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# Coen Moulijn
**Coenraadt \"Coen\" Moulijn** (15 February 1937 -- 4 January 2011) was a Dutch professional footballer. He spent nearly his entire club career with Feyenoord, winning several trophies. He also played for the Netherlands national team.
## Club career {#club_career}
Compared to Stanley Matthews and Garrincha, Moulijn was considered one of the most talented leftwingers in Dutch football history. Johan Cruyff added him to his alltime favorite Dutch national team, stating that \"Coen mastered one movement better than anyone: threatening to pass his opponent through the center, and then speeding past him on the other side. He was an exceptionally talented football player. A typical product of the Dutch school.\"
Hans Kraay was a tough defender in Feyenoord in those days. \"Coen was unique. Coaches tried to tell him how to play but he'd shrug and do his own thing. Like Messi. He played on intuition. His move to the inside was unique. He was able to make the opponent stand stiff like a puppet and he'd race past him. He didn't look like much though. When I saw him first up close I didn't even recognize him. He looked like an accountant.\"
Rinus Israël: \"He was a modest, hardworking man. I think the fans loved him because of that too. Whenever Coen would have ball possession, people would get religious experiences. I think he was the best Feyenoord player ever.\"
Wim Jansen: \"Coen was tremendous. I dare to say that in pure football skills he was as good as Johan Cruyff. Johan was a leader and would impact the whole team, whereas Coen was an individual player, but man oh man, was he good.\"
Moulijn played over 400 matches from the 1950s to the 1970s as a left winger for Rotterdam-based club Feyenoord. He starred when the team won both the European Cup and the Intercontinental Cup in 1970. He earned 38 caps and scored 4 goals for the Netherlands national football team.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
As a child, Moulijn lived on the same street (*Bloklandstraat*) as Feyenoord teammate Wim Jansen. On 28 July 1961, he married Lenie Waterreus.
On New Year\'s Day 2011, Moulijn suffered a cerebral infarction. He died three days later
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# Henk Wery
**Henk Wery** (born 10 June 1943) is a Dutch former footballer who played for Feyenoord and was part of their European Cup victory in 1970. He earned 12 caps and scored 3 goals for the Netherlands national football team
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# Theo van Duivenbode
**Theo van Duivenbode** (born 1 November 1943) is a Dutch former footballer who played for Ajax and Feyenoord and was part of their European and Intercontinental Cup victory in 1970.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Amsterdam, van Duivenbode made his senior debut on 3 May 1964 for hometown club Ajax against Sparta but was deemed not hard enough by manager Rinus Michels after they lost the 1969 European Cup Final to Milan. He subsequently left the club for arch rivals Feyenoord, with whom he did win international silverware. He was the third Ajax player in history to join Feyenoord after Eddy Pieters Graafland and Henk Groot and also scored the only goal in his first *Klassieker* in a Feyenoord-shirt, on 2 November 1969.
He finished his career at Haarlem, his final game was in December 1974 against Excelsior.
## International career {#international_career}
Van Duivenbode made his debut for the Netherlands in a September 1968 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Luxembourg and earned a total of five caps, scoring no goals. His final international was an October 1970 UEFA Euro qualification match against Yugoslavia.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
After retiring as a player he became a successful businessman and was a commercial director at insurance company Stad Rotterdam Verzekeringen, who had been shirtsponsoring Feyenoord.
### Football administration {#football_administration}
Van Duivenbode worked for Ajax in different positions and also was a member of the board at the KNVB. As of 2017, he has a seat in the Board of Supervisors of Ajax
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# Guus Haak
**Augustinus Wilhelmus \"Guus\" Haak** (born 17 April 1937) is a Dutch former footballer who played for Feyenoord and was part of their European Cup victory in 1970. He earned 14 caps for the Netherlands national football team. [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20070220004041/http://www.voetbalstats.nl/nedxi/sp176
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# Piet Romeijn
**Piet Romeijn** (born 10 September 1939) is a Dutch former footballer who played for Feyenoord and was part of their European Cup victory in 1970. He earned 4 caps for the Netherlands national football team.
On 30 July 1971 he opened a sport shop in Schiedam
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# Wonderful World of Weird
***Wonderful World of Weird*** was a British children\'s television programme shown on BBC Two. Hosted by Ed Petrie and featuring Ortis Deley, Lizzie Greenwood and Jake Humphrey. It ran for three weeks, from February 2007 to March 2007. It was a game show where contestants tried to find the weirdest thing on their topic .
## Teams
The teams are called the Flying Pigs, Chilli Rockets and Sofa Giraffes, composed of a CBBC presenter and a child, who stayed on for a week (Ed himself also had a child who was his \'assistant\' for the week).
## Format
Each show has three rounds, the second involving finding things for the Map of Weird, and the third called the Random Word Round. Ironically, on the first show, the random word was \'word\'.
When every round was over, the studio audience would move over to the team they thought should win. Ed would then \'count\' the number of people surrounding each team. The scores were announced by numbers on pairs of pants on a washing line. The colour of the pants corresponded to the team colours.
Every Friday there was a random pick for each teams topic, spanning the entire week and the last round was Week\'s Weirdest Wonder, where each team chose their favourite presentation of the week.
Every shows\' winner won a humorous object, such as a stick of celery and a flowery hat. The show always ended by Ed saying \'It\'s not over til\...\' which was followed by an action (e.g. \'\...until the audience sit down\'). Once the action was performed, the show was declared finished.
## Music
The theme tune for *Wonderful World of Weird* was written by Martin Medina, who has composed several themes including *Rip Off Britain*, *Short Change*, *The Pod*, *Superleague Formula*, *Jo Brand\'s Christmas Log* and *Don\'t Log Off*
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# Andrew Newell (skier)
**Andrew \"Andy\" Newell** (born November 30, 1983) is an American former cross-country skier. He began competing on international level in 2001 and debuted in the World Cup in the 2003--04 season. In 2020 Newell launched is online coaching platform Nordic Team Solutions. He is currently the Bridger Ski Foundation Pro Team coach in Bozeman, Montana
## Career
His best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth in the sprint at the 2007 championships in Sapporo. Newell\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 16th in the sprint at Turin in 2006. In March, 2006, Newell reached a third place in a World Cup sprint race in Changchun, China. This podium position was the first in just over 20 years for an American Nordic skier. Newell has a total of twenty one individual sprint victories at various levels since 2001, including his first national championship in January, 2007, at Houghton, MI.
Results in 2007--08 season include: 2008 US National Sprint Champion, 4th place World Cup Kuusamo Finland, 2nd place World Cup Lahti Finland.
Andrew Newell was born in Shaftsbury, Vermont. He attended the Stratton Mountain School for several years, where his career as a ski racer began to flourish. After completing his high school degree and some post-grad work at Stratton, Newell went on to join the US Ski Team, which he still competes for today.
He also does cinematography as a hobby, and is the owner of a film company called \'X Ski Films.\' Newell is known as one of the most talented persons on cross-country skis, as he demonstrates as a star in his own films. Among Newell\'s most noteworthy accomplishments in the XSki world are huge backflips on his skinny skis, 720\'s, and a radar-clocking (by the Vermont State Police) of over 50 mph.
It was announced on January 19, 2010, that Newell had qualified for the 2010 Winter Olympics where he earned his best finish of ninth in the team sprint.
He is represented by Ken Sowles Athletes Management and Sport Promotion.
In 2013 Newell founded the Organization Athletes For Action, an Environmental organization focused on using professional athletes to bring attention to climate change. Some of his Climate Change Op-Eds were featured in *The New York Times* and *USA Today*. Newell also works with the environmental organization Protect Our Winters and regularly speaks on behalf of sustainable practices and urging world leaders to politically take action against climate change.
Newell retired after the 2019--20 season.
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# Andrew Newell (skier)
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+--------+-------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 15 km | 30 km | 50 km | Sprint | 4 × 10 km \ | Team \ |
| | | | | | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+=========+=========+=========+==========+==============+==========+
| 2006 | *22* | --- | --- | --- | 16 | --- | 13 |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2010 | *26* | --- | --- | --- | 45 | 13 | 9 |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2014 | *30* | --- | --- | --- | 18 | 11 | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2018 | *34* | --- | --- | --- | 37 | 14 | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | 50 km | Sprint | 4 × 10 km \ | Team \ |
| | | | | | | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+=========+===========+=========+=========+==========+==============+==========+
| 2003 | *19* | --- | --- | --- | --- | 31 | --- | |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2005 | *21* | --- | --- | | --- | 12 | --- | 14 |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2007 | *23* | --- | --- | | --- | 5 | --- | 13 |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2009 | *25* | --- | --- | | --- | 12 | 12 | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2011 | *27* | --- | --- | | --- | 10 | 14 | 10 |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2013 | *29* | --- | --- | | --- | 21 | 10 | 14 |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2015 | *31* | --- | --- | | --- | 17 | --- | 7 |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2017 | *33* | 50 | --- | | --- | 21 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2019 | *35* | --- | --- | | --- | 40 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+-----------+---------+---------+----------+--------------+----------+
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| Season | Age | Discipline standings | |
+==========+==========+======================+=========+
| Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic\ |
| | | | Opening |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2004 | *20* | 102 | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2005 | *21* | | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2006 | *22* | 25 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2007 | *23* | 35 | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2008 | *24* | 36 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2009 | *25* | 47 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2010 | *26* | 19 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2011 | *27* | 36 | 74 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2012 | *28* | 42 | 85 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2013 | *29* | 29 | 70 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2014 | *30* | 39 | 83 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2015 | *31* | 54 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2016 | *32* | 62 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2017 | *33* | 66 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2018 | *34* | 86 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2019 | *35* | 99 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2020 | *36* | | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 3 podiums -- (3 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- -------------- --------------- ------------------ ----------------- ----------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 **2005--06** 15 March 2006 Changchun, China 1.0 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
2 **2007--08** 3 March 2008 Lahti, Finland 1.4 km Sprint F World Cup 2nd
3 **2009--10** 11 March 2010 Drammen, Norway 1
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# Patrik Johansson (bandy)
Patrick Johansson}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}`{=mediawiki} **Patrik Johansson** (born 13 September 1988) is a Swedish bandy player who currently plays for Vetlanda BK as a forward. Patrick was a youth product of IFK Kungälv. Patrick has played three times for the Swedish U17 squad in the 2004/05 season
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| 0 |
9,997,029 |
# Kwadril
In French Caribbean culture, especially of the Lesser Antilles, the term ***kwadril*** is a Creole term referring to a folk dance derived from the *quadrille*.
## Saint Lucia quadrille {#saint_lucia_quadrille}
On the island of Saint Lucia, kwadrils are social occasions held in private homes; Lucian kwadrils were formerly viewed as old-fashioned, but are increasingly being adopted as a symbol of Lucian culture. These *kwadrils* are very formalized, and are accompanied by a cuatro, rattle, chak-chak, violin, banjo and bones (zo).
It consists of five separate dances: the *pwémyé fidji*, *dézyèm fidji*, *twazyèm fidji*, *katwiyèm fidji* (also *avantwa* or *lanmen dwèt*) and *gwan won* (also *grande rond*). The musicians may also use a *lakonmèt* (mazurka), schottische or polka; the *lakonmèt*, also called the *mazouk*, is especially popular and is the only closed couple dance which originated in Saint Lucia.
## Dominica quadrille {#dominica_quadrille}
The Dominican quadrille generally has four different figures, the *pastouwèl*, *lapoul*, *lété* and *latrinitez*. Some regions of Dominica, such as Petite Savanne, are home to local variants such as the *caristo*. Many quadrilles are found across Dominica under a wide variety of names. In addition to the standard quadrille, the lancer is also an important Dominican dance.
Accompaniment for the quadrille is provided by a four instrument ensemble called a *jing ping* band.
## Guadeloupe balakadri {#guadeloupe_balakadri}
Balakadri (called balkadri or kadri) is a traditional quadrille music that was performed for balls on the Caribbean island of Guadeloupe. Kwadril dances are in sets consisting of proper quadrilles, plus creolized versions of 19th-century couple dances: biguines, mazouks and valses Créoles.
Instrumentation consists of variable combinations of accordion, guitar, violin, tanbou dibas, chacha (either a single metal cylinder as in Martinique, or a spherical calabash without a handle, held in both hands), malakach (maracas), triangle, bwa (tibwa) and syak, a bamboo rasp one metre long, grooved on both top and bottom, held with one end on the belly and the other on a door or wall and scraped with both hands. A konmandé completes the ensemble
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# Friedberger Ach
The **Friedberger Ach** is a river in Bavaria, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Danube. Its source is in the village Untermühlhausen, northeast of Landsberg am Lech. For most of its length it flows parallel to the river Lech at only a few km distance. Towns along the Friedberger Ach include Weil, Prittriching, Mering, Friedberg, Rehling, Thierhaupten and Rain. After Rain, the Friedberger Ach flows east, parallel to the Danube, and joins the Danube near Oberhausen
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# Nico Rijnders
**Reinier Johannes Maria \"Nico\" Rijnders** (30 July 1947 -- 16 March 1976) was a Dutch footballer who played for NAC Breda and Ajax Amsterdam and was part of their European Cup victory in 1971. He earned 8 caps for the Netherlands national football team. He collapsed on 12 November 1972 while playing for Club Brugge against RFC Liège and was clinically dead when he was transported off the pitch, he was successfully reanimated by the club doctor but the incident ended Rijnders\' playing career. His health condition was never fully recovered and he died three years later, aged 28
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9,997,042 |
# Luis Otero Mujica
**Luis Otero Mujica** (14 March 1879, Putaendo -- 1940) was a general and Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army. He took office as commander-in-chief on 3 August 1932 and left the same year on 26 December
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# Gulf of Chiriquí
The **Gulf of Chiriquí** is a part of Panama that encompasses Coiba National Park and Golfo de Chiriquí National Park. There are dozens of islands in this Gulf. Along with the islands of Coiba National Park there are also Islas Secas, Isla Los Ladrones, Isla Parida, Isla Boca Brava, Isla Palenque, and Isla Montuosa.
Montuosa is the farthest island from Panama in this gulf. During certain seasons, you can even spot Galapagos seals on Montuosa. The Gulf of Chiriquí also includes one of the most famous big game fishing areas, Hannibal Bank, located just 13 miles east of Isla Montuosa and 20 miles west of Coiba National Park.
## Geography
- **Boca Chica** - Boca Chica is located 18 miles south of the IntraAmerican highway, via the community of Horconcitos, in the San Lorenzo District. It is a small village known as a popular jumping-off point for sportfishing in the Gulf of Chiriquí.
### Islands
- **Boca Brava and Isla Palenque** - Boca Brava is about one-half mile from Boca Chica. You can get to Boca Brava by water taxi. It is covered in untouched rain forests and home to multiple families of howler monkeys, as is the neighboring island, Isla Palenque.
- **Islas Secas** - The Islas Secas is a group of sixteen islands.
- **Isla Parida** - Inside the Golfo de Chiriquí National Park. Located 12 miles offshore and southwest of Boca Chica. Dozens of smaller islands, that surround the main island of Isla Parida, are also encompassed inside the national park.
- **Los Ladrones** - Los Ladrones is a small group of four islands. The four islands are the only islands that appear above the surface. There are many islands that come up almost to the surface, some of them dangerous for boats. 300 ft channels also cut through the area, bringing in large fish and mammals.
- **Isla Muerto** - Boca Chica Island, also known as \"Boca Chica Island\" is approximately 6 miles from the town of Boca Chica.
### National Park {#national_park}
Coiba National Park has gained World Heritage Site status. Many of the same species found in Coiba National Park can also be found in other areas of this gulf. Whales can be seen in the Gulf of Chiriquí throughout the year and are seen in large number from May to November. This is a season of migration for the humpback whale from the icy waters of the arctic to the warm waters of the Gulf of Chiriquí. Many give birth in the protected waters of Coiba National Park but can be seen by all nearby islands.
Panama\'s Tommy Guardia National Geographical Institute is charting the first interactive map for whale watching in Latin America to aid in collecting research and contributing to the protection and preservation of the endangered mammal. Gabriel Despaigne said:
> When the Green Association of Panama in 2003 began the \"Save the whales\" campaign, people thought that the mammals were only in cold countries, and now it's a rare person who doesn't know that Panama has whales.
Humpback whales are one of over 20 species of marine mammals that can be observed in the area. The tropical bottlenose whale, fin and pilot whales along with large pods of bottle-nosed, common and spinner dolphins are common. Examples of toothed whales such as the orca and sperm whale are also seasonal visitors
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# Church of the Beatitudes
The **Church of the Beatitudes** (*כנסיית הר האושר*) is a Roman Catholic church located on the Mount of Beatitudes by the Sea of Galilee near Tabgha and Capernaum in Israel.
## History
The church is located on a small hill overlooking the Sea of Galilee, the traditional \"mount\" on which Jesus delivered the Sermon on the Mount. The current church sits uphill from the ruins of a small Byzantine-era church dating to the late 4th century, which contains a rock-cut cistern beneath it and the remains of a small monastery to its southeast. Part of the original mosaic floor has also been recovered and is now on display in Capernaum.
Christian pilgrims are known to have commemorated this approximate site since at least the 4th century. In her itinerary of the Holy Land, after describing the Church of the Loaves and Fishes, the pilgrim Egeria (c. 381 CE) writes, \"Near there on a mountain is the cave to which the Savior climbed and spoke the Beatitudes.\" Both Popes Paul VI and John Paul II celebrated Mass at the church during their pastoral visits to the Holy Land.
## Design and construction {#design_and_construction}
The modern church was built between 1936 and 1938 near the site of the fourth-century Byzantine ruins. The floor plan is octagonal, the eight sides representing the eight Beatitudes. The church is Neo-Byzantine in style with a marble veneer casing the lower interior walls and gold mosaic in the dome. Around the altar are mosaic symbols on the pavement representing Justice, Prudence, Fortitude, Temperance, Faith, Hope, and Charity.
Jerome Murphy-O\'Connor describes the selection of the site thus: \"It was perhaps inevitable that this well-watered area with its shade trees on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, where Byzantine pilgrims ate their picnics, should have been identified as the location of two episodes involving the consumption of food, the multiplication of the loaves and fishes and the conferral on Peter of the responsibility of leadership after a fish breakfast. Then it became convenient to localize the Sermon of the Mount on the small hill nearby.\" (The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700, p. 277) Regardless of whether this is the very spot, the Church of the Beatitudes stands in the general area and in a very similar setting to where Jesus would have stood as he delivered his famous sermon. As Murphy-O\'Connor puts it, \"from here one can see virtually all the places in which Jesus lived and worked\" (p. 280).
## Architect
The church was designed by the architect Antonio Barluzzi, under commission from the Italian Mission Society with funding from Benito Mussolini.
## Religious affiliation {#religious_affiliation}
The Church of the Beatitudes is maintained and overseen by the National Association for Assistance to Italian Missionaries (*Associazione Nazionale per Soccorrere i Missionari Italiani*, ANSMI). The Franciscan Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (FMCIM), known as the Sisters of Egypt, take care of the church and offer hospitality.
## Churches with the same name {#churches_with_the_same_name}
- A United Church of Christ church in Phoenix, Arizona, US
- An old Catholic church in Trainer, Pennsylvania, US
- An American Baptist church in St. Petersburg, Florida, US
- A Catholic church just southeast of Pretoria, South Africa
## Gallery
<File:Berg> der Seligpreisungen BW 5.JPG\|`{{center|Seen from Capernaum}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Berg> der Seligpreisungen BW 1.JPG\|`{{center|Side view}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Mosaic> in mount of beatitudes in israel
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# Sjaak Swart
**Jesaia Swart** (born 3 July 1938), commonly known as **Sjaak Swart**, is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a winger for Ajax. During his career at Ajax, he amassed a total of almost 600 matches, a record for the club.
## Biography
Swart is Jewish and was born in Muiderberg, a fishing village about 20 kilometers east of Amsterdam. His Jewish fisherman father sold herring at the market. As a child, he and his father concealed themselves as non-Jews during the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands from 1940 to 1945, hiding from Germans and Dutch colluders, who rounded up any Jews; nearly 75 per cent of the Dutch Jewish population was killed in those years.
Nicknamed *Mr. Ajax*, he played for Ajax a total of almost 600 matches, a record for the club, starting in 1956. He was part of their European Cup victories in 1971, 1972, 1973.
For the Netherlands national team, Swart earned 31 caps, scoring ten goals
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# Gadzooks (retailer)
Gadzooks}} `{{Infobox company
| name = Gadzooks, Inc.
| logo = GadZooks Logo.png
| logo_caption = Commonly used logo
| image = Gadzooks - North DeKalb Mall (Fear Street Set) Atlanta, GA May 2019.jpg
| image_caption = A Gadzooks store reconstructed for the set of [[R. L. Stine]]'s [[Fear Street]] at the [[North DeKalb Mall]] in [[Atlanta]]
| fate = Acquired by [[Forever 21]] and shut down
| founder = Jerry Szczepanski<BR>Larry Titus
| foundation = {{start date and age|1983}}
| defunct = {{end date and age|2005|03|17}}
| location = [[Carrollton, Texas]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Gadzooks, Inc.** was a mall-based teenage clothing retailer. It was acquired by Forever 21 in 2005 and then shut down. Gadzooks stores had a life-size version of part of a Volkswagen Beetle inside. Dozens of the cars were sawed in half for use as displays throughout its locations during the 1990s.
## History
The company was founded in 1983 as a T-shirt business by brothers-in-law Jerry Szczepanski and Larry Titus, and inspired by the shopping habits of Szczepanski\'s teenage sons. The first store was in Mesquite, Texas. In order to fill floorspace, the founders displayed an \"old, white Volks-wagen bug\" in the store.
By 1992, the company had 33 stores in Texas. In 1995, the company became a public company via an initial public offering and within three months, the share price quadrupled from \$15 to \$61. That year the company had 195 stores. In 2000, the company operated 330 Gadzooks in 35 states.
In 2003, in response to heightened competition, the company retooled, shifting from being a \"mini-department store\", and dropping its male clothing line, to focus exclusively on 16- to 22-year-old females, which proved a fatal shift in its viability. Gadzooks was one of the first national retail chains to adopt the teenage shopper as its target market.
In February 2004, the company filed bankruptcy and announced plans to reduce its store count from 410 to 252. In March 2005, Forever 21 purchased the chain for \$33 million. The stores were eventually phased out.
In 2019, Forever 21, the successor to Gadzooks, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. On March 3, 2025, Forever 21 filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy for the second time in 6 years, blaming decreasing mall traffic and competitors such as Temu and Shein as factors contributing to the filing. Forever 21 conducted liquidation sales at all of its US stores that same day, noting that it was unable to find a buyer, leading to the company\'s 350 remaining locations in the US being permanently closed
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# Barry Hulshoff
**Bernardus Adriaan** \"**Barry**\" **Hulshoff** (30 September 1946 -- 16 February 2020) was a Dutch footballer who played for Ajax Amsterdam and was part of their European Cup victories in 1971, 1972 and 1973. He earned 14 caps for the Netherlands national football team.
After his playing career, he coached Ajax for one season and then a number of Belgian football teams
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# Heinz Stuy
**Heinz Stuy** (born 6 February 1945) is a Dutch former football goalkeeper who played for AFC Ajax and was part of their European Cup victories in 1971, 1972 and 1973.
## Career
Stuy was born in Wanne-Eickel to a Dutch father and German mother during the final months of World War II in 1945. His family remained there until relocating to IJmuiden when he was seven years old. He quickly learned Dutch and was able to successfully integrate into the community at a time of great anti-German hostility after the war.
Nicknamed *Heinz Kroket* (\'Heinz Croquette\') because he would sometimes drop a high ball as if it were a hot croquette, Stuy won the Intercontinental Cup, three European Cups, two European Super Cups, four league titles and three Dutch Cups with Ajax in the club\'s \"golden era\". Despite this success at club level he never appeared for the Netherlands national team, sharing with Bernd Dürnberger (a Bayern Munich player of the 1970s and 1980s) a distinction of having won the most major club titles without having ever played for his country.
Stuy set a record for most minutes played by a goalkeeper without conceding in the European Cup final between 1971 and 1973 (270 minutes in 2--0 victories over Panathinaikos and Inter Milan, and a 1--0 win over Juventus); however it was quickly beaten by a small margin -- and never surpassed since then -- by Bayern Munich\'s Sepp Maier, who accumulated 276 consecutive unbeaten minutes between 1974 and 1976 (1--1, 4--0, 2--0, 1--0)
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# Cocoyoc
**Cocoyoc** is a poblation of Yautepec de Zaragoza in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Morelos. It is located at 18°53′N 99°04′W. Cocoyoc reported 10,178 inhabitants in the 2020 census and is the third-largest community in Yautepec.
The name Cocoyoc comes from Nahuatl, meaning ″coyote″.
