidades de Isabel Sarli\'\' documentary rendering,***The Horny Days**\'\', is a 1973 Argentine drama film directed by Armando Bó and starring Isabel Sarli.
## Cast
- Isabel Sarli as Barbara Serrano
- Jorge Barreiro as Martin\'s Son
- Hugo Mújica as Martin\'s Son
- Víctor Bó as Juan / Martin\'s Younger Son
- Roberto Landers as Ruiz / Henchman
- Pancho Jiménez as Berto / Henchman
- Juan José Miguez as Martin Sottomayor / Land Owner
- Mario Casado as Indian Peon
- R
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# La Revolución
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{{album chart|Billboard200|7|artist=Wisin & Yandel|access-date=March 21, 2021}}
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# Don Share
**Don Share** is an American poet. He is the former chief editor of *Poetry* magazine in Chicago. He grew up in Memphis, Tennessee.
## Career
Share, who was named the editor-in-chief of *Poetry* in 2013, previously served there as Senior Editor. Earlier, he was Curator of the Woodberry Poetry Room at Harvard University from 2000 until 2007. He was Editor in Chief of *Literary Imagination,* the review of the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics (published by Oxford University Press); Poetry Editor of *Harvard Review*; a contributing editor for *Salamander*; and on the advisory board of *Tuesday; An Art Project.* He was Poetry Editor for *Partisan Review* until it ceased publication in 2003.
He has taught at Harvard University and has been a lecturer at other institutions including Boston University and Oxford University.
His poetry collection *Wishbone* from Black Sparrow Press was published in 2012. *Squandermania*, was Share\'s second full collection of original poetry (Salt Publishing, 2007), three poems from which were nominated for a Pushcart Prize. His first book, *Union*, (Zoo Press, 2002), was a finalist for the *Boston Globe*/ PEN New England Winship Award for outstanding book. His other books include: *Seneca in English* (Penguin Classics) and *I Have Lots of Heart* (Bloodaxe Books, 1997), a selected collection of Miguel Hernández, for which Share received the Times Literary Supplement Translation Prize and Premio Valle Inclán Prize for Translation from the UK Society of Authors. His critical edition of the poems of Basil Bunting is available from Faber and Faber.
Share presents the *Poetry* magazine podcast.
On June 26, 2020, Share announced that he would step down as editor of *Poetry* at the end of summer 2020.
## Works
- *Union: Poems*, Zoo Press, 2002, `{{ISBN|9780970817778}}`{=mediawiki}; Eyewear Publishing, 2013, `{{ISBN|9781908998101}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Squandermania*, Salt Publishing, 2007, `{{ISBN|9781844712946}}`{=mediawiki}
- Don Share, ed
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# Hasta que se ponga el sol
***Hasta que se ponga el sol*** (Spanish for \"Until the sun sets\") is 1973 Argentine documentary film of the foundational stage of the *rock nacional* (Spanish for \"national rock\") movement. It was filmed in the third edition of the historic B.A. Rock rock festival, which took place in 1972 at the Argentinos Juniors stadium. It was also completed with filming in Teatro Olimpia and the film studios of Argentina Sono Film and Phonalex. In addition to featuring live recordings of the main artists of Argentine rock of the time, it contains plot sequences interpreted by members of some of the groups that participated in the festival
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# Juan Carlos (footballer, born 1965)
**Juan Carlos Rodríguez Moreno** (born 19 January 1965), known as **Juan Carlos**, is a Spanish retired professional footballer who played as a left-back.
## Club career {#club_career}
Juan Carlos was born in Puente Castro, León. During his career, he represented Real Valladolid (two spells, to kickstart and end his 15-year spell as a professional), Atlético Madrid, FC Barcelona and Valencia CF. With *Barça*, he started and finished their win against UC Sampdoria in the final of the 1991--92 European Cup, and was relatively used in three consecutive La Liga titles by the Catalans. He played 364 games as a professional, always in the top division, scoring twice in the league while a member of Valladolid.
In 2008, Juan Carlos returned to Valladolid, working with the club in directorial capacities.
## International career {#international_career}
Juan Carlos earned one cap for the Spain national team, on 17 April 1991. He played the entire match in a 2--0 friendly loss with Romania in Cáceres
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# Juegos de verano
***Juegos de verano **\'\' (***Summer Games**\'\') is a 1973 Argentine erotic film directed by Juan Antonio Serna and starring Linda Peretz and Ricardo Morán.
## Plot
Five girls from different Latin American countries join young people in a house in Delta del Tigre. The troupe of young girls is headed by actress Linda Peretz.
## Cast
- Linda Peretz
- Ricardo Morán
- Irma Ferrazzi
- Hilda Blanco
- Alberto Mazzini
- Alfredo Zemma
- Alcira Moro
- Susana Maraldino
- Susana Villafañe as Narcisa
- Virginia Faiad
- Rosa Aroza
- Susana Maldy
- Xunta Malek
- Javier Luis Pressa
- Julio Sanchez Paz
- Cristian Shell
## Production
The film was made in 1969 but not released until 1973. It is described as a soft core porn film with lesbian scenes which was made pornographic with added scenes when released overseas. These sex scenes caused legal problems and had to be censored for the Argentine market, which significantly delayed the release of the film.
## Reception
*La Prensa* opined that \"All the elements have been played with awkwardness and memorable lack of imagination\". Raúl Manrupe and Maria Portela in their book *Un diccionario de films argentinos (1930-1995)* wrote: \"Forgotten incursion of 70s erotic cinema to which some porn scenes were added for its exhibition abroad\"
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# The Skin of Love
***The Skin of Love**\'\' (***La piel del amor**\'\') is a 1973 Argentine romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mario David, who also wrote the script, working with Isaac Aisemberg. Shot in Mar del Plata, it stars Susana Giménez, Claudio García Satur, Héctor Alterio and David Llewellyn. Víctor Proncet composed the soundtrack. Though not critically acclaimed, it became a popular film on television in Argentina.
## Plot
A young man on holiday, drawing at the beach to pay for his expenses, meets an attractive woman with long, honey blond hair. While sketching her, they develop a friendship. They take a swim together and have refreshments before she departs. A romance blossoms and they have sex at his apartment, as his portraits on the walls look on. Besotted with her, he draws many pictures of her in the nude during his spare time on the beach.
While on a boat trip one day, the woman invites him to her mansion to meet her wealthy middle-aged husband, Luis, and he is asked to stay with them at their mansion. It becomes evident to the young man that her husband is homosexual and they have no chemistry together, and their relationship continues and an odd dynamic evolves between the three. Despite having a boyfriend, Luis becomes increasingly uneasy, driving the boat excessively fast and crumpling up a portrait the young man draws of him. Luis orders them to dance in front of him on the beach and they end up frolicking in the sand together, which angers him. He questions the young man on if he is in love with his wife, leading to the two men fighting as the waves crash around them. Luis drives off in his boat, and he is later found dead washed up on the shore. The two continue their romance.
## Cast
- Susana Giménez
- Claudio García Satur
- Héctor Alterio as Luis
- David Llewellyn
- Jesús Berenguer
## Production
The screenplay was written by the director Mario David, working with Isaac Aisemberg. Cinematographer Adelqui Camusso was hired to shoot the film. Víctor Proncet composed the Latin jazz soundtrack, while the editing was done by Oscar Pariso.
## Reception
The film premiered on 26 July 1973 in Buenos Aires. The film was not well-received critically. Agustín Mahieu of *La Opinión* wrote: \"Both the story and the cast illustrate remarkably about the director\'s expressive dichotomy, forced to grant a series of elements to introduce others more in keeping with his seriousness\". Carlos Morelli of Clarín believed that the production was a mistake, remarking that \"anecdotal insufficiency of the chosen matter makes such a languid and lazy visual procedure that, unintentionally, it dangerously approaches the arrogant emptiness of certain French cinema.\" *El Heraldo del Cine* wrote that \"It is difficult to sustain an aspect like the one intended with the mere display of Mar del Plata landscapes\". In his book *Cine argentino: modernidad y vanguardias, 1957/1983*, Ricardo Manetti states that the film became popular on television in Argentina
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# Portage station
**Portage station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Portage, Wisconsin. It is served by two daily round trips of the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Borealis}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{lnl|Amtrak|Empire Builder}}`{=mediawiki}.
The depot is a small square brick structure constructed during the Amtrak era that is located near a Canadian Pacific Kansas City yard office. The office occupies what was formerly the Portage passenger depot, served by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road) prior to the creation of Amtrak. There are no station staff in Portage.
In October 2011, Lamers Bus Lines began offering a daily stop at the station, with service between Madison and Wausau. This service was transferred to Van Galder Coach USA in 2022
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# Drew Goldsack
**Drew Goldsack** (born August 23, 1981) is a Canadian cross-country skier who has competed since 2001. His best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was sixth in the team sprint (with Devon Kershaw) in 2007 while his best individual finish was 21st in the sprint in 2005. Drew recorded a 1st-place finish at the 2004 U23 FIS World Championships in the individual sprint as well as a 3rd-place finish in the team sprint (with Devon Kershaw). Drew\'s best FIS World Cup result was a fifth in the team sprint (with Len Väljas in Duesseldorf, GER in 2011 with. His best individual World Cup result was 11th place in the sprint event in Canmore in 2007.
Competing in two Winter Olympics, Goldsack\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 31st in the sprint event at Turin in 2006.
He won the NorAm Sprint championship (2011)
He has a number of individual career victories in sprint events at various levels in Canada (2003, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011). He has a number of individual career victories in various events at NorAm levels in North America (3003, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011).
He won the aggregate Senior Canadian National Championship (2003)
He won the aggregate Junior Canadian National Championship (2001)
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS)
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# Heartbreak Tango (film)
***Heartbreak Tango*** (Spanish: *Boquitas pintadas*) is a 1974 Argentine drama film, directed by Leopoldo Torre Nilsson.
It was adapted from Argentine writer Manuel Puig\'s 1969 novel of the same name.
