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# Tullakool, New South Wales
**Tullakool** is a village community in the south west part of the Riverina. The place by road, is about 23 kilometres east from Burraboi and 27 km (17 mi) west from Wakool. It was the location of the first commercial rice crop in the Murray valley`{{When|date=February 2011}}`{=mediawiki}. At the `{{CensusAU|2021}}`{=mediawiki}, Tullakool had a population of 68.
In 1948 the area was divided into Soldier settlement allotments
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# Plasmodium durae
***Plasmodium durae*** is a parasite of the genus *Plasmodium* subgenus *Giovannolaia*.
Like all *Plasmodium* species *P. durae* has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.
## Description
The parasite was first described by Herman in 1941.
Mature gametocytes tend to lie obliquely within the host cell, displace the nucleus to one pole of the cell and possess one or more clumps of clear pigment granules.
## Systematics
It is related to the following species:
*Plasmodium asanum*\
*Plasmodium circumflexum*\
*Plasmodium fallax*\
*Plasmodium formosanum*\
*Plasmodium gabaldoni*\
*Plasmodium hegneri*\
*Plasmodium lophrae*\
*Plasmodium lophrae*\
*Plasmodium pediocetti*\
*Plasmodium pinotti*\
*Plasmodium polare*
## Geographical occurrence {#geographical_occurrence}
This species is found in the United States of America and South Africa.
## Clinical features and host pathology {#clinical_features_and_host_pathology}
Hosts of this species include domestic turkeys (*Meleagris gallopavo*) and Swainson\'s Francolin (*Francolinus swainsoni*)
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# Pierre Deley
**Pierre Deley** (1 November 1893 -- 27 February 1981), was one of the pioneering pilots for the Aéropostale company.
He was born in Marseillan, Hérault, the grand nephew and godson of another Marseillan native, Pierre Roques, the founder of French military aviation.
He obtained his fighter pilot\'s licence in 1917 and finished World War I with six aerial victories. He joined the Pierre-Georges Latécoère\'s Lignes Aériennes Latécoère company (later to become Aéropostale) in 1923, rubbing shoulders with, among others, Didier Daurat, Jean Mermoz, Henri Guillaumet and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.
After Mermoz and Guillaumet, he was the third pilot to cross the Andes, eventually doing so more than 150 times. When Guillaumet disappeared in the Andes, Deley was one of the pilots who searched for him before he was eventually rescued.
He created and managed the airport at Port-Étienne, then became station chief at Santiago airport, Chile.
He was transferred to Air France in 1933 following the company\'s creation, and posted to Buenos Aires, becoming the company\'s representative for Argentina and Chile.
He died and was buried in his home town of Marseillan.
## Film
The 1995 IMAX film *Wings of Courage* (director: Jean-Jacques Annaud) traced the career of Guillaumet. The part of Pierre Deley was played by Ken Pogue
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# Armathwaite
**Armathwaite** is a village in the English ceremonial county of Cumbria.
Historically within the county of Cumberland, Armathwaite lies on the River Eden, forms part of the Westmorland and Furness district and is served by Armathwaite railway station. The majority of the village is in Hesket civil parish but with some buildings in the parish of Ainstable and others on the outskirts of the village located in the parish of Wetheral, within the Cumberland district. The castle on the west bank of the river was originally a pele tower with a large but undistinguished Edwardian extension.
The parish church of Christ and St Mary was formerly a chapel-of-ease in the parish of Hesket-in-the-Forest and is one of the smallest parish churches in England. By the 17th century the original chapel had become ruinous but it was rebuilt before 1688 by Richard Skelton of Armathwaite Castle. It consists of a chancel and nave with a wooden roof and a small western bell turret.
The town of Armathwaite in Fentress County, Tennessee was named by Alwyn Maude, who was from the Armathwaite area (then in Cumberland) and who arrived in Tennessee about 1881 and settled in the Rugby Colony. Richard Tomlinson (former spy) spent his childhood in Armathwaite.
An application to erect a wind turbine on a ridge to the south east of the village was considered by Eden District Council in 2014 and turned down. The application attracted 3 letters of support and 895 letters of objection. Another wind turbine application for nearby Aiketgate is being considered by the Harmony Energy Ltd. on land at Barrock End Farm.
Armathwaite Golf Club (now defunct) was founded in 1907. The club disappeared following WW1
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# Super Rescue Solbrain
is a Japanese tokusatsu television series produced by Toei Company. It ran for 53 episodes from January 20, 1991, to January 26, 1992, on TV Asahi. It is part of the Metal Hero Series franchise; a sequel to *Special Rescue Police Winspector*, it is the second installment in the *Rescue Police Series* trilogy.
For distribution purposes, Toei refers to this television series as simply ***Solbrain***.
## Plot
After the Winspector police team leaves Japan to fight crime in France, Chief Shunsuke Masaki realizes he must create a new police team to defend Tokyo from crime. He creates Solbrain -- a high-tech special rescue force, expert in missions requiring rescue and firepower. Its leader is Daiki Nishio, a rookie detective who can use the Plus Up command in his car to transform into SolBraver. Other members are Reiko Higuchi, also able to use the Plus Up command to transform into SolJeanne, SolBraver\'s female counterpart; and SolDozer, a yellow bulldozer robot. Later in the series, the Winspector team returns to Japan and teams up with Solbrain for a three-part story (episodes 21-23). From episode 34 on, Ryouma, the protagonist from Winspector, returns as a member of Solbrain, wearing a suit dubbed the Knight Fire.
## The team {#the_team}
- : Daiki is Ryoma\'s successor. He wears blue armor, and his primary vehicle is SolGallop. He only can wear his solid suit, and his transformation call is `{{nihongo|"Plus Up"|プラスアップ|Purasu Appu}}`{=mediawiki}. He is armed with Cerberus Delta (a triangular gun), which can transform into a rod or a sword.
- : Reiko is Junko\'s successor. She wears red armor, a black-and-white flameproof suit and a helmet without a mouthplate (so she can wear also an oxygen mask). Her primary vehicle is SolDrecker, which also carries Dozer. Her transformation call is also `{{nihongo|"Plus Up"|プラスアップ|Purasu Appu}}`{=mediawiki}, and her weapon is a small gun.
- : Dozer is Bycle\'s and Walter\'s successor. He is a yellow heavy-duty robot (with design elements from a bulldozer, as the name implies) and can transform into a rescue machine.
### Other members {#other_members}
- : A Solbrain member, unlike Daiki and Reiko he does not wear a solid suit; however, he is always in action.
- : Chief of Solbrain. Compassionate and dedicated, he usually goes into the battlefield to help his subordinates.
- : A machine expert, he is Nonoyama\'s successor.
- : A pilot of the mothership Solid States-I, he leads the mothership\'s operating team and is senior to Daiki.
- : Solbrain\'s Operation\'s team leader, she sees computer literacy as a main duty.
- : Winspector\'s former leader, he first reappears in episode 21 with the Winspector team (robots Walter and Bikel) chasing an android named Messiah. He later transformed into Fire and helped the team with Walter and Bikel. Later returns in episode 34 as Knight Fire, a new member of Solbrain, armed with Cerberus Delta and Pile Tornado. He is portrayed by Masaru Yamashita, reprising his role from the previous Metal Hero series.
- : Solbrain\'s supercomputer, and Madocks\' successor.
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# Super Rescue Solbrain
## Arsenal
- : Daiki, Reiko and Ryōma\'s armor.
- Proto Suit ( プロトスーツ, Puroto Suutsu ? ) The prototype of SolBraver\'s Solid Suit, `{{nihongo|Katsuhito Sasamoto|笹本勝彦|Sasamoto Katsuhito}}`{=mediawiki} steals the armor to destroy SolBraver, but the armor had a timeout, similar to the Crush Tector\'s 5 minute time limit. Sasamoto was known as a psychotic person who had no qualifications to become the SolBraver.
- : Daiki\'s car, based on the Toyota Sera
- : Reiko\'s car, sometimes also driven by Jun. Based on the Toyota Previa
- : Ryōma\'s car, based on the Mazda RX-7 FC
- Masaki\'s undercover car: Chief Masaki\'s car. Initially, a Third-Generation Mazda Luce seen on Winspector, but in mid-series changed to a Mazda Persona.
- : In the episode 21, when Ryoma chases an android, he drives this car, a tenth generation Cadillac Eldorado with all the equipment and transformation mechanisms installed inside the car.
- : the mothership (abbreviated `{{nihongo|S.S.-I|エスエスワン|Esu Esu Wan}}`{=mediawiki}). S.S.-I takes off from `{{nihongo|''Solid Hanger''|ソリッドハンガー|Soriddo Hangā}}`{=mediawiki} in one minute.
- : SolBraver and Knight Fire\'s weapon. It has two operating modes: `{{nihongo|''Shot Mode''|ショットモード|Shotto Mōdo}}`{=mediawiki} (used as a ray gun) and `{{nihongo|''Slash Mode''|スラッシュモード|Surasshu Mōdo}}`{=mediawiki} (used, as a sword, to break obstacles such as girders and fighting enemies armed with knives).
- : a tool which shoots a special carbon-fiber rope or a special bullet
- : Daiki and Reiko\'s police license
- : oxygen cylinder
- : emergency equipment used by SolJeanne
- : handcuffs
- : the only weapon Solbrain inherited from Winspector (see Tokkei Winspector for details).
- : SolBraver and Knight Fire\'s big gun, with three functions:
- : shoots a fire-extinguishing beam
- : shoots a special gelatinous, gluey, freezing bullet
- : a hail of 40 plasma-energy bullets per second, fired by Cerberus Delta. Its power is two times that of GigaStreamer\'s maximum mode (when SolBraver and Knight Fire fire it at the same time, its power is four times GigaStreamer\'s).
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# Super Rescue Solbrain
## Episodes
1. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Masao Minowa
2. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Masao Minowa
3. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
4. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
5. : written by Takahiko Masuda, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
6. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
7. : written by Kyoko Sagiyama, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
8. : written by Takashi Yamada, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
9. : written by Junichi Miyashita, directed by Michio Konishi
10. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Michio Konishi
11. : written by Takahiko Masuda, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
12. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
13. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kiyoshi Arai
14. : written by Takashi Yamada, directed by Kiyoshi Arai
15. : written by Susumu Takaku, directed by Michio Konishi
16. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
17. : written by Junichi Miyashita, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
18. : written by Kyoko Sagiyama, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
19. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Hidenori Ishida
20. : written by Takashi Yamada, directed by Hidenori Ishida
21. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
22. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
23. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
24. : written by Susumu Takaku, directed by Michio Konishi
25. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
26. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Michio Konishi
27. : written by Kyoko Sagiyama, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
28. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
29. : written by Takashi Yamada, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
30. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Michio Konishi
31. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Michio Konishi
32. : written by Susumu Takaku, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
33. : written by Junichi Miyashita, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
34. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
35. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
36. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
37. : written by Junichi Miyashita, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
38. : written by Susumu Takaku, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
39. : written by Kyoko Sagiyama, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
40. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
41. : written by Takahiko Masuda, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
42. : written by Junichi Miyashita and Yasuyuki Suzuki, directed by Michio Konishi
43. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
44. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
45. : written by Junichi Miyashita and Yasuyuki Suzuki, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
46. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
47. : written by Nobuo Ogizawa, directed by Kaneharu Mitsumura
48. : written by Kyoko Sagiyama, directed by Michio Konishi
49. : written by Noboru Sugimura and Akiko Asatsuke, directed by Michio Konishi
50. : written by Mayumi Ishiyama and Junichi Miyashita, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
51. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Takeshi Ogasawara
52. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
53. : written by Noboru Sugimura, directed by Michio Konishi
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# Super Rescue Solbrain
## Cast
- \- `{{nihongo|Kōichi Nakayama|中山 幸一|Nakayama Kōichi}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Mitsue Mori|森 みつえ|Mori Mitsue}}`{=mediawiki}
- Reiko Higuchi (child - ep. 11): Miho Tamura
- \- `{{nihongo|[[Seizō Katō]]|加藤 精三|Katō Seizō}}`{=mediawiki}(voice)
- \- `{{nihongo|[[Hiroshi Miyauchi]]|宮内 洋|Hiroshi Miyauchi}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Hidenori Iura|井浦 秀智|Iura Hidenori}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Mitsuru Onodera|小野寺 充|Onodera Mitsuru}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Masaru Yamashita|山下 優|Yamashita Masaru}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Kaname Kawai|河合 要|Kawai Kaname}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|[[Mayuko Irie]]|入江 まゆこ|Mayuko Irie}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Mitsutaka Tachikawa|立川 三貴|Tachikawa Mitsutaka}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Kunihiro Tomita|富田 晋寛|Tomita Kunihiro}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- Koji Matoba, Takeshi Ishida, Tokio Iwata, Emiko Takahashi and Kimiko Imai
- (voice)/`{{nihongo|Ryūichi Takaoka|高岡 隆一|Takaoka Ryūichi}}`{=mediawiki} - `{{nihongo|[[Masaki Terasoma]]|寺杣 昌紀|Terasoma Masaki}}`{=mediawiki}
- \- `{{nihongo|Takeshi Kuwabara|桑原 たけし|Kuwabara Takeshi}}`{=mediawiki}
### Guest stars {#guest_stars}
- Dr.Inagaki (1): Shinya Ono
- Kazuo Inagaki (1): Hirofumi Taga
- Simulated Brain A320 (1 - voice): Yoshio Kawai
- Ryuzo Makimura (2): Katsuhiko Kobayashi
- Emi Makimura (2): Miki Takahashi
- Rumi Makimura (2): Masami Hosoi
- Yuka Mizusawa (2): Yoko Honna
- Dr. Shibuzawa (3): Toshimichi Takahashi
- Hatta (3): Koji Takahashi
- Jun Tashiro (3): Shiro Saito
- Kenta Tashiro (3): Mitsunari Hashimoto
- Yukio Sano (4): Ryosuke Kaizu
- Sano\'s minion (4): Kazuhiko Shimizu
- Aoyama Electric Officer (4): Daisaku Shinohara
- Aoyama Electric Researcher (4): Koji Imai
- Game Machime Monster (4 - voices): Toku Nishio, Kaoru Shinoda
- Koichi Ishikawa/Phanton Bond (5): Ritsuo Ishiyama
- Yasuhiko Kujo (5): Maroshi Tamura
- Naoto Yamaguchi (5): Shogo Kudo
- Naoto\'s mother (5): Noriko Ikeda
- Yumi Saiga (5): Mayumi Yoshida
- Shinichiro Ishimaru/Kinta Kinentei (6): Kintoli Sanyutei
- Shigeko Ishimaru (6): Sayoko Tanimoto
- Kumagai Family (6)
- Hanji Kumagai: Yutaka Oyama
- Teruichi Kumagai: Yuji Okada
- Tokuko Kumagai: Sayako Satake
- Jingoro Makino (7): Tadayoshi Ueda
- Masaru Makino (7): Kenzo Miyake
- Kasai (7): Hironobu Kasahara
- Saeki (7): Yuji Terada
- Katsuhiko Sakamoto/Proto Solbraver (8): Junichi Haruta
- Mamoru Okayama (8): Hiroshi Fuji
### Suit actors {#suit_actors}
- Solbraver: Kazutoshi Yokoyama and Tokio Iwata
- SolJeanne: Emiko Takahashi
- Soldozer: Toshiyuki Kikuchi
- Knight Fire: Hiroshi Maeda, Jiro Okamoto and Tokio Iwata
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# Super Rescue Solbrain
## Crew
- Original story by Saburo Yatsude
- Screenplay by: Noboru Sugimura, Nobuo Ōgizawa, Takahiko Masuda, Junichi Miyashita, Susumu Takaku, Takashi Yamada, Kyōko Sagiyama, Mayumi Ishiyama, Akiko Asatsuke
- Music: Kaoru Mizuki
- Photography: Susumu Seo, Takakazu Koizumi
- Assistant Director: Hidenori Ishida, Masashi Taniguchi
- Action Directors: Junji Yamaoka, Jun Murakami
- Special-Effects Director: Nobuo Yajima
- Produced by: Kyōzō Utsunomiya, Atsushi Kaji (TV Asahi), Nagafumi Hori (Toei)
- Directed by: Masao Minowa, Michio Konishi, Takeshi Ogasawara, Kaneharu Mitsumura, Kiyoshi Arai, Hidenori Ishida
- Production: TV Asahi, ASATSU, Toei
## Songs
Opening theme
- - Lyrics: `{{nihongo|[[Akira Otsu]]|大津 あきら|Ōtsu Akira}}`{=mediawiki}
- Composition: `{{nihongo|[[Kisaburō Suzuki (musician)|Kisaburō Suzuki]]|鈴木 キサブロー|Suzuki Kisaburō}}`{=mediawiki}
- Arrangement: `{{nihongo|[[Tatsumi Yano]]|矢野 立美|Yano Tatsumi}}`{=mediawiki}
- Artist: `{{nihongo|[[Takayuki Miyauchi]]|宮内 タカユキ|Miyauchi Takayuki}}`{=mediawiki}
- Chorus: `{{nihongo|[[Morinoki Children Choir]]|森の木児童合唱団|Morinoki Jidō Gasshōdan}}`{=mediawiki}
Closing theme
- - Lyrics: Akira Ōtsu
- Composition: Kisaburō Suzuki
- Arrangement: Tatsumi Yano
- Artist: Takayuki Miyauchi
- Chorus: Morinoki Jidō Gasshōdan
## Video game {#video_game}
A video game for *Tokkyū Shirei Solbrain* was released in 1991 for the Famicom, published by Angel and developed by Natsume Co., Ltd. It was localized into *Shatterhand*, which was published by Jaleco for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America and Europe shortly after the Japanese release. The differences are mainly cosmetic (changing music and graphics) but there were also several substantial changes, such as which boss appeared in which area. In addition, the theme-park stage from the Famicom version was replaced with a nuclear-submarine stage in the NES version.
## Philippine English voice cast {#philippine_english_voice_cast}
All 53 episodes were covered and were visually aired uncut. However, some of the characters had their first names changed to be more anglicized, while their surnames were kept. However, several characters have kept their Japanese full names completely intact. For example, Daiki Nishio, Reiko Higuchi and Jun Masuda were renamed to Corey Nishio, Rachel Higuchi and John Masuda respectively.
- Daiki Nishino/Corey Nishio/SolBraver - Earl Palma
- Reiko Higuchi/Rachel Higuchi/SolJeanne - Unknown
- Jun Masuda/John Masuda - Earl Palma
- Shunsuke Masaki - Earl Palma
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# Super Rescue Solbrain
## International broadcasts and home video {#international_broadcasts_and_home_video}
- The series aired in Indonesia on Indosiar with an Indonesian dub in the mid-1990s produced by Erfas Studio. It also aired again in 2001.
- It also aired in Thailand on Channel 3 with a Thai dub.
- In Brazil, the series aired as *Super Equipe de Resgate Solbrain* on the now-defunct Rede Manchete in 1995 with a Brazilian Portuguese dub. This was the final Metal Heroes series to be released in the region with a dub.
- The series received a Latin Spanish dub dubbed in Mexico with its dub produced by Comarex dubbed by Larsa Studios, recorded and released in 1996. It aired as *Super Rescate Solbrain.*
- This series aired in the Philippines with all 53 episodes dubbed into English by Telesuccess Productions, Toei\'s Filipino branch. This is the first and only entry in the Metal Hero series to ever receive an English dub. It first began airing on IBC 13 in 1997 with all 53 episodes dubbed in English and later Tagalog (Filipino), both versions being fully uncut. However, most characters in the English dub had their first names changed, but several characters had their names either slightly modified or fully kept intact. It also aired again on ABC 5 (now TV5) in 1999. The English dub was also released on DVD in 2004 and is reported to be the only Metal Heroes series to ever be released with an English dub. Later on, the series was bought back on the air in 2006 on GMA Network with a newly produced Tagalog dub of the series
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# Madoka Natsumi
is a Japanese cross-country skier who has competed since 1995. She earned the best individual finish of the host nation Japan at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo with a fifth-place finish in the women\'s sprint event which was also her best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships.
Natsumi\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 12th in the individual sprint at Salt Lake City in 2002.
Her best individual World Cup finish was third at a sprint event in Sweden in 2008
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# Simon Hilton
**Simon Hilton** (born 1967 near Bournemouth) is an English music video, concert and documentary director and editor and multimedia creative based in London.
## Early life and career {#early_life_and_career}
Hilton grew up surrounded by science and theatre, as his father was a nuclear scientist and director of the Adelphi Theatre in London. He studied classical music & theory from age 7.
In 1980, he was awarded a classical music scholarship to Canford School (studying clarinet, piano and guitar) where he took Maths, Physics and Biology A Levels and maintained strong interest and involvements in the areas of music, photography, film, art and the then nascent computer sciences.
After working in London and graduating with honours from Ravensbourne College in 1989, Hilton apprenticed his editing skills at London post-production houses 625 and Rushes.
In 1992 he began a freelance editing career, specialising in music-based content. He has to date edited over 350 music videos.
Between 1992 & 1999, his directing career also flourished at Red Star Films and at The Artists Company, directing a number of videos for Robbie Williams and other prominent EMI and Polydor artists.
He has directed videos featuring, amongst others John Lennon, Yoko Ono, Paul McCartney, George Harrison, The Beatles, Robbie Williams, Kylie Minogue, Supergrass, Delakota. William Orbit and Ether.
Editing credits include David Bowie, The Chemical Brothers, Nick Cave, Oasis, Led Zeppelin, Depeche Mode and Supergrass.
Current projects include music videos & documentaries, live concerts, concert projections, art films, website design, internet multimedia and archive restoration & development through his agency, REVL8 Ltd.
## Directing credits {#directing_credits}
### Music videos {#music_videos}
- Ed Harcourt: \'Black Feathers\'
- Ed Harcourt: \'Russian Roulette\'
- Supergrass: \'Diamond Hoo Ha Man\' (co-director)
- The Beatles: \'Within You Without You/Tomorrow Never Knows\'
- Paul McCartney: \'Chaos and Creation in the Backyard\' DVD
- Supergrass: \'Supergrass is 10\' DVD
- John Lennon: \'Lennon Legend\' DVD
- Relish: \'Rainbow Zephyr\'
- Dum Dums: \'Army of Two\'
- Robbie Williams & Kylie Minogue: \'Kids\' (2002 Brit Award nomination - Best Video)
- David Holmes: \'69 Police\'
- Alice Cooper: \'Gimme\'
- Robbie Williams: \'Dance with the Devil\' (1st ever multichannel DVD promo)
- Precious: \'Stand Up\'
- Stephen Gately: \'A New Beginning\'
- Robbie Williams: \'It\'s Only Us\' (2000 LEAF Best Music Video nomination)
- Medal: \'Porno Song\'
- Robbie Williams: \'Angels\' live at Manchester Arena
- Robbie Williams: \'Millennium\' live at Manchester Arena
- Robbie Williams: \'Strong\'
- Medal: \'Up Here For Hours\'
- Delakota: \'555\'
- Delakota: \'C\'mon Cincinnati\'
- Ether: \'Best Friend\'
- Satellite Beach: \'Psycho\'
- Ether: \'She Could Fly\'
- Iron Maiden: \'The Angel & The Gambler\'
- Radiator: \'I Am\'
- Ether: \'If You If Really Want To Know\'
- Naimee Coleman: \'Care About You\'
- Grass\~Show: \'1962\'
- Eternal: \'Secrets\'
- Planet Claire: \'Say\'
- Planet Claire: \'21\'
- Iron Maiden: \'Man on the Edge\' (Live in Israel)
- Morrissey: \'Hold Onto Your Friends\'
- William Orbit: \'Strange Cargo III\' longform
### Music Longforms / Concerts / DVDs {#music_longforms_concerts_dvds}
- Diamond Hoo Ha Men: \'Glange Fever\' Rockumentary (30 mins) (co-director)
- Diamond Hoo Ha Men: \'Glange Fever\' Reflux - The Outtakes (Parts One to Fore!) (co-director)
- Diamond Hoo Ha Men: \'Glange Fever\' The Tour (9 Tracks) (co-director)
- Paul McCartney: \'Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road\' (60 min concert)
- Paul McCartney: \'Creating Chaos at Abbey Road\' (30 min making-of)
- Paul McCartney: \'Chaos and Creation in the Backyard\' DVD
- Yoko Ono: \'Live at All Tomorrows Parties\', Camber Sands
- Supergrass: \'Supergrass is 10\' DVD
- John Lennon: \'Lennon Legend\' DVD (20 videos & 5 extra features)
- Robbie Williams: 2 x versions of \'Rock, DJ\' for website
- Robbie Williams: 19 x \'ROB TV\' inserts for Slaine DVD
- Robbie Williams: \'Angels\' DVD
- Robbie Williams: \'Karma Killer\' -- Stage projections for World Tour
- Robbie Williams: \'Kids\'-- Stage projections for World Tour
- William Orbit: \'Strange Cargo 3\' longform (6 x videos)
- Ashley Maher: \'Pomegranate\' longform (5 x videos)
### Films and documentaries {#films_and_documentaries}
- Yoko Ono: \'IMAGINE PEACE TOWER\' documentary
- Yoko Ono: \'Passages For Light\' documentary
- Yoko Ono: \'Yoko Ono in Moscow/Odyssey of A Cockroach\' documentary
- Diamond Hoo Ha Men: \'Glange Fever\' Rockumentary (30 mins)
- John Lennon & Yoko Ono: \'War Is Over! (If You Want It)\' (10 mins)
- Paul McCartney: \'Between Chaos and Creation\' (30 mins)
- Paul McCartney: \'Chaos and Creation in the Backyard\' (30 min TV -- VH1 & Channel 4)
- Paul McCartney: \'Paul McCartney at Live 8: Onstage & Backstage\'
- Yoko Ono: \'Onochord\' documentary
- Yoko Ono: \'The Tate Gallery Lecture\' (100 mins)
- Supergrass: \'A Home Movie\' (feature length)
- Keith Urban: \'Days Go By\'
- Pink Floyd: \'The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon\' SACD 30th Anniversary
- Robbie Williams: \'Life Thru A Lens\'
- \'Gumball 3000\': documentary of 1999 European Classic Car rally/race.
