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# Sensory integration therapy
**Sensory integration therapy** (**SIT**) was developed in the 1970 to treat children with sensory processing disorder (sometimes called sensory integrative dysfunction). Sensory Integration Therapy is based on A. Jean Ayres\'s **Sensory Integration Theory**, which proposes that sensory-processing is linked to emotional regulation, learning, behavior, and participation in daily life. Sensory integration is the process of organizing sensations from the body and environmental stimuli.
## Theoretical concept {#theoretical_concept}
A. Jean Ayres, an occupational therapist, developed SIT in the 1970s. The theory describes the following:
- How the neurological process of processing and integrating sensory information from the body and the environment contribute to emotional regulation, learning, behavior, and participation in daily life.
- Empirically derived disorders of sensory integration.
- Intervention approaches and strategies for sensory input.
Sensory integration theory is used to explain why individuals behave in particular ways, plan intervention to ameliorate particular difficulties, and predict how behavior will change as a result of intervention. Dr. Ayres defines sensory integration as the organization of an individual\'s senses for use. The brain's ability to organize sensations supports a person in moving, learning, and reacting to situations appropriately.
Individuals with sensory-processing difficulties often experience delayed or impeded typical behaviors and functioning as a result of interferences in neurological processing and integration of sensory inputs. Sensory dysfunction affects the neurological processing of sensory information and sensory systems which causes negative impacts on learning and development. Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI) highlights the critical influence that sensory-processing has on a child\'s growth and development. It contributes to the understanding of how sensation affects learning, social-emotional development, and neurophysiological processes, such as motor performance, attention, and arousal.
ASI has been studied by different professions on diverse levels, such as by occupational therapists and researchers as a foundation for occupational performance and participation, and by psychologists on a cellular level as multi-sensory integration.
As an intervention approach, it is used as \"a clinical frame of reference for the assessment and treatment of people who have functional disorders in sensory processing\".
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# Sensory integration therapy
## Practice
Individuals with sensory processing disorder or sensory integrative dysfunction experience problems with their sensory systems, also known as basic senses of touch, smell, hearing, taste, sight, body coordination, and movement against gravity. They might also experience difficulties in movement, coordination, and sensing where one\'s body is in a given space, also known as proprioception. Each individual sensory system has specific receptors or cells within the body that deliver messages to the brain. These receptors are located in specific parts of the body - gustatory/taste (mouth), olfactory/smell (nose), visual (eye), auditory (ear), and vestibular (inner ear). Other receptors are spread throughout the body - tactile (skin) and proprioception (muscles and joints).
Sensory Integration Therapy, also known as sensory-based treatments or interventions, are designed to provide sensory activities or experiences to help individuals respond better to environmental stimuli (i.e., sensory input). The main goal and priority for the use of sensory integration therapies is to improve internal sensory processing, improve self-regulation, develop adaptive functioning skills, and to help the child successfully become participate in daily life experiences and activities. Sensory-based interventions or activities are structured and individualized per each child\'s specific individual needs. They range from passive activities (i.e., wearing a weighted vest, weighted blanket, receiving hugs, playing with shaving cream) to active activities (i.e., spinning around, jumping on a trampoline, running, climbing, walking on patterned blocks).
According to proponents of sensory integration therapy, sensory integrative dysfunction is a common disorder for individuals with neurological learning disabilities such as an autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and sensory modulation dysfunction.
Occupational therapists are uniquely equipped to practice Ayres Sensory Integration (ASI) or Occupational Therapy Sensory Integration (OT-SI). During sessions, activities are presented to both challenge capabilities and assist and regulating a child (Parham & Mailloux, 2015). Activities are often specially tailored to meet individual needs. The goal of these sessions is to assist a child in gaining competence in participating in everyday activities in settings such as school, home and extra curriculars. Active participation is emphasized in order to maxims gains and learning. Children who require more structure are given modified activities that continue to offer freedom of choice in order to foster self-direction (Parham & Mailloux,2015).
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# Sensory integration therapy
## Evidence and Effectiveness {#evidence_and_effectiveness}
While sensory-based interventions are highly advocated for, there continues to be a lack of empirical support. There is disagreement over their therapeutic worth, largely due to problems with methodology and confusion of terms and conflation with similar and related approaches.
Ayres\' theory of sensory integration is frequently critiqued. Emerging evidence with improved methodology, the development of a Fidelity Measure and increasing focus of resources on areas of practice that might not typically attract medical research funding, means that the much needed evidence for Ayres SI is now emerging. Since much of the effects of sensory based interventions are hard to quantify and measure, this is why it seems there is not much evidence for it.
Hume and colleagues support the use of Ayres' Sensory Integration (ASI), making the case for why review of science and evidence should be ongoing.
> The current report updates and extends the work on evidence-based, focused intervention practices begun with an initial review of the literature from 1997 to 2007 (Odom et al. 2010a, b) and extended through a second report that covered the literature from 1990 to 2011 (Wong et al. 2015); extending this systematic review through 2017 added 567 articles to the review. As the intervention literature has provided more empirical information and as practices have evolved, some of the classifications required reconceptualization and revision of previous definitions. In an active research area, knowledge does not stand still, and in fact, identification of EBPs should be dynamic, reflecting the growth of knowledge across time (Biglan and Ogden 2019).
In their article they clearly state the importance of clearly defining what sensory integration therapy is and what it is not; helping to clarify and delineate the clinical practice reported in their article, from other related approaches based on Ayres' SI theory.
> It is important to note that Sensory Integration refers explicitly to the classical sensory integration model developed by Jean Ayres (2005) and not to a variety of interventions that address sensory issues but have been found to be unsupported (Case-Smith et al. 2015; Watling and Hauer 2015).
## History
In the 1950s, Anna Jean Ayres, an occupational therapist and psychologist, developed the theory and framework of sensory integration. Her book *Sensory Integration and the Child,* first published in the 1970s, was a means of helping families, therapists, and educators of children with sensory-processing difficulties and sensory processing disorders to better organize and improve self-regulation of body and environmental sensory inputs.
Ayres\' approach has proliferated among therapy and educational professionals over the past several decades. It has been met with some resistance within the occupational therapy profession and in other disciplines
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# Peterson Air and Space Museum
**Peterson Air and Space Museum** is an aviation museum located at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado Springs, Colorado focused on the history of the Air Defense Command, Aerospace Defense Command and Air Force Space Command.
## History
The museum grew from the **North American Aerospace Defense Command Visitor Center** established by Col. Donald Parson in 1975.
## Exhibits
The main entrance of the museum is through the original terminal building for the Colorado Springs Airport, built in 1941 for the Colorado Springs Municipal Airport. This building houses a small number of exhibits mainly focusing on the base\'s World War II history as a training ground for the 14th Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron, including a tribute to 1st Lt. Edward J. Peterson, for whom the base was named after a fatal crash. The building also houses an introductory screening room and museum store.
The rear exit of the building leads to the Air Park, where the majority of the museum\'s aircraft are on display. Of these, the EC-121 Warning Star is the only one open for tours. Nearby is a Medal of Honor memorial. There are two hangars also in the courtyard that have been converted into museum buildings. One was formerly used by the Broadmoor hotel for aircraft storage and transportation of clientele, and is now used as an archival and administrative building for museum personnel; this building is not open to the public, but a proposal has been put forward to convert it into more exhibit space. The other was used for public transportation by the original municipal airport and currently houses the majority of exhibits on the museum grounds. These exhibits include:
- Displays on the air warning mission of the Air Defense Command during the cold war
- Decommissioned computer equipment from the Cheyenne Mountain Complex
- A Peacekeeper payload shroud
- A Mk. 21 re-entry vehicle for a thermonuclear weapon
- A training simulator for a Peacekeeper missile launch control center
- An exhibit related to the 460th Space Wing, featuring a Vela satellite and a mock-up of a Defense Support Program satellite.
- Space Control displays including interactive kiosks on the role of the space and missile warning missions of Air Force Space Command
- Nuclear Hotline Telephone Dating to the Cold War which started the NORAD Tracks Santa Program
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# UEFA Champions League 2006–2007 (video game)
***UEFA Champions League 2006--2007*** is the official video game of the 2006--07 season of the UEFA Champions League. Developed by EA Canada, it is published by Electronic Arts worldwide under the EA Sports label. It was released on 20 March 2007 in North America, 22 March in Australia, and 23 March in Europe.
This was the last game by EA Sports to include the Champions League until *FIFA 19* over eleven years later. Konami held the Champions League license in the interim, with the competition featuring in all its *Pro Evolution Soccer* games from *Pro Evolution Soccer 2009* to *Pro Evolution Soccer 2018*.
## Overview
*UEFA Champions League 2006--2007* was developed with the same engine used in *FIFA 07*, with slight graphical and gameplay adjustments, as well as the option to play a new manager mode named The Treble. The in-game commentators are Clive Tyldesley and Andy Townsend. Ultimate Team was introduced for the first time on the Xbox 360 version
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# Social Security Act 1991
The **Social Security Act 1991** (SSA) is an act passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1991 to provide for the payment, to eligible people in Australia, certain pensions, benefits and allowances, and for other related purposes.
The SSA was enacted to replace the Social Security Act 1947. In 1999, the *Social Security (Administration) Act 1999* was enacted, in which the provisions in the SSA concerning the administration of social security payments were split into a separate Act.
The SSA has been criticised by judges for its length and complexity. Most recently, in *Secretary, Department of Family and Community Services v Geeves*, Weinberg J, sitting on the Full Court of the Federal Court of Australia noted:
: *I should add the following comments. It is almost farcical that it should take eminent senior counsel the best part of a morning simply to take the Court through the various provisions of the Social Security Act that are relevant in order to determine whether a particular individual is entitled to a benefit under that Act. The question whether Ms Geeves should receive a carer's benefit for looking after Mr Escott ought to be able to be answered relatively easily. There is nothing extraordinary about his situation, and it can hardly be said that the legislature did not anticipate cases such as his.*
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: *Regrettably, as each year goes by, the Social Security Act becomes still more complex, and less accessible to those who most need to understand it. This point has been made on earlier occasions. In Anstis v Secretary, Department of Social Security (1999) 94 FCR 421, I described the Act as having been drafted in a manner \"both prolix and obscure\". I also referred to the observations of the Full Court in Blunn v Cleaver (1993) 47 FCR 111 in which it was noted that the object of the Bill that became the Act was said by the Minister, in his Second Reading Speech, to be \"to overcome the problem of readability by using a 'clear English' drafting style and format\". The Minister went on to say that this should make the Act \"a more accessible piece of legislation that ordinary Australians can reasonably be expected to understand\".*
As at January 2014, the SSA is administered by the Department of Social Services and the Attorney-General\'s Department
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# Igaya Station
is a passenger railway station located in the Hyōgo neighborhood of the city of Saga, Saga Prefecture, Japan. It is operated by JR Kyushu and is on the Nagasaki Main Line.
## Lines
The station is served by the Nagasaki Main Line and is located 20.2 km from the starting point of the line at `{{STN|Tosu|x}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Station layout {#station_layout}
The station, which is unstaffed, consists of two side platforms serving two tracks. A small station building of simple concrete construction, serves as a waiting room and houses an automatic ticket vending machine. Access to the opposite side platform is by means of a footbridge.
### Platforms
<file:JRKyushu-Nagasaki-main-line-Igaya-station-platform-20091031.jpg%7CView> of the platforms and tracks.
## History
Japanese Government Railways (JGR) opened the station on 1 December 1928 as an additional station on the existing track of the Nagasaki Main Line. With the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR), the successor of JGR, on 1 April 1987, control of the station passed to JR Kyushu.
## Passenger statistics {#passenger_statistics}
In fiscal 2011, the daily average number of passengers using the station (boarding passengers only) was 253
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# National University of Trujillo
The **National University of Trujillo** (*Universidad Nacional de Trujillo*) (**UNT**) is a major public university located in Trujillo, Peru, capital of the department of La Libertad. The university was founded by Simón Bolívar and José Faustino Sánchez Carrión, who met in Huamachuco; they signed the decree of foundation on May 10, 1824, before Peru\'s independence from Spain. National University of Trujillo, was the first republican university founded in Peru.
UNT has approximately 16,000 students in 13 academic faculties, making it one of the largest universities in the country. The current rector is Dr. Carlos Vásquez Boyer.
The UNT is ranked as one of the best universities in Peru.
## History
The National University of Trujillo is a Peruvian university located in the city of Trujillo, La Libertad Region in northern Peru whose acronym is UNT. It was founded during the Republican era by General Simón Bolívar, who issued from his headquarters in Huamachuco a decree founding the university on May 10, 1824, having as a secretary Don José Faustino Sánchez Carrión. The first director was Don Carlos Pedemonte y Talavera and whose term begins on October 22, 1831. On 23 November 1831 the Government appointed as supreme patron of the University to St. Thomas and St. Rose of Lima, where it ran. The first colleges environments were inside the school founded by bishops El Salvador. The first classes were Dogmatic and Moral Theology, Canons and Laws, Anatomy and Medicine, Philosophy and Mathematics. The first academic degrees awarded by UNT were those of Bachelor, Master and Doctor of Laws and Sacred Canons. It adopts the College system starting in 1861. From Its classrooms exited the universal poet César Vallejo in 1916, the first political philosopher Antenor Orregoin 1928, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, Eduardo González Viaña, Carlos Hugo Garrido Chalén, among others.
## Schools
UNT is organized into 13 faculty which contain 40 professional Schools.
Faculty Professional School
----------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------
**Faculty of Biological Sciences** Biological Sciences
Microbiology and Parasitology
Fishery
**Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry** Pharmacy and Biochemistry
**Faculty of Education and Communication Sciences** Communication Sciences
Initial Education
Primary Education
Secondary Education
**Faculty of Medicine** Human Medicine
**Faculty of Dentistry** Dentistry
**Faculty of Social Sciences** Social Work
Tourism
Anthropology
Archaeology
Geography
History
**Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences** Physics
Computer Science
Statistics Engineering
Mathematics
**Faculty of Economical Sciences** Administration
Economics
Accountancy
**Faculty of Law and Political Sciences** Law
Political Sciences and Governability
**Faculty of Engineering** Industrial Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Architecture and Urbanism
Metallurgic Engineering
Systems Engineering
Mines Engineering
Materials Engineering
Mechatronics Engineering
**Faculty of Chemical Engineering** Chemical Engineering
Environmental Engineering
**Faculty of Nursing** Nursing
**Faculty of Agropecuary Sciences** Agroindustrial Engineering
Agricultural Engineering
Zootechnics
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
Among former renowned professors and students are:
- César Vallejo, poet and journalist. Thomas Merton called him \"the greatest universal poet since Dante\". The late British poet, critic and biographer Martin Seymour-Smith, a leading authority on world literature, called Vallejo \"the greatest twentieth-century poet in any language.\" He also was leader of the cultural group in Trujillo city called *Grupo Norte* (North Group).
- Abundio Sagástegui Alva, biologist. He has proposed about four new genus and 88 new species, based on Peruvian botanical diversity.
- Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, political leader who founded the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) political movement. He is recognized as the most influential Peruvian political leader of the twentieth century and one of the most important Latin American political ideologues.
- María Julia Mantilla García, Miss World 2004.
- Carlos Hugo Garrido Chalén, writer and poet.
- Eduardo González Viaña, writer and journalist.
- Antenor Orrego, political philosopher.
- Ciro Alegría, novelist, writer and journalist.
- Allan Wagner Tizón, diplomat
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# Doernbecher Children's Hospital
**Doernbecher Children\'s Hospital** is an academic teaching children\'s hospital associated with Oregon Health & Science University located in Portland, Oregon. Established in 1926, it is the first full-service children\'s hospital in the Pacific Northwest, and provides full-spectrum pediatric care. Doernbecher Children\'s hospital is consistently ranked by U.S. News & World Report as one of the United States\' top pediatric hospitals in multiple medical specialties.
## Rankings
In 2015--2016, the U.S. News & World Report was ranked nationally for the following medical specialties: #25 pediatric nephrology, #27 pediatric oncology, #31 neonatology, #34 pediatric neurology and neurosurgery, #40 pediatric pulmonology, #49 pediatric cardiology and heart surgery, and #49 pediatric urology.
## History
The hospital opened in 1926 on Portland\'s Marquam Hill. Doernbecher Children\'s Hospital developed the nation\'s first academic children\'s eye clinic in 1949 and Oregon\'s first neonatal intensive care center in 1968. In 1998, Doernbecher built a new state-of-the-art medical complex to replace the original hospital. The new facility was named as one of the major building engineering achievements of the last 100 years by the International Federation of Consulting Engineers in 2013. Designed by ZGF Architects, the 250000 ft2 building traverses a canyon with two streets running under the building.
## Namesake
Construction of the six-story hospital in 1925--26 was financed primarily by a donation from a charitable trust managed by the heirs of Frank Silas Doernbecher (1861--1921), a prominent Portland businessman who established the Doernbecher Manufacturing Company in Portland in 1900. The company was Portland\'s leading furniture manufacturer, and grew to become one of the country\'s largest furniture makers. Frank Doernbecher had stipulated in his will that the money, which amounted to \$200,000, be given \"to some charity for the benefit of the people of Oregon\". The hospital\'s original name was the Doernbecher Memorial Hospital for Children, and from the start it was part of the University of Oregon Medical School, which in the 1970s became Oregon Health & Science University
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# Sumerpur, Uttar Pradesh
**Sumerpur**, also known as **Bharuwa Sumerpur**, is a town and a nagar panchayat in Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India.
## Demographics
As of the 2001 Census of India, Sumerpur had a population of 24,656. Males constituted 54% of the population and females 46%. Sumerpur has an average literacy rate of 59%, lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 62%. In Sumerpur, 27% of the population is under 6 years of age.
## Transport
Situated at about 15 km from district headquarters, 80 km from Kanpur well connected via NH 34 and 27.Sumerpur is also well connected to some major railway stations as Lucknow, Kanpur, Mumbai, Gorakhpur, Durg, Katni, Ragaul, Banda, Satna, Jhansi, Haridwar, Jabalpur, Chitrakoot.
Nearest airport are Kanpur Airport (domestic) and Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport
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# Ratification Cases
The **Ratification Cases**, officially titled as ***Javellana v. Executive Secretary*** (G.R. No. L-36142, March 31, 1973; 50 SCRA 30), was a 1973 Supreme Court of the Philippines case that allowed the 1973 Philippine Constitution to come into full force, which led to President Ferdinand Marcos staying in office and ruling by decree until he was ousted by the People Power Revolution in 1986. The decision became the cornerstone of subsequent decisions whenever the validity of the 1973 Constitution was questioned.
## Background
Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972. The Congress of the Philippines was then padlocked, and full legislative authority was vested on Marcos who ordered by decree. Many prominent members of the opposition, notably Benigno Aquino Jr. and Jose W. Diokno, were arrested and placed in military jails.
Despite the declaration of martial law, the 1971 Constitutional Convention continued. On November 29, 1972, the Convention approved the new constitution and the next day, Marcos issued Presidential Decree 73, \"submitting to the Filipino people, for ratification or rejection, the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention, and appropriating funds therefor\", as well as setting the plebiscite for ratification on January 15, 1973. Charito Planas, a staunch critic and later vice-mayor of Quezon City, filed a case, known as the Plebiscite Cases (*Planas v. COMELEC (1973)*) before the Supreme Court calling for a stop to the proposed ratification upon the grounds, among others, that the Presidential Decree \"has no force and effect as law because the calling\... of such plebiscite, the setting of guidelines for the conduct of the same, the prescription of the ballots to be used and the question to be answered by the voters, and the appropriation of public funds for the purpose, are, by the Constitution, lodged exclusively in Congress\...\" and \"there is no proper submission to the people there being no freedom of speech, press and assembly, and there being no sufficient time to inform the people of the contents thereof.\"
On January 15, 1973, while the Plebiscite Cases were being heard in the Supreme Court, the president signed Proclamation No. 1102, which states that the 1973 Constitution was \"ratified by an overwhelming majority of all the votes cast by the members of all the barangays (citizens\' assemblies) throughout the Philippines\...\" during the 1973 constitutional plebiscite.
By virtue of that decree, the Supreme Court dismissed the case for being moot and academic, without prejudice to the filing of a case questioning the validity of Proclamation No. 1102.
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# Ratification Cases
## Filing and hearings {#filing_and_hearings}
On January 20, 1973, Josue Javellana initially filed a case questioning Proclamation No. 1102. Similar petitions followed suit by Vidal Tan, J. Antonio Araneta, Alejandro Roces, Manuel Crudo, Antonio U. Miranda, Emilio de Peralta and Lorenzo M. Tañada on January 23, 1973; on February 3, 1973, by Eddie Monteclaro, (as President of the National Press Club of the Philippines); and on February 12, 1973, by Napoleon V. Dilag, Alfredo Salapantan Jr., Leonardo Asodisen Jr. and Raul M. Gonzalez. Likewise, on January 23, 1973, several senators filed a case against the Executive Secretary, as well as Senate President Gil Puyat and Senate President Pro Tempore Jose Roy, alleging that Congress must still hold session, and that they were being prevented to do so by agents of the Government, invoking Proclamation 1102.
The lawyers representing the petitioners included Ramon A. Gonzales, Lorenzo Tañada, Jovito Salonga, Sedfrey Ordoñez, Francisco \"Soc\" Rodrigo, Pablo Sanidad, Joker Arroyo, Rogelio B. Padilla, and Raul M. Gonzalez. Solicitor General Estelito P. Mendoza, Solicitor Vicente V. Mendoza and Solicitor Reynato S. Puno represented the government, as well as Arturo Tolentino for Gil J. Puyat and Jose Roy.
Morning and afternoon hearings were held by the Supreme Court from February 12 to 16, 1973. During the deliberations, former Senator Lorenzo Tañada occasionally rebuked the justices. After the deliberations, the parties were allowed to submit their notes and other arguments.
The Supreme Court at that time consisted of Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion, and Associate Justices Querube Makalintal, Calixto Zaldivar, Fred Ruiz Castro, Enrique Fernando, Claudio Teehankee, Antonio Barredo, Felix Makasiar, Felix Antonio and Salvador Esguerra. Of the members of the court, Concepcion, Makalintal and Zaldivar were the justices not initially appointed by Marcos, Concepcion being appointed in 1954 (he was later appointed Chief Justice in 1966), Makalintal in 1962 and Zaldivar in 1964.
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# Ratification Cases
## Decision
Chief Justice Roberto Concepcion wrote the decision. He outlined the summary of facts, then his own dissenting opinion of the case in which he said that the 1973 Constitution has not been properly ratified according to law, and then proceeded to make the summary of votes by the members of the court.
The issues raised were:
1. Is the issue of the validity of Proclamation No. 1102 a (political) question?
2. Has the 1973 Constitution been ratified validly?
3. Has the Constitution been acquiesced to (with or without valid ratification) by the people?
4. Are petitioners entitled to relief?
5. Is the Constitution in force?
The court was severely divided on the issues raised in the petition, but when the crucial question of whether the petitioners are entitled to relief, six members of the court (Justices Makalintal, Castro, Barredo, Makasiar, Antonio and Esguerra) voted to dismiss the petition, thus upholding the 1973 Constitution and Marcos\'s rule. Concepcion, together with Justices Zaldivar, Fernando and Teehankee, voted to grant the relief being sought.
In the issue of whether or not the 1973 Constitution has been ratified validly, six members of the court (the Chief Justice, and Justices Makalintal, Zaldivar, Castro, Fernando and Teehankee), answered that the Constitution was not validly ratified. Barredo\'s opinion was equivocal in its nature according to Cruz, but Joaquin Bernas, in his book on the Constitution, annotates that his opinion would be counted as concurring with the six justices. But it is unusual`{{according to whom|date=October 2015}}`{=mediawiki} that of those who said that the Constitution was not validly ratified, Querube Makalintal and Fred Ruiz Castro voted to dismiss the petitions. Makalintal and Castro, in a joint opinion, justified their non-granting of relief on the basis of a case in relation to Luther v. Borden (48 U.S. (7 How.) 1; 12 L.Ed. 581, 1849). It said that the inquiry was indeed a political determination and not a judicial one.
It was speculated`{{by whom|date=October 2015}}`{=mediawiki} that the two justices, being next in line for the position of Chief Justice, voted as such so as not to lose favor with Marcos. Makalintal was subsequently appointed Speaker of the Interim Batasang Pambansa, and Castro evidently showing his support of the Marcos regime through his court decisions and public statements.
The last sentence of the decision said, \"This being the vote of the majority, there is no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect.\" It is disputed`{{by whom|date=October 2015}}`{=mediawiki} as to whether Concepcion placed this sentence intentionally or someone inserted these words after he signed the decision.
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# Ratification Cases
## Aftermath
The Ratification Cases removed any legal challenge to the Marcos presidency. He had such power as President of the Philippines until he was forced out of power in the 1986 People Power Revolution.
Chief Justice Concepcion took a leave 18 days after the decision became public (50 days from his scheduled retirement) supposedly because he was disappointed on the outcome of the decision. He would later become a member of the Philippine Constitutional Commission of 1986 that drafted the 1987 Philippine Constitution. Drawing from his experiences in the martial law years, he introduced several innovations designed to assure the independence of the Supreme Court, such as the Judicial and Bar Council and the express conferment on the Court the power to review any acts of government.
In *The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos*, it was observed by Primitivo Mijares in the Chapter \"Spineless Judiciary: Legitimizing A Pretender\" that, while the Ratification Cases was resolved in a matter of months, the other cases involving Marcos' imprisoned critics were not decided until a year or two later. In fact, some of the critics withdrew their petitions, mostly for writ of habeas corpus, due to the lack of confidence that the Supreme Court would grant their relief.
Makalintal, when he became Chief Justice, also took a similar approach of Concepcion in deciding the case of the Habeas Corpus Cases of Benigno Aquino Jr. () by summarizing the diverse votes of the members of the court. He explained the reason why there was no collegial opinion by the Court, among others, that the justices of the Supreme Court are conscious of \"the future verdict of history\".
At the time of Chief Justices Castro and Fernando, the Supreme Court, using the 'legitimizing' power, affirmed the legality of the Ratification Cases through several cases, such as *Sanidad v. COMELEC (1976)* and *Occena v. COMELEC (1981)*.
Of the four justices who voted to grant relief, Concepcion and Calixto Zaldivar left the court due to retirement. Justices Teehankee, first identified with the regime,`{{by whom|date=October 2015}}`{=mediawiki} began to show his independence by consistently dissenting on several decisions made by the court. He was accompanied in such dissents by Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, and later, by Vicente Abad Santos. Fernando, though expected that he would be one to oppose the excesses of the Marcos\'s regime, became its supporter.
## Legacy
The decision in the Ratification Cases are still studied by students of Philippine Law with respect to the proper ratification and approval of a new Constitution. It also gave a lesson and reminder of the Marcos regime and its effects to the Filipino people.
It also shows that the Supreme Court are composed of human beings susceptible of error, in the words of Justice Isagani Cruz, \"\...is not an ivory tower occupied by demigods but not an infallible institution composed of persons slightly higher than their fellowmen, perhaps, but also showing their foibles and failings
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# Thottikallu
**Thottikallu** is a place near Bangalore off the Kanakapura road in the Bangalore Urban district which is famous for a falls called Thottikallu falls, more popularly known as TK falls. It is also known as \'SwarnaMukhi\' water falls. SwarnaMukhi translates as \'Golden-Faced\'. The route at Kagalpura (Kaggalipura) off the Bangalore - Kanakapura road will lead to a place called Byalemaradadoddi, from where a mud road leads to the falls. The place also has a small shrine.
## Tourism
There is no entry to the Thottikallu Falls as it belongs to Karnataka Forest Department and is considered an elephant corridor. The area is protected and trespassers are fined
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# List of authors of South African botanical taxa
**List of authors of South African botanical taxa** is a list of authors who have named South African plants and the standard abbreviations used for those authors in the botanical literature.
The entry for each author is given on a single line showing their name, dates and other names by which they have been known. Following this comes a list of the major groups they have worked on, separated by commas, and finally the standard form for their name (in bold).
## The major groups are {#the_major_groups_are}
- S - Spermatophytes/Phanerogams (flowering plants and gymnosperms)
- M - Fungi and Lichens (Mycology)
- A - Algae
- P - Pteridophytes
- B - Bryophytes
- F - Fossils
- L - Pre-Linnaean (from \'`{{harvnb|Stafleu|Cowan|1976|p=}}`{=mediawiki})
- C - Cryptogamic (from \'`{{harvnb|Stafleu|Cowan|1976|p=}}`{=mediawiki})
The dates given are those of birth and death where one or both are available. If neither is known, a date on which the author is known to have published a name (usually the earliest if more than one is known) is given preceded by \'fl.\' (*floruit*).