In a survey of the 100 greatest films of Argentine cinema carried out by the Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken in 2000, the film reached the 22nd position. In a new version of the survey organized in 2022 by the specialized magazines *La vida útil*, *Taipei* and *La tierra quema*, presented at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival, the film reached the 47th position
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# Raymond Njoku
**Raymond Amanze Njoku** (August 1915 -- 1977) was a Nigerian politician and former minister for Transport. The son of an Igbo Chief, he was born in Owerri and raised in a Roman Catholic household. He attended Our Lady\'s School at Emekuku, for primary education. Later on, at St Charles, college, Onitsha, where he was studying, he applied and won a scholarship that earned him an admission into a teachers training school. After brief stints at tutorship in various schools including St Gregory\'s College, Lagos and St Charles, Onitsha, he decided to change course and study law. After completing his Law studies at Cambridge: LLB Hons Peterhouse College Cambridge, England; he was called to the bar at Inner Temple. Njoku returned to Nigeria and was a successful lawyer in Aba, Eastern Nigeria, 1949--1954. He was president of Igbo State Union of Nigeria in succession to Dr Nnamdi Azikiwe; Vice President NCNC (National Council of Nigeria & the Cameroon), and also served the Aba community as the leader of the Aba Community League of the Ibo State Union. He contested for a regional seat in 1951, but was unsuccessful. However, in 1954, he was elected to the Federal House of Representative. He was appointed cabinet minister: Commerce & Industry, Transport & Aviation 1954- 1966. The final and definitive motion for Nigerian Independence on 1 October 1960 was moved by Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa and endorsed by his cabinet colleague Raymond Njoku, minister of Trade & Industry. He was the chairman of the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association; addressed British parliamentarians, including Prime Minister Harold Macmillan, at the Guildhall, London. During the Biafra War Prime Minister Harold Wilson read his telegram to the House of Commons calling for a ceasefire. Sir Hugh Fraser, Duncan Sandys and Patrick Wall were among his members of parliament friends. Njoku was made a knight of St Sylvester & St Gregory by Pope Paul VI
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# Château Rocher
The **Château Rocher** (or *Château fort de Blot-le-Rocher*) is a French castle overlooking the Sioule river valley. It is located in the *commune* of Saint-Rémy-de-Blot in the Puy-de-Dôme *département* of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes *région*.
The \"romantic ruins of Château Rocher\", standing on a cliff above the river, are the remains of a 13th-century construction, with evidence of earlier (11th century) building. The castle was built by the Lords of Bourbon. A masonry bridge crossing the moat leads to the entry door, now ruined, and the outer wall. A second wall existed in front of the two eastern towers. Three principal towers flanked the east and north fronts.
Privately owned, Château Rocher has been listed since 1913 as a *monument historique* by the French Ministry of Culture.
## Gallery
<File:Château-Rocher.JPG>\| <File:Château-Rocher> (1).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (2).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (4).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (7).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (30).jpg\| <File:Château-Rocher> (17).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (29).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (26).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (28).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (25).JPG\| <File:Château-Rocher> (18)
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# Wisconsin Dells station
**Wisconsin Dells station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Wisconsin Dells, Wisconsin. It is served by the daily round trips of the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Borealis}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{lnl|Amtrak|Empire Builder}}`{=mediawiki}. Despite the antiquated appearance, the station was built in 1989. The station is a replica of a former Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road) depot, and is in close proximity to a tourist railroad called the Riverside and Great Northern Railway. The previous station on this site was damaged by a Soo Line Railroad freight train derailing in 1982 (although the depot belonged to the Milwaukee Road then; the Soo Line did not merge with the Milwaukee until 1986.) A nonprofit group was created in the town in order to raise funds for the current station building. `{{lnl|Amtrak|Borealis}}`{=mediawiki} service began on May 21, 2024.
Although there is a caretaker who opens and closes the station around train times, there are no Amtrak employees to sell tickets or handle baggage at this station.
In 2021, Amtrak proposed additional rail connections to Madison and Eau Claire by 2035
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# Wolfgang de Beer
**Wolfgang \"Teddy\" de Beer** (2 January 1964 -- 30 December 2024) was a German professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for MSV Duisburg and Borussia Dortmund.
## Career
De Beer started his career with TV Jahn Hiesfeld, before joining MSV Duisburg, making his Bundesliga debut for them on 22 May 1982.
He worked as a goalkeeping coach at his former club Borussia Dortmund up until his retirement in 2018.
## Death
De Beer died on 30 December 2024, at the age of 60
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# Rolando Rivas, taxista
***Rolando Rivas, taxista*** is a 1972-3 Argentine telenovela and a 1974 romantic drama film directed by Julio Saraceni and starring Claudio García Satur and Soledad Silveyra. It was created by Alberto Migré
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# Cedar Realty Trust
**Cedar Realty Trust, Inc.** is a real estate investment trust that invests in shopping centers. It is a subsidiary of Wheeler Real Estate Investment Trust. As of December 31, 2022, the company owned 19 properties with 2.9 million square feet of leasable space primarily in the Northeastern United States, including 7 properties in Pennsylvania. The company\'s major tenants are TJX Companies (4.8% of revenues), Kohl\'s (4.2% of revenues), Shaw\'s (3.8% of revenues), Dollar Tree (3.5% of revenues), and Walmart (3.5% of revenues). The only notable property owned by the company is The Shoppes at Trexler.
## History
The company was founded in 1984 as Cedar Shopping Centers. In October 2003, the company became a public company via an initial public offering.
In 2005, the company acquired a 27-property portfolio for \$90 million.
In 2009, RioCan Real Estate Investment Trust acquired a 15% stake in the company as part of a joint venture agreement.
In 2010, the company acquired 7 shopping centers from PREIT for \$168 million.
In 2011, the company changed its name to Cedar Realty Trust. It also sold 5 sites in Ohio anchored by Discount Drug Mart.
In 2011, Bruce Schanzer became chief executive officer.
In July 2022, the company sold a portfolio of 33 shopping centers to a joint venture between a fund managed by DRA Advisors LLC and KPR Centers for \$879 million.
In August 2022, Wheeler Real Estate Investment Trust acquired the company. M. Andrew Franklin became president and chief executive officer of the company and Crystal Plum became chief financial officer
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# La Mary
***La Mary*** is a 1974 Argentine romantic-drama film directed by Daniel Tinayre starring Susana Giménez and Carlos Monzón. The screenplay is by José A. Martínez Suárez and Augusto R. Giustozzi, based on the 1965 short story of the same name by Emilio Perina, included in *Historias apasionadas: La Mary y El Fiscal* and later released as a novel with the release of the film.
The film is set in the 1940s and centers on Mary (Giménez), a young girl from a working-class neighbourhood in Buenos Aires who has the reputation of being able to predict the future. She marries Cholo (Monzón), and their passionate relationship is marked by the confrontation of Mary\'s chastity and Cholo\'s sexual desire. Tension arises when Mary begins to predict a series of deaths.
*La Mary* was a box office success and generated controversy due to its topic, so much that the *Triple A* threatened to kill the entire cast, accusing them of \"offense against morality and decency.\" The film is also notable for the development of a romantic relationship between Giménez and Monzón during its production, a relationship that would be turbulent and attracted widespread media attention in the years to follow.
It is now considered a cult film and a classic of Argentine cinema. In 2014, for the 40 year anniversary of its release, the film was remastered and re-released, declared \"of cultural interest\" by the city of Buenos Aires and the subject of an exhibition at the Pablo C. Ducrós Hicken Museum of Cinema.
## Plot
By 1930, Evaristo, a humble worker who lives near the Riachuelo river in Buenos Aires, is preparing to go to work with two partners. His daughter Mary calls him from her bed; the girl has a fever and this forces Evaristo back. The tram that the three workers missed falls into the river and almost all the passengers die. For this and other episodes, Mary earns the reputation that she can predict the future.
By 1940, Mary is now a very happy but very chaste young woman. One afternoon, in a bus, she sees a young man who smiles at her. When she gets off the bus, the man follows her to find out where she lives. That night Mary tells her father Evaristo that she had already chosen a husband, but does not know his name or where he lives.
Rosita, a friend of Mary, announces her sudden wedding. During the wedding party, Tito, a pharmacist friend, reveals to Mary that Rosita is marrying because she is pregnant and an abortion was too dangerous. At hearing the word \"abortion,\" Mary feels revolted, gets dizzy, and flees the party. Mary becomes hysterical. \"They\'re all whores \... it\'s all shit,\" he shouts to Tito.
That summer, Mary is reunited with the man from the bus, Cholo, who works for a meat packing company with his brothers and is also a boxer. Mary invites him to her house and they quickly start a relationship. At New Year\'s Eve, Mary meets Cholo\'s family: Cholo\'s mother (a widow) Mrs. America, Cholo\'s brother Raul and Raul\'s wife Sofia, Cholo\'s brother Hector and his wife Luisa, and Cholo\'s sister Claudia and her husband Ariel. At Mary\'s request, Cholo leaves boxing behind.
Cholo and Mary make out passionately. Cholo tries to consummate the relationship, but Mary says she will marry a virgin, and when Cholo attempts to force himself on her, she rejects him. Five days later they reconcile and soon they plan their wedding. On the day of the civil wedding Mary announces that she will remain a virgin until the church wedding, to be held two days later. Again Cholo tries to force Mary, but she rejects him very violently. After the church wedding, Cholo and Mary have a passionate wedding night in a hotel in Buenos Aires and consummate their relationship.
Sofia, sister in law of Cholo announces worriedly that she is pregnant. The previous delivery had complications, and Sofia fears what will happen if she decides to continue with the pregnancy. Mary says that "it is better to sacrifice one\'s life rather than to kill a child \... it is very dangerous to play with fate.\" Sofia decides to have an abortion, but she dies as a result of the intervention. When Mary finds out, she feels revolted and repeats: "They\'re all shit." After the funeral, Mary declares that Sofia deserved what happened to her, but then she decides to help raise Sofia\'s children and respect her memory. Cholo\'s sister Claudia said Mary prophesied the death of Sophia, but Mary says she only gave Sofia some advice.