### EPKs and miscellaneous {#epks_and_miscellaneous}
- Paul McCartney \"Good Evening New York City\" Press Launch
- Paul McCartney / The Fireman \"Electric Arguments\" Press Launch
- EMI/Capitol/Virgin: Conference 2008
- EMI/Capitol/Virgin: Conference 2007
- EMI/Capitol/Virgin: Dublin Conference 2006
- Paul McCartney \"Chaos and Creation in the Backyard USA EPK
- Paul McCartney \"Chaos and Creation in the Backyard UK EPK
- EMI/Capitol/Virgin: New York Conference 2005
- Keith Urban \"Days Go By\" European EPK
- EMI/Capitol/Virgin: Global Marketing Conference Toronto 2004
- EMI/Capitol/Virgin: Global Marketing Conference Barcelona 2003
- Filippa Giordano: \'Il Rosso Amore\' EPK
- Pink Floyd: \'Echoes\' EPK
- Manic Street Preachers: Reading 2001 Back Projections
- EMI:Chrysalis Records: UK Retail Conference 2001
- EMI:Chrysalis Records: Barcelona Conference 2000
- Precious: Debut Album EPK
- Manic Street Preachers: V99 Stage walk-on tape
- The Beatles: Yellow Submarine EPK
- EMI International Records UK: South East Asia Conference 1999
- EMI Chrysalis: June Conference 98
- Chrysalis Records: EMI 100 Conference presentation & I.D.
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# Simon Hilton
## Directing credits {#directing_credits}
### Stage Screens (films made to accompany live performances) {#stage_screens_films_made_to_accompany_live_performances}
- Paul McCartney: \'Eleanor Rigby\'
- Paul McCartney: \'I Want To Come Home\'
- Paul McCartney: \'Sgt
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# Device (pop-rock band)
**Device** was an American pop-rock trio from the mid 1980s, formed by keyboardist, bassist and vocalist Holly Knight. It also included frontman Paul Engemann and guitarist Gene Black.
## History
### 1985: *Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome* {#mad_max_beyond_thunderdome}
In 1985, Holly Knight and Gene Black (who would soon form 2/3 of Device) worked with Tina Turner and Tim Cappello on the song \"One of the Living\" from the soundtrack to the film *Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome*. Holly Knight wrote and programmed the song, while also performing keyboards and backing vocals. Gene Black performed guitars and backing vocals. Mike Chapman produced the song. The saxophone solo was performed by Tim Cappello and lead vocals were performed by Tina Turner.
### 1986: *22B3*
Device\'s only album, *22B3*, was released in the spring of 1986. It produced a Top 40 single in the U.S. with \"Hanging on a Heart Attack,\" which peaked at No. 35 on the *Billboard* Hot 100. The band\'s second single, \"Who Says,\" peaked at No. 79. Both of these songs were promoted by music videos which garnered MTV heavy rotation for four months, and both were released as 12\" singles with remix and dub versions which received club play. A third single, \"Pieces on the Ground\" was released as a promo 12\" single, while the album peaked at No. 73 on the *Billboard* 200 chart. The band\'s fourth and final single was titled \"Who\'s on the Line\". It was a remixed version different from the album track timing in at 4:03, however it failed to chart. Mike Chapman produced the album. \"Hanging on a Heart Attack\" also became Device\'s only single to chart abroad. It reached No. 46 in the Australian Kent Music Report and No. 33 in the West German Official Charts.
### Solo projects {#solo_projects}
#### Holly Knight {#holly_knight}
Better known as a songwriter, Knight started her career with the band Spider during the early 1980s. She wrote hit songs for Pat Benatar, Scandal, Heart, Cheap Trick, Tina Turner and many others. Turner had a hit single in 1984 with her cover of Spider\'s \"Better Be Good to Me\" from the *Private Dancer* album. After Device disbanded, Holly Knight released a 1988 self-titled solo album, featuring the single \"Heart Don\'t Fail Me Now,\" and her own version of \"Love Is a Battlefield,\" which she had written for Benatar, and continued writing songs for other performers.
#### Paul Engemann {#paul_engemann}
Paul Engemann, who previously sang on soundtrack cuts produced by Giorgio Moroder, joined Animotion after Device\'s breakup, taking over from the original lead singer, Bill Wadhams, and sang opposite Cynthia Rhodes on Animotion\'s 1989 Top Ten hit \"Room to Move.\" The song was featured in the 1988 science-fiction comedy film, *My Stepmother Is an Alien*. Coincidentally, Knight had recorded the original version of Animotion\'s biggest hit, \"Obsession,\" as a duet with Michael Des Barres; the two co-wrote the song, which appeared on the soundtrack to the 1983 film *A Night in Heaven*. After Animotion\'s dissolution, Engemann retired from music.
#### Gene Black {#gene_black}
Gene Black continued to be involved in session work, including a similarly themed 1980\'s band, Wild Blue, best known for the aggressive dance-rock singles \"Fire with Fire\" and \"International Language of Dance.\" Black also co-wrote two Top Ten hits with Holly Knight, Heart\'s \"Never\" and Rod Stewart\'s \"Love Touch\". Black recorded extensively with Tina Turner, and later joined Joe Cocker\'s touring band in 1997.
### 1996 and 2007: *22B3* Re-released {#and_2007_22b3_re_released}
*22B3* was re-released on CD by Renaissance Records in 1996 and again in 2007 with the same track list as the original release
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# Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape
The **Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape (PECSRL)** is an international network of landscape researchers whose interest focus on the past, present and future of European landscapes, and serves as an international platform for new initiatives, meetings and publications about European rural landscapes. It meets every two years in a different European country for lectures, discussions, working groups and landscape excursions. It has several working groups that focus on actual problems in European landscape management and landscape research. The unifying concept of PECSRL is the past, present and future of European landscapes, relating to landscape research as well as landscape policy and landscape management.
## Objectives
The objectives of PECSRL are:
- to facilitate personal contacts and information exchange between European landscape researchers;
- to improve interdisciplinary cooperation between landscape researchers from various scientific and human landscape disciplines;
- to improve cooperation between landscape researchers and landscape managers;
- to function as a platform for new initiatives in European landscape research and landscape management.
## History and scope {#history_and_scope}
The Permanent European Conference for the Study of the Rural Landscape is one of the most stable European networks of landscape researchers. It was established in 1957 at an inaugural conference held in Nancy, France. Initially, it consisted mainly of (historical) geographers, but during the last few decades its membership has diversified to include ecologists, social scientists, rural planners, landscape architects, historians, archaeologists, landscape managers, as well as other scholars and practitioners interested in European landscapes. Members undertake both fundamental and applied research on all aspects of the rural landscape or have a position in landscape management or heritage management. PECSRL covers Pan-Europe which means that it connects researchers from Northern, Eastern, Southern, Central and Western Europe. All together more than thirty European countries take part in PECSRL.
## Conferences
- 28th Session: [\"European Landscapes for Quality of Life?\"](https://pecsrl2018.sciencesconf.org/), 2018, Clermont-Ferrand and Mende (France)
- 27th Session: [\"Mountains, uplands, lowlands. European landscapes from an altitudinal perspective\"](http://www.pecsrl2016.com/), 2016, Innsbruck and Seefeld (Austria)
- 26th Session: [\"Unraveling the Logics of Landscape\"](http://www.pecsrl2014.com/), 2014, Gothenburg and Mariestad (Sweden)
- 25th Session: [\"Reflection on landscape change: the European perspective\"](http://www.pecsrl2012.com/), 2012, Leeuwarden and Terschelling (the Netherlands)
- 24th Session: [\"Living in Landscapes: Knowledge, Practice, Imagination\"](http://www.lu.lv/eng/news/t/1305/), 2010, Riga and Liepaja (Latvia)
- 23rd Session: [\"Landscapes, identities and development\"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080311224409/http://tercud.ulusofona.pt/PECSRL2008
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# Centralia station (Illinois)
**Centralia station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Centralia, Illinois, United States. The station existed as little more than a sheltered platform until an unstaffed waiting area was built in 2003. The new \$100,611 station was funded by the city, the Centralia Foundation, the Centralia Area Development Association and the Great American Stations Foundation. The station is a flag stop on the *City of New Orleans* route, served only when passengers have tickets to and from the station. It is a regular stop on the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Illini/Saluki}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Baja Saitović-Lukin
**Baja Saitović-Lukin** was a Roma Serbian writer, poet, translator, and government advisor. He was the winner of the Open Society Institute Roma Literary Award with Special Distinction.
Saitović-Lukin was born in Prokuplje in 1954. He served as an advisor for Roma issues to the Serbian Ministry of Human and Minority Rights. He died in 2017
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# Ida Ingemarsdotter
**Ida Maria Erika Ingemarsdotter** (born 26 April 1985) is a Swedish cross-country skiing coach and former skier who competed between 2003 and 2019.
## Skiing career {#skiing_career}
Ingemarsdotter has a total of five individual victories at various levels up to 15 km since 2003. Her best individual World Cup finish, was first place in a sprint event in Milan in 2012.
At the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver, she finished fifth in the 4 × 5 km relay, 15th in the individual sprint, and 42nd in the 7.5 km + 7.5 km double pursuit events. Ingermarsdotter also competed in the 30 km event, but did not finish. At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Ingemarsdotter won gold in the 4 × 5 km relay.
She announced her retirement from cross-country skiing on 3 May 2019.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
On 30 September 2019 she was appointed as a coach for the Swedish National Development Cross-Country Team, substituting for Martina Höök, who will be on maternity leave for the 2019--20 season.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
- 2 medals -- (1 gold, 1 bronze)
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+------------+
| Year | Age | 10 km \ | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+===========================================+==========+=============+============+
| 2010 | *24* | --- | 42 | `{{Abbr|DNF|Did not finish}}`{=mediawiki} | 15 | 5 | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+------------+
| 2014 | *28* | --- | --- | --- | 5 | **Gold** | **Bronze** |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+------------+
| 2018 | *32* | 34 | --- | --- | 13 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+------------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
- 4 medals -- (3 silver, 1 bronze)
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------+
| Year | Age | 10 km \ | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+==============+============+=============+============+
| 2009 | *23* | --- | --- | --- | 4 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------+
| 2011 | *25* | 28 | --- | --- | 12 | **Silver** | **Gold** |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------+
| 2013 | *27* | --- | --- | --- | **Silver** | **Silver** | **Silver** |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------+
| 2015 | *29* | --- | --- | --- | 12 | --- | **Silver** |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------+
| 2017 | *31* | 17 | --- | --- | 5 | --- | 4 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------+
| 2019 | *33* | 33 | 11 | 13 | --- | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+------------+-------------+------------+
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# Ida Ingemarsdotter
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| Season | Age | Discipline standings | |
+==========+==========+======================+=========+
| Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic\ |
| | | | Opening |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2004 | *19* | 86 | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2006 | *21* | 65 | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2007 | *22* | 50 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2008 | *23* | 41 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2009 | *24* | 49 | --- |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2010 | *25* | 15 | 54 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2011 | *26* | 18 | 27 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2012 | *27* | 22 | 52 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2013 | *28* | 32 | 64 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2014 | *29* | 37 | 71 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2015 | *30* | 21 | 35 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2016 | *31* | 12 | 9 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2017 | *32* | 15 | 28 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2018 | *33* | 18 | 18 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2019 | *34* | 15 | 15 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 2 victories -- (2 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
- 9 podiums -- (6 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki}, 3 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- ---------- ------------------ -------------------------- ------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 2009--10 6 February 2010 Canmore, Canada 1.45 km Sprint C World Cup 2nd
2 2011--12 18 December 2011 Rogla, Slovenia 1.0 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
3 14 January 2012 Milan, Italy 1.4 km Sprint F World Cup **1st**
4 17 February 2012 Szklarska Poręba, Poland 1.6 km Sprint F World Cup **1st**
5 2012--13 8 December 2012 Quebec City, Canada 1.6 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
6 2015--16 28 November 2015 Rukatunturi, Finland 5 km Individual F Stage World Cup 3rd
7 1 January 2016 Lenzerheide, Switzerland 1.5 km Sprint F Stage World Cup 2nd
8 2018--19 24 November 2018 Rukatunturi, Finland 1.4 km Sprint C World Cup 3rd
9 29 December 2018 Toblach, Italy 1.3 km Sprint F Stage World Cup 2nd
#### Team podiums {#team_podiums}
- 5 victories -- (5 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki})
- 11 podiums -- (9 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki}, 2 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place Teammate(s)
----- ---------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------- --------------------------- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------
1 2009--10 6 December 2009 Düsseldorf, Germany 6 × 0.8 km Team Sprint F World Cup 2nd Falk
2 2011--12 15 January 2012 Milan, Italy 6 × 1.4 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** Brodin
3 2012--13 25 November 2012 Gällivare, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 2nd Bleckur / Larsen / Kalla
4 13 January 2013 Liberec, Czech Republic 6 × 0.85 km Team Sprint F World Cup 2nd Nilsson
5 2014--15 18 January 2015 Otepää, Estonia 6 × 1.2 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** Nilsson
6 2015--16 17 January 2016 Planica, Slovenia 6 × 1.2 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** Nilsson
7 2016--17 15 January 2017 Toblach, Italy 6 × 1.3 km Team Sprint F World Cup 2nd Falk
8 22 January 2017 Ulricehamn, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Henriksson / Kalla / Falk
9 2017--18 14 January 2018 Dresden, Germany 6 × 1.3 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** Dahlqvist
10 2018--19 13 January 2019 Dresden, Germany 6 × 1.6 km Team Sprint F World Cup 2nd Sundling
11 10 February 2019 `{{flagicon|FIN}}`{=mediawiki} Lahti, Finland 6 × 1
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# Liberty High School (Bedford, Virginia)
**Liberty High School** is one of the three high schools in Bedford County, Virginia. Liberty High School opened in 1964. Its mascot is the \"Minuteman.\" School colors are red, white and navy blue. The school serves students from Villamont, Thaxton, Montvale, Big Island and Bedford. The principal of Liberty High School is Mr. Justin Tucker, and the assistant principals are Dawn Verhoeff and Ernie Sawyer.
## Student body {#student_body}
The 2009-2010 enrollment was 1,004 in grades 9--12. Racial makeup of the school is approx. 78% White, 21% Black, and 1% other.
## Academics
Approximately 80% of the students who go to LHS graduate. 52% of the 2004 graduates continued their formal education beyond high school. Liberty High School participates in an Early College program with Central Virginia Community College where students apply to receive their junior and senior classes at the college itself, thus earning them a two-year degree before they graduate high school. Several students also attend the Central Virginia Governor\'s School in Lynchburg, VA. In 2015, Glen Field received the Jefferson Scholarship, of which less than 2% of those nominated are selected.
## History
In 1964, when smaller schools were consolidated into one, Liberty High School came into existence with Mr. William N. Lee at its head as principal.
Following the 2018-19 School Year, long-time principal Dr. Kathy Dills retired for medical reasons. The assistant principal and principal positions have changed almost annually ever since.
## Athletics
Liberty competes in the Class AA Region III Seminole District. Liberty has won state championships in Football(2002) (set a Virginia High School League team rushing record for a state championship game at 529 yards against New Kent High School, which was broken by Amherst County High School in 2007), Basketball (1995--96, 1996--97) and Baseball (1977). Erik Kuster won two state championships(2007), one in shot-put and the other in discus. In 2008, Kenara Hurt won the 55 meter dash at the State Meet. In 2010, Brandon Sparrow was the State Champion in shot-put. Craig Danner won the state championship in the 1000m run during the 2012-2013 indoor track and field season and Mikalah Jones was the triple jump State Champion in Outdoor track. The 2013--2014 school year state championships: Nicole Smith in the Outdoor Track discus throw, Mikalah Jones in the Indoor Track triple jump, and Alexus Pannell, Megan Beisser, Kennedy Flynn, and Ryan Ridley in the Outdoor Track 4x400 meter relay.
Liberty\'s football team was also ranked the 19th best team of the decade in the State of Virginia. These rankings were done by virginiapreps.com in the beginning of 2008.
The Liberty High School current baseball coach is Jeremy Sink. He is the former head baseball coach of E.C. Glass High School as well as an assistant coach at the University of Lynchburg From its opening in 1964 to 2005, Liberty\'s baseball team was coached by the honorable Jim Cutler. He won one state championship in 1977, the school\'s first team Championship. In 2005, Stewart Grant took over as baseball coach, where he stayed until 2011. Following Grant was Mike Thompson. Thompson coached the Minutemen from 2011 to 2014.
Liberty\'s Girls Softball team won the State Championship in 2019 with Mike Thompson at the helm
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# Tâmpa (Brașov)
**Tâmpa** (*Zinne*, or *Kapellenberg*; *Cenk*; *Mons Cinum*) is a mountain, part of the Postăvarul Massif, located in the southern part of the Eastern Carpathians (alternatively categorized as in the Curvature Carpathians) and almost entirely surrounded by the city of Brașov. Its elevation is 960 m (955 m according to some sources), almost 400 m above the city.
The mountain is mostly made up of limestone formations, having risen up gradually from the Earth\'s crust.
Most of the mountain (1.5 km^2^) is a declared nature reserve, due to the rare animal species (bears, birds, butterflies---35% of Romanian butterfly species) and plant species (a rare Liverleaf variety, Transylvanian Windgrass) that are found there. A number of routes to the summit exist: there are 25 winding paths cut in 1837 by Brașov\'s forest administration; Gabony\'s stairs; the Knights\' road, dating to the days of the Brașovia citadel; and an auto road. A cable car makes the journey between the cabin/restaurant Casa Pădurarului at the base of the mountain to the Restaurantul Panoramic, on its crest, in under three minutes. The view from the summit is spectacular, offering a panoramic view of the city; on a clear day, the entire Burzenland is visible.
## Tâmpa\'s flora and fauna {#tâmpas_flora_and_fauna}
### Plants
Common name Latin name
------------------------- ----------------------------
Braveheart\'s cross *Hepatica transsilvanica*
Common dogwood *Cornus sanguinea*
Common elder *Sambucus nigra*
Common hazel *Corylus avellana*
Cowslip *Primula officinalis*
Dwarf almond *Amigdalus nana*
European ash *Fraxinus excelsior*
European beech *Fagus sylvatica*
European cornel *Cornus mas*
European hornbeam *Carpinus betulus*
European larch *Larix decidua*
Feather grass *Stipa pennata*
Forking larkspur *Consolida regalis*
Ground cherry *Prunus fruticosa*
Iris *Iris germanica*
Lady\'s slipper *Cypripedium calceolus*
Large-leaved linden *Tilia platyphyllos*
Limestone\'s crown *Spiraea crenata*
Mountain elm *Ulmus montana*
Norway spruce *Picea abies*
Pedunculate oak *Quercus robur*
Rabbit\'s tail *Sesleria rigida*
Scots pine *Pinus sylvestris*
Silver plantain *Plantago argentea*
Spotted tulip *Fritillaria meleagroides*
Transylvanian windgrass *Bromus marcensis*
Wild hyacinth *Hyacinthus orientalis*
Wolfsbane Aconitum
Wood anemone *Anemone nemorosa*
### Animals
Common name Latin name
---------------------- ---------------------
Brown bear *Ursus arctos*
Butterflies Papilionoidea
Common raven *Corvus corax*
Eurasian lynx *Lynx lynx*
European viper *Vipera berus*
Golden eagle *Aquila chrysaetos*
Gray wolf *Canis lupus*
Red squirrel *Sciurus vulgaris*
Other birds Aves
17 rare wasp species Apocrita
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# Tâmpa (Brașov)
## Etymology
The etymology of the word *Tâmpa*, a name shared by several mountains, has been much discussed among Romanian linguists. Nicolae Drăganu started from the observation that Albanian and southern Italian dialects as well as Catalan have very similar words meaning \"boulder\", \"hillock\" or \"rocky incline\". He then proposed a pre-Roman, Thracian origin (\**timpa*), meaning \"strait, mountain valley\" and \"mountain, rocky mountain\". He was unclear as to whether the word entered Romanian directly or through Latin. Constantin Diculescu accepted the theory without important changes, pointing out that τὑμφα means \"hillock\" in Doric Greek.
However, Drăganu\'s theory was contested. Ovid Densusianu raised phonetic objections as to the link between *Tâmpa* and the Catalan *timpes*. Gustav Weigand declared that the toponym simply derived from the adjective *tâmp*, a word of Old Bulgarian origin signifying \"worn down, leveled\". Somewhat earlier, Alexandru Philippide had expressed the same opinion (\"In reality *Tâmpa* is probably the adjective *tâmp*). Drăganu published a new article defending his thesis, bringing in new facts.
Iorgu Iordan was hesitant to embrace one hypothesis: he noted that the physical nature of the places called *Tâmpa*, which tend to be sharp mountains, favors Drăganu, as does the striking phonetic and semantic resemblance between the Romanian term and those in other languages. He notes, too, the existence of a noun, *tâmpă*, meaning \"a very extensive mountainside, rocky and with a very abrupt descent\"; also appearing as *tâmp*, it can mean \"a hill or mountain abruptly rising to a great distance above flat land\". However, he notes the difficulty of making assumptions about the obscure languages spoken prior to the Roman conquest of Dacia. He also points out that mountains are often named after particular characteristics, a fact that generally points to an origin in the adjective *tâmp*.
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# Tâmpa (Brașov)
## History
### Natural disasters {#natural_disasters}
Through the years, Tâmpa has been relatively safe from natural disasters like mudslides or earthquakes. The most severe damage has been caused by fires, particularly those of 1689, 1731, 1860, 1880 and 1946.
### Dacian cultic site {#dacian_cultic_site}
The oldest human traces on Tâmpa date to the time of the Dacians. On Tâmpa, archeologists have discovered a bone pit from that period, indicating that a pagan cult was practiced there.
### Brassovia fortress (13th-15th c.) {#brassovia_fortress_13th_15th_c.}
The Brassovia (Romanian: Brașovia) fortress was one of the seven fortified cities that provided the German name for Transylvania: *Siebenbürgen*, \'seven fortresses\'. The building, located between the peak and the crest`{{clarify|reason= Where?! Lost its meaning in translation. Probably ridge, not crest, and peaks tend to be directly connected to the ridges or crests. |date= December 2023}}`{=mediawiki} of Tâmpa, is presumed to have been raised in the time of the German Knights (1212--1218), or if not, was certainly fortified during their rule. In 1241, several Brașov families were able to find shelter there from Tatar raids. In 1397, before the war against the Turks began, Mircea I of Wallachia placed his family in the citadel. In 1421, the people of Brașov took refuge in the citadel, threatened as they were by Sultan Murad II. That year, the citadel was given as surety to the sultan, as the Turks dominated the city from on high. Thus, the fortification became dangerous for Brașov\'s inhabitants and for the entire area. After succeeding in taking it back with the help of John Hunyadi, the inhabitants decided to demolish it. Its stones were used to fortify the fortifications in the valley, at that time just being built.
#### Description
The fortress was made of stone, with a small polygonal tower on the west side, on Tâmpa\'s peak. Along the walls were found small towers for defence. Within the southern walls, traces of small rooms have been discovered. There was also a deep well and a chapel inside. As the fortification was surrounded by precipices on three sides and was well-defended on its fourth, it was one of the most difficult to capture in Transylvania (indeed in all of Europe), and was in fact never occupied by force, only being handed over through treaties. Provisions were brought to it by people from a narrow valley called Cutun, to which it was linked by Drumul Cavalerilor (the Knights\' Road). Around 1910, Costantin Lacea wrote that \"even today the Romanian populace, especially the Costeni (inhabitants of Coastei and Costiței Streets), led by Junii Curcani (\"the Young Turkeys\"), go out the day after Pentecost up to the Citadel on Tâmpa, near the Cross of Cutun, and celebrate there. The old people tell how when they were young they used to play up in the Citadel on Tâmpa\".
### The two watchtowers (15th-18th c.) {#the_two_watchtowers_15th_18th_c.}
In the 15th century, two watchtowers were built at the base of Tâmpa, linked to the citadel through a series of walls, which, taken together, extended from the towers to the peak of the mountain. Probably left to decay after the introduction of firearms, the two towers were demolished in the 18th century (two engravings from that century show Tâmpa first with, then without them). Turnul Cuțitarilor (the Knife-Makers\' Tower), located to the right of Bastionul Țesătorilor (the Weavers\' Bastion), offered an open view toward the valley (Șchei). No trace of it exists today. Turnul Cizmarilor (the Boot-Makers\' Tower), located above Bastionul Postăvarilor (the Drapers\' Bastion), dominated Blumăna and Curmătura (the area between Tâmpa and Dealul Melcilor -- \"the Hill of Snails\"). Today, the tower\'s platform, as well as a good part of the base of the linking wall built on the mountain, still remain.