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| ## A | - Mary Gwendolene Lavis (=Mrs O\'Connor-Fenton)(1902-) S \...\..... **Lavis** |
| | - John Jacob Lavranos (1926--2018) S \...\..... **Lavranos** |
| - Robert Stephen Adamson (1885--1965) S \...\..... **Adamson** | - Leslie Charles Leach (1909--1996) S \...\..... **L.C.Leach** |
| - Adam Afzelius (1750--1837) M, P, S \...\..... **Afzel.** | - Anthonius Josephus Maria Leeuwenberg (1930-) S \...\..... **Leeuwenb.** |
| - William Aiton (1731--1793) P, S \...\..... **Aiton** | - Johann Georg Christian Lehmann (1792--1860) A, B, P, S \...\..... **Lehm.** |
| - Ove Almborn (1914--1992) M \...\..... **Almb.** | - Friedrich Ernst Leibold (1804--1864) S \...\..... **Leibold** |
| - Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston (1902--1958) P, S \...\..... **Alston** | - Frances Margaret Leighton (=Mrs WE Isaac)(1909--2006) S \...\..... **F.M.Leight.** |
| - John Graham Anderson (1926--1970) S \...\..... **J.G.Anderson** | - Otto Albrecht Leistner (1931-) S \...\..... **Leistner** |
| - Thomas Anderson (1832--1870) S \...\..... **T.Anderson** | - Charles Antoine Lemaire (1801--1871) P, S \...\..... **Lem.** |
| - William Anderson (1750--1778) S \...\..... **W.Anderson** | - François Mathias René Leprieur (1799--1869) M, P, S \...\..... **Lepr.** |
| - Nils Johan Andersson (1821--1880) P, S \...\..... **N.J.Andersson** | - Stephanus Francois Le Roux (1915--1976) F \...\..... **Le Roux** |
| - Eily Edith Agnes Archibald (1916-) S \...\..... **Archibald** | - Christian Friedrich Lessing (1809--1862) A, M, S \...\..... **Less.** |
| - R.E.M. Archibald (1940-) A \...\..... **R.E.M.Archibald** | - Pierre Adolphe Lesson (1805--1888) S \...\..... **A.Lesson** |
| - Edward Armitage (1822--1906) S \...\..... **Arm.** | - Cythna Lindenberg Letty (1895--1985) S \...\..... **Letty** |
| - Trevor Henry Arnold (1947-) S \...\..... **T.H.Arnold** | - Carl Tore Christian Levring (1913--1980) A \...\..... **Levring** |
| - George Arnott Walker-Arnott (1799--1868) A, P, M, S \...\..... **Arn.** | - Margaret Rutherford Bryan Levyns (née Michell)(1890--1975) S \...\..... **Levyns** |
| - Edwin Ashby (1861--1941) S \...\..... **Ashby** | - Gwendoline Joyce Lewis (1909--1967) S \...\..... **G.J.Lewis** |
| - Andre Aubreville (1897--1982) S \...\..... **Aubrév.** | - Martin Heinrich Karl von Lichtenstein (1780--1857) S \...\..... **Licht.** |
| | - Gustav Lindau (1866--1923) M, P, S \...\..... **Lindau** |
| ## B | - Johann Bernhard Wilhelm Lindenberg (1781--1851) A, B, S \...\.....**Lindenb.** |
| | - Hans Peter Linder (1954-) S \...\..... **H.P.Linder** |
| - Franz Ewald Theodor Bachmann (1850--1937) B, M \...\..... **Bachm.** | - Ray/Roy Charles Littlewood (1924--1967) S \...\..... **Littlew.** |
| - James Backhouse (1794--1869) P, S \...\..... **Backh.** | - Ludwig Eduard Theodor Loesener (1865--1941) S \...\..... **Loes.** |
| - Himansu Baijnath (1943-) S \...\..... **Baijnath** | - E.E.M. Loock (1905--1973) S \...\..... **Loock** |
| - Henri Ernest Baillon (1827--1895) B, M, P, S \...\..... **Baill.** | - Giuseppe Lopriore (1865--1928) S \...\..... **Lopr.** |
| - Hugh Arthur Baker (1896--1976) S \...\..... **H.A.Baker** | - Johannes Paulus Lotsy (1867--1931) M, P, S \...\..... **Lotsy** |
| - Joseph Banks (1743--1820) S \...\..... **Banks** | - Joao de Loureiro (1717--1791) A, B, P, S \...\..... **Lour.** |
| - Arthur S. Barclay (1932-) S \...\..... **A.S.Barclay** | - Carl August Luckhoff (1914--1960) S \...\..... **C.A.Lückh.** |
| - Winsome Fanny Barker (1907-) S \...\..... **W.F.Barker** | - Hilmar Albert Luckhoff (1916-) S \...\..... **H.A.Lückh.** |
| - Thomas Theodore Barnard (1898--1983) A, S \...\..... **Barnard** | - Wilhelm Jan Lutjeharms (1907--1983) M, S \...\..... **Lütjeh.** |
| - John Barrow (1764--1848) S \...\..... **Barrow** | |
| - Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling (1798--1875) S \...\..... **Bartl.** | ## M |
| - Ferdinand Lukas Bauer (1760--1826) S \...\..... **F.L.Bauer** | |
| - Martin Bruce Bayer (1935-) S \...\..... **M.B.Bayer** | - Peter MacOwan (1830--1909) M, S \...\..... **MacOwan** |
| - John Stanley Beard (1916-) S \...\..... **Beard** | - Wessel Marais (1929-) S \...\..... **Marais** |
| - Odoardo Beccari (1843--1920) A, M, P, S \...\..... **Becc.** | - Charles Dwight Marsh (1855--1932) S \...\..... **Marsh** |
| - Thomas W. Naylor Beckett (1838--1906) B \...\..... **Beckett** | - Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius (1794--1868) A, M, P, S \...\..... **Mart.** |
| - Charles Paulus Belanger (1805--1881) B, M, P, S \...\..... **Bél.** | - Maxwell Tylden Masters (1833--1907) P, S \...\..... **Mast.** |
| - Arthur Bennett (1843--1929) S \...\..... **A.Benn.** | - Alan Percy Douglas McClean (1902-) S \...\..... **McClean** |
| - George Bentham (1800--1884) M, P, S \...\..... **Benth.** | - James McGibbon (fl. 1848--1864) S \...\..... **McGibb.** |
| - Cornelius C. Berg (1934-) S \...\..... **C.C.Berg** | - Mark Johnston McKen (1823--1872) P, S \...\..... **McKen** |
| - Otto Karl (Carl) Berg (1815--1866) S \...\..... **O.Berg** | - Patrick Gordon McNeil (1908--1986) S \...\..... **McNeil** |
| - Ernst Friedrich Berger (1814--1853) S \...\..... **Berger** | - Robert Earle Magill (1947-) B, S \...\..... **Magill** |
| - Karl Heinrich Bergius (1790--1818) S \...\..... **K.Bergius** | - Wessel Marais (1929-) S \...\..... **Marais** |
| - Johann Jakob Bernhardi (1774--1850) B, M, P, S \...\..... **Bernh.** | - Walter Friedrich Otto Marasas (1941-) M, S \...\..... **Marasas** |
| - Antonio Bertoloni (1775--1869) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Bertol.** | - Erika Irene Markotter (1905\~06--1983) S \...\..... **Markötter** |
| - John William Bews (1884--1938) S \...\..... **Bews** | - Hermann Wilhelm Rudolf Marloth (1855--1931) S \...\..... **Marloth** |
| - Peter Johan Bladh (1746--1816) S \...\..... **Bladh** | - Judith Anne Marsh (=Mrs Hutchings)(1951-) S \...\..... **J.A.Marsh** |
| - Ralph Anthony Blakelock (1915--1963) S \...\..... **Blakelock** | - Francis Masson (1741--1805) S \...\..... **Masson** |
| - Carl Magnus Blom (1737--1815) S \...\..... **Blom** | - Joseph (\`Jimmy\') William Mathews (1871--1949) S \...\..... **J.W.Mathews** |
| - Carl Ludwig Blume (1796--1862) B, M, P, S \...\..... **Blume** | - Adrianus Dirk Jacob Meeuse (1914-) S \...\..... **A.Meeuse** |
| - Pierre Edmond Boissier (1810--1885) M, P, S \...\..... **Boiss.** | - Robert Desmond Meikle (1923-) S \...\..... **Meikle** |
| - Louis Hyacinthe Boivin (1808--1852) S \...\..... **Boivin** | - Carl Daniel Friedrich Meisner (1800--1874) S \...\..... **Meisn.** |
| - Carl (Karl) August Bolle (1821--1909) B, P, S \...\..... **Bolle** | - Archibald Menzies (1754--1842) B, P, S \...\..... **Menzies** |
| - Frank Bolus (1870--1945) S \...\..... **F.Bolus** | - Elmer Drew Merrill (1876--1956) M, P, S \...\..... **Merr.** |
| - Harriet Margaret Louisa Bolus née Kensit (1877--1970) S \...\..... **L.Bolus** | - Hermann Merxmüller (1920--1988) M, S \...\..... **Merxm.** |
| - Harry Bolus (1834--1911) S \...\..... **Bolus** | - Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer (1791--1858) B, S \...\..... **E.Mey.** |
| - Joseph (Jean) Edouard Bommer (1829--1895) M, P, S \...\..... **J.Bommer** | - Paul Gerhard Meyer (1934-) S \...\..... **P.G.Mey.** |
| - Pauline Bond (1917--2010) S \...\..... **Bond** | - Carl Christian Mez (1866--1944) S \...\..... **Mez** |
| - Aime Jacques Alexandre Bonpland (1773--1858) A, P, S \...\..... **Bonpl.** | - Margaret Rutherford Michell (=Mrs Levyns) A \...\..... **Michell** |
| - Leonard Alfred Boodle (1865--1941) A, S \...\..... **Boodle** | - John Miers (1789--1879) P, S \...\..... **Miers** |
| - Jan Justus Bos (1939-) S \...\..... **Bos** | - Gottfried Wilhelm Johannes Mildbraed (1879--1954) B, P, S \...\..... **Mildbr.** |
| - Averil Maud Bottomley (1889--1984) M \...\..... **Bottomley** | - Oliphant Bell Miller (1882--1966) S \...\..... O.B.Mill. |
| - Charles Boucher (1944-) S \...\..... **C.Boucher** | - Edgar Wolston Bertram Handsley Milne-Redhead (1906-) S \...\..... **Milne-Redh.** |
| - James Bowie (1789--1869) S \...\..... **Bowie** | - Friedrich Anton Wilhelm Miquel (1811--1871) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Miq.** |
| - Cornelis Eliza Bertus Bremekamp (1888--1984) P, S \...\..... **Bremek.** | - Philip Miller (1691--1771) S \...\..... **Mill.** |
| - John Patrick Micklethwait Brenan (1917--1985) P, S \...\..... **Brenan** | - Charles Francois Brisseau de Mirbel (1776--1854) B, P, S \...\..... **Mirb.** |
| - Johann Christian Breutel (1788--1875) B, S \...\..... **Breutel** | - David Searle Mitchell (1935-) P, S \...\..... **D.S.Mitch.** |
| - Lillian Louisa Britten (1886--1952) S \...\..... **L.L.Britten** | - Rodney Oliver Moffett (1937-) S \...\..... **Moffett** |
| - Adolphe Theodore (de) Brongniart (1801--1876) A, B, F, M, P, S \...\..... **Brongn.** | - Albert Oliver Dean Mogg (1886--1979) S \...\.....**Mogg** |
| - Nicholas Edward Brown (1849--1934) A, S \...\..... **N.E.Br.** | - Spencer Le Marchant Moore (1850--1931) S \...\..... **S.Moore** |
| - Robert Brown (1773--1858) B, M, P, S \...\..... **R.Br.** | - Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844--1890) S \...\..... **H.Moseley** |
| - Eileen Adelaide Bruce (1905--1955) S \...\..... **E.A.Bruce** | - Charles Edward Moss (1870--1930) S \...\..... **Moss** |
| - Jean Guillaume Bruguiere (1750--1798) S \...\..... **Brug.** | - Margaret Moss (née Heatley)(1885--1953) S \...\..... **M.Moss** |
| - Richard Kenneth Brummitt (1937-) S \...\..... **Brummitt** | - P.J. Muller (fl. 1973) M \...\..... **P.J.Mull.bis** |
| - Josef Brunnthaler (1871--1914) A, B \...\..... **Brunnth.** | - Johannes (Jean) Muller Argoviensis (1828--1896) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Müll.Arg.** |
| - Peter Vincent Bruyns (1957-) S \...\..... **Bruyns** | - Dietrich Muller-Doblies (1938-) S \...\..... **D.Müll.-Doblies** |
| - John Buchanan (1819--1898) B, S \...\..... **Buchanan** | - Ute Muller-Doblies (1938-) S \...\..... **U.Müll.-Doblies** |
| - Francis Buchanan-Hamilton (1762--1829) P, S \...\..... **Buch.-Ham.** | - Johannes Ludwig Leopold Mund (1791--1831) S \...\..... **Mund** |
| - Arthur Allman Bullock (1906--1980) S \...\..... **Bullock** | |
| - Charles James Fox Bunbury (1809--1886) S \...\..... **Bunbury** | ## N |
| - William John Burchell (1781--1863) B, P, S \...\..... **Burch.** | |
| - Johannes Burman (1707--1779) P, S \...\..... **Burm.** | - Gustav Hermann Nachtigal (1834--1885) S \...\..... **Nacht.** |
| - (Maximilian) Karl Ewald Burret (1883--1964) S \...\..... **Burret** | - Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (1776--1858) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Nees** |
| - Brian Laurence Burtt (\'Bill\') (1913-) S \...\..... **B.L.Burtt** | - Gert Cornelius Nel (1885--1950) S \...\..... **Nel** |
| - Joseph Burtt Davy (1870--1940) S \...\..... **Burtt Davy** | - David Nelson) ( -1789) S \...\..... **Nelson** |
| | - (David) James Niven (1774--1826)/(1776--1828) S \...\..... **Niven** |
| ## C | - Rune Bertil Nordenstam (1936-) S \...\..... **B.Nord.** |
| | - Nils Tycho Norlindh (1906-) S \...\..... **Norl.** |
| - George Caley (1770--1829) S \...\..... **Caley** | |
| - Jacques Cambessèdes (1799--1863) B, S \...\..... **Cambess.** | ## O |
| - Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle (1806--1893) S \...\..... **A.DC.** | |
| - Anne Casimir Pyramus de Candolle (1836--1918) S \...\..... **C.DC.** | - Anna Amelia Obermeyer (1907--2001) P, S \...\..... **Oberm.** |
| - Sherwin Carlquist (1930-) S \...\..... **Carlquist** | - Henrik Bernard Oldenland (1663--1697) L \...\..... **Oldenl.** |
| - Dugald Carmichael (1772--1827) A, M, P, S \...\..... **Carmich.** | - Daniel Oliver (1830--1916) P, S \...\..... **Oliv.** |
| - Cedric Errol Carr (1892--1936) S \...\..... **Carr** | - Edward George Hudson Oliver (1938-) S \...\..... **E.G.H.Oliv.** |
| - François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau (1802--1880) S \...\..... **Castelnau** | - Pehr Osbeck (1723--1805) M, S \...\..... **Osbeck** |
| - Ludolf Karl Adelbert von Chamisso (1781--1838) A, B, P, S \...\..... **Cham.** | |
| - Ernest Entwistle Cheesman (1898-) S \...\..... **Cheesman** | ## P |
| - Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier (1873--1956) B, P, S \...\..... **A.Chev.** | |
| - Emilio Chiovenda (1871--1941) A, B, P, S \...\..... **Chiov.** | - Jorge Americo Rodrigues Paiva (1933-) S \...\..... **Paiva** |
| - Lucy Katherine (Kathleen) Armitage Chippindall (1913--1992) S \...\..... **Chippind.** | - Max Cilliers Papendorf (1917- ) M \...\..... **Papendorf** |
| - Bela Jeno Cholnoky (1899--1972) A \...\..... **Cholnoky** | - George Frederick(Frederik) Papenfuss (1903--1981) A \...\..... **Papenf.** |
| - Hugh (Harold) Basil Christian (1871--1950) S \...\..... **Christian** | - Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Pappe (1803--1862) P, S \...\..... **Pappe** |
| - Martha Isabella Claassen (1931-) A \...\..... **Claassen** | - Richard Neville Parker (1884--1958) S \...\..... **R.Parker** |
| - Charles Baron Clarke (1832--1906) P, S \...\..... **C.B.Clarke** | - William Paterson (1755--1810) S \...\..... **Paterson** |
| - Leslie Edward Wostall Codd (1908--1999) S \...\..... **Codd** | - Ferdinand Albin Pax (1858--1942) S \...\..... **Pax** |
| - Hester Coetzee (1945-) S \...\..... **Coetzee** | - Arthur Anselm Pearson (1874--1954) M \...\..... **A.Pearson** |
| - Desmond Thorne Cole (1922-2018) S \...\..... **D.T.Cole** | - Henry Harold Welch Pearson (1870--1916) S \...\..... **H.Pearson** |
| - (John) William Colenso (1811--1899) B, M, P, S \...\..... **Colenso** | - George(Georges Guerrard) Samuel Perrottet (1793--1870) S \...\..... **Perr.** |
| - Robert Harold Compton (1886--1979) A, P, S \...\..... **Compton** | - Pauline Lesley Perry (1927- ) S \...\..... **P.L.Perry** |
| - Paul Conrath (1861--1931) S \...\..... **Conrath** | - Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1761--1836) A, M, S \...\..... **Pers.** |
| - Francois Marie Louis Corbiere (1850--1941) B, S \...\..... **Corb.** | - Bo-Hagard Peterson (1918--1990) S \...\..... **B.Peterson** |
| - Edred John Henry Corner (1906-) M, S \...\..... **Corner** | - Johann Joseph Peyritsch (1835--1889) M, S \...\..... **Peyr.** |
| - Léon Camille Marius Croizat (1894--1982) S \...\..... **Croizat** | - Edwin Percy Phillips (1884--1967) S \...\..... **E.Phillips** |
| | - Marcel Pichon (1921--1954) A, S \...\..... **Pichon** |
| ## D | - Barendina Jacoba Pienaar (1926-) S \...\..... **B.J.Pienaar** |
| | - Richard N. Pienaar (1942-) A \...\..... **Pienaar** |
| - Rolf Dahlgren (1932--1987) S \...\..... **R.Dahlgren** | - Gustav Robert Pieper (fl. 1908) S \...\..... **G.Piep.** |
| - Ivan Robert Dale (1904--1963) S \...\..... **Dale** | - Neville Stuart Pillans (1884--1964) S \...\..... **Pillans** |
| - William Dallimore (1871--1959) S \...\..... **Dallim.** | - Jules Emile Planchon (1823--1888) P, S \...\..... **Planch.** |
| - William Dampier (1652--1715) L \...\..... **Dampier** | - Darrel Charles Herbert Plowes (fl. 1986) S \...\..... **Plowes** |
| - Lynette Elizabeth Davidson (1916--1996) S \...\..... **L.E.Davidson** | - Edna Pauline Plumstead (1903--1989) F \...\.....**Plumst.** |
| - Jean Odon Debeaux (1826--1910) M, S \...\..... **Debeaux** | - Mary Agard Pocock (1886--1977) A \...\..... **Pocock** |
| - Joseph Decaisne (1807--1882) A, P, S \...\..... **Decne.** | - Eduard Friedrich Poeppig (1798--1868) M, P, S \...\..... **Poepp.** |
| - Ellen Marion Delf (1883--1980) A \...\..... **Delf** | - Jean Louis Marie Poiret (1755--1834) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Poir.** |
| - Alire Raffeneau Delile (1778--1850) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Delile** | - Illtyd Buller Pole-Evans (1879--1968) M, S \...\..... **Pole-Evans** |
| - Bernard M. Descoings (fl. 1967) S\...\...\...\...\...\...\....**Desc.** | - Roger Marcus Polhill (1937-) S \...\..... **Polhill** |
| - Rene Louiche Desfontaines (1750--1833) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Desf.** | - Elizabeth Powrie (1925--1977) S \...\..... **Powrie** |
| - Miriam Phoebe de Vos (1912-) S \...\..... **M.P.de Vos** | - David Prain (1857--1944) A, P, S \...\..... **Prain** |
| - Johannes Marthinus Jacob de Wet (1927-) S \...\..... **de Wet** | - Johann August Ludwig Preiss (1811--1883) S \...\..... **L.Preiss** |
| - Emile August(e) Joseph De Wildeman (1866--1947) M, P, S \...\..... **De Wild.** | - Richard Chandler Alexander Prior (1809--1902) S \...\..... **Prior** |
| - Bernard de Winter (1924-) S \...\..... **De Winter** | - Christian Puff (1949-) S \...\..... **Puff** |
| - Gordon Parker DeWolf (1927-) S \...\..... **DeWolf** | - K.M. Putterill (fl. 1954)(=Mrs Abbott) M \...\..... **K.M.Putterill** |
| - Didrik Ferdinand Didrichsen (1814--1887) S \...\..... **Didr.** | - V.A. Putterill (fl. 1919) M \...\..... **V.A.Putterill** |
| - Friedrich Ludwig Emil Diels (1874--1945) B, P, S \...\..... **Diels** | |
| - Moritz Kurt Dinter (1868--1945) S \...\..... **Dinter** | ## R |
| - Barend Jacobus Dippenaar (1902-) M \...\..... **Dippen.** | |
| - Ethel Doidge (1887--1965) M \...\..... **Doidge** | - Ludwig Adolph Timotheus Radlkofer (1829--1927) A, M, S \...\..... **Radlk.** |
| - David Don (1799--1841) M, P, S \...\..... **D.Don** | - Paul Theodor Range (1879--1952) S \...\..... **Range** |
| - George Don (1798--1856) B, P, S \...\..... **G.Don** | - Werner Rauh (1913-) B, P, S \...\..... **Rauh** |
| - Emmanuel Drake del Castillo (1855--1904) P, S \...\..... **Drake** | - Rawson William Rawson (1812--1899) P \...\..... **Rawson** |
| - Carl Friedrich (Charles Frederick) Drège (1791--1867) S \...\..... **C.F.Drège** | - Burkhardt Reber (1848--1926) S \...\..... **Reber** |
| - Jean Francois (Johann Franz) Drège (1794--1881) A, B, S \...\..... **Drège** | - Eduard August von Regel (1815--1892) B, M, P, S \...\..... **Regel** |
| - George Claridge Druce (1850--1932) P, S \...\..... **Druce** | - Sigmund Eugen Adolf Rehm (1911-) S \...\..... **S.E.A.Rehm** |
| - Robert Bailey Drummond (1924-) S \...\..... **R.B.Drumm.** | - Anton Rehmann (1840--1917) B, S \...\..... **Rehmann** |
| - Denise van Druten (1930-) S \...\..... **Druten** | - Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773--1854) B, P, S \...\..... **Reinw.** |
| - Marcel Marie Maurice Dubard (1873--1914) S \...\..... **Dubard** | - Alfred Barton Rendle (1865--1938) A, P, S \...\..... **Rendle** |
| - Noëlle Dumaz-le-Grand (fl. 1953) S \...\..... **Dumaz-le-Grand** | - Elizabeth Retief (1947-) S \...\..... **Retief** |
| - Richard Arnold Dümmer (1887--1922) S \...\..... **Dümmer** | - William Frederick Reyneke (1945-) S \...\..... **Reyneke** |
| - Edward John Dunn (1844--1937) S \...\..... **E.J.Dunn** | - Gilbert Westacott Reynolds (1895--1967) S \...\..... **Reynolds** |
| - Stephen Troyte Dunn (1868--1938) P, S \...\..... **Dunn** | - Achille Richard (1794--1852) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **A.Rich.** |
| - Stephanus Johannes du Plessis (1908-) M \...\..... **du Plessis** | - Petrus Johannes Robbertse (1932-) S \...\..... **Robbertse** |
| - Hein Johannes During (1947-) B \...\..... **During** | - Colin Charles Robertson ( -1946) S \...\..... **C.Robertson** |
| - Augusta Vera Duthie (1881--1963) B, P, S \...\..... **A.V.Duthie** | - Norman Keith Bonner Robson (1928-) S \...\..... **N.Robson** |
| - Alexander Logie du Toit F \...\..... **A.L.du Toit** | - Frans Hubert Edouard Arthur Walter Robyns (1901--1986) B, S \...\..... **Robyns** |
| - Petrus (Pierre) Cornelis Vermeulen Du Toit (1945-) S \...\..... **Du Toit** | - Johann Jakob Roemer (1763--1819) P, S \...\..... **Roem.** |
| - Robert Allen Dyer (1900--1987) S \...\..... **R.A.Dyer** | - Frederick Arundel Rogers (1876--1944) S \...\..... **F.A.Rogers** |
| - William Turner Thiselton-Dyer (1843--1928) P, S \...\..... **Dyer** | - William Moyle Rogers (1835--1920) S \...\..... **W.M.Rogers** |
| | - Justo P. Rojo (1935-) S \...\..... **Rojo** |
| ## E | - Robert Allen Rolfe (1855--1921) S \...\..... **Rolfe** |
| | - James Henderson Ross (1941-) S \...\..... **J.H.Ross** |
| - Christian Friedrich (Frederik) Ecklon (1795--1868) S \...\..... **Eckl**. | - Johan Peter Rottler (1749--1836) S \...\..... **Rottler** |
| - Albert Eicker (1935-) M \...\..... **Eicker** | - Arabella Elizabeth Roupell (1817--1914) S \...\..... **Roupell** |
| - Joan Elffers (1928-) (=Mrs Munday) S \...\..... **Elffers** | - John Patrick Rourke (1942-) S \...\..... **Rourke** |
| - George Francis Scott-Elliot (1862--1934) S \...\..... **G.Elliot** | - Jacobus Petrus Roux (1954-) P, S \...\..... **J.P.Roux** |
| - Roger Pearson Ellis (1944-) S \...\..... **R.P.Ellis** | - William Roxburgh (1751--1815) P, S \...\..... **Roxb.** |
| - Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher (1804--1849) A, B, F, M, P, S \...\..... **Endl.** | - Hedley Brian Rycroft (1918--1990) S \...\..... **Rycroft** |
| - Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (1844--1930) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Engl.** | |
| - Johann Friedrich Gustav von Eschscholtz (1793--1831) S \...\..... **Eschsch.** | ## S |
| - Elsie Elizabeth Esterhuysen (1912--2006) S \...\..... **Esterh.** | |
| - Maurice Smethurst Evans (1854--1920) S \...\..... **M.S.Evans** | - Terence Macleane Salter (1883--1969) S \...\..... **T.M.Salter** |
| - William Edgar Evans (1882--1963) S \...\..... **W.E.Evans** | - Henry Frederick Conrad Sander (1847--1920) P, S \...\..... **Sander** |
| - Arthur Wallis Exell (1901--1993) S \...\..... **Exell** | - John Sanderson (1820\~21-1881) S \...\..... **Sand.** |
| | - Carl Heinrich Schultz (1805--1867) S \...\..... **Sch.Bip.** |
| ## F | - Hans Conrad Schellenberg (1872--1923) A, M, S \...\..... **Schellenb.** |
| | - Edmund Andre Charles Lois Eloi Schelpe (1924--1985) B, F, P, S \...\..... **Schelpe** |
| - Arthur Robert Fairall (1920--1970) S \...\..... **Fairall** | - Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper (1856--1901) A, B, S \...\..... **A.Schimp.** |
| - David Fairchild (1869--1954) S \...\..... **D.Fairchild** | - Wilhelm Philippe Schimper (1808--1880) A, B, F, M, S \...\..... **Schimp.** |
| - Abilio Fernandes (1906--1994) S \...\..... **A.Fern.** | - Hans Schinz (1858--1941) P, S \...\..... **Schinz** |
| - Rosette Mercedes Saraiva Batarda Fernandes (1916--2005) P, S \...\..... **R.Fern.** | - Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal (1794--1866) M, P, S \...\..... **Schltdl.** |
| - Francisco Manoel Carlos de Mello de Ficalho (1837--1903) S \...\..... **Ficalho** | - Friedrich Richard Rudolf Schlechter (1872--1925) S \...\..... **Schltr.** |
| - Adriano Fiori (1865--1950) M, P, S \...\..... **Fiori** | - Hans-Joachim Eberhardt Schlieben (1902--1975) S \...\..... **Schlieb.** |
| - Helena Madelain Lamond Forbes (1900--1959) S \...\..... **H.M.L.Forbes** | - Ferdinand Reynold Schoeman (1943-) A \...\..... **Schoeman** |
| - John Forbes (1798--1823) S \...\..... **Forbes** | - Selmar Schonland (1860--1940) S \...\..... **Schönland** |
| - Peter Forsskål (1732--1763) A, P, S \...\...**Forssk.** | - Johann Lucas Schonlein (1793--1864) S \...\..... **Schönl.** |
| - Johann Reinhold Forster (1729--1798) S \...\..... **J.R.Forst.** | - Carl Joseph Schroter (1855--1939) A, S \...\..... **Schröt.** |
| - Henry Georges Fourcade (1865--1948) S \...\..... **Fourc.** | - Josef (Joseph) August Schultes (1773--1831) B, S \...\..... **Schult.** |
| - Eugene Pierre Nicolas Fournier (1834--1884) P, S \...\..... **E.Fourn.** | - Karl Moritz Schumann (1851--1904) A, B, P, S \...\..... **K.Schum.** |
| - Paul Victor Fournier (1877--1964) P, S \...\..... **P.Fourn.** | - Herold Georg Wilhelm Johannes Schweickerdt (1903--1977) S \...\..... **Schweick.** |
| - Robert O. Fournier A \...\..... **R.O.Fourn.** | - Georg August Schweinfurth (1836--1925) P, S \...\..... **Schweinf.** |
| - Millicent Franks (=Mrs Flanders)(1886--1961) S \...\..... **Franks** | - Charles Leslie Scott (1913--2001) S \...\..... **C.L.Scott** |
| - Johannes Frenzel A \...\..... **Frenzel** | - George Francis Scott-Elliot (1862--1934) M, S \...\..... **Scott-Elliot** |
| - Johann Baptist Georg (George) Wolfgang Fresenius (1808--1866) A, M, S \...\..... **Fresen.** | - John Scouler (1804--1871) S \...\..... **Scouler** |
| - Klas Robert Elias Fries (1876--1966) M, P, S \...\..... **R.E.Fr.** | - Stanley Charles Seagrief (1927--1995) A \...\..... **Seagrief** |
| - Thore Christian Elias Fries (1886--1930) M, S \...\..... **T.C.E.Fr.** | - Berthold Carl Seemann (1825--1871) B, P, S \...\..... **Seem.** |
| - Ib Friis (1945-) S \...\..... **Friis** | - Karl Otto von Seemen (1838--1910) S \...\..... **Seemen** |
| - Felix Eugen Fritsch (1832--1893) A \...\..... **F.E.Fritsch** | - Homer LeRoy Shantz (1876--1958) A, S \...\..... **Shantz** |
| | - John Shaw (1837--1890) B \...\..... **J.Shaw** |
| ## G | - Franz(e) Wilhelm Sieber (1789--1844) B, P \...\..... **Sieber** |
| | - Thomas Robertson Sim (1856--1938) B, P, S \...\..... **Sim** |
| - Ernest Edward Galpin (1858--1941) S \...\..... **Galpin** | - Richard Harold Simons (1928-) A \...\..... **Simons** |
| - Star Garabedjan (1895--1978) S \...\..... **Garab.** | - John Sims (1749--1831) S \...\..... **Sims** |
| - Christian August Friedrich Garcke (1819--1904) S \...\..... **Garcke** | - Christo Albertyn Smith (1898--1956) S \...\..... **C.A.Sm.** |
| - Sidney Garside (1889--1961) B \...\..... **Garside** | - Gerald Graham Smith (1892--1976) S \...\..... **G.G.Sm.** |
| - Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupre (1789--1854) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Gaudich.** | - Jan Christiaan Smuts (1870--1950) S \...\..... **Smuts** |
| - Howard Scott Gentry (1903-) S \...\..... **Gentry** | - Thomas Robert Soderstrom (1936--1987) S \...\..... **Soderstr.** |
| - Gerrit Germishuizen (1950-) S \...\..... **Germish.** | - Daniel Carl Solander (1733--1782) A, S \...\..... **Sol.** |
| - William Tyrer Gerrard ( -1866) P, S \...\..... **Gerrard** | - Hans Solereder (1860--1920) S \...\..... **Soler.** |
| - Jacob Gerstner (1888--1948) S \...\..... **Gerstner** | - Otto Wilhelm Sonder (1812--1881) A, B, S \...\..... **Sond.** |
| - Birenda Nath Ghose (1885--1983) S \...\..... **Ghose** | - Pierre Sonnerat (1748--1814) S \...\..... **Sonn.** |
| - Johan Wilhelm Heinrich Giess (1910-) S \...\..... **Giess** | - Édouard Spach (1801--1879) P, S \...\..... **Spach** |
| - Malcolm Hutchison Giffen (1902-) A \...\..... **Giffen** | - Anders Sparrman (1748--1820) S \...\..... **Sparrm.** |
| - Ernest Friedrich Gilg (1867--1933) S \...\..... **Gilg** | - Curt Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (1766--1833) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Spreng.** |
| - Jan Bevington Gillett (1911-) S \...\..... **J.B.Gillett** | - William Stanger (1811--1854) S \...\..... **Stanger** |
| - Margaret Clark Gillett (1878--1962) S \...\..... **Gillett** | - Otto Stapf (1857--1933) B, S \...\..... **Stapf** |
| - Hamish Boyd Gilliland (1911--1965) S \...\..... **Gilliland** | - Hans Ulrich Stauffer (1929--1965) S \...\..... **Stauffer** |
| - Hugh Francis Glen (1950-) S \...\..... **Glen** | - Sydney Margaret Stent (1875--1942) S \...\..... **Stent** |
| - Johann Friedrich Gmelin (1748--1804) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **J.F.Gmel.** | - Edith Layard Stephens (1884--1966) A, M, S \...\..... **Stephens** |
| - Wouter Adriaan Goddijn (1884--1960) P, S \...\..... **Goddijn** | - Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel (1783--1856) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Steud.** |
| - Karl Christian Traugott Friedemann Goebel (1794--1851) S \...\..... **Goebel** | - Joyce L. Stewart (née Tucker)(1936-) S \...\..... **J.L.Stewart** |
| - Peter Goldblatt (1943-) S \...\..... **Goldblatt** | - Charles Howard Stirton (1946-) S \...\..... **C.H.Stirt.** |
| - Antonie Petrus Gerhardus Goossens (1896--1972) S \...\..... **Gooss.** | - Bertha M. Stoneman (1866--1943) M \...\..... **Stoneman** |
| - Kathleen Dixon Huntley Gordon-Gray (1918-) B, S \...\..... **Gordon-Gray** | - Robert Story (1913--1999) S \...\..... **Story** |
| - Gerhard Jacobus Marinus Anne Gorter (1913-) M \...\..... **G.J.M.Gorter** | - Rudolf Georg Strey (1907--1988) S \...\..... **Strey** |
| - Constantine Goulimis (1886--1963) S \...\..... **Goulimis** | - Per Arne Krister Strid (1943-) S \...\..... **Strid** |
| - Hans Rudolph Jurke Grau (1937-) S \...\..... **Grau** | - Haring Johannes Swart (\`Harry\') (1922--1993) M \...\..... **H.J.Swart** |
| - Percy James Greenway (1897--1980) S \...\..... **Greenway** | - Robert Sweet (1783--1835) P, S \...\..... **Sweet** |
| - Leopold Hartley Grindon (1818--1904) S \...\..... **Grindon** | - Charles Francis Massey Swynnerton (1877--1938) S \...\..... **Swynn.** |
| - B.H. Groenewald S \...\..... **Groenew.** | - Ignaz von Szyszylowicz (1857--1910) B, P, S \...\..... **Szyszyl**\[Polish l\]. |
| - Valery Ivanovich Grubov (1917-) P, S \...\..... **Grubov** | |
| - Jean Baptiste Antoine Guillemin (1796--1842) A, P, S \...\..... **Guill.** | ## T |
| - Georg Julius Ernst Gurich (1859--1938) A, F \...\..... **Gürich** | |
| - Robert Louis August Maximilian Gürke (1854--1911) S \...\..... **Gürke** | - Patrick Henry Brabazon Talbot (1919--1979) M \...\..... **P.H.B.Talbot** |
| - Francis Guthrie (1831--1899) S \...\..... **Guthrie** | - Jiro Tanaka (1950-) A \...\..... **Ji.Tanaka** |
| - Louise Guthrie (1879--1966) S \...\..... **L.Guthrie** | - Paul Hermann Wilhelm Taubert (1862--1897) P, S \...\..... **Taub.** |
| | - George Taylor (1904--1993) S \...\..... **G.Taylor** |
| ## H | - William Randolph Taylor (1895--1990) A \...\..... **W.R.Taylor** |
| | - Johannes Jacobus Theron (1905-) S \...\..... **Theron** |
| - Norbert Hahn (1966-) S \...\..... **N.Hahn** | - David Thoday (1883--1964) S \...\..... **Thoday** |
| - Anthony Vincent Hall (1936-) S \...\..... **A.V.Hall** | - (Hans) Justus Thode (1859--1932) S \...\..... **Thode** |
| - Harry Hall (1906--1986) S \...\..... **Harry Hall** | - Mary Fraser Thompson (=Mrs Rand)(1941--1982) S \...\..... **M.F.Thomps.** |
| - Lisabel Irene Hall (née Booysen)(fl. 1984) S \...\..... **L.I.Hall** | - Peter Thonning (1775--1848) S \...\..... **Thonn.** |
| - Ove Juel Hansen (1945-) S \...\..... **O.J.Hansen** | - Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1793--1864) S \...\..... **A.Thouars** |
| - Thomas Hardwicke (1757--1835) S \...\..... **Hardw.** | - Louis-Marie Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1758--1831) P, S \...\..... **Thouars** |
| - David Spencer Hardy (1931-) S \...\..... **D.S.Hardy** | - Carl Peter Thunberg (1743--1828) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Thunb.** |
| - Hermann August Theodor Harms (1870--1942) S \...\..... **Harms** | - Helmut Richard Toelken (1939-) S \...\..... **Toelken** |
| - Errol Rhodes Harrison (1925-) S \...\..... **E.R.Harrison** | - Antonio Rocha da Torre (1904-) S \...\..... **Torre** |
| - Heidrun Elsbeth Klara Hartmann (née Osterwald) (1942-) S \...\..... **H.E.K.Hartmann** | - Hamilton Paul Traub (1890--1983) S \...\..... **Traub** |
| - William Henry Harvey (1811--1866) A, B, M, S \...\..... **Harv.** | - Jose Jeronimo Triana (1834--1890) P, S \...\..... **Triana** |
| - Johan Coenraad van Hasselt (1797--1823) M, S \...\..... **Hasselt** | - Wilhelm Triebner (1883--1957) S \...\..... **Triebner** |
| - Adrian Hardy Haworth (1768--1833) S \...\..... **Haw.** | - Roland Trimen (1840--1916) S \...\..... **R.Trimen** |
| - Friedrich Gottlob Hayne (1763--1832) S \...\..... **Hayne** | - Georges M.D.J. Troupin (1923-) S \...\..... **Troupin** |
| - Hermann Heino Heine (1922-) P, S \...\..... **Heine** | - Louis René Tulasne (1815--1885) M, S \...\..... **Tul.** |
| - William Botting Hemsley (1843--1924) A, P, S \...\..... **Hemsl.** | - Billie Lee Turner (1925-) S \...\..... **B.L.Turner** |
| - Mayda Doris Henderson (1928-) S \...\..... **M.D.Hend.** | - William Bertram Turrill (1890--1961) S \...\..... **Turrill** |
| - Murray Ross Henderson (1899--1982) S \...\..... **M.R.Hend.** | - William Tyson (1851--1920) A \...\..... **Tyson** |
| - Esmee Franklin Hennessy (fl. 1986) S \...\..... **Hennessy** | |
| - Charles Louis L\'Heritier de Brutelle (1746--1800) P, S \...\..... **L\'Hér.** | ## U |
| - Paul Hermann (Dutch 1646--1695) L \...\..... **Herm.** | |
| - Adolar Gottlieb Julius Herre (1895--1979) S \...\..... **A.G.J.Herre** | - Noel Rosa Urton (née Bryant)(fl. 1986) S \...\..... **Urton** |
| - Florence Ellen Hewitt (1910--1979) A \...\..... **Hewitt** | |
| - William Philip Hiern (1839--1925) B, S \...\..... **Hiern** | ## V |
| - Olive Mary Hilliard (née Hillary)(1925--2022) S \...\..... **Hilliard** | |
| - Albert Spear Hitchcock (1865--1935) P, S \...\..... **Hitchc.** | - Martin (Henrichsen) Vahl (1749--1804) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Vahl** |
| - Benedict Pierre Georges Hochreutiner (1873--1959) S \...\..... **Hochr.** | - Paul Andries Van der Byl (1888--1939) M \...\..... **Van der Byl** |
| - Christian Ferdinand Friedrich Hochstetter (1787--1860) A, M, P, S \...\..... **Hochst.** | - Frederick Ziervogel Van der Merwe (1894--1968) S \...\..... **Van der Merwe** |
| - Christian Gottlob Ferdinand von Hochstetter (1829--1884) S \...\..... **C.G.F.Hochst.** | - Jacoba Johanna Maria Van der Merwe (1946-) S \...\..... **J.J.M.van der Merwe** |
| - Walter Hendricks Hodge (1912-) P, S \...\..... **Hodge** | - Johannes Jacobus Adriaan Van der Walt (1938-) S \...\..... **J.J.A.van der Walt** |