Six months after becoming a widower, Cholo\'s brother Raul begins a relationship with a widow. Mary finds out and accuses Raul of desecrating Sofia\'s memory. Ariel, Claudia\'s husband and Cholo\'s brother-in-law, defends Raul\'s courtship. Mary says to Ariel: \"I wonder what you would think if you were to die and Claudia were to find someone else.\" Claudia, who believes that Mary is a prophetess, tells her to shut up. Mary begins to move away from Cholo and asks Cholo to leave the business he has with his brothers.
Mary becomes increasingly sad and sullen. Cholo gets a day off. On the day that Ariel takes Cholo\'s place at work, an accident occurs with the delivery truck and Ariel dies. When Mary attends the wake, Claudia tells her to leave and they stop talking to each other.
Mary\'s \"prophecies\" continues to be fulfilled: After Ariel dies, Claudia finds a boyfriend and plans to remarry. Mary gets more depressed, retreats from Cholo\'s family and begins to wear black. Only Cholo\'s sister Luisa still visits Mary, but Mary prophecies Luisa\'s, and her own, death. Thus Mary imagines the progressive death of all of Mrs. America\'s children-in-law. Mary\'s rejection of her in-laws affects her relationship with Cholo. Mary has nightmares, suffers depression and isolates herself from the world.
When Luisa gets sick with food poisoning, Mary finally loses her mind. She says it is fate that Luisa, and then herself, die. Luisa recovers, but Mary is asleep when Cholo returns with the good news. When Cholo is asleep, Mary gets up, strips herself naked, puts on her wedding dress, and takes a knife. Mary goes to the bedroom and kills Cholo by stabbing him in the heart
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# Allen Weh
**Allen Edward Weh** (born November 17, 1942) is an American business executive, politician, and retired colonel in the United States Marine Corps Reserve. He was a candidate for the Republican nomination for governor of New Mexico in the 2010 election, and the Republican Nominee for the United States Senate 2014 election against incumbent Democratic Senator Tom Udall. He is the founder and CEO of CSI Aviation Inc., which has grown over four decades to become a leading provider of aviation services that includes mission-critical services for a diverse portfolio of government and specialty customers. The company specializes in two core service areas: Government Services, in which CSI provides large scale management of complex aviation programs; and Specialty Mission Services in which the company supports both commercial and government customers with medical flight services, emergency response operations, and secure air transport of individuals. It holds FAA Operating Authority and numerous certifications and licenses that cover all aspects of its business operations.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Weh was born in Salem, Oregon and grew up in North Carolina, Georgia, and New Jersey. Raised in Scotch Plains, New Jersey, Weh graduated from Scotch Plains-Fanwood High School in 1960. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in education and Master of Arts in counseling from the University of New Mexico.
## Career
Weh began his military service as an enlisted Marine before selection for Officer Candidate School. He served two tours in Vietnam and with the British Royal Marines in Malaysia. Colonel Weh was recalled for active duty during the Persian Gulf War, for the U.S. expedition into Somalia, and to serve as Chief of Staff of Marine Forces Pacific prior to retiring in 1997. In 2003-2004 he was recalled from the USMC Retired List to serve in Iraq and given a key leadership role with the creation and organization of the new Iraqi Army. During his service, Weh received the Silver Star, the Legion of Merit, two Bronze Star Medals, one with V device, three Purple Hearts, two Meritorious Service Medals and five Air Medals.
In 1979, Weh and his wife, Rebecca Roberton Weh, launched CSI Aviation, Inc., a worldwide company that charters flights for private, commercial and government uses. In the years since, CSI has grown into a multimillion-dollar company, providing services to corporations, Department of Homeland Security, the Department of Defense, as well as commercial medical flight services among others.
Weh also served as chairman of the New Mexico Republican Party from 2004 to 2008.
### 2010 gubernatorial primary {#gubernatorial_primary}
On 1 June 2010, Weh lost to his main opponent in the primary, Doña Ana County District Attorney Susana Martinez. At the end of the election, Weh came up second with the votes, as compared to opponents Susana Martinez who took the lead, Doug Turner who came to third, Pete Domenici, Jr. in fourth, and Janice Arnold Jones who came in last. Weh conceded to Martinez shortly after 9:00 PM when Martinez held over half of the precinct votes, or 8,000 votes greater than Weh. Weh offered his congratulations to Martinez just after her decided victory\". Martinez went on to win the general election.
### 2014 U.S. Senate election {#u.s._senate_election}
In the 2014 election, Weh ran on the Republican ticket for United States Senate seat against the incumbent Democrat Tom Udall. In the primary he faced David Clements, also of Doña Ana County, a former assistant district attorney and chairman of the county Republican Party. In the straw poll at the Republican state convention, Clements polled a strong 47% against the well-known Weh, but in the June primary Weh beat Clements handily 63% to 37%.
In the general election Weh had the full support of the National Republican Senatorial Committee (NRSC), the National Rifle Association (NRA) and other groups who sponsored independent political advertisements. However, in October the NRSC diverted its attention and money away from New Mexico to the six states that it thought would determine control of the Senate. In the first televised debate between Udall and Weh the issues of immigration reform, job creation in New Mexico, and drought management were addressed. Weh argued Udall was a rubber stamp for President Obama\'s policies and Udall said that he stood on his record. A second debate was scheduled at the last minute for 30 October, where issues included the national debt, Obamacare, and the economy. Weh clarified his position on the minimum wage saying, \"I break with my party on this, I\'m fine with raising the minimum wage.\" Udall won by 57,312 votes
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# Howard Klug
**Howard Klug** is an American clarinetist and university professor.
## Performance career {#performance_career}
Howard Klug has been a chamber musician, soloist, and clinician throughout the United States, Great Britain, Belgium, Portugal, Austria, Venezuela, China and Israel. A former member of the U.S. Air Force Band in Washington, D.C., where he soloed on flute, clarinet and saxophone, Klug has also been principal clarinet of the Fresno Philharmonic, Bear Valley Festival Orchestra, Sinfonia da Camera and the Indianapolis Chamber Orchestra. He has also been a member of the Columbus Symphony Orchestra and the Grant Park Symphony. Chamber music affiliations have included the Illinois Trio, the Illinois Woodwind Quintet, the Chicago Ensemble and Trio Indiana. Mr. Klug\'s recent concerto performances have included appearances with the Belgian Radio Orchestra, the Columbus Symphony Orchestra and a tour of Belgium with the Kamerorkest of the Staatsacademie of Vilnius.
## Teaching career {#teaching_career}
Howard Klug is Professor of Clarinet at Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, Bloomington. Some of his recent pedagogical activities, in addition to annual master classes at many of the world\'s finest music academies, have been as the artistic director of the Belgian Clarinet Academy, a Fulbright scholar in Iceland, a clinician at the Mid-West International Band and Orchestra Clinic and the creator of the publishing company \"Woodwindiana\", dedicated to new literature for young clarinetists
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# Henry E. Eccles
**Henry Effingham Eccles** (December 31, 1898, Bayside, New York -- May 14, 1986, Needham, Massachusetts) was a rear admiral in the United States Navy and a major figure at the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island, from the late 1940s through the 1970s, as a thinker and writer on naval logistics and military theory.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
The son of an Episcopal priest, the Reverend George Warrington Eccles, and his wife Lydia Lawrence, he was initially educated privately at home by his parents and later sent to Trinity School in New York City, before enrolling as an undergraduate at Columbia University. After one year at Columbia, he entered the U.S. Naval Academy, graduating with the class of 1922.
## Naval career {#naval_career}
After his first assignments to battleships, Eccles attended Submarine School and served in two submarines before being ordered to Columbia University, where he earned a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering in 1930. He commanded two submarines, then served as engineer and repair officer at the Submarine Base at New London, Connecticut; then served for nearly three years as engineer in the heavy cruiser `{{USS|Salt Lake City|CA-25|6}}`{=mediawiki} and two years in the Design Construction Division of the Bureau of Engineering in the Navy Department, Washington, D.C. In 1940, he was ordered to command the destroyer `{{USS|John D. Edwards|DD-216|6}}`{=mediawiki} on the Asiatic Station, based in the Philippines. He was in command when the Japanese simultaneously attacked Pearl Harbor as well as American and British positions in Southeast Asia on December 7, 1941. He and his ship participated in the battle of Badung Strait, and shortly after, while assigned to the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDA), the battle of the Java Sea. Wounded in action, Eccles was later awarded the Navy Cross, the Silver Star, and The Netherlands Order of the Bronze Lion.
After recovering from his wounds, Eccles served in the Base Maintenance Division in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations in 1942-43, where he helped to coordinate logistics planning for all advanced bases. After attending the command course at the Naval War College, he was promoted to captain and assigned for the final two years of the war to be the Director of the Advance Base Section, Service Force at the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii. In this key position, Eccles coordinated the planning, construction, and support of advance bases in the Central Pacific, a critical aspect of the American island-hopping strategy in the war against Japan. For his service in this capacity, he received the Legion of Merit.
Immediately after the conclusion of the war, the Navy Department assigned Eccles to the Joint Operations Review Board, a group of officers from all services assigned to evaluate joint operations during World War II. From that posting, he went on to command the battleship `{{USS|Washington|BB-56|6}}`{=mediawiki}. In 1947, the President of the Naval War College, then Admiral Raymond A. Spruance, selected Eccles to be the first Chairman of the College's newly established Logistics Department, an area that Spruance and others felt had been neglected in professional naval thinking during the period between the two world wars. While in that position from 1947 to 1951, Eccles wrote his first book, *Operational Naval Logistics* (1950), a manual for the United States Navy that was a pioneering work on the fundamentals of his subject. He left the Naval War College in 1951 with orders to be Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics to the Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Naval Forces, Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean (CINCNELM) with headquarters in London and, simultaneously, Assistant Chief of Staff for Logistics, to NATO's Commander-in-Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH), with headquarters in Naples, Italy.