### Wooden summit cross (17th c.) {#wooden_summit_cross_17th_c.}
On the map prepared by Giovanni Morando Visconti in 1699, one can see a cross above Brașov, on the peak of Tâmpa. The Saxon author Thomas Tartler confirms this; he wrote, \"there was a cross as big as a crucifix, as the Papists have called Tâmpa the Hill of the Cross (*Kreutzberg*)\". The cross belonged to the Romanians from Șchei, who would raise crosses all through the valley, with or without the citadel authorities\' approval, sometimes even at a very short distance from the city walls. One chronicle states that the Tâmpa cross was built on August 2, 1696, attributing it to the carpenters of Emperor Hussein`{{who|date= December 2023}}`{=mediawiki}.
### Catholic chapel (c. 1700) {#catholic_chapel_c._1700}
Around 1714 (according to other sources 1696 or 1718), the Brașov senator Johann Draudt, having converted to Catholicism, raised a chapel on Tâmpa, dedicated to Saint Leonard. After it was built, in stages, thieves or Lutherans robbed or desecrated the house of worship. On June 10, 1737, the day after Pentecost, at three in the afternoon, \"lightning struck the chapel, in front of the altar, hitting a Papist German tailor and his wife, who had taken shelter there\... Their dog was also struck\". In time, only ruins were left of the chapel. For a long time afterward, Tâmpa was called Chapel Hill (*Kapellenberg* in German). Often, the Romanians of Șchei were blamed for the chapel\'s destruction: one writer said that they broke its door, hurled it into the valley, and stole several objects from within.
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# Tâmpa (Brașov)
## History
### Russian monument (1849-1869) {#russian_monument_1849_1869}
In 1849, after the Imperial Russian intervention in support of the Austrian Monarchy (*see Hungarian Revolution of 1848*), Tâmpa became home to a pyramid-shaped monument, raised on the initiative of Lieutenant General von Hassfort and bearing the inscription *Rusia et Austria unitæ MDXXXIL* (\"Russia and Austria united 1849\"). Heavily damaged by either natural causes or, according to George Bariț, human intervention (\"adverse hands\"), the pyramid was ultimately removed by Austro-Hungarian authorities on April 7, 1869.
### *Schützenhaus* (1865-1916); forestry school {#schützenhaus_1865_1916_forestry_school}
After 1865, Tâmpa housed the *Schützenhaus* (the \"Shooting range\"), soon a favorite with the city\'s male population. Aside from fire practice, the location had a bowling lane and a restaurant; it was decorated with numerous hunting trophies and mannequins dressed in plate armor. The building was badly damaged by a 1916 fire, and for a long time remained derelict. Ultimately, the Dr. Nicolae Rucăreanu High School of Silviculture was raised on the location --- the plot remains disputed between the Evangelical Church and the city of Brașov.
### Árpád monument (1896-1916) {#árpád_monument_1896_1916}
In 1896, upon celebrating the 1000th anniversary of Magyar tribes settling in Pannonia under the leadership of Árpád (*see Pannonian basin before Hungary*), seven commemorative statues were raised throughout the Kingdom of Hungary. On this occasion, a monumental column topped by the statue of a Magyar archer --- popularly identified with Árpád himself --- was erected on Tâmpa, causing controversy inside the Romanian community. Stone used for the monument had been transported up the slope by a funicular, and the completed monument featured a lightning rod; overall, it cost 22,585 florins to build.
In September 1913, the monument was damaged by a bomb placed at its base, an attack carried out by two terrorists, Ilie Cătărău and Timofei Kirilov, who were fighting against Hungarian rule in Transylvania. In December of the same year, the monument was heavily damaged by a thunderstorm: the \"Árpád statue\" fell from atop the column and shattered into pieces. In 1916, the remaining parts were detonated by the Romanian Army during its World War I advance into Transylvania (see Romanian Campaign). The statue\'s debris was removed by Communist Romanian authorities in 1966, and the head is preserved by the Parish House of the Reformed Church in Brașov. Tâmpa still houses the base of the monument.
### Béthlen Restaurant (1890-1977); marble cross and Brașov sign {#béthlen_restaurant_1890_1977_marble_cross_and_brașov_sign}
Around 1890, the mountain became home to a restaurant and public house, owned by the patrons of the *Schützenhaus* and named *Béthlen* (or *Béthlen Grotto*) in 1891, in honour of a Hungarian minister`{{who|date= December 2023}}`{=mediawiki} who had visited the city during that year. Supplied every day by the tenant, who led his donkey up 25 serpentine windings, it became a regular spot for city residents who were attracted by the panoramic scenery of Brașov at nighttime; in 1905, it was equipped with a terrace reaching over the steep slope. The restaurant\'s name was changed to *Cabana-restaurant \"Tâmpa\"* (\"The Tâmpa Cabin-Restaurant\") in 1948. On March 23, 1977, the entire building burned down following an accident. The terrace and stone beer recipients are still in place.
In 2001, the Brașov County Council erected a marble cross on the perimeter. The lit sign bearing the name *Brașov* was restored`{{clarify|reason= It's never been mentioned before. When was it erected in the first place? |date= December 2023}}`{=mediawiki} in 2006.
### Aqueduct
Also in 1891--1892, the Brașov Aqueduct was erected on the Tâmpa ridge, under the direction of engineer Christian Kertsch (best remembered for his *Kertsch House* in downtown Brașov). Water was carried through ceramic pipes over a great distance, from springs on the other side of Tâmpa. Pipe deterioration eventually forced Brașov authorities to provide the aqueduct with water from the city area`{{clarify|reason= Meaning what, from what kind of source(s)? |date= December 2023}}`{=mediawiki} (popular myth still has it that water running through the aqueduct is spring water, and, occasionally, people still supply themselves directly from that location). Shards of ceramic pipes and a memorial plaque for engineer P. Bartusch are still visible on the way to *Râpa Dracului* (going around the mountain).
### Casa Pădurarului {#casa_pădurarului}
Casa Pădurarului (\"the Forester House\") is a rustic restaurant located at the base of Tâmpa, about halfway along the pedestrian road there. Built at the beginning of the 20th century, it served as a place of rest for the residents of Brașov who would walk along the promenade below Tâmpa. Near this restaurant, rebuilt in the 2000s after being damaged by a fire, the cable car starts its course, taking passengers in less than three minutes to the Panoramic restaurant, located atop the mountain.
### Recent
In 1968--1969, a television tower as well as a restaurant and a cable car were built on Tâmpa\'s crest. Today, the tower receives a signal from Postăvaru and transmits it to the city below (initially with 10 kW, but today with just 2 kW), while the Panoramic restaurant, situated in a favourable location, offers excellent views of the city from its dining hall. The Aro-Palace society is the owner. The cable car terminus is also located beneath the tower. Before 1989, when tourists exited the cable car, they were met by an enormous stuffed brown bear, standing menacingly on two feet. At the same time as this complex was built, a short distance away, a flagpole was also erected. In 2004, the Brașov County Council provided it with festive lighting, installing a powerful laser floodlight that lights up the sky a good part of every evening.
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# Tâmpa (Brașov)
## Stories
### The tunnels and the lake {#the_tunnels_and_the_lake}
A story has it that there was a tunnel connecting Casa Sfatului with a cave under *Șaua Tâmpei*, in which German prisoners of war were held during World War I, with both ends of the tunnel blocked.
At the beginning on the 1940s, there was a proposal to dig a tunnel under Mount Tâmpa, to connect the Old City with Valea Cetății neighborhood. After Romania entered World War II, the project was abandoned. During the Communist period, when massive construction projects were undertaken in Răcădău, with over 10,000 apartments built, the plans for the tunnel were resurrected. One such plan, drafted in 1979, envisioned an east--west tunnel, with a length of 842 m, width of 9.8 m, and height of 7.65 m. The construction would have involved excavating 100,000 m³ of rock, at a cost (in 1984) of 163 million lei. Another estimate, done in 2003 by the Brașov County Council, put the cost of building the tunnel ar near 11 million euros.
A long-held belief is that there is a big lake inside the mountain. Drilling the tunnel may lead to flooding the city. Yet no concrete evidence of such a lake has ever been found.
What is known for sure is that there are three or four tunnels under Tâmpa, only one of which is usable at present. This tunnel connects Casa Sfatului with one of the towers of the old citadel (Turnul Cuțitarilor or Bastionul Postăvarilor). Due to the danger of cave-ins the tunnels pose, they are all shut with metal grates. It is said that during the bombing of Romania in World War II, one of the tunnels was blocked by debris, burying alive those people who had taken refuge in there.
### The stone bench {#the_stone_bench}
At the foot of Tâmpa, along the southeast side of the old fortress walls, there is a tree-lined path---a favorite strolling spot for the inhabitants. Among the wooden benches lining the path, there lies a small bench carved from a rock. It is said that the rock fell from the mountain, burying two lovers that were embracing on that place. A document from 1817 mentions the story, giving the name of the woman killed by the rock as Ana Maria.
### Orașul Stalin {#orașul_stalin}
On August 19, 1946, there was a big fire on Tâmpa, that burned out parts of the forest covering the mountain. In the early 1950s, after Brașov was renamed *Orașul Stalin* (*see List of places named after Stalin*), the authorities started planting fir trees, so that the word \"STALIN\" would be clearly visible from the city. Over the years, vegetation has blurred the word made out by the trees. Yet, to this day (especially in the winter), one may still distinguish the marking \"ALIN\" when coming on the road from the Burzenland.
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# Tâmpa (Brașov)
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
The soccer team FC Brașov is nicknamed *Diavolii de sub Tâmpa* (The Tâmpa Devils).
## Image gallery {#image_gallery}
Image:Brasov_at_Night\_-\_Panorama.jpg\|Tampa by night - panorama Image:Brasov_at_Night\_-\_Panorama2.jpg\|Tampa by night - panorama 2 Image:Tampalumina1.jpg\|Tâmpa bathed in light during summer\... Image:Brașov view 1.jpg\|\...winter\... Image:Brasov
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# Du Quoin station
**Du Quoin station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Du Quoin, Illinois, United States, on the `{{lnl|Amtrak|Illini/Saluki}}`{=mediawiki} routes. The *City of New Orleans* route also passes by this station, but does not stop here. It was built in 1989 by the city of Du Quoin, with assistance from the Illinois Department of Transportation.
The former Du Quoin station for the Illinois Central Railroad, built in 1901, burned on June 29, 1971 after being slated for demolition
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# Višnja Gora
**Višnja Gora** (`{{IPA|sl|ˈʋìːʃnja ˈɡɔ̀ːɾa|pron|Sl-VisnjaGora.oga}}`{=mediawiki}; *Weixelburg*, also *Weichselburg*, *Weichselberg*) is a town in the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica in central Slovenia. It is one of the best-preserved medieval towns in Slovenia. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region. It includes the hamlets of Žabjek, Na Štacjonu, and Grintavec, as well as the former hamlet of Suhi Malen (*Weixelbach*).
## Geography
The town is located in the Višnjica Valley 20 km southeast of Ljubljana just south of the A2 Slovenian motorway. Nearby is the Kosca Valley with the highest waterfall on a travertine foundation in Slovenia. Regular long-distance bus and rail lines connect Višnja Gora to Ivančna Gorica and Ljubljana.
## History
Višnja Gora was granted town rights in 1478. In the same period, a coat of arms showing a masonry wall with doors and two roofed towers was adopted. The snail representing a local legend was added later. The citizens of the town were given a golden snail shell for nursing the Venetian doge\'s son wounded in the Battle of Sisak (1593) by his relatives. The golden shell has since been lost, but the legend remains. During the Second World War, Višnja Gora was bombarded by German forces on 22 September 1943. At the end of October 1943, Partisan forces burned Turn Castle, the courthouse, and the school in the town.`{{historical populations|25=1948|26=406|27=1953|28=537|29=1961|30=624|31=1971|32=560|33=1981|34=655|35=1991|36=754|37=2002|38=813|39=2011|40=1000|41=2021|42=1135|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Castles
The old centre is built on a hill (384 m) under the ruins of Višnja Gora Castle (*Višnjegorski grad*), generally known as Old Castle (*Stari grad*), once home of the Višnja Gora knights. A second castle, Turn Castle (*Weixelbach*), stood west of the town center. It was also later known as the Codelli Manor (*Codellijeva graščina*) and was burned by the Partisans in October 1943.
## Recreation
The 12 km Jurčič Trail is named after Josip Jurčič, author of the first Slovene novel, *Deseti brat*, who attended primary school in Višnja Gora. Part of the trail has been recently turned into a forest trail known as *Po poteh višnjanskega polža* (The Višnja Gora Snail Trail).
## Notable people {#notable_people}
Notable people that were born or lived in Višnja Gora include:
- Josip Jurčič (1844--1881), author
- Ive Krevs (1912--1990), Yugoslav Olympic athlete
- Pashkal Skerbinz (1780--1824), religious writer
## Gallery
<File:Višnja> Gora town hall
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# Kinrossie
**Kinrossie** is a linear village in the Perth and Kinross area of Scotland. It is less than a mile south off the A94 road, 8 mi from Perth and 6 mi from Coupar Angus
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# Elmvale
**Elmvale** is a rural town in Springwater Township, Ontario, Canada. It is located at the intersection of County Road 27 and County Road 92 (Queen Street), 20 minutes north of Barrie. Elmvale is home to 2,314 people, as of 2016.
## History
Elmvale is located near Ossossané, which was the largest 16th century Wendat settlement and capital of the confederacy.
Modern-day Elmvale, Ontario developed near that site. The Wendat (named \`Huron\` by French explorers) called their traditional territory Wendake.
Elmvale first got its name when the post office opened in 1859. It had previously been known as *Four Corners*, *Elm Flats*, and *Saurin*.
On June 2, 1998 a tornado struck Elmvale, but caused no serious damage. On May 21, 2003 a confirmed F0 tornado struck Elmvale. Minor damage was reported to a barn roof and silo, and around 65 mature trees were uprooted.
## Schools
In 1877 Elmvale\'s two-story brick school which was partitioned to include secondary classes. The largest schools in Elmvale are the Huronia Centennial Public School and the Elmvale District High School. They are both part of the Simcoe County District School Board. The public school has one of the few marching bands in Ontario.
## Overview and events {#overview_and_events}
- Identified in 2011 as having the purest water in the world, it has been studied for decades and proven to have one fifth the lead contaminants that even the cleanest layer of ice in the arctic has. Even more impressive is the fact that those ice layers are thousands of years old, predating atmospheric lead pollution.
- The Elmvale Water Festival runs each fall to raise awareness for water-quality issues in local politics and agriculture.
- The Elmvale Maple Syrup Festival draws thousands of visitors each year, and dates back to 1966. There are sugarbush rides, treats at the SugarShack, and many pancakes. The festival regularly attracts visitors from across the province and beyond, and generates thousands of dollars of funding for local community projects each year.
- The Elmvale Fall Fair runs each October.
- The Elmvale Flea and Farmers Market, located on Hwy 92, is one of Ontario's largest independent flea markets
- Elmvale is also home to the Elmvale Jungle Zoo, which hosts 300 animals.
## Transportation
Elmvale is served by the Simcoe County LINX inter-community bus service on its Route 1 - Penetanguishene / Midland to Barrie
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# Palaiokerasia
**Palaiokerasia** (*Παλαιοκερασιά*) is a Greek village on Mount Othrys, in the Echinaioi municipal unit of the Stylida municipality, Phthiotis, with vast olive groves. Population 233 (2021)
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# Britta Johansson Norgren
**Britta Johanna Helena Johansson Norgren** (`{{née|'''Norgren'''}}`{=mediawiki}; born 30 March 1983) is a Swedish former cross-country skier who has competed between 2002 and 2022, first in World Cup events, then in marathon events. She won a bronze medal in the 4 × 5 km at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec. Her best individual finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships is 26th in the individual sprint at Sapporo in 2007.
## Career
Britta Norgren was born and raised in Bälinge, Uppsala Municipality and moved to Sollefteå to attend the skiing *\[\[riksidrottsgymnasium\]\]*.
Johansson Norgren\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 11th in the 10 km event at Turin in 2006.
She has a total of eight individual victories at various levels up to 30 km since 2002. Johansson Norgren\'s best individual World Cup finish was eighth in the sprint event in Germany in 2006.
After the 2013--14 season, Johansson Norgren switched to marathon cross-county skiing. On 31 January 2016 she won the women\'s edition of the Marcialonga ski marathon race in Italy.
She won the Tjejvasan in 2016, On 25 February 2017, she once again won Tjejvasan. She also won Tjejvasan in 2019. and the ski marathon Vasaloppet in 2017 and 2019. In February 2020, she won Tjejvasan once again. On 26 February 2022, she again won the same race.
On 8 April 2022, she announced her retirement from cross-country skiing.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Britta Norgren is married to Jonas Johansson, a former national coach for the Sweden biathlon team.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 10 km \ | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+==============+==========+=============+==========+
| 2006 | *22* | 11 | 15 | 28 | --- | 4 | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2010 | *26* | 29 | 52 | --- | 13 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2014 | *30* | --- | 38 | --- | 14 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
- 2 medals -- (1 silver, 1 bronze)
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 10 km \ | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+===========================================+==========+=============+==========+
| 2007 | *23* | --- | 27 | 32 | 26 | 4 | 4 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2009 | *25* | --- | --- | `{{Abbr|DNF|Did not finish}}`{=mediawiki} | 38 | **Bronze** | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2011 | *27* | --- | --- | 31 | --- | **Silver** | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+-------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| Season | Age | Discipline standings | |
+==========+==========+======================+=========+
| Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic\ |
| | | | Opening |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2003 | *20* | 102 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2004 | *21* | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2005 | *22* | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2006 | *23* | 35 | 36 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2007 | *24* | 38 | 80 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2008 | *25* | 96 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2009 | *26* | 30 | 35 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2010 | *27* | 50 | 44 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2011 | *28* | 32 | 31 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2013 | *30* | 61 | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2014 | *31* | 36 | 44 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| | | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
#### Team podiums {#team_podiums}
- 2 victories -- (1 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki}, 1 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki})
- 8 podiums -- (5 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki}, 3 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place Teammate(s)
----- ---------- ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------
1 2005--06 18 March 2006 Sapporo, Japan 6 × 0.8 km Team Sprint F World Cup 3rd Strömstedt
2 2006--07 29 October 2006 Düsseldorf, Germany 6 × 0.8 km Team Sprint F World Cup 2nd Andersson
3 17 December 2006 La Clusaz, France 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 2nd Andersson / Lindborg / Kalla
4 4 February 2007 `{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} Davos, Switzerland 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup **1st** Andersson / Strömstedt / Kalla
5 25 March 2007 Falun, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Dahlberg / Rydqvist / Kalla
6 2007--08 28 October 2007 Düsseldorf, Germany 6 × 0
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# Dianthovirus
***Dianthovirus*** is a genus of viruses, in the family *Tombusviridae*. Dianthoviruses are plant viruses. There are three species in this genus. The virus probably has a worldwide distribution, and can be transmitted via nematodes, by mechanical inoculation, by grafting of plants and by contact between infected hosts with previously uninfected host.
## Taxonomy
The genus contains the following species, listed by scientific name and followed by their common names:
- *Dianthovirus dianthi*, Carnation ringspot virus
- *Dianthovirus meliloti*, Sweet clover necrotic mosaic virus
- *Dianthovirus trifolii*, Red clover necrotic mosaic virus
## Structure
Viruses in *Dianthovirus* are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, a "hexagonal" appearance, and T=3 symmetry. The diameter is around 28-34 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, bipartite, around 11.3-1.4kb in length. The buoyant density in CsCl of virions is between 1.363 and 1.366 g cm-3. They have a sedimentation coefficient of 126-132-135 S20w. The pH of their isoelectric point is 4.5. The virions become inactive from about 80-90 °C and are inactive above those temperatures. They are viable in vitro for about 50--70 days. Treatment with ether either decreases or does not alter their infectivity. No lipids have so far been reported.
Genus Structure Symmetry Capsid Genomic arrangement Genomic segmentation
---------------- ------------- ---------- --------------- --------------------- ----------------------
*Dianthovirus* Icosahedral T=3 Non-enveloped Linear Monopartite
## Life cycle {#life_cycle}
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription, using the premature termination model of subgenomic RNA transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by -1 ribosomal frameshifting. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are mechanical, seed borne, and contact.
Genus Host details Tissue tropism Entry details Release details Replication site Assembly site Transmission
---------------- -------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------ --------------- ---------------------------
*Dianthovirus* Plants None Viral movement; mechanical inoculation Viral movement Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Mechanical: contact; seed
## Genome
These viruses have segmented, bipartite genomes that are linear, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA (1). These genomes are about 5300 nucleotides in length (1). They have a methylated cap at the 5\'-end whose sequence type is m7GpppA (1). The genome also codes for non-structural proteins as well as structural proteins (1). Three non-structural proteins have been found (1)
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# Carbon Balance and Management
***Carbon Balance and Management*** is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal published by BioMed Central. The journal covers research on the global carbon cycle. The journal was established in 2006 and is abstracted and indexed in PubMed, Agricola, CAB International, Chemical Abstracts Service, EMBASE, and Scopus
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# Wolseley Viper
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unexpected '{'
}}{{Infobox Aircraft Engine
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``
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# KRVI
**KRVI** (106.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic rock format. It is licensed to Mount Vernon, Missouri, United States, and serves the Springfield, Missouri area. The station is owned by SummitMedia.
## History
The station first aired in August 1994 as KHTO \"Hot 106.7\" \"Springfield\'s Hottest Hits\" and aired a Top 40 (CHR) format. The station also used to be KZRQ, known as Z106.7 (previously Channel Z-104.1 Rock This) and had an active rock format. Prior to that, the station was KHTO 106.7 The End \"Music For All People\".
Journal Communications and the E. W. Scripps Company announced on July 30, 2014 that the two companies would merge to create a new broadcast company under the E.W. Scripps Company name that owned the two companies\' broadcast properties, including KRVI. The transaction was completed in 2015, pending shareholder and regulatory approvals. Scripps exited radio in 2018; the Springfield stations went to SummitMedia in a four-market, \$47 million deal completed on November 1, 2018.
On October 28, 2020, KRVI dropped its \"The River\" adult hits format and began stunting with Christmas music, branded as \"Santa 106.7\". They have since reverted to \"The River\" branding.
On February 12, 2024, KRVI changed its format from adult hits to classic rock, branded as \"Classic Rock 106.7\"
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# Lucky McDaniel
**Bobby Lamar \"Lucky\" McDaniel** (1925--1986) was an American marksmanship instructor, who taught what he called \"instinct shooting\" to bird hunters and law enforcement officers off and on from 1953 until 1982, using a Daisy lever-action BB gun without sights as his basic training aid. He taught approximately 100,000 people how to shoot, including President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Henry Ford II, John Wayne, Audie Murphy, and key executives of the Remington and Winchester firearms companies.
From 1967 to 1973, McDaniel was an instructor for the U.S. Army, where he instructed infantrymen in instinctive shooting with the service rifle in jungle or urban warfare. The Army employed his training course for some years under the program name, \"Quick Kill\". Beginning in the late 1970s, McDaniel taught combat shooting at Mitchell WerBell III\'s facility, \"The Farm\", located in Powder Springs, Georgia, where a number of Israelis, among others, were trained.
## Biography
During his childhood, McDaniel honed his hand-eye coordination by spending his summers at his grandparents\' farm in Middle Georgia in the 1930s, often hunting for dinner for the family with a .22 rifle and a .410 shotgun. As a teenage pool hustler in Warner Robins, Georgia, he earned the nickname \"Lucky\". Later, McDaniel became a route man for the U.S. Tobacco Company, moving stocks of Brown\'s Mule chewing tobacco, Brewton\'s Dental snuff, and Sano cigarettes to crossroads country-stores in rural Georgia.
In 1954, McDaniel began teaching instinctive shooting full-time. His training courses for bird hunters and police officers lasted about four hours. Initially, McDaniel taught the basics of instinct shooting to both of these groups using the cheapest 400-shot Daisy lever-action air rifle available, with the sights removed, as its relatively weak spring propelled the BB through the air slowly, making it easier for the student to track the flight of the BB. Daisy later built a BB rifle to McDaniel\'s specifications.
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# Lucky McDaniel
## Shooting technique {#shooting_technique}
Two books, *Instinct Shooting* and *Lucky McDaniel\'s Secrets to Shooting*, are devoted to McDaniel\'s training techniques, which were considered highly unconventional. He was written about in a wide variety of magazines, particularly in the 1950s, including *Time*, *Saturday Evening Post*, *Sports Illustrated* and *Guns*. McDaniel had intuited effective procedures for training the subconscious mind to direct the body to perform manual tasks, in this case, shooting to hit certain types of targets, more rapidly and with greater precision than could be attained by the conscious mind. In the 1950s, however, kinesiology, specifically, proprioception and proprioceptive feedback, and cognitive ergonomics to speed the development of procedural memory were not well understood, and his approach went mostly unnoticed outside of a small segment of the shooting community.
McDaniel\'s primary contributions to instinct-shooting instruction were twofold. First, after analyzing, via time-and-motion studies, all of the moves involved in shouldering, pointing, and firing the rifle or shotgun instinctively, or in quick-drawing and hip-shooting the handgun, McDaniel minimized the number of moves required to point and fire the gun at the target; and, at the same time, minimized the number of joints in the body left mobile (i.e., the variables), which the subconscious mind would have to control in order to direct the muscles of the body to point and shoot the gun accurately. Secondly, he developed an effective training program of motor learning to teach the student\'s subconscious mind how to quickly solve all of the guidance-and-control problems involved, and how to use those solutions to direct the relevant muscles to point and fire the gun, so as to hit the target without conscious thought on the part of the shooter, except to select the target and initiate the process. The key factor was the use of feedback to correct for positioning errors, by directing the student to always try to bracket the target with the next shot, rather than attempt to hit it directly. This was the fast track for training the subconscious mind to attain a high degree of accuracy in a short time. In his 1980 book, McDaniel called that key factor \"proprioceptive feedback\"
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# Steven Goldberg
**Steven Brown Goldberg** (14 October 1941 -- 17 December 2022) was the chair of the Department of Sociology at the City College of New York from 1988 until his retirement in 2008.