## History
Cocoyoc was founded by the Tlahuicas, the Nahuatl group in the eleventh century, about 200 years before the Aztecs, who would become the dominant group. The Aztecs established their capital in Tenochtitlán, modern is Mexico City. Huitzilihuitl, the second *tlatoani* (king) of the Aztecs, conquered Cocoyoc (c. 1400) and was so amazed by the ideal climate, fertile land and lush vegetation that he married the daughter of the lord of the conquered region.
Hacienda Cocoyoc was built in the 16th century by the first viceroy of New Spain, Antonio de Mendoza, as chronicled by Pedro Calderón de la Barca (1600-1681). Ownership of the hacienda changed several times, but by the 18th century it had become one of the twelve most important sugar cane mills in the country. In the early 19th century an aqueduct was built for irrigation; the aqueduct is still functional. With the Mexican Revolution it was pillaged and a large portion was destroyed; the lands were distributed to peasants. In 1957, Paulino Rivera Torres bought the hacienda and turned it into a luxury hotel. The hotel has restaurants, a spa, and a golf course
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# Matias Strandvall
**Matias Strandvall** (born 15 March 1985 in Helsinki), is a Finnish cross-country skier who has competed at World Cup-level since 2004. He finished 37th in the individual sprint event at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Strandvall\'s best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was ninth in the individual sprint at Sapporo in 2007.
His best World Cup finish is third in an individual sprint event at Canada in 2008.
Strandvall\'s brother Sebastian Strandvall is a football player in the Finnish league.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | 50 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 10 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+==============+==========+==============+==========+
| 2010 | *24* | --- | --- | --- | 37 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | 50 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 10 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+==============+==========+==============+==========+
| 2007 | *21* | --- | --- | --- | 9 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2009 | *23* | --- | --- | --- | 24 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2011 | *25* | --- | --- | --- | 20 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2013 | *27* | --- | --- | \|--- | 17 | --- | 16 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2015 | *29* | --- | --- | --- | 26 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| 2017 | *31* | --- | --- | --- | 27 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+--------------+----------+
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| Season | Age | Discipline standings | |
+==========+==========+======================+=========+
| Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic\ |
| | | | Opening |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2005 | *20* | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2006 | *21* | 130 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2007 | *22* | 68 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2008 | *23* | 39 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2009 | *24* | 90 | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2010 | *25* | 62 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2011 | *26* | 46 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2012 | *27* | 50 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2013 | *28* | 100 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2014 | *29* | 62 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2015 | *30* | 69 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2016 | *31* | 59 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2017 | *32* | 89 | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2018 | *33* | 119 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 1 podium -- (1 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- ---------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 ** 2007--08 ** 26 January 2008 Canmore, Canada 1
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# 1604 in music
The year **1604 in music** involved some significant events.
## Events
- Robert Johnson becomes a royal lutenist in King James I of England\'s \"Private Musick\".
## Publications
- Gregor Aichinger -- *Lacrimae D. Virginis et Ioannis in Christum à cruce depositum\...* (Augsburg: Johannes Praetorius)
- Adriano Banchieri -- *Il Zabaione musicale inventione boscareccia*, first book of madrigals for five voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Filippo Lomazzo)
- Thomas Bateson -- *The first set of English Madrigales: to 3. 4. 5. and 6. voices*
- Lodovico Bellanda -- *Sacrae cantiones* for three, four, and five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Joachim a Burck -- *Ein schön geistlich Lied, genommen aus dem 19. Capitel des Buchs Jobs, von der Aufferstehung Jesu Christi* (A beautiful sacred song, taken from the 19th chapter of the book of Job, of the resurrection of Jesus Christ) for four voices (Erfurt: Johann Beck)
- Christoph Demantius -- *Nuptiis Dn. Iohannis Salvelderi cum matrona Anna Hornia* for six voices (Dresden: Johann Bergen), an epithalamium
- John Dowland -- *Lachrimae, or Seaven Teares figured in seaven passionate pavans, with divers other pavans, galliards and allemands, set forth for the lute, viols or violins, in five parts* (London: John Windet)
- Johannes Eccard -- *Liedlein (Gar offt thut mancher klagen)* for five voices (Königsberg: Georg Neykken), an epithalamium
- Christian Erbach
- for four, five, six, seven, eight, and more voices (Augsburg: Johann Praetorius)
- , part 1, for five voices (Dillingen: Adam Meltzer), a collection of introits, alleluias and post-communion songs for holy days from Pentecost to Christmas
- Alfonso Fontanelli -- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano), published anonymously
- Melchior Franck
- Second book of *sacrae melodiae* for four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, and twelve voices (Nuremberg: Konrad Baur)
- Third book of *sacrae melodiae* for three and four voices (Coburg: Justus Hauck)
- (German Secular Songs and Dances) for four, five, six, and eight voices (Coburg: Justus Hauck)
- Marco da Gagliano -- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Ruggiero Giovannelli -- Second book of motets for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Thomas Greaves -- *Songs of Sundrie kinds \... Madrigalles, for five voyces*
- Cesario Gussago -- First book of *sacrae cantiones* for eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Konrad Hagius -- *Neue Deutsche Tricinien* for three voices or instruments (Frankfurt: Wolfgang Richter for Johann Spiess)
- Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger -- *Libro primo d\'intavolatura di chitarrone* (Venice)
- Carolus Luython -- Lamentations for six voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
- Luzzasco Luzzaschi -- Seventh book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Tiburtio Massaino
- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Second book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Ascanio Mayone -- First book of madrigals for five voices (Naples: Giovanni Battista Sottile)
- Claudio Merulo
- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Second book of *Toccate d\'Intavolatura d\'Organo* (Rome: Simone Verovio)
- Simone Molinaro -- First book of motets for five voices (Milan: Agostino Tradate)
- Annibale Padovano -- *Toccate et ricercari d\'organo* (Venice: Angelo Gardano), published posthumously
- Benedetto Pallavicino -- Seventh book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), published posthumously
- Enrico Antonio Radesca - First book of masses for four voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Filippo Lomazzo)
- Orfeo Vecchi -- *Scielta de madrigali* (A collection of madrigals) for five voices (Milan: heirs of Simon Tini & Francesco Lomazzo), a collection of sacred contrafacts of madrigals by other composers, published posthumously
## Classical music {#classical_music}
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# 1604 in music
## Opera
## Births
- July 8 -- Heinrich Albert, German composer and poet (died 1651)
- November 15 -- Davis Mell, English violinist (died 1662)
- November 26 -- Johannes Bach, member of the Bach musical dynasty (died 1673)
- *date unknown* -- Francesco Foggia, composer (died 1688)
## Deaths
- January 17 -- Santino Garsi da Parma, lutenist and composer (born 1542)
- February -- Emmanuel Adriaenssen, Dutch lutenist and music theorist (born c. 1554)
- May 4 -- Claudio Merulo, Italian organist and composer (born 1533)
- August 30 -- Giovenale Ancina, Italian priest, scholar and composer (born 1545)
- *date unknown*
- Ludovico Balbi, Venetian singer and composer
- Sebastian Raval, Spanish composer (born c
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# Lovers Electric
**Lovers Electric** are an Australian husband-and-wife pop music duo formed in Adelaide in 2005 by Eden Boucher on lead vocals, toy piano, stylophone and casio synthesiser; and David Turley on guitar, bass guitar, keyboards and vocals.
## History
Lovers Electric members Eden Boucher and David Turley both grew up in Adelaide. At 17 they met when Turley was holidaying in the United Kingdom where Boucher was then working. They married two years later and established Lovers Electric in 2005 in Adelaide, the band name is \"an ode to their natural chemistry on and off the stage.\" For most of their career they have been based in Europe, initially in the UK and then in Berlin.
On 4 December 2006 they recorded an electronic, rock album, *The Bedroom Demos*, using their mobile home studio, while staying in London and in the North of England. For the album Fuzz Townshend supplied drums with Sharon Turley, David\'s sister, guested on cello for a track and Zanna Evans appeared on harp for another track. MTV used a number of their songs, including \"Closer\", which was chosen as the theme song in the TV series, *The Hills*.
At the beginning of 2007, they toured in the United States, playing residencies in New York, Los Angeles and Nashville. A local Nashville website wrote, \"Lovers Electric deliver 80s influenced alternative dance pop.\"
After touring the United States, they toured Europe from May--July 2007 as support for re-formed 1980s band Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) playing to sold-out venues.
Within a week of this tour finishing, they began recording in Sheffield in the United Kingdom, with producer Eliot Kennedy and finished their debut album \"Whatever You Want\". They signed with Sony Australia in 2008 and released the album that August. They enjoyed top 10 club chart success with remixes from Sam La More & Luke Chable. Much touring followed, as well as a special appearance on Rove, the popular Australian talk show, in what proved to be a great success for the band.
The band returned to the UK and retreated to the English countryside to record their second album at the 400-year-old Tudor barn studio \'Ridge Farm Studios\' just south of London, with producer David Tickle. Together again with Townshend and adding a couple of other musical friends in the mix (Mike Rowe and James Bryan), they recorded the history inspired album \'Impossible Dreams\'.
The band currently reside in Berlin, where they released \'Impossible Dreams\' with Universal in August 2011. Following on from the success of *Whatever You Want*, Lovers Electric returned with their second album, \'Impossible Dreams\', released in October 2011. Recently released in Germany, the album entered the iTunes Top 10 within 24 hours.
Bearing a more organic sound than their electro-infused debut, \'Impossible Dreams\' was a reflection of their life\'s experiences since they\'d first emerged on the Australian music scene three years earlier, a period that saw them continue their ever-travelling lifestyle, at the time in Berlin. The result of eighteen months of writing straight after their first Australian tour, the record was produced in the 400-year-old Ridge Farm Studio in the English countryside -- the very studio where iconic groups like Oasis, Whitesnake and Queen laid down tracks -- where they worked with producer David Tickle (U2, Split Enz, Prince).
An unforced and hip blend of music with fashionable appeal (Eden is also the designer behind fashion label Eden Honeydew), Lovers Electric are a blend of their Australian roots and European surroundings, visually and musically, influenced by the artists they grew up with as children of the 1980s from Cyndi Lauper to New Order.
Both offspring of parents heavily involved in the arts scene in Adelaide, the couple met on a summer holiday at 17 and married two years later in the UK where Eden had been based for several years. After deciding to pursue music as a couple and founding Lovers Electric -- an ode to their chemistry on and off stage -- they were offered the chance to tour Europe with reformed group OMD before heading home to Australia in 2008 to release their first album. Whatever You Want rapidly ascended the charts, hitting the iTunes Top 10 while their debut single, Honey hit number 1 on the club charts. The album also caught the attention of MTV who featured several tracks on reality TV juggernaut, The Hills.
\"They dress sharp, sing good, have steady hearts and strong morals, and harbour an insane ability to combust a dancefloor at the drop of a stylus through their winning combination of low-key, high-brow groovature \...\" A Negative Narrative, U.K music blog
\"Teaming the fragile vocals of Eden Boucher with David Turley\'s big screen soundscapes, the album is a flashback to the more enduring moments of 1980s, when Tears for Fears, Orchestral Manoervres in the Dark and Gary Numan were directing their electro pocket symphonies at heads rather than hips.\" Vogue Magazine
\"\... combined with the couple\'s good looks and hands-on approach to every aspect of their music, from stage design to video direction, suggests they have an original recipe for pop stardom.\" Iain Sheddon, The Australian, National Newspaper
\"Surprising only to themselves, the laid-back pair has captured an infectious sound on their debut record that certainly radiates with a universal appeal.\" Rolling Stone Magazine
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# Lovers Electric
## Discography
- *The Bedroom Demos* (2006)
- *Whatever You Want* (2008)
- *Impossible Dreams* (2011)
- *Waiting for Something to Happen* (2013)
- *Strangers* (2015)
The duo describe the album \"Impossible Dreams\" as being something of a transition from electro-pop to pop, though fans of the 80\'s inspired tracks on the first album will enjoy the synth-infused In Your Hands and the catchy Without You that challenges the listener to sit still. Taking inspiration from events in their own lives and those around them, the album covers themes of hope and optimism in the face of adversity. The upbeat opening track -- and lead single from the album -- Beating Like a Drum and the melancholic Be Who We Are, were both inspired by their childhoods in the suburbs of Adelaide, feeling the pressures of conformity and limitation. In contrast are darker themes of coming to terms with loss in Say Goodbye and feeling jaded by events in the world around us in Hearts Are Jaded.
With the hallmarks of epic film soundtracks, though completely contrasting in feel, the powerful Keep the Fire Burning is a reflection on the widespread and long-lasting impact of war, while the impossible catchy Whenever was inspired by the beats and sounds of an old 80s Casio keyboard that David once purchased on a whim. The album includes the first recorded duet from the pair, \"Love Can Save Us\", and an infectious track penned the day after Michael Jackson\'s death in response to the media frenzy that ensued, \"One in a Million\". A critique of the media\'s change of stance from critics to admirers upon his death, the artists note the message is equally applicable to the turn of events in the wake of Amy Winehouse\'s recent death
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# God of War: Chains of Olympus
***God of War: Chains of Olympus*** is a 2008 action-adventure game developed by Ready at Dawn, and published by Sony Computer Entertainment (SCE). It was first released for the PlayStation Portable (PSP) handheld console on March 4, 2008. The game is the fourth installment in the *God of War* series, the second chronologically, and a prequel to the original *God of War*. It is loosely based on Greek mythology and set in ancient Greece, with vengeance as its central motif. The player controls Kratos, a Spartan warrior who serves the Olympian gods. Kratos is guided by the goddess Athena, who instructs him to find the Sun God Helios, as the Dream God Morpheus has caused many of the gods to slumber in Helios\' absence. With the power of the Sun and the aid of the Titan Atlas, Morpheus and the Queen of the Underworld Persephone intend to destroy the Pillar of the World and in turn Olympus.
The gameplay is similar to the previous installments, with a focus on combo-based combat, achieved through the player\'s main weapon---the Blades of Chaos---and secondary weapons acquired throughout the game. It features quick time events that require the player to complete game controller actions in a timed sequence to defeat stronger enemies and bosses. The player can use up to three magical attacks as alternative combat options. The game also features puzzles and platforming elements. The series\' control scheme was reconfigured to compensate for the smaller number of buttons on the PSP compared to the PlayStation 2\'s controller; Ready at Dawn\'s solutions for the controls were praised by critics.
*Chains of Olympus* was acclaimed by critics, becoming the highest-rated PSP title on Metacritic and GameRankings. The game\'s graphics were particularly praised, with *1UP* declaring the game was \"a technical showpiece for Sony, and arguably the best-looking game on the system.\" It won several awards, including \"Best PSP Action Game\", \"Best Graphics Technology\", and \"Best Use of Sound\". As of June 2012, the game has sold 3.2 million copies worldwide, making it the seventh best-selling PlayStation Portable game of all time. Together with 2010\'s *God of War: Ghost of Sparta*, *Chains of Olympus* was remastered and released on September 13, 2011, as part of the *God of War: Origins Collection* for the PlayStation 3. The remastered version was included in the *God of War Saga* released on August 28, 2012, also for PlayStation 3.
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# God of War: Chains of Olympus
## Gameplay
*God of War: Chains of Olympus* is a third-person single-player video game viewed from a fixed camera perspective. The player controls the character Kratos in combo-based combat, platforming, and puzzle game elements, and battles foes who primarily stem from Greek mythology, including cyclopes, Gorgons, satyrs, harpies, minotaurs, hoplites, and sphinxes. Morpheus beasts, shades, banshees, fire guards, fire sentries, hyperion guards, and death knights were created specifically for the game. Platforming elements require the player to climb walls, jump across chasms, swing on ropes, and balance across beams to proceed through sections of the game. Some puzzles are simple, such as moving a box so that the player can use it as a jumping-off point to access a pathway unreachable with normal jumping, but others are more complex, such as finding several items across different areas of the game to unlock one door.
### Combat
Kratos\' main weapon is the Blades of Chaos: a pair of blades attached to chains that are wrapped around the character\'s wrists and forearms. In gameplay, the blades can be swung offensively in various maneuvers. As the game progresses, Kratos acquires new weapons---the Sun Shield and Gauntlet of Zeus---offering alternative combat options. Kratos only learns three magical abilities, as opposed to four in previous installments, including the Efreet, the Light of Dawn, and Charon\'s Wrath, giving him a variety of ways to attack and kill enemies. He acquires the relic Triton\'s Lance---similar to Poseidon\'s Trident in *God of War*--- which allows him to breathe underwater; a necessary ability as parts of the game require long periods of time there.
The challenge mode in this game is called the Challenge of Hades (five trials), and requires players to complete a series of specific tasks (e.g., Burn 50 soldiers with the Efreet). It is unlocked by completing the game. The player may unlock bonus costumes for Kratos, behind-the-scenes videos, and concept art of the characters and environments, as rewards. Completion of each of the game\'s difficulty levels unlocks additional rewards.
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# God of War: Chains of Olympus
## Synopsis
### Setting
As with the previous games in the *God of War* franchise, *God of War: Chains of Olympus* is set in an alternate version of ancient Greece, populated by the Olympian gods, Titans, and other beings of Greek mythology. With the exception of flashbacks, the events are set between those of the games *Ascension* (2013) and *God of War* (2005). Several locations are explored, including the real-world locations of the ancient cities of Attica and Marathon, the latter including fictional settings of the Temple of Helios and the Caves of Olympus, and several other fictional locations, including the Underworld, which features scenes at the River Styx, Tartarus, the Fields of Elysium, and the Temple of Persephone.
Attica is a war-torn city under assault by the Persian Empire and their pet basilisk and is the site of Eurybiades\' last battle. The city of Marathon is covered in the black fog of the Dream God, Morpheus. Just beyond the city is the Temple of Helios, which sits atop the Sun Chariot, which has plummeted to Earth in Helios\' absence. Boreas, Zephyros, Euros, and Notos, the gods of the north, west, east, and south winds, respectively, reside in the temple and guide the chariot. The Caves of Olympus is a cavern below Mount Olympus and houses the dawn-goddess Eos, the Primordial Fires, and a statue of Triton. The Underworld is the underground realm of the dead and is host to the River Styx and the ferryman of the dead, Charon. Tartarus is the prison of the dead and the Titans where the massive Titan Hyperion is chained. The Fields of Elysium are home to deserving souls that roam peacefully and are overlooked by the Temple of Persephone.
### Characters
The protagonist of the game is Kratos (voiced by Terrence C. Carson), a former Captain of Sparta\'s Army, and once servant to the God of War, Ares. He now serves the other Olympian gods in hopes that they will free him of his nightmares. Other characters include Kratos\' mentor and ally Athena (Erin Torpey), the Goddess of Wisdom; Eos (Erin Torpey), the Goddess of Dawn and sister of Helios; Persephone (Marina Gordon), the Queen of the Underworld and the main antagonist; and Atlas (Fred Tatasciore), a four-armed Titan imprisoned in Tartarus after the Great War. Kratos\' deceased daughter Calliope (Debi Derryberry) briefly reunites with him in the Fields of Elysium and his wife Lysandra appears in a flashback. Minor characters include Helios (Dwight Schultz), the captured Sun God; Charon (Dwight Schultz), the ferryman of the Underworld; and the Persian king (Fred Tatasciore), leader of the Persian forces attacking Attica. The Dream God Morpheus is an unseen character that affects the plot.
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# God of War: Chains of Olympus
## Synopsis
### Plot
About halfway through Kratos\' ten years of service to the Olympian gods, he is sent to the city of Attica to help defend it from the invading Persian army. After successfully killing the Persian king, decimating his army, and slaying their pet basilisk, Kratos observes the Sun fall from the sky, plunging the world into darkness. As he fights his way through the city of Marathon, the Spartan witnesses the black fog of Morpheus covering the land. He hears a haunting flute melody, which he recognizes as a melody once played by his deceased daughter Calliope. Finding the Temple of Helios, Kratos learns from Athena that Morpheus has caused many of the gods to fall into a deep slumber due to the absence of light. Before she succumbs to slumber, Athena tasks Kratos to find Helios, return him to the sky, and break Morpheus' grasp on the world. The Spartan eventually locates Helios\' sister, Eos, who tells Kratos that the Titan Atlas has abducted her brother. Eos advises Kratos to seek the Primordial Fires, which he uses to awaken the fire steeds of Helios. The steeds take the Spartan to the Underworld, where he has two encounters with Charon at the River Styx. Although Charon initially defeats Kratos and banishes him to Tartarus, the Spartan returns with the Gauntlet of Zeus and destroys the ferryman.
Kratos soon spots Calliope and chases after her. After locating the Temple of Persephone and confronting the Queen of the Underworld, Kratos is given a choice: renounce his power and be with his deceased daughter (at a cost to mankind) or proceed with his mission. Kratos sacrifices his weapons and power to be reunited with his daughter but discovers that Persephone is embittered by Zeus\' betrayal and her imprisonment in the Underworld with her husband Hades, whom she did not love. While he was distracted by his reunion with Calliope, Persephone\'s ally Atlas was using the power of the kidnapped Helios to destroy the Pillar of the World, which would also end Olympus. As the resulting destruction of the Pillar will also cause the souls of the Underworld, including Calliope, to be lost, Kratos reluctantly abandons his daughter forever in order to save her life. Taking back his power, Kratos battles Persephone and Atlas, binding the Titan to the Pillar before slaying the goddess. Although victorious, he is warned by a dying Persephone that his suffering will never end. Atlas, forced to hold the weight of the world on his shoulders for eternity, also warns Kratos that he will eventually regret helping the gods and that he and Atlas will meet again.`{{refn|name=Timeline1|group=N|As depicted in ''[[God of War II]]''.}}`{=mediawiki} Kratos then rides the Sun Chariot back to the mortal world and into the sky as Morpheus retreats.
In a post-credits scene, Kratos is still riding Helios\' chariot back into the sky and after seeing the return of the Sun, Kratos loses consciousness from the exertion and plummets to the ground. At the last moment, Kratos is saved by Athena and Helios, and Athena tells Helios that \"He will live.\"
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# God of War: Chains of Olympus
## Development
Game developer Ready at Dawn pitched the idea for a PlayStation Portable version of *God of War* to Santa Monica Studio soon after the original *God of War* launched. This would be the first installment in the series to not be developed primarily by Santa Monica, although the studio provided assistance. In February 2007, Ready at Dawn posted a teaser featuring \"Coming Soon\" in the *God of War* font. An editor from *1UP* obtained an early copy of *God of War II* and posted the game\'s instruction manual, featuring a one-page teaser with \"PSP\" in the Omega symbol and stating \"Coming 2007\". On March 12, 2007, *God of War II* was launched at the Metreon: its Game Director Cory Barlog officially confirmed the development of *Chains of Olympus*, stating \"It is its own story that connects to the overall story. *God of War*, *God of War II*, and then if all the stars align *God of War III* will be the telling of a trilogy. This PSP story will be a further fleshing out\". An initial trailer for *Chains of Olympus* was released on April 25, 2007, coinciding with the announcement of a demo on UMD---the optical disc medium for the PSP. The trailer was narrated by voice actress Linda Hunt.
*God of War: Chains of Olympus* uses a proprietary, in-house engine referred to as the Ready at Dawn engine, which expanded on the engine created for their previous game, *Daxter* (2006), to include a fluid and cloth simulator. The camera system was modified to cater to the fixed cinematic camera for *God of War* gameplay, and the lighting system was reworked to aid in presenting realistic graphics. The game was originally designed for the PlayStation Portable\'s restricted 222 megahertz (MHz) processor. Ready at Dawn repeatedly contacted Sony regarding increasing the clock speed of the PSP on account of the difference to the game and had developed a version of the game with higher speed. Sony released a firmware upgrade that allowed games to use the full 333 MHz processor. The faster processor allowed for more realistic blood effects, lighting effects, and shadows as well as improved enemy intelligence. The upgrade, however, noticeably decreased battery life. Furthermore, seamless loading was a challenge due to the PSP\'s hardware limitations. Ready at Dawn solved this by having a movie file of *Daxter*{{\'}}s opening cinematic running in the background. After the game\'s completion, Game Director Ru Weerasuriya stated multiplayer options and other puzzles, characters, and dialogue had to be removed due to time constraints.
### Audio
Two of the voice actors returned from the previous installments to reprise their roles, which were Terrence C. Carson and Linda Hunt, who voiced Kratos and the narrator respectively. Erin Torpey adopted the dual roles of Athena and Eos. Fred Tatasciore, who voiced different characters in previous installments, returned, and in this game, voiced both Atlas and the Persian King. Carole Ruggier and Michael Clarke Duncan did not return to reprise their roles, which were Athena and Atlas respectively. Voice actor Dwight Schultz voiced both Charon and Helios; Debi Derryberry voiced Calliope and continued this role in a later installment; and Marina Gordon provided the voice of Persephone. Brian Kimmet, Don Luce, and Andrew Wheeler provided the voices of several minor characters and Keythe Farley was the Voice Director.