## Retirement Years {#retirement_years}
Eccles retired from active duty in the Navy on June 30, 1952, and was promoted to rear admiral on the retired list. Returning to his home in Newport, Rhode Island, he was closely associated with the Naval War College, where he served unofficially as a confidante and advisor to successive presidents of the College as well as an instructor for elective courses on military theory, principles of logistics, and international relations. During this period, he was also a stimulating force for the Naval War College faculty and wrote several major works. When he left Newport in 1985 to enter a retirement home in Needham, Massachusetts, the Naval War College honored him by naming its library in his honor. Henry Eccles died in Needham a year later on May 14, 1986.
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# Henry E. Eccles
## Awards
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
`{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Silver Star ribbon.svg|width=106}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Legion of Merit ribbon
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# Tomah station
**Tomah station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Tomah, Wisconsin. It is served by the daily round trips of the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Borealis}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{lnl|Amtrak|Empire Builder}}`{=mediawiki}. The station house is a wooden structure that was originally built by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad around the turn of the 20th century, replacing an earlier depot once located at the Glendale Road crossing. It is not a staffed station, but a caretaker opens and closes the waiting room, which occupies a corner of the original station structure
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# Intimacies of a Prostitute
***Intimacies of a Prostitute*** (*Intimidades de una cualquiera*) is a 1974 Argentine sexploitation drama film directed by Armando Bó and starring Isabel Sarli, Jorge Barreiro, and Sabina Olmos. Various dates of the release have been given, some as early as 1971 or 1972
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# Fernando Sanz
**Fernando Sanz Durán** (born 4 January 1974) is a Spanish former footballer who played as a central defender.
He spent seven years of his professional career with Málaga -- after starting out at Real Madrid -- appearing in 228 official games. Subsequently, he worked for four years as the club\'s president.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Real Madrid {#real_madrid}
Born in Madrid, Sanz was a product of Real Madrid\'s youth system and, after a quick loan stint with Unión Española in Chile, first appeared with the main squad on 2 March 1996, playing nine minutes of a 5--0 home win against UD Salamanca (José García Calvo, another centre back from the academy, also played his first La Liga game that day). He finished the season with 13 appearances, playing a further six matches in the following as the team were crowned league champions.
Sanz was also part of their UEFA Champions League victory in 1997--98. However, despite being the son of Lorenzo Sanz, the president of the club at the time, he never really managed to hold up a regular first team spot at Real.
### Málaga
For the start of 1999--2000, Sanz signed with Málaga CF. On 8 September 2001 he scored his first goal as a professional, in a 1--1 draw at his former employers. That season, the Andalusia side finished tenth and he helped it win the subsequent Intertoto Cup, which eventually led to a UEFA Cup quarter-final run, with the player appearing in eight complete games.
Sanz retired from football in 2006 after Málaga\'s relegation, with 240 matches and five goals in the top level to his credit, immediately becoming its president after his father bought 97% of the shares. After four years, he resigned on 27 July 2010 as the club was sold earlier in the summer to a Qatari investor.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sanz was the brother-in-law of another Real Madrid player, Míchel Salgado -- the two were never teammates, as Salgado arrived the year Sanz left the club -- who married his sister Malula.
His older brother Francisco and his nephew, also named Francisco, were also footballers
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# Perry Winslow
**Perry Winslow** (1815--1890) was a whaling ship master out of Nantucket, Massachusetts. Born February 25, 1815, in Nantucket to Joseph Winslow and Betty (Comstock) Winslow, he was the brother of another whaling captain, Joseph Winslow, and the first cousin of Charles F. Winslow, 1811--1877. Among his many commands was *Phoenix*. While in command of *Edward Cary* in 1854, he was accompanied by his wife, Mary Ann (Morrow) Winslow, and his son and daughter, John and Sarah Bunker Winslow, in a whaling voyage in the Pacific Ocean.
He died in Nantucket, October 17, 1890
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# Mitch Korn
**Mitch Korn** (born September 16, 1957 in the Bronx, New York), is a professional ice hockey goaltending coach and former goaltender. Korn is currently the director of goaltending for the Nashville Predators of the NHL. Korn was previously the director of goaltending for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). Prior to the Islanders, Korn spent four seasons as the goaltending coach of the Washington Capitals and 16 years as the goaltending coach for the Nashville Predators under head coach Barry Trotz. In April 2014, the Predators decided not to renew Trotz\'s coaching contract, which set to expire that summer. Korn\'s contract was also set to expire that summer (June 30), and he chose to continue his professional relationship with Trotz (with whom he had worked since 1998) over renewing his contract with the Predators. Korn followed Trotz to Washington and replaced incumbent goaltending coach Olaf Kölzig, who stayed on with the Capitals in an unspecified role. Ben Vanderklok replaced Korn as the Predators\' goaltending coach.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Korn played junior hockey for the Springfield Olympics (MA) and won a National Championship in 1976. He played college hockey at Kent State University while earning BS and MBA degrees there. \[1\]
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Korn joined Miami University in January 1981 as assistant coach of the hockey team and ice arena administrator. During this period, Korn coached Steve McKichan, who, after a brief NHL career, eventually became the goaltending coach of the Toronto Maple Leafs.
Korn was hired by the Buffalo Sabres in 1991, where he coached Dominik Hašek to four Vezina Trophies (awarded to the NHL\'s best goaltender) and two Hart Memorial Trophies (awarded to the NHL\'s most valuable player in the regular season) over seven seasons. Korn later joined the Nashville Predators in 1998 as their goaltending coach.
During his career, Korn has coached a variety of NHL goaltenders, including Dominik Hašek, Thomas Greiss, Robin Lehner, Pekka Rinne, Grant Fuhr, Martin Biron, Tomáš Vokoun, Chris Mason, Philipp Grubauer, Semyon Varlamov, Vítek Vaněček, Dan Ellis, Ilya Sorokin and Braden Holtby
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# Los golpes bajos
***Los golpes bajos*** (*The Low Blows*) is a 1974 Argentine film directed by Mario Sábato. It is a film about boxing, inspired by José María Gatica. Shot in Eastmancolor, Sabato wrote the script in collaboration with Mario Mactas. The film stars Aldo Barbero, Héctor Alterio, Walter Vidarte and Ana María Picchio.
The film premiered on 4 February 1974 in Buenos Aires. It is also known under the title *De cara al asfalto*.
## Plot
Set in the early Peron era, this rise and fall of a boxer is visibly inspired by the biography of José María Gatica and his experiences.
## Cast
- Aldo Barbero
- Héctor Alterio
- Walter Vidarte
- Ana María Picchio
- Adrián Ghío
- Hugo Arana
- Onofre Lovero
- Luis Politti
- Susana Lanteri
- Rodolfo Brindisi
## Reception
Rómulo Berruti in Clarín stated that it was a film intended to be a review of the Peronist regime, using the drama of a boxer as a \"pivot\". *El Mundo* opined that it is a \" film that loses by points... It feeds but it doesn\'t hit. It avoids but does not delve... more nostalgic than critical... immature, but with good intentions\". Manrupe and Portela wrote: \"Good reconstruction at times and some drama achieved\". Luis Trelles Plazaola in his book *South American Cinema/ Cine De America Del Sur: Dictionary of Film Makers* describes *Los golpes bajos* as a \"film of greater weight and thematic ambition\"
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# The Return of Martín Fierro
***The Return of Martin Fierro*** (*La Vuelta de Martín Fierro*) is a 1974 Argentine film directed by Enrique Dawi and based on the second part of the poem *Martín Fierro* by José Hernández
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# Peter Berndtsson
**Peter Berndtsson** (born January 28, 1965) is a Swedish retired ice hockey centre. He spent ten seasons with Västra Frölunda from 1989 to 1996 and then again from 1997 to 2000. He also played for Färjestads BK, Örebro IK, HV 71 and Linköpings HC and also had a spell in Finland\'s SM-liiga for JYP
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# Rebellion in Patagonia
***Rebellion in Patagonia*** (*\'\'\'La Patagonia rebelde\'\'\'*) is a 1974 Argentine drama-historical film directed by Héctor Olivera and starring Héctor Alterio, Luis Brandoni, José Soriano and Federico Luppi. It was written by Olivera with Osvaldo Bayer and Fernando Ayala, based on Osvaldo Bayer\'s renowned novel *Los vengadores de la Patagonia Trágica* (\"The Avengers of Tragic Patagonia\"), which was based upon the military suppression of anarchist union movements in Santa Cruz Province in the early 1920s.
It was entered into the 24th Berlin International Film Festival, where it won the Silver Bear.
It was selected as the second greatest Argentine film of all time in a poll conducted by the Museo del Cine Pablo Ducrós Hicken in 1984, while it ranked 3rd in the 2000 edition. In a new version of the survey organized in 2022 by the specialized magazines *La vida util*, *Taipei* and *La tierra quema*, presented at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival, the film reached the 25 position. Also in 2022, the film was included in Spanish magazine *Fotogramas*{{\'}}s list of the 20 best Argentine films of all time.
## Plot
The movie begins with the assassination of Lieutenant Coronel Zavala presumably for the events that take place during the movie, after he awakes from a nightmare full of gunshots.
Workers in Patagonia, influenced by anarcho-syndicalist ideas, demand improvements in hotel pay and conditions. During one of the meetings, a boss pays back the workers salaries and an additional fee. He takes the money out of his wallet which illustrates that to the boss it is simply pocket change whereas to the workers it is a lot of money. After employers initially agree to workers\' demands, which are supported by workers in other sectors and areas, the regional governor, under pressure from local employers, orders the paramilitary police to intervene to suppress union and political activity, despite the protests of a local judge. In response to such harassment, a general strike is declared, paralyzing the ports and wool production for export. The national Radical Civic Union government supports the workers\' rights, and the workers call for union recognition and improvements to the conditions of agricultural workers. Employers reject the demands and bring in replacement workers, but the convoys are attacked by armed strikers who shoot down the soldiers guarding them. Workers use arson and sabotage to disrupt production and take hostages. More fighting erupts between armed police and strikers.