| - Kathe(Kaethe) Hoffmann (1883--c.1931) S \...\..... **K.Hoffm.** | - Gideon Christiaan Albertus Van der Westhuizen (fl. 1956) M \...\..... **Van der Westh.** |
| - Karl August Otto Hoffmann (1853--1909) S \...\..... **O.Hoffm.** | - Ernst Jacobus Van Jaarsveld (1953-) S \...\..... **Van Jaarsv.** |
| - Edward Morell Holmes (1843--1930) A, S \...\..... **Holmes** | - Abraham Erasmus van Wyk (1952-) S \...\..... **A.E.van Wyk** |
| - Ove Arbo Hoeg (1898-) A, F, M \...\..... **Hoeg** | - Georg Carl Wilhelm Vatke (1849--1889) S \...\..... **Vatke** |
| - Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817--1911) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Hook.f.** | - Jose Mariano da Conceicao Vellozo (1742--1811) P, S \...\..... **Vell.** |
| - William Jackson Hooker (1785--1865) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Hook.** | - Etienne Pierre Ventenat (1757--1808) M, P, S \...\..... **Vent.** |
| - A.J.Ward Hornby (1893-) A \...\..... **Hornby** | - Hendrik Johannes Tjaart Venter (1938-) S \...\..... **Venter** |
| - David Hornby (fl. 1977) M \...\..... **D.Hornby** | - S. Venter (fl. 1988) S \...\..... **S.Venter** |
| - Claës Fredrik Hornstedt (1758--1809) S \...\..... **Hornst.** | - Bernard Verdcourt (1925-) P, S \...\..... **Verdc.** |
| - Gottfried Eduard Huber-Pestalozzi (1877--1966) A \...\..... **Hub.-Pest.** | - Frans Verdoorn (1906--1984) B, P, S \...\..... **Verd.** |
| - Jean-Henri Humbert (1887--1967) P, S \...\..... **Humbert** | - Inez Clare Verdoorn (1896--1989) S \...\..... **I.Verd.** |
| - John Hutchinson (1884--1972) S \...\..... **Hutch.** | - Len Verwoerd (fl. 1924) M \...\..... **Verwoerd** |
| | - Eugène Vieillard (1819--1896) P, S \...\..... **Vieill.** |
| ## I | - L.G.Alexandre Viguier (1790--1867) S \...\..... **Vig.** |
| | - Otto Heinrich Volk (1903-) B, S \...\..... **O.H.Volk** |
| - Hans-Dieter Ihlenfeldt (1932-) S \...\..... **Ihlenf.** | - Kaj Borge Vollesen (1946-) S \...\..... **Vollesen** |
| - Kathleen Leonore Immelman (1955-) S \...\..... **Immelman** | - Pieter Johannes Vorster (1945-) P, S \...\..... **Vorster** |
| - Collingwood Ingram (1880--1981) S \...\..... **Ingram** | |
| - Edward George Irving (1816--1855) S \...\..... **Irving** | ## W |
| - Frances Margaret (Leighton) Isaac (1909-) S \...\..... **Isaac** | |
| - William Edwyn Isaac (1905-) A \...\..... **W.E.Isaac** | - Horace Athelstan Wager (1876--1951) B \...\..... **Wager** |
| | - Vincent Athelstan Wager (1904-) M, S \...\..... **V.A.Wager** |
| ## J | - Johann August Wahlberg (1810--1856) S \...\..... **J.Wahlb.** |
| | - Marion Meason Walgate (=Mrs McNae)(1914-) S \...\..... **Walgate** |
| - William Jack (1795--1822) S \...\..... **Jack** | - Nathaniel Wallich (olim Nathan Wolff)(1786--1854) P, S \...\..... **Wall.** |
| - Marius Jacobs (1929--1983) S \...\..... **M.Jacobs** | - Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers (1816--1853) S \...\..... **Walp.** |
| - Niels Henning Gunther Jacobsen (1941-) P, S \...\..... **N.Jacobsen** | - Heinrich (Karl) Walter (1898-) S \...\..... **H.K.Walter** |
| - Werner Bahne Georg Jacobsen (1909-) P, S \...\..... **W.Jacobsen** | - Otto Warburg (1859--1938) P, S \...\..... **Warb.** |
| - Amy Jacot Guillarmod (1911--1992) M, S \...\..... **Jacot Guill.** | - Alma May Waterman (1893-) M \...\..... **Waterman** |
| - Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin (1727--1817) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **Jacq.** | - William Watson (1858--1925) S \...\..... **W.Watson** |
| - John Peter Jessop (1939-) P, S \...\..... **Jessop** | - John Mitchell Watt (1892--1980) S \...\..... **J.M.Watt** |
| - Wouter Johannes Jooste (1933-) M \...\..... **Jooste** | - Heinrich Wawra (1831--1887) P, S \...\..... **Wawra** |
| - Adrien-Henri de Jussieu (1797--1853) S \...\..... **A.Juss.** | - Anna Weber-Van Bosse (née van Bosse)(1852--1942) S \...\..... **A.A.Weber-van Bosse** |
| | - Hugh Algernon Weddell (1819--1877) M, S \...\..... **Wedd.** |
| ## K | - August Henning Weimarck (1903--1980) S \...\..... **Weim.** |
| | - Henry Welsh (1906--1967) A \...\..... **Welsh** |
| - Cornelis Kalkman (1928--1998) S \...\..... **Kalkman** | - Friedrich Martin Josef Welwitsch (1806--1872) M, P, S \...\..... **Welw.** |
| - (Maria) Caroline Karsten (1902-) S \...\..... **M.C.Karst.** | - Erich Werdermann (1892--1959) M, S \...\..... **Werderm.** |
| - Ronald William John Keay (1920--1998) S \...\..... **Keay** | - Fritz (Friedrich) Wettstein (1895--1945) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **F.Wettst.** |
| - John Bellenden Ker Gawler (1764--1842) \...\..... **Ker Gawl** | - Louis Cutter Wheeler (1910--1980) S \...\..... **L.C.Wheeler** |
| - Lars Erik Kers (1931-) M, S \...\..... **Kers** | - Frank White (1927-) S \...\..... **F.White** |
| - Pauline Kies (=Mrs Bohnen)(1918--1999) S \...\..... **Kies** | - Gerald Ernest Wickens (1927-) S \...\..... **Wickens** |
| - Donald Joseph Boomer Killick (1926-) S \...\..... **Killick** | - Delbert Wiens (1932-) S \...\..... **Wiens** |
| - John William Carnegie Kirk (1878--1962) S \...\..... **J.W.C.Kirk** | - Robert Wight (1796--1872) S \...\..... **Wight** |
| - Thomas Kirk (1828--1898) P, S \...\..... **Kirk** | - Ernst Wilczek (1867--1948) M, P, S \...\..... **Wilczek** |
| - Friedrich Wilhelm Klatt (1825--1897) A \...\..... **Klatt** | - Hiram Wild (1917--1982) S \...\..... **Wild** |
| - Anthonia Kleinhoonte (1887--1960/1) S \...\..... **Kleinhoonte** | - Carl Ludwig von Willdenow (1765--1812) A, M, P, S \...\..... **Willd.** |
| - Johann Friedrich Klotzsch (1805--1860) M, P, S \...\..... **Klotzsch** | - Ion James Muirhead Williams (1912-) S \...\..... **I.Williams** |
| - Emil Friedrich Knoblauch (1864--1936) S \...\..... **Knobl.** | - Friedrich Wilms (1848--1919) B, S \...\..... **F.Wilms** |
| - Karl Heinrich Emil Koch (1809--1879) P, S \...\..... **K.Koch** | - Ernest Henry Wilson (1876--1930) S \...\..... **E.H.Wilson** |
| - Johann Gerhard Konig (1728--1785) B, M, P, S \...\..... **J.König** | - Eduard Winkler (1799-) S \...\..... **Winkl.** |
| - Friedrich August Körnicke (1828--1908) M, P, S \...\..... **Körn.** | - Anthony Hurt Wolley-Dod (1861--1948) S \...\..... **Wolley-Dod** |
| - Karl Georg Theodor Kotschy (1813--1866) B, S \...\..... **Kotschy** | - John Medley Wood (1827--1915) S \...\..... **J.M.Wood** |
| - Richard Kräusel (1890--1966) A, B, F, M \...\..... **Kräusel** | - Wilson Crosfield Worsdell (1867--1957) S \...\..... **Worsd.** |
| - Christian Ferdinand Friedrich von Krauss (1812--1890) A, B, S \...\..... **C.Krauss** | - Charles Wright (1811--1885) P, S \...\..... **C.Wright** |
| - Johan Carl Krauss (1759--1826) S \...\..... **Krauss** | - Charles Henry Wright (1864--1941) A, P, S \...\..... **C.H.Wright** |
| - Georg Ludwig Engelhard Krebs (1792--1844) S \...\..... **Krebs** | - William Wright (1735--1819) S \...\..... **W.Wright** |
| - Heinrich Kuhl (1796--1821) M, S \...\..... **Kuhl** | - Andrew Wyley (1820-) S \...\..... **Wyley** |
| - Otto Carl Ernst Kuntze (1843--1907) A, B, F, M, P, S \...\..... **Kuntze** | - Ben-Erik van Wyk (1956) A \...\..... **B.E.Wyk** |
| - Wilhelm Sulpiz Kurz (1834--1878) P, S \...\..... **Kurz** | |
| | ## Y |
| ## L | |
| | - Ralph George Norwood Young (1904--1979) S \...\..... **R.G.N.Young** |
| - Jacques-Julien Houtou de Labillardiere (1755--1834) A, M, P, S \...\..... **Labill.** | |
| - Carl von Linnaeus (1707--1778) A, B, M, P, S \...\..... **L.** | ## Z |
| - Herman Johannes Lam (1892--1977) B, P, S \...\..... **H.J.Lam** | |
| - Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre de Monnet de Lamarck (1744--1829) A, M, P, S \...\..... **Lam.** | - Alexander Zahlbruckner (1860--1938) M, S \...\..... **Zahlbr.** |
| - Joseph Lanjouw (1902--1984) S \...\..... **Lanj.** | - Carl Ludwig Philipp Zeyher (1799--1858) S \...\..... **Zeyh.** |
| - Elaine Margaret Laughton (née Young)(1898--1974) M \...\..... **Laughton** | - Eduard Meine van Zinderen-Bakker (1907--2002) B, M \...\..... **Zind
| 6,586 |
List of authors of South African botanical taxa
| 0 |
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# Sumbal, Jammu and Kashmir
**Sumbal** is a town and a notified area committee in the Bandipora district of the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Sumbal is 19 kilometres away from Srinagar (the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir). The surrounding parts of sumbal consist of many villages like Nowgam, shadipora, Shahtulpora, Shilwat, Shiganpora, Inderkote. This area has one of the significant Shia population in Kashmir. The place is rich in literature and agriculture. Sumbal is situated on the bank of the river Jhelum and is adjacent to the Manasbal lake. There are also many notable figures from this area including Kashmir\'s first Muslim lady pilot Iram Habibi and many other personalities particularly poets. The zalpora village of Sumbal joins two districts, Bandipora and Baramulla which serves as another route to connect the districts Kupwara and Baramulla to Srinagar. Sumbal city is divided into 13 wards, for which elections are held every 5 years.
## Geography
Sumbal is located at 34.23 N 74.63 E. It has an average elevation of 1557 metres (5108 feet).
## Demographics
At the 2001 India census, Sumbal had a population of 10,737. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. As per census 2011, sumbal had a male literacy rate 64% and female literacy rate 36% which has largely improved since past decade. In Sumbal, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age
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# Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum
The **Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum** is a non-profit aviation museum located in Southern Colorado. It was founded in the mid-1970s by former Pueblo City Manager Fred Weisbrod. The museum is made up of two hangars that were built in 2005 and 2011. The hangars house several of the museum\'s aircraft along with thousands of artifacts dating from World War I to modern day. PWAM is home to the International B-24 Memorial Museum and the Southern Colorado Space Museum and Learning Center. There are several historic military vehicles in the museum\'s collection, many of which are still in operational condition. The museum is located six miles east of Pueblo, Colorado on US Highway 50 at the Pueblo Memorial Airport, occupying space on what was the Pueblo Army Air Base during World War II. It is managed and maintained by the Pueblo Historical Aircraft Society.
The museum\'s collection includes around forty military and civilian aircraft, as well as several military vehicles. The museum hosts periodic open cockpit days and fly ins at the neighboring Pueblo Memorial Airport. PWAM houses an extensive collection of books and research material in the museum\'s library. The museum is run by a volunteer staff of men and women who provide tours, run the gift shop and do aircraft restoration and maintenance.
## History
The museum was founded by a group of aviation enthusiasts in the 1980s. In 2008, the museum requested funding from the county for the building of an additional hangar.
## Aircraft on display {#aircraft_on_display}
### Military aircraft {#military_aircraft}
- Beechcraft T-34 Mentor *144018*
- Bell OH-13E Sioux
- Bell UH-1D Iroquois *72-21508*
- Bell UH-1M Iroquois *65-9484*
- Bell OH-58A Kiowa *69-16271*
- Boeing-Stearman PT-13D Kaydet *75-5943*
- Boeing B-29 Superfortress *44-62022*
- Boeing NB-47E Stratojet *532104*
- Boeing B-52F Stratofortress -- nose section
- Cessna T-37B Tweet *67-22253*
- Convair HC-131A Samaritan *5794*
- Douglas R4D-5 *17217*
- Douglas A-26C Invader *44-35892*
- Douglas F-6A Skyray *134936*
- Douglas A-4C Skyhawk *147702*
- Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar *131688*
- General Dynamics F-16A Fighting Falcon *80-0499*
- Grumman F9F-8 Cougar *138876*
- Grumman F11F Tiger *141853*
- Lockheed F-80C Shooting Star *49-1872*
- Lockheed YF-104 Starfighter *55-2967*
- Lockheed SP-2E Neptune *128402*
- Lockheed TV-2 SeaStar *137936*
- Lockheed C-130E Hercules -- nose section 70-1259
- McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle *79-0022* -- This aircraft shot down an Iraqi MiG-23 during Operation Desert Storm on 28 January 1991.
- McDonnell Douglas F-4D Phantom II -- nose section and flight simulator
- North American F-86D Sabre *52-3653*
- North American F-100D Super Sabre *55-3503*
- North American T-28C Trojan *140064*
- North American RA-5C Vigilante *151629*
- Piasecki CH-21B Workhorse *53-4347*
- PZL-Mielec Lim-2
- PZL-Mielec Lim-6
- Republic F-84C Thunderjet *47-1562*
- Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5 -- 7/8 scale replica
- Sikorsky SH-34J Seabat *148002*
- SPAD S
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# Halter (horse show)
**Halter** is a type of horse show class where horses are shown \"in hand,\" meaning that they are led, not ridden, and are judged on their conformation and suitability as breeding stock. Depending on breed and geographic region, such events may be called \"Halter,\" \"In-Hand,\" \"Breeding,\" \"Model,\" or \"Conformation\" classes.
An event that judges young people on their ability to groom and present a halter horse is called Halter Showmanship, Showmanship, or Showmanship In-Hand. In most breeds, the exhibitor is given a score that breaks down to be roughly 60% on showmanship or skill, 40% on grooming and preparation, though precise standards vary by breed and discipline.
Almost every horse breed has halter classes of some type. Halter classes are usually grouped by breed, sex, or age. Rules, breed standards, clipping patterns, grooming styles, use of grooming products and popularity of the halter discipline varies widely. However, all classes require that horses be meticulously groomed before entering the ring, be trained to stand correctly in the style dictated by their breed or discipline, and to walk and trot on command in a designated pattern or line. The breed of horse in the ring can sometimes be determined by grooming style and presentation alone.
## Presentation of halter horses in the United States {#presentation_of_halter_horses_in_the_united_states}
North American halter exhibitors in most breeds tend to be more fond of hoof polish, hair dressings, oils and \"shine enhancers,\" silicone sprays and other grooming aids than their counterparts in the rest of the world. In the United States, fashion trends in grooming are often more noticeable than in Europe, where horses, while still very well groomed, are allowed a somewhat more \"natural\" style of preparation with less clipping and use of fewer grooming products.
Showing styles listed below are considered correct in the USA, but may differ in other countries.
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# Halter (horse show)
## Sport horse disciplines {#sport_horse_disciplines}
Sport horses, that is, animals of any breed who are intended to be used under saddle as show hunters, show jumpers, dressage horses, or even eventers, when shown in hand, are judged first and foremost on their potential athleticism, with soundness and quality of movement being very important. They have manes braided in a style appropriate for their discipline, and usually have their tails either braided or pulled. They are shown in a hunt seat style bridle (horses two and under may be shown in a leather halter). Other than cleanliness, braiding, and basic show trimming of legs, muzzle, ears and a short bridle path, grooming products are kept to a minimum and excessive oils and polishes are frowned upon.
The handler usually dresses neatly, but casually, often wearing a polo shirt and khaki pants, with running shoes. Correct hunt seat riding attire is also permissible. However, many people find running in field boots to be cumbersome, particularly when showing on the triangle (see below), so the more casual look prevails. The horse is stood up for judging in an \"open\" stance, in that the front and hind legs are not lined up squarely, but rather the two front legs and two hind legs are placed with one leg slightly in front of the other, so that all four legs can be seen simultaneously from the side. The head and neck are allowed to be held at a natural position, thought the handler may subtly raise or lower the head a bit to flatter the individual horse. Most sport horses now show on a \"triangle\" pattern, allowing a view of the horse going toward and away from they judge as well as a side view of the horse in motion. Horses are walked a small triangle pattern, then trotted on a larger triangle pattern before setting up for the judge to further assess them at a standstill.
Any breed may be shown in a sport horse style when appropriate, but the most common breeds shown in a sport horse style and no other include the Thoroughbred and all of the various Warmblood breeds. Due to the strong international influence on the under saddle events within the sport horse disciplines, there is less difference between the USA and Europe in this style of presentation than for other styles.
## Stock breeds {#stock_breeds}
The stock horse breeds in the United States put more emphasis on quality of conformation in the stand-up presentation, though movement is also scored. Stock breeds include the American Quarter Horse, Appaloosa, American Paint Horse and breeds of similar body type. In most classes, horses are required to walk and trot in a straight line, usually walking toward the judge and trotting away from the judge, then assessed individually from a standstill. The horse is to stand perfectly square on all four feet. The head is usually held at a natural angle that is flattering to the individual horse, not too high or too low.
Manes are shortened and pulled, then combed to lay flat, and often are \"banded\" with small rubber bands. Horses are given basic show clipping of ears, legs, muzzle and bridle path, polish is often used on hooves, and silicone-based sprays on the hair coat, but excess glitz and oil on the horse is frowned upon.
Most competitor wear Western style attire, usually including a jacket and a cowboy hat, and horses are presented in a flat leather halter, usually ornamented with silver.
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# Halter (horse show)
## Action breeds and gaited breeds {#action_breeds_and_gaited_breeds}
Breeds best known for high trotting action and stylish appearance under saddle or in harness are shown at a trot along the rail as well as being asked to set up for judging in a position where the front feet are square and the hind feet square, but stretched out or \"parked\" a bit behind the normal, square position. Their head and neck is held high, with the head brought forward just enough to create a clean line at the throatlatch. They generally line up head to tail along the rail and are brought singly into the center of the ring for evaluation at a standstill, then are trotted away from the judge and down the rail so their action can also be viewed from the side. Conformation at a standstill is strongly considered, though the \"parked out\" stance also can hide a multitude of leg flaws, making the judge\'s observation of the horse in motion very important.
Horses are generally shown with the curb bit portion of a saddle seat style double bridle, or in a very thin, refined show halter, usually of black or patent leather with a colorful noseband (and, sometimes, browband). Usually the forelock and one or two sections of the mane has a brightly colored ribbon braided into it, and false tails are permitted. Clipping styles vary by breed and by discipline within some breeds, but proper clipping is an art form and far more extensive than for the sport horse or stock breeds. Action breeds are groomed extensively with silicone sprays on the coat, oils to add shine to the face, and hoof polish common.
Handlers usually wear either a variation on a business suit (basically a business suit that allows freedom to run, plus a full range or arm movement, does not show dirt and is easily cleaned, plus paddock boots or dark running shoes) or saddle seat riding attire, though usually without the long coat.
Breeds shown in this fashion include the American Saddlebred and Hackney. Morgans are also shown in a similar manner, but without ribbons, false tails, or any type of braiding. (Unless specifically shown as sport horses, then hunter braiding and presentation is permissible). Most ponies, including the Shetland pony, Welsh pony and Miniature horse are shown in the style of the action breeds, though a few may be shown in a stock horse style, particularly if a pony breed developed from stock horse bloodlines, such as the Pony of the Americas.
Many \"Gaited\" breeds, including the Tennessee Walker and the Missouri Foxtrotter are shown in a similar fashion, with their intermediate ambling gait, whatever it happens to be, substituted for the trot. Purity and form of gait is judged heavily and of great importance in gaited breeds.
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# Halter (horse show)
## Arabians and related breeds {#arabians_and_related_breeds}
The Arabian horse and breeds directly derived from the Arabian, such as the Morab, Welara, and the National Show Horse, as well as part-Arabian pinto horses, do not have any braiding or banding that interferes with a naturally long, free-flowing mane and tail. (Unless specifically shown as sport horses, then hunter-style braiding and presentation is permissible).
Some miniature horses are also shown in the style of Arabians.
The conformation stance for the breed is to have the front feet square and the back feet parted so that one leg is set perpendicular to the ground, and the other slightly behind it, in order to tighten and flatten the relatively horizontal croup and show off the high-set tail that are breed characteristics. The head is carried high and the neck stretched out. Class procedure is similar to the action breeds, with somewhat greater emphasis on the stand-up for individual presentation.
They are presented in a very fine, thin show halter with minimal decoration, designed to show off the refined head that is a characteristic of the breed. Handlers usually wear similar attire to those showing action breeds, though some instead choose to wear Western-style attire. They are as extensively groomed as the action breeds, though manes and tails are never clipped or artificially enhanced, other than the clipping of a bridle path.
Judging of Arabian horses is in flux, with a new judging system set to go into effect in early 2008. Under the new system, breed type, movement, head, neck and shoulder, body and topline, and feet and legs will each be given a numerical score with all components equally weighted.
## Draft breeds {#draft_breeds}
Draft horses are usually shown in a square stance, though sometimes slightly parked out. Mane and tail styles vary, but most are shown with the tail tied up into a short knot that is no longer than the length of the dock. Manes on most working breeds are braided up short, usually with ornamental ribbon or yarn added. Mature horses are shown in a bridle, young horses in a leather stable halter.
## Other breeds {#other_breeds}
The Baroque horse breeds such as the Friesian, Andalusian and Lipizzan, usually are shown in styles similar to what is done with each breed in Europe, in that clipped bridle paths and excessive greases or oils are avoided. Manes and tails are generally left loose and flowing. They are usually presented either in a hunter or harness-style show bridle or in a halter similar to those used by Arabians, but sized heavier, depending on breed and part of the country in which the breed is shown. Most are shown in a square or slightly parked stance and are judged strongly on movement and athleticism
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# The Eighty-Six Years of Eubie Blake
***The 86 Years of Eubie Blake*** is a 1969 studio album by ragtime pianist Eubie Blake and marks a reunion for Blake with his longtime collaborator, Noble Sissle. The album was recorded in three sessions, the first on December 26, 1968, followed by two more on February 6, and March 12, 1969.
In 2006 the Library of Congress selected *The Eighty-Six Years of Eubie Blake* for inclusion in the National Recording Registry based on its cultural, artistic or historical significance.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
Track Song title Composer
------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------
1\. \"Dream Rag\" Jesse Pickett
2\. \"Semper Fidelis\" John Philip Sousa
3\. \"Tricky Fingers\" Eubie Blake
4\. \"Troublesome Ivories\" Blake
5\. \"Chevy Chase\" Blake
6\. \"Brittwood Rag\" Blake
7\. \"Spanish Venus\" Luckey Roberts
8\. \"As Long As You Live\" Bernie Hanighen, Johnny Mercer
9\. \"Memories of You\" Blake, Andy Razaf
10\. \"Charleston Rag\" Blake
11\. \"Maple Leaf Rag\" Scott Joplin
12\. \"Stars and Stripes Forever\" Sousa
13\. \"*Shuffle Along* Medley\" (feat. Noble Sissle) Blake
14\. \"I\'m Just Wild About Harry\" Blake, Noble Sissle
15\. \"Blue Rag in 12 Keys\" Blake
16\. \"Eubie\'s Boogie\" Blake, Sissle
17\. \"Poor Jimmy Green\"
18\. \"Baltimore Todolo\" Blake, Sissle
19\. \"Poor Katie Red\" Blake
20\. \"Kitchen Tom\" Blake
21\. \"Medley: Bleeding Moon / Under the Bamboo Tree\"
22\. \"It\'s All Your Fault\" (feat. Noble Sissle) Blake, Sissle, Nelson
23\. \"Medley: Charleston / Old-Fashioned Love / If I Could Be With You\" Zoltan Fabian, James P. Johnson
24\. \"You Were Meant For Me\" (feat. Noble Sissle) Nacio Herb Brown, Arthur Freed
25\. \"Dixie Moon\" Blake, Sissle
26\
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# Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
The **Auburn Tigers swimming and diving** program is Auburn University\'s representative in the sport of swimming and diving. The Tigers compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division 1 and are members of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). The program started in 1932 when the pool was in the basement of the gymnasium. The program had to telegraph their timed results to other schools and compare as the pool was too small for competitions.
The Tigers\' first national champion was Scott Spann Sr, who won the 200m Individual Medley in 1978. The women\'s team became a full NCAA sport in 1982. David Marsh was hired in 1990 and he would make Auburn into a national powerhouse.
Under Marsh the program won a combined twelve NCAA championships. The men have won eight (1997, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2009) while the women have won five (2002, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007). David Marsh stepped down at the end of the 2006-2007 season. He was replaced by former Auburn, Texas Longhorns and Stanford University head coach Richard Quick. The Tiger men won the 2009 national championship, the 8th for the men and 13th total for the program. In May 2009 assistant coach Brett Hawke was promoted to co-head coach to run the program together with Quick. On June 10, Coach Quick died after a six-month struggle with brain cancer. In March 2018, following the conclusion of the NCAA men\'s and women\'s championships, Hawke informed the team he would be resigning as the head coach after 10 seasons. On April 28, 2018 NC State Wolfpack assistant swimming coach Gary Taylor was named the eighth head coach of the program. Following the 2021 NCAA Championships in which the men\'s and women\'s teams failed to score any points, Auburn and Taylor mutually decided to part ways. Auburn athletics director Allen Greene announced a national search for Taylor\'s successor would begin immediately. On April 23, 2021 Auburn announced former Auburn swimmer Ryan Wochomurka was hired to be the new head coach of both the men\'s and women\'s teams.
Auburn has regularly been represented in the Olympic Games, with a University record eighteen swimmers at the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games where five Auburn Tigers won a record twelve medals. At the same Olympics, Kirsty Coventry won her seventh Olympic medal to replace Auburn alumnus and NBC swimming commentator Rowdy Gaines at the top of the Auburn roster of Olympic medallists. Also in the Beijing games César Cielo Filho became the first Auburn swimmer to win an Olympic gold medal in the 50m Free Style event.
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# Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
## History
Auburn\'s swimming and diving program got off to a modest start in 1932. Swimming in the basement of the Alumni Gym (which no longer exists on campus) the Tigers swam in a small pool which only had room for three lanes. Swimmers were timed and results were telegraphed to other schools for comparisons. The first real competitions were held in 1936, with ten swimmers competing. The Tigers first swam in the SEC Championships in 1940 and placed 5th. With the outbreak of World War II, Auburn stopped all intercollegiate sports and swimming was not reinstated after the war due to inadequate facilities. The team was reinstated in 1947, and reentered the SEC Championships in 1948. Throughout the 1950s and 60\'s, the program garnered little attention as it was mostly coached by volunteers and swimmers consisted of the fastest members of the university\'s mandatory swim classes.
A new university swim team was formed in the fall of 1970, and two major changes helped transition the program into the modern era of collegiate swimming. A competition pool was constructed adjacent to Memorial Coliseum (renamed to Beard-Eaves Coliseum in 1993) through the support of university president Harry M. Philpott. In addition to a new pool, the university hired Bill Washington as the program\'s first official head coach. In 1973, Washington moved into a teaching role and the athletics department hired Eddie Reese to take over. The swim program experienced a rapid rise to national prominence under the leadership of Reese. Auburn finished 3rd in the SEC and 17th in the NCAA meet in 1974, the highest finish in school history at that time. The Tigers climbed up to second in the NCAA\'s by 1978, in which Auburn captured the first individual NCAA champion in school history when Scott Spann Sr. won the 200 IM and the 100 breaststroke. Following the 1978 season, Reese left the Auburn program to take over as the coach at the University of Texas. After his departure, Auburn hired Iowa State men\'s swimming coach Richard Quick to be Reese\'s successor. Auburn experienced continued success under Quick as the men finished in sixth at the 1979 NCAA championships and fifth in 1980 and 1981. In 1982, women\'s swimming became an official SEC sport, and the Auburn women\'s program finished fourth at the AIAW Championships. After the conclusion of the 1982 season, Quick left Auburn to become the coach of the women\'s program at the University of Texas, serving beside Eddie Reese. Auburn replaced Quick with John Asmuth, who was a swimmer during Reese\'s tenure at Auburn. Asmuth was known for helping coach two of Auburn\'s early Olympic swimmers, Rowdy Gaines and Per Johansson, but perhaps his best contribution to Auburn\'s swim program was James Martin Aquatics Center. Asmuth served as a key member in planning and gaining the support for the construction of the world-class natatorium. Asmuth served as the head coach for eight years where his teams finished in the top ten in three years and top twenty another three years.
In 1990, Auburn hired David Marsh who would take the Tigers to new heights. He led the 1994 men to an SEC title, the first in school history. That same year, the Tiger women won the 200 yd medley relay, becoming the first team outside of Stanford, Texas, or Florida to win an NCAA title in a relay at the NCAA meet. The men would go on to win the 1997 national championship, the first team in Auburn history to win an NCAA title. The women swimmers became the first Auburn women\'s team to win an NCAA title in 2002. The women would then win the SEC title in 2003 for the first time, with the men also winning an SEC Championship (their seventh consecutive) marking the first time the men\'s and women\'s SEC championships were held by the same school. Later that year, the Auburn teams combined to sweep the NCAA titles, another first for men\'s and women\'s teams coached by the same person. Auburn had established itself as a national swimming power. Auburn had another first for a swimming program in 2005. After winning the 2005 national title the Auburn men\'s team became the first men\'s swimming and diving team invited to be honored at the White House by then President George W. Bush. The women joined the men the next year.
David Marsh\'s career as Auburn head coach ended in March 2007 after leading the Tigers to the 2007 men\'s and women\'s national titles in his fourth sweep of the events. Marsh finished with 17 SEC Championships and a record-tying 12 national championships. The coach he tied is incoming Tigers coach Richard Quick who won 12 combined national titles as the Women\'s head coach for Texas and Stanford.
In 2008 the Auburn women finished second to Arizona Wildcats while the men finished in fifth place.
In 2009 the Tigers reclaimed the Men\'s national title by edging out second place Texas by 39 points. The 2009 title was the eighth for the men and the 13th overall for Auburn. It also marked Richard Quick\'s 13th title after winning twelve at Stanford and Texas. He moved ahead of former Auburn coach David Marsh for the most titles for a coach in his career and became the first coach to win national titles at three schools.