The soundtrack was composed by Gerard K. Marino, but was never commercially released. After the release of the demo disc, Ready at Dawn offered pre-order customers a music track on disc titled \"Battle of Attica\". Composer Gerard Marino stated that it was the first cue written for the game, based on concept art and screenshots. Marino composed roughly thirteen minutes of music for the game and re-worked other music from the previous titles. Three tracks from the soundtrack are included as bonus tracks on the *God of War: Ghost of Sparta* soundtrack.
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# God of War: Chains of Olympus
## Release
The demo disc, officially titled *God of War: Chains of Olympus -- Special Edition: Battle of Attica*, was released on September 27, 2007. In the demo, Kratos battles Persian soldiers and a giant basilisk. The demo progresses through the city of Attica as Kratos chases the basilisk, culminating with Kratos fighting the Persian King. The disc also included a developer video and a lanyard in the shape of the Greek letter Omega. Following the demo\'s release, a downloadable version was made available through the PlayStation Store in North American and European regions. Due to the delay of the game, Ready at Dawn offered a \"special edition\" version of the demo to pre-order customers, with one Ready at Dawn developer stating that preparation of the special demo disc took up to 40% of the team\'s production time.
*God of War: Chains of Olympus* was originally scheduled to be released during the fourth quarter of 2007, but it was rescheduled and released on March 4, 2008, in North America, March 27 in Australia, March 28 in Europe, and July 10 in Japan, where it was published by Capcom. The game was a commercial success, debuting at No. 5 on the North American charts with 340,500 copies sold in the first month. The game was re-released in Europe on October 17, 2008, as part of Sony\'s Platinum Range and was also re-released in Japan and North America in April 2009 under Capcom\'s Best Price and Sony\'s Greatest Hits labels, respectively. It became available for download from the PlayStation Store on September 30, 2009, in North America, October 1 in Europe, and November 11, 2010, in Japan. Sony released a limited-edition bundle pack only in North America, on June 3, 2008. The pack included the game, a UMD of the 2007 film *Superbad*, a voucher for the PSP title *Syphon Filter: Combat Ops*, and a red edition of the console imprinted with an image of Kratos\' face on the rear. As of June 2012, *Chains of Olympus* has sold more than 3.2 million copies worldwide.
Together with *God of War: Ghost of Sparta*, the game was released for the PlayStation 3 as part of the *God of War: Origins Collection* (called *God of War Collection -- Volume II* in Europe) on September 13, 2011, in North America, September 16 in Europe, September 29 in Australia, and October 6 in Japan. The collection is a remastered port of both games to the PS3 hardware, with features including high-definition resolution, stereoscopic 3D, anti-aliased graphics locked at 60 frames per second, DualShock 3 vibration function, and PlayStation 3 Trophies. *God of War: Origins Collection* and full trials of its two games were also released for download on the PlayStation Store on September 13, 2011, in North America. By June 2012, the collection had sold 711,737 copies worldwide. On August 28, 2012, *God of War Collection*, *God of War III*, and *Origins Collection* were released as part of the *God of War Saga* under Sony\'s line of PlayStation Collections for the PlayStation 3 in North America.
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# God of War: Chains of Olympus
## Reception
*God of War: Chains of Olympus* received \"universal acclaim\", according to review aggregator Metacritic, achieving the highest composite score for a PlayStation Portable title. The game was praised for its graphics and presentation. Matt Leone of *1UP* claimed *Chains of Olympus* is \"a technical showpiece for Sony, and arguably the best-looking game on the system.\" Robert Falcon of *Modojo.com* similarly praised the presentation, calling it \"an absolute stunner, the pinnacle of PSP development\". He also praised the visuals as \"absolutely breathtaking,\" and that the \"game moves beautifully throughout, with very little loss in detail or speed.\" However, G4\'s Jonathan Hunt said that it \"occasionally suffers from screen tearing and framerate drops.\"
Several reviewers praised Ready at Dawn\'s solution for the controls and gameplay. Because the PlayStation 2 (PS2) controller has two analog sticks and the PSP only has one, *GamePro* stated \"the lack of a second analog stick could have been problematic but it\'s not.\" Modojo.com similarly stated that despite the lack of a second analog stick, \"Kratos handles superbly on the PSP\" and that the weapon and magic attacks are \"mapped out perfectly around the PSP\'s control set-up.\" *IGN*{{\'}}s Chris Roper even claimed the control scheme \"works better than on the PS2.\" Roper further claimed that Ready at Dawn \"has done a stellar job of keeping Kratos\' move set intact,\" stating that \"combat is extremely responsive.\" Matt Leone of *1UP* similarly praised developers solution for the control scheme as well as the game\'s \"fantastic\" pacing. However, *GamePro* criticized the relative lack of variety in enemies. The puzzles were criticized, and G4 claimed that some \"are so maddeningly difficult to solve\", while *GameSpot*{{\'}}s Aaron Thomas noted the lack of puzzles, claiming that it \"could have used more\". *GamePro* also criticized the fact that \"You still have to lug boxes around to solve environmental puzzles\". Kristan Reed of *Eurogamer* also criticized Ready at Dawn for cutting some puzzles, as well as cutting co-op play, multiplayer, dialogue, and characters.
*GameSpot* and *IGN* criticized the short length and minimal boss fights, although *GamePro* stated that it has \"the same epic feel\" as the previous installments and claimed that if it was the only *God of War* title, \"it would still stand on its own merits.\" *GameTrailers* went on to praise the replay value for being able to \"bring your powered-up methods of destruction with you.\"
### Awards and accolades {#awards_and_accolades}
In *IGN*{{\'}}s Best of 2008 Awards, *Chains of Olympus* received the awards for \"Best PSP Action Game\", \"Best Graphics Technology\", and \"Best Use of Sound\". In GameSpot\'s Best Games of 2008, it received the \"Readers\' Choice Award\". *Diehard GameFAN* awarded it \"Best PSP Game\" for 2008. At the 2008 Spike Video Game Awards, it was a nominee for \"Best Handheld Game\". It was Metacritic\'s 2008 \"PSP Game of the Year\". During the 12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards in 2009, the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences awarded *Chains of Olympus* with \"Hand-Held Game of the Year\", along with receiving a nomination for \"Adventure Game of the Year\". In September 2010, *GamePro* named *God of War: Chains of Olympus* the best PSP game
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# Klaus Wunder
**Klaus Wunder** (13 September 1950 -- 16 January 2024) was a German professional footballer who played as a striker. For Bayern Munich, he was part of the club\'s European Cup victory in 1974--75. He earned one cap for the Germany national team and also represented West Germany at the 1972 Summer Olympics. He was given the nickname \"Caesar\".
## Biography
Wunder was born in Erfurt, East Germany but his parents fled to West Germany when he was four years old.
He started playing football for Arminia Hannover before joining MSV Duisburg where he made his Bundesliga debut in 1971. In 1972 he represented West Germany at the Olympic games in Munich. In September 1973, he received his only cap for Germany as a substitute for Jürgen Grabowski in a 1-0 win against the Soviet Union. In 1974, he signed for champions Bayern Munich for a club record transfer fee of between 400,000 and 700,000 Deutsche Marks. In his one season at Bayern, he won the European Cup, coming on as a substitute for the seriously injured Uli Hoeness in the final against Leeds United. In December 1975 he moved to Hannover 96 and later played for Werder Bremen. After his retirement from football, he ran a tennis and squash club in Hemmingen.
Wunder died on 16 January 2024, at the age of 73
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# Sepp Weiß
**Sepp Weiss** (born 13 March 1952) is a German footballer who played for Bayern Munich and was part of their European Cup victory in 1975.
Weiss made 37 appearances in the Bundesliga for Bayern Munich before moving to Würzburger FV and SpVgg Bayreuth where he would make 104 appearances in the 2. Bundesliga
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# The Hewanorra Voices
**The Hewanorra Voices** were a Lucian folk music ensemble, led by Joyce Auguste. They emerged in the 1970s, and were one of the premier groups of the Lucian roots revival, along with The Helenites. Their recordings include 1974\'s *St. Lucia Jems* and 1980\'s *All Year Round With The Hewanorra Voices*, both released by West Indies Records
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# Björn Andersson (footballer, born 1951)
**Björn Andersson** (born 20 July 1951) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender. He is best remembered for representing Bayern Munich and was part of their European Cup victory in 1975. A full international between 1972 and 1977, he won 28 caps and scored one goal for the Sweden men\'s national football team and represented his country in the 1974 FIFA World Cup.
He is currently a youth coordinator at IS Halmia
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# Magnus Karlsson (bandy)
**Magnus Karlsson** (born April 7, 1984) is a Swedish bandy player who currently plays for GAIS Bandyklubb as a defender, midfielder or half back.
Magnus has played for three clubs
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# Udo Horsmann
**Udo Horsmann** (born 30 March 1952) is a German former footballer who played as a defender for Bayern Munich and was part of their European Cup winning team in 1976
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# 1599 in music
## Events
- Claudio Monteverdi marries court singer Claudia Cattaneo,
- Gregor Aichinger begins a two-year sojourn in Rome.
## Publications
- Richard Allison -- *The psalmes of David in meter*
- Giovanni Francesco Anerio -- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Giammateo Asola
- (New Vespers psalms for all solemnities) for six voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- for three voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Adriano Banchieri -- *Messa solenne* for eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Giovanni Bassano -- Second book of *Concerti ecclesiastici* for five, six, seven, eight, and twelve voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Lodovico Bellanda -- *Canzonette spirituali* for two, three, and four voices (Verona: Francesco Dalle Donne & Scipione Vargnano)
- Giulio Belli -- First book of masses for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- John Bennet -- *Madrigalls to Foure Voyces*
- Valerio Bona -- Fourth book of canzonettas for three voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Francesco Besozzi)
- Joachim a Burck -- *Quadraginta Odae catecheticae in laudem Dei, et piae iuventutis usum* (Forty catechetical odes in praise of God for use by pious youth) for four voices (Mühlhausen: Hieronymous Reinhard), texts by Ludwig Helmbold
- Giovanni Paolo Cima -- First book of motets for four voices (Milan: Agostino Tradate)
- Giovanni Croce -- Masses for five and six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Baldassare Donato -- First book of motets for five, six, and eight voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Johannes Eccard -- *Hochzeit Liedt (Gleichwie ein Schütz)* for six voices (Königsberg, Georg Osterberger), a wedding song
- Thomas Elsbeth
- (Exceptional New Secular Songs) for five voices (Frankfurt an der Oder: Friedrich Hartmann)
- (New Spiritual Songs that Evoke Christian Devotion) for five voices (Frankfurt an der Oder: Friedrich Hartmann)
- John Farmer -- *The First Set Of English Madrigals: To Foure Voices* (London: William Barley for Thomas Morley)
- Ruggiero Giovannelli -- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Hans Leo Hassler -- Masses for four, five, six, and eight voices (Nuremberg: Paul Kauffman)
- Anthony Holborne -- *Pavans, Galliards, Almains and other short Aeirs, both grave and light, in five parts, for Viols, Violins, or other Musicall Winde Instruments* (London: William Barley)
- Giovanni de Macque -- Fourth book of madrigals for five voices (Naples: Giovanni Giacomo Carlino & Antonio Pace)
- Luca Marenzio -- Ninth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Tiburtio Massaino
- Fourth book of motets for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), music for Holy Week
- Simone Molinaro
- First book of madrigals for five voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Francesco Besozzi)
- First book of *Intavolatura di liuto* (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Philippe de Monte -- *La fiammetta* for seven voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano), a collection of canzoni and madrigals
- Giovanni Bernardino Nanino -- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Asprilio Pacelli -- *Chorici psalmi et mocteta quatuor vocum, liber primus* (Rome: Nicolo Mutii)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (posthumous publications)
- Eighth book of masses
- Ninth book of masses
- Tomaso Pecci -- Canzonettas for three voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), contains fifteen pieces by Pecci and fifteen by Mariano Tantucci
- Hieronymus Praetorius -- *Cantiones sacrae de praecipuis festis totius anni* for five, six, seven, and eight voices (Hamburg: Philip von Ohr)
- Enrico Antonio Radesca -- *Thesoro amoroso*, first book of canzonettas for three and four voices (Milan: Simon Tini & Francesco Besozzi)
## Sacred music {#sacred_music}
- Philipp Nicolai
- \"Wachet auf, ruft uns die Stimme\"
- \"Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern\"
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# 1599 in music
## Opera
- *None recorded*
## Births
- March 23 -- Thomas Selle, composer (died 1663)
- October 10 -- Étienne Moulinié, composer (died 1676)
## Deaths
- January 22 -- Cristofano Malvezzi, organist and composer (born 1547)
- August 22 -- Luca Marenzio, Italian composer (born c.1553)
- October 16 -- Jacob Regnart, Franco-Flemish composer (born c
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# Franz Roth
**Franz \"Bulle\" Roth** (born 27 April 1946 in Memmingen) is a former German footballer. He earned four caps for the Germany national football team and was nicknamed \"the Bull\" due to his physical playing style.
## Career
Roth was a big game player and had a knack of scoring important goals in massive games for Bayern Munich. He scored the only goal of the 1967 European Cup Winners\' Cup Final against Rangers in extra time, which was enough to give Bayern victory, and their first triumph in European competition. He opened the scoring in the 1975 European Cup Final win over Leeds United, a game in which Roth won the midfield battle against Billy Bremner. Roth scored for the third time in the final of a European competition, with his 57th-minute strike against AS Saint-Étienne 1976 European Cup Final enough to give Bayern a 1--0 victory, and retain the European Cup for the third straight season.
On the domestic scene he scored 72 goals in 322 West German top-flight matches. With Roth FC Bayern won 4 Bundesliga titles.
Roth is one of the most decorated players in Bayern\'s history and has been voted into their Hall of Fame
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# Frank Stefanko
**Frank Stefanko** (born 1946) is an American fine art photographer with connections to New Jersey performers Patti Smith and Bruce Springsteen. Stefanko\'s early photographs, taken in the 1960s through the 1980s, reveal the emerging careers of the two young artists. Frank retains an ongoing working relationship with both Springsteen and Smith. A limited edition book was released in November 2017, entitled *Bruce Springsteen: Further Up the Road*. The book chronicles the 40-year working relationship between Stefanko and Bruce Springsteen. It contains personal stories and hundreds of Frank\'s photos from the 1960s to 2017, many never before seen.
## Early life {#early_life}
Stefanko was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, and has been absorbed by photography since he was given an old box-camera when about seven years of age. Frank Senior (an accomplished carpenter) built a darkroom for his son in their row-home basement in Camden, New Jersey. Among youthful Stefanko\'s early \"teachers\" and inspirations were stark, black-and-white film noir movies, cinematographers such as James Wong Howe, Fritz Lang, and reality photographers such as Diane Arbus, who shot every-day people in natural settings. Stefanko received fine-art training at Glassboro College (now Rowan University) in Glassboro, New Jersey.
It was at Glassboro State College, in the mid-1960s, that Stefanko met and became friends with Patti Smith. He began photographing her even before Robert Mapplethorpe did. Those Patti Smith photographs led to an introduction to Bruce Springsteen. Springsteen saw the portraits and inquired about the photographer. Later, Springsteen called Stefanko to set up a date for some trial photos.
## Photographing Bruce Springsteen {#photographing_bruce_springsteen}
Stefanko was a resident of Haddonfield, New Jersey, for many years.
\"Springsteen hadn\'t recorded anything in quite a while. The *Darkness On The Edge Of Town* album that we worked on back in 1978\... was kind of like his re-emergence. He had been kind of out of the loop for a few years and was coming back\", quotes Stefanko. The two men spent several days shooting photos in and around Haddonfield and Camden, NJ, as well as in Stefanko\'s Haddonfield home. The album cover of *Darkness*, which features Springsteen lounging against pale-flowered, Cabbage Rose wall-paper, was taken in Stefanko\'s bedroom in 1978. The entire E-Street Band came down, and were photographed in the same environs.
In Springsteen\'s autobiography, *Born to Run*, he describes Stefanko\'s photos as \"\...stark. He managed to strip away your celebrity, your artifice\....They were lovely and true\....he naturally intuited the conflicts I was struggling to come to terms with.\" In September 2016, when Springsteen released his autobiography, he chose Stefanko\'s 1978 photograph titled \"Corvette Winter\" to be on the cover. It depicts Springsteen leaning on the front of his Corvette, with a Haddonfield, New Jersey, home and porch behind him. The Corvette image also appears on the CD *Chapter and Verse*.
Stefanko\'s photographs of Springsteen also grace the album covers of *Darkness on the Edge of Town* and *The River*. Regarding the cover-art for *The River*, \"\... the back cover was \"not thought out\" --- given not only Springsteen\'s penchant for overthinking, but also the thematic ties of Frank Stefanko\'s store window image, including its depiction of bride(s) and groom, and the first use of the American flag on a Springsteen album.\"
Stefanko\'s photos appear in Springsteen\'s *Live 1975--1985* CD, in *Tracks, Greatest Hits*, in the book *Greetings from E Street* by Robert Santelli, *American Madness* by Julio Blanco, as well as in books by Dave Marsh and in *BRUCE*, by Peter Carlin. Stefanko also created the covers for Southside Johnny\'s *Hearts of Stone* album, the Shonde\'s album *The Garden*, and for *Songs of Springsteen*, to benefit Radio Station 105.7 \"THE HAWK\". Many of Stefanko\'s photos, including some never before seen, appear in the special edition, remastered thirtieth-anniversary box-set of *Darkness* and in the documentary *The Promise*, released in November 2010. Stefanko appears in a brief interview in *The Promise*.
His images have been shown in the exhibition \"Springsteen: Troubadour of the Highway\", which toured the US from 2002 to 2004, sponsored by the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum in Minneapolis. Colleen Sheehy, curator of the production, is quoted as saying, \"Frank Stefanko\'s photographs show a sublime convergence of singer and image at a critical point in Springsteen\'s career\". The \"Troubadour\" show appeared at the Cranbrook Art Museum, The Experience Music Project, the Newark Museum of Art, and at Monmouth University.
Stefanko donated photos which will raise funds to benefit the Food Bank of North Jersey, for relief of Hurricane Sandy.
Some of Stefanko\'s Springsteen photographs, along with those taken by Danny Clinch, appeared at Philadelphia\'s National Constitution Center as part of the *Rock and Roll Hall of Fame\'s* exhibition \"From Asbury Park to the Promised Land\", in February through September 2012. Springsteen\'s 1960 Corvette, along with Stefanko\'s photo of Springsteen posing with that same Corvette, were at the entrance. Photos by Stefanko, Danny Clinch, Eric Meola (*Born to Run*), and Pam Springsteen are featured in the Grammy Museum\'s traveling show *Bruce Springsteen, a Photographic Journey*, which opened at the Woodie Guthrie Center, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in April 2014. In 2015, the show toured other venues.
## Books
*Days of Hope and Dreams: an intimate Portrait of Bruce Springsteen* is Stefanko\'s first book, published in 2003. The black and white images taken from 1978 to 1982. The book contains recollections and anecdotes of the friendship between the two men. In the book\'s introduction, Springsteen says: \"The cover shot of \'Darkness\' was taken in Frank\'s bedroom, and any exterior shots were taken either in Frank\'s yard or on the streets of Haddonfield \[NJ\]. The pictures were raw. Frank had a way of stripping away any celebrity refuse you may have picked up along the way, and finding the you in you\....Frank always shot your internal life. He let your external imperfections show. His photos had a purity and poetry\....\"
*Patti Smith-American Artist* (2006) contains intimate photographs, along with Stefanko\'s first-hand accounts, capture the period of cultural change from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, when a new genre of music was being born. The book chronicles young Smith\'s emergence as a writer, painter, singer-songwriter, performer, poet, mystic, and political activist.
*Bruce Springsteen: Further Up the Road*, published in November 2017 by Wall of Sound Editions is limited to 1978 copies. It chronicles forty years of the collaboration between Springsteen and Stefanko.
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# Frank Stefanko
## Publications
- *Days of Hope and Dreams: An Intimate Portrait of Bruce Springsteen*. Watson-Guptill, 2003. Insight, 2003. Watson-Guptill, 2003. `{{ISBN|0-8230-8387-X}}`{=mediawiki}. Second Edition, 2011, Insight. `{{ISBN|1-60887-031-6}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Patti Smith-American Artist*. Insight, 2006. `{{ISBN|1-933784-06-7}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Second edition. Insight, 2017. `{{ISBN|978-1-68383-015-3}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Bruce Springsteen: Further Up the Road*. Wall of Sound, 2017
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# South African Translators' Institute
The **South African Translators\' Institute** (**SATI**) is the largest association in South Africa representing professional, academic and amateur translators and other language practitioners. Membership is open to anyone.
SATI was founded in 1956. In 2012 there were around 800 members.
The institute has adopted official names in South Africa\'s other official languages, namely (*Suid-Afrikaanse Vertalersinstituut, SAVI*, *INhlangano yaBahumushi yaseNingizimu Afrika*, *Umbutho wabaGuquli wazeMzantsi Afrika*, *Mokgatlo wa Bafetoledi wa Afrika Borwa*, *Sehlongwa sa Bafetoledi sa Afrika Borwa*, *Mokgatlho wa Baranodi wa Aforika Borwa*, *Vandla ra Vahundzuluxi ra Afrika Dzonga*, *Inhlangano Yebahumushi YaseNingizimu Afrika*, *Tshiimiswa tsha Vhapinduleli tsha Afurika Tshipembe*, and *IHlangano yabaTjhugululi yeSewula Afrika*).
## Purpose
SATI\'s purpose is to promote the interests of the translation profession in South Africa, chiefly through:
- undertaking, promoting and/or publishing research
- publishing a journal and various language and translation guides
- enforcing a code of ethics for translators
- co-operating with other organisations and institutions to promote the profession
- lobbying for proper training facilities for translators
- at some future date, limiting membership to those who had passed an examination
Other developments through which SATI contributes to translation in South Africa, include:
- administering a system of accreditation based on set examinations
- granting bursaries to students of translation each year
- awarding a cash prize for outstanding translation in various fields every three years
- maintaining a database of freelance translators, interpreters and editors, which is accessible to the public
- representing South African interests internationally as a member of the International Federation of Translators (FIT)
## Industry recognition {#industry_recognition}
Recognition for SATI in the translation industry in South Africa is sporadic, and SATI accreditation has no official recognition in South African law. However, some government departments prefer to employ SATI accreditees, e.g., certain metropolitan city councils and the police, and a few government departments even pay their employees\' SATI membership fees. SATI\'s freelance tariffs have been used in some legislation as a yardstick.
## Membership
Membership is open to anyone from any country in any profession, though most members are South Africans who are translators. There are about 800 members.
The only requirement for membership is that new members agree to adhere to SATI\'s code of ethics and pay an annual membership fee (R845 in 2019). There are no membership examinations, although introduction of such examinations has been an ideal since the founding of the institute.
## Code of ethics {#code_of_ethics}
The fifteen tenets of the SATI code of ethics are as follows:
All members of SATI shall:
- aim for best quality of text interpretation, terminology use, spelling and grammar, and tone and register
- accept full responsibility for their translations
- inform their clients of unresolved problems
- accept only work which they are capable of doing (although translators may accept work that they are incapable of doing if their clients have been made aware of the fact)
- deliver their work by the deadline and in the form agreed upon with the client
- constantly pursue self-improvement
- share professional know-how with other members
- treat as confidential all new information about their clients and work done for them
- accept no work that is for unlawful or dishonest purposes
- accept no work that is contrary to public interest
- not charge excessive rates
- respect copyright and author rights
- practise high ethical and moral standards when dealing with clients and colleagues
- participate in the activities of the Institute
- always behave and translate in a manner that advances the interests of the Institute and the profession
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# South African Translators' Institute
## Accreditation
SATI offers an accreditation examination to members and has done so since 1990. In 2011, some 240 of its 800 members were accredited. Several members were accredited in more than one trade or language, and there were 390 accreditations.
Members of SATI are encouraged to gain accreditation, but it is not required for membership. Accreditation is, however, required of members of the SATI executive committee and the executive committees of both formal and informal chapters of the institute. Formal chapters are required to have a certain minimum number of accredited members. Only accredited members are allowed to vote at SATI\'s annual general meeting.
Corporate members who adhere to specific requirements set by the Institute may also become accredited.
### Types of accreditation {#types_of_accreditation}
SATI offers accreditation for general translation, sworn translation, language editing, simultaneous interpreting, and terminology in various combinations of South Africa\'s 11 official languages and some non-South African languages such as Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese and Spanish.
Type of accreditation Number of members (2019)
-------------------------------------------- --------------------------
Simultaneous interpreting 57
Language editing 43
Terminology 3
Translation: from Afrikaans to English 20
Translation: from English to Afrikaans 41
Translation: between English and Afrikaans 27
Translation: other languages 40
Sworn translation 16
TOTAL (accredited members) 217
SATI has an agreement with the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters in Australia (NAATI) regarding translation accreditation in other languages that are not as common in South Africa.