An army- and judge-led mediation attempt commissioned by President Yrigoyen and led by Lieutenant Coronel Zavala condemns police partiality and the exploitative nature of the company store system. After six weeks, the strike is settled in the workers\' favor with the first ever collective agreement for Patagonian rural workers and they hand in many of the weapons they seized from the rural estates as part of the agreement. Employers are outraged by having the unfavorable terms imposed on them by the government and respond with selective sackings and denial of service at company stores. Workers respond with boycotts and the president dismisses the governor, who is close to many of the wealthy landowners. More importantly, the landowners refuse to implement the pay rise specified in the agreement.
With workers planning another strike to enforce the terms of the agreement, employers, backed by Chile and Britain, successfully force the government to round up union leaders and militants. Another general strike is called in response. While strikers take hostages to defend themselves, bandits known as the Red Council who had previously taken part in the attack on the convoy of replacement workers and refused to disarm, take advantage of the unsettled situation to raid isolated estates.
Zavala is told of the continuing unrest despite his efforts, that he workers had not upheld their bargain by disarming, and to \"Think of Chile\" implying a threat to their borders, and is ordered to restore order in such a way as to permanently remove the threat of rebellion due to socialist or anarchist ideas, which they do by using acting in force, opening fire on strikers without warning, surprising the strikers who had held him in high regard for settling the earlier dispute in their favor. Following this initial fight and others using similar tactics Zavala begins carrying out summary executions, especially of the leaders and even of delegations acting under a flag of truce, some of whom are made to dig their own graves. Eventually the Red Council is captured in a villa they were raiding and the anarcho-syndicalists decide to surrender to Zavala. Armed landowners participate in the suppression of the strikers, identifying the leaders with most of the leaders of the movement being executed with only one managing to escape. Others are tied naked to fences or made to run the gauntlet.
After the slaughter, the previous agreement is annulled and wages are reduced. The film ends with oligarchs congratulating the lieutenant colonel in charge of the massacre during a celebration and singing For He\'s a Jolly Good Fellow in English.
## Cast
- Pedro Aleandro - Félix Novas
- Héctor Alterio - Col
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# Michael Wiesinger
**Michael Wiesinger** (born 27 December 1972) is a German football manager and former player who last coached 1. FC Nürnberg.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
A midfielder, Wiesinger began his professional career with 1. FC Nürnberg, before joining Bayern Munich on a free transfer in 1999. He spent two years at Bayern, winning two German titles and the Champions League, but made few first team appearances before moving to Bayern\'s rivals TSV 1860 München, where he had previously been a youth team player. He spent two and a half years at 1860, moving on to Wacker Burghausen, his hometown club, in January 2004. He left the club in June 2007 and joined SpVgg Weiden, where he spent one year before retiring.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
### FC Ingolstadt {#fc_ingolstadt}
He took up his role as coach of FC Ingolstadt\'s reserve team. Since 9 November 2009, he was caretaker manager of the first team before being later confirmed as manager. Almost exactly a year later, Wiesinger was sacked with Ingolstadt in 17th place in the 2. Bundesliga.
### 1. FC Nürnberg {#fc_nürnberg}
In April 2011, he returned to 1. FC Nürnberg, to take charge of the club\'s reserve team. He was promoted to manager of the first team in December 2012, after Dieter Hecking left to take over at VfL Wolfsburg. Wiesinger was sacked by the club on 7 October 2013, the day after a 5--0 home defeat by Hamburger SV in the 2013-14 Bundesliga. On the day of Wiesinger\'s sacking, the club had scored a total of only five points and remained without a win after the first eight matches of the 2013--2014 Bundesliga, and was in the third last position in the league table. \"The recent games showed that no consistent upward trend is developing. It was a very difficult decision, but in the interest of 1. FC Nürnberg we feel forced to act\", Nürnberg\'s sporting director Martin Bader said.
### KFC Uerdingen 05 {#kfc_uerdingen_05}
In July 2017 Wiseinger became the new manager of KFC Uerdingen 05. He left the club by mutual consent on 15 March 2018 despite the club being at first place in Regionalliga West.
### Second stint at 1. FC Nürnberg {#second_stint_at_1._fc_nürnberg}
He returned to Nürnberg on 29 June 2020 for the relegation-playoffs.
## Managerial statistics {#managerial_statistics}
Team From To Record
--------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------
FC Ingolstadt II 1 July 2008 22 April 2009 `{{WDL|27|10|8|9|for=32|against=32|diff=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
FC Ingolstadt 9 November 2009 6 November 2010 `{{WDL|35|16|8|11|for=59|against=50|diff=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
1\. FC Nürnberg II 1 July 2011 23 December 2012 `{{WDL|56|22|15|19|for=93|against=80|diff=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
1\. FC Nürnberg 24 December 2012 7 October 2013 `{{WDL|26|6|12|8|for=32|against=43|diff=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
SV Elversberg 1 July 2015 30 June 2017 `{{WDL|75|45|17|13|for=135|against=60|diff=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
KFC Uerdingen 1 July 2017 15 March 2018 `{{WDL|26|14|9|3|for=44|against=19|diff=yes}}`{=mediawiki}
1\
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# La Crosse station
**La Crosse station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in La Crosse, Wisconsin, served by the daily *Borealis* and *Empire Builder*. The station was built in 1926--27 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road), replacing an older station that burned in 1916. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the **Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Depot** and was renovated in 2001.
## History
### Original station {#original_station}
The La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad opened between its namesake cities in 1858, followed by the St. Paul and Milwaukee in 1867. Through mergers, both became part of the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road) by 1874. The 1858-built station was replaced by in 1878 by the Cameron House, a combined depot and hotel located near downtown La Crosse. By 1910, La Crosse was served by six daily round trips on the Chicago--Milwaukee--Minneapolis corridor (including Chicago--Tacoma and Chicago--Miles City, Montana round trips), two La Crosse--Savanna, Illinois round trips, one La Crosse--Wessington Springs, South Dakota round trip, and one La Crosse--Madison, South Dakota round trip. North La Crosse station, located at the junction of the mainline and the spur to downtown La Crosse, was served by some trips.
### New station {#new_station}
The Cameron House station was gutted by fire on December 24, 1916; a temporary station was constructed nearby. A decade of public debate followed about a potential union station to serve all five railroads in La Crosse. The powerful Milwaukee Road insisted on a station in North La Crosse, away from the downtown area, to avoid the time-consuming backup move that crossed busy city streets. In 1925, the Milwaukee Road was given permission to construct its new station in North La Crosse, slightly east of the old North La Crosse station.
Construction began in 1926 and lasted about six months. The station cost \$300,000 (equivalent to \$`{{inflation|US-GDP|0.3|1927|r=1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}), plus \$60,000 (equivalent to (equal to \$`{{inflation|US-GDP|0.06|1927|r=1}}`{=mediawiki} million) for the acquisition of sixteen lots to make room for the structure. It opened on January 31, 1927. The location on the mainline saved 24 minutes for through trains compared to the downtown location. The Milwaukee Road authorized a taxi company to carry passengers between downtown La Crosse and the station for a flat fee. A downtown freight house remained in use until 1955.
By 1955, the station was served by one daily Chicago--Tacoma round trip (*Olympian Hiawatha*), three daily Chicago--Minneapolis round trips (*Morning Hiawatha, Afternoon Hiawatha*, *Pioneer Limited*, *Fast Mail*), one daily La Crosse--Austin round trip, and a Minneapolis-to-Chicago local. Over the years, service gradually decreased as subsidies for automobile and air travel cut into the profitability of passenger rail. Service to Austin was eliminated in 1960, and post office mail contracts were cut in 1967. By October 1970, only the daily *Morning Hiawatha* round trip plus the Minneapolis-to-Chicago *Fast Mail* served La Crosse. `{{clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
### Amtrak era {#amtrak_era}
Amtrak took over intercity passenger service on May 1, 1971. Amtrak retained the Burlington Northern Railroad\'s `{{lnl|Amtrak|Empire Builder}}`{=mediawiki}, but rerouted it between Minneapolis and Chicago, replacing the *Morning Hiawatha* on a similar schedule. On November 14, 1971, Amtrak added a second daily Chicago--Minneapolis round trip. It ran between Chicago and Seattle three days a week as the *North Coast Hiawatha*, and between Chicago and Minneapolis the other four days as the *Hiawatha*. The *Hiawatha* was renamed *Twin Cities Hiawatha* on January 16, 1972, but returned to *Hiawatha* on October 29; it shared the *North Coast Hiawatha* name beginning in 1974.
The *Empire Builder* and *North Coast Hiawatha* were combined east of Minneapolis in 1977, with the *Twin Cities Hiawatha* operating daily. On April 30, 1978, the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Arrowhead}}`{=mediawiki} and *Twin Cities Hiawatha* were merged to form the Chicago--Duluth `{{lnl|Amtrak|North Star}}`{=mediawiki}. The *North Coast Hiawatha* was discontinued on October 6, 1979, though the *Empire Builder* continued to run. The *North Star* was cut back to a Minneapolis--Duluth service in October 1981, leaving only the daily *Empire Builder* serving La Crosse. The station was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. A renovation that included an accessible platform was completed in 2001.
service began on May 21, 2024. As part of the agreement to start *Borealis* service, a new track will be added in the station area and the platform will be reconstructed closer to the station. As of early 2024, there were two tracks by the station, one mainline track next to the platform and one lead track for the yard northeast of the station. The new configuration will have two mainline tracks plus the yard lead. Construction for the new platform and other ADA upgrades to the station are planned to be complete in Amtrak\'s fiscal year 2026 (after October 1, 2025)
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# Armed Forces Memorial
The **Armed Forces Memorial** is a national memorial in the United Kingdom, dedicated to the 16,000 servicemen and women of the British Armed Forces killed on duty or through terrorist action since after the Second World War. It is within the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire.