During the 2008-2009 season Brett Hawke, a former Auburn swimmer himself, took over the day-to-day running of the men\'s program after Richard Quick was diagnosed with a brain tumor. After the season Auburn Athletics Director Jay Jacobs announced that Hawke would be promoted to co-head coach and would work with both the Men\'s and Women\'s programs while consulting with Quick.
Under the leadership of Hawke, the men\'s team captured the 2010, 2011, and 2012 SEC championships, but failed to win another national title after 2009. In March 2018, following the NCAA men\'s and women\'s championships, Hawke informed the team he would be resigning from his position. The athletics department, under the new leadership of athletic director Allen Greene, immediately began searching for Hawke\'s successor. On April 28, 2018 NC State Wolfpack assistant swimming coach Gary Taylor was named the new head coach. Taylor immediately faced a challenging situation as two of the program\'s top swimmers, Zach Apple and Hugo Gonzalez, announced their intent to transfer following Taylor\'s arrival. On April 19, 2021, Auburn athletics director Allen Greene announced that Auburn and coach Gary Taylor had mutually agreed to part ways, and a national search for his successor would begin immediately. At the 2021 NCAA Championships, both the men\'s and women\'s programs failed to score any points.
On April 23, 2021 former Auburn swimmer Ryan Wochomurka was announced as the new head coach of the program. Wochomurka formerly served as the head coach of the Houston Cougars women\'s swimming and diving program. Wochomurka swam at Auburn from 2002--2005 where he was a 21-time All-American.
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# Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
## Facilities
The Auburn Swimming and Diving program competes in the James E. Martin Aquatics Center. The center first opened in the 1993 and was designed to be one of the premier natatoriums in collegiate swimming and diving. The James E. Martin Aquatics Center has hosted multiple competitions including the SEC Championships three times, the NCAA Championships twice, as well the 1995, 2000, and 2005 U.S. Open competitions. In the months leading up to the Atlanta Olympic Games swimming teams from Israel, China, Japan, South Africa, and Finland used the facility to train while the US Olympic Water Polo also used the facility.
The facility cost \$10.5 million and was a pet project of its namesake, former Auburn University President James E. Martin. Seating at the center has room for 1,000 spectators and an additional 800 poolside seats for competitors. The competition pool features a state of the art gutter system that absorbs waves instead of reverberating back into the pool, which creates a calmer swimming surface. The bulkheads also provide a flow-through design to prevent waves on turns. The pool is nine feet deep at the shallowest and 16.5 ft below the diving apparatus. The entire pool is 77 yd long (232 ft) and 25 yards (75 ft) wide. The bulkheads are movable and allow variable lengths for competition and practice as well as simultaneous diving. The facility also features the original Auburn competition pool, renovated as a warm-up and practice pool.
In the summer of 2007, Auburn University completed work on a new \$1 million outdoor training pool, part of a large scale effort by the Auburn Athletics Department to improve the school\'s facilities.
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# Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
## Men\'s swimming and diving {#mens_swimming_and_diving}
On top of their seven national titles, the Auburn men have won several SEC championships. Since their first SEC Championship in 1994, Auburn has won 14 out of the last 15 SEC titles, including 13 straight since 1996. Only Tennessee has broken Auburn\'s SEC championship streak. Between January 11, 2001 and January 11, 2007 Auburn did not lose a single dual meet (meets in between 2 or 3 teams only). The only team to beat Auburn during that time period was arch swimming rival Texas, when they snapped the Tigers 44 consecutive dual meet winning streak by a score of 130-113.
The 2006 Men\'s Swimming and Diving senior class, consisting of Kurt Cady, George Bovell, Eric Shanteau, and Doug Van Wie finished as the only senior class in AU History for any sport to go undefeated their entire college career. They never lost a Dual, SEC, or NCAA meet.
The 2007 Men\'s SEC Championship team dominated the conference competition, winning by 114.5 points over the second place Florida. The men\'s team won 11 individual conference titles, including sweeping all diving and relay events. Like the conference, Auburn\'s men dominated the 2007 NCAA championship meet. The Tigers scored 566 points in the meet, easily outdistancing second place Stanford who scored 397 points, a difference of 169. On the very first swim of the meet, the 200 yd freestyle relay, the Tigers set a new NCAA record in the prelims which they then broke in the championship final (1:14.71). Auburn would go on to set NCAA records in four more events, the 50 Free (César Cielo, 18.69), 100 Free (César Cielo, 41.17), the 400 Free relay (2:46.56), and the 200 Medley Relay (1:23.37). César Cielo became the first Auburn swimmer since Rowdy Gaines to win the 100 Free national title, and the first Auburn swimmer to win the 100 and 50 free in the same NCAA meet. Auburn diver Steven Segerlin repeated his 2006 Platform diving championship and won the 3M Springboard title to go with his third place in the 1M Springboard. Auburn was awarded for its dominance by sweeping the post meet awards, David Marsh was named NCAA Division I Men\'s Swimming Coach of the Year, head diving coach Jeff Shafer was named NCAA Division I Men\'s Diving Coach of the Year, César Cielo was named NCAA Division I Men\'s Swimmer of the Year and Steven Segerlin was named NCAA Division I Men\'s Diver of the Year.
In the 2009 SEC Championship meet, Auburn\'s men won first place for the 13th consecutive time, tying a conference record. Auburn was led by Matt Targett, who won seven individual SEC championships, winning every event he entered. He was named SEC Male Swimmer of the year for his efforts. In the 2009 national championships held in College Station, Texas Auburn trailed rival Texas for the first two days of the competition. In the final day of competition Auburn took the lead during the first two events and held on to win the eighth national title for the men\'s team. The Auburn men\'s team continued their streak of SEC Championships by winning the conference meet in 2010, 2011, and 2012. The Florida Gators ended Auburn\'s streak of sixteen straight championships when they won the men\'s 2013 SEC Swimming & Diving Championship.
## Women\'s swimming and diving {#womens_swimming_and_diving}
Auburn\'s women\'s team have won five national titles (2002, 2003, 2004, 2006 and 2007). They have been SEC Champions four time times (2003, 2004, 2005, 2007). In 2005, Auburn lost to Georgia by two points at the NCAA championships and in the SEC Championships in 2006. The second-place finisher at the SEC championships went on to win the national championship while the SEC champion won national runner-up in 2005 and 2006. The 2007 SEC Championships saw the close competition between the Dogs and Tigers come to an end, as Auburn beat Georgia by 228 points while Georgia finished 5th in the NCAA championships to Auburn\'s first-place finish. At the 2007 SEC Championships the women posted a school record for individual conference titles won at 12 and took home 19 All-American honors for the national championships.
In 2009 the Auburn women finished second to the Florida Gators in the SEC Championships.
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# Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
## NCAA team championships {#ncaa_team_championships}
The Tigers have won a combined 13 NCAA championships. When looking at all time results with men\'s and women\'s championships combined, the Auburn Tigers rank third behind Texas (20 combined NCAA championships) and Stanford (17 combined NCAA championships). The Auburn women rank third all time with 5 NCAA championships behind Stanford (8) and Texas (7). The Auburn men rank tied for fifth all time with Stanford, each with 8 NCAA titles. The Tigers and Cardinal are behind Texas (13), Michigan (12), Ohio State (11), and USC (9). With their 2007 national title, Auburn\'s men joined Michigan and Indiana as the only teams to win five consecutive national titles.
-------------------------------------------
**Auburn Tigers Team NCAA Championships**
**Year**
1997
1999
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2006
2006
2007
2007
2009
-------------------------------------------
## Southeastern Conference Championships {#southeastern_conference_championships}
Auburn has won 23 SEC championships in program history. Auburn\'s women have won five SEC titles, their last coming in 2008. The Auburn men have won 18 conference titles, including 16 straight from 1997-2012.
-------------------------------------------------------------
**Auburn Tiger Team Southeastern Conference Championships**
**Year**
1994
1995
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2003
2004
2004
2005
2005
2006
2007
2007
2008
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
-------------------------------------------------------------
## Individual NCAA champions {#individual_ncaa_champions}
### Men
------------- ------------ ------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Athlete** **Titles** **Year(s)** **Event(s)**
9 1997, 1998, 1999 50 freestyle, 200 freestyle relay (2), 400 freestyle relay (2), 200 medley relay (3), 400 medley relay
8 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981 50 freestyle, 100 freestyle (2), 200 freestyle (2), 400 freestyle relay, 800 freestyle relay (2)
7 1997, 1999, 2000 50 freestyle, 200 freestyle relay (3), 400 freestyle relay, 200 medley relay (2)
6 1996, 1997, 1999 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay (3), 400 medley relay (2)
6 2003, 2004, 2005 50 freestyle (3), 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay, 200 medley relay
10 2006, 2007, 2008 50 freestyle (2), 100 freestyle (2), 200 freestyle relay (3), 400 freestyle relay, 200 medley relay (2)
5 1997, 1998, 1999 200 medley relay (2), 400 medley relay (3)
5 2003, 2004, 2006 200 IM (2), 200 freestyle relay (2), 400 freestyle relay
3 1977, 1978 100 breaststroke, 200 IM (2)
3 1978, 1981 400 freestyle relay, 800 freestyle relay (2)
3 1978, 1981 400 freestyle relay, 800 freestyle relay (2)
3 1978, 1981 400 freestyle relay, 800 freestyle relay (2)
3 1996, 1997 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay (2)
3 1997, 1999, 2000 200 freestyle relay (3)
3 1997, 1998 200 medley relay (2), 400 medley relay
3 1999 200 breaststroke, 200 medley relay, 400 medley relay
3 2004 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay, 200 medley relay
3 2006, 2007 200 freestyle relay (2), 400 freestyle relay
3 2006, 2007 3 m Springboard, Platform (2)
7 2006, 2007, 2009 200 freestyle relay (3), 200 medley relay 400 freestyle relay (2), 400 medley relay
2 1996, 1997 400 freestyle relay (2)
2 1997 200 medley relay, 400 medley relay
2 2003, 2004 Platform (2)
2 2004 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay
1 1987 1 m Springboard
1 1995 200 IM
1 1996 400 freestyle relay
1 1999 400 freestyle relay
1 1999 200 IM
1 2000 200 freestyle relay
1 2000 200 freestyle relay
1 2004 200 medley relay
1 2004 200 medley relay
1 2005 Platform
3 2007, 2009 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay (2)
2 2009 100 back, 400 freestyle relay
2 2009 400 freestyle relay, 400 medley relay
1 2009 200 medley relay
2 2009 200 medley relay, 200 free relay
2 2009 200 medley relay, 200 freestyle relay
1 2009 400 medley relay
1 2009 400 medley relay
2 2013, 2014 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay
2 2013, 2014 200 freestyle relay, 400 freestyle relay
1 2013 200 freestyle relay
1 2013 200 freestyle relay
1 2014 400 freestyle relay
1 2014 400 freestyle relay
------------- ------------ ------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Women
------------- ------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Athlete** **Titles** **Year(s)** **Event(s)**
9 2001, 2002, 2003 200 IM (3), 400 IM (3), 400 freestyle relay, 800 freestyle relay, 400 medley relay
7 2003, 2004, 2005 200 backstroke (2), 200 IM, 400 IM, 400 freestyle relay, 800 freestyle relay, 400 medley relay
7 2003, 2004, 2005 200 Free (2), 400 freestyle relay, 800 freestyle relay, 200 medley relay (2), 400 medley relay
3 2003 400 freestyle relay, 200 medley relay, 400 medley relay
2 1997 100 butterfly, 200 medley relay
2 2003, 2004 200 medley relay
2 2003, 2004 400 freestyle relay, 200 medley relay
2 2003 200 freestyle, 800 freestyle relay
2 2003, 2004 200 medley relay (2)
2 2006, 2007 100 backstroke (2)
2 2006, 2007 1650 freestyle (2)
1 1993 1 m Springboard
1 1994 200 medley relay
1 1994 200 medley relay
1 1994 200 medley relay
1 1994 200 medley relay
1 1997 200 medley relay
1 1997 200 medley relay
1 1997 200 medley relay
1 2007 500 freestyle
2 2007, 2008 400 IM, 200 IM
3 2011, 2012 50 freestyle, 100 freestyle (2)
1 2013 100 butterfly
------------- ------------ ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
| 852 |
Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
| 4 |
10,009,034 |
# Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
## Auburn swimmers in international events {#auburn_swimmers_in_international_events}
Auburn has sent many swimmers to the Olympic games and other international competitions Auburn Swimmers compete for their home countries in events such as the Goodwill Games, Pan-Pacific Games, World University Games and the FINA World Championships, which is similar to the World Cup in soccer, where Auburn Swimmers have won as of 2006 18 gold medals.
### 2007 Pan-American Games {#pan_american_games}
At the 2007 Pan-American Games Auburn swimmers won a school record 13 medals including eight golds. The top Auburn swimmers in the event were César Cielo with two golds and a Pan-Am Record of 21.84 in the 50 freestyle. Cielo won two more medals on relay teams. Emily Kukors of Auburn won two golds, becoming the first Auburn female swimmer to win multiple golds in the Pan-American games, in the 800 free relay and the 400 free relay for the USA team. She also captured silver in the 200 IM.
### Auburn Olympians {#auburn_olympians}
In the most well known international swimming competition, the Olympics, 30 Auburn swimmers and divers have competed for 14 countries with 8 swimmers taking home medals. Auburn coaches David Marsh and Jeff Shaffer as well as incoming coach Richard Quick have all coached US teams in the Olympics as well. The two most decorated Auburn Olympians are Rowdy Gaines and Kirsty Coventry. Gaines competed in the 1984 Los Angeles games, where he won three gold medals in the 100 Freestyle and in the 400 Free relay and the 400 Medley Relay for the United States of America. Coventry became the first Auburn woman swimmer to medal in an Olympics in the 2004 Athens games when she won gold, silver and bronze in the 200 backstroke, 100 backstroke, and the 200 Individual Medley respectively. She is the first and (as of 2008) the only person ever to medal in an individual event in the Olympics for her native country, Zimbabwe. In the 2008 Olympics, Coventry surpassed Rowdy Gaines in most medals won in a single games (four) and in career medals (seven) for the swimming program. In total for the 2004 Athens games, Auburn sent 12 athletes to the games with five medals, a then Auburn record-tying performance for a single Olympics. Auburn broke that record in the 2008 Olympics, winning 13 total medals in swimming. Former Tiger Zach Apple competed on two USA relay teams in the 2021 Olympics in Tokyo, with the teams taking gold in both. Annie Lazor took bronze in the women\'s breaststroke.
#### Summer Olympic Games Beijing 2008 {#summer_olympic_games_beijing_2008}
Auburn swimmers Kirsty Coventry and César Cielo both won multiple medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. Coventry returned after winning gold, silver and bronze in Athens, this time she won a gold medal in the 200 backstroke and three silvers in the 100 back, as well as the 200 and 400 Medley relays. Cielo won a gold medal in the 50 free and a bronze in the 100 meter freestyle. In total former or current Auburn swimmers won 13 medals at the Olympics representing various nations around the world. The 13 medals was the most of a single university in swimming. As a result of these Olympic games, Coventry set an Auburn career record for Olympic medals and the record for most medals in a games by an Auburn athlete.
------------- ------------------------------------ ----------- ---------- ------------ ------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Athlete** **Nation** **Total** **Gold** **Silver** **Bronze** **Events**
FRA `{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} 1 0 1 0 Silver Medal in 400m Freestyle relay
BRA `{{flagicon|BRA}}`{=mediawiki} 2 1 0 1 Gold Medal in 50m Freestyle and Bronze Medal for 100m Freestyle
ZIM `{{flagicon|ZIM}}`{=mediawiki} 4 1 3 0 Gold Medal in 200m backstroke, Silver Medal in 100m backstroke, 200m Medley and 400m Medley
| 628 |
Auburn Tigers swimming and diving
| 5 |
10,009,060 |
# Mrs. America (contest)
**Mrs. America Pageant** is a beauty competition that was established to honor married women throughout the United States of America. Each of the contestants representing the 50 states and the District of Columbia ranges in age from their 20s to 50s and earns the right to participate in the national event by winning her state competition. These state events are under the direction of Mrs. America state directors. The winner goes on to compete in the Mrs. World pageant.
Mrs. America, Inc., celebrated its 45th anniversary in 2021. The pageant has been televised on networks including PAX and WE (Women\'s Entertainment); in May 2011, it was carried by the My Family TV network.
On August 29, 2014, the pageant was held in Loews Ventana Canyon Resort in Tucson, Arizona. The pageant moved to its original pageant home, Las Vegas - Westgate Resort, Hotel and Casino. The pageant continues to be held in Las Vegas yearly.
During the 2014 pageant, Mrs. America, Inc., announced that it would be participating in a joint Russian-American contest to be held in Sevastopol, Crimea. This has caused some controversy, since Crimea is recognized by most countries in the world as Ukrainian territory that has been annexed by Russia. The 2015 joint pageant was supposed to mark the 25th anniversary of a joint U.S.-Soviet Mrs. America contest held in Moscow in 1989 to foster good will between the two countries; however, organizers announced that due to the devaluation of the ruble against the American dollar, the pageant would have to find a new site.
The Mrs. America 2023 Pageant was held on August 20, 2022, in Las Vegas, Nevada. Nicole Zwiercan of Illinois was crowned Mrs. America.
## Events
1955: Ramona Deitemeyer, Mrs. America 1955, appeared on *What\'s My Line?*.
1993: Verna Martin, Mrs. District of Columbia, on Wednesday, May 12, 1993, the designation of Mrs. Washington, DC -- America 1993 was conferred upon Verna Martin by the Mrs. America Pageant selection committee. She was the first African American contestant to win Mrs. Washington, DC title..
2004: Traci Clemens, Mrs. Rhode Island, competed while six months pregnant with twins. She was the first visibly pregnant woman to compete in the nationally televised event. Traci Clemens is also the first African American contestant to win the Mrs. Rhode Island title.
| 387 |
Mrs. America (contest)
| 0 |
10,009,060 |
# Mrs. America (contest)
## Titleholders
Titleholders are designated by year of title/reign; competitions are held the preceding fall.
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Title Year | Name | State | Placement at Mrs. World | Notes |
+============+=============================+================+=========================+==================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+
| 1977 | Ruth Johnson | California | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1978 | Cindy Roberts | Alaska | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1979 | Carrie Gabriel Strom | New Jersey | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1980 | Carol Anne McEwen | Texas | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1981 | Paddy Boyd Argovitz | Louisiana | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1982 | Rhonda McGeeney | Texas | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1983 | Susan Goodman | Tennessee | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1984 | Deborah Wolfe | West Virginia | 1st runner up | Mother of Miss West Virginia Teen USA 2004 Mary Ellen Wolfe, and made top 10 in Miss America 1980 |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1985 | Donna Russell | Mississippi | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1986 | Cynthia Amann | Florida | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1987 | Pamela Nail | Mississippi | **Mrs. World** | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Suzy Katz | California | N/A | Originally 1st runner-up to Pamela Nail in 1987, ascended to Mrs. America when Pamela Nail won Mrs. World |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1988 | Jennifer Kline | Minnesota | 2nd runner-up | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1989 | Jennifer Johnson | Oklahoma | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1990 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1991 | Kristianna Nichols | Indiana | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1992 | Dr. Doris Martineaux Dalton | Pennsylvania | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1993 | Keyna Baucom | North Carolina | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1994 | Wendy Lewis | Texas | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1995 | Kimberly Brasher | Oklahoma | 1st runner up | Ms Idaho |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1996 | Cynthia Pensiero | Ohio | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1997 | Lisa Lilenthal | New York | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1998 | Renee Cairns | Florida | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1999 | Starla Stanley | Utah | **Mrs. World** | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Stacy Willis | Alabama | N/A | Originally 1st runner-up, ascended to title when Starla Stanley won Mrs. World |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2000 | Leslie Lam | Hawaii | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2001 | Nicole Brink | Indiana | **Mrs. World** | Previously Miss Indiana Teen USA 1992 (semifinalist in Miss Teen USA 1992) and Miss Indiana USA 1998 under her maiden name, Nicole Llewellyn. |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Laurett Ellsworth Arenz | Virginia | N/A | Originally 1st runner-up, ascended to title when Nicole Brink won Mrs. World. Went on to host a National financial radio program: HERO\'S Talk Radio, Freedom Financial Network [1](http://www.FreedomFinancialAngel.com) and write an award-winning book: *The RAFT Strategy: How to Build Your Tax-Free Nest Egg Without Risk* |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2002 | Kristi Phillips | Alabama | 3rd runner up | Was Mrs. America®, Mrs. Congeniality and the TRIMSPA Dream Body Winner. |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2003 | Heidi Dinan | Missouri | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2004 | Julie Love-Templeton | Alabama | 3rd runner up | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2005 | Andrea Pruess | California | | Previously Miss Virginia Teen USA 1992 & Miss Virginia 1995 (dethroned) under her maiden name, Andrea Ballengee. Mrs. United States 2003. Filmed for television at the Palm Springs Riviera Resort & Racquet Club in Palm Springs, California |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2006 | Diane Tucker | Arizona | **Mrs. World** | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Marney Duckworth | Colorado | N/A | Originally 1st runner-up, ascended to title when Diane Tucker won Mrs. World. Previously Miss Nebraska Teen USA 1992 under her maiden name Marney Monson went on to become a published author in spring 2021 |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2007 | Kelly McBee | Wyoming | Top 10 | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2008 | Maureen McDonald | North Carolina | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2009 | Andrea Robertson | Missouri | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2010 | Shelley Carbone | Connecticut | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2011 | April Lufriu | Florida | **Mrs. World** | First-generation American (parents from Honduras) |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Lara Leimana Fonoimoana | Hawaii | | Originally 1st runner-up, ascended to title when April Lufriu won Mrs. World |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2012 | Vicki Sarber | Alaska | | Formerly Miss Alaska American Coed 1992-Placed 2nd Runner-Up at National Competition in Honolulu, Hawaii. 1990 Miss Alaska Teen of the Year. Placed 1st Runner Up at National Competition in New Orleans, La. |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2013 | Austen (Brown) Williams | Texas | N/A | Previously Miss South Carolina Teen USA 2002 (Miss Congeniality)\ |
| | | | | \ |
| | | | | Competed at Mrs. World along with her 1st runner through invitation of the national office |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | Kaley Sparling | Idaho | **Mrs. World** | Named 1st runner-up in 2013 Mrs. America pageant\ |
| | | | | \ |
| | | | | Competed alongside of Williams at Mrs. World 2013 pageant by invitation of the national office |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2014 | Michelle Nicole Evans | Oklahoma | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2015 | Madeline (Mitchell) Gwin | Alabama | | Former Miss Alabama USA 2011 and 2nd runner up for Miss USA 2011 |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2016 | Natalie Luttmer | Washington | Top 10 | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2017 | Mekayla (Diehl) Eppers | Indiana | Top 12 | Former Miss Indiana USA 2014 and top 20 at Miss USA 2014 |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2018 | Nicole (Rash) Cook | Illinois | Top 6 | Former Miss Indiana 2007\ |
| | | | | 1st runner up at Miss America 2008 pageant\ |
| | | | | \ |
| | | | | Former Ms. Missouri 2012 and **Ms. America 2012**\ |
| | | | | \ |
| | | | | Also competed as Mrs. Illinois in 2014 |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2019 | Natalie Winslow | Nevada | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 2021 | Brooklyn Rivera | Texas | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 21/22 | Jackie Blankenship | Michigan | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 22/23 | Nicole La Ha Zwiercan | Illinois | Top 6 | Elected to the Illinois House of Representatives in 2022 |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 23/24 | Regina Stock | Texas | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------+----------------+-------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 1,093 |
Mrs. America (contest)
| 1 |
10,009,060 |
# Mrs. America (contest)
## Crossovers
Some contestants in the Mrs. America pageant have previously held state pageant titles in the Miss USA, Miss America, Mrs. United States, and Miss Teen USA pageants. They include:
- Mrs. Delaware 1985 - Debi Teed Fenimore (née Dow) - Miss Delaware National Teenager 1972
- Mrs. Hawaii 1991- Julie Larson-Taylor- Miss Hawaii USA 1989 and Miss Utah US Teen 1985
- Mrs. North Carolina 1997 - Janice McQueen Ward - Mrs. United States 1999
- Mrs. Indiana 2000 & Mrs. America 2001 - Nicole (Llewellyn) Brink - Miss Indiana Teen USA 1992 & Miss Indiana USA 1998
- Mrs. South Carolina 2013-Jennifer Loveday-Donovan-Mrs South Carolina United States 2010 (Top 15 at Mrs United States)-Miss South Carolina United States 2004 (1st Runner-up Miss United States)-Miss South Carolina Teen United States 1999
- Mrs. Virginia 2001 & Mrs. America 2002 - Laurett Ellsworth Arenz - Mrs. Virginia United States & Mrs. United States 1997
- Mrs. Pennsylvania 2001 - Dr. Lori Sundberg - Mrs. Pennsylvania International 1999, Mrs. Pennsylvania United States 2000 & Mrs. District of Columbia United States 2014
- Mrs. Colorado 2002 [2](http://www.mrscoloradoamerica.com/) - Emily (Weeks) Stark - Miss Colorado USA 1995
- Mrs. Arizona 2004 - Britt (Powell) Boyse - Miss Missouri USA 1995 - Top 12 Miss USA 1995
- Mrs. Idaho 2004 - Amanda (Greenway) Peterson - Miss Idaho Teen USA 1992
- Mrs. Iowa 2004 - Jamie (Solinger) Patterson - Miss Iowa Teen USA 1992 - Miss Teen USA 1992, & Miss Iowa USA 1998
- Mrs. Kansas 2004 - Kimberlee (Girrens) Easter - Miss Kansas Teen USA 1986 & Miss Kansas USA 1992
- Mrs. Maryland 2004 - Nikki Karl - Mrs. Maryland International 2003
- Mrs. Massachusetts 2004 - Claire (DeSimone) O\'Connor - Miss Rhode Island USA 1999
- Mrs. Minnesota 2004 - Melissa (Hall) Young - Miss Minnesota USA 1997
- Mrs. New Hampshire 2004 - Stephanie (Foisy) Mills - Miss New Hampshire 1995
- Mrs. Texas 2004 - Jennifer (Craig) Palmieri - Miss Georgia USA 1996
- Mrs. West Virginia 2004 - Amanda (Burns) Duffy - Miss West Virginia Teen USA 1997 & Miss West Virginia USA 1999
- Mrs. Pennsylvania 2005 - Kandace Gary - Mrs. Pennsylvania United States 2002
- Mrs. South Carolina 2005 - Angela Hughes-Singleton - Miss South Carolina 1996
- Mrs. California 2005 & Mrs. America 2006 - Andrea (Ballengee) Preuss - Miss Virginia Teen USA 1992 - Miss Virginia 1995 (dethroned) - Mrs. United States 2003
- Mrs. Maine 2006 - Heather (Coutts) Clark - Miss Maine USA 1999
- Mrs. Minnesota 2006 - Holly (Henderson) Ernst - Mrs. Minnesota International 2003, Mrs. Minnesota United States 2009/2002, Miss Wisconsin World America 1993, Miss Wisconsin U.S. Teen 1990 - Miss Junior Wisconsin 1989
- Mrs. New Hampshire 2006 - Jessica Plante - Mrs. Massachusetts International 2008
- Mrs. Florida 2007 - Jamie Converse-Estrada - Miss Florida USA 1998
- Mrs. Illinois 2007 - Hallie (Bonnell) Thompson - Miss Ohio USA 1987
- Mrs. Maryland 2007 - Adrienne Watson Carver - Mrs. Maryland United States 2006
- Mrs. North Carolina 2007 - Kathryn Hancock-Stuart - Miss South Carolina Teen USA 1990
- Mrs. Oregon 2007 - Kimberly (Stubblefield) Takla - Miss Oregon USA 1986
- Mrs. Pennsylvania 2007 - Allison Dalcamo - Mrs. Pennsylvania United States 2005
- Mrs. Tennessee 2007 - Christina (Lam) Ryan - Miss Illinois USA 1999
- Mrs. Utah 2007 - Heather (Henderson) Osmond - Miss Utah Teen USA 1994
- Mrs. Florida 2008 - Jaclyn (Nesheiwat) Stapp - Miss New York USA 2004
- Mrs. Michigan 2008 - Sara Dusendang-Moylan - Miss Michigan Teen USA 1999
- Mrs. Connecticut 2009 - Melanie (Mudry) Varian - Miss Connecticut USA 2007
- Mrs. District of Columbia 2009 - Deanna McCray James - Mrs. Maryland United States 2005
- Mrs. Massachusetts 2009 - Rosalie Allain-Morris - Miss Massachusetts USA 2000
- Mrs. Missouri 2009 & Mrs. America 2010 - Andrea Robertson (Mrs. Missouri United States 2002)
- Mrs. Pennsylvania 2009 - Joyelle Scavone - Mrs. Pennsylvania United States 2006
- Mrs. Vermont 2009 - Jennifer (Ripley) Bisson - Miss Vermont Teen USA 1999 & Miss Vermont USA 2003
- Mrs. Arizona 2010 - Corrie (Hill) Francis - Miss Arizona 2003
- Mrs. Colorado 2010 - Shalon (Pecosky) Polson - Miss Colorado Teen USA 1990
- Mrs. District of Columbia 2010 - Regena Robinson - Mrs. Maryland United States 2008
- Mrs. Florida 2010 - Kellie Lightbourn - Miss Virginia USA 1999
- Mrs. Hawaii 2010 - Alicia Michioka-Jones - Miss Hawaii USA 2003 - Top 10 Miss USA 2003
- Mrs. Michigan 2010 - Stephanie Hunt - Miss United Teenager 1982 - Mrs. United States 2007
- Mrs. New York 2010 - Meaghan (Jarensky) Castaldi - Miss New York USA 2005 - Top 10 Miss USA 2005
- Mrs. Texas 2010 - Shannon (Schambeau) Patterson - Miss District of Columbia 2005 - 4th Runner Up Miss America 2005
- Mrs. Ohio 2011 - Melanie (Murphy) Miller - Miss Ohio 2006
- Mrs. Alaska 2012 - Vicki Sarber - Miss Alaska American Coed 1992 - 2nd Runner Up Miss American Coed 1992 - Miss Alaska Teen of the Year 1990 - 1st Runner Up Miss Teen of the Year 1990
- Mrs. Pennsylvania 2012 - Susan Huntley - Mrs. Pennsylvania United States 2010, Mrs. Pennsylvania International 2008
- Mrs. Texas 2013 - Austen (Brown) Williams - Miss South Carolina Teen USA 2002 - Miss Congeniality Miss Teen USA 2002
- Mrs. Delaware 2013 - Christine Rich - Mrs. Delaware United States 2015 - Top 15 Mrs. United States 2015, Mrs. USA Earth 2022
- Mrs. Illinois 2013 - Stephanie (Daughenbaugh) Piller - Ms. Galaxy International 2010
- Mrs. Illinois 2014/Mrs. Illinois 2018 & Mrs. America 2019 - Nicole (Rash) Cook - Miss Indiana 2007 - 1st Runner Up Miss America 2008
- Mrs. Massachusetts 2014- Monique (Jones) Taylor- Miss Massachusetts Teen USA 2000- Ms. Massachusetts United States 2012- 1st Runner Up Ms. United States 2012
- Mrs. Alabama 2015 - Madeilne (Mitchell) Gwin - Miss Alabama USA 2011 - 2nd Runner Up Miss USA 2011
- Mrs. Colorado 2015 - Mette (Boving) Castor - Miss Louisiana 1997 - Top 10 Miss America 1998
- Mrs. Iowa 2015 - Jessica (Lawrence) Gardner - Miss South Dakota USA 2003
- Mrs. Maryland 2015 - Su Joing (Drakeford) Sollers - Miss Nebraska USA 2001
- Mrs. New Jersey 2015 - Erin (Abrahamson) Molinaro - Miss New Jersey USA 2007 - Miss New Jersey Teen USA 2001
- Mrs. Pennsylvania 2015 - Kate Schartel Novak - Mrs. Pennsylvania United States 2011 - Mrs. Pennsylvania International 2019
- Mrs. Texas 2015 - Melissa Pocza - Mrs. Texas America 2009 - Mrs. Texas United States 2011 - 3rd Runner Up Mrs. United States 2011 - Mrs. Michigan International - Mrs. International 2017
- Mrs. Idaho 2016 - Christi (Weible) van Ravenhorst - Miss Idaho 2001
- Mrs. Georgia 2016 - Onica (Williams) Blaize - Miss Guyana USA 1995
- Mrs. Montana 2016 - Casey McLain Proban - Miss California Teen USA USA 2001 - Top 10 Miss Teen USA 2001
- Mrs. Indiana 2017 - Mekayla (Diehl) Eppers - \[Top 12 at Mrs. World\]Miss Indiana USA 2014 - Top 20 Miss USA 2014
- Mrs. Idaho 2018 - Kimberly (Weible) Zweiger - Miss Idaho USA 2004 - Top 10 Miss USA 2004
- Mrs. South Carolina 2018 - Anna (Hanks) Hewitt - Miss South Carolina USA 2003 - Top 10 Miss USA 2003
| 1,257 |
Mrs. America (contest)
| 2 |
10,009,060 |
# Mrs. America (contest)
## Forerunner pageant {#forerunner_pageant}
Prior to the current Mrs. America pageant, there was an earlier pageant of the same name. The pageant was created by public relations executive Bert Nevins in 1936 as a promotion for his client, Palisades Amusement Park. When Nevins sold the pageant in 1963, it was the only nationally televised beauty pageant for married women. By 1964, participants were graded on cooking, sewing, ironing, party preparation and other homemaking abilities, family psychology, grooming, poise, personality, and general attractiveness. Winners included:\
Source: online newspaper archives
- 1938: Margaret Chamberlain, Ohio (appeared on *Family Feud* in 1980)
- 1939: Theresa Papp, New Jersey
- 1940: Evelyn Schmitt, New Jersey
- 1941: Ruth Licklider, New York
- 1942: Peggie Diehl, Minnesota
- 1943--46: no pageant (World War II)
- 1947: Janice Pollock, Ohio; then Fredda Acker, South Carolina (after Pollock abdicated)
- 1948: Maria Strohmeier, Pennsylvania
- 1949: Frances Cloyd, California
- 1950: Betty McAllister, Pennsylvania
- 1951: Penny Duncan, New York City
- 1952: Peggy Creel, Florida
- 1953: Evelyn Joyce Schenk, New Jersey
- 1954: Erna Snyder, Pennsylvania
- 1955: Wanda Jennings, Missouri Missouri
- 1956: Ramona Deitemeyer, Nebraska Nebraska (appeared on *What\'s My Line* May 22, 1955)
- 1957: Cleo Maletis, Oregon
- 1958: Lynwood Finley, District of Columbia
- 1959: Helen Giesse, Ohio
- 1960: Margaret Priebe, Iowa
- 1961: Mrs
| 230 |
Mrs. America (contest)
| 3 |
10,009,165 |
# AUSTUDY Scheme
The **AUSTUDY** scheme was an Australian educational assistance scheme that provided financial assistance to eligible students aged 16 and over. The program commenced on 1 January 1987 and ceased on 30 June 1998.