### The examinations {#the_examinations}
Candidates taking the translation, editing and terminology examinations are given 24 hours to complete a number of texts at their own premises. During this 24-hour period they are not allowed to contact other humans. The product of the exam must be entirely their own (no external editors, proofreaders, etc.). To counteract the possibility of cheating, the translators\' exams are particularly difficult, and the specific preferences of examiners are not made known to candidates. The exam papers typically include a literary piece, an academic piece, and a choice from certain broad technical fields.
The examination papers are marked independently by two examiners. In cases where one examiner passes and the other fails the candidate, a third examiner is appointed, with the view to a 2/3 ruling.
The interpreter examinations are held once or twice a year at different centres across the country, depending on demand. Interpreter accreditation is also available for South African Sign Language.
Members who fail an examination must wait 12 months before attempting the exam again. A list of current accreditees are available on the institute\'s web site.
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# South African Translators' Institute
## Structure
The institute is run by an executive comprising a chairperson, vice-chairperson, secretary, registrar and treasurer.
The following committees have also been set up to guide the institute\'s activities: Accreditation and Ethics.
SATI office-bearers and committee members work on a voluntary basis. Members of the executive are elected at an annual general meeting for a period of three years.
Members of SATI may establish regional and subject-specific chapters. There are a number of chapters: Western Cape, Eastern Cape, KZN, Free State & Northern Cape, Northwest and Emerging Practitioners.
## Publications
Publications produced by the Institute are the Sworn Translation manual (guide to the practice of sworn translation in South Africa), and Bridging Language Barriers: SATI -- The First Fifty Years (a history of the institute).
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
In 1979 MAY, SATI applied for and registered a coat of arms at the South African State Herald
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# 1588 in music
## Events
- 8 July -- Thomas Morley received the degree Bachelor of Music from Oxford University
- Ferdinando de\' Medici appoints Emilio de\' Cavalieri artistic superintendent of the Medici court in Florence
## Publications
- Blasius Amon -- 4 Masses (Vienna: Michael Apffl)
- Giammateo Asola
- Masses for eight voices, 2 vols. (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- 4 Masses for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Lamentations (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Ippolito Baccusi -- First book of masses for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Bassano -- *Il fiore dei capricci musicali* for four voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), a collection of instrumental pieces
- William Byrd -- *Psalmes, Sonets and Songs of Sadness and Pietie* for five voices (London: Thomas East for William Byrd)
- Giovanni Croce -- First book of canzonettas for four voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Giovanni Dragoni -- First book of villanelle for five voices (Venice: Girolamo Scotto)
- Placido Falconio -- *Magnificat octo tonorum* for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Stefano Felis -- First book of masses for six voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
- Andrea Gabrieli -- *Chori in musica sopra li chori della tragedia di Edippo Tiranno* (Venice: Angelo Gardano), incidental music from a 1585 play, published posthumously
- Bartholomäus Gesius -- *Historia vom Leiden und Sterben unsers Herren und Heilandes Jesu Christi wie sie uns der Evangelista Johannes im 18 und 19 Cap. beschrieben* for two, three, four, and five voices (Wittenberg: Mattäus Welack)
- Ruggiero Giovannelli -- First book of *villanelle et arie alla napolitana* for three voices (Rome: Alessandro Gardano)
- Gioseffo Guami -- Lamentations for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Marc\'Antonio Ingegneri
- for four and six voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Lamentations for four voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Orlande de Lassus
- Motets for four and eight voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Motets for five voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Motets for six voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Luca Marenzio -- First book of madrigals for four, five, and six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Rinaldo del Mel
- for five, six, seven, eight, and twelve voices (Antwerp: Pierre Phalèse and Jean Bellère)
- Madrigals for six voices (Antwerp: Pierre Phalèse & Jean Bellère)
- Philippe de Monte -- Thirteenth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Bernardino Nanino -- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina -- First book of Lamentations (Rome: Alessandro Gardano)
- Benedetto Pallavicino -- Fourth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giuliano Paratico -- Second book of canzonettas for three voices (Brescia: Pietro Maria Marchetti)
- Giovanni Battista Pinello di Ghirardi -- Motets for five voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
- Orfeo Vecchi -- Masses for five voices (Milan: Francesco & heirs of Simon Tini)
- Giaches de Wert -- Ninth book of madrigals for five voices
- Nicholas Yonge (ed.) -- *\[\[Musica Transalpina\]\]*, (London: Thomas East), a collection of Italian madrigals with English translated lyrics, credited with sparking the English Madrigal School
- The Walsingham Consort Books are copied, probably by Daniel Bacheler, who was only 15 or 16 years old at the time and contributed seven of his own pieces to this collection for broken consort
## Classical music {#classical_music}
- Krzysztof Klabon -- *Pieśni Kalliopy Slowieńskiey: na terażnieysze pod Byczyną zwycięstwo*, a cycle of six songs for voice and lute to texts by Stanisław Grochowski, celebrating the Battle of Byczyna, which ended the War of the Polish Succession
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# 1588 in music
## Births
- June 9 *(bapt.)* -- Johann Andreas Herbst, German composer and music theorist (d. 1666)
- June 30 -- Giovanni Maria Sabino, Italian organist and composer (d. 1649)
- September 10 *(bapt.)* -- Nicholas Lanier, English lutenist and composer (d. 1666)
- September 8 -- Marin Mersenne, French mathematician and music theorist (d. 1648)
## Deaths
- August 12 -- Alfonso Ferrabosco (I), composer (b
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# Alan Waddle
**Alan Waddle** (born 9 June 1954) is an English former footballer who played as a striker. Waddle began his career with Halifax Town, signing professional forms in October 1971. He made 22 League appearances and scored the crucial goal in the last match of the 1972--73 season at Walsall enabling Halifax Town to avoid relegation from the old Third Division. In June 1973 Waddle was signed by Liverpool manager Bill Shankly and netted his only goal for the Reds in a 1--0 win over rivals Everton in December 1973. Waddle made 22 appearances for the club but he lost his place in 1975, and only played one game in his remaining two years, although he did play in the home leg of the team\'s victory over FC Zürich in the 1977 European Cup semi-final, and made it onto the bench for the 1977 European Cup Final, before leaving that summer. He spent a year at Leicester City before moving on to Swansea City, where he had his most productive spell, working under manager John Toshack, the player he had understudied at Liverpool. In December 1980 Waddle joined Newport County for a fee of £80,000, a club record for Newport. He went on to have a much-travelled career, which included two returns to Swansea (one as commercial operations manager), and spells in Finland, Hong Kong and Qatar. He is a cousin of Chris Waddle, the former Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur and England midfielder
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# Church Lawton
**Church Lawton** is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority area of Cheshire East and in the ceremonial county of Cheshire in England. Its eastern boundary forms part of the county boundary between Cheshire and Staffordshire. As the village is near Stoke-on-Trent, it has a Stoke postcode. In addition to ribbon development connecting Kidsgrove (in Staffordshire) with Scholar Green (in Odd Rode parish), the parish also contains the hamlets of Lawton Gate, Lawton Heath and Lawton Heath End, and the Lawton Hall estate. According to the 2001 census, the population of the entire parish was 2,201.
## History
There is evidence of human activity within the parish stretching back to the Neolithic period: a polished axe was found in the parish that was possibly made in Cornwall.
The collection of Church Lawton Barrows, also known as the Church Lawton Complex, is a significant Bronze Age site in the parish. The Complex consists of three Bronze Age mounds of which only two (Church Lawton II and Church Lawton III) survive. Church Lawton III is the more important of the two, having been excavated in the early 1980s. It seems to have been built in two phases; the first phase consisted of one of the few stone circles found in Cheshire, which was roughly 22.5 m in diameter, with a turf and daub platform in the centre, on which dead bodies were probably placed as part of an excarnation ritual prior to burial. There were gaps to the north and south of the circle serving as entrances, with two of the stones standing upright, with the remainder deliberately placed on their side. The second phase covered the central part with sandy subsoil and surrounded it with a low turf wall.
Church Lawton II was also built in two phases. In the first, a low mound made from sand and gravel subsoil surrounded by a ditch was constructed. It was about 16 m in diameter and 1.5 m high. In the centre of the mound was a sand-filled boat-shaped hollow with a wooden lid. It was found to be empty of any bones, possibly because any bones had rotted away in the acidic soil environment. Eighteen pits, most likely cremation pits, were found on the mound, and four outside the surrounding ditch. Most of the contents of these were adults, but a few were children or foetuses. Two food vessels and two \"Collared Urns\" were also found. In the second phase, the diameter increased to 30 m, but there were only a number of fire pits and pyres discovered along with one actual cremation. A number of pottery shards were also recovered, though they had been badly damaged by ploughing. Some pottery associated with the Beaker culture was also recovered from what would have been the soil surface at the time of construction, showing that this area had human habitation for an extended period.
Nothing of substance is known about Church Lawton I, as it was partially destroyed by the building of the current A5011 Newcastle-under-Lyme to Sandbach road some time before 1881. The remaining part of it was subsequently destroyed by the building of a petrol station, much later.
### Medieval history {#medieval_history}
In 1338 Ralph de Lawton, who held the manor of *Bog-lawton* (now Church Lawton) surrendered it to Henry de Motlowe and his heirs. Henry, whose family came from Nether Alderley, later became Lord Chief Justice of Ireland.
## Governance
Church Lawton is an ancient parish, though there is some evidence that it was previously part of the ancient parish of Astbury (now Newbold Astbury). It also was part of Nantwich Hundred, Congleton Poor Law Union and Rural Sanitary District, and after 1866 it formed part of Congleton Rural District. County boundary changes in 1965 led to an exchange of small pieces of land between it and the civil parish of Kidsgrove, in Kidsgrove Urban District, in the neighbouring county of Staffordshire. From 1974 the civil parish was served by Congleton Borough Council, which was succeeded on 1 April 2009 by the new unitary authority of Cheshire East.
In terms of parliamentary representation, Church Lawton was in the Cheshire Southern Division from 1832 to 1867; in the Cheshire Mid Division, from 1867 to 1885; in the Crewe Division, from 1885 to 1948; and from 1948 it was in Knutsford County Constituency, but it is currently in Congleton County Constituency.
In local government Church Lawton is covered by Church Lawton Town Council. It consists of 10 councillors, with one acting as Chairman of the Council for a term of 12 months. There is an Annual Parish Meeting on the fourth Wednesday of April.
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# Church Lawton
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Charlie Burgess (1883 in Church Lawton -- 1956), an English footballer who played over 200 games mainly for Stoke City.
- Andor Gomme (1930 -- 2008 in Church Lawton), a British scholar of English literature and architectural history, frequent reviewer for the *Times Literary Supplement* and an academic at Keele University. He lived in Barleybat Hall from 1960
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# Peter McDonnell (footballer)
**Peter McDonnell** (born 11 June 1953) is an English former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper in England, the United States and Hong Kong.
## Career
McDonnell was born Kendal, Westmorland, England. He began his professional career in 1973 with Bury, before being signed by Liverpool boss Bill Shankly after one year. He spent four years as reserve goalkeeper at Anfield, without making a first-team appearance. There were no substitute goalkeepers in domestic football in those days, and so McDonnell\'s only first-team squad involvement came in European football.
He was on the bench for the 1977 European Cup Final, a game which Liverpool won. However, McDonnell\'s winner\'s medal was lost after the game, believed by some to have been stolen and given to one of Liverpool\'s first-team players who had missed the final. Following the arrival of Steve Ogrizovic, he was pushed down to third choice, and left to join Oldham Athletic in 1978.
He spent four years there, before heading to Dallas in the NASL, then to Hong Kong to play for Hong Kong Rangers, eventually returning home to represent a number of non-league clubs. He spent some time at Barrow in the Northern Premier League, and later the Football Conference and won the FA Trophy at Wembley Stadium in 1990.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
McDonnell is a referee in the North Lancashire and District Football League and is a Westmorland Football Association council member
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# Prayer callus
A **prayer callus, prayer bump, zabiba** or **zebiba** (*زبيبة* *zabība*, \"raisin\") is a callus on the forehead present in some devout praying Muslims. Owing to its societal significance it is also known as the \"devout sign\". Among notable Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat\'s reputation for personal piety was evidenced by a callus on his forehead from repeated prostration in prayer.
Islam requires its adherents to pray five times a day (known as salat), which involves kneeling on a prayer mat and touching the ground (or a raised piece of clay called *turbah* by the Shia) with one\'s forehead. When done firmly for extended periods of time, a callus -- the \"prayer bump\" -- can develop on the forehead which may be considered as a sign of piety and dedication. Some Muslims believe that It is referred to in the Quran as:
Some Muslims also believe that on the Day of Resurrection, this callus will fluoresce with an immense white light. With the growing popularity of the zabiba in Egypt, its visibility can enhance societal standing and reflect an individual\'s commitment to prayer, creating a favorable first impression. In some cases, the callus can be thick enough to create a noticeable bump that protrudes from the forehead
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# Dandan
A **dandan** or **dendan** is a mythical sea creature from *The Book of One Thousand and One Nights* (or *Arabian Nights*) appearing in the tale \"Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman\", where a merman describes the dandan as the largest and fiercest fish, capable of swallowing large animals in a single mouthful. The fat of the dandan, described as \"fat of oxen, yellow as gold and sweet of savour,\" is used like an ointment to allow humans to survive underwater.
> \'What is this, O my brother?\' asked the fisherman. \'It is the liver-fat of a kind of fish called the dendan,\' answered the merman, \'which is the biggest of all fish and the fellest of our foes. Its bulk is greater than that of any beast of the land, and were it to meet a camel or an elephant, it would swallow it at one mouthful.\' \'O my brother,\' asked Abdallah, \'what eateth this baleful \[beast\]?\' \'It eateth of the beasts of the sea,\' replied the merman. \'Hast thou not heard the byword, \"Like the fishes of the sea: the strong eateth the weak?\"\'
In John Payne\'s translation of the tale, a footnote adds a conjecture that the creature \"appears to be a fabulous monster, partaking of the attributes of the shark and the cachalot or sperm-whale\"`{{r|Payne1901|p=345}}`{=mediawiki} while Richard Burton\'s translation likewise describes it as \"a sun-fish or some such well-fanged monster of the deep\". A dandan is capable of swallowing a ship and all its crew in a single gulp, but despite its massive size and lethality, the dandan is highly vulnerable to humans, as consuming human flesh or hearing a human cry can cause it to die instantly.`{{r|Payne1901|p=346}}`{=mediawiki}
While multiple translations of the tale mention the dandan, translators like Payne and Burton couldn\'t find the creature in dictionaries. A footnote in Burton\'s version adds his \"conjecture that \"Dandán\" in Persian means a tooth\".
A dandan was depicted on a *Magic: The Gathering* card, from the game\'s Arabian Nights expansion set
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# Main Street Unionville
**Main Street Unionville** is a collector route that runs through the historical suburban community of Unionville, in Markham, Ontario, Canada. Like most other Main Streets, the street serves as an important road for local tourism development. All along the road, the street has structures that are virtually unchanged from its founding in 1794. Renowned for its pubs, parks, restaurants, and its historical European view, the road also hosts the annual Unionville Festival, which draws several thousand visitors to the neighbourhood.
## Road Information {#road_information}
- **Local name:** Main Street
- **Attractions:** Historical Village of Unionville, Varley Gallery, Starks Barber Company
- **Road Status:** From Unionville Gate to Carlton Road, the road is a paved 2-lane avenue, with a speed limit of 40 km/h. However, the right lane is often blocked due to parked vehicles left by tourists. North of Carlton Road, the road is a paved, two-lane street.
- **Zonings:** Mainly commercial and parklands, with residential zonings from 1794.
## History
### Entertainment
Main Street Unionville hosts annual jazz and Celtic festivals, as well as live music in the bandstand in the summer. The street was also used as a stand-in for fictional Connecticut town Stars Hollow during the first season of The WB\'s Gilmore Girls television show. Other productions to have used Main Street as a filming location include The Scream Team in 2002, and Secrets of Eden in 2011.
The 1994 John Carpenter film, In the Mouth of Madness prominently features the northernmost part of the street as a stand-in for a fictional New England town, especially the exterior of the Unionville Arms Pub.
### Road History {#road_history}
Main Street Unionville was the original 6th line of Markham Township. This road was undeveloped until about 1840 when the mill was developed at what is now Carlton Road. The mill needed the water from the pond to the north-west but the swamp to its immediate south made travel virtually impossible. The common road developed along the ridge to the south, and this became the main passageway. About this time the area on the north-west corner of the road and 15th Avenue (later Highway 7, and now York Regional Road 7) was subdivided but undeveloped until the coming of the railway in 1872. Unionville, as the center of the township, had until the 1970s held the town offices. The development of the subdivision immediately to the west of the small town in the late 1960s, brought attention to the run down nature of the buildings in the business area. The provincial government, with support of the regional and township governments were prepared to widen the road, which would have meant the demolition of the buildings. A great furor arose, culminating the Unionville Annual Festival, whose original purpose was to bring attention to the situation and to raise funds to fight the widening. Quickly, local politicians came on board and the road widening was stopped. In the early 1980s, the bypass was built around Main Street Unionville to relieve the heavy traffic. The bypass became the new alignment for Kennedy Road, though it was named *Unionville By-pass* for a number of years at first, and the original line was renamed as Main Street Unionville. With the coming of change the buildings were revived and a unique Victorian Village atmosphere came into being.
### Settlement History {#settlement_history}
## Landmarks
- Historical Village of Unionville
- Varley Art Gallery
<File:UnionVille_MainStreet_Church.jpg%7CCentral> United Church <File:Unionville> old church.jpg\|Old Unionville church, built by the architect of Casa Loma <File:Uionville> Planing Mill.jpg\|Unionville Planing Mill <File:Unionville> Main st.jpg\|Unionville Main Street <File:Toogood> Pond
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# Janusz Krężelok
**Janusz Adam Krężelok** (born 18 December 1974 in Istebna) is a Polish cross-country skier who has competed since 1994. His best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was a seventh in the individual sprint in 2005 while his best overall finish was fifth in the team sprint (with Maciej Kreczmer) event in 2007.
Krężelok\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was ninth in the sprint event at Salt Lake City in 2002.
He has a total of nine individual career victories at various levels up to 15 km since 1999
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# Immunogenetics
**Immunogenetics** or **immungenetics** is the branch of Medical Immunology and Medical Genetics that explores the relationship between the immune system and genetics.
Autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, are complex genetic traits which result from defects in the immune system. Identification of genes defining the immune defects may identify new target genes for therapeutic approaches. Alternatively, genetic variations can also help to define the immunological pathway leading to disease.
## Origin
The term immunogenetics is based on the two words immunology and genetics, and is defined as \"a sub discipline of genetics which deals with the genetic basis of the immune response (immunity)\" according to MeSH.
Genetics (based on Greek γενεά *geneá* \"descent\" and γένεσις *génesis* \"origin\") is the science researching the transfer of characteristics from one generation to the next. The genes of an organism (strands of DNA) and the transfer of genes from the parent to the child generation of an organism in the scope of possible variations are the basis of genetics.
Immunology deals with the biological and biochemical basis for the body\'s defense against germs (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi), as well as against foreign agents such as biological toxins and environmental pollutants, and failures and malfunctions of these defense mechanisms. Apart from these external effects on the organism, there are also defense reactions regarding the body\'s own cells, e.g. in the scope of the bodily reactions on cancer and the lacking reaction of a body on healthy cells in the scope of immune-mediated disease. Hence, immunology is a sub-category of biology. Its origin is usually attributed to Edward Jenner, who discovered in 1796 that cowpox, or vaccinia, induced protection against human smallpox.
The term immunogenetics comprises all processes of an organism, which are, on the one hand, controlled and influenced by the genes of the organism, and are, on the other hand, significant with regard to the immunological defense reactions of the organism.
## History
The history of immunology and the medical study of the immune system dates back to the 19th century. The first Nobel Prize in the field of immunogenetics was awarded to Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset and George Davis Snell in 1980 for discovering genetically determined cellular surface structures, which control immunological reactions.
## Current research fields {#current_research_fields}
Since 1972, numerous H&I (histocompatibility and immunogenetics) organizations have been founded specializing in research activities on a large number of different questions in immunogenetics. Both the acceleration of and the decreasing costs for the sequencing of the genes have resulted in more intensive research of both academic and commercial working groups. Current research topics particularly deal with forecasts on the course of diseases and therapy recommendations due to genetic dispositions and how these dispositions can be affected by agents (gene therapy).
A special focus is often laid on the forecast regarding and therapy of genetically based autoimmune diseases, which include all diseases caused by an extreme reaction of the immune system against the body\'s own tissue. By mistake, the immune system recognizes the body\'s own tissue as a foreign object which is to be fought. This can result in serious inflammatory reactions which may permanently damage the respective organs. Autoimmune diseases, the outbreak and/or course of which can be visible in the individual genome of the organism, include multiple sclerosis, diabetes type I, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn\'s disease. As for multiple sclerosis, an article in the journal *Nature* dated May 2010 showed that this autoimmune disease is not caused by a genetic variation but the course and the treatability are considerably influenced by genetic dispositions. This research was based on analyzing three monovular pairs of twins, of which one twin has contracted multiple sclerosis whereas the other one has not
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# Christoffer Edlund
**Christoffer Edlund** (born 3 February 1987) is a Swedish bandy player who currently plays for Villa Lidköping BK as a midfielder or forward.
## Career
### Club career {#club_career}
Edlund is a youth product of Vetlanda BK where he remained until 2008--09. 2009--10 to 2013--14 he played for Sandvikens AIK.
In 2014, Edlund joined Russian team Yenisey for one year. With Yenisey, Edlund won the Russian Championship and scored one goal in the final.
After one year with Yenisey, Edlund returned to Sandvikens AIK.
On 30 December 2022, he scored his 1 000th goal in the Swedish top division, when Villa Lidköping BK defeated IFK Vänersborg, 10--2, in an away game.
### International career {#international_career}
Edlund has played for the Swedish U19 squad when he played during 2005--06 season.
He was part of Swedish World Champions teams of 2009, 2010, and 2017.
## Honours
### Country
Sweden:
- Bandy World Championship: 2009, 2010, 2017
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His father is Kent Edlund, former professional bandy player and coach, world champion (1987) and champion of Sweden (1985/1986, 1990/1991 and 1991/1992) for Vetlanda BK
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# Hipólito Pichardo
**Hipólito Antonio Pichardo Balbina** (born August 22, 1969) is a Dominican former right-handed pitcher in Major League Baseball who played for three teams between `{{Baseball year|1992}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Baseball year|2002}}`{=mediawiki}. He batted and threw right-handed.
Pichardo filled various pitching roles, as a starter or coming out from the bullpen as a closer or a middle reliever. He reached the majors in 1992 with the Kansas City Royals, spending seven consecutive years with them before moving to the Boston Red Sox (2000--01) and Houston Astros (2002). He enjoyed a fine rookie season, when he finished with a record of 9--6 and a 3.95 earned run average in 24 starts, including a one-hit shutout against the Boston Red Sox as Luis Rivera\'s double in the sixth inning was the only hit surrendered.
In 1993, Pichardo went 7--8 and posted career highs in strikeouts (74) and innings pitched (165). After that, he suffered arm problems and was demoted to the bullpen. In 1999 he underwent right elbow surgery and missed the entire season. He returned in 2000 with the Red Sox and went 6--3 with one start and one save in 38 appearances. His one save that season came on July 31, 2000 against the Mariners. After going 2--1 in 2001, he lasted only one-third of an inning with Houston in 2002, his last major league season.
In a 10-season career, Pichardo posted a 50--44 record with a 4.44 ERA and 20 saves in 350 games, including 68 starts
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# List of Lead Balloon episodes
This is a **list of episodes** of the British television situation comedy *Lead Balloon*. The first series of six episodes aired in 2006 and a second series, extended to eight episodes, aired in 2007. The third series began in November 2008. All episodes are written by Jack Dee and Pete Sinclair, and are directed and produced by Alex Hardcastle.