## History
The creation of a national memorial for members of the Armed Forces killed on duty was announced by the Secretary of State for Defence in a statement in the House of Commons on 10 November 2000, to be funded by public subscription.
An international competition was held for the design of the Memorial, which was won by Liam O\'Connor Architects and Planning Consultants, with Ian Rank-Broadley, Sculptor. The project design team consisted of Liam O\'Connor (architect), Christopher Barrett (project manager), Alan Baxter & Associates (structural & civil engineers), Christina Godiksen, Robert Rhodes, and Daniel Benson. Liam O\'Connor also designed the Commonwealth Memorial Gates on Constitution Hill in London. Ian Rank-Broadley conceived and executed the sculpture of the Memorial. He earlier sculpted the effigy of Queen Elizabeth II which has appeared on coins in the UK and Commonwealth coins since 1998. The letter cutting was done by Richard Kindersley. The design of the Memorial was officially unveiled at the Imperial War Museum, London on 6 April 2005.
The Memorial was officially dedicated on 12 October 2007 in a ceremony presided by Queen Elizabeth II and attended by Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Archbishop of Canterbury Rowan Williams. It was opened to the public on 29 October 2007. At the unveiling Prince Charles, the Prince of Wales said:
> The magnificence of this new memorial will, at long last, provide a fitting recognition for all those killed on duty since the end of the Second World War. It does not differentiate between those killed in the heat of battle or on a training exercise, by terrorist action or on peace-keeping missions.
In addition to the Memorial in Staffordshire, a memorial without names will be added to the South Cloister of Westminster Abbey, dedicated to members of the Armed Forces killed in conflict and the members of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary and the Merchant Navy who died in conflict zones since the end of the Second World War; and rolls of honour will be displayed at the St Martin-in-the-Fields (for the Royal Navy) and the chapel of the Royal Hospital Chelsea (for the British Army), in addition to the existing Rolls of Honour for the Royal Air Force at St Clement Danes in the Strand.
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# Armed Forces Memorial
## Design
The Memorial cost £6 million to build, principally funded by sales of a commemorative Trafalgar coin sold by the Royal Mint, and grants from the Millennium Commission. The Memorial takes the form of an earth tumulus (mound), 100 metres in diameter. Inspiration for the Memorial came from \"the ancient burial mounds of our ancestors ... that recollects monuments like Silbury Hill and the mounds around Stonehenge.
The mound is surmounted by a Portland stone circle, with openings to the east and west and an obelisk at the eastern end. Within the circle are two straight stone walls, with bronze sculptures at their centres. The names of the 16,000 service personnel are carved into the Memorial\'s stone walls, with space for an additional 15,000 names to be added. The names of all those killed in combat, in training, on peacekeeping operations and on exercise are included. It includes the dead from operations in Palestine, Korea, Malaya, the Falkland Islands, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Northern Ireland.
The earliest qualifying date for casualties being listed on the memorial is 1 January 1948. This follows on from the closing date for commemoration by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission of 31 December 1947, although the memorial also lists casualties of the 1947-48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine (pre-independence Israel). Names are grouped under year of death, within each year grouped under the force in which they served.
The bronze sculptures are the work of Ian Rank-Broadley. The Stretcher Bearers sculpture shows a wounded serviceman borne by comrades, watched by grieving family. It represents the cost of armed conflict on those left behind. The Gates sculpture group shows the body of a fallen serviceman taken into the arms of his comrades, and a figure pointing through the Great Gates of Eternity to Paradise. For this work Rank-Broadley received the 2008 Marsh Award for Excellence in Public Sculpture.
The structure is aligned so that at the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month, the sun\'s rays will stream through the gap to illuminate the centre of the Memorial.
## Location
The Memorial is located on a 150 acre site at the National Memorial Arboretum, at Alrewas near Lichfield in Staffordshire, which opened in 2001, where there are already a number of Service-related memorials. A central location in the UK, outside London, was chosen deliberately to ensure that the memorial was accessible to all communities in the UK.
<File:National> Memorial Arboretum - post 1945 04.jpg\|The memorial viewed from the visitor centre <File:National> Memorial Arboretum - post 1945 01.jpg\|Detail of the south side of the memorial <File:National> Memorial Arboretum - post 1945 02.jpg\|Detail of the south side of the memorial <File:National> Memorial Arboretum - post 1945 03
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# Matthew Leander King
**Matthew Leander King** (May 20, 1878 -- October 23, 1919) was an American engineer.
## Early life and marriage {#early_life_and_marriage}
King was born in Panora, Iowa, the son of Anna Ross (née Caldwell) and John King. He graduated from the Mechanical Engineering Department of Iowa State College in 1906. King was a charter member of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, a member of the American Society of Testing Materials. He became a member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1912, and belonged to various aeronautical and officers\' clubs. He married Lucy M. Massure, the daughter of Phoebe (Duell) and Richard Henry Lee Massure, on Jan. 1, 1901 in Redfield, Iowa. Their union produced two daughters, Harriet Marie and Helen. Through Helen, he was the maternal grandfather of actor Nick Nolte.
## As an engineer {#as_an_engineer}
He spent five years as an experimentalist in agricultural engineering with the Agricultural Experiment Station of Iowa State College, Ames, Iowa, during which time he invented the hollow clay tile silo. For two years he was superintendent and general manager of the David M. Bradley Implement Works at Bradley, Illinois. He organized the Iowa Clay Products manufacturers into the Permanent Buildings Society for the development of new designs of and uses for hollow-clay building tile. King designed the Dexter Community House, which utilized the tiles in its construction.
## Military career {#military_career}
King entered the army in September, 1917, with the rank of Captain and was assigned to the Aviation School of Aerial Observation at Post Field, Fort Sill, Oklahoma, in charge of maintenance and repair of aeroplanes. He was advanced to the rank of Major in August, 1918, and in November of that year was assigned to Indianapolis as chief engineering officer for aviation in the Northern District. In February 1919, he was made acting director of aviation for the Northern District. In April he was transferred to Washington, D.C., and from there he was assigned on special missions until July when he became flight commander and chief engineering officer of the American Pathfinding and Recruiting Expedition. He was transferred from the Officers\' Reserve Corps to the regular army with the rank of Major in October about a week before his death. While at Post Field he learned to fly and was given the classification of Reserve Military Aviator
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# Coppergate Helmet
The **Coppergate Helmet** (also known as the **York Helmet**) is an eighth-century Anglo-Saxon helmet found in York, England. It was discovered in May 1982 during excavations for the Jorvik Viking Centre at the bottom of a pit that is thought to have once been a well.
The helmet is one of six Anglo-Saxon helmets known to have survived to the present day, and is by far the best preserved. It shares its basic form with the helmet found at Wollaston (1997), joining that find and those at Benty Grange (1848), Sutton Hoo (1939), Shorwell (2004) and Staffordshire (2009), as one of the \"crested helmets\" that flourished in England and Scandinavia from the sixth through to the eleventh centuries. It is now in the collections of the Yorkshire Museum.
## Description
### Construction
The construction of the helmet is complex. Apart from the neck guard the basic form is shared by the contemporaneous Pioneer Helmet, a sparsely decorated fighting piece, and consists of four parts: an iron skull cap with brass edging and decorations, two iron cheek guards with brass edging, and camail protecting the neck.
The cap of the helmet has eight iron components. A brow band encircles the head; a nose-to-nape band extends from back to front, where it narrows and continues downwards as the nasal; two lateral bands each connect the side of the brow band to the top of the nose-to-nape band; and four subtriangular infill plates sit underneath the resulting holes. The eight pieces are riveted together. The brow band, 572 mm long and 74 mm to 87.4 mm wide, is not entirely circular; a 69.8 mm gap at the front is covered by the nose-to-nape band, which overlaps the brow band at the front and underlaps it at the back. Quadrant-shaped cutouts at the front, and rectangular cutouts at the sides, create eye-holes and attachment points for the cheek guard hinges. On the dexter side is a light and unexplained sketch of a rectangle with two lines in the shape of an \'X\' connecting the corners. The nose-to-nape band is 492.8 mm long and about 87.5 mm wide, and is shaped at the front, possibly with a template before assembly, both to help facilitate the eye-holes and to continue down as the nasal. The two lateral bands, about 125 mm long and 82 mm wide, are riveted to the inside of the brow and nose-to-nape bands by three iron rivets on each end. The four infill plates are roughly triangular, but have their corners cut off to avoid overlapping the rivets holding the bands together. Their sizes vary considerably, likely because the edges are hidden from view. At the front the two infill plates are affixed underneath the bands by four rivets on either side and three at the bottom; at the back, five rivets on either side, and three at the bottom, hold each infill plate to the bands.
Four different types of brass edging, comprising seven individual pieces, are used on the cap. A plain binding extends around the front of the helmet, connecting the two cheek guard hinges and covering the edges of the nasal and eye-hole cutouts; a short strip on either side fills the space between the hinge and the end of the eyebrow; behind the hinge on either side, another short piece extends to the end of the cheek guard; and across the back of the helmet, connecting the ends of the cheek guard, runs a mail suspension strip. The plain binding is made from a piece of brass, up to 9.8 mm wide, that is folded in half around the edge of the helmet. It appears to be made from a single piece of metal, and is attached with six brass rivets. Above these on either side, a strip approximately 19.4 mm long and 9 mm tall fills the space between the hinge and the end of the eyebrow, on which side it is moulded to the shape of the eyebrow\'s terminal animal head. The upper edges are folded over at the top. These strips are each affixed with two brass rivets and are primarily decorative, for they match the height of the two types of edge binding on the back of the helmet. The first of these types is made from one rectangular strip of brass per side, folded over into a U-shape and fitted over the approximately 35.5 mm long portion of the brow band between the cheek guard hinge and the back of the cheek guard.