Goldberg was the son of Israel J. and Claire (*née* Brown) Goldberg. He grew up in New York City. He joined the American Sociological Association and served in the United States Marine Corps between 1963 and 1969. He graduated from Ricker College with a Bachelor of Arts in 1965, his M.A. from the University of New Brunswick/University of Toronto in 1965/1967--1969, and his PhD (supervised by Charles Winick, Edward Sagarin, and Michael Eric Levin) from the Graduate School and University Center of the City University of New York in 1977--1978.
He was long-listed in *The Guinness Book of World Records* for having been rejected sixty-nine times by fifty-five different publishers.
He and has taught at City College of New York since 1970. He is most widely known for his theory of patriarchy, which explains male domination through biological causes, and was also a guest lecturer at Marlboro College (1986), the Ludwig von Mises Institute for Austrian Economics/Princeton University (1991), and the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal/Presidential Commission on the Assignment of Women in the Armed Forces (1992), listed in publications by Gale Research, the International Biographical Centre, and the American Biographical Institute, and the first non-medical fellow of the American Psychiatric Association/American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. In 2018, he won an Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award.
## Books
- *The Inevitability of Patriarchy: [Why the Biological Difference Between Men and Women Always Produces Male Domination](https://archive.org/details/inevitabilityofp00gold)* ([New York, New York](https://www.scribd.com/document/518813087): William Morrow and Company, [1973), 256 Pp.](https://google.com/books/edition/_/61cpAAAAYAAJ), `{{ISBN|9780688001759}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *When Wish Replaces Thought: Why So Much of What You Believe Is False*, ([Buffalo, New York](https://google.com/books/edition/When_Wish_Replaces_Thought/aIiwAAAAIAAJ): Prometheus Books, 1991--1992), 216 Pp., `{{ISBN|9780879757113}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Why Men Rule: A Theory of Male Dominance* ([Chicago](https://google.com/books/edition/Why_Men_Rule/I04pAAAAYAAJ), [La Salle, and Peru, Illinois](https://google.com/books/edition/Why_Men_Rule/I04pAAAAYAAJ): Open Court Publishing Company, 1993), 254+XII Pp., `{{ISBN|9780812692365}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Fads and Fallacies in the Social Sciences* ([Amherst and New York, New York: Humanity Books, Prometheus Books](https://google.com/books/edition/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Social_Science/lxS2AAAAIAAJ) 2003), 234 Pp., `{{ISBN|9781591020042}}`{=mediawiki}.
- [*Mathematical Elegance: An Approachable Guide to Understanding Basic Concepts*](https://www.scribd.com/document/394430567) ([New Brunswick](https://www.perlego.com/book/1490009), [New Jersey](https://google.com/books/edition/_/PL6aBQAAQBAJ), [New York, New York, London, Abingdon-on-Thames, and Oxford: Transaction Publishers](https://google.com/books/edition/Mathematical_Elegance/Rq00DwAAQBAJ), Routledge, Taylor and Francis, and Informa, 2014--2015 and 2017), 123+XVI Pp., `{{ISBN|9781412855136}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Oxana Yatskaya
**Oksana Yatskaya** (born 22 September 1978 in Urzhar) is a Kazakhstani cross-country skier who has been competing since 1995. She finish fifth in the team sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo and earned her best individual finish of eighth in the 30 km event at the 2005 championships in Oberstdorf.
Yatskaya\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 15th twice (5 km + 5 km combined pursuit: 2002, 30 km: 2006).
She has a total of three individual FIS race victories up to 10 km since 1996. Yatskaya\'s best individual World Cup finish was sixth in a sprint event in February 2010 in Canada
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# Chris Oyler
**Christine Oyler** is an American author, AIDS survivor, and activist.
The first three of Oyler\'s four sons were born with hemophilia. Her eldest son, Ben Oyler (June 28, 1977 - July 4, 1986) and her brother Scott (died July 5, 1987), who was also a hemophiliac, died of AIDS when they were transfused with clotting factor, vital for treating their condition, that was tainted. Ben was nine years old when he died, approximately 14 months after his AIDS diagnosis.
Ben Oyler was barred, like Ryan White, from attending classes at school although Oyler and her husband Grant declined to contest that ruling, preferring to preserve the family\'s privacy.
Oyler described the family\'s experience of her son\'s illness and death under the title *Go Toward the Light*, which was the basis for the 1988 made-for-television movie of the same name, with Linda Hamilton as a similarly situated mother. The book also includes how her faith as a Mormon helped her through this time
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# National cinema
**National cinema** is a term sometimes used in film theory and film criticism to describe the films associated with a specific nation-state. Although there is little relatively written on theories of national cinema it has an irrefutably important role in globalization. Film provides a unique window to other cultures, particularly where the output of a nation or region is high.
## Definition
Like other film theory or film criticism terms (e.g., \"art film\"), the term \"national cinema\" is hard to define, and its meaning is debated by film scholars and critics. A film may be considered to be part of a \"national cinema\" based on a number of factors. Simply put, a \"nation\'s cinema\" can be attributed to the country that provided the financing for the film, the language spoken in the film, the nationalities or dress of the characters, and the setting, music, or cultural elements present in the film. To define a national cinema, some scholars emphasize the structure of the film industry and the roles played by \"\...market forces, government support, and cultural transfers\...\" More theoretically, national cinema can refer to a large group of films, or \"a body of textuality\... given historical weight through common intertextual \'symptoms\', or coherencies\". In *Theorising National Cinema*, Philip Rosen suggests national cinema is a conceptualization of: (1) Selected \'national\' films/texts themselves, the relationship between them, which be connected by a shared (general) symptom. (2) an understanding of the \'nation\' as an entity in synchronicity with its \'symptom\'. And (3) an understanding of past or traditional \'symptoms\', also known as history or historiography, which contribute to current systems and \'symptoms\'. These symptoms of intertextuality could refer to style, medium, content, narrative, narrative structure, costume, Mise-en-scène, character, background, cinematography. It could refer to cultural background of those who make the movie and cultural background of those in the movie, of spectatorship, of spectacle.
## Canada
Canadian cultural and film critics have long debated how Canadian national cinema can be defined, or whether there is a Canadian national cinema. Most of the films shown on Canadian movie screens are US imports. If \"Canadian national cinema\" is defined as the films made in Canada, then the canon of Canadian cinema would have to include lightweight teen-oriented fare such as *Meatballs* (1979), *Porky\'s* (1981) or *Death Ship* (1980). Other critics have defined Canadian national cinema as a \"\...reflection of Canadian life and culture.\" Some critics argue that there are \"two traditions of filmmaking in Canada\": The \"documentary realist tradition\" espoused by the federal government\'s National Film Board and avant-garde films.
Scott MacKenzie argues that by the late 1990s, if Canada did have a popular cinema with both avant-garde and experimental elements, that was influenced by European filmmakers such as Jean-Luc Godard and Wim Wenders. MacKenzie argues that Canadian cinema has a \"\...self-conscious concern with the incorporation of cinematic and televisual images\", and as examples, he cites films such as David Cronenberg\'s *Videodrome* (1983), Atom Egoyan\'s*Family Viewing* (1987), Robert Lepage\'s *The Confessional (Le Confessionnal)* (1995) and Srinivas Krishna\'s *Masala* (1991).
## France
- *See French New Wave and cinema du look*
France\'s national cinema includes both popular cinema and \"avant-garde\" films. French national cinema is associated with the auteur filmmakers and with a variety of specific movements. Avant-garde filmmakers include Germaine Dulac, Marie and Jean Epstein. Poetic Realism filmmakers include Jean Renoir and Marcel Carné. The French New Wave filmmakers include Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut. The 1990s and 2000s \"postmodern cinema\" of France includes filmmakers such as Jean-Jacques Beinex, Luc Besson and Coline Serreau.
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# National cinema
## Germany
- *See German New Wave*
During the German Weimar Republic, German national cinema was influenced by silent and sound \"Bergfilm\" (this translates to \"mountain film\"). During the 1920s and early 1930s, German national cinema was known for the progressive and artistic approaches to filmmaking with \"shifted conventional cinematic vocabulary\" and which gave actresses a much larger range of character-types. During the Nazi era, the major film studio UFA was controlled by Propaganda Minister Goebbels. UFA produced \"Hetzfilme\" (anti-Semitic hate films) and films which emphasized the \"theme of heroic death.\" Other film genres produced by UFA during the Nazi era included historical and biographical dramas that emphasized the achievements in German history, comedy films, and propaganda films.
During the Cold War from the 1950s through the 1980s, there were West German films and East German films. Film historians and film scholars do not agree whether the films from the different parts of Cold War-era Germany can be considered to be a single \"German national cinema.\" Some West German films were about the \"immediate past in sociopolitical thought and in literature\". East German films were often Soviet-funded \"socially critical\" films. Some East German films examined Germany\'s Nazi past, such as Wolfgang Staudte\'s *Die Mörder sind unter uns* (*The Murderers Are Among Us*).
The New German Cinema of the 1970s and 1980s included films by directors such as Fassbinder, Herzog, and Wim Wenders. While these directors made films with \"many ideological and cinematic messages\", they all shared the common element of providing an \"aesthetic alternativ(e) to Hollywood\" films (even though Fassbinder was influenced by the works of Douglas Sirk) and \"a break with the cultural and political traditions associated with the Third Reich\"(159).
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# National cinema
## Poland
After World War II, the Lódz Film School was founded in 1948. During the 1950s and 1960s, a \"Polish School of Film\" of filmmakers developed, such as Wojciech Has, Kazimierz Kutz, Andrzej Munk and Andrzej Wajda. According to film scholar Marek Haltof, the Polish School made films which can be described as the \"Cinema of Distrust\". In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Wajda, Krzysztof Zanussi and Barbara Sass made influential films which garnered interest outside of Poland. However, even though Western countries became increasingly interested in Polish cinema during this period, the country\'s film infrastructure and market was disintegrating.
## Mexico
- *See Nuevo Cine Mexicano*
Although it is difficult to determine and define a \'national cinema\', much of what many consider Mexican national cinema, but not limited to, is Golden Age of Mexican Cinema and films that revolve around the Mexican Revolution. Unique trajectories of Mexican cinema\'s development shaped historically specific understandings of the ontology of the moving image, leading to unique configurations of documentation and fictionalization. The Revolution spilled across pages of the press, and became the primary subject of Mexican films produced between 1911 and 1916. There was a high interest in topicality in and capturing current events as they unfolded, re-staging, or combining both approaching, created a sensationalist appeal in these visual \'records\' of death and injury. Compilation documentaries, such as Toscano\'s Memorias de un Mexicano in the years following the Mexican Revolution can be seen as part of a broader cultural politics of nationalism that worked to naturalize and to consolidate the political and ideological story of the revolution.
Later narrativized dramas, such as *María Candelaria*, *The Pearl*, *Enamorada*, *Rio Escondido*, *Saián Mexico*, or *Pueblerina* by Emilio Fernandez and/or Gabriel Figueroa, are often considered part of the Mexican national cinematic body. These films, and most popular films of the 1920s in Mexico, adopted David Bordwell\'s \"cinematic norms\": narrative linkage, cause and effect, goal oriented protagonists, temporal order or cinematic time, and filmic space as story space. But also, is noted to have incorporated visual folkloric style of José Guadalupe Posada, the deconstructing landscapes of Gerardo Murillo, and the low angles, deep focus, diagonal lines, and \'native\' imagery in Sergei Eisenstein\'s *Que Viva Mexico*. Although a mélange of Western and Mexican influences coexist in Fernandez\'s films, his Mexican biography and locality leave a legacy of romanticizing Mexico and Mexican history, often presenting idyllic ranches, singing, and a charming life of the poor.
Although of European heritage, Luis Buñuel\'s work in Mexico is another example that presents \'symptoms\' of Mexican national identity. Although less well received by lower classes, and more admired by upper classes, Buñuel\'s *Los Olvidados* (1950) stands as an example that a director\'s national heritage doesn\'t always have to contribute to the conceptualization of a nation\'s cinema. Rather than building the nation through celebration, the film presents problem, which contribute to a global identity and context of the nation state. Buñuel, however, is less interested in presenting some \'identity\' of message, national or international, and remarked that \"to ask whether the film is Mexican or not, is to resist, to seek, to disperse, the very mystery this film articulates for us\".
Modern genres embraced and nurtured as \'Mexican national cinema\' are often those of the social and family melodrama genre (the Golden Globe nominated *Como agua para chocolate* (1991) by Alfonso Arau), the working class melodrama (*Danzon* (1991) by Maria Novaro), the comedy (*Sólo con tu pareja* (1991) by Alfonso Cuarón) and the rural *costumbrismo* film (*La mujer de Benjamin* (1990) by Carlos Carrera). Changes in the politics of film industry institutions allowed these film texts and their directors to \"transform the traditional filmic paradigm\". Up to 60% of financial assistance for national, Latin American, and European productions were provided by the Instituto Mexicano de Cinematografia, new models of co-production were created, and distribution and sales channels were opened abroad.
## In other countries {#in_other_countries}
Countries like South Korea and Iran have over the years produced a large body of critically acclaimed and award-winning films by the likes of Oscar winner Bong Joon-ho and the late Abbas Kiarostami
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# Mayumi Suzuki
is a Japanese voice actress who graduated from the Tokyo College of Music as a vocalist. She is best known for dubbing over a number of Disney heroines.
## Roles
: *With the exception of her role in the Kingdom Hearts series, all entries in this list are dubbing roles
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# Peter Steuger
**Peter Steuger** (born 6 February 1965) is a German-born cinematographer who has worked mostly on German films after a start in Icelandic cinema. He was nominated for a Golden Frog Award for his cinematography on the acclaimed 2000 Icelandic film *101 Reykjavík*.
Mostly, however, he has worked in German television
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# Pelargonium sidoides
***Pelargonium sidoides*** is a plant native to South Africa, Eswatini, and Lesotho. Its common names include **African geranium** and **South African geranium**. The current conservation status is Least concern.
## Description
African geranium forms a basal rosette of cordate leaves with a velvet texture and a few short trichomes on long petioles. Its flowers have five dark red to nearly black petals, two of which are sometimes fused. It is often found in flower nearly year-round. It prefers to grow in grasslands with rocky soils. It can be difficult to distinguish from *Pelargonium reniforme* which grows in a similar area, but tends to have more kidney-shaped leaves.
## Uses
In cultivation in the UK, *Pelargonium sidoides* has received the Royal Horticultural Society\'s Award of Garden Merit. If grown as a perennial it requires protection in winter, as it does not tolerate temperatures below 5 C. It needs a sunny, sheltered position.
A 2013 Cochrane review found limited to no evidence of benefit with *Pelargonium sidoides* root extract for the symptoms of acute bronchitis, the common cold and acute rhinosinusitis. A summary of this review found that all studies were \"from the same investigator (the manufacturer) and performed in the same region (Ukraine and Russia).\"
Root extract of *Pelargonium sidoides* may be sold as a dietary supplement or traditional medicine under various brand names, including **Umckaloabo** and **Zucol**, but there is limited high-quality clinical evidence it provides any benefit.
<File:PelargoniumSidoides
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# Elena Kolomina
**Elena Vladimirovna Kolomina** (*Елена Владимировна Коломина*) (born 24 January 1981, in Ridder) is a Kazakhstani cross-country skier who has been competing since 1998. She finished fifth in the team sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo and had her best individual finish of 21st in the sprint event at the 2001 championships in Lahti.
Kolomina\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 19th in the 30 km event at Turin in 2006.
Her best individual finish was second twice at various levels in the sprint event in 2007. Her best individual World Cup finish was seventh in a 15 km event in Canada in 2005.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+------+-----+------------+-----------+------------+--------+-----------+--------+
| Year | Age | 10 km\ | 15 km\ | 30 km\ | Sprint | 4 × 5 km\ | Team\ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+======+=====+============+===========+============+========+===========+========+
| 2006 | 25 | --- | 25 | 19 | 38 | 13 | 9 |
+------+-----+------------+-----------+------------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2010 | 29 | 27 | 28 | 33 | 36 | 9 | 11 |
+------+-----+------------+-----------+------------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2014 | 33 | 34 | 39 | 46 | 45 | --- | 15 |
+------+-----+------------+-----------+------------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2018 | 37 | 63 | 54 | 33 | 55 | --- | --- |
+------+-----+------------+-----------+------------+--------+-----------+--------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | Sprint | 4 × 5 km\ | Team\ |
| | | | | | | | relay | sprint |
+======+=====+=======+=======+=========+=======+========+===========+========+
| 2001 | 20 | --- | 37 | 38 | | 21 | 9 | |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2003 | 22 | 45 | 40 | 45 | 26 | --- | 4 | |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2005 | 24 | 26 | | 29 | 35 | 36 | 7 | --- |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2007 | 26 | 26 | | 34 | 34 | 48 | 11 | 5 |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2009 | 28 | 30 | | 25 | 35 | 59 | 10 | --- |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2011 | 30 | 20 | | 23 | 34 | 41 | 11 | --- |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2013 | 32 | 58 | | 53 | --- | --- | 15 | --- |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
| 2015 | 34 | 59 | | 42 | 37 | --- | --- | 12 |
+------+-----+-------+-------+---------+-------+--------+-----------+--------+
### World Cup {#world_cup}
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| Season | Age | Discipline standings | |
+=========+==========+======================+=========+
| Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic\ |
| | | | Opening |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2001 | 20 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2003 | 22 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2004 | 23 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2005 | 24 | 87 | 56 |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2006 | 25 | 52 | 39 |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2007 | 26 | 62 | 45 |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2009 | 28 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2010 | 29 | 47 | 35 |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2011 | 30 | 62 | 46 |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2012 | 31 | 60 | 54 |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2013 | 32 | 101 | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2014 | 33 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2015 | 34 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2016 | 35 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2017 | 36 | | |
+---------+----------+----------------------+---------+
: Season Standings
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 1 podium -- (1 `{{abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No
| 618 |
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# Barstow Harvey House
The **Barstow Harvey House**, also known as **Harvey House Railroad Depot** and **Barstow station**, is a historic building in Barstow, California. Originally built in 1911 as **Casa del Desierto**, a Harvey House hotel and Santa Fe Railroad depot, it currently serves as an Amtrak station and government building housing city offices, the Barstow Chamber of Commerce and Visitor Center, and two museums.
## History and architecture {#history_and_architecture}
The Casa del Desierto station and hotel was built in 1911 by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway to replace an earlier one built in 1885 that burned in 1908.
The building is a synthesis of Spanish Renaissance and Classical Revival architecture styles, with a Moorish feeling as well. The concrete frame is faced with red tapestry brick and beige artificial stone. Majestic arcades and colonnades line the facade, providing shade from the desert sun. Red clay barrel tiles are used to cover the roof. Towers at the building\'s corners, and those of the central projecting bay facing the tracks, are capped with pointed roofs or painted domes.
Francis W. Wilson is the architect credited by the Historic American Buildings Survey of the National Park Service. Amtrak\'s Great American Stations site says that \"according to contemporary accounts, the Casa del Desierto \... was designed by Francis W. Wilson of Santa Barbara, Calif.\" Earlier Wilson had designed the Fray Marcos hotel in Williams, Arizona, and El Garces in Needles for the Santa Fe and Fred Harvey.
The historic structure is the finest remaining depot-hotel in California, an elegant presence in the Mojave Desert beside the intermittent Mojave River. In the 1950s, the Barstow Harvey House was listed in the *Green Book* guide of business establishments that were friendly to African-American motorists.`{{page needed|date=August 2020}}`{=mediawiki}
The Santa Fe closed the station in 1973. Casa del Desierto was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, and designated as a California Historical Landmark in 1976. It became derelict until bought in 1990 by the City of Barstow, then restored and repaired for more than \$8 million following heavy damage in a 1992 earthquake.
After completion of the repairs, several city offices moved into the building. The Barstow Area Chamber of Commerce & Visitor Center also operates out of the former Harvey House. Other public institutions located here are the Western America Railroad Museum on the east side and the Route 66 \"Mother Road\" Museum on the north side.
, Amtrak plans to modify the platform for accessibility by `{{FY}}`{=mediawiki} 2026
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# Canonbie
**Canonbie** (*Canonbaidh*) is a small village in Dumfriesshire within the local authority area of Dumfries and Galloway in Scotland, 6 mi south of Langholm and 2 mi north of the Anglo-Scottish border. It is on the A7 road from Carlisle to Edinburgh, and the River Esk flows through it. There are frequent references in older documents to it as **Canobie**.
## History
Canonbie was the main population centre within the Debatable Lands, bounded on the west by the River Sark, to the east by the River Esk and Liddel Water, on the north by the Bruntshiell Moor and Tarras Moss, and on the south by the estuary of the Esk. The main families holding land and exerting influence in the area were the Graemes, Armstrongs, Elliots and Bells.
Canonbie Parish had an Austin priory at Hallgreen, dating back to about 1165. The priory was destroyed during the reign of Henry VIII after the Battle of Solway Moss in 1542. A grassy mound in a field near the present day church is believed to be the only remnant of the ruins. Remains of a Roman station crown a rising ground near the old Gilnockie station; and ruins of famous mediaeval strongholds are at Hollows and Harelaw; remains of other mediaeval strengths are at Mumbyhirst, Auchenrivock, Hallgreen, Woodhouselees, and Sark.
thumb\|upright=1.2\|right\|Gilnockie Tower, also known as Hollows Tower
Gilnockie Castle lies immediately left of the north side of Canonbie Bridge, occupying a strong defensive site and was once the seat of the Armstrongs, Lairds of Mangerton. It was the home of John Armstrong of Gilnockie and was unfinished at the time of his death. Not much of the castle remains. When James V became king of Scotland, one of his objectives was to restore order in his kingdom and to pacify the borders. He commanded an army of 12,000 men. He ordered all earls, lords, barons, freeholders and gentlemen to meet at Edinburgh with a month\'s supplies, and then to proceed to Teviotdale and Annandale. The nobles were to bring their dogs with them. After hunting for a few days, the King offered safe conduct to Armstrong for an audience. Armstrong was the laird of Kilnockie and was felt by all Scots to be as good a chieftain as there was within the borders, either in Scotland or England. He and his men were hanged in the trees of Carlanrig churchyard. There is a legend that persists to this day that the Dule trees (gallows) upon which they were hung withered and died and that the same has happened to any trees which were planted since. He is said to have shouted to the King. \"I have asked grace at a graceless face.\" His execution weakened James\' authority in the borders and was a grave mistake on the King\'s part.
Canonbie was immortalised in a poem by Sir Walter Scott entitled *Marmion*. A famous section covers the exploits of young Lochinvar. Having stolen the hand of the bride of Netherby Hall, about 3 mi south of Canonbie, the dashing knight is chased through Canonbie, but makes good his escape.
Canonbie was deeply affected by the 2001-foot and mouth crisis, with all the surrounding farms losing their herds. It is only 5 mi north of Longtown, where the disease was first spotted at the livestock market.
## Facilities
The village contains a post office/convenience store, a public hall and recreation ground, a primary school, a church, a clock shop, a hairdresser and the Cross Keys Hotel. Canonbie crosses the River Esk, and Gilnockie Tower is a short walk away.
Canonbie is on two public bus routes, the X95 (Borders Buses) and 127 (Telford\'s).
Canonbie hosts a local football team called Canonbie Bowholm FC, in existence since 1925.
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# Canonbie
## Natural history {#natural_history}
Knopper galls were first noted in Scotland at Canonbie in 1995; their distribution is often restricted to old country and urban estates where the Turkey oak has been previously planted.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Pathologist James Lorrain Smith and his sister, lichenologist Annie Lorrain Smith
- Rev
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# Ianto
**Ianto** may refer to:
- Ianto Davies (1892--1945), Welsh international rugby union full back
- Ianto Evans, Welsh-American applied ecologist, landscape architect, inventor, writer, social critic, and teacher
- Ianto Morgan, a fictional character in the 1939 novel *How Green Was My Valley* by Richard Llywellyn
- Ianto Jones, a fictional character in the BBC television series *Torchwood*
| 60 |
Ianto
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10,012,838 |
# César Maluco
**César Augusto da Silva Lemos**, usually called ***César Maluco**\'\' or just***César**\'\', (born 17 May 1945, Niterói) is a former Brazilian footballer who played as a forward. He was included in the 1974 FIFA World Cup squad of the Brazil national team. He played for Palmeiras.
## Career
Born in Niteroi, César began playing youth football with local sides Canto do Rio and Flamengo. Palmeiras manager, Aymoré Moreira took César to the club on loan in 1967. That year, he played for Palmeiras in the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa, scoring 15 goals as the club won the title.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
César Maluco\'s brothers, Caio Cambalhota and Luisinho Lemos, were also professional footballers. However, César was the only one of the brothers to play for the Brazil national team
| 132 |
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| 0 |
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# Klao language
**Klao** (also *Klaoh*), or **Kru**, is a Kru language of the Niger--Congo language family, spoken primarily in Liberia, with some speakers also in Sierra Leone, Ghana and Guinea. It uses SVO word order for main clauses and SOV for embedded clauses. A Klao translation of the Bible by missionary Nancy Lightfoot was released in 2000. The language has Western, West Central, Central, and Eastern dialects.