## Series 1 (2006) {#series_1_2006}
<table>
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<th width="5%"><p>#</p></th>
<th width="45%"><p>Title</p></th>
<th width="25%"><p>Original airdate</p>
<p><code>{{Episode list</code></p></th>
<th><p>Title=Rubbish</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=1</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick films an advertisement promoting recycling and is later invited, with Mel, to a christening by one of her clients, leaving them struggling to devise an excuse not to go. Rick and Marty try to write material for a corporate gig which Rick will be doing for a notorious loans company; Rick rejects all the material as dangerously provocative and later has a frustrating time trying to buy a christening present without being ripped off. Michael has devised a new cake recipe and forces Rick to take a sample home, where it is thrown away. A few days later, a series of articles appears in a tabloid, for which a journalist has gone through the contents of Rick's dustbin.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Wayne</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=2</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=A noisy paperboy (the titular Wayne) is waking Rick early in the mornings, so he ineffectually complains to the newsagent (Vicki Pepperdine). The toaster breaks and Rick takes it back to the shop and lies to the owner (Ewen Macintosh) about when he bought it. He later steals teaspoons from Michael's café to make up for the short supply at home. Rick ends up buying a very expensive new toaster, shamefacedly returning the teaspoons to Michael (who also takes the toaster, presuming Rick bought it to make amends with him), and lying awake all night fretting about being woken up by Wayne.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=£5000</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=3</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick has a fight that leaves him with a cut near his eye. Magda recommends vodka, which proves very painful. Michael is doing a sponsored skip for charity. Rick has sponsored him for £5, not realising that this means £5 per skip, for a predicted thousand skips (hence £5,000). Rick tries to back out and ends up offering Michael a flat £500, which Michael refuses. Marty is angry with Rick after a failed TV pitch (which is not shown). Shortly after, Rick 'accidentally' hits Michael with his car. Rick belittles the Community Support Officer investigating the accident, who has Rick arrested by a police officer and detained for a few hours.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Allergic</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=4</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick does a corporate gig with '70s comedian Bob Fairchild (Ted Robbins). Bob mentions he has a caffeine allergy. Rick takes a dislike to Bob and gives him caffeinated coffee. The next day Rick hears that Bob suddenly died. Rick worries that he inadvertently killed Bob with the coffee, and Marty winds him up. Bob's daughter Fiona, one of Mel's clients, is reportedly devastated. Rick and Marty work on material for a comedy news quiz, and Rick makes Magda pursue a shopping channel for an undelivered free gift. Eventually, the show goes very well and Rick learns how Bob really died. Rick and Marty return home loudly drunk and happy, only to find Mel in the kitchen comforting poor Fiona. Rick is tactless.</p></th>
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<code>{{Episode list</code></p></th>
<th><p>Title=Pistachio</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=5</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick has bought a scooter, "pistachio" in colour (light green). The scooter is the subject of general derision and Rick becomes embarrassed with it. Magda's mother (in her home country) has injured her knee and Magda, believing that she has inherited weak knees, is wallowing in suffering. Rick has an argument with a dry cleaner (Omid Djalili). Rick buys a black leather jacket and later gives it to Magda, who then sells it on eBay. In the final credits, Rick is attempting to paint the scooter black.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Fatty</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=6</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=After a chat show host comments on Rick's weight Mel and the others agree, and Marty taunts him with doughnuts. An elderly neighbour, Doris, has lost a cat, which Rick finds in his garage as he is heading out to the gym. At the gym, another man comments on Rick's weight. Rick angrily claims that his weight is a side-effect of cancer drugs, whereupon the other man reveals that he has colon cancer. An awkward scene results. Magda returns the cat and gets a £100 reward. Rick takes the money off her and donates it to the man's colon cancer charity. Later, Doris' son comes to Rick's house and makes Rick pay the money back. As Rick closes the door, the son comments on his weight. <em>First appearance of Clive</em></p></th>
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# List of Lead Balloon episodes
## Series 2 (2007--2008) {#series_2_20072008}
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<th><p>Title=Giraffe</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=7</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Following an incorrect answer Rick gave on a game show, the husband of Rick's teammate insists that Rick promised to buy his wife <em>the</em> star prize car if he was wrong. Rick contests this, but is eventually forced to relent and buy <em>a</em> car to the value of his fee for appearing on the show (£2,000). Marty, meanwhile, ridicules the stupidity of Rick's response to the question and delights in telling Michael the tale, who consequentially prints of a list of amusing answers given on game shows from the internet, which features Rick's in the prominent position of number twelve. Magda objects to Rick's apparent description of her as a dog and threatens to leave, forcing Rick and Mel to plead with her to stay. Due to Magda's absence, Sam and Ben complain that there is no food in the house and in order to replenish their supplies, ask Rick for money which they then waste. Rick attempts to buy a cheap car and pass it off as being worth £2,000, which later leads to trouble from the police, which Rick then fobs off on a car salesman who refused to play ball with him.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Hero</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=8</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Rick talks a jumper down from a building who is later revealed to be a paedophile. He bumps into a man whom he believes to be commissioner of drama for ITV and invites him and his wife around for dinner, hoping to discuss a television proposal with him. Magda cooks an unusual delicacy for Rick to serve on the night, which he disposes of over a neighbour's fence. On the night of the dinner Mel reveals to Rick that the man is not ITV's drama chief; rather he is a builder who fixed their roof some years previously. To save face, Rick and Mel pretend they invited him around to discuss plans for a conservatory. The builder is delighted, though Rick later "accidentally" ruins the blueprints. }} {{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Points</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=9</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Rick is caught speeding and risks a driving ban if he gets three more point on his driving licence. His attempts to persuade Mel and Marty to admit they were driving his car prove futile and he believes there is no hope, until he learns Magda has recently passed her driving test. Michael convinces Rick to appear at an event to save the local library but later informs him his appearance has been cancelled because Rick refused to pay a £6 fine on a late book and threatened the librarian. As a result of his threats Rick has to attend an anger management class. }} {{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Idiot</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=10</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Rick records a short appeal video for a charity helping victims of "HUCCS", a disease that causes victims to burst into flames. The appeal is later revealed to be a hoax and that Rick was the victim of a hidden-camera show (see <em>Brass Eye</em>). Marty is offended when Rick claims he writes all his own jokes in order to impress a man. A client of Mel's records a television pilot for a chat show and Rick is her guest. The woman is an ex-ice dancer and Rick is interviewed inside a giant ice-skate. }} {{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Sick</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=11</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= The women in Rick's house are sick and he is forced to take over. Rick promises to field Mel's work calls, but does more harm than good. Magda makes matters worse by arriving with her home-made soup. All these distractions are stopping Rick from working with Marty on the game show they want to pitch to a broadcaster: "Lying or Flying". }} {{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Debacle</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=12</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Rick hosts an event for a pharmaceutical company. His stand-up goes down surprisingly well, but some of his ill-advised gags have far-reaching consequences. Meanwhile, one of Mel's clients is presenting a new holiday programme, 'What Not to Pack', and Rick suggests Michael should be on the show. But Rick soon has bigger things to worry about, as he finds himself propelled into the spotlight—as public enemy number one. }} {{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Rita</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=13</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Rick lands a cameo role in a film, appearing alongside a Hollywood starlet from the '50s. When it turns out that Michael's father is her biggest fan, Rick promises to get her autograph for him: but it is easier said than done. Mel's work is less glamorous. One of her clients is presenting a new series of Geriatric Ward. At home, Rick has to deal with a lazy electrician. <em>First appearance of Ambrose</em> }} {{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Lucky</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=14</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary= Rick is sick of doing endless corporate gigs and accuses Marty of lacking ambition, but a call from Hollywood changes everything. One of Mel's clients is going through a divorce, Ben and Sam start their own dog-walking business and Michael the cafe manager has started going to 'cuddle parties'. }}</p></th>
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# List of Lead Balloon episodes
## Series 3 (2008) {#series_3_2008}
Series 3 is the first series in which the storylines of episodes are connected throughout. The first few storylines are as follows: Michael is distraught about finding out his father\'s sexuality, Magda is searching for a house after her bedsit gets infested with toxic gas, and Sam and Ben have made a single on YouTube. The following storylines are Magda accidentally selling some of Rick\'s prized possessions at a car-boot sale, Sam and Ben splitting up and Magda returning home for her sister\'s wedding.
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<p><code>{{Episode list</code></p></th>
<th><p>Title=Gas</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=15</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=The episode opens with Rick at a celebrity charity auction trying to attract bids for the waistcoat of an ex-rock star. To start the bidding, he opens with a bid of £500 but with no takers, he ends up with it. Seeing Michael's father at the auction with a man, he assumes that they are a gay couple and resolves to protect Michael from this revelation. Meanwhile Magda has had to move out of her flat as the gas boiler is faulty and moves into the Spleen household. It is clear that Michael believes his father's companion is solely a business colleague, however, when he relaunches his cafe as a chic restaurant, with less than complete success, it becomes clear that this is not the case; Rick's suspicions had been correct. The waistcoat bought by Rick turns out to be worth considerably more than he paid for it, but he has given it to his daughter, whose boyfriend has cut it up for a textiles project at college. <em>Last appearance of Ambrose</em></p>
<p><code>}}</code><br />
<code>{{Episode list</code></p></th>
<th><p>Title=Panda</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=16</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Magda has begun settling in, to the extent of infiltrating her fridge magnets and watching <em>The Jeremy Kyle Show</em> in the afternoons; meanwhile Rick has signed up for a television programme to trace his ancestry. Ben and Sam have formed a pop duo, 'Ben and Sam', who are shown performing a track called "Tragic" on YouTube. Michael is inexplicably missing after the revelations about his father, but Rick and Marty find him working out in his garage, seemingly unconcerned. Rick has discovered his Scottish ancestry for the programme, but since his family name is Shaw, the confused Magda thinks he may be Chinese. It turns out, however, that his family history is not interesting enough for the television programme, and is rejected.</p>
<p><code>}}</code><br />
<code>{{Episode list</code></p></th>
<th><p>Title=Fax</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=17</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick appears as a guest on a much-loved panel game and earns the worst score in the show's history. At home, Rick and Mel are cleaning out the closets to find items for a local car boot sale which Madga is looking forward to attending. Rick's email crashes when he tries to send a finished script; he convinces an estate agent that he is interested in buying a house (solely because no other shop has a fax machine), and agrees to a house visit. Meanwhile, Michael has begun therapy sessions for his emotional issues, and Ben and Sam cause an annoyance with their loud practising, until Rick learns their song will be in a TV advert.</p>
<p><code>}}</code></p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Karma</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=18</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=A near-death experience makes Rick a changed man. From now on, he plans to embrace the positive and see only the good in people. His new attitude annoys Marty, who predicts it will not last. But Rick even manages to forgive Magda for selling some of his prized possessions at a car-boot sale, and when he lands the title role in a major TV drama, it looks like fate has rewarded him.</p>
<p><code>}}</code></p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Spikey</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=19</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick's appearance on a radio phone-in show is not as successful as might be and Sam has split up with Ben for a new boyfriend, the eponymous 'Spikey', who is a drunken waster. Magda wants to return home for her sister's wedding and Mel agrees to pay for this, to Rick's disapproval. Meanwhile, Rick and Mel are invited to see a play by one of his former rivals. It turns out to be a gloomy experience, relieved only by Ben's mobile phone that Rick is keeping hold of ringing at an inopportune moment. The following morning, Magda announces that the wedding is off as her sister's intended has turned out to be already married. Ben and Sam become reconciled as Spikey has put himself into hospital trying to reconnect the electricity at his squat. Rick's appearance at a function for a junk mail organisation goes awry when he is lampooned for the mobile phone incident, which has been reported in the local press. <em>Although Spikey has been frequently mentioned in every series of the show, this is his only actual appearance.</em></p>
<p><code>}}</code></p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Mistake</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=20</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick finds his order of letterheads mis-spells his name as 'Bick'. Rick and Marty are thinking up some new concepts to pitch to TV executives. Mel moves her agency office into the living room. Marty develops a crush on Izzy, Mel's assistant. Magda returns to the UK with her sister, to whom Rick pays £20 to fix his letterheads with correction fluid, although she runs out and finishes the job with a pen. Magda appears to dislike Izzy. Ben and Sam cook up a plan to sell samosas at a festival, but find they are unable to without the correct health and safety licensing. Rick overhears Mel and Izzy talking about a panel show for which Rick thinks he would be perfect. Izzy feeds Marty false information on who will become team captain on the show and Rick telephones the producer of the show and makes up some damaging information about the individual. It turns out that Mel was actually pitching Rick for the show, and he has inadvertently caused the producer to re-think the position. The episode ends with Rick's neighbour attempting to complain about Ben and Sam attempting to sell his elderly mother the samosas. Rick slams the door in his face, the screen fades to black with the doorbell being rung repeatedly.</p>
<p><code>}}</code></p>
<p>{{Episode list</p></th>
<th><p>Title=Nuts</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=21</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick is looking forward to spending a quiet Christmas at home with Mel. It will be a well-earned break from the challenging acting role he is currently immersed in—playing the part of Mr Smee in a panto. Marty is no fan of pantomime, or of Christmas in general, and plans to head off for some winter sun—preferably to a country where carol-singing is punishable by death. Meanwhile, Michael has fallen in love at first sight with a chat room friend named Zoe and is already planning to propose on their first date. Ben and Sam are spending the holidays together, accompanied by Sam's gift to Ben of "homemade" mince pies. As for Magda, plans to return home to spend Christmas with her family are called off in favour of a week of mourning when her country's president dies.</p>
<p><code>}}</code></p></th>
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# List of Lead Balloon episodes
## Series 4 (2011) {#series_4_2011}
The final series of *Lead Balloon* upholds the continuity throughout that series 3 maintained. The first main story arc is Rick getting a job as a presenter of a bargain channel. After this arc ends (when Rick is forced to resign after accidentally insulting the viewers on air), another opens up about Rick being taken as a hostage while giving a stand-up comedy lesson in a prison, then getting famous for the story, leading to the climax.
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<p><code>{{Episode list</code></p></th>
<th><p>Title=Pig</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=22</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Mel is offered the chance to appear in <em>The Sunday Times</em> under an "At Home With..." headline. In the midst of writing his first novel, Rick jumps at the chance. To seem like an extraordinary couple, Rick buys a pig in a moment of impulse, and when Mel tells him to return it he finds the pet shop closed. It is up to Rick to hide the pig as the journalists visit his house for the article, not to mention thinking of ideas for his novel to talk about.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Dead</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=23</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick lands a job as a presenter on the Bargain Channel—it is Britain's premier shopping channel, as he points out to anyone who will listen. For once, his new job impresses surly East-European help Magda, who is a big fan of the show. His writing partner Marty and local café owner Michael are not so easily convinced, but Rick is determined that he is finally found something he is good at.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Shoddy</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=24</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick's going from strength to strength in his new job as a presenter on the Bargain Channel, but he is not best pleased when Marty takes a shine to his co-presenter, Donna. Rick's neighbour Clive is on the warpath, demanding a refund for an ornamental windmill that his mother bought from the Bargain Channel, but it is Rick's shocking behaviour at a funeral that gets him into real trouble—and threatens to kill off his career for good.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Off</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=25</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=(Part 1 of 2). Magda is trying to claim compensation after tripping on a paving stone, although Rick suspects that she may have faked her injury. With no other work on offer, Rick decides to set up his own stand-up comedy workshop. The first two classes prove disastrous, but hope is on the horizon in the form of council executive Libby. She offers him a course teaching comedy in prison. Rick reluctantly agrees, but after the first class has finished a prisoner named Donald (Robbie Coltrane) gets Rick in a headlock and threatens him with a razor blade.</p></th>
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<th><p>Title=Blade</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=26</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=(Part 2 of 2). Rick is taken hostage and trapped in the prison library by Donald, who is revealed to be taking him as a hostage in protest against the prison not letting him have a chess set in his cell. When he locks himself in the prison library with Rick, he makes friendly conversation with Rick and does not appear to be at all aggressive, until he figures out that Rick has been lying to him. This causes him to express his pathological hatred for liars and ask Rick why he lies, causing Rick to reflect on his compulsive lying habit that he has demonstrated constantly since he was a child, showing remorse for it and wanting to change. While Rick explains his history of lying, Donald falls asleep and Rick sneaks out of the room. He is later seen in a press interview lying about what happened, showing that he will never change. <em>Due to this being a unique two-hander episode, it is the first one to not feature Mel, Marty, Magda, Michael, Sam or Ben.</em></p></th>
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<th><p>Title=End</p></th>
<th><p>OriginalAirDate=</p></th>
<th><p>EpisodeNumber=27</p></th>
<th><p>ShortSummary=Rick has at last found the fame and success he so desperately craved. Thanks to his ordeal as a hostage and subsequent lies about how he overpowered his captor Donald, he is now known as the "Prison Siege Comic" to the tabloids, and agrees to host the Brave Britain Awards in front of a live television audience of millions. Meanwhile, he objects to his neighbor Clive's planning permission to have a wheelchair ramp installed for his elderly mother, his petty revenge for Clive objecting to allow him to install an extra window. Rick receives a letter saying "Tell the truth Rick" shortly before the awards, and as he prepares to go onstage he is threatened by two of Donald's friends, who tell him to tell the truth onstage. As he tells the audience the truth, they begin to laugh and applaud, assuming that he is joking. The show is an unprecedented success for Rick; however, Clive shows up afterwards with his mother and threatens to tell the crowd about Rick's objection to the ramp. As he begins his story, Rick attempts to punch him, but Clive dodges and Rick instead accidentally strikes Clive's 85-year-old wheelchair-user mother
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# Phu Luang district
**Phu Luang** (*ภูหลวง*, `{{IPA|th|pʰūː lǔa̯ŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) of Loei province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Nam Nao of Phetchabun province; Phu Ruea, Wang Saphung, Nong Hin, and Phu Kradueng of Loei Province.
To the northwest of the district is the plateau of Phu Luang mountain, which also gave the district its name. It is now protected as the Phu Luang Wildlife Sanctuary. In *tambon* Kaeng Si Phum is the Namtok Huai Lao Forest Park, covering 3.4 km² around the Huai Lao waterfall.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was established on 28 November 1980 with the two *tambons* Phu Ho and Nong Khan split off from Wang Saphung district. It was upgraded to a full district on 9 May 1992.
## Administration
The district is divided into five sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 43 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas. There are five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- --------------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Phu Ho ภูหอ 10 6,420
2\. Nong Khan หนองคัน 9 4,601
4\. Huai Sisiat ห้วยสีเสียด 8 3,966
5\. Loei Wang Sai เลยวังไสย์ 8 4,138
6\. Kaeng Si Phum แก่งศรีภูมิ 8 3,944
Geocode 3 is not used
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# Gary Williams (footballer, born 1960)
**Gary Williams** (born 17 June 1960) is a former professional footballer who played as a left-back. He played for Aston Villa and was part of their European Cup victory in 1982. He also played for Walsall, Leeds United, Watford and Bradford City
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# Lloyd Ultan (composer)
**Lloyd Ultan** (New York City, June 12, 1929 -- October 26, 1998) was an American composer of contemporary classical music.
## Career
Ultan received a bachelor\'s degree from New York University, a master\'s degree from Columbia University, and a doctorate from the University of Iowa. In 1971, he founded, and, from 1971 to 1974, served as Director of the Composer\'s Residency Program at Wolf Trap Farm Park in Vienna, Virginia.
Ultan served as chairman of the Department of Music at American University in Washington, D.C. for 13 years, and spent a year as visiting professor of Composition and Theory at the Royal College of Music in London. He has also lectured at Cambridge University and been a visiting composer on numerous college and university campuses in the United States.
He was a professor and chairman (and later emeritus professor and chairman) of composition, music theory, and electronic and computer music at the School of Music University of Minnesota, and also served as the Director of the Electronic/Computer Music Studio. He was responsible for founding the School of Music and served as its director from 1975 to 1986.
He composed over 60 works for a wide variety of genres including electronic music, solo and chamber works, and compositions for voice. His works have been performed and broadcast throughout the world, including in China and Taiwan. His works have been performed by the Tokyo String Quartet, the Pro Arte String Quartet, the Minnesota Orchestra, the St. Paul Chamber Orchestra, the Boston Symphony, William Blount, Alexander Braginsky, Young Nam Kim, Tanya Remenikova, and Thomas Murray. He has written numerous articles and a book, *Music Theory: Compositional Problems and Practices in the Middle Ages and Renaissance* (with an accompanying workbook/anthology).
Ultan\'s notable students include Edie Hill and Scott L. Miller.
Among his numerous fellowships, grants, and awards were a Rockefeller Foundation Residency Fellowship and three residencies at the MacDowell Colony, with a Norlin/MacDowell Outstanding Composer of the Year Award for 1982.
The 160-seat [Lloyd Ultan Recital Hall](http://www.strum.umn.edu/ultan.html) at the University of Minnesota\'s School of Music (Donald N. Ferguson Hall) is named for him.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
**Orchestral**
- Symphony No.2 (1961)
**Concertante**
- *Carlisle Concerto* for Piano and Orchestra (1958)
- Concerto for Organ and Chamber Orchestra (1979)
- Concerto for Violin and Orchestra (1982)
- Concerto for Cello and Orchestra (1990)
**Chamber music**
- Sonata for Cello and Piano (1962)
- String Quartet (1964)
- Quintet for Guitar and String Quartet (1966)
- *4 Children\'s Pieces* for Violin and Piano (1969)
- *Set for Four*, Miniatures for Solo Flute (1973)
- *Meditation* for Harp and Flute (1975)
- Quintet for Brass and Piano (1975)
- Sonata for Bassoon and Piano (1975)
- Sonata for Viola and Piano (1976)
- Suite for Brass Quintet (1979)
- *Dialogues II* for Viola and Cello (1980)
- String Quartet No.2 (1980)
- *Dialogues III* for Violin and Viola (1982)
- String Trio (1985)
- *Curved Mirrors* for Oboe, Clarinet and Piano (1995)
- *Monadnock Moods* for Solo Clarinet (1995)
- Sonatine for Unaccompanied Bassoon (1997)
**Vocal**
- *Epithalamium Brevis* for Soprano (or Tenor), Violin, Viola and Cello
- *Love\'s Not Time\'s Fool* for Soprano, Violin and Viola (1995)
- *Voices of the River* for Soprano, Flute, Clarinet, Bassoon, Violin, Viola and Cello (1995)
## Books
- Ultan, Lloyd (1999). \"Electronic Music: An American Voice.\" In *Perspectives on American Music Since 1950*, ed. James R. Heintze. Essays in American Music series, vol. 4. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities, vol. 1953. New York: Garland. `{{ISBN|0-8153-2144-9}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Ultan, Lloyd (1977). *Music Theory: Compositional Problems and Practices in the Middle Ages and Renaissance*. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. `{{ISBN|0-8166-0802-4}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Barsamin
**Barsamin** (Բարսամին, **Barshamin** Բարշամին) was a weather or sky god among the pre-Christian Armenians. He is probably derived from the Semitic god Baal Shamin
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# Jürgen Milewski
**Jürgen Milewski** (born 19 October 1957) is a German former professional footballer who played as a striker.
## Club career {#club_career}
He spent nine seasons in the Bundesliga with Hannover 96, Hertha BSC and Hamburger SV. He played the 1985--86 season with AS Saint-Étienne.
## International career {#international_career}
Milewski represented Germany in a 1982 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Albania and two friendlies.
## Career after pro times {#career_after_pro_times}
The former international worked as a player agent for IMG
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# Josef Pröll
**Josef Pröll** (`{{IPA|de|ˈjoːzɛf ˈpʁœl}}`{=mediawiki}; born 14 September 1968, in Stockerau, Austria) is an Austrian former politician who was the chairman of the Austrian People\'s Party from 2008 until 2011. He was Vice Chancellor and Minister of Finance.
Previously, he was the Federal Minister of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment, and Water Management. He was also in charge of rethinking the party\'s positions and developing a more liberal socio-economic stance. On 28 November 2008, he was elected as the new federal party chairman by 89.6% of delegates at a party conference in Wels.
After two thromboses he suffered a pulmonary embolism in March 2011. A few weeks later, on 13 April, he resigned from all political functions. His successor was the Foreign Minister, Michael Spindelegger.
He is the nephew of Erwin Pröll and the father of Alexander Pröll
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# Bagvarti
**Bagmashtu** (also known as **Bagparti**, **Bagvarti**, **Bagbartu**) is an Araratian (Urartian) goddess, and the consort or wife of the chief Urartian god Haldi. Although throughout most of Urartu Arubani is known as Khaldi\'s wife, at the excavation of Musasir references to \"Khaldi and his wife, Bagmashtu\" were found inscribed on some of the items. It is assumed that when Urartu expanded its territories to include the area Musasir, local gods were incorporated and a new pantheon was created for that region. The locality and addition of Bagmashtu are supported by the fact that her name is of Armenian origin
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# Harry Dodson
**Harry James Dodson** (11 September 1919 -- 25 July 2005) was an English gardener who became a celebrity as a result of the BBC television documentary series *The Victorian Kitchen Garden*, which featured his professional expertise and his reminiscences.
## Early life {#early_life}
Horticulture was in Dodson\'s family. Born in Byfleet, his father was a gardener and his uncle was head gardener to the Earl of Selborne.
He left school at 14, and over the next six years worked his way up from garden boy to journeyman.
In 1937 he started work at Stansted Park as a \'young improver journeyman\' in the kitchen garden.
When the Second World War started he served briefly in France, but was discharged on medical grounds. He was appointed general garden foreman at Leigh Park in Hampshire. The large house had been commandeered by the Admiralty and Dodson\'s task was to grow enough food for several hundred people every day.
After the war he moved to Nuneham Park, near Oxford, where he met his future wife, Jane.
In 1947 he was appointed head gardener at the Chilton Estate, near Chilton Foliat, growing flowers and vegetables for the household in an extensive walled garden, with heated greenhouses and 200 yards of cloches. By 1981, the cost of maintaining the garden had become too high for its owner. He made it over to Dodson, who ran it as a commercial nursery.