## History
### Commencement
Upon commencement on 1 January 1987, AUSTUDY replaced the Tertiary Education Assistance Scheme (TEAS) which was introduced by the Whitlam government in 1973 for students enrolled at university or other tertiary education institutions, and Adult Secondary Education Assistance Scheme (ASEAS) and Secondary Allowances Scheme (SAS) for those who needed financial assistance while enrolled at high school.
AUSTUDY was administered through the provisions of the *Student Assistance Act 1973* and AUSTUDY Regulations.
The AUSTUDY scheme had 3 categories:
- General secondary: for students aged 16 to 19 years undertaking full-time secondary education;
- Adult secondary: for students aged 19 years and over undertaking full-time secondary education; and,
- Tertiary: for students aged 16 years and over undertaking approved full-time post-secondary courses.
In general, it provided financial assistance in the form of:
- Living allowance, which include various components for a student who is independent or lives away from home, for a dependent spouse or for a dependent child;
- Fares allowance, which assisted students living away from home with the costs of travel at vacation times between home and the educational institution; or,
- Pensioner education supplement, which assisted receivers of certain Australian Government pensions with the additional costs relating to full-time or part-time study.
### Cessation
On 1 July 1998, the Australian Government introduced new provisions for this payment to be paid under the *Social Security Act 1991*. At the same time, the AUSTUDY scheme was renamed to Youth Allowance for 16- to 24-year-old students and Austudy Payment for students aged 25 and over. The pensioner education supplement program was retained, but its provisions were also moved to the *Social Security Act 1991*. The AUSTUDY Scheme was administered through various Australian Government Departments including the Department of Education, the Department of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DEETYA), the Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs (DETYA) and Centrelink
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| 0 |
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# 1996 Oregon Ballot Measure 40 and subsequent measures
**Ballot Measure 40** was an Oregon ballot measure in 1996. The measure brought sweeping reforms to Oregon\'s justice system, generally in an effort to promote victims\' rights.
Measure 40 passed with 58.8% of the vote, but was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court in 1998, on the grounds that it contained more than one amendment to the Oregon Constitution.
Measure 40 case precedent has since been cited as the basis for overturning several voter-approved initiatives. Among these are term limits for state office-holders in 2002 and Measure 3, the Oregon Property Protection Act of 2000.
Kevin Mannix, the state legislator behind Measure 40, shepherded many of its provisions through the legislature as statutory enactments (in Senate Bill 936 of 1997) while Measure 40 was being considered in the courts, placing many of the constitutional provisions of Measure 40 into statutory law.
## Armatta v. Kitzhaber {#armatta_v._kitzhaber}
The 1998 Oregon Supreme Court ruling *Armatta v. Kitzhaber* was a landmark decision for constitutional amendments. A similar decision in California, *Jones*, had recently upheld the \"single subject rule,\" which essentially states that a single constitutional amendment measure cannot affect more than one subject in the Constitution.
But the Oregon decision went further, stating that a constitutional amendment cannot affect more than a single clause of the Constitution, even if multiple clauses affect the same subject. The decision has had a significant impact on the way initiative drafters have approached their work in the years since.
## Subsequent related measures {#subsequent_related_measures}
Mannix subsequently brought seven more measures (Measures 69-75) to voters in 1999 via legislative referral, each originally part of Measure 40. All seven would have amended the Oregon Constitution. Four of the measures were approved by voters. Campaigns for these measures were primarily funded by conservative millionaires Loren Parks and Mark Hemstreet.
+-------+---------+--------+--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Meas\ | passed? | Yes | No | \% | Ballot Title |
| num | | | | | |
+=======+=========+========+========+=======+=======================================================================================================+
| 69 | YES | 406393 | 292419 | 58.15 | Grants Victims Constitutional Rights In Criminal Prosecutions, Juvenile Court Delinquency Proceedings |
+-------+---------+--------+--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 70 | NO | 289783 | 407429 | 41.56 | Gives Public, Through Prosecutor, Right To Demand Jury Trial In Criminal Cases |
+-------+---------+--------+--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 71 | YES | 404404 | 292696 | 58.01 | Limits Pretrial Release Of Accused Person To Protect Victims, Public |
+-------+---------+--------+--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 72 | NO | 316351 | 382685 | 45.26 | Allows Murder Conviction By 11 To 1 Jury Verdict |
+-------+---------+--------+--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 73 | NO | 320160 | 369843 | 46.4 | Limits Immunity From Criminal Prosecution Of Person Ordered To Testify About His Or Her Conduct |
+-------+---------+--------+--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 74 | YES | 368899 | 325078 | 53.16 | Requires Terms Of Imprisonment Announced In Court Be Fully Served, With Exceptions |
+-------+---------+--------+--------+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 75 | YES | 399671 | 292445 | 57
| 489 |
1996 Oregon Ballot Measure 40 and subsequent measures
| 0 |
10,009,199 |
# Infinitum Nihil
**Infinitum Nihil** is an American film production company, founded by Johnny Depp. The company is run by Depp\'s sister Christi Dembrowski. Depp founded the company in 2004 to develop projects where he will serve as actor and/or producer. The name means \"Nothing infinite\" in Latin.
## History
*The Rum Diary*, based on the novel by Hunter S. Thompson, was released on October 28, 2011, starring Depp as Paul Kemp in a screenplay adapted and directed by Bruce Robinson.
*Dark Shadows* was released on May 11, 2012. Depp starred in and produced this gothic film based on the *Dark Shadows* TV series and directed by Tim Burton.
In 2011, it was announced that The Walt Disney Company had picked up *The Night Stalker* and a biopic of Paul Revere, both as possible starring vehicles for Depp. He will produce both films with Christi Dembrowski. It was also announced that the company and Illumination Entertainment will co-produce a biopic of Dr. Seuss, with Depp slated to produce and possibly star.
On February 7, 2012, it was announced that the company will produce a film based on the memoir of the West Memphis Three\'s Damien Echols. The book (and subsequently, the film) will focus on Echols\' experience on death row after being wrongfully convicted for three murders with two friends in 1993. Depp, who is a big supporter of the Memphis Three and proving their innocence, will co-produce the film with Christi Dembrowski, Echols, and his wife, Lorri Davis.
In October 2012, it was announced that Depp will start a publishing company sharing the name \"Infinitum Nihil\" with the production company. It will be part of HarperCollins, and according to Depp will \"deliver publications worthy of peoples\' time, of peoples\' concern, publications that might ordinarily never have breached the parapet.\"
In January 2013, the imprint company released its first book, *House of Earth*, written by folk singer Woody Guthrie in 1947. 2015 saw the release of *The Unraveled Tales of Bob Dylan* by Douglas Brinkley, as well as *Narcisa* by Jonathan Shaw.
In August 2017, it was announced that Infinitum Nihil would produce a television series based on Funcom\'s *The Secret World* IP. In 2017, his production company signed a deal with IM Global.
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# Infinitum Nihil
## IN.2 Film {#in.2_film}
In September 2021, at the San Sebastián International Film Festival, Depp announced the launch of IN.2 Film, a sister company to Infinitum Nihil, which is courting original, stage and literature-based scripts for film, stage and television productions. Depp explained: \"From the student to the maestro, from the aspiring artists to the yet-knowns, to the well-established great masters across all forms of modern media, IN.2 will build a space where artists can be artists, where they will be free to create those unexpected moments, those happy accidents that contain the propensity to constitute great art and so bring their unique vision to life.\"
Depp expressed the motivation behind IN.2 Film, stating that after years in Hollywood he realised that \"not every outing needs to be a blockbuster, that they don\'t need to be formulaic, commercial driven\", asserting that \"It\'s ludicrous to play everything safe, cinema audiences are getting bored.\" By late 2021, IN.2 Film was planning new projects, including some with Julien Temple, slated to be released in 2022 and 2023.
The Infinitum Nihil-produced *Minamata* was presented as a template for what IN.2 Film was trying to achieve. Asked whether he would act in some of the new companies\' projects, Depp answered: \"\"If there\'s something that they feel or I feel that I can add to the character, I\'d be more than happy. So the answer is \'no,\' but \'yes.\' I would like to say \'yes\' without saying \'no\' but agree to both.\"
In May 2023, the film *Jeanne du Barry,* co-produced by IN.2 Film and starring French actress and filmmaker Maïwenn and Depp in the leading roles, premiered at the 2023 Cannes Film Festival as the opening film, and was released in France on the same day.
Depp directed his second film, the IN.2 Film- produced *Modì, Three Days on the Wing of Madness*, in September 2023. Riccardo Scamarcio, Bruno Gouery and Al Pacino starred in the biopic.
## Filmography
### Inifinitum Nihil {#inifinitum_nihil}
Year Film Director Production company(s) Budget Gross RT
------ ------------------- ----------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------- ----------------- -----
2011 *The Rum Diary* Bruce Robinson Co-production with FilmDistrict and GK Films. \$45 million \$23.9 million 50%
*Hugo* Martin Scorsese Co-production with Paramount Pictures, Entertainment Film Distributors and GK Films. \$150 million \$185.8 million 93%
2012 *Dark Shadows* Tim Burton Co-production with Warner Bros. Pictures, Roadshow Entertainment and Village Roadshow Pictures. \$150 million \$245.5 million 36%
2013 *The Lone Ranger* Gore Verbinski Co-production with Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films. \$250 million \$260.5 million 31%
2015 *Mortdecai* David Koepp Co-production with Lionsgate and MWM Studios. \$60 million \$47.3 million 12%
2018 *City of Lies* Brad Furman Co-production with Miramax. \$2.8 million 51%
2018 *The Professor* Wayne Roberts Co-production with Saban Capital Group and Open Road Films. \$1.6 million 10%
2020 *Minamata* Andrew Levitas Co-production with Metalwork Pictures. \$11 million \$1.7 million 78%
### IN.2 Film {#in.2_film_1}
Year Film Director Production company(s) Budget Gross RT
------ ------------------------------------------- ------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- -----
2023 *Jeanne du Barry* Maïwenn Co-production with Why Not Productions, Les Film du Fleuve and La Petite Reine \$22.4 million \$14
| 519 |
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| 1 |
10,009,212 |
# Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy I
***Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy I*** is an anthology of fantasy novellas, edited by American writer Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in September, 1972 as the fifty-second volume of its *Ballantine Adult Fantasy series*. It was the eighth such anthology assembled by Carter for the series.
## Summary
The book collects four novellas by five fantasy authors, with an overall introduction and notes by Carter. It is a companion volume to Carter\'s subsequent collection *Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy Volume II* (1973).
## Contents
- \"Introduction\" (Lin Carter)
- \"The Wall of Serpents\" (Fletcher Pratt and L. Sprague de Camp)
- \"The Kingdom of the Dwarfs\" (Anatole France)
- \"The Maker of Moons\" (Robert W. Chambers)
- \"The Hollow Land\" (William Morris)
## Reception
The book was reviewed by Everett F. Bleiler in *The Guide to Supernatural Fiction*, 1983
| 155 |
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| 0 |
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# Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy Volume II
***Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy Volume II*** is an anthology of fantasy novellas, edited by American writer Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in March, 1973 as the fifty-sixth volume of its *Ballantine Adult Fantasy series*. It was the ninth such anthology assembled by Carter for the series.
## Summary
The book collects four novellas by as many fantasy authors, with an overall introduction and notes by Carter. It is a companion volume to Carter\'s earlier *Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy I* (1972).
## Contents
- \"Introduction\" (Lin Carter)
- \"The Woman in the Mirror\" (George Macdonald, *Phantastes*)
- \"The Repairer of Reputations\" (Robert W. Chambers, *The King in Yellow*)
- \"The Transmutation of Ling\" (Ernest Bramah, *The Wallet of Kai Lung*)
- \"The Lavender Dragon\" (Eden Phillpotts, *The Lavender Dragon*)
## Reception
Theodore Sturgeon reported the stories \"run from great to quaint.\"
The book was also reviewed by Everett F. Bleiler in *The Guide to Supernatural Fiction*, 1983
| 175 |
Great Short Novels of Adult Fantasy Volume II
| 0 |
10,009,264 |
# Life Isn't All Ha Ha Hee Hee
***Life Isn\'t All Ha Ha Hee Hee*** is a three-part BBC television miniseries from 2005, adapted from Meera Syal\'s 1999 novel of the same name.
## Plot
Childhood friends Tania, Sunita and Chila, now in their thirties, are each at a crossroads in life. Sunita, the eldest, used to be \'super swot\' until she flunked out of university to marry her psychotherapist sweetheart, Akaash. She now feels trapped by two children and an unfulfilling job. \'Gob Almighty\' Tania is the ambitious career girl who has left her family and community behind. The baby of the gang, Chila, is going to marry Deepak, the man of her dreams. But he has a catalogue of former girlfriends, including Tania.
## Cast
Character Episode 1 Episode 2 Episode 3
----------- ------------------- ---------------------- -----------
Akaash Sanjeev Bhaskar
Chila Ayesha Dharker
Bindu Leena Dhingra
Dean Daniel Coonan
Priti Tia Shah
Dave Neal Barry
Krishan Raza Jaffrey
Jonathan Jimmy Mulville
Jas Rani Singh
Suki Billie-Claire Wright
Janet Sara Stephens
Seema Anjali Mya Chadha
Nikki Milli Bhatia
Martin Matt Day
Deepak Ace Bhatti
Sunita Meera Syal
Colin Sean Francis
Raj Pushpinda Chani
Nita Surendra Kochar
Bea Pooky Quesnel
Tania Laila Rouass
## Music
The music was composed by Nick Green and Tristin Norwell. The strings were recorded by Chandru
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| 0 |
10,009,271 |
# People of the Philippines v. Hernandez
***People of the Philippines v. Hernandez***, 99 Phil. Rep 515 (1956), was a case decided by the Philippine Supreme Court which held that the crime of rebellion under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines is charged as a single offense, and that it cannot be made into a complex crime. While it was decided on an almost divided opinion, it nevertheless became a stable doctrine in Philippine jurisprudence.
## Facts
It was the height of the Government action against communists and the Hukbalahap guerillas. President Elpidio Quirino, through his Defense Secretary (and later, President) Ramon Magsaysay intensified the campaign against them, and the crackdown was on against communist organizations. Due to such government action, several communist leaders like Luis Taruc and the Lava brothers were soon in government custody.
On January 20, 1951, the Congress of Labor Organizations (CLO) headquarters was raided. Writer (and future National Artist for Literature) Amado V. Hernandez, himself a labor leader, was arrested on January 26 for various rebellious activities with the CLO. Upon his arrest, he was charged in the criminal information of "Rebellion with Murder, Arson and Robbery". Five years after his arrest, Hernandez asked for bail with the court where his case was pending, but was denied on the basis of the nature of the offense (if the crime was complexed, the penalty for the most serious crime shall be imposed). Thus, he filed a petition to the Supreme Court.
## Arguments
The government, headed by Solicitor General Ambrosio Padilla, argued that the gravity of the crime committed required the denial of the bail. Moreover, the complex crime charged by the government against Hernandez has been successfully imposed with other arrested communist leaders and was sentenced to life imprisonment.
## Decision
The Supreme Court, through then Associate Justice Roberto Concepcion, ruled that rebellion cannot be complexed with other crimes, such as murder and arson. Rebellion in itself would include and absorb the said crimes, thus granting the accused his right to bail. Murder and arson are crimes inherent and concomitant when rebellion is taking place. Rebellion in the Revised Penal Code constitutes one single crime and that there is no reason to complex it with other crimes. As basis, the Court cited several cases convicting the defendants of simple rebellion *although they killed several persons*.
Thus, the petition for bail was granted. On May 30, 1964, the Supreme Court acquitted Hernandez ([*People v. Hernandez (1964)*](http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1964/may1964/gr_l-6025_1964.html)).
## Legacy
The Court was divided upon the decision, having a vote of 6-4 (one justice died a month before its promulgation). But it was later on accepted as valuable jurisprudence, starting with the subsequent case of People of the Philippines v. Geronimo (100 Phil. Reports 90). The case is now a standard case study in Philippine law schools.
According to Justice J.B.L. Reyes, during the deliberations of the Hernandez case, Justice Sabino Padilla (who is the brother of the Solicitor General, Ambrosio Padilla) openly accused Chief Justice Ricardo Paras for being prejudiced against the Government and asking biased questions during the oral argument. Riled, Paras rebutted, and a heated exchange soon ensued between the Chief Justice and Padilla, which would have worsened had not they restrained themselves.
As of 1990, the Philippine Supreme Court again revisited the doctrine in Hernandez, where Juan Ponce Enrile was similarly charged with the same offense as Hernandez. The Supreme Court upheld anew the Hernandez decision ([*Enrile v. Salazar (1990)*](http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri1990/jun1990/gr_92163_1990.html)), maintaining that it is still good law and applicable.
<File:AmadoV.Hernandezjf1213.JPG>\|*Amado V. Hernandez* Monument-Memorial (Tondo, Manila) <File:AmadoV.Hernandezjf1214.JPG%7CNHI> Marker (in front of Santo Niño de Tondo Parish) <File:AmadoV.Hernandezjf1216.JPG%7CSculpture> of Hernandez <File:AmadoV.Hernandezjf1217
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# Billy Karren
**William Francis Karren** is an American musician, best known as the lead guitarist of the punk/riot grrrl band Bikini Kill, formed by Kathleen Hanna, with Karren, Tobi Vail and Kathi Wilcox. He was also active in many other music projects, including the Go Team, the Frumpies, Corrections, and Spray Painted Love (with Tobi Vail). He did not participate in Bikini Kill\'s 2019 reunion; his replacement was Erica Dawn Lyle.
In a Bikini Kill interview, Karren gave his influences as The Slits, The Ronettes, Chrissie Hynde, and Wire
| 90 |
Billy Karren
| 0 |
10,009,287 |
# Vintage Aero Flying Museum
**Vintage Aero Flying Museum** (VAFM), formally **LaFayette Escadrille Flying Museum**, is Colorado\'s international aviation museum at Platte Valley Airpark, 4 mi northwest of Hudson, Colorado and 40 mi northeast of Denver, Colorado.
Andy Parks, son of the last World War I Lafayette Escadrille member who \'flew west\', James Parks, maintains the legacy and history of the LaFayette Escadrille pilots. The collection of each of these pilots\' original uniforms and memorabilia is on display in custom cabinets in a secured hangar of World War I aircraft. There is no other collection of this magnitude in the world today. The Parks have created a museum in a rural setting, much like a French rural World War I air field.
VAFM is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and its foundation was created by James Parks in 1984 as a historical and educational foundation.
## Flying aircraft on display {#flying_aircraft_on_display}
- 1917 Fokker Dr.I (replica)
- 1918 Fokker D.VII
- 1918 Fokker D
| 163 |
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| 0 |
10,009,301 |
# Clementina Trenholme
**Clementina Trenholme (Fessenden)** (4 May 1843 -- 14 September 1918) was a Canadian imperialist, writer, and anti-suffrage activist. She is best known for founding Empire Day in Canada and for her outspoken opposition to women\'s suffrage and American influence. She has a son, Reginald Aubrey Fessenden, who has contributed to radio and sonar technology.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Kingsey Township, Lower Canada, Trenholme was the daughter of English and Irish immigrants. She was the fourth of twelve children in a household deeply committed to British loyalism. Educated locally and later at Miss Loy's Seminary in Montreal, she married Anglican priest Elisha Joseph Fessenden in 1865. The couple lived in East Bolton, Fergus, and Chippawa, where Trenholme raised their children and became involved in church publications.
## Activism
### Imperial activism {#imperial_activism}
Following her husband's death in 1896, Trenholme dedicated herself to imperialist causes. In 1897, she launched a campaign to establish Empire Day in Canadian schools, linking patriotism with education. Her proposal gained support from Ontario's Minister of Education, George William Ross, and Empire Day was first observed in 1898. She published *Our Union Jack* (1898) to promote British heritage and pushed for the preservation of British symbolism, including the Red Ensign.
She was a founding member of the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire (IODE) in Hamilton, serving as secretary of the Fessenden Chapter. She spoke at public events, addressed royalty, and advocated for military and historical commemorations, including funding colours for the 13th Regiment and preserving Dundurn Castle as a museum.
### Symbolic campaigns and public agitation {#symbolic_campaigns_and_public_agitation}
Trenholme campaigned aggressively against American symbols in Canada and protested proposed monuments to American generals Richard Montgomery and George Washington. She lobbied for patriotic education materials and helped fund a monument at the Battle of Stoney Creek site. In 1910, she published *The Genesis of Empire Day*, asserting her role as its originator and seeking recognition and a government annuity.
### Opposition to women\'s suffrage {#opposition_to_womens_suffrage}
Fessenden was a strong opponent of women's suffrage in early 20th-century Canada. She believed giving women the vote was meaningless because men still held power to enforce laws. She argued that political rights would not translate into real influence for women. She voiced her views in a series of newspaper letters, including one in the *Hamilton Spectator* in 1913. In that letter, she called suffragism "the thin edge of the wedge," claiming it would open the door to socialism, agnosticism, anarchy, and feminism. She warned that these ideas would lead to the "dismemberment of the Empire." Fessenden accepted some aspects of the women's movement, but only when they focused on strengthening women's roles in the home and community. She opposed any move that shifted women toward formal politics or public office. Her activism reflected a broader view held by some elite Canadian women at the time. They saw suffrage not as progress, but as a threat to social stability, religion, and loyalty to the British Empire.
## Later life, death and honors {#later_life_death_and_honors}
### World War I and death {#world_war_i_and_death}
During World War I, Trenholme supported the Belgian Relief Committee and circulated a petition opposing the Women's Peace Party's anti-war stance, demanding total victory over Germany. She died in Hamilton in 1918, two months before the armistice. After her death, the IODE held annual Empire Day memorials at her gravesite. She was buried in St John\'s Anglican cemetery, Ancaster, Ontario. Fessenden is commemorated with a tablet in St. John\'s Church, Ancaster, Ontario, where her husband, the Rev. F. J. Fessenden, served as rector for many years. The tablet, erected by the IODE, bears the inscription: *\"In Memory of Clementina Fessenden, Founder of Empire Day 1897. Erected by the Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire.\"*.
An elementary school in Ancaster, Fessenden Public School, was named in her honour and opened in 1959. Two neighbourhoods were also named after her, *Fessenden* and *Trenholme*, both on Hamilton Mountain
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# Juniper Shuey
**Juniper Shuey** (born 1974) is a Seattle-based visual artist, known for his video installations and sculptural performance. He is the co-artistic director of `{{Proper noun|zoe{{!}}`{=mediawiki}juniper}} and the head carpenter at the University of Washington Meany Hall.
## Life
Juniper Shuey was born in Santa Cruz, California. He is married to Zoe Scofield.
## Background and recognition {#background_and_recognition}
Prior to his involvement in the visual arts, Shuey spent three years at Emerson College in Boston studying theatrical set design. He then transferred to Ceramics at the University of Washington where the faculty allowed him to develop his art in performance and clay. He has since acted as Set and Lighting Designer for various pieces including Burning Circus\' Production of \"Emma Goldman; Love, Anarchy, and Other Affairs\" at the Fringe Festival in Seattle, Washington, a performance that won the festival for a sold out show. Some of his most popular work was showcased at the Howard House (Seattle) in both 2003 and 2005. Juniper\'s work has also reached galleries in Palazzo Pio, Rome, and various exhibitions at Soil Art Gallery. Along with his unique and signaturely successful stage sets, Juniper has received the following awards:
- Curators Choice Award -- Tacoma Art Museum Northwest Biennial (2004)
- People\'s Choice Award -- Bellevue Arts Museum\'s Northwest Annual (2000)
- Lambdha Rho Art Honorary -- University of Washington School of Art (2000)
His work has been published in several art books including *SOIL Artist*, *Lava*, and *Fashion is ART*. His video installations, photographs and performances have been shown both nationally and internationally including Italy, Budapest, NYC, Houston, Seattle, Portland, and Christchurch, New Zealand. Juniper has participated on several professional panels including New England Foundation for the Arts, The MacArthur Foundation and a professional practices panel discussion at the University of Washington.
## Collaborations
His work has been presented at On The Boards, Spectrum Dance Theater, Velocity Dance Center, and the 2005 Northwest New Works Festival where he began his collaboration with performance artist Zoe Scofield and musician Morgan Henderson. At the start of their collaborative relationship they presented their works in visual art galleries, museums, and theaters. They have been commissioned and presented by national and international arts centers such as, On the Boards, PICA, Trafo House of Art, Dance Theater Workshop, Bates Dance Festival, NYLA, Spoleto Festival, Jacob\'s Pillow, Institute of Contemporary Art Boston, Body Festival (New Zealand), Yerba Buena Center, Columbia College Chicago, DiverseWorks, The Frye Art Museum and many more. They have taught workshops and given lectures on dance, photography, collaboration and installation throughout the US and internationally
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# Napier Range
The **Napier Ranges** are located in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The range is south of and runs parallel to the Wunaamin-Miliwundi Ranges (formerly King Leopold Ranges).
The majority of the Kimberley is composed of sandstone but the Napier Range is mostly made from heavily eroded limestone, or karst, with the ridges composed of an ancient Devonian reef system.
They feature the impressive Windjana Gorge and Tunnel Creek and Geikie Gorge that were formed over 350 million years ago as part of the same limestone reef.
The Fitzroy River cuts through the range at Geikie Gorge, while the Lennard River is responsible for the formation of Windjana Gorge. The Barker River also carved Barker gorge through the range.
The highest point in the Napier Range is Mount Behm that is 325 m above sea level.
The ranges were made famous by Jandamarra, who was the subject of a massive police hunt and caused the construction of the Lillimilura police outpost which is on the southern side of the ranges approximately four kilometres from Windjana.
Some small deposits of copper and lead have been discovered in the Range but no active mine sites exist within the area.
A major expedition was carried out through the Range in 1988 by the Royal Geographical Society and the Linnaean Society involving 30 scientists. The scientists were studying the biology and geomorphology of the Range
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# Index of Newfoundland and Labrador–related articles
Articles related to the Canadian province of **Newfoundland and Labrador** include:
## A
- L\'Anse aux Meadows
- Architecture of St. John\'s, Newfoundland and Labrador
- Area code 709
- Art of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Atlantic Provinces Economic Council
- Atlantica
- Auditor General of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Avalon Peninsula
## B
- Battle of Placentia (1692)
- Bonavista Peninsula
- Burin Peninsula
- Broadcasting Corporation of Newfoundland
## C
- Canada--France Maritime Boundary Case
- Census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Central Labrador
- Centre for Newfoundland Studies
- Cod fishing in Newfoundland
- Collapse of the Atlantic northwest cod fishery
- Confederation Building (Newfoundland and Labrador)
## D
- Demographics of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Department of Advanced Education and Skills (Newfoundland and Labrador)
- Department of Child, Youth and Family Services (Newfoundland and Labrador)
- Department of Innovation, Business and Rural Development (Newfoundland and Labrador)
- Department of Natural Resources (Newfoundland and Labrador)
- Diocese of Central Newfoundland
- Diocese of Eastern Newfoundland and Labrador
- Diocese of Western Newfoundland
## E
- Elections in Newfoundland and Labrador
- Elections Newfoundland and Labrador
- Encyclopedia of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador
## F
- Franco-Newfoundlander
## G
- Geography of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Grand Banks
- Great Northern Peninsula
- Gros Morne National Park
## H
- Heritage Foundation of Newfoundland and Labrador
- History of Basque whaling
- History of Newfoundland and Labrador
- History of the petroleum industry in Canada (frontier exploration and development)
## I
- Indian Bay (Newfoundland and Labrador)
- Ireland Newfoundland Partnership
- Irish language in Newfoundland
- Irish Newfoundlanders
## J
J.T. Cheeseman Provincial Park
## K
King\'s Cove Kippens, Newfoundland and Labrador
| 306 |
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| 0 |
10,009,431 |
# Index of Newfoundland and Labrador–related articles
## L
- Labrador Peninsula
- Labrador West, Newfoundland and Labrador
- Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of airlines of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of airports in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of birds of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of census agglomerations in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of census divisions of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of colleges in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of communities in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of curling clubs in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of designated places in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of generating stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of ghost towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of historic places in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of historic places in Labrador
- List of islands of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of lakes of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of lighthouses in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of National Historic Sites of Canada in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador by-elections
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador general elections
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador highways
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador lieutenant-governors
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador parks
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador premiers
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador provincial highways
- List of Newfoundland and Labrador rivers
- List of mammals of Newfoundland
- List of mountains of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of municipalities in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of museums in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of population centres in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of protected areas of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of radio stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of rivers of Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of television stations in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of towns in Newfoundland and Labrador
- List of villages in Newfoundland and Labrador
## M
- Maritime Union
- Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador)
- Migratory Fishery of Labrador
- Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve
- Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador
- Mushuau Innu First Nation
- Music of Newfoundland and Labrador
## N
- National War Memorial (Newfoundland)
- Newfoundland (island)
- Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal
- Newfoundland and Labrador Federation of Labour
- Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly
- Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro
- Newfoundland and Labrador Medical Association
- Newfoundland and Labrador Soccer Association
- Newfoundland and Labrador Youth Parliament
- Newfoundland Campaign (1744)
- Newfoundland dog
- Newfoundland English
- Newfoundland French
- Newfoundland Highland forests
- Newfoundland Irish
- Newfoundland outport
- Newfoundland Railway
- Newfoundland Ranger Force
- Newfoundland Rugby Union
- Newfoundland School Society
- Newfie
- NunatuKavut people
- Nunatsiavut
- Nunatukavut
## O
- \"Ode to Newfoundland\"
- Order of Newfoundland and Labrador
## P
- Joseph De la Penha
- Politics of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Port Hope Simpson
- Premier of Newfoundland and Labrador
- Province of Avalon
- Provincial Court of Newfoundland and Labrador
## Q
- Qalipu Mi\'kmaq First Nation Band
## R
- Research & Development Corporation Newfoundland and Labrador
- Roads in Newfoundland and Labrador
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of St
| 561 |
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# Tunnel Creek
**Tunnel Creek** is a creek located within the grounds of Tunnel Creek National Park in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Along with Geikie Gorge and Windjana Gorge, Tunnel Creek is part of an ancient barrier reef that developed during the Devonian Period. Tunnel Creek is located 63 kilometres from the Great Northern Highway, between Derby and Fitzroy Crossing, and was created by waters from a creek that cut a 750-metre tunnel through the reef. The tunnel is 15 metres wide and up to 12 metres high. Tunnel Creek was also the hideout for the Bunuba man Jandamarra, also known as Pigeon, who was killed there by police in 1897.
The yellow-lipped cave bat, species *Vespadelus douglasorum*, was first collected at this location
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# 1587 in music
## Events
- January 31 -- Pedro Bermúdez is dismissed from the position of *maestro de capilla* of the collegiate church at Antequera and briefly imprisoned, for gross negligence and a fight with one of his tenors.
- November 15 -- Tobias Kühn is appointed to a musical post as a singer but also as a lutenist at the court in Wolfenbüttel.
## Publications
- Felice Anerio -- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Giammateo Asola
- for eight voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), also includes a Magnificat
- for three voices, book 2 (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti), a madrigal cycle, setting Petrarch\'s Vergine bella
- Madrigals for two voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Ippolito Baccusi -- Fourth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Ludovico Balbi -- *Ecclesiasticarum cantionum in sacris totius anni Sanctorum sollemnitatibus* for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Bassano -- Canzonettas for four voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Johannes Eccard -- *Epithalamion* *nuptiis (Sponsa decora veni)* for five voices (Königsberg: Georg Osterberger), a wedding song
- Alfonso Ferrabosco the elder
- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Andrea Gabrieli & Giovanni Gabrieli -- *Concerti* (Venice: Angelo Gardano), the majority of the pieces are by Andrea, published posthumously
- Vincenzo Galilei -- Second book of madrigals for four and five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Jacobus Gallus -- *Opus musicum*, volumes 2 & 3 (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
- Marc\'Antonio Ingegneri
- Second book of masses for five voices (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino)
- Fifth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Orlande de Lassus -- Madrigals for four, five, and six voices (Nuremberg: Catharina Gerlach), his seventh and final book of only madrigals
- Carolus Luython -- *Popularis anni jubilus* for six voices (Prague: Georg Nigrinus), a collection of motets
- Giovanni de Macque -- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Luca Marenzio
- Fourth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Fourth book of *villanelle* for three voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
- Fifth book of *villanelle* for three voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Tiburtio Massaino
- for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Second book of masses for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Rinaldo del Mel -- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Philippe de Monte
- First book of masses (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin)
- Second book of motets for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Twelfth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Claudio Monteverdi -- *Madrigali a cinque voci di Claudio Monteverde Cremonese discepolo del Sig.r Marc\'Antonio Ingegnieri\... Libro primo* (Venice: Angelo Gardano), a book of madrigals
- Jakob Paix -- *Parodia mottetae Domine da nobis auxilium, Thomae Crequilonis, senis vocibus, ad Dorium* (Lauingen, Leonhard Reinmichel)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina -- Second book of motets for four voices
- Benedetto Pallavicino -- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti)
## Compositions
- Adam Puschmann, *Wachtelweise*, a *Meisterton*, collected in his manuscript *Singebuch* (1588)
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# 1587 in music
## Births
- February 26 (baptized) -- Stefano Landi, Roman composer and teacher (died 1639)
- September 18 -- Francesca Caccini, Florentine composer and lutenist (died after 1641)
- November 3 (baptized) -- Samuel Scheidt, German composer (died 1654)
- *date unknown* -- Francesco Lambardi, Neapolitan composer (died 1642)
## Deaths
- February 9 -- Vincenzo Ruffo, Veronese composer (born 1508)
- June 15 -- Giovanni Battista Pinello di Ghirardi, Italian composer and singer (born c.1544)
- August 29 -- Vincenzo Bellavere, Venetian composer (born c
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# Simbal Camp
Simbal camp is located in Jammu, India, home to refugees of the 1947 partition of India. The name *Simbal* refers to type of tree. It\'s the richest town in Jammu.