## Phonology
### Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
------------- ----------- -------- ---------- --------- -------
plain lab.
Plosive voiceless
voiced
Fricative
Nasal
Lateral
Approximant
: Klao consonants
- /l/ may also be heard as flap sounds \[ɺ\] or \[ɾ\].
### Vowels
Front Central
----------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------ ------------------------------
Close `{{IPA link|ĩ}}`{=mediawiki}
Close-mid `{{IPA link|ə̃}}`{=mediawiki} `{{IPA link|ɵ̃}}`{=mediawiki}
Open-mid `{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}`{=mediawiki}
Open `{{IPA link|ã}}`{=mediawiki}
: Klao vowels
- Sounds /ə, ə̃, ɵ, ɵ̃/ may also be heard as \[ɪ, ɪ̃, ʊ, ʊ̃\] among dialects
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# Laverne Harding
**Emily Laverne Harding** (October 10, 1905 -- September 25, 1984) was an American animator and cartoonist.
## Early life {#early_life}
Harding was born on October 10, 1905, to Christians John B. Harding and Pearle W. Harding in Shreveport, Louisiana. Her family moved to Los Angeles in 1911. Harding attended the Chouinard Art Institute from 1930 to 1932. She was a member of the Delta Kappa Sorority and attended at social events.
## Career
Harding, who worked for the Walter Lantz studio for much of her half-century career in animation, is among the earliest woman animators. She is also one of the few women to receive a Winsor McCay Award for lifetime achievement, one of the most prestigious awards in animation (only nine women have been recognized out of 161 awards given). She won this award in 1980.
Working for the Lantz studio from 1932 until 1960, Harding was particularly noted for her work on *Woody Woodpecker* cartoons; she designed the version of the character that was in use from 1950 to 1998. When Tex Avery offered her to go with him to Warner Bros. Cartoons, she refused. At first, she was an inker, but in 1934, she was ranked up to animator, and from 1940 to 1960, Harding was credited as such. From 1954 to 1955, Harding reunited with Avery to animate on his cartoons at Lantz. While working for the Lantz studios, Harding also drew a humorous newspaper strip, *Cynical Susie*, for United Feature Syndicate from 1932 to 1934. *Cynical Susie* revolved around the exploits of the titular heroine (a dwarf woman) and her pet cow, Lily Whey. After leaving Lantz, she animated for Hanna-Barbera cartoons such as Yogi Bear. She later worked for DePatie-Freleng Enterprises on *Pink Panther* cartoons, and was briefly employed at Warner Bros. and Filmation as well.
## Death
Harding died in her home on September 25, 1984, in Los Angeles
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# Children's Film Foundation filmography
This article is a list of films produced, distributed or sponsored by the Children\'s Film Foundation.
## Films
Title Date Director Notes Source
------------------------------------- ----------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------
*4D Special Agents* 1981
*Adventure in the Hopfields* 1954
*The Adventures of Hal 5* 1958
1959 5-part serial
*Ali and the Camel* 1961 8-part serial
*All at Sea* 1970
*Ambush at Devil\'s Gap* 1966 6-part serial
*Anoop and the Elephant* 1972
*Avalanche* 1974
*The Battle of Billy\'s Pond* 1976
*Beware of the Dog* 1963
1968
*Big Wheels and Sailor* 1979
*Black in the Face* 1955
*Black Island* 1979
*Blind Man\'s Bluff* 1977
*Blinker\'s Spy Spotter* 1972
*Blow Your Own Trumpet* 1959
1972
*The Boy with Two heads* 1974 Serial
*Breakout* 1983
*Bungala Boys* 1961
*Bush Christmas* 1947
*Calamity the Cow* 1967
1974
*The Carrington School Mystery* 1958 Serial
1958
*Caught in the Net* 1960
*The Chiffy Kids* 1978 Serial
*Chimpmates* 1978 Serial
*The Christmas Tree* 1966
*Circus Friends* 1957
*The Clue of the Missing Ape* 1953
*The Copter Kids* 1976
*Countdown to Danger* 1967
*Crime Doesn\'t Pay* 1970
*Cry Wolf* 1968
*Cup Fever* 1965
*Danger on Dartmoor* 1980
*Danger Point!* 1971
*Danny the Dragon* 1967 Serial
*Davy Jones\' Locker* 1965
*The Dawn Killer* 1959 Serial
*Daylight Robbery* 1964
*Deep Waters* 1978
*The Dog and the Diamonds* 1953
*Don\'t Make Me Laugh* 1970
*Dressura* 1970
*Eagle Rock* 1964
*Echo of The Badlands* 1976
*Egghead\'s Robot* 1970
*Electric Eskimo* 1979
*Escape from the Sea* 1968
*Fern the Red Deer* 1976
*A Film For Maria* 1961
*The Firefighters* 1975
*Five Clues to Fortune* 1957 Serial
*Five Have a Mystery to Solve* 1964 Serial
*Five O\'Clock Finish* 1954
*Five on a Treasure Island* 1957 Serial
*Five Survive* 1971
*Flash the Sheep Dog* 1966
*The Flood* 1963
*The Flying Eye* 1955
*The Flying Sorcerer* 1973
*Forest Pony* 1972
*Four Winds Island* 1961 Serial
*Friend or Foe* 1982
*Gabrielle and the Doodleman* 1984
*A Ghost of a Chance* 1967
*The Ghost of Monk\'s Island* 1967 Serial
*The Glitterball* 1977
*Go Kart Go* 1964
*A Good Pull-up* 1953
*The Great Pony Raid* 1968
*Haunters of the Deep* 1984
*Headline Hunters* 1968
*Heights of Danger* 1953
*Hide and Seek* 1972
*High Rise Donkey* 1980
*Hijack!* 1975
1978
*A Horse Called Jester* 1979
1975
*Hoverbug* 1969
*The Hunch* 1967
*Hunted in Holland* 1960
*I Had a Hippopotamus* 1972
*John of the Fair* 1952
*Johnny on the Run* 1953
1971
*Junket 89* 1970 Linda Robson and Pauline Quirke, from Anna Scher Children\'s Theatre
*Juno Helps Out* 1953 short film
*Kadoyng* 1972
*The Kid from Canada* 1957 Kay Mander
*The Last Rhino* 1961
*A Letter from\...* 1951-1954
*Lionheart* 1968
*The Magnificent Six and a Half* 1968 Serial
1974 Ronald Adam and Jennie Linden
*Mardi and Monkey* 1953
*Masters of Venus* 1962 Serial
*Mauro the Gypsy* 1972
*The Mine and the Minotaur* 1980
*Mischief* 1969
*The Missing Note* 1961
*Mr Horatio Knibbles* 1971
*Mr Selkie* 1978
*The Monster of Highgate Ponds* 1961
*The Mystery in the Mine* 1959 Serial
*Mystery on Bird Island* 1954
*Night Cargoes* 1962 8-part serial
*Night Ferry* 1976
*Nosey Dobson* 1976
*On the Run* 1968
*One Hour to Zero* 1976
*One Wish Too Many* 1956
*Operation Third Form* 1966
*Our Exploits At West Poley* 1985
*Our Magazine* 1951-1956 Newsreel
*Out of the Darkness* 1985
*Paganini Strikes Again* 1973
*The Pergrine Hunters* 1978
*Peril for the Guy* 1956
*The Piper\'s Tune* 1962
*Play Safe* 1978
*Playground Express* 1955
*Pop Pirates* 1984
*Professor Popper\'s Problem* 1974 Serial
*Professor Potter\'s Magic Potions* 1983 Serial
*Raiders of the River* 1956 Serial
*Raising the Roof* 1972
*Rangi\'s Catch* 1972 Serial
*The Rescue Squad* 1963
*River Rivals* 1967 Serial
*Robin Hood Junior* 1975 Last major acting role for Keith Chegwin as the titular character
*Rockets in the Dunes* 1960
*Rover Makes Good* 1952
*Runaway Railway* 1965
1958
*Sammy\'s Super T-Shirt* 1978
*Saturday Special* 1976
*Scramble* 1970
*Seal Island* 1972
*The Secret Cave* 1953
*The Secret of the Forest* 1956
*Seventy Deadly Pills* 1964
*The Ski Wheelers* 1971
*Skid Kids* 1953
1967
*Sky Pirates* 1977
*Smokey Joe\'s Revenge* 1974
*The Soap Box Derby* 1958
*Son of the Sahara* 1966 Serial
*Stable Rivals* 1952
*The Stolen Airliner* 1955
*The Stolen Plans* 1953
*Summer Holiday* 1973
*Supersonic Saucer* 1956
*Swift Water* 1952
*Terry on the Fence* 1985 Adapted from a novel by Bernard Ashley
*That\'s All We Need* 1971
*That\'s An Order* 1955
*They Found a Cave* 1962
*Tightrope to Terror* 1983
*Tim Driscoll\'s Donkey* 1955
*Time Flies* 1971
*To The Rescue* 1952
*Toto and the Poachers* 1958
*Treasure at the Mill* 1956
*Treasure in Malta* 1963 6-part serial
1972 6-part serial, follow-on from Junket 89 above, also Anna Scher Theatre
*The Troublesome Double* 1967
*The Unbroken Arrow* 1976 Serial
*Up the Creek* 1971
*Up in the Air* 1969
*Valley of the Kings* 1964 Serial
*Watch Out* 1953
*What Next?* 1974
*Where\'s Johnny?* 1974
*Wings of Mystery* 1963
*Wreck Raisers* 1972
*The Young Detectives* 1963 Serial
*The Young Jacobites* 1960 Serial
1973
## As UK distributor or translator {#as_uk_distributor_or_translator}
- *The Big Fish* ; original (Czech): [*Dobrodružství na Zlaté zátoce*](http://www.csfd.cz/film/7297-dobrodruzstvi-na-zlate-zatoce/?text=44572) (1955)
- *The Brno Trail*; original (Czech): [*Táňa a dva Pistolníci*](http://www.csfd.cz/film/2062-tana-a-dva-pistolnici/) (1967)
- *Caroline Steps out*; original (French)?
- *Danger on the Danube*; original: *Négyen az árban* (1961)
- *The Intruders* (1969)
- *Kekec* (originally Yugoslavian production) (1963)
- *The Mysterious Wreck*; original (German): [*Das Geheimnisvolle Wrack*](https://web.archive.org/web/20120212225240/http://uk.imdb
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| 0 |
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# Ken Kuronuma
was the pen-name of novelist, science fiction, and mystery writer in Shōwa period Japan. His real name was `{{Nihongo|'''Michio Soda'''|左右田道雄|Sōda Michio}}`{=mediawiki}. His father, Sōda Kiichirō (左右田喜一郎), was an economist and a banker.
Kuronuma was the writer of the *Kaiju* classic *Giant Monster of the Sky: Rodan* (known in Japan as `{{nihongo|'''Sora no Daikaijū: Radon'''|空の大怪獣 ラドン|Sora no Daikaijū Radon}}`{=mediawiki}), a 1956 *tokusatsu* film produced by Tōhō Studios. The film followed in the footsteps of Godzilla and was also popular in the United States.
He followed on the success of *Rodan* with *Varan the Unbelievable* in 1958. It proved to be one of the least popular of the Tōhō movies of all time, and nearly destroyed his career.
Kuronuma turned his attention to television drama, writing scripts for one of Japan\'s first science fiction series, `{{nihongo|''Undersea Man 8823''|海底人8823|Kaiteijin 8823}}`{=mediawiki}, which ran for 26 episodes: from 3 January 1960 to 28 June 1960. In addition to writing for the series, he also helped to compose the music
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# Viktoria Lopatina
**Viktoria Lopatina** (born December 18, 1981) is a Belarusian cross-country skier who has been competing since 2000. She finished sixth in the team sprint at the 2007 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Sapporo and earned her best individual finish of 23rd in the sprint event at the 2003 championships in Val di Fiemme.
Lopatina\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 21st in the sprint event at Turin in 2006.
Her lone individual victory was in the sprint event at the 2007 Winter Universiade in Turin. Lopatina\'s best individual World cup finish was eighth in a sprint event in Germany in 2001
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| 0 |
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# Volga Hydroelectric Station
The **Volga Hydroelectric Station** or **Volga GES** (*Волжская ГЭС*) also known as the **22nd Congress of the CPSU Stalingrad/Volgograd Hydroelectric Power Station** (*Сталинградская/Волгоградская ГЭС имени XXII съезда КПСС*), is the largest hydroelectric station in Europe, and the last of the Volga-Kama Cascade of dams, immediately before the Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea. It was the largest powerstation in the world between 1960 and 1963. Today, it is operated by the partly government-owned electricity company RusHydro.
## History
Built as part of a massive postwar effort known as the Great Construction Projects of Communism, it was authorized by Joseph Stalin signing the Council of Ministers of the USSR order #3555 on 6 August 1950. The plan called for building a station north of the city of Stalingrad (modern Volgograd) with a minimum storage capacity of 1.7 million kWh.
Ten thousand youths from the Komsomol league participated in the construction, and the city of Volzhsky was formed on the left bank of the river to provide housing. Machinery was sent from all corners of the country; Moscow, Tashkent, Chelyabinsk and Kharkov, and forestry from Karelia. New electrical equipment came from Zaporozhye and Sverdlovsk. The turbines and generators were built in Leningrad. In total more than 1,500 individual plants and dozens of research institutes sent equipment and specialists.
The first powerhouse came online on 22 December 1958, and the plant was declared complete on 10 September 1961. Technologically the station broke much new ground. In 1959 a new Moscow-Stalingrad 500 kV high voltage line power came into operation. Several years later, for the first time in the world, an experimental 800 kV DC line, Donbas to Volgograd, was successfully tested and later became operational. During the 1960s and 1970s several new types of electrotechnical and hydromechanical machines were tested for future Siberian and foreign stations.
## Technical details {#technical_details}
Today the station is the largest in Europe. It consists of a 725-metre long, 44-metre high concrete dam that crosses the Volga river. Supporting it is a 3250-metre-long landfilled dam with a maximum height of 47 metres. The station also offers railway and road crossings of the Volga.
The present power rating of the station is 2,734 MW and annual energy output of \~12 billion kilowatt hours. There are a total of 22 generators. One generator produces 115 MW, 16 produce 125.5 MW each, and five produce 120 MW each. There is an additional 11 MW unit.
The 4.9 kilometer dam forms the Volgograd reservoir. At present the station is managed by OAO Volzhskaya GES that is owned by OAO GidroOGK, a daughter company of the state organisation RAO AES Rossii.
The generators of the power plant are connected to the power grid in a somewhat unusual way, since the machine transformers of the generators serve also as the inverter transformers of the static inverter plant of HVDC Volgograd-Donbass, which is on the dam. In contrast to other static inverter plants, it has no harmonic filters.
## Economic value {#economic_value}
The new plant played a decisive role in the development of the Lower Volga region and the Donbass, as well as uniting the large energetic system of the Central, Volga, and Southern economic regions. The new dam also allowed for the Volga to become navigable, allowing for a path from Saratov to Astrakhan and the Caspian. In addition, there were projects for the irrigation of the excessive adjacent dry region of the left bank Volga south of it, particularly the West Kazakhstan Province.
The power generated by the station is used primarily by the city of Volgograd, by Moscow, by Donbas via the only long distance HVDC-line in Russia, the HVDC Volgograd-Donbass.
## Ecology
One of the most negative results that the dam caused was that it destroyed the traditional path of Caspian fish migration to their breeding grounds. The most affected became the beluga sturgeon, crucial to the Black Caviar industry. The fishery canal turned out to be inefficient, and from 1962 to 1967 the annual production rate was 15 percent of that before the dam. The other major effect of the dam is that it formed one of the largest reservoirs, which amounts for a behemoth volume 31.5 cubic kilometres of water and stretches 540 km long, and up to 17 km wide with a massive 3,117 square kilometre surface area. As a result, numerous settlements and fertile lands were lost
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# Newbern Depot
**Newbern Depot**, also known as **Newbern Illinois Central Depot** or as the **Newbern--Dyersburg** station, is an Amtrak station and museum in Newbern, Tennessee. It is an unstaffed flag stop on the *City of New Orleans* route, which serves Newbern and nearby Dyersburg when passengers have tickets to and from the station. The building was constructed by Illinois Central Railroad in 1920 and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.
## History
The depot was built in 1920 by the Illinois Central Railroad. The third station erected at Newbern, it replaced a wooden building that burned in 1918. The new brick facility was a combination depot that accommodated both passenger and freight services in a single one-story building, along with a railroad business office. It was built to a standard floor plan with little architectural ornamentation, but the windows and eaves show Craftsman influences. Adjacent to the depot building is a cotton-loading platform where bales of cotton were taken off wagons and transferred to railcars during the era when Newbern was a center for the cotton ginning and shipment of cotton grown in surrounding counties.
Illinois Central Railroad ceased passenger train service to the depot in 1965. The building was then used for storage until 1990, when it was acquired by the city of Newbern to create the Newbern Depot and Railroad Museum. To pay for a restoration, the town held a fundraising event, \"Depot Days\", which has become an annual celebration in the town. It was subsequently restored based on the original architectural drawings, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 25, 1993, as Newbern Illinois Central Depot. In 1992, Amtrak service was moved from the small stop in nearby Dyersburg to the restored Newbern Depot in order to serve both towns; it is thus sometimes called the Newbern-Dyersburg station. Amtrak\'s *City of New Orleans* train comes through twice a day; the depot is a flag stop, meaning passengers can get on or off the train, but there is no staffed ticketing or baggage service.
Amtrak completed a \$3.5 million accessibility project at the station, including a 350 ft-long platform, in May 2024.
## Newbern Depot Museum {#newbern_depot_museum}
The museum exhibits old photos, railroad tools, uniforms, schedules, and other memorabilia, along with model trains and artwork commemorating the town\'s railroading past
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| 0 |
10,012,946 |
# Suzie
**Suzie** or **Susie** is a feminine given name, and is a short form (hypocorism) of Suzanne, Susannah or Susan
| 21 |
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| 0 |
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# Alopecosa huabanna
***Alopecosa huabanna*** is a species of wolf spider found in Inner Mongolia in the People\'s Republic of China. The female has a length (excluding legs) of about 10 mm, the male being smaller at around 8 mm. Both sexes are generally dark brown with a longitudinal yellow band along the back of the carapace and abdomen, which distinctively has 4 paired branches towards the back of the abdomen. The male has much hairier legs than the female.
It is similar to *Alopecosa ovalis* and several other species
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| 0 |
10,012,971 |
# Shirley Parish Church
**St James\' by the Park** (sometimes known as **Shirley Parish Church**) is an Anglican parish church which meets in Shirley, Southampton. Following the closure of **St John\'s Church**, the parish has one church building, the grade II listed St James\'.
## History
The Domesday Book records a church being present at Shirley in 1085, but on 1 May 1574 the parish of Shirley was amalgamated with that of Millbrook as the small Shirley congregation could not afford the upkeep of the Shirley church building. The Shirley church was demolished in 1609, with stones from the old building used to enlarge St Nicholas\' Church building in Millbrook.
By 1836, the population of the combined parish had reached 2,375 inhabitants, and the old Millbrook parish church was too small. Land was donated for a new church building in Shirley by Nathaniel Newman Jefferys, and Church Building Society combined with private funding to pay for the structure itself. The new church, dedicated to St. James, was designed by local architect William Hinves and consecrated on 20 August 1836 by the Bishop of Winchester with a large crowd present despite \"unfavourable weather\", according to the *Hampshire Advertiser* newspaper. The newspaper went on to give this description of the new building:
> It contains six hundred sittings. At the back of the altar is a gothic screen, divided into three components, the outer entablatures contain the Commandments, the Lord\'s Prayer and the Belief, the centre entablature the crucifixion by Shayer, a first rate painting, the head of life itself and the expression of subdued anguish is beautifully conceived and awakes the feeling of an intense degree of interest. It is one of the happiest of his late products.
The building was also described in 1848 as \"a handsome structure in the later English style, with a square embattled tower\".
The first vicar of Shirley was the Reverend William Orger, who looked after the parish for 25 years. During this time, the church grew quickly, to such an extent that the building was added to within a few years of its consecration. Balconies added in 1840 raised the capacity to 1080. In 1848, only 432 of these pews were free, implying a regular congregation of around 600. A church clock was provided in 1875, and further new pews and a new chancel were added in 1881.
In 1912, the parish register for St John\'s was started, the church being originally based in a temporary tin building. Plans to rebuild St John\'s church were submitted in 1957, with amended plans submitted and approved in 1959. The foundation stone of the new building was laid by the Bishop of Winchester, Dr Alwyn Williams. The building was subsequently adapted into a community centre named St John\'s Centre.
The interior of the St James\' building was renovated in 1994; the pews were removed and the floor levelled and carpeted. On 1 March 2016, they further updated their seating with the addition of new chairs that now blue and are more cushioned than the previous ones.
In 2020 it was reported that St John\'s Centre could be demolished and replaced with housing and plans were submitted later that year to replace the building with five houses. Permission for those plans was refused and new plans were submitted in 2021 to replace the St John\'s building with four houses; this planning application was withdrawn in October 2022. The St John\'s building was sold to the Church of Pentecost and handed over at a joint celebration in early 2023
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| 0 |
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# 1995 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's super-G
**Men\'s super-G World Cup 1994/1995**
## Calendar
Round Race No Place Country Date Winner Second Third
------- --------- ------------------- --------- ------------------- ------------------- ------------------- -------------------
1 3 Tignes December 11, 1994 Patrick Ortlieb Tommy Moe Luc Alphand
2 17 Kitzbühel January 16, 1995 Günther Mader Peter Runggaldier Armin Assinger
3 26 Whistler Mountain February 26, 1995 Peter Runggaldier A. J. Kitt Christian Greber
4 27 Kvitfjell March 10, 1995 Werner Perathoner Kristian Ghedina Kyle Rasmussen
5 30 Bormio March 16, 1995 Richard Kröll Peter Runggaldier Werner Perathoner
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s super-G World Cup 1994/95 all results count.
Place Name Country Total Points 3`{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} 17`{{flagicon|AUT}}`{=mediawiki} 26`{{flagicon|CAN}}`{=mediawiki} 27`{{flagicon|NOR}}`{=mediawiki} 30`{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki}
------- -------------------------------- --------- -------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
1 Peter Runggaldier 332 36 80 100 26 80
2 Günther Mader 250 24 100 45 45 36
3 Werner Perathoner 237 32 45 \- 100 60
4 Richard Kröll 170 12 40 \- 18 100
5 Kyle Rasmussen 148 29 3 6 60 50
Atle Skårdal 142 50 14 16 22 40
7 Kristian Ghedina 126 14 4 12 80 16
8 Armin Assinger 123 24 60 10 29 \-
9 Patrick Ortlieb 122 100 \- 7 15 \-
10 Marc Girardelli 111 \- 26 32 24 29
11 Tommy Moe 109 80 29 \- \- \-
12 Daniel Mahrer 100 40 \- 22 12 26
13 Pietro Vitalini 97 10 15 40 32 \-
14 Luc Alphand 96 60 16 20 \- \-
Alessandro Fattori 96 20 36 \- 40 \-
Fredrik Nyberg 96 \- 50 26 \- 20
17 A. J. Kitt 89 5 \- 80 4 \-
18 Daron Rahlves 82 \- \- 8 50 24
19 Kjetil André Aamodt 79 8 6 24 9 32
20 Christian Greber 78 \- \- 60 \- 18
21 Luigi Colturi 71 45 26 \- \- \-
Patrick Wirth 71 \- \- \- 26 45
23 Ed Podivinsky 56 \- \- 50 6 \-
24 Luca Cattaneo 51 26 11 \- 14 \-
25 Hans Knauß 49 \- 32 1 16 \-
26 Lasse Kjus 47 11 \- 36 \- \-
27 Hannes Trinkl 43 \- \- 29 14 \-
28 Patrik Järbyn 38 3 22 13 \- \-
Bruno Kernen 38 \- 7 11 20 \-
30 Janne Leskinen 36 \- \- 14 \- 22
31 Ian Piccard 35 2 18 15 \- \-
32 Christophe Plé 26 15 \- \- 11 \-
33 Steve Locher 21 9 12 \- \- \-
34 Marco Hangl 20 \- 20 \- \- \-
Jürgen Hasler 20 \- 13 \- 7 \-
36 Harald Christian Strand Nilsen 19 18 1 \- \- \-
37 Franco Cavegn 18 \- \- 18 \- \-
38 Tobias Barnerssoi 16 16 \- \- \- \-
39 Paul Accola 14 13 1 \- \- \-
40 Kenneth Sivertsen 13 \- 8 5 \- \-
41 Jernej Koblar 11 \- 9 \- 2 \-
42 Alberto Senigagliesi 10 \- 10 \- \- \-
Daniel Brunner 10 \- \- \- 10 \-
44 Jean-Luc Crétier 9 \- \- 9 \- \-
Xavier Fournier 9 \- \- \- 9 \-
46 Hans-Jörg Tauscher 8 8 \- \- \- \-
47 William Besse 6 6 \- \- \- \-
48 Asgeir Linberg 5 \- 5 \- \- \-
Rainer Salzgeber 5 \- \- \- 5 \-
Miran Rauter 5 \- 2 2 1 \-
51 Stephan Eberharter 4 4 \- \- \- \-
Patrick Holzer 4 \- \- 4 \- \-
53 Franck Piccard 3 \- \- 3 \- \-
David Pretot 3 \- \- \- 3 \-
55 Achim Vogt 1 1 \- \- \- \-
Note:
In the last race only the best racers were allowed to compete and only the best 15 finishers were awarded with points
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1995 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's super-G
| 0 |
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# Tim Slagle
**Tim Slagle** (born August 13, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian, writer/editor and a political pundit. His material leans towards political satire. He is known for his regular contributions to *Liberty* magazine. He currently lives in the Chicago metropolitan area.