He was a successful exhibitor at the Royal Horticultural Society\'s shows, and in 1956 he joined the fruit and vegetable committee and served as a judge at its shows for nearly 50 years.
## Television fame {#television_fame}
In 1984, Jennifer Davies of the BBC was looking for a venue for a projected television programme on traditional methods of vegetable gardening, to be called *The Victorian Kitchen Garden*. She discovered the walled garden at Chilton Foliat, and its head gardener, Harry Dodson. He did not claim to be a Victorian gardener himself, but he had learned his trade from men who had been, and he understood the techniques they had developed.
The series was screened in 1987, when he was 68, and its popularity spawned three other BBC series --- *The Victorian Kitchen*, *The Victorian Flower Garden* and *The Wartime Kitchen and Garden*. The accompanying books were best-sellers.
Dodson became a popular personality and in 1992 wrote his own book about growing vegetables, *Harry Dodson\'s Practical Kitchen Garden*.
He died at Chilton Foliat on 25 July 2005, aged 85. His ashes were interred alongside his mother\'s remains at St Matthew\'s Church, Blackmoor, on 19 June 2017
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# Jürgen Groh
**Jürgen Groh** (born 17 July 1956) is a German former professional footballer who played as a defender.
## Club career {#club_career}
He spent a dozen seasons in the Bundesliga with Hamburger SV and 1. FC Kaiserslautern.
## International career {#international_career}
Groh represented West Germany in two friendlies
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# Bernd Wehmeyer
**Bernd Wehmeyer** (born 6 June 1952 in Herford) is a retired German footballer. He spent 11 seasons in the Bundesliga with Arminia Bielefeld, Hannover 96 and Hamburger SV
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# Etta Zuber Falconer
**Etta Zuber Falconer** (November 21, 1933 -- September 19, 2002) was an American educator and mathematician the bulk of whose career was spent at Spelman College, where she eventually served as department head and associate provost. She was one of the earlier African-American women to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics.
## Family
Etta Zuber was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Walter A. Zuber, a physician, and Zadie L. Montgomery Zuber, a musician. The Zubers had two daughters, with Etta being the younger and Alice the older. While teaching at Okolona Junior College in Okolona, Mississippi, Etta met and married Dolan Falconer, a basketball coach. They had three children -- Dolan Falconer Jr., who became a nuclear engineer; Alice Falconer Wilson, a pediatrician; and Walter Zuber Falconer, a urologist. The couple\'s marriage lasted over 35 years, ending in 1994 with Dolan\'s death.
## Education
Etta Falconer attended the Tupelo public school system, graduating from Carver High School in 1949.
At the age of 15 she entered Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee, where she majored in mathematics and minored in chemistry, graduating *summa cum laude* in 1953. While at Fisk, Falconer was inducted into the Phi Beta Kappa academic honor society. Her teachers included the talented mathematician Evelyn Granville, one of the first African American women to receive a doctoral degree in mathematics.
She went on to study at the University of Wisconsin, where she earned a Master of Science degree in mathematics in 1954. Lonely in Wisconsin, she decided not to pursue her doctorate there and returned to Mississippi to teach. In 1965, by which time she had married, changed her name to Etta Falconer, and started teaching at Spelman College in Atlanta, she entered graduate school at Emory University where she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics (1969), with a dissertation on quasigroup theory, supervised by Trevor Evans She later published two research papers based on her dissertation work, one of which was published in 1971 by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
To assist in setting up a computer science department while mathematics department head at Spelman College, she returned to graduate school at Atlanta University, earning a Master of Science degree in computer science in 1982.
## Teaching career {#teaching_career}
Falconer began her teaching career in 1954 at Okolona College, where she met and married Dolan Falconer. She remained at Okolona until 1963, when she accepted a position at Howard High School in Chattanooga, Tennessee, where she taught the academic year 1963--64. When her husband was offered a coaching position at Morris Brown College in 1965, the family moved to Atlanta, also the site of Spelman College, an historically black women\'s college.
Falconer\'s mother had studied at Spelman, and Falconer approached the head of the mathematics department, telling him that she wanted to teach there. She was appointed an instructor in 1965. In 1969 Falconer became the eleventh African American woman to receive a PhD in mathematics. She specialized in Abstract algebra. Falconer advanced to associate professor, leaving Spelman in 1971 to join the mathematics department at Norfolk State University, where she taught for the academic year 1971--1972. Falconer returned to Spelman as professor of mathematics and head of the mathematics department. She held those positions until 1985.
Falconer devoted 37 years of her life to teaching mathematics and improving science education at Spelman College. In 1995, she stated: \"My entire career has been devoted to increasing the number of African American women in mathematics and mathematics-related careers.\" Along with her teaching career, Falconer strived to inspire more African American women to pursue careers in math or science by working with prominent organizations. This included the American Mathematical Society, the Mathematical Association of America, the Associate for Women in Mathematics, and the National Institute of Science.
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
Falconer was awarded the UNCF Distinguished Faculty Award (1986--1987), the Spelman Presidential Award for Excellence in Teaching (1988), the Spelman Presidential Faculty Award for Distinguished Service (1994).In 1995, Falconer was honored by the Association for Women in Mathematics, who awarded her the Louise Hay Award for outstanding achievements in mathematics education. QEM\'s Giants in Science Award (1995), and an honorary doctorate of science from the University of Wisconsin-Madison (1996). She was named a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1999. In 2001, she received the American Association for the Advancement of Science Mentor Award for Lifetime Achievement.
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# Etta Zuber Falconer
## Death
Falconer died of pancreatic cancer on September 19, 2002, in Atlanta, Georgia, at the age of sixty-eight. The AWM/MAA Falconer Lecture was renamed in her honor
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# Maciej Kreczmer
**Maciej Kreczmer** (born 4 April 1981 in Rajcza) is a Polish cross-country skier who has competed since 1999. His best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was 17th in the sprint event in 2005 while his best overall finish was fifth in the team sprint event (with Janusz Krężelok) in 2007.
Kreczmer\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 25th in the sprint event at Vancouver in 2010.
He has two individual career victories at various levels both in sprint (2000, 2005)
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# 1598 in music
## Events
- Thomas Weelkes becomes organist at Winchester College.
- The \"first documented European music education\" in the United States begins in a colony in New Mexico, founded by a group of Spanish friars accompanying Juan de Oñate.
## Publications
- Gregor Aichinger -- *Tricinia Mariana* (Innsbruck: Johannes Agricola), a collection of antiphons, hymns, Magnificats, and litanies for the Office of the Blessed Virgin, for three voices
- Felice Anerio -- Madrigals for three voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Giovanni Artusi -- First book of canzonettas for four voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Giammateo Asola
- (Introits for the Sundays of the whole year) for four voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- (Introits and Alleluias for all the solemnities of the year\...) (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), music for Compline, including an Alma Redemptoris Mater and an Ave Regina caelorum
- Adriano Banchieri
- Psalms for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), includes pieces for Vespers for the entire year
- , second book for three voices (Venice: Ricciardi Amadino), a madrigal comedy
- Giovanni Bassano -- *Motetti per concerti ecclesiastici* for five, six, seven, eight, and twelve voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Giulio Belli -- *Psalmi ad vesperas in totius anni solemnitatibus* for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), Psalms for Vespers for the whole year, also includes two Magnificats and a Te Deum
- Michael Cavendish -- *Ayres in Tabletorie*
- Scipione Dentice -- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Naples: Giovanni Giacomo Carlino & Antonio Pace)
- Johannes Eccard
- *(Wer rechte Freud wil habn)* for five voices (Königsberg, Georg Osterberger), a wedding song
- for five voices (Königsberg, Georg Osterberger), a wedding song
- for four voices (Königsberg, Georg Osterberger), a wedding song
- Giles Farnaby -- \[20\] *Canzonets to Fowre Voyces with a Song of Eight Parts* (London: Peter Short), with a dedicatory poem in Latin by Anthony Holborne
- Bartholomäus Gesius -- *Der Lobgesang Mariae (Meine Seel erhebt den Herren, Herr Gott dich loben wir) und andere geistliche Lieder* (Marian hymns) for five voices (Frankfurt an der Oder: Andreas Eichorn), also includes a New Year\'s motet for eight voices
- Claude Le Jeune -- *Dodécacorde* (La Rochelle: Hierosme Haultin), a collection of twelve psalms for two, three, four, five, six, and seven voices
- Luzzasco Luzzaschi -- First book of motets for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Luca Marenzio -- Eighth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Tiburtio Massaino -- Third book of masses for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Claudio Merulo -- *Toccate d'Intavolatura d'Organo*, Book 1 (Rome: Simone Verovio)
- Philippe de Monte -- Nineteenth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Peter Philips -- Madrigals for eight voices (Antwerp: Pierre Phalèse)
- Orfeo Vecchi
- Second book of masses for five voices (Milan: heirs of Simon Tini & Giovanni Francesco Besozzi)
- Second book of motets for five voices (Milan: heirs of Simon Tini & Giovanni Francesco Besozzi)
- Third book of motets for six voices (Milan: heirs of Simon Tini & Giovanni Francesco Besozzi)
- Thomas Weelkes -- *Balletts And Madrigals to five voyces*
- John Wilbye -- *The First Set Of English Madrigals To 3. 4. 5. and 6. voices*
## Opera
- Jacopo Peri (and Jacopo Corsi) -- *Dafne*, the earliest known modern opera
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# 1598 in music
## Births
- April 9 -- Johann Crüger, composer of hymns (died 1662)
- *date unknown*
- Charles d\'Helfer, French baroque composer and maître de musique at Soissons Cathedral (died 1661)
- Charles Racquet, organist and composer (died 1664)
- Jan Vencálek, composer for lute and voice (date of death unknown)
## Deaths
- April 8 -- Ludwig Helmbold, poet of chorales (born 1532)
- May 3 -- Anna Guarini, virtuoso singer (born 1563)
- December -- Giovanni Dragoni, composer and *maestro di cappella* (born c.1540)
- *date unknown*
- Adrian Le Roy, French music publisher, lutenist, guitarist, composer and music educator (born c.1520)
- Christoph Fischer or Vischer, hymnist (born c.1518/1520)
- *probable* -- Simon Bar Jona Madelka, composer
- Teodora Ginés, Dominican musician and composer (born c
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# R v Rahey
***R v Rahey***, \[1987\] 1 S.C.R. 588 is a leading constitutional decision of the Supreme Court of Canada. The accused challenged a delay of over eleven months on an application for a directed verdict as violation of the right to a trial within a reasonable time under section 11(b) of the *Charter*. The Court found that there was a violation of section 11(b) and granted a stay of proceedings.
## Background
Carl Rahey was charged with filing false tax returns and tax evasion. His assets were put in receivership. His trial began and after the closing of the Crown\'s argument, in December 1982 the defence applied for a directed verdict. Over a period of nine months the judge delayed issuing a decision. In September 1983, the defence applied to dismiss the charges as a violation of Rahey\'s right to trial in a reasonable time under section 11(b) of the *Charter*. The next day the trial judge issued his decision rejecting the application for a directed verdict.
The application for dismissal was granted. On appeal the charges were reinstated.
There were three issues put to the Supreme Court:
1. whether the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia was a court of competent jurisdiction for the purposes of an application under s. 24(1) of the Charter;
2. whether appellant\'s right to be tried under a reasonable time was infringed; and, if so,
3. whether the superior court judge properly exercised her jurisdiction in dismissing the charges because of the unreasonable delay of the trial judge.
## Judgment of the Supreme Court {#judgment_of_the_supreme_court}
The majority allowed the appeal and issued a stay of proceedings. There were four separate reasons written
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# Luciano Favero
**Luciano Favero** (born 11 October 1957) is a former Italian footballer who played as a defender.
## Career
Throughout his career, Favero played for Milanese (1975--76), Messina (1976--77), Salernitana (1977--78), Siracusa (1978--80), Rimini (1980--81), Avellino (1981--84), Juventus (1984--89), and Verona (1989--91), where he ended his career. In 1984, Juventus purchased him as a replacement for legendary defender Claudio Gentile, who had recently been sold to Fiorentina, forming a formidable defensive line-up alongside Antonio Cabrini and Gaetano Scirea. Favero played for Juventus between 1984 and 1989, and was notably a part of their European Cup victory in 1985, also winning a Serie A title, an Intercontinental Cup, and a European Super Cup during his time with the club.
Despite his success at club level, Favero, along with his Juventus defensive team-mate Sergio Brio, never made an appearance for the Italy national side.
## Style of play {#style_of_play}
A well-rounded, tactically intelligent, consistent, and versatile defender, with good man-marking skills, Favero was capable of playing anywhere along the back-line, including as a right or left-sided full-back and in the centre, in either a man-to-man marking or zonal defensive system; he was usually deployed either as a right-back, replacing Gentile at Juventus in this position following his departure from the club in 1984, or as a man-marking centre-back or *stopper*; however, he could also fill in for the role of *libero* or sweeper in the absence of Scirea, due to his good technique, offensive instincts, and eye for goal, despite his initial reputation in the media as an unrefined defender from a technical standpoint, due to his hard-tackling and physical playing style. Favero also stood out for his strength, anticipation, aerial prowess, aggression, and powerful physical attributes. Throughout his career he was given the nickname *l\'operaio* (\"the factory worker,\" in Italian) in the media, due to his time working as a metal-worker in a Miranese factory in his youth, while he was also playing for Fenice Caselle in the Terza Categoria, before moving to Promozione side Noale at the age of 15. He also stood out for the moustache he wore.
## After retirement {#after_retirement}
Favero was a close friend with goalkeeper and former Avellino and Juventus teammate Stefano Tacconi; however, during the 2000s, the two came into conflict regarding a sponsorship issue, with Tacconi even taking legal action against Favero and winning a court case; Favero however stated in a 2022 interview with *Il Corriere del Veneto* that the two had cleared things up. After retiring from football, he also struggled with some failed investments. Favero later worked as a caddie in a golf club close to his home, due to his passion for the sport.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Favero was one of the six children of his father Corrado -- a farmer -- and mother Bianca, who had a *mezzadria* in the countryside of Santa Maria di Sala
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# Beniamino Vignola
**Beniamino Vignola** (born 12 June 1959) is an Italian former footballer and entrepreneur, who played as a midfielder. He notably played for Juventus and was part of their European Cup victory in 1985. A small, quick, mobile, agile, and creative player, with excellent technical ability and a slender physique, he usually played as a central or attacking midfielder; considered a promising talent, he was compared to Gianni Rivera as a youngster.
## Club career {#club_career}
Vignola began his career with Hellas Verona, making his Serie A debut in 1978. In 1980, he moved to Avellino, where he remained for three seasons, wearing the number 10 shirt.
He was acquired by Juventus in 1983 for 4.8 billion Lire, as a back-up to Michel Platini, remaining at the club until 1988. Despite initially featuring mainly as a substitute, he later became a member of the starting line-up, and he helped Juventus to win the Serie A title and the European Cup Winners\' Cup during the 1983--84 season. He scored two goals against Udinese that season and also scored and set-up Boniek\'s match-winning goal in the 1984 European Cup Winners\' Cup Final, as Juventus beat Porto 2--1 in Basel. The following season, he won the 1984 European Super Cup with Juventus, and he was part of their European Cup victory in 1985.
In 1988, he moved to Empoli in Serie B, where he was unable to prevent the club from being relegated to Serie C1 during the 1988--89 season. He ended his career in 1992, playing in Serie C2 with Mantova. He would later become the team\'s sporting director during the 1993--94 season. After the team went bankrupt, he became a player-manager with an amateur side in Verona called San Martino Buon Albergo, and he soon retired from football.
## International career {#international_career}
Vignola represented the Italy under-21 side on 5 occasions, scoring 2 goals. He played for the Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, where the Italians reached the semi-finals, finishing the tournament in fourth place. He never appeared for the Italian senior side
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# BX Warrior
***Bx Warrior*** is the third and final studio album by American New York-based rapper Tim Dog. It was released on May 19, 2006 via Def-Dick/Big City Entertainment, and was produced by Dr. Zygote & Jazz T (from Diversion Tactics), Moe Love (from Ultramagnetic MCs), Ollie Twist, and Tim Dog himself
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# Massimo Briaschi
**Massimo Briaschi** (born 12 May 1958) is a former Italian professional footballer and FIFA sports agent. Throughout his career he played as a forward. A hard-working and versatile player, he was capable of playing both as a striker and on the wing. He is mostly remembered for his time with Juventus, where he won several honours. His younger brother, Alberto, was also a footballer.
## Club career {#club_career}
Briaschi made his professional debut with Vicenza during the 1975--76 season, making 4 appearances in 2 seasons with the club. He was a part of the so-called \"Real Vicenza\" side, which won the Serie B title during the 1976--77 season, and subsequently finished second in Serie A during the 1977--78 season, playing alongside Paolo Rossi. The following season he found more space and made his UEFA Cup debut. After an unproductive season on loan at Cagliari during the 1979--80 season, he returned to Vicenza for a season, scoring 11 goals in Serie B, which were however unable to help the club avoid relegation. In 1981, he subsequently moved to Serie A side Genoa for three seasons, scoring 29 goals, including 8 during his first season, and 12 during the 1983--84 Serie A season.
Briaschi moved to Juventus during the 1984--85 season, joining his former Vicenza team-mate Rossi, where they attacking duo were supported by Michel Platini in the playmaking role. Briashi scored 12 goals during his first season with the club, and won the UEFA Super Cup in 1984, and was part of Juventus\' European Cup victory in 1985, scoring goals against Grasshopper, Sparta Prague, and Bordeaux, in the semi-final, where he also sustained an injury. The following season, he found less space, although he was able to win the 1985--86 Serie A title with the club, also winning the 1985 Intercontinental Cup. His chances were even more limited during his third season in Turin, and he eventually returned to Genoa in 1987.
After two seasons in Serie B, in December 1989 he moved to Serie C1 side Prato, ending his Italian career in 1990. He spent the 1990 season with North York Rockets in the Canadian Soccer League.
## International career {#international_career}
Although he was never capped for Italy at senior level, Briaschi represented the Italy national under-21 football team on 4 occasions between 1978 and 1979. He also took part with Italy at the 1984 Summer Olympics, where the team finished in fourth place after reaching the semi-finals
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# Northern Transcon
The **Northern Transcon,** a route operated by the BNSF Railway, traverses the most northerly route of any railroad in the western United States. This route was originally part of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Northern Pacific Railway, Great Northern Railway and Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway systems, merged into the Burlington Northern Railroad system in 1970.
## Route
The route starts at Chicago and runs west across northern Illinois to the Mississippi River. It follows the eastern shore of the river through La Crosse and Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin before turning west again in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota to Casselton, North Dakota. From Casselton the route runs northwest to Minot, North Dakota, then west through Montana and Idaho to Spokane, Washington.
In Montana, the line passes the East Gate of Glacier National Park and crosses the Two Medicine River on a high trestle. From East Glacier Park, Montana, the route continues ascending until it crests the Continental Divide at the summit of Marias Pass. The line descends down the west side of the pass for 20 mi to Essex, Montana, running mostly double track on a narrow shelf, and crossing several high trestles over the Flathead River. Essex is home to the Izaak Walton Inn, which was constructed when the line was built to shelter railroad employees during the winter months. It also contains a small railyard used to store helper engines, which are used to supply additional power to freight trains crossing Marias Pass. Prior to the invention of the powerful diesel locomotives used today, longer trains often had to be split in order to make it up the pass.
From Essex, the line follows the Flathead River valley to Whitefish, Montana. Located in Whitefish is a restored passenger depot/museum (also serving Amtrak). The line continues northwest to Stryker, Montana, then turns south and passes through the 7 mi Flathead Tunnel as it runs west toward Sandpoint, Idaho. The line leaves the Rocky Mountains after Athol, Idaho and reaches Spokane, Washington.
At Spokane the route splits into two, with one line going to Seattle, Washington and the other to Portland, Oregon.
The two longest railroad tunnels in the country are along the Northern Transcon: the Flathead Tunnel through the Rocky Mountains in Montana and the new Cascade Tunnel through the Cascade Mountains in Washington.
From St. Paul to the West Coast, this is basically the route of Amtrak\'s *Empire Builder.* But the *Builder* turns north in Fargo onto a BNSF secondary line to reach Grand Forks, North Dakota, while the Northern Transcon heads directly toward Minot. The *Builder* rejoins the Transcon main route at Minot and continues on to Seattle, though a section branches off to serve Portland, Oregon. BNSF also owns trackage with running rights in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, where it has a yard operated by a switch unit and full crew. The track is maintained by a small track crew.
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# Northern Transcon
## Route
### Historical alignments in Montana {#historical_alignments_in_montana}
The portion of the Northern Transcon line from Columbia Falls to Libby, Montana has been significantly rerouted twice since its initial construction in 1892.
#### Kootenai River valley {#kootenai_river_valley}
Prior to the opening of the Flathead Tunnel, trains left the modern route at Stryker, Montana and traveled northwest to Eureka, Montana, then traveled southwest along the Kootenai River and rejoined the present-day line at Jennings, located just below the Libby Dam.
In 1970, the construction of the Libby Dam formed Lake Koocanusa, flooding the towns of Rexford, Montana and Waldo, British Columbia and the railroad line. This required the relocation of more than 60 mi of track between Stryker and Jennings and the building of Flathead Tunnel which, like the dam, was constructed by the US Army Corps of Engineers. Part of the original main line from Stryker to Eureka is still in use as the Mission Mountain Railroad. Before the construction of the tunnel, the *Empire Builder* also had a station stop in Eureka.
The only visible remnants of the original route are a stub track at Jennings, where the unused original track still remains close to the current main line, and Northwest of Eureka the original mainline is now a trail that meanders over towards Lake Koocanusa, with the old right of way eventually diving into the reservoir.
#### Haskell Pass {#haskell_pass}
The alignment that travelled from Whitefish to Libby via Eureka was created in 1902 to replace a predecessor alignment over Haskell Pass, farther to the south.
The pass was named for its founder, Charles Haskell, who in the winter of 1891 had set out to locate a reasonable alignment for the Great Northern railroad to take between Kalispell, Montana and the Kootenai River. Ranging as far north as the Canada--US border, Haskell\'s party eventually returned to Kalispell in early spring, having crossed a low notch in the Salish Mountains on the return trip. A year after the scouting trip, construction was begun on what was to be the first of three Great Northern lines through the Salish.
Completed in 1892, the Haskell Pass line left the modern alignment of the route at Columbia Falls, Montana, a few miles east of Whitefish. The line travelled almost due south to Kalispell, where a branch split off the route that ran to Somers, Montana on the shore of Flathead Lake. The line travelled west from Kalispell to Marion, then alongside Little Bitteroot Lake, looping up on a high trestle over Herrig Creek, and passing through a 1,425 ft tunnel at the summit of Haskell Pass, emerging high on the mountains above Pleasant Valley. The line descended to the valley floor, then turned north along Island Creek, and west down Wolf Creek, to the Fisher River. The line followed the Fisher River north to the Kootenai River Valley, where it returned to the 1902--1970 alignment at Jennings.
The Haskell Pass line was used only for ten years before the Kootenai River alignment opened. Shifting to the Kootenai River alignment was controversial because the new alignment was 20 mi longer than the old route, although the new route had less steep grades.
Much of the Haskell Pass route was abandoned in 1902. The leg from Columbia Falls to Marion remained in use as a branch line until 1948, when it was truncated to Kalispell. When Flathead Tunnel was constructed in 1970, part of the Haskell Pass alignment along the Fisher River was recycled, namely the leg from Jennings to Tamarack siding (originally Sterling). On Haskell Pass, much of the right-of-way has been grown over, but small remnants of infrastructure and the original tunnel through the pass itself are still intact.
## Winter operations {#winter_operations}
Keeping the Northern Transcon open during the winter is a significant challenge, whether from snow in the Midwest and mountains, or rain in the Pacific Northwest. Heavy rains have the potential to cause mudslides along Puget Sound between Seattle and Everett and in the Nisqually, Washington area between Tacoma and Olympia. For example, in early January 2006, there were four slides between Seattle and Everett. In late January 2006 and again in early February 2006, mudslides occurred both between Seattle and Everett and around Nisqually. Heavy snow in the Rockies around Marias Pass have the potential to cause avalanches that can block the tracks. Following the clearing of a slide or an avalanche, no passenger train can run on the track for 48 hours to ensure that the slide area has stabilized, per BNSF policy.
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# Northern Transcon
## Passenger trains {#passenger_trains}
Amtrak operates its *Empire Builder* on the corridor between Twin Cities and points west, though the train utilizes a more northerly route between Fargo and Minot. Until the formation of Amtrak in May 1971, both Burlington Northern and its predecessor, the Great Northern, ran the *Builder* on the section between Chicago and Twin Cities via Savanna, part of today\'s BNSF Northern Transcon route. When Amtrak took over service, it rerouted the train to run between Chicago and Minneapolis-St. Paul through Milwaukee via the Milwaukee Road. Both Burlington Northern and Great Northern at the time also used to operate west from the Twin Cities before turning northwest in Willmar, Minnesota, to reach Fargo.