## Demographics
98% of the camp residents are Sikh . It is the largest of the Sikh towns in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir . Simbal is divided into five wards viz Ward no. 1 to 5. The most commonly spoken languages are Punjabi and Poonchi There is a 98% Literacy rate. The most common occupations are positions in the service and transport sectors. They left their home in Pakistani Administered Azad Kashmir and struggled hard for earning their livelihood during initial days after partition with no or negligible aid from Government. Simbal has two high schools, one for girls and one for boys. There is one primary health center as well with general physician and dental surgeon available on weekdays. Many Simbalites are serving in Indian Army. Every year religious gathering or Gurbani Kirtan Dewaan is organised on first weekend of June. And Nagar Kirtan is organised from Simbal on the occasion of Guru Gobind Singh Ji birthday every year. Nearest Police station is Miran sahib.
From early 2000s immigration to West and developed countries like UK, Australia, United States, Canada and New Zealand has increased. Almost one person in every family is working or studying in the above-mentioned countries.
## Geography
Simbal Camp is located 17 km south-west of Jammu. It is connected to Jammu City via Rspura Road. It was established by Mahant Raghbir Singh after 1947 partition with the help of local government. Each family was allotted a land for housing/agriculture purposes with the efforts of Mahant Raghbir Singh
Winters are cold, minimum temperature can even drop below 1 °C and summers are hot with an average temperature above 30 °C
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# 1579 in music
`{{Year nav topic5|1579|music}}`{=mediawiki}
## Events
## Publications
- Costanzo Antegnati -- First book of masses for four voices (Brescia: Vincenzo Sabbio)
- Ippolito Baccusi
- First book of motets, for five, six, and eight voices (Venice: Francesco Rampazatto)
- Third book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Joachim a Burck (March 21) -- *Ein christlich Lied\...* (Mühlhausen: George Hantzsch)
- Johannes de Cleve -- *Cantiones seu harmoniae sacrae* for four, five, six, seven, eight, and ten voices (Augsburg: Philipp Ulhard & Andreas Reinheckel)
- Nicolao Dorati -- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Dragoni -- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Placido Falconio -- *Psalmodia vespertina* for four voices (Brescia: Vincenzo Sabbio)
- Stefano Felis -- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Eucharius Hoffmann -- *Vyff geistlike olde Ostergesenge* for four voices (Rostock: Augustin Ferber)
- Fernando de las Infantas
- , book three, for six voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- (Venice: Girolamo Scotto), a book of counterpoint exercises
- Marc\'Antonio Ingegneri -- Second book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Ondřej Chrysoponus Jevíčský -- *Bicinia nova* (Prague: Georg Nigrinus)
- Orlando di Lasso -- *Corona di Madrigali*
- Giovanni de Macque -- Madrigals for four, five, and six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Claudio Merulo -- First book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Philippe de Monte
- for six voices (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin)
- Fifth book of motets for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Benedetto Pallavicino -- First book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
## Births
- *date unknown* -- John Amner, composer and choirmaster at Ely Cathedral (died 1641)
- *probable* -- Melchior Franck, composer (died 1639)
## Deaths
- *date unknown* -- Miguel de Fuenllana, composer (born c
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# Masjid Darul Ghufran
Darul Ghufran Mosque \| religious_affiliation = Islam \| location = 503 Tampines Avenue 5\
Singapore 529651 \| tradition = Sunni Islam \| architecture_type = Mosque \| architecture_style = Islamic architecture, formerly Brutalist architecture \|year_completed = `{{Start date and age|df=yes|1990|12}}`{=mediawiki} \| capacity = 5,500 \| minaret_quantity = 1 \| minaret_height = 40 m \|coordinates = 1.3554 103.9398 display=inline,title \| construction_cost = S\$6.2 million (1990) \| website = `{{url|darulghufran.org}}`{=mediawiki} }}
**Masjid Darul Ghufran** (Jawi: مسجد دار الغفران) is currently the largest mosque in Singapore, located in Tampines and occupying with a floor area of 5,910 sq metres. It is about 300m from Tampines Bus Interchange, and beside Our Tampines Hub.
## History and design {#history_and_design}
Masjid Darul Ghufran was completed in December 1990 and was officiated by Mr. Haji Othman Haron Eusofe, Member of Parliament for Marine Parade GRC on 12 July 1991.
It was designed by the Housing and Development Board and originally had a brown brick facade. The architecture was described as an \"interplay on walls\". A dome was added to the minaret, together with Islamic geometric motifs on the windows and entrances after consultations with the community.
After structural failures with the brick facade in 1998, the mosque was later encased in azure blue panelling, which resulted in its nickname of \"Menara Biru\" (Blue Minaret in Malay) by the residents.
The mosque closed for renovation in September 2016 and reopened on 22 March 2019. The renovation and expansion works increased the capacity of the mosque to meet the growing demands.
## Current status {#current_status}
The institution plays an important role in the community, aspiring to be a place of choice for education and dakwah.
The original Masjid Darul Ghufran has space for 4,500 worshippers to pray at one time. After reopening in 2019 following renovation works, the accommodation size increased to 5,500 worshippers, above that of Masjid Assyakirin at 5,000. This makes it the largest mosque in Singapore.
Another mosque will be built in Tampines North, to further ease the increasing load at the mosque.
## Transportation
The mosque is accessible from Tampines MRT station and Tampines Bus Interchange.
Visitors arriving via private transport may park at the mosque\'s basement carpark or the nearby carpark at Our Tampines Hub
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# Griddy (company)
**Griddy** was an American power retailer that formerly sold energy to people in the state of Texas at wholesale prices for a \$9.99 monthly membership fee and had approximately 29,000 members. The company itself was based in California.
## History
Griddy LLC was incorporated in 2016 in Delaware, but physically located in Playa Vista, California. Some investment was taken from EDF Trading in 2019.
In December 2020, new leadership was appointed. Michael Fallquist (Chief Executive Officer), Christian McArthur (Chief Operating Officer) and Roop Bhullar (Chief Financial Officer) were appointed and an agreement with Macquarie Energy was entered into. All three new appointments had previously worked at Crius Energy (acquired by TXU Energy in 2019).
### 2021 Texas power crisis {#texas_power_crisis}
During the February 2021 Texas power crisis, some Griddy customers who signed up for the wholesale variable rate plans allowed by the Texas deregulated electricity market found themselves facing bills of over \$5,000 for five days of service during the storm. Griddy received media attention for urging its customers to leave the company.
At the time, the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) capped the wholesale price of electricity at \$9,000 per megawatt-hour, which translates to \$9 per kilowatt-hour. Customers had previously seen the wholesale rates hit that high in August 2019, but only for a 90-minute period, which the company then noted was an unprecedentedly long time at that price. During the February 2021 storm, wholesale rates, and therefore Griddy\'s rates, were at the maximum for about four days. Griddy advised customers to remove themselves from their system during the storm, and says that over 9,700 accounts did by February 15. On February 17, they asked for PUC approval to switch the remaining customers to a traditional energy provider, but the PUC, which was overwhelmed by the situation, was unable to discuss the matter. Griddy\'s 29,000 customers were charged \$29 million during the storm. On February 15, during the power crisis, the state\'s Public Utility Commission required ERCOT to set the price to the \$9,000 maximum. The commission reasoned that the trading prices for energy - as low as \$1,200 - were inconsistent with the supply scarcity.
In the week after the storm, one Chambers County customer filed a proposed class action lawsuit against Griddy, alleging price gouging and seeking \$1 billion in relief.
Griddy\'s billing practice was to withdraw money from linked customer financial accounts as charges accrued. Nevertheless, many customers owed money. After the storm, Griddy offered five-month payment plans to customers who owed outstanding balances, but also prohibited customers with outstanding balances from switching to another provider.
On February 26, ERCOT ejected Griddy from the Texas market for nonpayment. Griddy\'s approximately 10,100 customers were switched to other electricity providers.
The Texas Attorney General filed suit on March 1, charging Griddy with false and misleading practices. The company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy (debt restructuring) on March 15, 2021.
In August 2021, Griddy settled the false and misleading practices suit filed by the state of Texas, agreeing to wipe out the debts still owed by its customers. Customers who had paid Griddy could file for refunds
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# 1581 in music
## Events
- October 15 -- Performance of *\[\[Ballet Comique de la Reine\]\]*, the first narrative ballet (incorporating the story of Circe), devised by Louise of Lorraine, wife of Henry III of France, with music by the royal master of music Jacques Salmon and the bass singer Girard de Beaulieu and choreography by Balthasar de Beaujoyeulx, opens at the court of Catherine de\' Medici in the Louvre Palace in Paris as part of the wedding celebrations for Marguerite of Lorraine.
- Ginés Pérez de la Parra becomes composer and musical director at Orihuela cathedral.
- Marc\'Antonio Ingegneri becomes *maestro di cappella* of Cremona cathedral.
## Publications
### Music
- Lodovico Agostini -- *L\'Echo et enigmi musicali* for six voices, book 2 (Venice: Alessandro Gardano)
- Costanzo Antegnati -- *Sacrae cantiones* (motets) for four voices (Brescia: Vincenzo Sabbio)
- Giammateo Asola -- *Secundus liber in quo reliquae missae octonis compositae tonis* (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Joachim a Burck -- *Threnodia* *(Komm wenn du wilt Herr Jesu Christ)* for four voices (Frankfurt: Nikolaus Basse)
- Severin Cornet
- for five, six, seven, and eight voices (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin)
- for five, six, and eight voices (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin)
- Madrigals for five, six, seven, and eight voices (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin)
- Giovanni Dragoni -- First book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Paolo Isnardi
- Second book of masses for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Orlande de Lassus
- Masses for four and five voices (Nuremberg: Katharina Gerlach)
- Book of *villanelle, moresche*, and other songs for four, five, six, and eight voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Giovanni de Macque -- *Madrigaletti et Napolitane* for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Luca Marenzio
- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Rinaldo del Mel -- First book of motets for four, five, six, seven, and eight voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Philippe de Monte
- First book of *madrigali spirituali* for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Tenth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Fourth book of madrigals for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Maria Nanino & Annibal Stabile -- Madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina --- First book of madrigals for five voices
- Benedetto Pallavicino -- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Christoph Praetorius -- *Fröliche und liebliche Ehrnlieder* for four voices (Wittenberg: Matthäus Welack), in two volumes
### Other
- Fabritio Caroso -- *Il Ballerino*, Italian dance manual, containing much dance music
- Vincenzo Galilei -- *Dialogo della musica antica, et della moderna* (Dialogue Concerning Ancient and Modern Music)
## Classical music {#classical_music}
- *none listed*
## Births
- July 2 -- Johann Staden, German organist and composer (d
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# North Panola School District
The **North Panola School District** is a public school district based in Sardis, Mississippi, U.S.
In addition to Sardis, the district also serves the town of Como and the Panola County portion of Crenshaw as well as rural areas in northern Panola County.
## Schools
- North Panola High School (Sardis; Grades 9-12)
- North Panola Junior High School (Como, Grades 6-8)
- Crenshaw Elementary School (Crenshaw; Grades K-5)
- Como Elementary School (Como; Grades PK-5)
- Green Hill Intermediate (Sardis; Grades 3-5)
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 1,834 students enrolled in the North Panola School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 48% female and 52% male. The racial makeup of the district was 96.95% African American, 2.67% White, 0.27% Hispanic, and 0.11% Asian. 86.6% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
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# 1584 in music
## Events
## Publications
- Emmanuel Adriaenssen -- *Pratum musicum*, a collection of lute music for solo and ensemble, published in Antwerp
- Giammateo Asola
- (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- \... (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- Girolamo Belli -- *I furti amorosi* (The Loving Thefts), second book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano), contains compositions based on quotes from famous madrigals
- Giulio Belli -- Canzonettas for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giuseppe Caimo -- Second book of *canzonette\]\]* for four voices (Milan: Pietro Tini)
- Girolamo Conversi -- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Camillo Cortellini -- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Bologna: Giovanni Rossi)
- Girolamo Dalla Casa -- *Il vero modo di diminuir con tutte le sorti di stromenti di fiato, & corda, & di voce humana*, 2 vols. (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Dragoni -- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Vincenzo Galilei
- *Fronimo Dialogo*, revised edition (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- for two voices or instruments (Florence: Giorgio Marescotti)
- Francisco Guerrero -- Vespers (Rome: Domenico Basa)
- Marc\'Antonio Ingegneri -- Fourth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Paolo Isnardi -- Lamentations and Benedictus for four voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Orlande de Lassus
- for five voices (Munich: Adam Berg), a setting of the penitential psalms
- for three, four, five, six, and ten voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard), a collection of chansons and madrigals
- Cristofano Malvezzi -- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Luca Marenzio
- Second book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- First book of *madrigali spirituali* for five voices (Rome: Alessandro Gardano)
- Fourth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- First book of *villanelle\]\]* for three voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- Rinaldo del Mel
- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Claudio Merulo -- First book of motets for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Philippe de Monte -- Fifth book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Claudio Monteverdi -- First book of canzonettas for three voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- Jakob Paix - *Joan Moutonis\]\]* for four voices (Lauingen, Leonhard Reinmichel)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina -- Fifth book of motets for five voices (Rome: Alessandro Gardano)
- Benedetto Pallavicino -- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Battista Pinello di Ghirardi
- for five, eight, ten, and more voices (Dresden: Matthäus Stöckel)
- (New Entertaining German Songs) for five voices (Dresden: Matthäus Stöckel)
## Classical music {#classical_music}
- Paschal de l\'Estocart -- *Ecce quam bonum et quam jucundum*
## Births
- May 27 -- Michael Altenburg, German baroque composer (died 1640)
- *date unknown*
- Francisco Correa de Arauxo, Spanish organist, composer, and theorist (died 1654)
- Andreas Berger, German composer (died 1656)
- Daniel Friderici, German cantor, conductor, and composer (died 1638)
## Deaths
- September/October -- Gioseppe Caimo, Italian organist and composer (born 1545)
- *date unknown*
- Paolo Aretino, Venetian sacred music composer and choirmaster (born 1508)
- Pietro Vinci, composer (born 1535)
- *probable*
- Lucrezia Bendidio, Italian singer and noblewoman (born 1547)
- Marcin Leopolita, Polish composer (born c
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# Premangsu Chatterjee
**Premangsu Mohan Chatterjee** (10 August 1927 -- 12 July 2011) was an Indian first-class cricketer who represented Bengal as a left-arm medium bowler between 1946/47 and 1959/60, taking 134 first class wickets at 17.75. He was born at Cuttack, Orissa and died at Kolkata, West Bengal.
In a Ranji Trophy match in Jorhat in January 1957, Chatterjee took all 10 wickets in Assam\'s first innings, finishing with figures of 10 for 20. This remains the best innings return ever achieved in first-class cricket outside the United Kingdom and the third best of all time. The previous season he had taken 7 for 50 and 8 for 59 against Madhya Pradesh in a semi-final of the Ranji Trophy.
Sujit Mukherjee described batting against him in a minor match in Calcutta:
> The ball was by no means new when I went in, but I found it curving and dipping as if with a life of its own. Premangshu \[*sic*\] bowled round the wicket and barely at medium pace, but was apparently able to swing the ball all day on any ground in Calcutta \... three times I looked for the ball everywhere, and three times my bat was nowhere near the ball as it swung in, pitched and whisked away \... The fourth ball was of fuller length, way outside the off-stump, and I put my left leg right across and prepared to push it firmly away into the covers. I am sure I went through all the motions correctly, but again missed the ball -- which, this time, did not miss my leg-stump.
Chatterjee was later a cricket commentator in Bengali during Tests and major Ranji Trophy matches at Eden Gardens, Kolkata
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# Black Lake tram stop
**Black Lake tram stop** is a tram stop in the Black Lake area of West Bromwich in the West Midlands, England. It is on the West Midlands Metro that links Edgbaston with Wolverhampton and was opened on 31 May 1999. It has park and ride facilities. The stop is near to the site of the former Swan Village railway station, which closed in 1972. The railway station was on the opposite side of the level crossing and was the junction of the line through Great Bridge and on to Dudley via the former South Staffordshire Line. The latter is in the process of partly reopening as a Metro line between Wednesbury and Dudley (with planned extension to the Merry Hill Shopping Centre.
## Services
On Mondays to Fridays, West Midlands Metro services in each direction between Edgbaston Village and Wolverhampton St George\'s/Wolverhampton Station run at six to eight-minute intervals during the day, and at fifteen-minute intervals during the evenings and on Sundays. They run at eight minute intervals on Saturdays
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10,009,759 |
# Suwannakhuha district
**Suwannakhuha** (*สุวรรณคูหา*, `{{IPA|th|sù.wān.nā.kʰūː.hǎː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *สุวรรณคูหา*, `{{IPA|tts|sȕ.wân.nā.kʰûː.hǎː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is the northernmost district (*amphoe*) of Nong Bua Lamphu province, northeastern Thailand.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 17 July 1973, when the three *tambons* Na Si, Ban Khok, and Na Di were split off from Na Klang district. It was upgraded to a full district on 25 March 1979. In 1993 it was one of five districts of Udon Thani Province which formed the new province, Nong Bua Lamphu.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Na Klang of Nong Bua Lamphu Province; Na Duang of Loei province; Nam Som, Ban Phue, and Kut Chap of Udon Thani province.
## Administration
The district is divided into eight sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 92 villages (*mubans*). There are two townships (*thesaban tambons*): Suwannakhuha covers parts of *tambons* Suwannakhuha, Na Si, and Kut Phueng. Ban Khok covers parts of *tambon* Ban Khok. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No
| 167 |
Suwannakhuha district
| 0 |
10,009,775 |
# 1586 in music
## Events
## Publications
- Lodovico Agostini -- *Le lagrime del peccatore* (The Tears of the Sinner), fourth book for six voices, Op. 12 (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- Felice Anerio -- First book of canzonettas for four voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amandino)
- Giammateo Asola
- Psalms (Venice: Ricciardo Amadino), also includes a Te Deum
- for four voices (Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- for four voices (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- Lodovico Balbi -- Cappriccios for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giulio Belli -- First book of masses for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Camillo Cortellini -- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Ferrara: Vittorio Baldini)
- Jacobus Gallus -- *Opus musicum*, volume 1 (Prague: Georg Nigrinus).
- Ruggiero Giovannelli -- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Marc\'Antonio Ingegneri
- First book of motets for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- First book of madrigals for six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Simon Bar Jona Madelka -- Seven Penitential Psalms for five voices (Altdorf: Nikolaus Knorr)
- Jacques Mauduit -- *Chansonnettes mesurées de Jan-Antoine de Baïf* for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Rinaldo del Mel -- Second book of *madrigaletti* for three voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Philippe de Monte -- Eleventh book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giovanni Maria Nanino
- Motets for three and five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Third book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Lucas Osiander the Elder -- *Fünfftzig Geistliche Lieder und Psalmen* (Fifty sacred songs and psalms) for four voices (Nuremberg: Katharina Gerlach)
- Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina -- Second book of madrigals for four voices
- Nicola Parma -- *Sacrae cantiones\...*, book two (Venice: Giacomo Vincenti & Ricciardo Amadino)
- Costanzo Porta -- Fourth book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Giaches de Wert -- Eighth book of madrigals for five voices
## Compositions
- Anthony Holborne -- *The Countess of Pembroke\'s Funerals*
## Births
- January 20 -- Johann Hermann Schein, German composer (died 1630)
- July 1 -- Claudio Saracini, lutenist, singer and composer (died 1630)
Probable
- Andrea Falconieri, composer (died 1653)
## Deaths
- August 27 -- George de La Hèle, Franco-Flemish composer
- November -- Bernardino de Figueroa, composer (born c
| 399 |
1586 in music
| 0 |
10,009,827 |
# Am I a Hindu?
***Am I A Hindu?*** is a primer about the Hindu religion, published in 1992, by Ed Viswanathan.
The book takes the form of dialog between a Hindu father and his American-born son. The son wants to understand his family\'s religious traditions and discover what is relevant for him today. The book provides a non-technical introduction to Hinduism as lived today. The Book tries to answer lot of questions about Hinduism very objectively, as well as from a point of view of someone who doesn\'t know the religion well.
The book emphasizes that Hinduism is about the search of true knowledge, search of self, and the search of answers to all questions. At the end, it claims that the day science will be able to answer all questions, all religions like Hinduism will cease to exist. The Book tries to answer questions by quoting similarities with other religions and without trying to show any other religion in a bad light. It explains that how the broadness of Religion, which gives freedom to believe in god and at the same time be an atheist, pray the Idols or only the holy scriptures has led to many wrong beliefs about the religion`{{Clarify|date=May 2024}}`{=mediawiki}.
It also explains that how a religion, with no system of conversion has survived over ages
| 221 |
Am I a Hindu?
| 0 |
10,009,861 |
# Na Wang district
**Na Wang** (*นาวัง*; `{{IPA|th|nāː wāŋ|IPA}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the western part of Nong Bua Lamphu province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise): Na Klang and Si Bun Rueang of Nong Bua Lamphu Province and Erawan and Na Duang of Loei province.
## History
The district was established on 30 April 1994, when five *tambons* were split off from Na Klang district. It was upgraded to a full district on 11 October 1997.
## Administration
The district is divided into five sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 51 villages (*mubans*). Na Lao is a township (*thesaban tambon*) which covers parts of *tambons* Na Lao and Thep Khiri. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- -------------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Na Lao นาเหล่า 13 8,778
2\. Na Kae นาแก 10 8,139
3\. Wang Thong วังทอง 12 8,672
4\. Wang Pla Pom วังปลาป้อม 8 6,848
5\
| 164 |
Na Wang district
| 0 |
10,009,889 |
# Yie Ar Kung-Fu II
is a video game developed and released by Konami in 1986 as a sequel to 1985\'s *Yie Ar Kung-Fu*. Rather than a pure fighting game as the original, it is a beat \'em up. It was released for the Commodore 64, MSX, Amstrad CPC, ZX Spectrum, BBC Micro and Acorn Electron home computer systems and featured a different approach to the game. In France, the video game was also released for the Thomson computers.
## Plot
Lee Young is a young martial arts master who is the son of a brave warrior who has rid China of the Chop Suey Gang. However, one member survived and declared himself Emperor Yie-Gah. Now, like his father, Lee Young has to rid China of Yie-Gah and his allies once and for all.
## Gameplay
Lee Young goes through three sections of a level to face its boss. Along the way, he meets up with ninjas. The power-ups Lee can acquire are oolong tea to replenish health and lo mein for temporary invincibility. Lee can only carry three oolong teas at a time.
The game also features a two-player mode, in which Player 1 controls Lee while Player 2 has the choice to play as either Yen Pei, Lan Fang or Po Chin, making Lan Fang the first ever playable female character in a fighting game (predating *Saboteur II* female ninja by one year and Chun Li in *Street Fighter II* by five years).
## Main characters {#main_characters}
- Lee Young: The main protagonist of the game. His moves mimic those of Oolong from the arcade game. His father was the star in the NES and MSX versions of *Yie Ar Kung-Fu*, Lee.
- Yen Pei wears a purple robe and is also known as Emperor Yie-Gah. His red braid is so large, he uses it in similar fashion as Chain\'s chain whip.
- Lan Fang wears a blue dress and has short hair. Like her predecessor, Fan, she throws steel fans at Lee.
- Po Chin is large and wears a brown outfit with a smiley face on it. He attacks with gas clouds.
- Wen Hu wears a yellow outfit and a metal mask to cover his face. When he battles, Wen Hu throws his mask at his opponent as it zooms around like a mosquito.
- Wei Chin is bald and wears green pants. He attacks with a boomerang.
- Mei Ling has long hair and wears a red dress. Similar to the *Yie Ar Kung-Fu* hidden character Bishoo, Mei Ling throws daggers at Lee.
- Han Chen wears a red robe and hat that covers most of his face. When he attacks, he throws smoke bombs. His appearance is said to resemble a Chinese zombie.
- Li Jen: Lee\'s final opponent, Li Jen wears a white robe and has an uncanny resemblance to Flash Gordon\'s Ming the Merciless. Li Jen\'s area is surrounded by a thunder storm and Lee must avoid the lightning to attack Li Jen and save China.
## Reception
*Commodore User* gave the Commodore 64 version of *Yie Ar Kung-Fu II* an overall score of seven out of ten, calling it an improvement upon its predecessor. While noting it as \"nothing special\" among other, similar beat \'em ups due to its \"limited\" fighting moves, *Commodore User* heavily praised *Yie Ar Kung-Fu II\'s* \"polished\" & \"colourful\" graphics, as well as its \"excellent\" animations and \"fantastic\" sound
| 573 |
Yie Ar Kung-Fu II
| 0 |
10,009,906 |
# Bradley Lane tram stop
**Bradley Lane tram stop** is a tram stop in Bradley, Wolverhampton, England. It was opened on 31 May 1999 and is situated on West Midlands Metro Line 1. It is one of only a handful of West Midlands Metro stops to have an island platform. It is also has park and ride facility. The site is located on the exact border of Walsall and Wolverhampton and serves the areas of Moxley and Bradley, as well as Tipton and Darlaston.
It is situated a few hundred yards from the site of the old Bradley and Moxley railway station.
In February 2020 it was announced that a park and ride facility had opened at the stop.
## Services
On Mondays to Fridays, West Midlands Metro services in each direction between Edgbaston Village and Wolverhampton St George\'s/Wolverhampton Station run at six to eight-minute intervals during the day, and at fifteen-minute intervals during the evenings and on Sundays. They run at eight minute intervals on Saturdays
| 167 |
Bradley Lane tram stop
| 0 |
10,009,913 |
# SG Automotive
**SG Automotive Group Co Ltd** (officially **Liaoning Shuguang Automotive Group, Ltd**) is a Chinese vehicle and component manufacturer headquartered in Dandong, Liaoning province. The company makes buses, light trucks, semi-trailer trucks, SUVs and automotive components. Auto parts made by SG are used by other Chinese car makers including Brilliance Auto, Chery, and JAC Motors.
Light trucks and buses are sold under the *Huanghai* (黄海, lit. \"Yellow Sea\") brand name,For cars sold under the brand name Huanghai, see
- For buses sold under the brand name Huanghai, see
whilst the *Shuguang* brand was used for SUVs in the early 2000s. Some SUVs sold under this brand may utilize Mitsubishi engines as of 2011. The company makes fleet sales, and some products are purchased by the Chinese State.For lot of light trucks sold to a government department of Liaoning province, see
- For lot of buses sold to city of Shijiazhuang, see
- For lot of buses sold to city of Changzhou, see
## History
SG was founded in Liaoning in 1984 with RMB 70,000 as a manufacturer of axles for off-road vehicles.
At the beginning of 2007, the parent company Shuguang Automobile Group wholly acquired Changzhou Changjiang Bus Manufacturing Co., Ltd., one of Dandong Huanghai\'s former competitors and the largest bus share in China before 2003, and changed its name to Changzhou Huanghai.
In August 2012, SG agreed to acquire a 56.19% stake in a Dandong-based special vehicle company from a Liaoning-based group company for RMB 80.9 million.
## Operations
SG has component manufacturing facilities in Wuhu, Anhui, and Shenyang, Liaoning. Other facilities include a bus-making factory in Changzhou, Changzhou Changjiang Bus, which became operational in early 2010 and a location-unknown component-making facility 113,220 square meters in size that should have become operational in late 2012.
| 298 |
SG Automotive
| 0 |
10,009,913 |
# SG Automotive
## Products
### Current
- 2007-present Huanghai Plutus (DD 1022) - pickup truck - Copy of the Chevrolet Colorado
- 2014-present Huanghai N1
- Huanghai N1S
- 2015-present Huanghai N2
- Huanghai N2S
- 2016-present Huanghai Raytour (DD 504)- van - Copy of the Volkswagen Crafter
- 2017-present Huanghai N3
- 2019-present Huanghai N7 - copy of the Chevrolet Silverado
<File:Huanghai> Raytour China 2016-03-28.jpg\|Huanghai Raytour <File:Huanghai> N1 China 2015-04-10.jpg\|Huanghai N1 <File:Huanghai> N1S China 2018-03-20.jpg\|Huanghai N1S <File:Huanghai> N2 2 China 2016-04-07.jpg\|Huanghai N2 <File:Huanghai> N3A China 2018-03-20.jpg\|Huanghai N3A
### Former
- DG 6471 B
- DG 6400
- 2009-2012 Huanghai Challenger (DD 6490P/DD 6491A/Shuguang Challenger) - SUV - rebadged Gonow Jetstar/Dadi Shuttle
- Huanghai Faster NCV - CUV - Concept based on the Landscape V3 with the front end copied from the Pontiac Torrent previewing the Huanghai Landscape V3.
- 2008-2012 Huanghai Landscape F1 (DD 6460D/DD 6460K/DD 6461A/DD 6470E) - CUV - Copy of Kia Sorento with a front fascia similar to the Mercedes-Benz M-Class
- Huanghai Landscape V3 (DD 6472A/DD 6472B) - CUV - Copy of the Toyota Harrier
- DG 6480 Navigator/Dawn/Falcon
- 2006-2010 Huanghai Aurora (DD 6470/DD 6470H) - CUV - Copy of the SsangYong Rexton
- DG 1020 \"Antilope\" or \"Aolin\"
- Huanghai Steed (DD 1020) - pickup truck - Variant of the Plutus
- Shuguang Conqueror (DG6472) - an updated luxury Huanghai Challenger
- Shuguang Runway - a three-door Shuguang Conqueror
- Huanghai Major (DD 1023) - pickup truck - Copy of the Toyota Tacoma
<File:Huanghai> Landscape 01 China 2014-04-24.jpg\|Huanghai Landscape F1 <File:Huanghai> Landscape V3 01 China 2014-04-16.jpg\|Huanghai Landscape V3 <File:Huanghai> SG 6480 Dawn SUV in the Taklamakan.jpg\|SG 6480 \"Dawn\" in the Taklamakan <File:Huanghai> Aurora 2.2 4WD 2010 (13500855093).jpg\|Huanghai Aurora <File:Huanghai> Challenger China 2014-04-24.jpg\|Huanghai Challenger <File:Huanghai> DD1023 02 China 2017-03-19.jpg\|Huanghai DD1023
## Export sales {#export_sales}
SG has exported light trucks and buses to countries including Saudi Arabia, South Africa, and Brazil.For small lot of light trucks sold in South Africa, see
- For small lot of light trucks sold in Brazil, see
- For small lots of buses sold in Saudi Arabia, see
Some products, including the Plutus and the Steed, are assembled by Effa Motors in Uruguay.
Some of its production has been sold in Malaysia, where the Plutus pick-up was on sale as of late 2012
| 384 |
SG Automotive
| 1 |
10,009,924 |
# Loxdale tram stop
**Loxdale tram stop** is a tram stop in Bradley, Wolverhampton, England. It was opened on 31 May 1999 and is situated on West Midlands Metro Line 1.
## Services
On Mondays to Fridays, West Midlands Metro services in each direction between Edgbaston Village and Wolverhampton St George\'s/Wolverhampton Station run at six to eight-minute intervals during the day, and at fifteen-minute intervals during the evenings and on Sundays. They run at eight minute intervals on Saturdays
| 79 |
Loxdale tram stop
| 0 |
10,009,941 |
# Mueang Nong Bua Lam Phu district
**Mueang Nong Bua Lam Phu** (*เมืองหนองบัวลำภู*, `{{IPA|th|mɯ̄aŋ nɔ̌ːŋ būa lām pʰūː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *เมืองหนองบัวลำภู*, `{{IPA|tts|mɯ̂aŋ nɔ̌ːŋ bùa lâm pʰûː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is the capital district (*amphoe mueang*) of Nong Bua Lam Phu province, northeastern Thailand. As of the year 2010, it has a total population of 134,116.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the south clockwise): Non Sang, Si Bun Rueang, and Na Klang of Nong Bua Lam Phu Province; Kut Chap and Nong Wua So of Udon Thani Province.
## History
On September 2, 1993, the districts of Nong Bua Lam Phu, Na Klang, Non-Sang, Si Bun Ruang and Suwannakhuha were separated from Udon Thani Province and were merged to create the Nong Bua Lamphu Province. Nong Bua Lam Phu District was renamed Mueang Nong Bua Lam Phu.