## Biography
Slagle was born in Detroit, Michigan, and adopted by a middle-class family, living in the blue collar area of South Suburban Detroit known as Downriver. He was raised in Trenton, Michigan, graduating from Trenton High School in 1976. He briefly attended the University of Michigan, and eventually dropped out without a degree in 1979 to become a fringe part of the Detroit Punk scene in the band Boris Savage and the Primates.
In 1979 he started performing at the open mic nights at Mark Ridleys Comedy Castle in north suburban Detroit. As stand-up comedy clubs exploded around the country during the comedy boom of the 1980s, there were plenty of venues looking for comics, and by 1983, Slagle was traveling the country as a professional comic. After three years of living on the road, he settled in Chicago, where he became a regular in the Zanies chain of comedy clubs.
Slagle\'s style of comedy is observational and often ironic. In 1989, Slagle first appeared nationally on the *Showtime Comedy Club Network*, and again in 1991 on the *MTV Half Hour Comedy Hour*.
In 1996, he appeared on-stage in a small theater in Chicago, with comedian Tom Naughton in the *Slagle Naughton Report*.
In 2000 he also produced and starred in a brief run on local Minneapolis television show: *The Mudslingers Ball*, with Lewis Black, Will Durst, Jeffrey Jena, and host Mike Lukas. It aired on KSTP channel 5, an ABC affiliate.
He was interviewed and appeared briefly in the documentary *Michael Moore Hates America* (2004)
In late 2006, Slagle released his first CD, entitled *Europa* on Stand Up! Records. The CD is notable as a best of from Slagle\'s career and also features a cover by noted illustrator Jack Davis
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# Leonard Black
**Leonard Black** (March 8, 1820 -- April 28, 1883) was born a slave in Anne Arundel County, Maryland, and was separated from his family by the age of six. He escaped after 20 years of slavery. In 1847 he wrote *The Life and Sufferings of Leonard Black: A Fugitive from Slavery*. With encouragement and support, he became a Baptist minister, preaching in Boston, Providence, and Nantucket before becoming minister of First Baptist Church in Petersburg, Virginia.
Black married twice in his lifetime. The first marriage was to a woman named Mary A. Black, a woman who died at some point in time after 1850 and with whom Black had five children. Her father, George Black, was an African-American Baptist minister who took him into his home after he escaped slavery and helped him become established. Black\'s second marriage was to Mary Anne Wheeden, with whom he had two children.
## Early life {#early_life}
Black was born a slave, the youngest of five boys. He also had a sister. The family\'s master was a physician. At the age of six, Leonard was sold to a carpenter named Bradford and was separated from his parents and siblings. His mother and sister were sold away to people in New Orleans. His four brothers were also \"placed out\". Mrs. Bradford, his mistress, was brutal. After two years and fearing that he would be killed by his wife when he was out of town, Mr. Bradford gave the boy to his father, a senior Mr. Bradford, where he served until Mr. Bradford\'s death.
He was abused, beaten, burned, fed little and had no personal possessions. At one point, he said: \"During this time I had no hat, no pantaloons, but one pair of shoes, and wore a lindsey slip only.\" He felt he was \"owned like a cow or horse\".
When Black was 13 years old, the elder Mr. Bradford died and with the rest of his property, the boy was inherited by the man\'s daughter, Elizabeth Bradford who married a quick-tempered man named Gardner. Throughout his enslavement he endured hunger, beatings and harsh treatment. Black was beaten, among other times, when he acquired books to learn to read.
Black returned to his \"old master\" and met up with his four brothers. The three oldest boys ran away soon after his return; 6 months later Black ran away but was returned and spent about another 10 years in slavery. His brother Nicholas remained in slavery with him. At times his situation was alleviated by the intervention of the man\'s son, a preacher. Black related his experiences with some of the people in the Bible and found strength in the verse \"I experienced a hope under a slave man\" and \"Give us of your oil, for our lamps have gone out.\" He converted to Christianity in 1836.
## Freedom
### Maine
In 1837, after 20 years enslavement, Black decided to escape and go north to meet up with his three brothers; He thought his family was either in Boston, Massachusetts, or Canada. He believed he had the support of his friend Henry, but Henry informed his master that Black had escaped. Black left with 75¢ and the clothes he was wearing. He traveled to Boston, working odd jobs to earn money for food. He resisted attempts to be captured throughout his travels. In Boston he was told that there was a man named George Black, a Baptist minister from the West Indies, in Portland, Maine, but when he arrived he found that he was not related to Mr. Black. George Black and his family were kind to him; Mrs. Black was like a mother to him and he became attached to the couple\'s daughter. Clothes were made for him and he attended school to learn to read and write. In the spring he went to work for a farmer named Major Purley. He returned to Portland, lived with George Black and his family and worked as an engineer at a steam factory.
### Boston
When George Black and his family moved to Boston to become minister of the African Meeting House on Belknap Street, Leonard went with them. George was the minister of the Meeting House from 1838 to 1840.
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# Leonard Black
## Family and church life {#family_and_church_life}
### 1840 to 1856 {#to_1856}
#### Boston {#boston_1}
By 1840, Black married the daughter of George Black and lived with George in Boston. They also lived at the house of David Walker, the abolitionist, on Joy Street. Over the course of their marriage, the couple had five children, one of whom died in childhood. Black worked at the wharfs and became a member of the Belknap Street church.
#### Providence
After five years in Boston, Black moved to Providence, Rhode Island. He first studied with Francis Wayland, president of Brown University, and became an active member and student of religion at the Meetinghouse Street Church, organized as a Baptist Church and at that time led by Rev. Jeremiah Ashur, then the African Union Meeting and Schoolhouse. He was invited \"to officiate for him one Sunday morning, as he knew I was accustomed to exhort when in Boston.\" He took up work as a stone mason and had his family join him in Providence. He then operated a canal boat from Providence to Woonsocket. During one of the canal runs he was seriously injured when a horse stumbled, fell upon him and slashed his face. He was brought home to his ill, pregnant wife. Unable to work, members of the community, including President Wayland, brought food to the family while he recovered.
#### Nantucket
After his accident, Black was determined to become a preacher. He traveled to Nantucket with a letter of recommendation from two Providence preachers for Deacon Berry. He preached at the York Street Baptist Church for several weeks.
#### Novel or slave narrative {#novel_or_slave_narrative}
In 1847 called *The Life and Sufferings of Leonard Black: A Fugitive from Slavery*. He wrote the book to inform Christians of what slavery was like in hopes of ending slavery which would free his fourth brother and earn enough money to pursue religious studies. His autobiography includes a poem entitled *The Traveling Pilgrim* and an essay on slavery.
Of slavery he began:
> The slaves are taught ignorance as we teach our children knowledge. They are kept in darkness, and are borne down under a cruel, cruel oppression! All human rights are denied them as citizens! They are not recognized as men! My old master frequently said, \"he did not believe a d\--d nigger had any soul!\" They are made to undergo everything as a beast. Having a full, perfect, undeniable right to stand out before God as MEN, the cruel, God-defying white man, without semblance of right, with no pretence \[sic\] but might, has prostituted them to the base purpose of his cupidity, and his baser beastly passions, reducing them to mere things, mere chattels, to be bought and sold like hogs and sheep! Born, like the white man, to an individual responsibility to the Father of mercies, the treatment of the white man to the poor African, unmixed with mercy, has curtained his mind to all knowledge, aye, even to the knowledge of the God of heaven and earth, and thus removed from him the accountability! But, where does this terrible accountability rest? Let the hardened slave-tyrant, when he stands quivering before the Almighty bar of retribution, answer this question! Well might Thomas Jefferson remark, when his deep, penetrating mind was reflecting upon the stupendous wrongs of slavery, \"I tremble for my country, when I remember that God is just, and that his justice cannot slumber forever.\" I appeal, then, to every rational, intelligent mind, if slavery be not an abomination in the sight of the Lord.
#### Stonginton and Brooklyn churches {#stonginton_and_brooklyn_churches}
In 1850 Black was a Baptist minister at the Third Stonington Church in Stonington, Connecticut. There were 26 Sunday School students and 29 adult members, but nearly doubled to 59 before he left in 1851. He obtained a position at the Concord Baptist Church of Christ in Brooklyn, New York, in 1851, but left the position shortly after when the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was enacted that required escaped slaves to be returned to their owners.
Black was the minister of the Third Baptist Church in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, in 1855. The church was formed one year earlier and had 40 members.
### 1860 to 1872 {#to_1872}
In 1860, Black and his wife Mary Ann{{#tag:ref\|Mary Ann is reportedly Black\'s second wife, his first wife dying after 1850 and the couple marrying about 1859. So far, though, there is no reliable source for this information.\|group=\"nb\"}} lived in New York. Children that were recorded to be living by themselves and next door were Elizabeth, Lydia, Charles, Georgiana and Mary, ages 18 to 5. Leonard was married to Mary Ann and living in New Haven, Connecticut in 1870. With them were Charles, Georgiana and Anna, ages 22 to 14. Ten years later, Leonard was married to Mary Ann, who was born about 1835 in St. Thomas.
Rev. Leonard Black was the Vice President of the Virginia Baptist State Convention in 1872, living in Norfolk.
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# Leonard Black
## Family and church life {#family_and_church_life}
### 1873 to 1883 {#to_1883}
Black moved to Virginia where in 1873 he was made pastor of the First Baptist Church, also known as Harrison Street Church, in Petersburg. He was successful in doubling the church\'s membership during his time, from 1900 to 3600 people. He preached there until his death.{{#tag:ref\|Julian Greene, church historian, said of Black: \"He would go into the woods, escape and go into the woods and preach to the trees. But what he was preaching was what he had heard, not what he had read or knew about.\"\|group=\"nb\"}}
In 1882 Black was interviewed and a biography was written from that interview.
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# Leonard Black
## Death
He died on April 28, 1883. More than 5,000 people attended his memorial service, one of the largest funerals held in the city. \"On the day of his funeral, every store that employed a black person closed.\" Funds were raised within months of his death for a stone monument with a bas-relief portrait to mark Black\'s burial site in the African-American cemetery now known as People\'s Memorial Cemetery in Petersburg
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# Penang Hill Railway
The **Penang Hill Railway** is a one-section funicular railway which climbs the Penang Hill from Ayer Itam, on the outskirts of the city of George Town in the Malaysian state of Penang. The railway first opened in 1923 as a two-section railway, but was overhauled in 2010 into a one-section system. It is a single-track railway with a passing loop, and it passes through a tunnel which is the steepest in the world. The total journey time can take between five and twenty minutes. The funicular train coach travels directly from the lower station to the top, but may stop at other intermediate stations upon request.
## History
### Construction
The Penang Hill Railway was initially constructed for the British colonial community to enjoy the cooler air of the Penang Hill. The first attempt at a mountain railway on Penang Hill began with a proposal by three British residents, D. Logan, Joseph Heim and Alan Wilson and the formation of a private company in 1897, with funding from the colonial administration. The first attempt used a steam engine and was not funicular, and it proved to be a failure. The line was constructed between 1901 and 1905, but did not work due to technical faults.
In 1909, the Straits government organised a new project, the Penang Hills Funicular Railway. This railway project was designed by Arnold R Johnson, an engineer with the Federated Malay States Railways, based on a Swiss design. Construction of the second railway cost 1.5 million Straits dollars. The 2007 m-long funicular railway was informally opened on October 21, 1923 for the commencement of a trial operation. After a successful trial period, on 1 January 1924, the railway was officially opened by the then Governor of Straits Settlement, Sir L.N. Guillemard. In its first year of operation it carried 35,201 passengers and made 4,021 trips. The Penang Municipality, George Town managed and maintained the railway from its opening until February 1, 1977, when it was taken over by the Penang state Government.
Until 2010, the Penang Hills Funicular Railway had two independent sections due to the difference in gradient between the lower and upper section, and passengers were required to change trains at the middle station. The upper and lower sections each had two counterbalanced 40-passenger cars, and each section had a passing loop in the middle and intermediate stops. The cars were pulled by steel cable electrically driven with a 500-volt power supply. The railway has a tunnel which measures 79 m (258 feet) long and is the steepest tunnel in the world. It took 30 minutes to go up the hill on the funicular service with a change of train in the middle station.
### 1977 upgrade
The first carriages were wooden with defined first and second class compartments in each one. The four carriages were in use on the railway for over 50 years until they were retired in 1977 and replaced with the red carriages which had fans and automatic sliding doors. Each of the red Swiss-made carriages can hold up to 80 people, mostly standing. They were in use for over 30 years until 2010.
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# Penang Hill Railway
## History
### 2010 overhaul
After a series of breakdowns, the idea of a complete overhaul of the system with a new funicular railway was mooted. On 22 February 2010, the 87-year-old funicular railway was closed for an upgrade to a new system at a cost of RM 63 million. New tracks were laid, and new cars purchased to increase the passenger capacity and the speed of the train. A new base station and a public carpark were also constructed. The timber from the old railway track was re-used in the construction of a new four-storey Penang Hill Visitor Centre at the top.
The new train and railway system, unlike the railway before 2010, does not require passengers to change trains halfway up. Passengers now enjoy non-stop service in air-conditioned Swiss-made cars, painted in blue and white, that are capable of ferrying up to 100 passengers in one go. The funicular train maximum working load has been set at 7500 kg. It can carry 1,000 passengers per hour compared to 250 under the old system.
On April 25, 2011, the new railway system resumed its service, although initially there were a number of technical hitches which caused the service to be temporarily suspended. The train service runs from 6.30am to 9pm daily, and the new car can reach the top in as little as five minutes. The upgrade led to a large increase in passengers carried; in 2014, the number of passengers reached 1.365 million, compared to the visitors number to Penang Hill of around half a million in 2008. Ridership increased to 1.74 million by 2018, leading to concerns of congestion. In 2019, a proposed cable car system linking the peak of Penang Hill with the Penang Botanic Gardens was announced by the Malaysian federal government as a means of reducing the overdependence on the railway.
## Stations
Visitors can enter the funicular railway at the Lower Station at Air Itam, and the final stop of the ride is the Upper Station at the top of Penang Hill. There are a number of stations along the railway between the Upper and Lower stations - the Middle Station (which is currently open only to residents), as well as the Claremont, Viaduct, and the Lower and Upper Tunnel stations. Since the 2010 upgrade, the train normally proceeds directly to the top without stopping at the Middle Station. It is however possible to stop at some of the intermediate stations by arrangement with the driver.
The Upper Station has been upgraded with the construction of an extended viewing platform named Skywalk, an elevated walkway leading to a food court, as well as a lift, a cafe and a museum gallery.
The Lower Station at Air Itam has been improved with a new building with retractable roof and a new multi-storey car park for visitors travelling by car. Visitors can also reach the station on the 204 Rapid Penang bus from George Town, Penang.
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# Penang Hill Railway
## Fares and tickets {#fares_and_tickets}
For Malaysian citizens, the fare for a return ticket is RM12 per adult and RM6 per child aged between three and 12. Senior citizens have cheaper fares at RM6 per person. For non-Malaysian the fare is RM30 for adults and RM15 for children.
The ride remains free of charge for disabled persons holding the OKU card.
Also unchanged are the fares for Penang Hill residents, licensed traders and hawkers and workers, who can purchase monthly season pass at RM24.
## Technical parameters {#technical_parameters}
### 1923-2010
Before 2010, the lower section of the funicular has the following technical parameters:
- Length: *907 m*
- Height: *319 m*
- Maximum Steepness: *50.5%*
- Cars: *2*
- Capacity: *80 passengers per car*
- Configuration: *Single track with passing loop*
- Journey time: *11 minutes*
- Maximum speed: *1.4 m/s*
- Track gauge: *`{{track gauge|1000mm}}`{=mediawiki}*
- Traction: *Electricity*
The upper section of the funicular has the following technical parameters:
- Length: *1313 m*
- Height: *367 m*
- Maximum Steepness: *51.3%*
- Cars: *2*
- Capacity: *80 passengers per car*
- Configuration: *Single track with passing loop*
- Journey time: *13 minutes*
- Maximum speed: *1.8 m/s*
- Track gauge: *`{{track gauge|1000mm}}`{=mediawiki}*
- Traction: *Electricity*
### After 2010 {#after_2010}
- Length: *1996 m*
- Height: *691.4 m*
- Maximum slope: *52.9%, 27.9°*
- Minimum slope: *18.8%, 10.7°*
- Cars: *2*
- Coach empty weight: *14,500 kg*
- Maximum payload: *7,500 kg*
- Capacity: *100 passengers per car*
- Maximum speed: *10 m/s*
- Haul rope diameter: *38 mm*
- Traction: *Electricity*
- Main drive motor: *710 kW*
## Gallery
<File:Funicular> approaching top of Penang Hill.JPG\|The 100-FUL Penang Hill new coach with view of the city in the background <File:Penang> Hill Railway Upper Station.jpg\|The Penang Hill Upper Station, the final stop of the line at the top, as seen on a foggy night. <File:Bukit> bendera funicular.jpg\|The 80-FUL Penang Hill old coach. <File:Penang> Hill Bukit Bendera.JPG\|View of the railway from the lower station. <File:Penang> Hill funicular railway 2.jpg\|Penang Hill Railway passing loop. <File:Bukit> Bendera railway line
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# Neaira
***Neaira*** is a monotypic genus of African bugs in the tribe Mictini, erected by Linnavuori in 1973. It contains the single species ***Neaira intermedia*** (García Varela, 1913 - originally described as *Hoplopterna intermedia* García Varela)
| 37 |
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| 0 |
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# Olga Vasiljonok
**Olga Vasiljonok** (born 17 May 1980) is a Belarusian cross-country skier who has been competing since 2000. She finished sixth in the team sprint at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2007 in Sapporo and earned her best individual finish of 17th in the individual sprint event at the 2009 championships in Liberec.
Vasiljonok\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 25th in the sprint at Turin in 2006.
She won three individual bronze medals in the 2007 Winter Universiade (Sprint, 7.5 km + 7.5 km double pursuit, 30 km). Vasiljonok\'s best individual World Cup finish was 11th in a sprint event in Germany in 2004
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# Jimmy Campbell (musician)
**Jimmy Campbell** (4 January 1944, Kirkby, Liverpool -- 12 February 2007, Liverpool) was an English musician and songwriter from Liverpool, England. He was a member of Merseybeat groups The Kirkbys, The 23rd Turnoff, and Rockin\' Horse, as well as releasing three solo albums.
## Career
Campbell started in music at school, forming the band The Panthers. They supported The Beatles in January 1962. The band performed at The Cavern on numerous occasions, and one show, broadcast on Radio Luxembourg, saw them introduced as The Kirkbys by Bob Wooler, the presenter of the show, \'Sunday Night at the Cavern.\' Wooler felt that changing the name of the group to that of their home town would help expand its fan base. The name stuck, and the group released a single, \"It\'s A Crime\", in 1966, at the tail end of the Merseybeat era.
Campbell moved on from the Mersey sound to the newly evolving psychedelic scene, renaming the band to The 23rd Turnoff. The name was taken from the motorway sign indicating the nearby M6 exit. Here he found his Liverpool roots placed him at a disadvantage, with the scene establishing itself in London. Described by Bob Stanley of *The Times* as \"the era\'s lost songwriter\", Campbell wrote a number of songs recorded by other artists. Cliff Richard, Billy Fury, The Swinging Blue Jeans and Rolf Harris all covered songs of Campbell\'s. Although Campbell did not achieve acclaim in the 1960s and 1970s, his work later came to be well regarded, with Will Sergeant naming Campbell\'s single \"Michael Angelo\", recorded with 23rd Turnoff among his top ten psychedelic records. *The Guardian* included the 2004 compilation album, *The Dream of Michelangelo*, in its list of 1000 Albums to Hear Before You Die
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# Iraq the model
**Iraq the Model** is a currently-dormant weblog whose last post was made on October 5, 2011. It was set up in November 2003 by brothers Omar and Mohammed Fadhil which details accounts of the Iraq War from Baghdad. The blog was often cited by conservative commentators as a source for the good news in Iraq that the American media is not reporting, in contrast to other Iraqi-written blogs such as Baghdad Burning, which show far less pleasant or optimistic scenes from post-invasion Iraq.
According to a New York *Times* article, people posting comments on Martini Republic accused *Iraq the Model* of being run covertly by the Central Intelligence Agency. The author of the New York *Times* article investigated these claims, but found no evidence that the blog was being run by anyone other than the Fadhil brothers. Ali Fadhil also previously blogged there.
The blog rose into prominence when US President George W. Bush cited the blog in a speech defending the Iraq War
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| 0 |
10,013,096 |
# Friend virus
The **Friend virus** (**FV**) is a strain of murine leukemia virus identified by Charlotte Friend in 1957. The virus infects adult immunocompetent mice and is a well-established model for studying genetic resistance to infection by an immunosuppressive retrovirus. The Friend virus has been used for both immunotherapy and vaccines. It is a member of the retroviridae group of viruses, with its nucleic acid being ssRNA.
## Vaccination
Experiments have shown that it is possible to protect against Friend virus infection with several types of vaccines, including attenuated viruses, viral proteins, peptides, and recombinant vaccinia vectors expressing the Friend virus gene. In a study of vaccinated mice, it was possible to identify the immunological epitopes required for protection against the virus, thus determining the types of immunological responses necessary or required for protection against it. The research discovered protective epitopes that were localized to F-MuLV gag and env proteins. This was achieved using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the gag and env genes of FV.
## Implications
Friend virus models showed valuable information regarding genetic resistance to retroviral disease. A particular gene of interest is the Rfv-3 gene, which cause susceptibility to suppression of the FV specific antibody response. The greater understanding by which the mechanisms work may aid in the development of immunotherapies and vaccines that may be applicable to human diseases
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# Mechanism (biology)
In biology, a **mechanism** is a system of causally interacting parts and processes that produce one or more effects. Phenomena can be explained by describing their mechanisms. For example, natural selection is a mechanism of evolution; other mechanisms of evolution include genetic drift, mutation, and gene flow. In ecology, mechanisms such as predation and host-parasite interactions produce change in ecological systems. In practice, no description of a mechanism is ever complete because not all details of the parts and processes of a mechanism are fully known. For example, natural selection is a mechanism of evolution that includes countless, inter-individual interactions with other individuals, components, and processes of the environment in which natural selection operates.
## Characterizations/ definitions {#characterizations_definitions}
Many characterizations/definitions of **mechanisms** in the philosophy of science/biology have been provided in the past decades. For example, one influential characterization of neuro- and molecular biological mechanisms by Peter K. Machamer, Lindley Darden and Carl Craver is as follows: mechanisms are entities and activities organized such that they are productive of regular changes from start to termination conditions. Other characterizations have been proposed by Stuart Glennan (1996, 2002), who articulates an interactionist account of mechanisms, and William Bechtel (1993, 2006), who emphasizes parts and operations.
The characterization by Machemer et al. is as follows: mechanisms are entities and activities organized such that they are predictive of changes from start conditions to termination conditions. There are three distinguishable aspects of this characterization:
Ontic aspect
: The ontic constituency of biological mechanisms includes entities and activities.`{{examples|date=November 2014}}`{=mediawiki} Thus, this conception postulates a dualistic ontology of mechanisms, where entities are substantial components, and activities are reified components of mechanisms. This augmented ontology increases the explanatory power of this conception.
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Descriptive aspect
: Most descriptions of mechanisms (as found in the scientific literature) include specifications of the entities and activities involved, as well as the start and termination conditions.`{{examples|date=November 2014}}`{=mediawiki} This aspect is mostly limited to linear mechanisms, which have relatively unambiguous beginning and end points between which they produce their phenomenon, although it may be possible to arbitrarily select such points in cyclical mechanisms (e.g., the Krebs cycle).
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
Epistemic aspect
: Mechanisms are dynamic producers of phenomena. This conception emphasizes activities, which are causes that are reified.`{{examples|date=November 2014}}`{=mediawiki} It is because of activities that this conception of mechanisms is able to capture the dynamicity of mechanisms as they bring about a phenomenon.
## Analysis
Mechanisms in science/biology have reappeared as a subject of philosophical analysis and discussion in the last several decades because of a variety of factors, many of which relate to metascientific issues such as explanation and causation. For example, the decline of Covering Law (CL) models of explanation, e.g., Hempel\'s deductive-nomological model, has stimulated interest how mechanisms might play an explanatory role in certain domains of science, especially higher-level disciplines such as biology (i.e., neurobiology, molecular biology, neuroscience, and so on). This is not just because of the philosophical problem of giving some account of what \"laws of nature,\" which CL models encounter, but also the incontrovertible fact that most biological phenomena are not characterizable in nomological terms (i.e., in terms of lawful relationships). For example, protein biosynthesis does not occur according to any law, and therefore, on the DN model, no explanation for the biosynthesis phenomenon could be given.