Between 2009 and 2013, when BNSF suspended freight traffic between Fargo and Minot via Grand Forks because of overflows of Devils Lake, threatened to allow the rising waters to cover the line unless Amtrak could provide \$100 million to raise the tracks. BNSF also offered Amtrak, during that time, to accommodate the *Builder* on the segment of the Transcon between Fargo and Minot, but that would have meant the loss of the Grand Forks, Devils Lake and Rugby station stops. To compensate for the loss of station stops at Grand Forks, Devils Lake, and Rugby that would have been caused by the shift, BNSF suggested that Amtrak add a station stop at New Rockford, North Dakota. However, Amtrak said that they would continue using the line by the lake. In 2010, analysts estimated that Amtrak would soon either have to rebuild the bridge that crosses the lake at Churchs Ferry, or reroute its passenger trains. In June 2011 agreement was reached that Amtrak and BNSF would each cover 1/3 of the cost with the rest to come from the federal and state governments.
In December 2011, North Dakota was awarded a \$10 million TIGER grant from the US Department of Transportation to assist with the state portion of the cost. Work began in June 2012, and the track is being raised in two stages: 5 ft in 2012, and another 5 feet in 2013. Two bridges and their abutments are also being raised. When the track raise is complete, the top-of-rail elevation will be 1466 ft. This is 10 feet above the level at which the lake will naturally overflow and will thus be a permanent solution to the Devils Lake flooding.
The Metra BNSF Line operates in the whole Chicago Subdivision, providing commuter rail service. These are the only passenger trains directly operated by BNSF via a \"purchase of service agreement\" with Metra. This stretch of track also hosts the Amtrak *California Zephyr*, the Amtrak *Southwest Chief*, and the Chicago-Quincy sections of the Amtrak *Illinois Service* on their way to Galesburg and points west.
The Northstar Line operates north of Minneapolis on the Midway and Staples Subdivisions. Also, the Seattle Subdivision hosts Amtrak *Cascades* as well as Sounder commuter rail trains.
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# Northern Transcon
## Subdivisions
The Northern Transcon is divided into many subdivisions. From east to west, these include:
- Chicago Subdivision (Chicago, IL to Aurora, IL)
- Aurora Subdivision (Aurora, IL to La Crosse, WI)
- St. Croix Subdivision (La Crosse, WI to St. Croix Jct.)
- Joint Canadian Pacific-BNSF lines (St. Croix Jct. to St. Paul, MN)
- Midway/St. Paul Subdivisions (St. Paul, MN to Minneapolis, MN)
- Staples Subdivision (Minneapolis, MN to Dilworth, MN)
- KO Subdivision (Dilworth, MN to Minot, ND)
- Glasgow Subdivision (Minot, ND to Glasgow, MT)
- Milk River Subdivision (Glasgow, MT to Havre, MT)
- Hi-Line Subdivision (Havre, MT to Whitefish, MT)
- Kootenai River Subdivision (Whitefish, MT to Sandpoint, ID)
- Spokane Subdivision (Sandpoint, ID to Spokane, WA)
To the west of Spokane, WA (at Latah Jct, as of June 1973 to the present day), the line splits into two main routes, one using mostly the old Great Northern Railway route directly to Seattle, WA, and the other using mainly the former Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway route, but also a large section of the former Northern Pacific Railway route, to Portland, OR via Pasco and Vancouver, WA; then it travels north to Seattle.
Expedited Transcon traffic is generally routed via the direct Seattle route, and slow bulk-freight traffic is generally routed via the Spokane--Portland--Seattle route (through Vancouver, WA). The Spokane--Portland--Seattle route is mostly water level with a 1.15% maximum grade near Marshall, Washington. (Note that there is a parallel BNSF-owned route that bypasses the 1.15% grade with a maximum grade of 0.8%; they operate it directionally.) There is a 0.95% maximum grade in the Napavine, Washington area. The direct Seattle route traverses the Cascade Range at the Cascade Tunnel (Scenic and Berne, Washington); it has 2.2% ruling grades in the vicinity of the tunnel.
Direct Seattle route: `{{Columbia River Subdivision|collapsed=y}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Scenic Subdivision|collapsed=y}}`{=mediawiki}
- Columbia River Subdivision (Spokane, WA to Wenatchee, WA)
- Scenic Subdivision (Wenatchee, WA to Seattle, WA)
Portland-Seattle route: `{{Seattle Subdivision|collapsed=y}}`{=mediawiki}
- Lakeside Subdivision (Spokane, WA to Pasco, WA)
- Fallbridge Subdivision (Pasco, WA to Portland, OR)
- Seattle Subdivision (Vancouver, WA to Seattle, WA)
The former Northern Pacific Railway route via Stampede Pass through Pasco and Auburn, WA to Tacoma, WA has had a checkered history. Since 1996 it has been a third route to the coast. As of 2010 it was seldom used but still in service
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
The **history of the Jacksonville Jaguars**, an American football team in the National Football League (NFL), formally dates to November 30, 1993, when the NFL awarded Jacksonville, Florida the expansion franchise that became the Jacksonville Jaguars. The Jaguars, along with the Carolina Panthers, started play in the 1995 NFL season as expansion teams.
## Forerunners
Attempts to bring professional football to Jacksonville dated as early as 1925; eventual Hall of Famer Ernie Nevers played his professional rookie season with a team in Jacksonville that year, before the team folded, unable to afford Nevers\'s salary. By the 1970s, leagues other than the NFL had begun placing franchises in the city; the Jacksonville Sharks and Jacksonville Express played in the World Football League, the Jacksonville Firebirds played in the American Football Association and the Jacksonville Bulls played in the United States Football League. In 1987, Jacksonville made an unsuccessful pitch to Bud Adams to relocate the Houston Oilers to Jacksonville; Adams ultimately received the stadium renovations for the Astrodome that he sought and kept the team in Houston roughly a decade longer before moving the team to Tennessee.
## Welcome to the NFL: 1991--1994 {#welcome_to_the_nfl_19911994}
In 1989, the prospective ownership group *Touchdown Jacksonville!* was organized. The group initially included future Florida Governor Jeb Bush and Jacksonville developer Tom Petway, and came to be led by shoe magnate Wayne Weaver, founder of Nine West. In 1991, the NFL announced plans to add two expansion teams in 1994 (later delayed until 1995), its first expansion since the 1976 addition of the Seattle Seahawks and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Touchdown Jacksonville! announced its bid for a team, and Jacksonville was ultimately chosen as one of five finalists, along with Charlotte, St. Louis, Baltimore, and Memphis.
Jacksonville was considered the least likely expansion candidate for several reasons. The Jacksonville metropolitan area and television market were smaller than those of nearly every team in the league. Jacksonville was the 54th largest television market, and only Green Bay had a smaller TV market (Jacksonville has since moved up to 42nd, trailed by New Orleans, Buffalo and Green Bay.) Although Jacksonville was the 15th largest city in the nation at the time by city proper population (It has since grown to become the 12th-largest), it has always been a medium-sized market because, as a consolidated city-county with Duval County, the city bounds already encompass most of the metropolitan area. There were 635,000 people in Jacksonville proper according to the 1990 census, but only 900,000 people in the metropolitan area. Additionally, the Gator Bowl was outdated, and the ownership group struggled to negotiate a lease with the city. The troubled negotiations over the Gator Bowl lease led the ownership group to withdraw from the NFL expansion bidding in July 1993.
Charlotte was awarded the first franchise -- the Carolina Panthers -- in October 1993. Surprisingly, the naming of the second expansion city was delayed a month. Most pundits speculated that the delay was made to allow St. Louis to shore up its bid. At the time, St. Louis was considered the favorite for the second franchise, with Baltimore\'s three bids also considered strong. However, in a surprising move, the NFL owners voted 26--2 in favor of awarding the 30th franchise to Jacksonville.
After the Gator Bowl game on December 31, 1993, the old stadium was essentially demolished and replaced with a reinforced concrete superstructure. All that remained of the old stadium was the west upper concourse and a portion of the ramping system. To accommodate construction, the 1994 and 1995 games of \"The World\'s Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party\" were split between the home fields of Florida and Georgia, and the 1994 Gator Bowl was played at Ben Hill Griffin Stadium in Gainesville.
The Jaguars were put in the AFC Central to increase the size of that division to five (later six) teams; similar to their in-state NFC counterparts, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, their division was geographically inaccurate as the majority of their divisional rivals were located in the midwest region.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Tom Coughlin era: 1994--2002 {#tom_coughlin_era_19942002}
In January 1994, Wayne Weaver chose Tom Coughlin as the first-ever head coach of the Jaguars. Coughlin had worked in the NFL as a position coach, but he had been neither a head coach nor a coordinator in the NFL.
The Jaguars\' hiring of Coughlin contrasted with the hiring moves made by their fellow expansion team. The same month that Weaver hired Coughlin as his head *coach*, Carolina Panthers owner Jerry Richardson went a more conventional route and hired former Buffalo Bills general manager Bill Polian as the Panthers\' first GM (the Panthers\' head coach, Dom Capers, would not be hired until a full year after Coughlin). As it emerged that Weaver had no intention of hiring a general manager, it became apparent that Coughlin would have most of the authority regarding hiring decisions. Coughlin spent his year as \"head coach without a team\" preparing for the personnel moves that would come from the expansion draft, free agency, and the rookie draft in the spring of 1995.
### 1995
Along with the Carolina Panthers, the Jacksonville Jaguars entered the NFL as the first expansion teams in almost twenty years. Both teams participated in the 1995 NFL expansion draft, with the Jaguars taking Steve Beuerlein with the first pick. Beuerlein quickly lost his starting job to former Green Bay Packers backup Mark Brunell. The Jaguars finished their inaugural season with a record of 4--12. While this fell short of the 7--9 mark recorded by the Panthers, other than this and the 1960 records of the charter American Football League teams the Jaguars\' record was still the best recorded in an inaugural season by any NFL team which commenced play after 1950. The inaugural season featured many of the players who would lead Jacksonville into the playoffs in the team\'s next four seasons, including quarterback Mark Brunell (acquired in a draft day trade from Green Bay), offensive lineman Tony Boselli (drafted with the second pick overall in the 1995 NFL draft) running back James Stewart (also drafted in 1995), and wide receiver Jimmy Smith (signed as a free agent).
The team played its first regular season game at home in front of a crowd of 72,363 on September 3, a 10--3 loss against the Houston Oilers. The team picked up its first win in Week 4 as the Jaguars defeated the Oilers 17--16 on October 1 in Houston. The next week against the Pittsburgh Steelers, the Jaguars earned their first home win by defeating the eventual AFC Champions 20--16. The team\'s other two wins came in a season sweep of the Cleveland Browns including a Week 17 24--21 victory sealed by a Mike Hollis 34-yard field goal in the Browns\' final game before the team relocated to Baltimore and was renamed the Ravens.
### 1996 {#section_1}
Jacksonville\'s 1996 season was a marked success as they won six of their last seven games of the season and finished with a record of 9--7. Quarterback Mark Brunell threw for over 4,000 yards and wide receivers Keenan McCardell and Jimmy Smith each accumulated over 1,000 receiving yards. In the team\'s final game of the regular season against the Atlanta Falcons, needing a win to earn a playoff berth, the Jaguars caught a bit of luck when Morten Andersen, one of the most accomplished kickers in NFL history, missed a 30-yard field goal with less than a minute remaining that would have given the Falcons the lead. The Jaguars clinched the fifth seed in the AFC playoffs.
The Jaguars visited the Buffalo Bills in their first playoff game in franchise history. Despite being a heavy underdog, the Jaguars won 30--27, and knocked Buffalo quarterback Jim Kelly out of what would turn out to be the last game of his career. Their next game was on the road against the Denver Broncos, who had earned the AFC\'s top seed with a 13--3 record and were widely regarded as the best team in the AFC, if not the NFL. While the Broncos scored two touchdowns early in the game, after the first quarter, the Jaguars largely dominated. In what is often regarded as one of the three biggest upsets in NFL playoff history, the Jaguars defeated the Broncos by the same score as the previous week against the Bills, 30--27. Upon their return home, the Jags were greeted by an estimated 40,000 fans at the stadium. Many of these fans had watched the game on the stadium JumboTron displays and had stayed into the early hours of the morning when the team arrived. In the AFC Championship Game, the Jaguars miracle season came to an end, as they lost 20--6 to the New England Patriots, in Foxboro. Their fellow second-year NFC expansion team, the Carolina Panthers, also got to their conference championship game, where they lost 30--13 to the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Tom Coughlin era: 1994--2002 {#tom_coughlin_era_19942002}
### 1997--1999 {#section_2}
*Main article: 1997 Jacksonville Jaguars season* In 1997, the franchise\'s third season, the Jaguars and the Steelers both finished the season with an 11--5 record, tops in the AFC Central Division. Pittsburgh won the division in a tiebreaker as a result of having higher net in division games than Jacksonville. As a result, the Jaguars settled for 2nd place in the division, a Wild Card berth and, for the second straight year, the 5th seed in the AFC playoffs. The Jags postseason would end quickly as they fell in their first game, a 42--17 defeat against the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos at Mile High Stadium. The Broncos, led by Terrell Davis, ran at will against the Jaguars, rushing for 5 touchdowns and over 300 yards.
In 1998, the Jaguars again finished 11--5 and won their first AFC Central Division title. The team became the first NFL expansion team to make the playoffs three times in its first four seasons of play. In the Wild Card Round, the Jaguars hosted their first home playoff game, a 25--10 win over the New England Patriots. The team\'s season ended the next week in the Divisional Round as the New York Jets defeated the Jaguars 34--24.
In 1999, the Jaguars compiled a league best 14--2 regular season record, the best record in franchise history. The team\'s two losses were to the Tennessee Titans. The Jaguars won the AFC Central Division for the second straight year and clinched the #1 seed in the AFC. The Jaguars hosted the Miami Dolphins in the AFC Divisional playoffs, a 62--7 victory in what would be Dan Marino and Jimmy Johnson\'s last NFL game. Jacksonville\'s 62 points and 55-point margin are the second most ever in NFL playoff history, and Fred Taylor\'s 90-yard run in the first quarter is the longest ever in an NFL playoff game.
The Jaguars\' bid for a Super Bowl title came to an end the next week in the AFC championship game. The Jags fell at home to the Titans 33--14 in a game that the Jaguars led 14--10 at halftime, before allowing 23 unanswered points in the 2nd half. The Jaguars finished the 1999 season 15--3, with all three of their losses coming against the Titans. The loss marked the end of an era that saw the Jaguars make the playoffs in four of the team\'s first 5 years and would be the team\'s last playoff appearance until the 2005 season.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Tom Coughlin era: 1994--2002 {#tom_coughlin_era_19942002}
### 2000--2002 {#section_3}
The Jaguars struggled during this period, due in part to salary cap problems. In the 2000 season, veteran quarterback Mark Brunell and young running back Fred Taylor led the squad through a painful 7--9 season. The Jaguars finished with records of 6--10 in both the 2001 and 2002 seasons.
After the 2002 season, head coach Tom Coughlin was fired after eight seasons, leading the Jaguars to a total record of 68--60 and four trips to the playoffs. The 2002 season also marked the last full season for Jaguars quarterback Mark Brunell, who was benched in the third game of 2003 in favor of Byron Leftwich. Brunell piled up over 25,000 yards as a Jaguar and earned three trips to the Pro Bowl. In 2002, the NFL split the two conferences into four divisions, sending the Jaguars to the geographically accurate AFC South. This put them in the same division as the Indianapolis Colts, Tennessee Titans, and the expansion Houston Texans.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Jack Del Rio era: 2003--2011 {#jack_del_rio_era_20032011}
### 2003--2005 {#section_4}
In 2003, the Jaguars hired Jack Del Rio as head coach. Del Rio was a linebacker during the late 80s and early 90s before retiring. He was formerly the Carolina Panthers\' defensive coordinator, bringing the team\'s defensive ranking from 30th to second. Prior to that, Del Rio was the Baltimore Ravens linebackers coach, participating in that capacity on the Ravens\' record setting championship 2000 defense. The Jaguars selected quarterback Byron Leftwich with the seventh pick of the NFL draft. The Jaguars had high hopes for their new quarterback. The team had many failures and heartbreaking moments, ending the 2003 season at 5--11 and missing the playoffs for the fourth consecutive season. Despite resolving their salary cap problems, the team\'s rebuilding was clearly taking longer than expected.
The 2004 season, the 10th season of the Jaguars franchise, resulted in a 9--7 record, their first winning season since 1999, with road victories against the Green Bay Packers at Lambeau Field and the Indianapolis Colts at the RCA Dome. The Jaguars\' defense was a strong suit, as it included two Pro Bowl players, defensive tackles Marcus Stroud and John Henderson. Josh Scobee was selected in the 5th round of the 2004 NFL draft and became a dominant placekicker for the Jaguars setting multiple franchise records. Byron Leftwich enjoyed a solid year in 2004, helped by strong performances from holdovers Fred Taylor and Jimmy Smith. Unfortunately, Taylor sustained a season-ending injury at Green Bay. The very next week the Jaguars fell to the Houston Texans, which would ultimately eliminate them from playoff contention.
The 2005 Jaguars hoped to challenge the Colts for the division title. However, due to their scintillating 13--0 start, including two victories against the Jaguars, the Colts easily clinched the AFC South title. With a 12--4 record, the Jaguars earned a wild card and their first playoff appearance since 1999. While the Jaguars managed to win key games in 2005, nine of their final ten games were against opponents with losing records. Though these games were wins, key players Byron Leftwich, Mike Peterson, Akin Ayodele, Paul Spicer, and Rashean Mathis were hurt during this stretch. The Jaguars ended the season losing 28--3 to the two-time defending champion New England Patriots on January 7, 2006, in the AFC wild card playoff round.
### 2006 {#section_5}
Jacksonville looked like a team on the rise coming off of their 12--4 season, and was considered a playoff contender entering the season. But injuries plagued the team. Reggie Hayward, Greg Jones, Donovin Darius, Byron Leftwich, and Mike Peterson all suffered season-ending injuries. Marcus Stroud, Matt Jones, Paul Spicer, and Fred Taylor also faced injuries during the season. The team started off 2--0, defeating the Dallas Cowboys (earning the NFL\'s highest winning percentage on opening days at .750 with a record of 9--3), and shutting out the defending champs Pittsburgh Steelers. But the team lost its next two games, and suffered embarrassing losses to the Houston Texans over the course of the season (Jacksonville has struggled against the Texans since Houston entered the league in 2002). They missed the playoffs with an 8--8 record, but there were some positives, in particular an impressive rookie season by their second-round draft pick, running back Maurice Jones-Drew.
### 2007 {#section_6}
In the 2007 NFL draft, the Jaguars used their first-round pick (21st overall) to select Florida safety Reggie Nelson. On June 15, 2007, the Jaguars released veteran strong safety Donovin Darius, who had seen diminished playing time in previous years due to mounting injuries. On August 31, 2007, the Jaguars announced that long time back-up quarterback David Garrard would start for the team, ahead of former first round draft pick Byron Leftwich, who was released in the team\'s final roster cuts. Garrard led the Jaguars to an 11--5 record and a wild card spot in the playoffs. The Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 31--29 to win their first playoff game in almost eight years and their first road playoff win since 1997. It was also the first time in the 50+ year history of the Steelers that they had been beaten twice at home by the same team in the same season. However, in the divisional round, the Jaguars fell to the then-undefeated New England Patriots; the teams were tied at halftime, but the Patriots pulled ahead and won 31--20. Tom Brady completed 26 of 28 passes in this game, being pressured by the Jaguars\' defense only once, on the first play. This game, more than any other, gave the Jaguars\' front office a strong desire to upgrade the pass rush during the offseason.
The team\'s offense in 2007 was largely a run-first offense, with Maurice Jones-Drew and Fred Taylor each putting up a lot of yards. David Garrard, however showed to be an efficient passer in 2007, throwing only 3 interceptions.
### 2008 {#section_7}
The 2008 season began with high expectations for the Jaguars. The team acquired free agent wide receiver Jerry Porter and rookie defensive ends Quentin Groves of Auburn and Derrick Harvey of Florida to address the team\'s most glaring needs. (Porter was released the following year and Groves was traded to Oakland in 2010.) Journalists including ESPN.com\'s Kevin Seifert predicted the Jaguars were poised to make a Super Bowl run.
However, the Jaguars failed to live up to those expectations, struggling to a 5--11 finish, the franchise\'s worst record since 2003. The team\'s struggles were in part, the result of a rash of injuries to the team\'s offensive line. The Jaguars lost starting guards Vince Manuwai and Maurice Williams for the season within the first quarter of the opening game. Tackle Richard Collier\'s career ended in early September when he was brutally attacked and shot 14 times. Center Brad Meester missed the first two months of the season and guard Chris Naeole, signed to the roster mid-season in response to these injuries, was injured in pregame warmups before playing a single snap. The 2008 season marked the end of running back Fred Taylor\'s 11-year career as a Jaguar. Taylor, who is considered to be one of the greatest Jaguars in the history of the franchise, rushed for over 10,000 yards during his tenure with Jacksonville and earned one trip to the Pro Bowl. In 2009, he signed with the New England Patriots. Taylor\'s departure opened up the door for Maurice Jones-Drew to become the team\'s feature running back. In 2011, Taylor signed a one-day contract so he could retire as a Jaguar.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Jack Del Rio era: 2003--2011 {#jack_del_rio_era_20032011}
### 2009--2010 {#section_8}
The Jaguars hoped to begin a new era in 2009 under their first-ever general manager, Gene Smith. Smith made his mark early on in the 2009 NFL draft by acquiring talent such as Eugene Monroe, Terrance Knighton, Derek Cox, Eben Britton and Mike Thomas, who all made significant contributions in their rookie years. The Jaguars finished off this season 7--9 and did not manage to make the playoffs. In the offseason, the Jaguars parted ways with veteran players John Henderson and Reggie Hayward as part of the team\'s \"youth movement\". However, 2009 also saw the team\'s attendance numbers plummet, leading to television blackouts and speculation that the team could eventually be moved or sold. 2009 marked a low point, with the team\'s attendance averaging around 50,000, causing seven of the eight home games to be blacked out, and leading NFL commissioner Roger Goodell to address the issue with owner Wayne Weaver. Jacksonville is one of the league\'s smallest markets, though its stadium is relatively large; since 2005 the team has covered nearly 10,000 of the stadium\'s 73,000 total seats with tarp in order to lower the stadium\'s official capacity to a more typical size and reduce blackouts. 73,000 total seats still ranks as one of the largest in the NFL. From 2008 the team further suffered from the late-2000s recession, which hit Florida particularly hard, and structural changes within the NFL that disadvantage teams in smaller markets.
In 2010, to address this issue, the team and the City of Jacksonville undertook several measures aimed at ensuring the franchise\'s continued viability in Jacksonville. Supporters began the \"Team Teal\" drive to drum up ticket sales. The city negotiated a five-year, \$16.6 million naming rights deal with Jacksonville-based EverBank to rename the stadium EverBank Field. As a result, the Jaguars\' attendance increased dramatically in 2010. While attendance figures were stagnant for most of the NFL, Jacksonville saw an increase of 36.5%, by far the highest in the league, and had none of their home games blacked out.
The 2010 season proved a big year for the Jaguars on the field as well. Running back Maurice Jones-Drew emerged as second in the league in rushing yards and David Garrard threw for 23 touchdowns, a franchise record. Marcedes Lewis went to his first Pro Bowl and the Jags had one of the best young defensive tackle pairs with Terrance Knighton and rookie Tyson Alualu. Josh Scobee set a team record with a 59-yard field goal to beat the Indianapolis Colts. Heading into December, Jacksonville was at the top of the AFC South and in playoff contention. In Week 15, they lost to Indianapolis, 34--24, which placed the Colts back atop the AFC South. The Jaguars lost their last two games, placing themselves out of playoff contention. They finished the season 8--8.
### 2011 {#section_9}
In the 2011 NFL draft, the Jaguars traded a first and a second round pick in order to move up to the 10th pick and select Missouri quarterback Blaine Gabbert. On September 6, quarterback David Garrard was cut from the team just days before the start of the season and Luke McCown was named the team\'s starter. The move was similar to the one that named Garrard himself the starter over Byron Leftwich in 2007. McCown started two games until he threw four interceptions in a lopsided loss to the New York Jets and Blaine Gabbert was named the starter the following week. The Jaguars offense would continue to struggle under the rookie quarterback, losing the next 4 games in a row, until an upset victory over the Baltimore Ravens at home on Monday Night Football.