## Administration
The district is divided into 15 sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 179 villages (*mubans*). The town (*thesaban mueang*) Nong Bua Lam Phu covers parts of *tambons* Nong Bua, Pho Chai, and Lam Phu. There are three townships (*thesaban tambon*): Hua Na, Na Mafueang, and Na Kham Hai. Each covers parts of the same-named *tambon*. There are a further 13 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
------ --------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Nong Bua หนองบัว 15 12,733
2\. Nong Phai Sun หนองภัยศูนย์ 10 6,633
3\. Pho Chai โพธิ์ชัย 12 5,595
4\. Nong Sawan หนองสวรรค์ 10 6,944
5\. Hua Na หัวนา 16 9,937
6\. Ban Kham บ้านขาม 14 9,715
7\. Na Mafueang นามะเฟือง 10 9,432
8\. Ban Phrao บ้านพร้าว 15 9,434
9\. Non Khamin โนนขมิ้น 10 7,824
10\. Lam Phu ลำภู 12 9,674
11\. Kut Chik กุดจิก 14 11,538
12\. Non Than โนนทัน 10 6,932
13\. Na Kham Hai นาคำไฮ 11 10,651
14\. Pa Mai Ngam ป่าไม้งาม 13 8,437
15\
| 298 |
Mueang Nong Bua Lam Phu district
| 0 |
10,010,050 |
# Peter Faulkner
**Peter Ian Faulkner** (born 18 April 1960) is an Australian former first-class cricketer who played for Tasmania. An allrounder, he took over 100 wickets and made over 2000 runs in his first-class career. He never played for Australia although he toured South Africa in 1985/86 and 1986/87 with the rebel Australian XI and he was selected in an Australian one day squad during the 1984-85 summer, and toured Zimbabwe with an Australian Under 25 side.
Peter\'s son James plays for Tasmania and has played internationally for Australia.
## Career
In 1980/81 Faulkner captained the Tasmanian Colts. That summer he made his debut for Tasmania in a McDonald\'s Cup Game against WA, top scoring with 45.
Faulkner did not make his first class debut until the 1982--83 season, against Victoria. In his second game, against the touring Sri Lankan side, he took 4 wickets. He then took 3--5 in 19 balls against West Australia, and a second innings knock of 47 off 131 balls helped Tasmania draw the game.
In 1983-84 Faulkner became a regular member of Tasmania\'s Sheffield Shield side. He made 57 not out against South Australia, 4 wickets and 61 not out against Queensland, 52 against Victoria, 84 against Western Australia, took 4-95 and 3--30 against the touring Pakistan side and made 76 against NSW.
In 1984 Faulkner played in the Lancashire League in England.
### Fringe international {#fringe_international}
In 1984-85 he was selected in the Prime Minister\'s XI to play the West Indies, replacing an injured Craig McDermott. He took 1-81 and scored 59 not out, taking part in a 104 run partnership with Allan Border, but the team lost. This effort saw him selected in the Australian one day squad for the World Championship of Cricket.
Faulkner was not picked but impressed with 71 against Queensland. He was named in an under 25 squad to tour Zimbabwe.
### South Africa {#south_africa}
Faulkner then announced he signed to tour South Africa. He was replaced on the Zimbabwe tour by David Gilbert. He was banned from Australian first class cricket for two years and from test cricket for three years.
He played in two unofficial tests, one in 1985-86 one in 1986--87. Highlights of his trip included a century against Northern Districts.
He resumed playing for Tasmania in 1987--88. He played his last game for Tasmania against Victoria in 1989--90.
## Later career {#later_career}
After his playing career finished Faulkner became a Tasmanian selector from 1993-94 until 2007--08. He was Chairman of Selectors in 1996--97. \"As a selector I had a reputation of speaking my mind but I always stood by what was right for Tasmanian cricket,\" Faulkner said. During this time, Tasmania competed in four Sheffield Shield Finals, winning the state\'s first ever title in 2006-07 and winning the One Day competition in 2004--05, as well as being runners up in 2006--07 in the then KFC Twenty20 Big Bash.
In 2016 Faulkner was inducted into the Tasmanian Cricket Field of Fame at Blundstone Arena
| 500 |
Peter Faulkner
| 0 |
10,010,060 |
# Non Sang district
**Non Sang** (*โนนสัง*, `{{IPA|th|nōːn sǎŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *โนนสัง*, `{{IPA|th|nôːn sǎŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the southeastern part of Nong Bua Lamphu province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the west clockwise) Si Bun Rueang and Mueang Nong Bua Lamphu of Nong Bua Lamphu Province, Nong Wua So of Udon Thani province, Khao Suan Kwang, Ubolratana, Phu Wiang, and Nong Na Kham of Khon Kaen province.
## History
The area of the district was originally a *tambon* of Mueang Nong Bua Lam Phu district. On 1 January 1948 it was made a minor district (*king amphoe*), which was upgraded to a full district on 9 June 1956.
## Administration
The district is divided into 10 sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 104 villages (*mubans*). There are two sub-district municipalities (*thesaban tambons*). Non Sang covers *tambon* Non Sang and Kut Du parts of *tambon* Kut Du. There are a further nine tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
------ ------------------ --------- ---------- -------
1\. Non Sang โนนสัง 15 8,497
2\. Ban Thin บ้านถิ่น 9 6,337
3\. Nong Ruea หนองเรือ 12 9,430
4\. Kut Du กุดดู่ 14 9,774
5\. Ban Kho บ้านค้อ 10 5,080
6\. Non Mueang โนนเมือง 7 5,385
7\. Khok Yai โคกใหญ่ 7 3,726
8\. Khok Muang โคกม่วง 9 6,523
9\. Nikhom Phatthana นิคมพัฒนา 11 4,253
10\
| 224 |
Non Sang district
| 0 |
10,010,094 |
# WYHR
**WYHR** (101.5 FM) is a radio station licensed to Vinton, Virginia, and serving the Roanoke metropolitan area. WYHR is owned by the Bible Broadcasting Network. It broadcasts a Christian talk and teaching radio format.
WYHR has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 1,200 watts. The transmitter is on Mill Mountain in Roanoke, off Prospect Road SE.
## History
### WZZI
The station signed on the air on December 12, 1995, as WZZI. It was owned by H. Edward Hale\'s Carousel Entertainment, and originally played country music. The station flipped to a modern rock format in January 1999.
Roanoke residents Karen and Robert Travis purchased WZZI in January 2000. They had just purchased WRVX (97.9 FM) in Lynchburg, Virginia, which they renamed to WZZU. Formats under the Travises included alternative rock \"Z101\" and oldies \"Oldies 101.5\".
### Oldies and classic rock {#oldies_and_classic_rock}
In 2004, Centennial Broadcasting bought the two stations. WZZI began simulcasting WZZU. The two stations played oldies as \"BOB FM\". They switched to classic rock as \"The Planet\" from 2006 to 2009. WZZU continues airing a mainstream rock format on 97.9 FM.
In July 2008, Washington Redskins owner Daniel Snyder announced a purchase of Centennial\'s four-station Roanoke-Lynchburg cluster by his Red Zebra Broadcasting. The sale fell through and no paperwork was ever filed with the Federal Communications Commission.
### Adult album alternative {#adult_album_alternative}
Centennial instituted a locally focused adult album alternative (AAA) format on October 12, 2009, branded \"101.5 The Valley\'s Music Place\" WVMP.
WZZI/WVMP was the Roanoke network affiliate for the Virginia Cavaliers football and basketball broadcasts from 2007 through 2012. The Cavaliers moved back to their longtime home WFIR at the beginning of the 2012 football season, as the university preferred to partner with a news-talk station. WZZU, which joined as Lynchburg\'s affiliate at the same time, remains affiliated with the network.
Centennial placed WVMP on the market in 2010. Ed Walker\'s Cityworks Community Broadcasting purchased the station to preserve the AAA format. Walker sold it to Dr. William E. \"Eddie\" Amos\' Community Media Group in 2014.
### Changes in ownership {#changes_in_ownership}
Todd Robinson, owner of several full-powered stations in the Roanoke/Lynchburg/Bedford market, began operating WVMP by local marketing agreement (LMA) on August 1, 2016, and announced intentions to purchase the station from Community Media Group on August 3 for \$600,000. Dr. Amos cited the decreasing amount of time he had to devote to the station, but was to become a minority shareholder in Robinson\'s WVJT, LLC. No changes to format or branding came with the agreement. WVJT withdrew the application to transfer control on October 19, and Community Media Group resumed operating the station.
WVMP began simulcasting on separately-owned WBZS on December 1, 2016, to better cover the southwestern Roanoke area, Christiansburg and Blacksburg. WVMP\'s main transmitter on Mill Mountain is heavily shielded to the south and west by mountains. In January 2017, the two stations rebranded as \"101.5 and 102.5 The Mountain\".
Todd Robinson made a second attempt to acquire the station by purchasing Community Media Group itself for \$250,000 on October 20, 2017. The sale was granted on December 1, 2017.
On February 1, 2018, the AAA format moved to WBZS alone and WVMP switched to a simulcast of oldies-formatted WHTU (103.9 FM, Big Island) and WZZI (106.9 FM, Bedford) as \"Oldies 101.5\".
WVMP returned to AAA \"The Mountain\" on December 1, 2019, as the three-year local marketing agreement with WBZS expired.
### Christian radio {#christian_radio}
On November 30, 2022, at midnight, WVMP\'s adult album alternative format ended on the 101.5 FM signal and went online-only. On December 2, 2022, Truth Broadcasting began operating the station and flipped it to Christian talk and teaching as \"The Truth\".
The Bible Broadcasting Network acquired WVMP for \$500,000 in 2024. On January 10, 2025, the call sign was changed to WYHR
| 636 |
WYHR
| 0 |
10,010,167 |
# Si Bun Rueang district
**Si Bun Rueang** (*ศรีบุญเรือง*, `{{IPA|th|sǐː būn rɯ̄aŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *ศรีบุญเฮือง*, `{{IPA|tts|sǐː bùn hɯ̂aŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the southwestern part of Nong Bua Lamphu province, northeastern Thailand. It may also be spelled Sri Bun Rueang.
## History
The area was Ban Non Sung Plueai of *Tambon* Yang Lo, Nong Bua Lamphu District, Udon Thani province. The government created it to be a minor district (*king amphoe*) on 16 July 1965, which was upgraded to a full district on 1 March 1969.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Na Wang, Na Klang, Mueang Nong Bua Lamphu, and Non Sang of Nong Bua Lamphu Province, Nong Na Kham and Si Chomphu of Khon Kaen province, Phu Kradueng, Pha Khao, and Erawan of Loei province.
The important water resource is the Phong River.
## Administration
The district is divided into 12 sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 153 villages (*mubans*). There are two townships (*thesaban tambons*): Non Sung Plueai covers parts of *tambon* Mueang Mai, and Chom Thong covers parts of *tambon* Si Bun Rueang. There are a further 12 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
------ ---------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Mueang Mai เมืองใหม่ 15 10,913
2\. Si Bun Rueang ศรีบุญเรือง 15 10,594
3\. Nong Bua Tai หนองบัวใต้ 10 7,294
4\. Kut Sathian กุดสะเทียน 8 5,276
5\. Na Kok นากอก 23 15,750
6\. Non Sa-at โนนสะอาด 17 12,367
7\. Yang Lo ยางหล่อ 15 8,954
8\. Non Muang โนนม่วง 11 8,423
9\. Nong Kung Kaeo หนองกุงแก้ว 12 7,159
10\. Nong Kae หนองแก 11 8,093
11\. Sai Thong ทรายทอง 9 8,478
12\
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# Mount Burr, South Australia
**Mount Burr** is a small town in the south-east of South Australia, about 10 km east of Millicent and about 55 km north-west of Mount Gambier, in the Limestone Coast region. It derives its name from a nearby mountain, Mount Burr.
## History
The nearby mountain was named Mount Burr by Governor George Grey after George Dominicus Burr, a surveyor and Professor of Mathematics at Sandhurst Military College. His son, Thomas Burr, a surveyor, accompanied Governor Grey on the expedition to Mount Gambier in 1844:`{{blockquote|text=7 May 1844: At about 2pm we made the top of a range, the principal summit of which his Excellency has done me the honour to call after my father. The Mount Burr range is about 1600 feet above the level of the sea...|sign=Mr Thos. Burr, Dep Surv.-Gen.}}`{=mediawiki}
Also in the surveying party was artist George French Angas.
In 1873, an Act of Parliament was passed which encouraged the planting of forests, and the South Australian Department of Woods and Forests was quite likely the first government forestry department created in the British Commonwealth. The first trees planted included not only the native eucalypts, but also hardwoods from Europe and conifers from Europe and North America. The radiata pine, native to California, proved especially successful, and huge numbers were planted.
The town of Mount Burr was established in 1931, home to a large timber mill which was the first of its kind in the area. The town and all of its facilities were built by the Government of South Australia in the middle of a forest, mostly using locally sawn timber.
A cricket and football club were established in 1932 and 1940 respectively.
In October 1965, when the first regional South Australian commercial television station, SES-8, located at Mount Gambier, was readying for transmission in the South-east, a tensioning cable on a 500 ft transmitter mast broke, and the steel tower crashed to the ground. Fortunately nobody was seriously injured and the launch went ahead in March 1966. SES-8 was sold to WIN Television in 1999, and regional broadcasting from Mt Gambier ceased in 2013.
In late 2000 the timber mill closed.
## Geography
The town is named after a local mountain called Mount Burr, which it measures 240 m tall and is an dormant volcano. Mount Burr lies within the Limestone Coast region.
The mountain of Mount Burr is home to the SES-8 television transmitter, which is responsible for transmitting WIN Television, Seven SA, Ten SA, SBS and ABC television to households across the south-east of SA and western Victoria.
## Facilities, industries and attractions {#facilities_industries_and_attractions}
The main industries in the town are forestry, transport and agriculture. Paper manufacturer Kimberly-Clark is a major source of employment.
Mt Burr Primary School caters for children from pre-school age through to Year 7.
Mt Burr Forest is a forest reserve, named after Thomas Burr, deputy surveyor of the town. Within the forest live endangered species such as the southern brown bandicoot, as well as the red-necked wallaby, emus and more than 60 other species of birds.
## Historic buildings {#historic_buildings}
The historic Mount Graham Homestead is listed on the South Australian Heritage Register, as is the Noolook Bark Mill, which is within Mt Burr Forest.
## Mount Burr Swamp {#mount_burr_swamp}
Mount Burr Swamp is a large, former deep freshwater marsh, managed by Nature Glenelg Trust with the aim of restoring the 300 adj=on wetlands which lie adjacent to The Marshes Wetland Complex. Mount Burr Swamp is an area of great biodiversity, providing habitat for little galaxias (fish), growling grass frog, Australasian bitterns, southern brown bandicoots, red-tailed black cockatoos, brolgas and southern bent-wing bats.
In mid-2021, students from the University of South Australia\'s 18-month Aboriginal Pathways Program accompanied local Aboriginal elders on a land management course at the swamp. Traditional methods of conservation are taught, and the students are experience connection to country and caring for country
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# John Scholes (cricketer)
**Walter John Scholes** (5 January 1950 -- 14 July 2003) was an Australian first-class cricketer and coach. He also played 30 games of Australian rules football for North Melbourne Football Club between 1967 and 1971, scoring 35 goals as a rover before a knee injury cut short his football career.
Scholes was a successful junior cricketer, captaining the Victorian under-15s to victory in the Sydney carnival. He once scored 100 runs and took 10 wickets in a game, becoming the first ever Australian schoolboy to do so.
In the 1968--69 season he made his debut for Victoria, aged just 18. He was appointed Victoria\'s youngest ever captain at the time when 21 years of age, by the end of his 62-game career, the right-hander made 3,201 runs at 30.78.
Scholes became coach of Victoria and led them to victory in the 1998/99 Mercantile Mutual Cup. He was also a Victorian selector for a time.
Nicknamed affectionately as \"Barrel\", he was well respected by the Australian sporting community.
Scholes played a long career in Victorian district/premier cricket, playing 23 seasons for Carlton from 1965-66 until 1987--88, then eight seasons for Fitzroy Doncaster from 1988-89 until 1995--96. His career totals of 396 matches and 12,693 runs both surpassed the long-standing record held by Jack Ryder (338 matches and 12,667 runs); as of 2016, he sits third on the list of all-time run-scorers. The player of the Premier final is now awarded the \"John Scholes Medal\".
He died on 14 July 2003, from a heart attack
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# WBBC-FM
**WBBC-FM** is a Country formatted broadcast radio station licensed to Blackstone, Virginia, serving Southside Virginia. WBBC-FM is owned and operated by Denbar Communications, Inc
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# Avaraikulam
**Avaraikulam** is a village in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, India. It is located 72 km from Tirunelveli and 20 km from Kanyakumari. Most residents are involved in agrarian activities. The Arulmigu Mutharamman Thirukovil Temple in the village is famous for its Vaigasi (A month in the Tamil calendar) Thiruvizha. Avaraikulam is also referred to as \'Asaiyaa Pattinam\', meaning \'Immovable Town\'.
## Places of attraction {#places_of_attraction}
There are more than ten Hindu temples and two churches, one of them being the Roman Catholic church with St. Xavier as patron, which was constructed in the year 1907.
Ayya Vaikundar Nizhalthangal is a divine place to visit on the village situated on Vaikunda Street, next to the Mutharamman temple.
## Present status of Avaraikulam {#present_status_of_avaraikulam}
People in Avaraikulam are the descendants of the Pandiyan Kingdom and hail from Poochikadu and Kurumbur, near Tiruchendur.
The people living in Avaraikulam are mostly of the Nadar community. More than 95% of the village\'s population are farmers, and most of them cultivate flowers. Avaraikulam is famous for Jasmine, Rose, Kenthi, Vadamalli, Pitchi and Chevvanthi cultivation. All these flowers are collected by small traders and sold in the markets of nearby towns.
## Education
Baliah Marthandam Higher Secondary School is attended by young people in Avaraikulam and the surrounding villages. A few other private schools are also in the village.
## Transport facilities {#transport_facilities}
Avarikulam is well connected by road . It is located on NH 44, the longest running north- south highway of India, the four-lane express way provides good connectivity to Avaraikulam. Scheduled bus services are available to Tirunelveli, Nagercoil, Kanyakumari. The Nearest Railway Station Valliyur Railway station is 18 km to North, NagerCoil Railway Station is 20 km to West and Kanyakumari Railway Station is 20 km to South, The train connections with Chennai, Bengaluru, Mumbai, Delhi, Howrah, etc.
Nearest airport is Thoothukkudi Airport, 75 km away. Thiruvananthapuram International Airport, 130 km away, and Madurai International Airport, 220 km away, also serve the people of Avaraikulam
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# Il cappello di paglia di Firenze
Un chapeau de paille d\'Italie}} `{{italic title}}`{=mediawiki} ***Il cappello di paglia di Firenze*** (*The Florentine Straw Hat*, usually titled in English language productions as *The Italian Straw Hat*) is an opera by Nino Rota to an Italian-language libretto by the composer and his mother, Ernesta Rota Rinaldi, based on the play *Un chapeau de paille d\'Italie* by Eugène Labiche and Marc-Michel.
The opera premièred at the Teatro Massimo, Palermo, on 21 April 1955. The first performance in the United States was at the Santa Fe Opera in 1977, with Ragnar Ulfung as Fadinard, Ashley Putnam as Elena, Kathryn Day as Anaide, and Stephen Dickson as Emilio. The first New York City performance, starring Vincenzo Manno as Fadinard, took place in 1978. More recently, the opera was performed at the 2013 Wexford Festival, in Graz Opera in 2023, and at La Scala de Milán, 2024.[1](https://www.operaworld.es/critica-il-cappello-di-paglia-di-firenze-scala-milan)
## Roles
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, April 21, 1955\ |
| | | Conductor: Jonel Perlea |
+=============================================================+===============+================================+
| Fadinard, *a bridegroom* | tenor | Nicola Filacuridi |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Elena, *Fadinard\'s bride* | soprano | Ornella Rovero |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Anaide, *wife of Beaupertuis* | soprano | Mafalda Micheluzzi |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Emilio, *Anaide\'s lover* | baritone | Otello Borgonovo |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Nonancourt, *Elena\'s father* | bass | Alfredo Mariotti |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Felice, *Fadinard\'s servant* | tenor | Mario Ferrara |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| A milliner | soprano | Luisa Talamini |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| La Baronessa di Champigny | mezzo-soprano | Anna Maria Rota |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Minardi, *a famous violinist* | spoken role | Carmelo Alongi |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Beaupertuis, *husband of Anaide* | baritone | Guglielmo Ferrara |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Vézinet, *Elena\'s uncle* | tenor | Renato Ercolani |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| Viscount Achille de Rosalba | tenor | Vittorio Pandano |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| A corporal of the guard | baritone | Leonardo Ciriminna |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| A guardsman | tenor | Caetano Crinzi |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
| *Wedding guests, milliners, the Baroness\'s guests, guards* | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+--------------------------------+
: `{{sronly|Roles, voice types, premiere cast}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Il cappello di paglia di Firenze
## Synopsis
: Place: Paris
: Time: 1850
### Act 1 {#act_1}
*Fadinard\'s house*
The wedding day of Fadinard, a well-to-do young man, and Elena, the daughter of Nonancourt, a rich country bumpkin. Elena\'s deaf uncle, Vézinet, appears in Fadinard\'s house carrying a wedding present in a large cardboard box. Fadinard enters, still upset by the adventure he has just had: returning home by gig, his horse nibbled and gobbled down a Florentine straw hat which was hanging on a tree in the Vincennes woods. The owner of the hat, Anaide, appeared in a huff, accompanied by her husky escort, the officer Emilio. But the frightened horse set off at a gallop and swept his master home. As Fadinard waits for his bride, Anaide and Emilio unexpectedly appear and demand a hat exactly like the one the horse just ate.
At the sound of carriages announcing the arrival of the party of wedding guests, Anaide and her would-be escort run off and hide in the next room. The loutish Nonancourt enters with his daughter Elena, the sweet, innocent bride, railing at his son-in-law with the constant refrain \"Tutto a monte\" (It\'s all off). The interminable outburst ends in screams of pain at the agonizing tightness of his new pair of shoes. As the old man struggles to get out of them at least temporarily, Fadinard and Elena, alone for the first time, give way to their blissful happiness.
Meanwhile, the wedding party waiting impatiently in the carriages down in the street is heard singing: \"Tutta Parigi noi giriam, lieti e felici siam.\"
Nonancourt goes down with his daughter, as Fadinard stays behind to try and get rid of the two intruders. The butler, Felice, who meanwhile has gone off to a milliner\'s with a scrap of straw as a sample to look for a hat of the same kind, comes back empty-handed. Anaide, bursting into tears, confesses that she cannot go home without the hat, for it was given to her by a \"jealous and very brutal\" husband. Fadinard, who is expected for his wedding, protests in vain: Anaide faints, Emilio threatens a duel. They refuse to budge from the house until Fadinard, even though he has to go and get married, comes back with a hat exactly like Anaide\'s.
### Act 2 {#act_2}
*Intermezzo: A milliner\'s shop*
Fadinard, having visited countless shops without success, enters with the sample of straw. Nothing doing here either: the only straw hat like it was sold a few days before to the highly fashionable Baroness of Champigny. Fadinard sets off for the Baroness\' villa in Passy with all the wedding procession trailing behind.
*The Baronessa of Champigny\'s villa*
A gala occasion in the luxurious home of the Baroness: flowers, tables laid for a feast, elegance, for a reception in honor of the distinguished Italian violinist Minardi, who is going to play. Fadinard, who enters shyly to ask for the hat, is mistaken by the Baroness for the famous violinist. Overcoming his initial embarrassment, Fadinard manages to pretend he is Minardi, and asks for her hat as a keepsake. Meanwhile, his father-in-law Nonancourt and the wedding guests have followed Fadinard in secret and enter the adjoining dining-room, convinced they are at the wedding banquet. The Baroness returns with a black hat. Fadinard heatedly flies off the handle and menacingly demands the florentine straw hat. Frightened, the Baroness says she has given it as a present to her god-daughter, Madame Beaupertuis.
At this point, the wedding guests, who have gorged and caroused, burst gaily into the room to everyone\'s astonishment, as Elena, slightly tipsy, lifts her glass in a toast to the groom. Amazement, panic, confusion. Minardi, the real violinist, arrives. Fadinard, having gotten the address where the unattainable hat is to be found, takes advantage of the confusion to carry off the whole wedding party with him, as the Baroness swoons and her guests cry \"the police!\".
### Act 3 {#act_3}
*Beaupertuis\'s house*
Early in the evening, Beaupertuis is annoyed that his wife has not returned from a lengthy trip to the shops and suspects that she is having an affair. Fadinard arrives in search of the straw hat but fails to find it. Beaupertuis attempts to get Fadinard to leave his house, but he is unsuccessful.
Meanwhile, Nonancourt, Vezinet and the bridesmaids arrive, thinking they are in Fandinard\'s house. Elena is coaxed into what they believe to be the bridal suite. Fadinard soon realizes that Beaupertuis is Anaide\'s husband, after unknowingly revealing his plan to trick her. Beaupertuis confronts the intruders who finally realize they are in the wrong house. Chaos ensues.
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# Il cappello di paglia di Firenze
## Synopsis
### Act 4 {#act_4}
*Intermezzo: A Paris street*
The bedraggled and exhausted wedding procession, with Nonancourt and his daughter, sings the same old refrain: \"Tutta Parigi noi giriam\", and sets out for Fadinard\'s house. It starts to rain.
*Square with a guard-post in front of Fadinard\'s house*
The wedding procession arrives with open umbrellas, soaking wet and exhausted. Nonancourt orders Felice, the butler, to give back all the wedding presents and the dowry: he is going straight back to Charantonneau with his daughter. But Elena, by now completely in love with her new husband, refuses to leave. Meanwhile, Fadinard comes running up all out of breath: Beaupertuis is about to arrive with the intention of shooting his wife who is up in his house. When Nonancourt hears there is another woman in his son-in-law\'s house his fury knows no bounds; he insists upon leaving at once with all his things. A tussle ensues, in which the deaf uncle, Vézinet, takes part in order to salvage the box containing his wedding present: a florentine straw hat! At the sight of the hat, Fadinard rejoices and runs into the house to get Anaide and give her the hat which has finally been found. The patrol guards return from their rounds only to find Nonancourt and his relatives about to leave with the bundles and parcels, and suspecting they are thieves, have them shut up in the guard-house.
When Fadinard comes out with Anaide and Emilio, the hat is no longer in the box: Nonancourt has carried it off. What to do? Emilio, the enterprising officer, rushes into the guard-post to recover the hat.
Meanwhile, Beaupertuis arrives in a carriage. An animated scene follows: Fadinard tries to hide Anaide from her husband, disguising her as a sentry. Emilio tosses the hat out of the window of the guard-post, and the hat remains dangling on the wire holding up the street-lamp. While Fadinard does everything possible to distract the attention of the fuming husband, Emilio manages to cut the wire with his sword: the lamp crashes to the ground along with the hat, plunging the square into pitch darkness. Hearing the racket, the guards come running, the people living on the square light lamps and peer out of their windows in their nightshirts.
But in the meantime, Anaide has donned the florentine straw hat triumphantly and comes forward, scolding her flabbergasted husband for his negligence. Nonancourt, who has heard of his son-in-law\'s good deed, appears in the window of the guard-post, shouting at last: \"Everything\'s\...settled!\" Thanks to the good graces of the corporal, all the wedding guests are let out of the guard-post and embrace the beloved groom and deliver all over again. Beaupertuis, abashed and repentant, bows down to his wife and begs forgiveness, as everyone shouts: \"She\'s got the hat, she\'s got the hat!\"
The day of adventure is over. Everyone can go to bed and the newly married couple can finally enter their house\...to rest.
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# Il cappello di paglia di Firenze
## Films and recordings {#films_and_recordings}
Two movies of the opera have been made, both by RAI and initially for Italian television. Ugo Gregoretti shot the first in 1974 at Cinecittà; it was first broadcast in January 1975. Its celebrated soundtrack, recorded at RCA studios in Italy, was conducted by Rota himself and starred Daniela Mazzucato (Elena), Edith Martelli (Anaide), Viorica Cortez (Baronessa di Champigny), Ugo Benelli (Fadinard), Giorgio Zancanaro (Emilio), Alfredo Mariotti (Nonancourt), Mario Basiola (Beaupertuis). It was originally released by RCA and has more recently been available on the Ricordi label (catalogue number 74321551092, with Mazzucato\'s name misspelled). Copies of the Gregoretti movie itself, quite rare to find, make collector\'s items, though the movie is preserved and was screened as recently as 2009 in Italy for IRTEM members.
The second movie derives from a 1998 production at La Scala under the direction of Pier Luigi Pizzi. Bruno Campanella led a cast headed by Juan Diego Flórez, Elizabeth Norberg-Schulz, Francesca Franci, Alfonso Antoniozzi, and Giovanni Furlanetto.
### Recordings
- live Brussels recording from 1976 conducted by Elio Boncompagni; Devia, Olivero, E. Giménez, Davià, and Socci sing the lead roles. Opera d\'Oro
- Jerry Hadley, Paul Plishka, Marilyn Horne, Cheryl Studer, Thomas Allen, Anthony Laciura, Gino Quilico, Charles Anthony, Peter Kazaras, The Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus/ conducted by James Levine. 2CD Deutsche Grammophon 1988
- Piotr Buszewski, Tetiana Miyus, Anna Brull, Daeho Kim,Ivan Oreščanin, Antonia Cosmina Stancu, Dariusz Perczak, Martin Fournier, Mario Lerchenberger, Richard Friedemann Jähnig, Silvija Pleše, Veli-Pekka Varpula, Julian Gaudiano, Chor der Oper Graz, Bernhard Schneider, Grazer Philharmoniker, conducted Daniele Squeo
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# Bonney (surname)
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# Stephen of Pisa
**Stephen of Pisa** (also **Stephen of Antioch**, **Stephen the Philosopher**) was an Italian translator from Arabic active in Antioch and Southern Italy in the first part of the twelfth century.
He was responsible for the translation of works of Islamic science, in particular medical works of Hali Abbas (the *al-Kitab al-Maliki*, by Ali Abbas al-Majusi), translated around 1127 into Latin as *Liber regalis dispositionis*. This was the first full translation, the earlier translation by Constantine the African as the *Pantegni* being partial.
It is believed that he was also a translator at about the same time of Ptolemy\'s *Almagest*, for a manuscript now in Dresden, and the author or translator of the *Liber Mamonis*, a discussion of the Ptolemaic cosmological system using Arabic knowledge, calling for it to replace the ideas of Macrobius then current in the Latin world.
Initially from Pisa, he studied in Salerno
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# William Sprague (1609–1675)
**William Sprague** (October 26, 1609 -- October 26, 1675 in Hingham, Massachusetts Bay Colony) left England on the ship *Lyon\'s Whelp* for Plymouth/Salem Massachusetts. He was originally from Upwey, near Weymouth, Dorset, England.
Sprague arrived at Naumkeag (Salem) in mid-July 1629 with his brothers Ralph and Richard. They were employed by Governor Endecott to explore and take possession of the country westward. They explored the land to (present day) Charlestown, Massachusetts, between the Mystic and Charles rivers, where they made peace with the local Indians. On February 10, 1634, the order creating a Board of Selectmen was passed, and Richard and William Sprague signed it.
Sprague lived in Charlestown until 1636, before moving to Hingham, where he was one of the first planters. His house lot, on Union St. \"over the river\" was said to be the pleasantest lot in Hingham. He was active in public affairs, and was Constable, Fence Viewer, etc. Sprague's will names his wife, Millicent (Eames), and children, Anthony, Samuel, William, Joan, Jonathan, Persis, Johanna and Mary.
Other Sprague relatives became soldiers in the American Revolutionary War and two of them, William Sprague III and William Sprague IV, became governors of the state of Rhode Island.
Lucille Ball and her brother, Fred Ball, were direct descendants
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# Lyon's Whelp
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{{Infobox ship image
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``
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# Eleanor Humes Haney
**Eleanor** \"**Elly**\" **Humes Haney** (December 30, 1931 -- July 10, 1999) was an American feminist theologian and community activist.
## Personal
Haney was born in Milford, Delaware, on December 30, 1931. She died on July 10, 1999, in Phippsburg, Maine.
## Education
Haney attended The College of William & Mary, where she received a B.A. in English. She attended Wellesley College, where she received an M.A. in English. She obtained a master\'s degree in Religious Education (MRE) from the Presbyterian School of Christian Education. She then went to Yale University where she obtained a Ph.D. in Christian Ethics.
## Career
Haney held a number of teaching positions at different schools in the New England area: Virginia Union, Concordia College, the University of New England, Westbrook College, MECA (at the time, Portland School of Art), Bangor Theological Seminary and the University of Southern Maine.
## Publications
She wrote six books on feminist theology, ecological ethics, economic justice, anti-racism and alliance-building, the most important being *A Feminist Legacy: The Ethics of Wilma Scott Heide and Company* (1985). Heide was the third national President of the National Organization for Women (NOW).
Haney also wrote *The Great Commandment: A Theology of Resistance and Transformation* (Pilgrim Press, 1998).
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
Haney was a member of Phi Beta Kappa Society.
She received the Hartman Award from the University of Maine in 1998.
The Bangor Daily News described her as a \"theology pioneer\" and said she had \"a major impact on Maine.\"
## Legacy
The Eleanor Humes Haney Fund (or foundation) is a charitable foundation funded by a grant from Haney. The aims of the fund is to give grants to charitable organisations in the New England Area that strive to:
■ Improve collaboration across a range of groups and constituencies to address major oppressions such as racism, sexism, classism and/or anthropocentrism.
■ Build alliances to challenge more effectively the status quo at any or all levels: local, state, national, and/or international.
■ Create effective ways to achieve social and economic justice.
■ Involve ethical principles that can be transferred to other contexts
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# Joaquim António de Aguiar
**Joaquim António de Aguiar** (Coimbra, 24 August 1792 -- Lisbon, 26 May 1884) was a Portuguese politician. He held several relevant political posts during the Portuguese constitutional monarchy, namely as leader of the Cartists and later of the *Partido Regenerador* (*Regenerator Party*). He was three times prime minister of Portugal: between 1841 and 1842, in 1860 and finally from 1865 to 1868, when he entered a coalition with the *Partido Progressista* (English: Progressive Party), in what became known as the *Governo de Fusão* (English: Fusion Government).