## Explanations
Mechanistic explanations come in many forms. Wesley Salmon proposed what he called the \"ontic\" conception of explanation, which states that explanations are mechanisms and causal processes *in the world*. There are two such kinds of explanation: *etiological* and *constitutive*. Salmon focused primarily on etiological explanation, with respect to which one explains some phenomenon *P* by identifying its causes (and, thus, locating it within the causal structure of the world). Constitutive (or componential) explanation, on the other hand, involves describing the components of a mechanism *M* that is productive of (or causes) *P.* Indeed, whereas (a) one may differentiate between descriptive and explanatory adequacy, where the former is characterized as the adequacy of a theory to account for at least all the items in the domain (which need explaining), and the latter as the adequacy of a theory to account for no more than those domain items, and (b) past philosophies of science differentiate between descriptions of phenomena and explanations of those phenomena, in the non-ontic context of mechanism literature, descriptions and explanations seem to be identical. This is to say, to explain a mechanism *M* is to describe it (specify its components, as well as background, enabling, and so on, conditions that constitute, in the case of a linear mechanism, its \"start conditions\")
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# Volter Kilpi
**Volter Kilpi**, born **Volter Ericsson**, (December 12, 1874 -- June 13, 1939) was a Finnish author best known for his two-volume novel *Alastalon salissa* (1933), often considered one of the best written in the Finnish language. Kilpi has been considered an exponent of the modern experimental novel.
## Early life {#early_life}
Kilpi was born and brought up in Kustavi, in Finland\'s western archipelago, and attended a private Finnish-language grammar school in Turku. He was the older brother of stage and film actor Eero Kilpi. An avid reader, he studied at the University of Helsinki. He worked for more than twenty years at the University of Helsinki Library and other libraries in Helsinki before moving to Turku, where he became first a librarian at that city\'s municipal library, later, in November 1920, the first librarian of Turku\'s Finnish-language university. Kilpi\'s most important literary work was written during his years in Turku, near his family roots.
## Literary career {#literary_career}
Kilpi was still a student when he wrote his first novel, *Bathseba: Daavidin puheluja itsensä kanssa* (*Bathseba: David\'s Conversations with Himself*, 1900). It was awarded the Finnish State Prize for Literature. That same year he also published a collection of incidental pieces, including an effusive celebration of Aleksis Kivi, titled *Ihmisestä ja elämästä: Kirjoitelmia* (*Of Man and Life: Writings*). His second novel, *Parsifal: Kertomus Graalin ritarista* (*Parsifal: Tale of a Grail Knight*), was published two years later, in 1902. After his third novel, *Antinous* (1903), he did not publish anything for almost 20 years. In second phase of his career, during the years of Finland\'s declaration of independence and the Finnish Civil War, he published two books on political themes. In the third phase of his career, Kilpi returned to fiction. Kilpi\'s most famous work, *Alastalon salissa* (*In the Alastalo Parlour*, 1933), was the first of the *Archipelago trilogy*.
*Alastalon salissa* is a 900-page two-volume novel whose time-span covers a mere 6 hours of an October Thursday in 1866, and whose setting is the roughly 50 square metres of the Alastalo parlour as the richest men in Kustavi haggle over investing in the building of a barque. The surroundings were familiar to Kilpi from his childhood, as his father and father\'s stepfather were shipowners, and his relatives had played a key role in the development of Kustavi into an important home port for sailing ships.
The second and third volumes of the Archipelago series, *Pitäjän pienempiä* (*The County\'s Littler Ones*, short stories) and *Kirkolle* (*To the Church Village*, a novel), appeared in 1934 and 1937; they were followed by the collection of \"swelling prose\" *Suljetuilla porteilla* (*At Closed Gates*) in 1938. In 1938 he also began his final novel, *Gulliverin matka Fantomimian mantereelle*, translated by Douglas Robinson as *Gulliver\'s Voyage to Phantomimia*; it remained unfinished at his death in Turku, and was published posthumously by his literary executor in 1944
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# Greenwood station (Mississippi)
**Greenwood station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Greenwood, Mississippi, United States. It is a stop on Amtrak\'s *City of New Orleans* line. The red brick depot was built around 1917 by the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley Railroad, a subsidiary of the Illinois Central Railroad. It is located in Greenwood\'s Railroad Historic District, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985
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# Sulflower
**Sulflower** (a portmanteau of sulfur and sunflower) is a stable heterocyclic octacirculene based on thiophene. Sulflower does not contain any hydrogen. With molecular formula (C~2~S)~8~ the compound is considered a type of carbon sulfide. The molecule is flat and together with the 9-membered homolog is at a local strain energy minimum.
+------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| | |
+------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
| Stacking of sulflower\ | Packing of sulflower\ |
| molecules in the crystal structure | molecules in the crystal structure |
+------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
: Crystal structure
Its synthesis (a variation of the Ferrario reaction) is based on deprotonation of a tetrathiophene with lithium diisopropylamide followed by reaction with elemental sulfur to a sulfur-substituted intermediate followed by vacuum pyrolysis.
The sulflower molecule has a planar structure with D~8h~ symmetry, i.e., all eight sulfur atoms as well as the two faces of the molecule are undistinguishable. Because of its planar structure, it is predicted to be able to store many hydrogen molecules between the stacks. The conformation of the H~2~ molecule is calculated to be \"standing up\" over the five membered rings. Detailed DFT calculations have been performed on these molecules
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# Mehdi El Glaoui
**Mehdi El Mezouari El Glaoui** (born 26 May 1956), also known as **Mehdi El Glaoui**, is a French former actor, director and screenwriter. He is the son of actress Cécile Aubry and Si Brahim El Glaoui, caïd (local administrator) of Telouet and grandson of Thami El Glaoui, pasha of Marrakech.
He made his acting début at the age of 5 in the TV series *Poly*, produced by his mother, and went on to reprise his rôle in numerous sequels covering nine seasons until he reached 14. Another series, *Belle et Sébastien*, was dubbed into English and became school holiday viewing in the UK. Later he continued his career as an actor and also dabbled in directing.
He appeared again on screen in 2005 and 2006 for the first time in nearly a decade, on the France 3 programmes *12-14* and *Pour le plaisir* respectively, revealing that he now lives in near Dax, Landes, collects classic cars and runs a musical café.
## Filmography
### As actor {#as_actor}
- *Poly* (1961--1973) -- TV series (Poly is a pony. All other actors were local amateurs, whose voices were dubbed later by professionals)
- *Belle et Sébastien* (1965) -- TV series; English version: \"Belle and Sebastian\"
- *Sébastien parmi les hommes* (1968) -- sequel to the above; English version: \"Belle, Sebastian and the Horses\"
- *Sébastien et la Marie-Morgane* (1970) -- TV series
- *Le Jeune Fabre* (1973) -- TV series
- *Loving in the Rain* (1974) -- film by Jean-Claude Brialy; English version: \"Loving in the Rain\"
- *Catherine et Cie* (1975) -- film by Michel Boisrond; English version: \"Catherine & Co
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# Jerry Dorey
**Jerry Dorey** was a member of the States of Jersey from 1993--2005.
## Biography
Jerry Dorey was born in 1951 at Ealing, London. He was educated at Victoria College, Jersey and Oxford University, gaining an M.A. (Oxon) in French. He took up a career as a freelance computer programmer in Jersey before being elected to the States of Jersey as Deputy for Saint Helier No.1 district in 1993.
As a Deputy he was a member of Education, Health, Public Services, Broadcasting, JTA, Employment and Social Security and Establishment Committees; he sat on the Marina Committee of Inquiry, and the Limited Liability Partnerships Committee of Inquiry.
In February 1999 he stood in a Senatorial by-election and was voted in with 3,320 votes (beating Paul Le Claire, Harry Cole and Geraint Jennings).
Senator Dorey lost his Senatorial seat at the following general election in October 1999, being edged out in 7th place. The following month he was voted back as Deputy by the voters of St Helier No. 1 with 463 votes.
He became vice-president of Environment and Public Services, and in that position argued for a resiting of waste disposal in his St Helier constituency; he described the loss of his seat in the 2005 elections as a \"severe disappointment\"
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# Didier Daurat
**Didier Daurat** (2 January 1891, Montreuil-sous-Bois -- 2 December 1969, Toulouse) was a pioneer of French aviation. He was a fighter pilot during World War I, distinguishing himself by spotting the Paris Gun which was pounding Paris. After the war, he joined an airline company, which later became the Compagnie générale aéropostale - Aéropostale, then Air France, where he was a pilot and later operations director.
From then, the legend of the man with the iron will made him a boss admired by many, feared by all and hated by some. He did not hesitate to dismiss those who showed the slightest sign of weakness, questioned his methods or did not adhere to the \'spirit of the mail\' (*l\'esprit du courrier*).
Many of his pilots began their careers as grease monkeys, taking apart, cleaning and reassembling engines. According to Daurat, that formed character and taught pilots to respect their machines. However, he knew when he saw a talented pilot. When Jean Mermoz presented himself in Toulouse and made a dazzling display of piloting skill, Daurat told him, \"I don\'t need circus artists but bus drivers.\" (*Je n\'ai pas besoin d\'artistes de cirque mais de conducteurs d\'autobus*.) Nevertheless, he hired him to clean the engines.
These methods proved their worth because the Latécoère lines, and later Aéropostale, achieved a level of punctuality and reliability unknown for the time on the Toulouse-Saint-Louis-du-Sénégal route, and later from Toulouse-Santiago, Chile, Chile with a crossing of the South Atlantic and the Andes. When Aéropostale was integrated with Air France in 1933, Daurat, friendless, was dismissed.
In 1935, he founded the Air Bleu company, which transported mail throughout France by day as well as by night. Results were remarkable, but the company was militarised with the declaration of war, in 1939.
Following the Liberation of France, he relaunched the night postal service before becoming operations chief for Air France at Orly, which until his retirement, in 1953.
He died in Toulouse in 1969. At his request, he was granted the honour of being buried on the Toulouse-Montaudran Airport, the former base of Aéropostale.
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry took inspiration from him for the character of *Rivière* in *Night Flight* (*Vol de nuit*, 1931)
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# Atrophaneura nox
***Atrophaneura nox***, the **Malayan batwing**, is a papilionid butterfly found in Java, northern Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia.
## Description
The species is black with blue metallic reflections. On the forewings the veins are shaded white. There are red hairs on the thorax. The wingspan is 9--11 cm. Females are larger than males.
## Subspecies
- *A. n. nox* Java
- *A. n. noctis* (Hewitson, 1859) north Borneo
- *A. n. erebus* (Wallace, 1865) Peninsular Malaya
- *A. n. noctula* (Westwood, 1872) north Borneo
- *A. n. nyx* (de Nicéville, 1897) Bali
- *A. n. henricus* (Fruhstorfer, 1899) north east Sumatra
- *A. n. banjermasinus* (Fruhstorfer, 1899) south Borneo
- *A. n. solokanus* (Fruhstorfer, 1903) south Sumatra
- *A. n. niepeltiana* (Strand, 1914) Sumatra
- *A. n. petronius* (Fruhstorfer, 1901) Nias
- *A. n. smedleyi* (Jordan, 1937) Mentaway Island
- *A. n. tungensis* Zin & Leow, 1982 Sumatra
- *A. n. mirifica* Hanafusa, 1994 Batu Island
- *A. n. hirokoae* Hirata & Miyagawa, 2006 Tuangku Island
- *A. n. miekoae* Hirata & Miyagawa, 2006 Singkep
## Status
A widespread but local species in forest localities. It is extinct in Singapore
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# Crâng park
**Crâng Park** (*Parcul Crâng*) is the largest and most important park in the city of Buzău, Romania.
## Location
The park is located on the western outskirts of the city. It has an area of about 100000 m2. It represents only a part of a 1.89 square kilometre forest, named the *Crâng forest*, which is a remainder of the Codrii Vlăsiei. The forest is made up mostly of local broadleaf trees, with rather few gymnosperms, and it is known for its oaks, ash trees, lime trees, birches and maple. The park area is also populated with some foreign species of trees and other plants.
## Features
The park features an artificial lake, named the *Heleşteu lake* (in Romanian, *heleşteu=pond*). The lake was created when the park was built, in order to provide boat rides. Its water is brought in from the Buzău river via a small channel that circles the city. It features three equally-sized islands, one of which is reachable via a bridge, while the other two are reachable only by boat.
In 1976, an obelisk was raised in the center of the park, marking 1,600 years since the earliest documentary attestation of Buzău.
Crâng\'s attractions also include discothèques, children\'s playgrounds, a chess and tables players corner (used even during winter days by some enthusiastic players), and boat rides on the lake.
## Etymology
The park took the name of the forest in which it was built. In turn, the forest\'s name, *crâng* is a Romanian word which can be translated as *young forest*, which may suggest that at some point in time, the forest was a portion of the Codrii Vlăsiei particularly populated by young trees. Ironically, nowadays, the forest, and the park in particular, contain many century-old oaks.
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# Crâng park
## History
The first reference to this forest by the name \"Crâng\" dates back to 23 October 1568, when Alexandru II Mircea, domn of Wallachia gave *the market\'s crâng* to the bishopric of Buzău. At the time, the area was merely a forest located near Buzău.
The first time when the city\'s inhabitants used the forest for leisure and party purposes was in 1828 In 1850, a part of the Crâng forest was ceded by the Bishopric to the city, for use as public garden. In 1863, the Secularization of monastic estates act was proposed by Alexander John Cuza and adopted by the Romanian Parliament. Thus, the Crâng forest was handed over by the Bishopric to the Romanian central government, while the city kept its part of the forest where the public garden was located. Later on, however, prime minister Ion C. Brătianu agreed to a request by the city council for the Buzău municipality to be given ownership over the entire Crâng forest:
After taking over the forest, the city took steps to enlarge the public garden and create a large park. In 1890, three sculptures were placed in the park, *Lion and boar*, *Lion and deer* and *Horseman attacked by lion*. In 1897, the Crâng Restaurant building was erected. The Restaurant is built in an architectural style inspired by peasant houses from the Chiojdu region. At the same time, the lake was set up, with an island in the middle, and a bridge to provide access to the island. Also, a pavilion was prepared for a fanfare band to perform. Near the lake, the municipality built a water tower, to provide the city with running water.
By 1898, the Park Boulevard was finished. The boulevard, nowadays named the *Nicolae Bălcescu Boulevard* runs from the city center to the Crâng Park. At the time, it had five lanes, of which the center one was used by horse-driven coaches, two by pedestrians and the outer two were for horseback riders. Nowadays, the boulevard has two lanes for automobiles, and large sidewalks. The part of the boulevard next to the park is closed to the traffic on Sundays, to be used only by pedestrians.
In 1922, a small church, named the *St. Filofteea* church was built.
In 1957, the lake was expanded, and included two more islands, located East of the previous one. The initial island lost the bridge connection and became isolated. One of the new islands (the central one) is now connected to the mainland via a metal bridge.
The *Buzău 1600* Obelisk, designed by sculptor Gheorghe Coman, was inaugurated in 1976, to celebrate 1,600 years since Buzău\'s first recorded historical attestation. The obelisk is 26.8 meters tall and has a foundation 14 meters deep
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# Red (an orchestra)
an orchestra{{)}}}} **Red {{(}}an orchestra{{)}}** was an American chamber orchestra based in Cleveland, Ohio.
Established in 2001, its Artistic Director and conductor was Jonathan Sheffer. The orchestra\'s repertoire spanned the work of Renaissance composers including Heinrich Schütz to contemporary classical composers including Frank Zappa, John Corigliano, and Sheffer himself. Red also engaged in innovative multimedia collaborations with film, puppetry, visual art, narration, and other art forms.
Red {{(}}an orchestra{{)}} received reviews in *The Plain Dealer* and the *Akron Beacon Journal*.
The orchestra suspended operations in March 2008 due to financial difficulties
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# Ski Melillo
**Oscar Donald \"Ski\" Melillo** (August 4, 1899 -- November 14, 1963) was an American second baseman and coach in Major League Baseball. He briefly served as manager of the St. Louis Browns in `{{mlby|1938}}`{=mediawiki} and was also a member of the coaching staff for the Cleveland Indians\' 1948 World Series championship team. In a 12-season career, Melillo was a .260 hitter (1,316-for-5,063) with 22 home runs and 548 RBI in 1,377 games, including 590 runs, 210 doubles, 64 triples, and 69 stolen bases.
## Career
A native of Chicago, Melillo reached the majors in 1926 with the Browns, spending nine and a half years with them before moving to the Boston Red Sox (1935--37). Basically a line-drive hitter, he enjoyed a good year in 1929 ending with a .296 batting average in 141 games, hitting for the cycle on May 23. His most productive season came in 1931, when he hit .306 with five home runs, 88 runs, 189 hits, 34 doubles and 11 triples, all career numbers, while adding 75 runs batted in, a significant offensive contribution for a middle infielder of his era.
As a second baseman, in 1930 Melillo handled 971 chances without committing an error (17 fewer that Nap Lajoie\'s 1908 MLB record). In 1933, he hit .292 with a career-high 79 RBI and posted a .991 fielding average that stood for more than 10 years.
Following his playing retirement, Melillo became a coach for the Browns in `{{mlby|1938}}`{=mediawiki}. That season, he received his only chance to manage at the Major League level when he became a late-season replacement for Gabby Street. Melillo finished with a 2--7 mark (.222) as the Browns lost 97 games and placed seventh in the eight-team American League. He later served as a coach for the Indians under Oscar Vitt and Lou Boudreau (1939--40; 1942; 1945--48; 1950). After the 1947 season, he was dropped from Boudreau\'s coaching staff at the insistence of owner Bill Veeck. Melillo spent part of 1948 managing in the Indians\' farm system, but returned to Cleveland to serve part of the year as an aide to Boudreau for the 1948 world champions. After spending the 1949 season as a minor league manager, he coached under Boudreau in 1950, his final year with the Indians, then again with the Red Sox (1952--53) and Kansas City Athletics (1955--56).
## Managerial record {#managerial_record}
Team Year Regular season
------- ------ ---------------- -------
Games Won Lost Win %
SLB 9 2
Total 9 2
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Melillo was nicknamed *Ski* and *Spinach*. In 1926, Melillo suffered from Bright\'s disease. Melillo\'s doctor prescribed him a diet of spinach as a result. He also suffered from zoophobia, a generic term for the class of specific phobias to particular animals, including rabbits, birds and snakes. His animal phobia led to many pranks from both opposing players and teammates.
Melillo died of a heart attack in his home city of Chicago at the age of 64
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# Robert B. Evans
**Robert Beverley Evans Sr.** (19 March 1906 -- 17 August 1998) was an automobile industry executive, a prominent Republican, an industrialist, a socialite, and an avid sportsperson. He founded Evans Industries. Evans also became chairman of American Motors Corporation (AMC).
## Career
Evans was born in Richmond, Virginia, and graduated from the Virginia Episcopal School, The University of Lauzon, and the University of Michigan.
As an entrepreneur, Evans became the owner of many companies with combined annual sales of US\$20 million by the 1960s, but entrusted most business affairs to underlings. Instead, Evans focused on hobbies like golf, quail hunting, and designing and racing a hydroplane. He built a jet-powered hydroplane in 1960 intending to capture the world\'s water speed record that was held by Donald Campbell. He was determined to succeed even when his boat, \"Miss Stars and Stripes II,\" crashed during a speed attempt.
The Evans Products Company grew into a supplier of automotive transportation systems and building materials. In 1955, Evans Products spun off several small companies to Robert B. Evans Jr., the founder\'s executive vice president and son. The resulting companies became managed as a private equity firm, Evans Industries.
Evans described himself in a *New York Times* interview as a relaxed Detroit millionaire who has spent 35 years specializing in the reconstruction of \"sick companies.\"
## American Motors {#american_motors}
Investors received AMC\'s annual report that reported significant losses in a plain brown envelope, and Evans was called by Donald MacDonald, \"a little-known Detroit healer of sick companies.\" Over a few weeks during January 1966, the sixty-year-old Evans bought 200,000 shares of AMC common stock (worth almost US\$2 million or about \$`{{formatnum:{{Inflation|US|2000000|1966}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation-year|US}}`{=mediawiki} dollars `{{inflation-fn|US}}`{=mediawiki}). He became the firm\'s largest shareholder, with ownership of about 1% of the company.
Evans had no automobile industry experience, but \"he had a reputation for success and for getting things done.\" On 7 March 1966, Evans got himself elected to AMC\'s board of directors and \"immediately criticized the company\'s auto line as being too conservative.\" As sales of automobiles were weak industry-wide during 1966. AMC was facing significant losses. Evans was elected board chairman by AMC\'s directors on 6 June 1966. He replaced Richard E. Cross, who continued as a director and chairman of the executive committee.
As AMC\'s newly appointed board chairman, Evans immediately promised \"a different philosophy and approach\" in the automaker\'s affairs. Unlike the then existing management at AMC, Evans freely criticized the leadership under George W. Romney \"for failing to adjust to a changing market\" and started to \"shake things up in Kenosha\" as solutions to the automaker\'s problems.
Evans is credited with turning the company around from the strategy of matching the Big Three American automakers (General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler) nearly model for model that was promoted by Roy Abernethy. American Motors struggled during 1966, a year considered \"the biggest auto boom in history,\" and was counting on its redesigned 1967 models; however, Evans admitted one month before their introduction that \"we are still very much in a questionable period.\"
Evans made major changes by handpicking Roy D. Chapin Jr. as AMC\'s general manager. Evans always encouraged the styling and engineering staff to do things differently - to try new ideas and find new ways to design and build cars. Evans even dropped hints that the automaker may try to compete with Volkswagen in the small-car field and stated that \"We have to give the public cars that go beyond what the \'big three\' gives them.\" In addition to stating that AMC\'s standard line of cars need to be as good or better than those offered by the bigger automakers, Evans emphasized developing \"Personality cars\" to attract and excite market segments, particularly the youth.
Evans is credited as the champion for AMC to build production versions of the concept cars that made up the \"Project IV\" showings designed to stimulate public interest in the automaker. Evans was particularly fond of the two-seat Vignale AMX show car that was smaller than the Ford Mustang and more like a Chevrolet Corvette rival, promoting for its production to all that he could. This was at a time when the automaker experienced falling earnings and had to skip the dividend payments to its shareholders for the fourth consecutive quarter.
Evans saw opportunities for sporty AMC cars in the rapidly growing more youthful consumer market segments, as well as to shed its \"economy-car image.\" The original idea of a two-passenger-only, high-performance sports car project came to life with Evans in the fall of 1966. He stated that AMC is proceeding \"cautiously in a hurry.\" For example, the automaker was deliberating whether to build the AMX in fiberglass or steel; with metal taking longer to tool, but volume would be higher.
On 9 January 1967, a contentious AMC board of directors meeting resulted in the firing or \"early retirement\" of Abernethy, as well as the \"resignation\" of Evans as chairman of the board. The two were replaced by William V. Luneburg as president and Roy D. Chapin Jr. as the new chairman of the board. Evans continued as a board member.
## Retirement
During May 1970, Evans sold half of his holdings in AMC (100,000 shares). Evans sold 44,000 of his AMC shares in 1971 while continuing to serve as a director and member of the finance committee.
In 1971, Evans purchased the Muskegon Bank and Trust Company in Muskegon, Michigan from the so-called \"Parsons Group.\"
He died at his residence in Grosse Pointe Shores, Michigan. His two children survived him, Jane Evans Jones and Robert B. Evans Jr
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# Sensory ecology
**Sensory ecology** is a relatively new field focusing on the information organisms obtain about their environment. It includes questions of what information is obtained, how it is obtained (the mechanism), and why the information is useful to the organism (the function).
Sensory ecology is the study of how organisms acquire, process, and respond to information from their environment. All individual organisms interact with their environment (consisting of both animate and inanimate components), and exchange materials, energy, and sensory information. Ecology has generally focused on the exchanges of matter and energy, while sensory interactions have generally been studied as influences on behavior and functions of certain physiological systems (sense organs). The relatively new area of sensory ecology has emerged as more researchers focus on questions concerning information in the environment. This field covers topics ranging from the neurobiological mechanisms of sensory systems to the behavioral patterns employed in the acquisition of sensory information to the role of sensory ecology in larger evolutionary processes such as speciation and reproductive isolation. While human perception is largely visual, other species may rely more heavily on different senses. In fact, how organisms perceive and filter information from their environment varies widely. Organisms experience different perceptual worlds, also known as "umwelten", as a result of their sensory filters. These senses range from smell (olfaction), taste (gustation), hearing (mechanoreception), and sight (vision) to pheromone detection, pain detection (nociception), electroreception and magnetoreception. For example, magnetoreception establishes a magnetic compass for many different species, helping animals like migratory birds move in respective migratory directions, marine turtles head away from the shore, guide honeybee's building activities, and aid salamanders in being able to identify borders between water and land. Because different species rely on different senses, sensory ecologists seek to understand which environmental and sensory cues are more important in determining the behavioral patterns of certain species. In recent years, this information has been widely applied in conservation and management fields.
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# Sensory ecology
## Reactions of organisms to environmental changes {#reactions_of_organisms_to_environmental_changes}
### Noise level changes {#noise_level_changes}
Communication is the key to many species interactions. In particular, many species rely on vocalizations for information such as potential mates, nearby predators, or food availability. Human changes in the habitat modify acoustic environments and may make it more difficult for animals to communicate. Humans may alter acoustic environments by modifying background noise levels, modifying habitat, or changing species composition. These changes in acoustic environments can mask the vocalizations of various species. Because humans can exert such strong changes on acoustic environments, sensory ecologists have been particularly interested in researching and understanding how organisms react to these changes.