On the exterior of the helmet the strips are about 11.7 mm tall, and have the tops folded over, as on the filler strips. Two brass rivets per side hold them in place. The final type of edge binding, the mail suspension strip, is similar to the pieces behind the hinges that it abuts. It is made of folded over rectangular strips of brass, fitted over the edge of the brow band and with the top of the exterior edge itself folded down. Two pieces of equal length were used, abutting at the back of the helmet, although the sinister strip was not found with the helmet. The dexter strip is 162 mm long and 10.3 mm tall, and between its bottom and the bottom of the brow band, leaves a hollow 3.3 mm high gap. Seven or eight slots, each between 1.1 mm and 1.7 mm wide, were cut for every 25 mm of the strip. One ring of mail was placed into each slot, and a piece of iron wire 2.5 mm in diameter was slotted through to hold them in place. The mail suspension strip was held on by silver rivets with domed heads; only two survive, though five were probably originally used.
Suspended from the cap are two cheek guards and a mail curtain. The cheek guards are made from individual pieces of iron and at their maximum dimensions are approximately 127 mm long and 88 mm wide. They are curved inward both laterally and longitudinally, and each held to the brow band by a single hinge. Both hinges are made of two pieces of iron, approximately 50 mm long and 25 mm wide, that were bent in half over a circular rod and then cut to create matching slots; the upper dexter piece has four slots and the lower piece three---one of which is broken---a pattern that is reversed on the sinister side. The upper halves fit over sections cut out of the brow band, the lower halves over the cheek guards, and all four pieces are held in place with two iron rivets. The slots mesh together, and are held in place by 2.4 mm diameter iron pins, the sinister of which is missing and has been replaced.
The mail is remarkable in consisting of forge-welded links, rather than the far more common riveted links. The helmet was found to be made of iron, with applied brass-work containing approximately 85% copper.
### Decoration
The helmet has two low crests of brass, one running from front to back, the other from side to side, forming a cross shape when viewed from above. The brass banding within the crests bears a Latin inscription:
> IN NOMINE : DNI : NOSTRI : IHV : SCS : SPS : DI : ET : OMNIBVS : DECEMVS : AMEN: OSHERE : XPI\
> In the name of our Lord Jesus, the Holy Spirit, and God; and to all we say Amen / Oshere / Christ
An alternative interpretation suggests the following translation:
> In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ and of the Spirit of God, let us offer up Oshere to All Saints. Amen.
Oshere is a male Anglian name and XPI are the first three letters of the word Christos *Χριστός* (*khristos*) in Greek.
The brass crest terminates in a decorative animal head at the base of the nasal. The brass eyebrow decorations that flank the nasal also terminate in animal heads. The decoration of the nasal consists of two intertwined beasts, whose bodies and limbs degenerate into interlace ornament.
## Typology
Like many other helmets of Germanic Western and Northern Europe in the Early Middle Ages the construction of the Coppergate helmet is derivative of Late Roman helmet types.
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# Coppergate Helmet
## Discovery
The helmet was discovered on 12 May 1982 during excavations for the Jorvik Viking Centre in York, North Yorkshire. The York Archaeological Trust had previously excavated 1000 m^2^ in the area from 1976 to 1981, finding evidence of Roman occupation in the area but very little indication of Anglo-Saxon settlement. In 1981 and 1982 an area five times the size of the initial excavation was developed, including for the construction of the Coppergate Shopping Centre and the Jorvik Viking Centre. As most of the land had not been subject to the earlier archaeological excavations, a watching brief was maintained during the construction.
At approximately 2:40 pm an excavator, using a flat scraper bucket to remove the natural clay a few centimetres at a time, struck an object. The foreman stopped work to check on the object\'s size, thinking it was a stone. His fingers wiped away the dust and exposed the golden band at the top of the helmet, after which he alerted the archaeologists on site. Their investigation showed a wood-lined pit, approximately 1.4m long on each side, and 20 cm deep; nineteenth-century construction of a factory had removed the upper portion, and had come within a few centimetres of the helmet. Within the remaining portion were found a seemingly random collection of several pieces of wood and twigs, a sword-beater with textile impressions, a churn dasher, a fragment of a crucible, an antler beam, a rubbing stone, a fragment of glass, a fragment of hearth lining, seven fragments of slag, and three fragments of iron. These were removed before the helmet to free up space. The helmet itself had to be removed quickly, both to prevent corrosion caused by its first exposure to air in more than 1,000 years and for reasons of security, and by 8:30 it had been placed atop crumpled paper in a plastic bowl and packed away to spend the night in the \"strong room\" of the Borthwick Institute of Historical Research at the University of York.
The helmet is easily the best preserved Anglo-Saxon example, although its violent manner of discovery caused it significant damage. The excavator appears to have struck near the top of the rear dexter side, shearing off rivets and taking the rear infill plate to pieces. The front infill plate was itself dislodged, while the lateral band was broken off and folded. This caused with it the crumpling and breaking into three pieces of the lateral inscription band, the rear edge pieces of which were lost entirely; these may have been catapulted across the construction site. The rear dexter portion of the nose-to-nape band was also driven inwards. The shock of the excavator\'s strike probably also accounts for a missing portion along the rear sinister brow band, which may have corroded before disintegrating with the impact. The suspension strip from which the camail would have hung was also missing in this area.
### Archaeological context {#archaeological_context}
The pit in which the helmet was found was lined with oak planks that had been pressed into the clay. It was most probably a well; the lack of food or human parasite ova remains suggests that it was not a toilet or cesspit, while plant and animal remains are consistent with an open, aquatic environment. The helmet appears to have been intentionally hidden within it, probably with the intention of recovery. The sinister cheek piece and the camail had been carefully removed and placed inside the cap, which was then placed upside down in the pit, keeping the three parts together. At the same time, the random assortment of items also found in the pit does not suggest that the helmet was deposited as a type of offering.
The volatile state of York during the eighth and ninth centuries would have given the helmet\'s owner ample opportunity to consider hiding it in a well. The Vikings invaded York in 866, the Northumbrians, unsuccessfully, a year later. Nor had the preceding century of Northumbrian rule been peaceful; between 758 and 867, every King of Northumbria whose fate is known was either murdered, killed in battle or forced out. Any one of these turbulent periods could have inspired the owner of the helmet to hide it with the unrealised intention of recovering it later.
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# Coppergate Helmet
## Conservation
For the five weeks following its discovery, the helmet was placed in an airtight Perspex box with a humid nitrogen atmosphere. This was to solve the seemingly contradictory problems of conserving any remaining organic matter, which would need to be kept moist, and conserving the iron of the helmet, which would normally need to be kept dry to avoid corrosion. The humid nitrogen environment avoided the latter danger by removing the oxygen needed for oxidation to occur. In this state the helmet was held stable; to allow for radiography and other examination it was removed from its container four times, for no more than two hours at a time, at which point some rusting occurred. The scans revealed the presence of the camail and the sinister cheek guard within the cap of the helmet, otherwise filled with clay. In mid-June the interior of the helmet was excavated in 10 mm intervals, corresponding to the vertical slices taken of the helmet when it was CT scanned. No significant organic materials were found---it had been hoped that an interior leather cap, worn as additional padding, might be present---allowing the helmet to be protected against corrosion more easily, by sealing it in a new Perspex box desiccated with sachets of silica gel.
The helmet next had the accumulated layers of corrosion removed. This was done manually, using brushes and a scalpel, with an eye towards preserving the corrosion which itself retained the original surface texture of the helmet. Micro-abrasive blasting was used on some areas such as the sinister cheek guard, after its broken fragments were adhered together, as the corrosion was too heavy and the surfaces too fragile to press against with the scalpel. Most of the brass fittings needed only cleaning with glass bristle brush, and the interior of the cap was only lightly cleaned, leaving material for possible future analysis. The mail, extremely well preserved despite being a cemented block when removed from the cap of the helmet, was freed by using a scalpel and mounted needle to chip away the corrosion. Open rings were adhered closed, and cotton thread used to connect incomplete rings.
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# Coppergate Helmet
## Restoration
Discussions the following year considered sending the helmet away for restoration, and on 21 June 1983 it was sent to the British Museum. The museum\'s task was largely to undo the damage caused by the excavator by reshaping deformed pieces, reattaching loose fragments, and filling in missing areas. It was also tasked with creating a mount for display. The decision to restore the helmet was controversial. The York Archaeological trust argued that doing so would risk destroying archaeological evidence, but was overruled by the York City Council.
The nose-to-nape band was first reshaped with the use of a jig fastened to the helmet with three clamps, the middle of which was tightened to bend the metal into place. The remaining reshaping was primarily carried out with padded clamps, hammers, and wooden stakes, although small fragments of the dexter lateral band and rear infill place were soldered in place at a high temperature. The reshaped components were held in place using steel bolts; unlike the rivets originally used, the heads of the bolts are slightly raised from the surface of the helmet. The crushed and broken lateral inscription band, meanwhile, was annealed with a natural gas Bunsen burner before being reshaped with wood and Perspex levers. The two surviving strips edging the inscription band were manually reshaped, while the missing pieces, which may have been catapulted across the construction site by the excavator, were recreated with brass. The recreated strips did not repeat the engraved chevron pattern of the originals, creating a visible distinction between old and new. In its restored state, the inscription band was placed on the helmet with a cellulose nitrate adhesive. At some point in the process a slight dent in the front portion of the nose-to-nape inscription band was also reshaped, despite the belief that it represented contemporary use of the helmet, not post-deposition damage.
A new suspension strip was created to replace the missing sinister half, and damaged rings had new rings of iron wire adhered to them in support. The camail was then rehung, and attached to three loops on each cheek guard. Replacements were made for several missing loops. Gaps in protection were apparent between the loops, and so a wire was threaded through the loops to pull the rings against the cheek pieces; this was an invention of the laboratory with no evidence of contemporary practice, but is reversible.