He also served as minister of justice during the regency of Peter IV and in that capacity issued the 30 May 1834 law which extinguished \"all convents, monasteries, colleges, hospices and any other houses of the regular religious orders\". Their vast patrimony was taken over by the Portuguese State and incorporated into the *Fazenda Nacional* (the National Exchequer). This law and its anti-ecclesiastical spirit earned Joaquim António de Aguiar the nickname \"*O Mata-Frades*\" (English: \"The Friar-Killer\")
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# Bride of the Regiment
***Bride of the Regiment*** is a 1930 American pre-Code musical film directed by John Francis Dillon and filmed entirely in Technicolor. The screenplay by Ray Harris and Humphrey Pearson is based on the book of the 1922 stage musical *The Lady in Ermine* by Frederick Lonsdale and Cyrus Wood, which had been adapted from the 1919 operetta *Die Frau im Hermelin* by Rudolph Schanzer and Ernst Welisch. The story is a remake of a 1927 First National silent film, *The Lady in Ermine*, that starred Corinne Griffith. It was later remade by 20th Century-Fox as *That Lady in Ermine* (1948) starring Betty Grable and Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
## Plot
During a period in which Austria controlled Italy, during the Austro-Italian War of 1830, Colonel Vultow, leader of Austrian cavalry regiment, is sent to Italy to put down a revolt led by the Lombardian aristocracy. Vultow decides to go to the castle of Count Adrian Beltrami, played by Allan Prior, one of the leaders of the revolution. This happens to be Beltrami\'s wedding day. As he is emerging from the church following his wedding to Countess Anna-Marie, Beltrami learns that Colonel Vultow is quickly approaching the town in search of him. At the behest of his bride, Beltrami flees the castle, but he asks Tangy, a silhouette cutter, to impersonate him and protect Anna-Marie. When Adrian returns in disguise, he is introduced to Vultow as a singer and silhouette cutter, and when the count demands for him create a silhouette, he enlists Tangy\'s aid. The deception is discovered, and Vultow sentences Adrian to death by a firing squad unless Anna-Marie submits to his sexual demands.
Eager to save her husband, Anna-Marie shows a portrait of her great-grandmother to Vultow and explains why the woman is wearing only an ermine cloak. Her ancestor once killed a man to protect her honor, and the countess fears she will be forced to do the same. The painting comes to life and Anna-Marie\'s great-grandmother steps down from the frame and embraces Vultow, now drunk on champagne. He falls asleep and dreams Anna-Marie willingly gives herself to him, and when he awakens, he orders Adrian to be freed in the mistaken belief Anna-Marie is now his. When Vultow receives news that the Italian troops are advancing, he departs, and the count and countess are reunited.
### Pre-Code sequences {#pre_code_sequences}
The film was full of so much Pre-Code humor that it ran into censorship problems in many areas. The film drew large crowds in Chicago where it played as an \"Adults Only\" feature. The soundtrack reveals some amazingly suggestive dialogue. In one sequence, Myrna Loy (playing a depraved dancer named Sophie) finds out Vultow (Walter Pidgeon) who had previously fallen for her charms and made love to her has met with Anna-Marie (Vivienne Segal) and fallen for her charms and has completely forgotten about her. Sophie declares \"I\'ll get him back! I\'ll dance until his blood is steaming!\" and proceeds to begin a smoldering dance number on top of a long dinner table in a very seductive manner in an attempt to lure back Vultow from the charms of Anna-Marie. In another scene, Vultow has a conversation with Anna-Marie. He believes he has had sexual relations with her during the previous night. In reality, however, he dozed off after drinking too much liquor and dreamed the entire episode. The conversation runs as follows:
: **Vultow:** \"Have you learned that sometimes defeat can be sweet? That even surrender may have its, umm, compensation?
: **Anna-Marie:** \"I\'ve learned how a gallant soldier, umm, *conducts himself in victory\"*
: **Vultow:** *Merely a question of practice, my dear*.\"
: **Anna-Marie:** \"Ha Ha.\"
: **Vultow:** \"My victories have been numerous.\"
: **Anna-Marie:** \"Really?\"
## Cast
- Vivienne Segal as Countess Anna-Marie
- Allan Prior as Count Adrian Beltrami
- Walter Pidgeon as Colonel Vultow
- Ford Sterling as Tangy
- Myrna Loy as Sophie
- Lupino Lane as Sprotti
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# Bride of the Regiment
## Songs
- \"Broken-Hearted Lover\" (Sung by Allan Prior)
- \"Dream Away\" (Sung by Walter Pidgeon and Vivienne Segal)
- \"When Hearts Are Young\" (Sung by Walter Pidgeon and Extras)
- \"In a Gypsy Camp\" (Danced by Myrna Loy)
- \"Shrimp\'s Dance\" (Danced by Lupino Lane)
- \"Soldier Song\" (Sung by Walter Pidgeon and Soldiers)
- \"You Still Retain That Girlish Figure\" (Sung by Lupino Lane and Louise Fazenda)
## Production
The film is notable as the first Technicolor feature to include an outdoor sequence filmed at night, a difficult task due to the lighting that was necessary for Technicolor photography at that time. No expense was spared on the lavish gowns and sets and two thousand extras are reported to have been in the production. Aside from one tune retained from the original stage production - \"When Hearts Are Young\" - the songs for the film were composed by Edward Ward and Al Bryan. The film differed from most film operettas of the time in that its musical numbers, various comic bits, and even a few characters are unrelated to the basic plot. No complete prints of the film are known to exist.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
The quality and beauty of the Technicolor photography was universally praised. One reviewer proclaimed that it was \"one of the most thrilling and at the same time pictorially beautiful picture that has reached the screen for a long time. The color is clear, brilliant and remarkable for its depth, giving an illusion of third dimension.\" Another reviewer noted the \"beautiful indoor shots and the brilliance of its parade of costumes.\"
Mordaunt Hall of *The New York Times* observed, \"The dialogue here may be suited to an operetta on the stage, but it is scarcely suited to scenes in a picture \... As one witnesses the scenes being unfurled, it seems as though the actors were enjoying this film so much they did not care whether audiences found it entertaining or not.\"
## Preservation status {#preservation_status}
The only known surviving fragment is a 20 second long clip found in 2023. The large amount of Pre-Code content, which raised alarm even before the Code began to be enforced (in 1934) may have contributed to the film\'s disappearance as this would have made the film unacceptable for Associated Artists Productions in 1958 when a number of early Technicolor features were transferred to black and white film. The soundtrack, which was recorded on Vitaphone disks, survives intact
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# Sir Harry Burrard, 1st Baronet, of Walhampton
**Sir Harry Burrard, 1st Baronet** (1707 -- 12 April 1791) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons for 37 years from 1741 to 1778.
## Early life {#early_life}
Burrard was the eldest son of Paul Burrard MP, of Walhampton, and his wife Lucy Dutton-Colt, daughter of Sir Thomas Dutton-Colt, Envoy to the Courts of Hanover and Dresden. In 1728, Burrard was appointed Gentleman Usher to Frederick, Prince of Wales and in 1731 was appointed as a Collector of the Customs of London. In 1738, Burrard succeeded his father to Walhampton Manor.
## Political career {#political_career}
The Burrard family had a strong interest in the port town of Lymington, which usually enabled them to fill both of its seats in Parliament. Burrard\'s father and grandfather both represented the borough in Parliament. At the 1761 he was returned as Member of Parliament for the Lymington constituency and retained the seat until 1778. He was appointed riding forester of the New Forest in 1754 and Governor of Calshot Castle in 1761. On 3 April 1769, he was made a baronet, of Walhampton in the County of Southampton, with a special remainder to his brothers.
## Family
In 1731, Burrard married firstly Alicia Snape, daughter of Francis° Snape, and in 1754, secondly Mary Frances Clarke, daughter of James Clarke. He had a daughter and four sons by his first wife and a daughter and a son by his second wife. His sons died all before him, so he was succeeded in his baronetcy by Harry Burrard-Neale, the oldest son of his younger brother
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# Evelina Tshabalala
**Evelina Tshabalala** (born 1965), a South African marathon runner and mountaineer, has climbed Aconcagua and Mount Kilimanjaro, despite being infected with the AIDS virus
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# List of lakes of Chile
The following is a **list of lakes in Chile**. It consists of lakes of varying types and origins but the majority of the lakes (especially those in southern Chile) are glacial in origin. The watershed or catchment area is the geographical area of land that drains into the lake.
## Lakes by area {#lakes_by_area}
Note: The lakes are ordered by their area within the political boundaries of Chile.
Name Area in Chile (km^2^) Total area (km^2^)
------------------ ----------------------- --------------------
General Carrera 970 1850
Llanquihue 871 871
O\'Higgins 554 1013
Ranco 442 442
Presidente Ríos 352 352
Greve 240 240
Rupanco 235 235
del Toro 202 202
Todos los Santos 178.5 178.5
Villarrica 176 176
Cochrane 175.25 271
Puyehue 165.4 165.4
del Laja 128.1 128.1
San Rafael 123 123
Panguipulli 117 117
Yelcho 116 116
Calafquén 114.9 114
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# Maddie Warner
**Madeline Warner** is a comic book character, the mentor and leader of the superhero team Dynamo 5, who appears in the monthly series of the same name by Image Comics. Created by writer Jay Faerber, Warner first appeared in *Dynamo 5* #1 (January 2007).
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
Madeline Warner was born **Madeline Moyer**. She was an agent of F.L.A.G., a U.S. government organization that deals with threats posed by superhuman beings, though she used the cover of an award-winning investigative journalist. Her partner was Augie Ford. She first met Captain Dynamo (aka William Warner), the much-beloved protector of Tower City during a mission in which Dynamo saved her from the supervillain Red Scare. She eventually ended an engagement with a man named Tom in order to be with Captain Dynamo. They eventually married, though over the years, Dynamo\'s career as a costumed crimefighter often kept him away from home for extended periods of time, which put a strain on their marriage. Dynamo\'s absences were partially due to the numerous extramarital affairs that he had, including one in which he fathered a daughter with his archenemy, Chrysalis, whom he helped to raise, though Warner was unaware of this. Warner eventually retired from F.L.A.G. Following an argument with Warner over his absences, Dynamo engaged in a sexual liaison with the assassin Widowmaker, who killed Dynamo for an as-yet-unnamed client.
Although Warner did not know this at the time, she did suspect that the condition and setting in which his body was found was not natural, but arranged by whoever murdered him in order to further tarnish his image. In sorting through his personal effects, Warner discovered his little black book, which was filled with detailed information on countless incidents of infidelity on his part. Although devastated by the extent of her late husband's indiscretions, Warner was faced with the problem of Dynamo's numerous enemies, who would now take advantage of Tower City in his absence. Although other superheroes attempted to pitch in to keep the peace, Warner decided that Tower City needed a permanent protector.
Scouring through the information she gleaned from her husband's belongings, she located five young people she believed could be his illegitimate children: Vancouver, British Columbia high school geek **Hector Chang**, Washington DC law student and activist **Olivia "Livvie" Lewis**, aimless ne\'er do well and ladies' man Spencer Bridges, Hollywood, California theater employee and NYU Film School graduate **Bridget Flynn**, and Eastbridge, Texas high school football star **Gage Reinhart**. Gathering them together, Warner exposed the five to the same radiation that Dynamo had been exposed to forty years earlier, unlocking their own latent superhuman abilities, with each one manifesting one of the five powers that their father possessed. Donning costumes and codenames, the five of them carry on his legacy as the superhero team the Dynamo 5, while coming to terms with learning about the father they never knew, and the four new half-siblings they each now have. Warner is determined to mold them not only into a team, but into a family as well, and functions as their mentor and "unofficial sixth member", keeping in constant remote contact with them during their missions from the Aquarium, the same headquarters once used by Captain Dynamo.
Warner learned that Captain Dynamo also fathered Synergy with Chrysalis, and helped raise her, when the two supervillainesses kidnapped Warner. Warner foiled their attempt to murder her, had Scatterbrain wipe Synergy\'s memories, and left her in the care of a parish orphanage.
Warner was eventually confronted by Widowmaker, who invaded the Aquarium with a group of the team\'s assembled adversaries, for the purpose of killing the team. Widowmaker revealed that it was she who killed Captain Dynamo. During the encounter, Warner fell into a comatose state as a result of a telepathic attack by the villainess Brains. She was eventually brought out of this state by the telepath Scatterbrain.
In a 2009 storyline, it was revealed that when Warner left her fiance two weeks before their wedding 20 years previously, they had a son, Michael who was a few years old at the time. Michael tried to get revenge on Warner by allying himself with Synergy, with whom he erased Dynamo 5\'s powers and captured them, with the intention of killing them. However, the team freed themselves and restored their powers, and when Synergy discovered that Michael had no intention of helping her free her own imprisoned mother, she abandoned him, leaving him for Dynamo 5 to turn him over to the authorities.
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# Maddie Warner
## Personality
Warner is determined to mold Dynamo 5 not only into a team, but into a family as well, and functions as their mentor and "unofficial sixth member". Although she must deal with the fact that they are constant reminders of her late husband's infidelity, she is insistent that they act not only as a team, but as a family as well. Visionary has described her as \"a hard one to warm up\", \"no nonsense, all business\", and \"more of a drill instructor than a den mother.\"
Warner has also been depicted as a long-term tactician willing to resort to creative solutions to problems, including those that might be considered ethically questionable. Two weeks after Warner began training Dynamo 5 to act as a team, the team began to chafe under her strict demands, and insisted that they were ready for their first mission. In response, she sent them to Tower City, where they were soundly beaten by a quintet of villains who, unbeknownst to Dynamo 5, were really Warner\'s allies, the Noble Family, in disguise, whom Warner enlisted to prove her point to the team that they were not yet ready.
Warner\'s use of radical, even dangerous ideas extends to life-threatening situations. Following the defeat of the reptilian monster known as Whiptail, she absconded with several vials of the serum that transforms humans into the creature. She saved these vials for a \"rainy day\", and later injected herself with a vial of the serum when she was about to murdered by the villainesses Chrysalis and Synergy, even though being transformed into Whiptail renders a person completely feral, and lacking in their human intelligence or judgment. Although Dynamo 5 had been captured by F.L.A.G. at this point, and Warner had no way to plan the scenario beyond using the serum to escape her would-be murderers, their battle took them from Chrysalis\' mountain hideout to Tower City, where the escaped Dynamo 5 eventually intervened. After Warner was rendered unconscious by Scrap, she reverted to her human form.
Despite her matronly role and demeanor with the team, Warner can be ruthless with enemies that she perceives to be threats, and will not hesitate to kill them, as she did with The Superior, the leader of an organization called The Veil, that had kidnapped Visionary, even though Visionary had been returned, and the Superior had been captured. Remarking on the fact that the team is unaware that she is a former agent of F.LA.G., she commented ominously in *Dynamo 5* #1, "Kind of makes you wonder what else I never told them, doesn't it?" Warner\'s uncompromising willingness to achieve her goals have also brought her into conflict with members of the team and their loved ones. Gage\'s difficulty in finding time for both his high school career and his superheroics, has led to sleeplessness, and tension between him and Warner. Jennifer Chang, the mother of Hector Chang (aka Visionary), after discovering his son\'s life as a superhero, was angered at learning that Warner exposed her son to a heavy dose of radiation to unlock his powers, and after having Hector introduce them, she threatened to report Warner to the authorities for what she regarded as child endangerment and possibly kidnapping. Warner insisted that because his children shared Captain Dynamo\'s DNA, the radiation posed no risk to them, and speculated that Jennifer\'s ire was motivated more from feeling abandoned by the man who seduced her, but Jennifer was not amused by this statement.
When probing her memories during his attempt to bring her out of her coma, Scatterbrain observed that Warner tends to accept a disproportionate amount of responsibility for various unfortunate events in her life, and harbors guilt over those incidents. It was in convincing Warner of her need to move beyond her guilt that Scatterbrain was able to bring her out of the coma
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# Constantine Lips
**Constantine Lips** (*Κωνσταντίνος Λίψ*) (died 20 August 917) was a Byzantine aristocrat and admiral who lived in the later 9th and early 10th centuries. He was killed in 917 at the Battle of Acheloos against Bulgaria. Constantine Lips is most notable for his foundation of the convent bearing his name at Constantinople.
## Biography
The facts regarding Constantine\'s life are confused and subject to conjecture. It is known that at the time of Emperor Leo VI the Wise (r. 886--912), he restored a monastery near the Church of the Holy Apostles, which is nowadays identified with the Fenari Isa Mosque on account of a partial inscription commemorating its dedication to the Theotokos. The date of the inauguration is traditionally placed in 907/908. Constantine Lips also participated in the failed coup of the prominent general Constantine Doukas against the infant Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 913--959) in July 913, after the death of Leo\'s brother and successor Alexander (r. 912--913). In its wake, several nobles who had been or were suspected of being involved in the coup were executed, while others fled the city, amongst them Constantine Lips. On August 20, 917, he fell at the Battle of Acheloos, fighting against the Bulgarian forces under Simeon I.
He is also equated by modern scholarship with two other people named Lips, whose activities are believed to have been erroneously post-dated. The first is recorded by Constantine VII as having held the rank of *protospatharios* and the court post of *domestikos* of the *hypourgia* (head assistant to the *epi tes trapezes*), later (probably by the time of the 913 coup attempt) rising to become a *patrikios* and *megas hetaireiarches*. He also served on several occasions as imperial envoy to Gregory I, the ruler of the Armenian principality of Taron. On the first embassy, he returned with Gregory\'s son Ashot, who was received by Leo and named *protospatharios*. Lips accompanied Ashot back to his father, and returned with Gregory\'s brother (known only by his Arabic name Abu Ghanim), who was also given the rank of *protospatharios*. Constantine accompanied Abu Ghanim on his return journey. When the latter visited Constantinople again some years later, he was married to Constantine\'s daughter. In another mission shortly after, Lips persuaded Gregory himself to visit Constantinople, where he was lavishly received and given the supreme dignity of *magistros* and the title of *strategos* of Taron. After a prolonged sojourn, he was escorted to his domains by Lips.
The later *Patria of Constantinople* also refer to a Lips, *patrikios* and *Droungarios* of the Fleet, who established a monastery and a guest house during the late reign of Constantine VII, but it is impossible to tell with certainty whether this is the same person.
Constantine Lips had a son, the *patrikios* Bardas Lips, who was involved in a conspiracy against Emperor Romanos II (r. 959--963) in 962. He is also the last known representative of the Lips family
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# Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
**Charlotte Aglaé d\'Orléans** (22 October 1700 -- 19 January 1761) was Duchess of Modena and Reggio by marriage to Francesco III d\'Este. She was the third daughter of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans and his wife, Françoise-Marie de Bourbon. She was born a *princesse du sang*, and had ten children, including Ercole III d\'Este, Duke of Modena.
## Youth
Charlotte Aglaé d\'Orléans was born at the Palais-Royal, her parents\' residence in Paris. She was one of eight children of Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, nephew of King Louis XIV of France, and Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the latter\'s legitimized daughter. As a young child, Charlotte Aglaé was known at court as *Mademoiselle de Valois*. Her second name comes from the youngest of the three Greek Charites: *Aglaea*.
At a young age, she and her elder sister Louise Adélaïde were placed in the Abbey of Chelles, which her sister would years later \'rule\' as abbess. In 1714, she was sent by her parents to Val-de-Grâce Abbey. At that time, her marriage became the preoccupation of her family. Her elder sister, the Duchess of Berry, suggested that she marry the young Louis Armand de Bourbon, *Prince of Conti*, the son of François Louis, Prince of Conti and his wife, Marie Thérèse de Bourbon, but Louis XIV would not give his consent to the union.
In 1715, Charlotte Aglaé moved into the Palais-Royal with her family. The following year, her mother suggested her marriage to her first cousin, Louis Auguste de Bourbon, *prince de Dombes*, son of her uncle Louis Auguste de Bourbon, *duc du Maine*, but Charlotte Aglaé refused. Shortly thereafter, Charlotte Aglaé went to live at the Château de Saint-Cloud with her paternal grandmother, Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate, the Dowager Duchess of Orléans, who was known as *Madame* at court. Her grandmother made a pen portrait of her granddaughter at this time:
The Dowager Duchess of Orléans also said of her granddaughter that:
Her cousin, Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon, proposed to her on behalf of his younger brother Charles de Bourbon, *comte de Charolais*. Charlotte Aglaé is said to have seriously considered the proposal but her parents refused outright.
In 1718, Charlotte Aglaé began a romantic affair with Louis François Armand du Plessis, *duc de Richelieu*. In 1719, the duke was arrested and jailed in Hem, Nord, in connection with his participation in the Cellamare Conspiracy. Charlotte Aglaé visited the duke several times in prison. Wishing to marry him, she urged her father, the regent, to pardon him.
Her elder cousin, Louise Anne de Bourbon, was another of the promiscuous Richelieu\'s conquests. The cousins, who had never been very close, became bitter enemies due to their simultaneous romantic involvement with the womanising duke. This enmity continued long after each amorous affair had ended. The young Louise-Anne was considered the most attractive daughter of Louis III, Prince of Condé.
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# Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
## Marriage
Against Charlotte Aglaé\'s wishes, the regent accepted an offer of marriage for his daughter that was proffered by Rinaldo d\'Este, Duke of Modena, for his son and heir, Prince Francesco d\'Este. Earlier projects to marry Charlotte Aglaé to either an English prince or to Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia had failed. Her grandmother is known to have written to Charlotte Aglaé\'s aunt, Anne Marie d\'Orléans, Queen of Sicily, on the marriage proposal. As a pre-condition to the liberation of Richelieu, her lover, it was decided that she would marry the heir of Modena.
According to her grandmother\'s writings, her future husband had fallen in love with the young Charlotte Aglaé upon, \"the mere sight of her portrait\".
Few expected the marriage to succeed, as Charlotte Aglaé had no desire to leave France. Her distant cousin, Marguerite Louise d\'Orléans, who had previously been wedded against her will to Cosimo III de\' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1661, had suffered through a disastrous marriage. Eventually, Marguerite was forced to return to France in disgrace. People assumed that the same fate awaited Charlotte Aglaé. The grand duchess noticed the similarities between herself and her younger cousin and, unable to deal with the situation, refused to speak to Charlotte Aglaé about her impending nuptials:
The original date for the marriage was 25 January 1720, but this date was postponed until the next month due to an oversight by the Bishop of Modena. Despite this, the marriage certificate was signed on 31 January.
On 11 February 1720, a proxy marriage was performed at the Tuileries Palace. Her brother, the Duke of Chartres stood in for his future brother-in-law, while her younger sister Louise Élisabeth held her train. After this, there was a banquet at the Palais Royal where the young king Louis XV attended and presented his gifts to the new *Hereditary Princess of Modena*.
### Modena
Charlotte Aglaé set off first for Antibes and next Genoa. Arriving in Reggio on 20 June, she met her father-in-law, husband and brother-in-law for the first time. The formal wedding ceremony took place on 21 June 1720 in Modena. Charlotte Aglaé received an enormous dowry of 1.8 million livres, half of which was contributed in the name of the young king, Louis XV, on orders of the Regent. From her adopted country, she received a trousseau consisting of diamonds and portraits of her future husband.
As her husband\'s mother had died in 1710, the Hereditary Princess was the most senior princess in Modena. Although by rank she was neither a *fille* nor *petite-fille de France*, Charlotte Aglaé was allowed to keep the Duchess of Villars in attendance as a lady-in-waiting at the Modenese court. The Duchess of Villars was there to represent the French king.
Everyone was expected to rise very early and attend Mass; dinner was served at an hour when many of the fashionable ladies of Paris and Versailles were sipping their morning chocolate; the usual occupation of the ducal family in the afternoon was a carriage ride, the carriages proceeding at an almost funeral pace; supper was at eight o\'clock; and ten was bed time. Her boredom was only agitated when her father-in-law\'s favourite, the Count of Salvatico (an admirer of Charlotte Aglaé) was made Grand Master of Ceremonies. The count used his new position to claim the right of entering the princess\'s apartments at any time he wished. He intercepted her mail from relatives and friends in France, and actually had the audacity to stop delivery of several letters from her father, in order to create the impression that she had quarrelled with the Regent. In addition, he furnished blind and lame horses for her carriage and pewter for her table. In short, he tried to annoy her as much as possible.
In order to distract herself from the boring court, Charlotte Aglaé began holding small private gatherings in her apartments where she would entertain a small circle attended by her husband\'s three surviving sisters including Enrichetta d\'Este, future Duchess of Parma. In September 1720, Charlotte Aglaé caught smallpox and, according to her grandmother, the last sacraments were administered. She called her French confessor, Colibeaux, to her bedside, and, handing him a casket, directed him to secretly burn all the papers which it contained. Probably among these papers were the love-letters which she had received from the Duke of Richelieu. During this illness, her husband was forbidden to see her; he stayed at his villa at Sassuolo until she recovered. Soon the marriage was criticised for not having produced any children, and blame fell upon the then recovering princess.
This criticism of the couple led them to flee to Verona for a short spell, much to the annoyance of her father-in-law. In retaliation, he cut off the postal service to the prince and princess in the hope that they would return. It was at this time that Charlotte first asked her father to let her return to France and live at Versailles with her family. This request only served to complicate marriage plans already under way for her younger sisters Louise Élisabeth and Philippine Élisabeth. In December 1723, while she was away in Italy, her father died. Her younger brother, Louis, succeeded to the Orléans titles.
Following her father\'s death, Charlotte Aglaé and her husband were asked to stay at the prince\'s villa at Rivalta, in a sort of private exile away from the court of Modena. In 1727, her former lover, the Duke of Richelieu, visited her in Modena in disguise, and the two resumed their romantic affair. When this was exposed, her husband allowed her to return to France in temporary disgrace. She returned to Modena later in 1727. The next year, 1728, she and her husband fled to Genoa; five years later in 1733, she returned to France where she found herself unwelcome; her mother, who had never liked her, was cold; her closest friend in the family was her illegitimate half-brother, the *chevalier d\'Orléans*. In 1733, the War of the Polish Succession broke out. Despite her father-in-law declaring himself neutral, the ducal family still found their home being occupied by foreign armies.
As a result, the Duke of Modena went to Bologna while his son and Charlotte Aglaé travelled to France where they stayed in Lyons. Her mother, trying to keep her scandalous daughter away from Paris and Versailles, wrote to the Duke of Modena to make sure that Charlotte Aglaé and her husband stayed in Lyons. Her younger brother, Louis, Duke of Orléans, did the same. The next year, after much correspondence on her husband\'s part with the French court, the two were allowed to go to Paris incognito. They arrived on 12 March 1734. Her arrival at the Palais-Royal was a cold one. She met her mother and brother, neither of whom even bothered to offer her any accommodation or refreshment.
Initially, she and her husband lived at the Hôtel de Luynes Rue du Colombier (where her son Benedetto was born), not far from the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Soon after, they moved to the Hôtel de Lyon, in the Rue des Petits-Champs, which was much closer to her brother\'s residence, the Palais-Royal. Her brother gave her the small sum of 25,000 *écus* during her stay in Paris, but he refused to help in any other way. In 1735 her husband was recalled to Modena on matters of state. Charlotte Aglaé used her looks to influence her cousin, the young king, to let her stay after her husband\'s departure. This was done on the condition that she stay away from the court and live at the Val-de-Grâce convent of her childhood. As a result of manipulations by her mother and brother, she was never allowed to be received by the queen, Maria Leszczyńska. It was always maintained that such a public event would cause too much damage by exposing her incognito status. Her husband returned in May 1736.
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# Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
## Marriage
### Modena
Much to the annoyance of her family, Charlotte Aglaé and her husband remained in Paris. A dramatic argument followed in which Charlotte Aglaé and her sister, the Dowager Queen of Spain, squabbled over a question of etiquette. When her family took the Dowager Queen\'s side completely, Charlotte Aglaé became even further isolated. Sometime after, her husband had to go to Hungary. Charlotte Aglaé persuaded Cardinal Fleury to convince the young king to once again let her stay in Paris and not depart with her husband. The cardinal also convinced her family into accepting her continued presence in France.
Upon the death of her father-in-law in 1737, her husband became Francesco III, reigning Duke of Modena. Despite Charlotte Aglaé\'s new rank as the wife of a Sovereign Prince, she did not receive any better treatment in France. Family relations were further worsened when Charlotte Aglaé and her brother engaged in a trivial lawsuit regarding some family property. In June 1739, she reluctantly returned to Modena. In an attempt to make the place fashionable, she promoted the arts. She introduced a French-style theatre to Modena, which was a great success. She also added a *corps de ballet* to the city in which she took great pride. Her husband also made several additions to the Ducal Palace of Modena, including a large hall which was an exact replica of one at the Tuileries Palace. During their marriage, her husband amassed one of the finest portrait collections in Italy.
In 1741, her eldest son, Ercole, the ducal heir, married Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina (1725--1790). She was the daughter of Alderano Cibo-Malsapina, Duke of Massa and his wife Ricciardia Gonzaga di Novellara. Maria Teresa had become Duchess of Massa and Cararra in her own right in 1731 upon the death of her father. The young couple would later have two children who survived into adulthood. In 1743, due to the War of the Austrian Succession, Charlotte Aglaé was forced to ask for permission to return to Paris with her eldest daughter, Maria Teresa. This request was at first ignored but help came from her old lover, the Duke of Richelieu, who used his influence over Louis XV\'s current mistress, the Duchess of Châteauroux, to gain the necessary approval. When she arrived in Paris, she was greeted with all of the honours owed her due to her rank.
She was now a stout, red-faced woman, looking rather like her father. She lived on the Rue de Grenelle in the Faubourg Saint-Germain and became a friend of the Duchess of Châteauroux.
Upon the death of Duchess of Châteauroux, her influence dwindled for a time. In 1744, however, she was able to secure for her daughter, Princess Maria Teresa of Modena, a marriage to the Duke of Penthièvre, the richest noble in France. Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, was Charlotte Aglaé\'s younger first cousin and was the heir to the vastly wealthy *House of Bourbon-Penthièvre*. The couple married happily in 1744 and had two surviving children. Their eldest child, the Prince de Lamballe, married Maria Teresa Luigia di Savoia, the future friend of Marie Antoinette, in 1767. Their second child, Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, married the Duke of Chartres, (known as Philippe Égalité during the French Revolution of 1789) and later became the mother of Louis-Philippe I, King of the French.
At Maria Teresa\'s death in 1754, Monsieur de Penthièvre travelled to Italy where another of Charlotte Aglaé\'s daughters was proposed, the Princess Matilde. Penthièvre refused and never remarried; her daughter would also remain unmarried.
This advantageous marriage by her daughter allowed Charlotte Aglaé to have some say in French politics for a short period. Things began to change when Madame de Pompadour was presented at court in 1745. After the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed in 1748, Charlotte Aglaé did not return to Modena. By 1754, it seemed that she had lost her flair at Versailles. Despite this, she did manage to secure a French marriage for her fourth daughter, Princess Maria Fortunata. Maria Fortunata, like her older sister, married one of her mother\'s cousins, Louis François II de Bourbon, Prince of Conti. He was the last prince de Conti. The marriage proved very unhappy, to the point where the groom did not want to live any longer with his wife.
Charlotte Aglaé finally returned to Modena in 1759. There, she discovered that her husband had eloped with one Marchesa Simonetti, a widow of 60. She decided to leave the old couple to their own devices and began travelling extensively around Europe. She died in Paris at the Petit Luxembourg, where her two of her sisters, the old Duchess of Berry and Dowager Queen of Spain, had previously died. Her heart was placed in the Church of *Val-de-Grâce* but was removed and lost during the French Revolution. After her death, her husband remarried twice more morganatically to Teresa Castelberco and Renata Teresa d\'Harrach.
Her body was buried at the Val-de-Grâce Abbey where she had spent some of her youth.
## Issue
1. Alfonso d\'Este (18 November 1723 -- 16 June 1725) died in infancy.
2. Francesco Constantino d\'Este (22 November 1724 -- 16 June 1725) died in infancy.
3. Maria Teresa Felicitas d\'Este (6 October 1726 -- 30 April 1754) married Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre and had issue.
4. Ercole III d\'Este, Duke of Modena (22 November 1727 -- 14 October 1803) married Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina, Duchess of Massa and had issue.
5. Matilde d\'Este (7 February 1729 -- 14 November 1803) died unmarried.
6. Beatrice d\'Este (14 July 1730 -- 12 July 1731) died in infancy.
7. Beatrice d\'Este (24 November 1731 -- 3 April 1736) died in infancy.
8. Maria Fortunata d\'Este (24 November 1731 -- 21 September 1803) married Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti, no issue.
9. Benedetto Filippo d\'Este (30 September 1736 -- 16 September 1751) died unmarried.
10. Maria Elisabetta Ernestina d\'Este (12 February 1741 -- 4 August 1774) married Carlo Salomone, Count of Serravalle
| 1,007 |
Charlotte Aglaé d'Orléans
| 2 |
10,010,515 |
# From Dreams or Angels
***From Dreams or Angels*** is the fifth album by Abney Park, released in 2001.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All information from band\'s website.
1. \"The Root of All Evil\" - 4:07
2. \"Tiny Monster\" - 2:58
3. \"Holy War\" - 4:24
4. \"Kine\" - 4:30
5. \"Breathe\" - 3:52
6. \"Hush\" - 3:14
7. \"Thorns & Brambles\" - 3:42
8. \"Child King\" - 5:02
9. \"The Box\" - 2:59
10. \"Twisted & Broken\" - 3:58
11. \"Breathe (acoustic)\" - 3:42
## *Twisted & Broken* {#twisted_broken}
A companion remix album, *Twisted & Broken*, was released in 2003.
**Track listing**
1. \"Holy War (remix by Gossamer)\"
2. \"The Wake (remix by the Mercy Cage)\"
3. \"Tiny Monster (cover by Xanther)\"
4. \"Vengeance (remix by Sinforosa)\"
5. \"The Wake (remix by Hanging Man)\"
6. \"Hush (remix by Falling You)\"
7. \"Black Day (cover by Dark Aeons)\"
8. \"Twisted & Broken (remix by Lethargic Dance)\"
9
| 157 |
From Dreams or Angels
| 0 |
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