Anthropogenic changes to acoustic environments have had perhaps the most significant impacts on species that rely on auditory cues for foraging and communication. Bats, for example, rely on ultrasonic echolocation to locate and catch prey. When these auditory cues are masked by loud background noises, the bats become less efficient at finding prey. Sensory ecologists have also found that foraging bats avoid noisy habitats, perhaps as a result of this decrease in foraging efficiency. Meanwhile, in bird communities, ecologists found that increased noise led to changes in avian community composition, decreases in diversity, and even decreases in reproductive success. One study showed that to avoid noise pollutions, some birds changed the frequency of their calls. In order to understand the degree of sound that impacts species, one study found that many bird species will also alter their overall behavior (reproduction, abundance, stress hormone levels and species richness) at levels greater than or equal to 45 decibels and terrestrial mammals experienced heightened stress levels and less reproductive efficiency at noise ranging between 52 and 68 decibels. Anthropogenic noise can be characterized as intentionally produced, such as by sonars or seismic exploration (measuring seismic waves), or intentionally produced as a by-product of human activity, such as construction or traffic corridors. These studies demonstrate the importance of auditory cues and have resulted in calls for the preservation of "soundscapes\", or the collective sounds of ecosystems.
Hearing is a particularly important sense for marine species. Because of low light penetration, hearing is often more useful than vision in marine environments. In addition, sound travels about five times faster in water than in land, and over greater distances. Sounds are important for the survival and reproduction of marine species. Over the last century, human activities have increasingly added sounds to water environments. These activities can impede the ability of fish to hear sounds, and can interfere with communication, predator avoidance, prey detection, and even navigation. Whales, for example, are at risk of reductions in foraging efficiency and mating opportunities as a result of noise pollution. Intense noise can also cause ear damage for whales, impacting their use of echolocation for orientation and may even startle them so badly that they engage in stranding as a flight response (commonly known as bleaching). In recent years, the creation of offshore wind turbines has led conservationists and ecologists to study how the noises produced from these turbines may affect marine species. Studies have found that the sounds created by wind turbines may have significant effects on the communication of marine mammal species such as seals and porpoises. This research has been applied to development projects. For example, a recent report assessed the risks of the acoustic changes brought on by offshore wind farms on fish communities.
### Changes in lighting {#changes_in_lighting}
Humans have strongly altered nighttime lighting. This light pollution has had serious impacts on species that rely on visual cues for navigation. One recent study of rodent communities showed that brighter nights led to community-level changes in foraging behavior; while less predator-susceptible species foraged heavily, those species susceptible to predation reduced their foraging activity as a result of their increased nighttime visibility. Birds are also heavily influenced by light pollution. For example, ecologists have found that lights on tall structures can disorient migrating birds, leading to millions of deaths each year. These findings have guided recent conservation efforts. The US Fish and Wildlife Service has created a set of guidelines to reduce the impacts of lighting on migratory birds, such as limiting tower construction, limiting the height of towers, and keeping towers away from migratory zones. In addition, Programs such as the Fatal Light Awareness Program (FLAP) in Toronto have reduced bird collisions by reducing the light emissions of tall buildings. Studies have also found that artificial lighting disrupts the orientation of baby sea turtles. This, in turn, has increased mortality in sea turtle populations.
This information has led to the proposed implementation of a number of conservation and management strategies. The same researchers, for example, have suggested pairing light reduction with dune restoration to improve hatchling orientation and success. In addition, researchers have used information on the sensory ecology of sea turtles to decrease their bycatch rate by fishermen. Bycatch is the term for non-target fish, turtles, or marine mammals that are incidentally captured by fishermen. Because researchers know that fishes and sea turtles differ in their responses to visual sensory cues, they have devised a baiting system that is non-detectable to fish, but less attractive or even repellant to sea turtles. In this recent study, this method led to decreases in turtle bycatch while imposing no noticeable reduction on fishing yield.
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# Sensory ecology
## Reactions of organisms to environmental changes {#reactions_of_organisms_to_environmental_changes}
### Role of sensory ecology in conservation strategies {#role_of_sensory_ecology_in_conservation_strategies}
A goal of sensory ecologists has been to study what environmental information is most important in determining how these organisms perceive their world. This information has been particularly relevant in understanding how organisms might respond to rapid environmental change and novel human-modified environments. Recently, scientists have called for an integration of sensory ecology into conservation and management strategies. Sensory ecology can thus be used as a tool to understand (1) why different species may react to anthropogenic and environmental change in different ways, and (2) how negative impacts of environmental and anthropogenic change might be mitigated. For example, through understanding soundscape and its ability to restore ecosystems has shown that by playing loud diverse healthy soundscapes can actually have the power to restore a once degrading coral reef. This means that these restored ecosystems are the beacon of hope for future generations of coral reefs, this supporting long-term stability and conservation management. In addition, sensory ecology has been employed as a tool to shape management strategies for the control and eradication for pests and invasive species as diverse as crop pests, marine animals, cane toads, and brown snakes. Through understanding the vastness of perceptual worlds experienced by different species, this can better inform conservation strategies to prevent ecological and sensory traps as well as reducing human-wildlife interactions. This would in turn increase the success of re-introducing species into habitats and aid in the process of capturing and releasing to protect species from potentially dangerous sites.
#### Conservation through the reduction of ecological traps {#conservation_through_the_reduction_of_ecological_traps}
An ecological trap is an instance where organisms choose poor-quality habitats over better, available habitats because of their incorrect evaluation of habitat quality. Man-made landscapes present novel environments to organisms. In addition, man-made materials can be mistaken for natural materials, leading some organisms to choose poor-quality habitats over better-quality habitat locations. Sensory ecology can be used to mitigate the effects of these ecological traps by clarifying which particular information organisms are using to make "bad" decisions.
Organisms often misinterpret man-made surfaces such as asphalt and solar panels as natural surfaces. Solar panels, for example, reflect horizontally polarized light that is perceived by many insects to be water. Since insects lay their eggs in water, they will try to oviposit on the solar panels. This leads to widespread juvenile insect mortality on solar panels. To mitigate the effects of this ecological trap, researchers broke up the shape of the solar-active area on the panels. In doing so, the panels became less attractive to insects, thus reducing mortality. A number of bat species fall also prey to ecological traps that are the result of man-made surfaces. A recent study by Greif and Siemers found that bats determine water location based on the smoothness of a surface, not by actual presence of water. Bats thus attempt to drink from smooth surfaces that are not in fact water, such as glass. As a result, the bats waste energy and time, which could lead to decreases in fitness. Bird species are also often subject to ecological traps as a result of their sensory ecology. One of the recent areas of focus of avian sensory ecology has been on how birds may perceive large wind turbines and other buildings. Each year, countless birds die after colliding with power lines, fences, wind turbines, and buildings. The flight paths around these structures act as forms of ecological traps; while birds may perceive areas around buildings as "good habitat" and viable flight corridors, they can actually increase bird mortality because of collisions. Sensory ecologists have linked these ecological traps to avian sensory ecology. Researchers have found that while human vision is binocular, bird vision is much less so. In addition, birds do not possess high resolution frontal vision. As a result, birds may not see large structures directly in front of them, leading to collisions.
A number of solutions to this problem have been proposed. One study showed that the response of birds to different airport lighting schemes differed, and that bird strikes could be reduced by altering lighting patterns. Other researchers have suggested that warning sounds or visual cues placed on the ground may help reduce bird collisions. By adjusting the other sensory cues of birds, ecologists may help reduce the presence of avian ecological traps around these structures.
#### Pest control {#pest_control}
In addition to using sensory ecology as a tool to inform conservation strategies, scientists have also used sensory ecology concepts and findings to inform pest management strategies. In particular, the exploitation of senses has been used to control insect, marine, and amphibious pests. Managers have used sensory ecology to create highly individualized visual, pheromonal, and chemical traps for pests.
Visual traps are important in the management of a number of insect species. For example, Tsetse flies, a vector of African Trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), are attracted to blue colors. Flies can therefore be lured in and killed by blue fabric traps imbued with pesticides. Scientists believe that flies are attracted to these blue fabrics because blue colors are similar to the color of the ground under a shady tree. Since flies must seek out cool places in the heat of the day, blue colors are more attractive. Exploitation of visual cues has also been used for the control of aphids and whiteflies. Many aphid species show a strong preference for yellow colors. Scientists have suggested that this may be the result of a preference for yellow leaves, which tend to have higher flows of accessible nitrogen sources.
Pheromones are species-specific chemical cues. When released, pheromones can strongly influence the behavior and physiology of other organisms of the same species. Because pheromones are largely species-specific, and because they often elicit strong behavioral responses, scientists and managers have used pheromones to lure and trap an array of species. This method has been particularly exploited in insect populations. This method has been used to capture and control species such as sugarcane weevils, gypsy moths, invasive oriental fruit flies, bark beetles, and *Carpophilus* spp
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# VFC Plauen
**VFC Plauen** is a German association football club from the town of Plauen, Saxony.
The club had to declare insolvency on 1 December 2014.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## History
The club was founded as *1. Vogtländischer Fußballclub Plauen* and took part in the competition of the VMFV (Verband Mitteldeutschland Fußball Verein or Federation of Middle German Football Teams). They enjoyed some success in the early 1930s when they captured consecutive local Vogtland division titles in 1930 and 1931. German football was re-organized into sixteen top flight divisions under the Third Reich in 1933 and *VFC* spent a single season in top-tier play, the Gauliga Sachsen, before being relegated.
Following the end of World War II, the occupying Allied authorities ordered the dissolution of all organizations in the country, including football and sports clubs. The club was re-established as *SG Plauen-Süd* in 1945, renamed *ZSG Zellwolle Plauen* in 1949, and then renamed again in 1950 to *BSG Rotation Plauen*. After a merger with *BSG Sachsenverlag Plauen* that same year, the team won promotion to East Germany\'s second division DDR-Liga in 1951 and played at that level until being sent down through league restructuring after the 1954--55 season. They were again renamed in 1954, becoming *BSG Wismut Plauen*.
*Plauen* returned to the second division in 1964 as *BSG Motor WEMA Plauen* where they played until relegation in 1973. They languished in lower divisions until a resurgence soon after German re-unification in 1990 that began with the side reclaiming its traditional name of *1. VFC 1990 Plauen*. A championship in the Landesliga Sachsen (V) was followed by a dismal campaign in the NOFV-Oberliga Süd that saw the club concede 108 goals while scoring only 12, and finishing last in the division. *VFC* soon recovered, earning a second Landesliga title in 1994 to return to the Oberliga. In 1996 a successful campaign led to another title and promotion to the third division Regionalliga Nordost. The club once again found itself sent down through league restructuring in 2000, landing in the NOFV-Oberliga Süd (IV).
In 2004 *VFC* finished top of the table and took part in qualification play-off for the Regionalliga Nord (III) but failed to advance after being beaten 6--5 on aggregate by the reserve side of *Hertha BSC Berlin*. Finishing third in the 2007--08 season, Plauen qualified for the reformed Regionalliga Nord. The club became part of the reformed Regionalliga Nordost in 2012 and finished as a mid-table side in 2013 and 2014.
Plauen, with a budget of €600,000 for the 2014--15 season, suffered from a debt of €1,000,000 and was unable to pay some of its players from September 2014 onwards. The club declared insolvency on 1 December 2014. Within the rules of the German Football Federation this meant automatic relegation from the Regionalliga but the club\'s administrator announced that he would challenge the ruling as it he considered it violating German insolvency law. The NOFV later announced that the club would play the remaining season games as friendlies.
Among the club\'s recent achievements are Saxony Cup wins in 1999 and 2004 and another appearance in the final in 2006. Their cup victories led to participation in the German Cup: in 1999 they beat Alemannia Aachen 1--0 in the first round before being eliminated 2--1 by Stuttgarter Kickers, and in 2004 they lost 2--1 to Arminia Bielefeld.
## Stadium
*VFC Plauen* plays its home matches in the Vogtlandstadion Plauen located at the north end of town adjacent to a forest. The original stadium area was prepared in 1934 and then enlarged in 1937 with a grandstand area having a capacity of 4,200 spectators. After the war facilities for athletics were added and the site modernized. Today the stadium will hold 12,000 (1,400 seats) and has floodlights and an electronic scoreboard
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# Open Mind Productions
**Open Mind Productions** is a British television production company founded on 1 June 1989 by Roland Tongue and Chris Ellis. Tongue, who retired from the company at the end of 2011, was previously a film editor at the BBC, while Ellis was previously a teacher and script writer at Children\'s BBC. Their logo is a blue stylized head with a quarter piece being separated.
The company has produced programmes for children and educational TV, including The Word Machine, The Number Crew, Rat-A-Tat-Tat and Maths Mansion for Channel 4 and Numberjacks and The Shiny Show for the BBC
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# Valentyna Shevchenko (cross-country skier)
**Valentyna Yevhenivna Shevchenko** (*Валентина Євгенівна Шевченко*) (born 2 October 1975 in Nosivka Raion) is a Ukrainian former cross-country skier who competed in the World Cup between the 1993--94 season and the 2016--17 season.
## Career
She won the bronze medal in the 30 km event at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec.
Competing in four Winter Olympics, Shevchenko earned her best finish finished fifth in the 30 km at Salt Lake City in 2002.
She won the 30 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 2008, as well as La Sgambeda on 19 December 2010 in Livigno, Italy.
Shevchenko carried the Ukrainian flag at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Winter Olympics.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:60px;"><p> Year </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:40px;"><p> Age </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 5 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 10 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 15 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Pursuit</p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 30 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Sprint </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 4 × 5 km <br />
relay </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Team <br />
sprint </p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1998</p></td>
<td><p><em>22</em></p></td>
<td><p>19</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2002</p></td>
<td><p><em>26</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2006</p></td>
<td><p><em>30</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>7</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td><p>|—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2010</p></td>
<td><p><em>34</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>|</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>13</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2014</p></td>
<td><p><em>38</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>26</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### World Championships {#world_championships}
- 1 medal -- (1 bronze)
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:60px;"><p> Year </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#369; color:white; width:40px;"><p> Age </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 5 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 10 km </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 15 km</p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Pursuit</p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 30 km</p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Sprint </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> 4 × 5 km <br />
relay </p></th>
<th style="background-color:#4180be; color:white; width:75px;"><p> Team <br />
sprint </p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1995</p></td>
<td><p><em>19</em></p></td>
<td><p>63</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>54</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>1997</p></td>
<td><p><em>21</em></p></td>
<td><p>38</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>31</p></td>
<td><p>26</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>1999</p></td>
<td><p><em>23</em></p></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>15</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2003</p></td>
<td><p><em>27</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>6</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>9</p></td>
<td><p>20</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2005</p></td>
<td><p><em>29</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td style="background:#000; color:#fff;"><p></p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2007</p></td>
<td><p><em>31</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>8</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2009</p></td>
<td><p><em>33</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>5</p></td>
<td style="background:#c96;"><p><strong>Bronze</strong></p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2011</p></td>
<td><p><em>35</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>17</p></td>
<td><p>14</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2013</p></td>
<td><p><em>37</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>22</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>21</p></td>
<td><p>12</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>10</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>2015</p></td>
<td><p><em>39</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>28</p></td>
<td><p>33</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>11</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>2017</p></td>
<td><p><em>41</em></p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>44</p></td>
<td></td>
<td><p>42</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
<td><p>16</p></td>
<td><p>—</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season titles {#season_titles}
- 1 title -- (1 distance)
------------
**Season**
2004
------------
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
Season Age Discipline standings
---------- ---------- ---------------------- -----------------
Overall Distance Long Distance Middle Distance
1994 *18*
1995 *19*
1996 *20* 66
1997 *21* 41
1998 *22* 27
1999 *23* 18
2000 *24* 17
2002 *26* 19
2003 *27* 13
2004 *28*
2005 *29* 19 12
2006 *30* 14 8
2007 *31* 7 9
2008 *32* 6
2009 *33* 15 10
2010 *34* 24 16
2011 *35* 19 16
2012 *36* 30 21
2013 *37* 28 22
2014 *38* 45 36
2015 *39*
2016 *40*
2017 *41*
#### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 5 victories -- (4 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki}, 1 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
- 18 podiums -- (14 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki}, 4 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- ------------ ------ ---------------------------- ------------------------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 2003--04\' Beitostølen, Norway 10 km Individual F World Cup 2nd
2 Rukatunturi, Finland 10 km Individual C World Cup **1st**
3 Toblach, Italy 15 km Mass Start F World Cup 2nd
4 Davos, Switzerland 10 km Individual C World Cup **1st**
5 Ramsau, Austria 10 km Individual F World Cup 3rd
6 7.5 km + 7
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# Alopecosa ovalis
***Alopecosa ovalis*** is a species of wolf spider found in Inner Mongolia in the People\'s Republic of China. The female has a length (excluding legs) of up to 9 mm, the male being rather smaller at about 8 mm. The female has a wide reddish-brown longitudinal band on the back of the carapace with a yellowish band along the back of the abdomen. The legs are faintly ringed. The male is similar but is generally much hairier and with dark legs with no trace of ringing.
This species, as well as *A. huabanna*, which was described in the same paper, are similar to *A. hokkaidensis* and *A. moriutii* from Japan and *A. hingganica* from Inner Mongolia, and *A. pictilis* from the northern Holarctic.
The species name refers to the oval shape of the median septum of the epigyne
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# 1995 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Men's giant slalom
**Men\'s giant slalom World Cup 1994/1995**
## Calendar
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| Round | Race No | Place | Country | Date | Winner | Second | Third |
+=======+=========+===============+=========+===================+======================+===========================================+=====================+
| 1 | 1 | Tignes | | December 3, 1994 | Achim Vogt | Michael von Grünigen | Kjetil André Aamodt |
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 2 | 7 | Val d\'Isère | | December 18, 1994 | Michael von Grünigen | Kjetil André Aamodt | Günther Mader |
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 3 | 10 | Alta Badia | | December 22, 1994 | Alberto Tomba | Urs Kälin | Christian Mayer |
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 4 | 11 | Kranjska Gora | | January 6, 1995 | Alberto Tomba | H. Strand Nilsen\ | |
| | | | | | | `{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} Mitja Kunc | |
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 5 | 22 | Adelboden | | February 4, 1995 | Alberto Tomba | Jure Košir | H. Strand Nilsen |
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 6 | 24 | Furano | | February 20, 1995 | Mario Reiter | Jure Košir | H. Strand Nilsen |
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 7 | 31 | Bormio | | March 18, 1995 | Alberto Tomba | Günther Mader | Rainer Salzgeber |
+-------+---------+---------------+---------+-------------------+----------------------+-------------------------------------------+---------------------+
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In men\'s giant slalom World Cup 1994/95 all results count.
Place Name Country Total Points 1`{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} 7`{{flagicon|FRA}}`{=mediawiki} 10`{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki} 11`{{flagicon|SLO}}`{=mediawiki} 22`{{flagicon|SUI}}`{=mediawiki} 24`{{flagicon|JPN}}`{=mediawiki} 31`{{flagicon|ITA}}`{=mediawiki}
------- ----------------------- --------- -------------- --------------------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------
1 Alberto Tomba 450 50 \- 100 100 100 \- 100
2 Jure Košir 355 40 36 29 50 80 80 40
3 Harald Strand Nilsen 322 24 29 45 80 60 60 24
4 Kjetil André Aamodt 307 60 80 50 \- 22 45 50
5 Michael von Grünigen 296 80 100 \- 22 32 36 26
6 Urs Kälin 288 45 50 80 40 29 24 20
7 Achim Vogt 226 100 24 8 26 36 32 \-
8 Mario Reiter 218 36 \- 10 36 14 100 22
9 Günther Mader 212 26 60 14 20 12 \- 80
Lasse Kjus 212 \- 50 36 \- 40 50 36
11 Rainer Salzgeber 203 36 \- 7 45 26 29 60
12 Richard Kröll 161 16 15 15 \- 50 20 45
13 Ian Piccard 130 \- 26 32 24 18 14 16
14 Christian Mayer 125 29 20 60 \- 16 \- \-
15 Steve Locher 118 \- 40 \- 14 24 40 \-
16 Fredrik Nyberg 106 \- \- 20 7 45 16 18
17 Mitja Kunc 102 9 9 \- 80 4 \- \-
18 Marc Girardelli 91 \- 20 40 18 13 \- \-
19 Tobias Barnerssoi 85 22 32 \- 12 8 11 \-
20 Paul Accola 83 14 11 26 32 \- \- \-
21 Franck Piccard 69 13 13 \- 8 20 15 \-
22 Ole Kristian Furuseth 65 8 \- 9 16 10 22 \-
23 Are Torpe 63 \- \- 16 29 \- 18 \-
24 Marco Hangl 60 18 16 \- \- \- 26 \-
25 Bernhard Gstrein 57 11 3 24 11 \- 8 \-
26 Johan Wallner 50 12 14 24 \- \- \- \-
27 Ivan Bormolini 48 \- \- 13 13 9 13 \-
28 Massimo Zucchelli 37 15 22 \- \- \- \- \-
29 Christophe Saioni 34 \- 10 \- 9 15 \- \-
30 Michael Tritscher 32 \- \- \- \- \- \- 32
31 Marcel Sulliger 31 \- \- 12 \- 7 12 \-
32 Kristian Ghedina 29 \- \- \- \- \- \- 29
33 Jeremy Nobis 26 20 \- 6 \- \- \- \-
Luca Pesando 26 \- 12 11 \- 3 \- \-
35 Gerhard Königsrainer 24 \- \- \- 15 \- 9 \-
Alois Vogl 24 \- \- 18 \- \- 6 \-
37 Norman Bergamelli 20 \- 7 3 5 5 \- \-
38 Yves Dimier 16 \- 5 \- \- 11 \- \-
39 Thomas Grandi 14 \- \- 4 10 \- \- \-
40 Matteo Belfrond 13 7 \- \- 6 \- \- \-
41 Josef Polig 10 10 \- \- \- \- \- \-
Sergio Bergamelli 10 \- \- \- \- \- 10 \-
43 Hans Knauß 8 \- 8 \- \- \- \- \-
44 Chris Puckett 7 \- \- \- \- \- 7 \-
45 Jernej Koblar 6 \- 6 \- \- \- \- \-
Andreas Schifferer 6 \- \- \- \- 6 \- \-
47 Andrej Miklavc 5 \- \- 5 \- \- \- \-
Patrice Manuel 5 \- \- \- \- \- 5 \-
49 Yvan Eggenberger 4 \- 4 \- \- \- \- \-
Andreas Ertl 4 \- \- \- \- \- 4 \-
Note:
In the last race only the best racers were allowed to compete and only the best 15 finishers were awarded with points
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| 0 |
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# Kalochori, Kastoria
**Kalochori** (*Καλοχώρι*, before 1926: Δοβρόλιτσα -- *Dovrolitsa*; *Добролишта* *Dobrolišta*; *Добролища* *Dobrolishta*, Добролишча *Dobrolishcha* in the Kostur dialect), is a small rural village, part of the municipal unit of Kastoria, Kastoria regional unit, Greece. Kalochori is also located 14 kilometers away from the city of Kastoria and 14 kilometers away from the village of Nestorio. It was a part of the former municipal unit of Mesopotamia. The village has an elevation of 721 meters above sea level.
## History
### Ottoman Empire {#ottoman_empire}
According to Academician Ivan Duridanov, the etymology of the name is from the original patronymic of ishti, which comes from the personal name Dobrol
In the fifteenth century, the village had 140 names of households that were named.
Families from Dobrolishta, along with Slimnitsa and Omotsko, settled in 1791 and in the Nevrokop village of Kovachevitsa, where they formed the so-called Arnautska neighborhood. They are engaged in construction and founded the Kovachevitsa architectural-building school.
In the beginning of the 20th century, the entire Christian population of Dobrolishta was under the influence of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but after the Ilinden uprising in the beginning of 1904 it was under the influence of the Bulgarian Exarchate.
The same year, Ottoman authorities did not allow teacher A. Naumov from Aposkep to open a Bulgarian school in the village.
In October 1906, Ottoman forces succeeded in killing the voivode Nikola Dobrolitski and two of his chetniks in Dobrolishta
Also in 1906, Dobrolista was attacked by Greek forces led by Nikolaos Platanias (Lahtaras).
### Greece
At the outbreak of the Balkan Wars in 1912, two people from Dobrolishta were volunteers in the Macedonian-Adrianople Corps.
During the Balkan Wars, the village was occupied by Greek troops and remained in Greece after the Balkan Wars.
Borivoje Milojevic, a Serbian geographer, wrote in his book *Južna Makedonija* (1921) that Dobrolishta had 30 Slavic Christian houses and 40 Turkish houses.
The 1920 Greek census recorded 434 people in the village, and 198 inhabitants (140 families) were Muslim in 1923. Following the Greek--Turkish population exchange, Greek refugee families in Dovrolitsa were from Pontus (39) in 1926. The 1928 Greek census recorded 455 village inhabitants. In 1928, the refugee families numbered 40 (139 people).
In 1926, Dobrolishta is changed to Kalohorion which translates to good village.
During the Second World War, Kalochori was in the Italian occupation zone. The village suffered from the Italian detachments.
In 1945, Greek Foreign Minister Ioannis Politis ordered the compilation of demographic data regarding the Prefecture of Kastoria. The village Kalochori had a total of 620 inhabitants, and was populated by 310 Slavophones without a Bulgarian national consciousness.
On May 4, 1945, Kalochori was pillaged by the Greek detachment of Andonios Amanatidis, many women and men are abused. 13 children from Kalochori, are moved out of the country by the communist authorities as refugees to the Eastern Bloc during the Greek Civil War. There are nine political killings in the village during the Greek Civil War.
The village of Tsartsista was eventually abandoned around the 1970s and its inhabitants were relocated to Kalochori.
Kalochori typically produces tobacco, wheat, and lentils in its surrounding fields
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Kalochori, Kastoria
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10,013,630 |
# Β-Tocopherol
**β-Tocopherol** (*beta*-tocopherol) is a type of tocopherol with formula C~28~H~48~O~2~
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Β-Tocopherol
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