The significant gaps in the helmet were filled in with polyester resin paste and fine copper gauze. The gauze was cut to fit the size of the holes and edged with tin solder. It was then held in place either by metal bolts put through the original rivet holes, or by the polyester resin paste. This paste was spread atop the gauze, creating a smooth surface that was then coloured with natural powder pigments and shellac dissolved in industrial methylated spirits to match the original tone of the helmet. Finally, the helmet was cleaned with 15% formic acid, washed with distilled water, dried in hot air, and coated with Renaissance Wax. A Perspex mount was built, containing three silicone rubber buffers on which the helmet rests. The restoration was completed in February 1984.
## Public display {#public_display}
The helmet forms part of the permanent collection of the Yorkshire Museum and has been included in many public exhibitions since its discovery.
During the 2009--2010 closure of the Yorkshire Museum for a major refurbishment, the helmet was displayed in the British Museum as part of the exhibition *Treasures from Medieval York: England\'s other capital*. When the museum reopened in August 2010 the helmet was displayed in the Medieval gallery in the exhibition *Medieval York: The Power and the Glory*. From 2012 to 2013 it was displayed in the *York 1212: The Making of a City* exhibition, celebrating 800 years since York received a Royal charter.
From 8 April to 5 May 2017, the helmet was on display in the Jorvik Viking Centre.
From 2017 the helmet formed part of a touring exhibition titled *Viking: Rediscover the Legend* and was displayed alongside the Bedale Hoard, the Vale of York hoard and the Cuerdale hoard, with the tour starting at the Yorkshire Museum in May 2017 with subsequent displays at the Atkinson Art Gallery and Library in Southport, Aberdeen Art Gallery, Norwich Castle Museum, and the University of Nottingham.
The helmet went back on display at the Yorkshire Museum in September 2019
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# Geitanger
**Geitanger** or **Geitung** is an island in Øygarden Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. The 0.9 km2 island is entirely car-free, and the population of the island is very low
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# Rafael de Nogales
**Rafael Inchauspe Méndez**, known as **Rafael de Nogales Méndez** (October 14, 1877 in San Cristóbal, Táchira -- July 10, 1937 in Panama City) was a Venezuelan soldier, adventurer and writer who served the Ottoman Empire during the Great War (1914--18). He travelled extensively and fought in many of the wars of his age.
## Education and first conflicts {#education_and_first_conflicts}
When he was a young man his father sent him to study in Europe. He attended Universities in Germany, Belgium and Spain, and came to speak several languages fluently. Despite his education, Nogales felt more attracted to the military profession and he began to travel where the news of war took him. He took part in several conflicts in the last part of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th: he fought for the Spanish against the Americans in the Spanish--American War.
In 1902 with the support of president Zelaya of Nicaragua, Nogales participated in a failed attempt to overthrow Venezuelan dictator Cipriano Castro involving an expedition aboard the schooner *La Libertad*. The forces landed in La Guajira peninsula but were defeated by general Antonio Davila in Carazua as part of Revolución Libertadora of Venezuela.
In 1904 participated in the Russo-Japanese War as a double agent. Additionally, he spent time in Alaska during the time of the gold rush there. In California he fought with the forces of Mexican revolutionary Ricardo Flores Magón and also worked as a cowboy in Arizona. He returned to Venezuela in 1908, after the military coup of Juan Vicente Gómez that overthrew his enemy Cipriano Castro. Nogales was appointed by General Gómez as president of Apure State, however, he went into exile after making himself an enemy of the new president.
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# Rafael de Nogales
## World War I {#world_war_i}
When World War I began, after unsuccessfully attempting to join a number of other European armies, he enlisted in the Ottoman Army and was assigned to the Caucasus Front, where he reached the rank of major. He led Ottoman Gendarmerie troops into battle against Armenian insurgents during the Siege of Van, but asked to be relieved due to what he believed were *\"unjustified massacres of Christians\"*. He believed that the massacres were committed by Khalil Bey, the Commander and Chief of the Expeditionary Army he volunteered to serve with. He later wrote a book describing his experiences with the Ottoman Army in World War I.
In his book, de Nogales recounts the massacres of the Armenian population in Van during the Armenian genocide and wrote: `{{quote|''At dawn I was awakened by the noise of shots and volleys. The Armenians had attacked the town. Immediately I mounted my horse and, followed by some armed men, went to see what was happening. Judge of my amazement to discover that the aggressors had not been the Armenians, after all, but the civil authorities themselves! Supported by the Kurds and the rabble of the vicinity, they were attacking and sacking the Armenian quarter, I succeeded at last, without serious accident, in approaching the Beledie reis of the town, who was directing the orgy; whereupon I ordered him to stop the massacre. He astounded me by replying that he was doing nothing more than carry out an unequivocal order emanating from the Governor-General of the province to exterminate all Armenian males of twelve years of age and over.''}}`{=mediawiki}
Nogales Méndez reported that the civil authorities found it preferable to murder at night with the help of local Kurds. When visiting Aghtamar, an island in Lake Van where the Armenian Cathedral of the Holy Cross is located, he notes that he uncovered the corpses of many priests.
Nogales Méndez visited Diyarbakir on June 26, 1915 and spoke with Mehmet Reşid, who was the governor of the province. During his time in Diyarbakir, he witnessed the massacres of the local Christian population of the province. According to his conversation with Reşid, the orders to massacre were sent from Interior Minister Talat Pasha. Nogales Méndez recounts in his memoirs that Reşid mentioned to him that he received a telegram directly from Talat Pasha ordering him to *\"Burn-Destroy-Kill\"*.
After being transferred from the Caucasus, he saw action on the Sinai and Palestine Front. He fought in the Turkish lines during the entire war, and was awarded the Iron Cross by Kaiser Wilhelm II.
On one occasion during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, he came face-to-face with Colonel T. E. Lawrence on the frontier. He and Lawrence looked at each other, then without speaking he and Lawrence parted with nothing to say. He was compared with T. E. Lawrence due to their works in Arabia despite their different uniforms.
## Post-war years and death {#post_war_years_and_death}
After the war ended, he worked with the Nicaraguan revolutionary Augusto César Sandino. In London, Nogales wrote some books about his adventures around the world.
In 1936, after the death of Gómez, Nogales Méndez returned to Venezuela and was sent as commissioner to Panama to study the army of that country.
Nogales Méndez died in Panama City in 1937, age 59.
## Books
Nogales Méndez wrote several books about his life experience.
- *Cuatro años bajo la Media Luna* (1925), English title: *Four Years Beneath the Crescent*, about his experiences as an officer of the Ottoman Empire. The book includes details about the atrocities committed against the Armenian people by Turkish officials.
- *El saqueo de Nicaragua* (1928), English title: *The Looting of Nicaragua* (1928)
- *Memorias de un Soldado de Fortuna* (1932), English title: *Memoirs of a Soldier of Fortune* (1932)
- *Silk Hat and Spurs* (1934, original in English), with a prologue by Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, who describes him as \"a brave enemy, and now a trusty friend\"
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# Oragene
**Oragene** is the trade name for DNA Genotek\'s non-invasive DNA self-collection kit. Oragene allows the collection, stabilization and long-term storage of DNA from saliva at ambient temperature. Oragene first became available to the genetic research community in 2004. Oragene is available in a variety of formats for various markets. In 2011, Oragene•Dx received 510(k) clearance from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
## History
Oragene was invented in the early 2000\'s by Dr. H. Chaim Birnboim. The composition of Oragene is not related to the widely used method of alkaline extraction of plasmid DNA from bacteria. For the first time, genetic researchers had ready access to large amounts of high quality human DNA through a non-invasive, self-collection sampling procedure. Once collected, the DNA is stable at room temperature for many years.
## Features
Oragene is used by academic research institutions, bone marrow donor registries, hospitals, clinical testing laboratories, and direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies who require large amounts of high quality DNA from a large number of donors. The non-invasive collection method offered by Oragene allows collection of DNA from those who might be unwilling to provide a blood sample. In addition, Oragene can be sent via the standard postal system providing the ability for customers to scale their operations on a global basis. Oragene can be used to collect more samples from patients and donors with at-home or in-office point-of-care DNA collection.
Oragene is compatible with a variety of downstream applications including microarrays and next generation sequencing
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# Los Chiflados del batallón
***Los chiflados del batallón*** is a 1975 Argentine film directed by Enrique Dawi
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# Winona station
**Winona station** is an Amtrak train station in Winona, Minnesota, United States. It is served by the daily round trips of the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Borealis}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{lnl|Amtrak|Empire Builder}}`{=mediawiki}. The station building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 as the **Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Station**. The station is typically the second-busiest Amtrak station in Minnesota (after Saint Paul).
## History
The station built in 1888 by the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad (Milwaukee Road). A former Milwaukee Road freight house is also extant. The station was designed by architect John T. W. Jennings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013 for having local significance in the theme of transportation. It was nominated for representing the development of train transportation in Minnesota with Winona as a major rail hub.
### Other stations in Winona {#other_stations_in_winona}
Winona also had a Chicago and North Western Railroad depot that was located at 2nd and Huff. It was a two-story brick station, \"mildly Queen Anne in style\" Originally built in the late 1880s for the Winona and St. Peter Railroad at the loop where the Winona Rail Bridge crossed the Mississippi river, it was torn down in 1980. The demolition of this depot building was a motivation for the Winona Heritage Association to partner with the Milwaukee Road to restore the remaining station. After the Milwaukee Road went into its final bankruptcy, it had deferred maintenance on the Winona station, which made it likely that building also would be demolished.
The original Chicago, Burlington and Quincy *Empire Builder* stopped at the Winona Junction station. It was on the east side of the Mississippi river in Buffalo, Buffalo County, Wisconsin on what is now the BNSF Northern Transcon line. Because this station was located across the Main Channel Bridge from downtown Winona, connecting \"Burlington Bus\" service was provided. East Winona was another station location on the same track further southeast
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