On November 29, owner Wayne Weaver announced the firing of head coach Jack Del Rio, whose record had been 3--8 through the first 12 weeks of the season and 68--71 over his 9-year tenure. Del Rio was succeeded by defensive coordinator Mel Tucker on an interim basis. Weaver also announced that General Manager Gene Smith had been given a three-year extension of his contract.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Era of struggles: 2012--2021 {#era_of_struggles_20122021}
### Shahid Khan purchases Jaguars {#shahid_khan_purchases_jaguars}
Immediately following the announcement of head coach Jack Del Rio being fired on November 29, 2011, Wayne Weaver announced that the team would be sold to Illinois businessman Shahid Khan. Khan\'s assumption of ownership was approved a couple of weeks later by the NFL team owners, and Khan took over full ownership on January 4, 2012. He immediately began the team\'s search for head coaching candidates.
### Mike Mularkey era: 2012 {#mike_mularkey_era_2012}
On January 10, former Atlanta Falcons offensive coordinator Mike Mularkey was named head coach of the Jaguars. On January 13, it was announced that interim head coach Mel Tucker would remain on the staff as defensive coordinator/assistant head coach and that former Falcons quarterbacks coach Bob Bratkowski would become offensive coordinator. On January 20, 2012, the team hired John Bonamego as special teams coordinator.
On February 13, 2012, the Jaguars hired MetLife Stadium president and CEO Mark Lamping as team president. Lamping also spent 13 years as the president of the St. Louis Cardinals. Lamping is the second team president in franchise history and the first since 1997, when David Seldin left that position.
The Jaguars began the 2012 season with a new coaching staff and a new owner. One of the main priorities of the new leadership was to improve the team\'s struggling receiving corps and see improvement from quarterback Blaine Gabbert after a disappointing rookie season. To do this, the team selected wide receiver Justin Blackmon in the first round of the 2012 NFL draft and acquired Laurent Robinson in free agency. Despite the changes, the team struggled mightily on both sides of the ball. The team finished with a 2--14 record, the worst in franchise history. Both general manager Gene Smith and head coach Mike Mularkey were fired shortly after the end of the season.
### London Games {#london_games}
On August 21, 2012, the Jaguars announced they had finalized a deal to play one regular season home game each year between 2013 and 2016 at London\'s historic Wembley Stadium as part of the NFL London Games. The first of these games was against the San Francisco 49ers on October 27, 2013. This deal was later extended through 2020 when the Jaguars were due to host two London Games. However, due to cancellation of the 2020 games the Jaguars would play at Wembley annually only through 2019 and return to London in 2021 to play at Tottenham Hotspur Stadium. The Wembley deal was repeated between 2022 and 2024.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Era of struggles: 2012--2021 {#era_of_struggles_20122021}
### Gus Bradley era: 2013--2016 {#gus_bradley_era_20132016}
#### 2013 {#section_10}
On January 8, former Atlanta Falcons Director of Player Personnel David Caldwell was hired as the second full-time General Manager in Jaguars history. He formerly served as a scout for the Indianapolis Colts for 10 years from 1998 to 2007. His first task with the team was to lead the interview process for a new head coach. Nine days later former Seattle Seahawks defensive coordinator Gus Bradley was named head coach of the Jaguars. The Jaguars struggled early on in 2013 and went into the bye week with an 0--8 record. On November 1, wide receiver Justin Blackmon was suspended indefinitely after violating the NFL\'s Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse. Despite the loss of Blackmon the Jaguars got their first win with Gus Bradley on November 10 with a 29--27 victory over the Tennessee Titans. This was followed by a respectable showing against the Arizona Cardinals, despite a 27--14 loss, and the Jaguars\' second and third victory of the season against the Houston Texans and the Cleveland Browns. The Jaguars would win again the very next week against the Houston Texans 27--20 on Thursday night, improving to 4--9. They finished the season 4--12.
#### 2014--2015 {#section_11}
After finishing the 2013 season with a 4--12 record, a two-win improvement over the previous season, the Jaguars traded their 2011 NFL draft first round draft pick Blaine Gabbert to the San Francisco 49ers for the 6th round pick of the 2014 NFL draft. Maurice Jones-Drew, after 7 years with the Jaguars, also left the team and signed a three-year contract with the Oakland Raiders.
In the first round of the 2014 NFL draft the Jaguars selected quarterback Blake Bortles from University of Central Florida and then wide receiver Marqise Lee from University of Southern California in the second round. The new draft picks helped put more confidence in the struggling team. Justin Blackmon was suspended yet again for violating the NFL\'s Policy and Program for Substances of Abuse in July. Later in July, EverBank Field unveiled their two new endzone scoreboards, which are considered to be the world\'s largest. The Jaguars managed to end their season with a 3--13 record.
Dante Fowler was selected by the Jaguars as the third overall pick in the 2015 NFL draft. However, Fowler tore his ACL at rookie minicamp on May 8 and did not return for the 2015 season. Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers for a 2016 NFL draft sixth round pick. Jason Myers took over as the main placekicker for the Jaguars. The Jaguars finished the 2015 season with a record of 5--11, the team\'s fifth straight losing season and their eighth straight non-winning season.
#### 2016 {#section_12}
With plenty of cap space to work with, Jacksonville splurged in free agency, adding defensive tackle Malik Jackson from the Denver Broncos and cornerback Prince Amukamara from the New York Giants. With the fifth selection, the Jaguars selected cornerback Jalen Ramsey from Florida State University in the first round and then the second round linebacker Myles Jack of UCLA in the 2016 NFL draft. Jack was considered to be a top-10 talent, but fell to the second round due to a knee injury. On October 2, 2016, the Jacksonville Jaguars defeated the Indianapolis Colts 30--27 in the NFL International Series game. On December 18, 2016, Gus Bradley was fired after the Jaguars\' ninth loss in a row during the 2016 season. Bradley\'s win--loss record as head coach of the Jaguars was 14--48 in three seasons.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Era of struggles: 2012--2021 {#era_of_struggles_20122021}
### Doug Marrone era: 2016--2020 {#doug_marrone_era_20162020}
#### 2017--2018 {#section_13}
On January 9, 2017, the Jaguars announced the interim head coach Doug Marrone was to be the new head coach, the contract of General Manager David Caldwell was to be extended and Tom Coughlin was returning to Jacksonville to become Executive Vice-president of Football Operations. Both Doug Marrone and David Caldwell would report to the Executive Vice-president Tom Coughlin.
In the first round of the 2017 NFL draft the Jaguars selected running back Leonard Fournette of LSU. At the annual NFL International Series in London on September 24, 2017, Jaguars players locked arms and kneeled during the national anthem in response to President Donald Trump\'s remarks on NFL players who kneel. Shahid Khan also participated with the Jaguars in locking arms during the anthem and the Baltimore Ravens kneeled on the opposite side of the field. The Jaguars went on to defeat the Ravens in a 44--7 win. Four weeks later on October 17, President of the Jaguars Mark Lamping sent a letter of apology to the director of military affairs and veterans in Jacksonville that says the Jaguars were "remiss in not fully comprehending the effect of the national anthem demonstration on foreign soil has had on the men and women who have or continue to serve our country." After their week 15 win over the Houston Texans, the Jaguars clinched their first playoff appearance since 2007; they finished the season 10--6, enough to win the division for the first time since 1999. It was a seven-game turnaround from the previous year. The Jaguars defeated the Buffalo Bills 10--3 in Jacksonville, marking their first playoff win in ten years. In the Divisional Round, on January 14, 2018, the Jaguars defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 45--42 in Pittsburgh, their second win at Heinz Field that season, to advance to their 3rd AFC Championship Game, and their first in 18 years. After leading most of the game, they narrowly fell to the New England Patriots 24--20. For the season, the defense earned the nickname \"Sacksonville\" because of its dominance.
The following season, Jacksonville started strong with a 3--1 record through September, but lost ten of their remaining twelve games, including seven in a row, to falter to 5--11 and last place in the AFC South.
#### 2019 {#section_14}
In the first round of the 2018 NFL draft the Jaguars selected defensive tackle Taven Bryan of University of Florida and wide receiver D. J. Chark of LSU in the second round. The Jaguars traded Dante Fowler mid-season to the Los Angeles Rams for a 2019 third-round pick and 2020 fifth-round pick. On March 11, the Jaguars signed quarterback Nick Foles to a four-year, \$88 million contract, making him their new starting quarterback and subsequently releasing Blake Bortles. For the first pick in the 2019 NFL draft the Jaguars selected linebacker Josh Allen.
On September 9, Foles broke his left clavicle in the season opener of 2019 leaving him out of action for the rest of the season. Gardner Minshew replaced Foles as the starting quarterback for the remainder of the season. The next day the Jaguars traded a fifth-round pick in the 2020 NFL Draft to the Steelers in return for quarterback Joshua Dobbs. On September 16, the Jaguars lost to the Houston Texas by one point. During the game, Jalen Ramsey and coach Doug Marrone got into a verbal confrontation. The next day Jalen Ramsey, who already had some frustration with the Jaguars in the past and escalating conflicts with the front office, requested to be traded and the Jaguars talked to teams the following week.
Since Gardner Minshew replaced Nick Foles as the starting quarterback he has garnered a following due to his mustache and performing on the field beyond expectations as a rookie quarterback. Minshew met Jon Gries, the actor that played Uncle Rico in Napoleon Dynamite, for a segment on ESPN. Minshew had regularly been compared to Uncle Rico due to his mustache.
On October 15, the Jaguars traded Ramsey to the Los Angeles Rams in exchange for a first round pick in the 2020 NFL draft, 2021 NFL draft and a fourth round pick in the 2021 NFL Draft. On December 18, the Jaguars fired executive vice president of football operations Tom Coughlin.
#### 2020 {#section_15}
On March 15, the Jaguars traded Calais Campbell to the Baltimore Ravens for a 5th round pick in the 2020 NFL draft. Three days later on March 18, the Jaguars traded Nick Foles to the Chicago Bears in exchange for a 4th round pick in the 2020 NFL Draft. On April 20, the Jaguars released Marqise Lee making him a free agent.
For their first pick of the 2020 NFL draft (9th overall), the Jaguars selected cornerback C. J. Henderson from the University of Florida. The Jaguars selected outside linebacker K\'Lavon Chaisson from Louisiana State University as their second pick (20th overall) of the 2020 NFL Draft.
On August 30, the Jaguars agreed to trade Yannick Ngakoue to the Minnesota Vikings for a 2021 second-round draft pick and a conditional 2022 fifth-round draft pick that could go as high as a third-round pick. The following day on August 31 the Jaguars waived Leonard Fournette less than two weeks before the 2020 season opener.
On September 13, 2020, the Jaguars beat the Indianapolis Colts 27--20 to begin the season 1--0. After the game, the Jaguars\' Twitter account tweeted \"Not satisfied with 1-0\", which would end up being heavily mocked as it was the only game the team would win in the 2020 season, and the last victory before a 20-game losing streak that lasted until October 17, 2021.
After losing 10 straight games in the 2020 season, the Jaguars fired General Manager Dave Caldwell on November 29. Throughout the 2020 season, Gardner Minshew struggled as the starting quarterback and was eventually replaced by Mike Glennon on December 27. Minshew returned to his previous position as the backup quarterback.
On January 4, 2021, head coach Doug Marrone was fired after ending the 2020 season with the worst record in franchise history at 1--15, and ultimately finishing with a 23--43 regular season record during his time in Jacksonville.
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Era of struggles: 2012--2021 {#era_of_struggles_20122021}
### Urban Meyer era: 2021 {#urban_meyer_era_2021}
On January 14, 2021, Urban Meyer, former head coach of the Florida Gators and Ohio State Buckeyes, was chosen to be the next head coach of the Jaguars.
On February 11, 2021, Chris Doyle, the former strength coach at University of Iowa, was hired to be the director of sports performance on February 11, 2021. This was a highly criticized hiring due to Doyle\'s past conduct at University of Iowa involving accusations of racism and bullying. Doyle resigned amid backlash on February 13, 2021, two days after his hiring.
As the Jaguars\' 1--15 record was the worst record of the 2020 NFL season, the Jaguars held the rights to the first overall pick of the 2021 NFL draft, which they used to select Clemson quarterback Trevor Lawrence. Lawrence faced incredibly high expectations upon his arrival in Jacksonville, as he had been closely followed by the media since his time in high school and was widely regarded as a potential generational talent.
On May 20, 2021, the Jaguars signed former Florida Gators and NFL quarterback Tim Tebow as a tight end. This transaction puzzled the NFL world as Tebow was 33 years old with no experience playing tight end, and had most recently played professional baseball as part of the New York Mets organization. The signing was ultimately assumed to be a result of the close relationship between Meyer and Tebow, as Meyer had been Tebow\'s coach at Florida. The Jaguars released Tebow on August 17, 2021.
On August 28, 2021, the Jaguars traded former starting quarterback Gardner Minshew to the Philadelphia Eagles for a conditional 2022 sixth-round pick, and Trevor Lawrence was officially named the starting quarterback.
Meyer\'s lack of professional coaching experience was immediately a source of turmoil for the team as it was reported that Meyer did not know how to handle losing and would become unhinged easily. During a week two loss against the Denver Broncos, Meyer joked to Broncos\' head coach Vic Fangio that the NFL was like \'playing Alabama every week\'. This comment caused Meyer to receive backlash as some said it proved his inexperience in professional coaching.
On September 26, 2021, in a loss against the Arizona Cardinals, Return specialist Jamal Agnew tied the record for the longest play in NFL history, when he returned a missed 68-yard field goal attempt by Matt Prater for a 109-yard touchdown.
On October 2, 2021, following a week four loss to the Cincinnati Bengals, a video of head coach Urban Meyer partying and inappropriately dancing with a younger woman who was not his wife in an Ohio bar went viral. Backlash ensued and Meyer\'s future in Jacksonville was seriously called into question as it was reported that Meyer had \'zero credibility\' in the Jaguars\' locker room, with players even subtly mocking him during practice. Ultimately, the team\'s morale plummeted due to locker room concerns and an 0--5 start to the season.
On October 17, 2021, in an NFL International Series game played in London, England, the Jaguars beat the Miami Dolphins 23--20 on a game-winning field goal by kicker Matthew Wright to improve to 1--5 on the season. This victory snapped the Jaguars\' 20-game losing streak that dated back to September 13, 2020 -- week one of the 2020 NFL season.
On December 16, 2021, the Jaguars fired Meyer as head coach due to reports of run-ins, inner turmoil among the staff and players throughout the season, and an assault allegation. Meyer was replaced by Darrell Bevell in an interim basis. The firing coincided with a 1--7 mark since the London game, and resulted in the Jaguars sitting at 2--11 entering Week 15. Meyer later said about his tenure with the Jaguars, \"It was the worst experience I\'ve had in my professional lifetime\".
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# History of the Jacksonville Jaguars
## Current era {#current_era}
### Doug Pederson era: 2022--2024 {#doug_pederson_era_20222024}
On February 3, 2022, Doug Pederson, the former head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles, was hired to become the next head coach of the Jaguars. Pederson is the seventh permanent head coach and ninth overall head coach in franchise history. The Jaguars struggled at the beginning of the 2022 season but improved dramatically by winning the last five games and advancing to the 2022--23 NFL playoffs.
The Jaguars faced the Los Angeles Chargers in the Wild Card playoff game on January 14, 2023. In the first half, the Jaguars were down 27--0 with five turnovers. However, the Jaguars made a surprise comeback in the second half beating the Chargers 31--30 and advanced to the AFC Divisional Round. The Jaguars win in the second half marked the third largest comeback in NFL postseason history. Their season would end the following week with a 27--20 loss to the eventual Super Bowl LVII champion Kansas City Chiefs in the Divisional round.
In December 2023, it came to light that \$22 million had been misappropriated in the Jacksonville back office. Over a four-year period, Amit Patel, an employee in charge of processing and classifying financial transactions such as team credit card usage, used his position to create fake transactions that flowed directly to him rather than team expenses, and spent it on gambling and cryptocurrencies. The organization had understaffed the finance office, so nobody was double-checking Patel\'s work.
The Jaguars started the 2023 season as favorites for the AFC South title. Following a 8--3 start, the Jaguars suffered a late-season collapse as they lost five out of their last six games, in part due to starting quarterback Trevor Lawrence playing through an injury sustained in the Week 13 loss against the Bengals. The offense also took a hit down the stretch when wide receiver Christian Kirk suffered a season-ending injury early in the game against the Cincinnati Bengals. Jacksonville would lose out on the AFC South division title and playoffs after a loss to the division rival Titans, leaving their divisional rivals, the Indianapolis Colts and the Houston Texans, in control of each other\'s destiny. With the Texans winning their final game against the Colts, Jacksonville ended the season in disappointment.
On November 17, 2024 the Detroit Lions defeated the Jaguars 52--6, the worst loss in franchise history.
The Jaguars would finish the 2024 season with a 4--13 record, and on January 6, 2025, they fired their head coach Doug Pederson, finishing his tenure with a 22--29 record overall. On January 22, the Jaguars fired general manager Trent Baalke.
### Liam Coen era: 2025 {#liam_coen_era_2025}
On January 24, 2025, Liam Coen, the former offensive coordinator of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, was hired to become the next head coach of the Jaguars
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# Kenji Takama
**Kenji Takama** J.S.C. (born March 10, 1949, in Suginami, Tokyo, Japan) is a Japanese cinematographer. Takama is a member of the *Japanese Society of Cinematographers*.
## Biography
As a student at Tokyo Metropolitan University, Kenji Takama first studied Economics. Later, he began working as a camera assistant at Wakamatsu Productions and began shooting commercials, leading to his first assignment as a director of photography on the film *Gassan* (1978). He received a scholarship to the Artists\' Training Program of the Culture Agency, and moved to Hollywood, and then to New York. While in the United States, he trained under a number of cinematographers: Harry Wolf for *Little House On The Prairie*, John Alonzo for *Blue Thunder*, John Alcott for *The Beast Master*, Vilmos Zsigmond for *Table For Five*, Owen Roizman for *Tootsie*, and Gordon Willis for *Broadway Danny Rose* (IMDb, 2019).
After returning to Japan, he worked primarily with younger directors such as Naoto Yamakawa, Shusuke Kaneko, Shun Nakahara and Fran Kuzui. He received the best photography award twice at the Yokohama Film Festival: for *Summer Vacation 1999* (1988) and *Misty Kid Of Wind* (1988). At the Osaka Film Festival, he won best cinematography honors for A High School Teacher and Hear The Duck\'s Song (1993). He also received the Best photography by children Julie at Poland Film Festival for Naran (1995) and was nominated for best photography at the Japanese Academy Award for Welcome Back, Mr. Macdonald (1997). Further, a Japanese Academy Award nom (1998) for *\'Rajio no jikan*\'.
## Filmography
- \"Watashi wa zettai yurusanai\"(2018)-Director of Photography
- \"The salt of the earth, Gunpei Yamamuro\"(2017)-Director of Photography
- \"Madou: After the Rain\"(2017)-Cinematographer
- \"Kagami no naka no egao tachi\" (2016)-Cinematographer
- \"Manga niku to boku\" (2014)-Cinematographer
- \"Yokohama Story\" (2013)-Cinematographer
- \"Watashi no michi: Waga inochi no tango\" (2012)-Cinematographer
- \"Share House\" (2011)-Cinematographer
- \"Jazz Jii Men \"(2011)-Cinematographer
- \"Manatsu no yo no yume\" (2009)-Cinematographer
- \"Cafe Daikanyama III\" (2009)-Cinematographer
- \"Puraido\" (2008)-Cinematographer
- \'\'Sunshine Days \"(2008)
- *The Hole* (2008)- cinematographer
- *Cindellera of the Entrance Exam* (2008)-Cinematographer
- *Kotatsu neko* (2007)- Cinematographer
- *Death Note*: The Last Name (2007) - Cinematographer
- *Ulysses* - Cinematographer 2006
- *God\'s Left Hand, Devil\'s Right Hand* - Cinematographer 2006
- Haha: Toyoko, aru kazoku no ai to kanashimi - Cinematographer 2006
- 9/10 - Cinematographer 2005
- \'Chô\' kowai hanashi the movie: yami no eigasai - Cinematographer 2005
- Taga kokoro nimo ryu wa nemuru - Cinematographer 2005
- Life on the Longboard - Cinematographer 2005
- Synesthesia - Cinematographer 2005
- Fantastipo - Cinematographer 2005
- Metasequoia no ki no shita de - Cinematographer 2005
- Shômei kumagai gakkô (documentary) - Cinematographer 2004
- Road 88: Deaiji shikoku e - Cinematographer 2004
- Mousugu haru - Cinematographer 2004
- Kanzen naru shiiku: onna rihatsushi no koi - Cinematographer 2003
- Shirayuri Club Tokyo e iku (documentary) - Cinematographer 2003
- Iden & Tity - Cinematographer 2003
- Hotel Hibiscus - Cinematographer 2002
- All About Our House - Cinematographer 2001
- Murudeka 17805 - Cinematographer 2001
- Crossfire - Cinematographer 2000
- Nabbie no koi - Director of Photography 1999
- Rajio no jikan - Cinematographer 1997
- Dorîmu sutajiamu - Cinematographer 1997
- Yukai - Camera Operator 1997
- Tokimeki Memorial - Cinematographer 1997
- Kimi wo wasurenai - Cinematographer 1995
- Naran: White Horse - Cinematographer 1995
- Shiroi Uma: White Horse - Cinematographer 1995
- Shoot - Cinematographer 1994
- High School Teacher - Cinematographer 1993
- Ahiru no uta ga kikoete kuru yo
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# Grimus
***Grimus*** is a 1975 fantasy and science fiction novel by Salman Rushdie. It was his literary debut.
The story loosely follows Flapping Eagle, a young Native American man who receives the gift of immortality by drinking a magic fluid. Thereafter, Flapping Eagle wanders the earth for 777 years 7 months and 7 days, searching for his immortal sister and exploring identities before falling through a hole in the Mediterranean Sea. He arrives in a parallel dimension at the mystical Calf Island, where those immortals who have tired of the world but are reluctant to give up their immortality exist in a static community under a subtle and sinister authority.
Published in 1975, *Grimus* was Salman Rushdie\'s first published novel. To a large extent it has been disparaged by academic critics; though Peter Kemp\'s comment is particularly vitriolic, it does give an idea of the novel\'s initial reception:
: \"His first novel, *Grimus* (1975), a ramshackle surreal saga based on a 12th-century Sufi poem and copiously encrusted with mythic and literary allusion, nosedived into oblivion amid almost universal critical derision.\"
## Style
Amongst other influences, Rushdie incorporates Sufi, Hindu, Christian and Norse mythologies alongside pre- and post-modernist literature into his construction of character and narrative form. *Grimus* was created with the intention of competing for Rushdie\'s then publisher, Victor Gollancz Ltd\'s \"Science Fiction Prize\". As an intended work of science fiction, it is comparable to David Lindsay\'s *A Voyage to Arcturus* in that there is very little actual science fiction. Rather inter-dimensional/interstellar travelling provides a narrative framework that loosely accords to the bildungsroman narrative form to allegorically encounter and investigate multiple social ideologies whilst in a search for a coherent centre of identity. It can be seen as growing out of and extending the techniques and the literary traditions identified with Jonathan Swift\'s *Gulliver\'s Travels*, or Sir Thomas More\'s *Utopia*, in that its journey traverses both outer and inner dimensions, exploring both cultural ideologies and the ambivalent effects that they have on one\'s psychological being.
Like much of Rushdie\'s work, *Grimus* undermines the concept of a \"pure culture\" by demonstrating the impossibility of any culture, philosophy or Weltanschauung existing in sterile isolation. This profoundly post-structuralist approach gains overt expression, for example, in Virgil\'s comment on the limitations of aesthetic theories that attempt to suppress their own contingencies: \"Any intellect which confines itself to mere structuralism is bound to rest trapped in its own webs. Your words serve only to spin cocoons around your own irrelevance.\" \[*Grimus* p. 91\]
Further, in *Grimus* the habits that communities adopt to prevent themselves from acknowledging multiplicity gain allegorical representation in the Way of K. The Way of K may be seen as Rushdie probing the Rousseau-influenced theories of man and society that influenced much post-18th century Western travel writing and the modernist influenced literature of 1930s England in particular. In light of this, we can see Rushdie as having produced what Linda Hutcheon terms a \"histiographic novel\". That is, novels that explore and undermine concepts of stable cultural origins of identity.
Like his later work *Midnight\'s Children*, with *Grimus* Rushdie draws attention to the provisional status of his text's 'truth' and thus the provisional status of any received account of reality, by using meta-texts that foreground the unnaturalness and bias of the text's construction as an entity. For example, Grimus\'s epilogue includes a quotation from one of its own characters. Thus, the text revolves around the 'symptoms of blindness which mark its conceptual limits' rather than the direct expression of didactic insights.
Rushdie has argued that \"one of the things that have happened in the 20th century is a colossal fragmentation reality\". Hence, like Gabriel García Márquez, *Grimus* incorporates magic realism to transgress distinctions of genres, which mirrors \"the state of confusion and alienation that defines postcolonial societies and individuals\".
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