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# Koromilia, Kastoria
**Koromilia** (*Κορομηλιά*, before 1928: Σλίβενη -- *Sliveni*) is a village in Kastoria Regional Unit, Macedonia, Greece.
It is famous in this region for its natural water springs. In the 19th century, Koromilia had an Albanian Muslim population. It was known as *Sliveni* among the Bulgarians of the surrounding villages.
The 1920 Greek census recorded 430 people in the village, and 460 inhabitants (60 families) were Muslim in 1923. Following the Greek--Turkish population exchange, Greek refugee families in Sliveni were from East Thrace (2), Asia Minor (5) and Pontus (74) in 1926. The 1928 Greek census recorded 315 inhabitants. In 1928, the refugee families numbered 80 (337 people)
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# CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship
The **CZW Ultraviolent Underground Championship** was a professional hardcore wrestling championship owned by the Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) promotion. The title was introduced on February 5, 2005 at CZW\'s Only the Strong event. It has since been retired after being unified with the CZW World Heavyweight Championship.
Overall, there have been 18 reigns shared among 12 wrestlers. Title reigns are determined either by professional wrestling matches between wrestlers involved in pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines, or by scripted circumstances. Wrestlers are portrayed as either villains or heroes as they follow a series of tension-building events, which culminate in a wrestling match or series of matches for the championship. Title changes happen mostly at CZW-promoted events, which are usually released on DVD. The inaugural champion was JC Bailey, who defeated Necro Butcher in a Backstage Ultraviolent Underground Barbed Wire Cage of Death Light Tubes Scaffold Death match on February 5, 2005 at CZW\'s Only the Strong event. Bailey, Brain Damage, Nick Gage, Danny Havoc and Drake Younger are all tied for the record of most reigns, with 2 each. At 379 days, Danny Havoc\'s first reign is the longest in the title\'s history. Younger\'s combined 2 reigns hold the record for most days as champion at 454. Sami Callihan\'s only reign holds the record for shortest reign at less than one day.
## Title history {#title_history}
## Combined reigns {#combined_reigns}
+------+----------+---------+-----------+
| Rank | Wrestler | No
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# Sierra Boggess
**Sierra Marjory Boggess** (`{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɒ|g|ɪ|s}}`{=mediawiki}; born May 20, 1982) is an American actress, singer, and figure skater.
She is best known for originating the role of Ariel in *The Little Mermaid* on Broadway, and for her multiple appearances as Christine Daaé in *The Phantom of the Opera.* She first appeared in the Las Vegas production of *Phantom* in 2006. In 2010, she reprised the role of Christine in the original London version of *Love Never Dies*, which continues the story of *Phantom*. In 2012, she played Fantine in the London production of *Les Misérables*. She then played Christine in the Broadway production of *The Phantom of the Opera* in 2013. She also originated the role of Rosalie Mullins in *School of Rock* in 2016.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Sierra Boggess was born and raised in Denver, Colorado. She grew up in a family of professional musicians. She was a member of the Colorado Children\'s Chorale. Sierra attended George Washington High School. In an interview with *The Interval*, Boggess discussed the influence of drama studies during high school on her early development. She graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 2004 from Millikin University, where she studied voice with Cynthia Douglas.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Career
Boggess began her career in the ensemble and as an understudy for Cosette on the U.S. national tour of *Les Misérables*. She also played the roles of Binky and Ram Dass in the musical *Princesses* at Goodspeed Opera House and the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle. Her previous work includes *West Side Story* (Maria), *The Pirates of Penzance* (Mabel),`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki} *The Boy Friend* (Polly), and *Sweet Charity* (Charity).
### 2006--2013
Around the time she was performing in *Les Misérables*, Boggess was cast in a Las Vegas production of Andrew Lloyd Webber\'s *The Phantom of the Opera* at The Venetian Las Vegas. The production opened on June 24, 2006. Boggess played the female leading role of Christine Daaé, co-starring with Anthony Crivello and Brent Barrett alternating in the title role. She stayed with the Las Vegas production for a year.
Boggess was then cast in her Broadway debut, originating the leading role of Ariel in *The Little Mermaid*. She performed with the show in its pre-Broadway tryout at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts\' Ellie Caulkins Opera House, which ran from July 26, 2007, through September 9, 2007. The Broadway production began previews at the Lunt-Fontanne Theatre on November 3, 2007. It was temporarily closed from November 10, 2007, until November 28, 2007, as a result of the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike. Performances resumed the next day following the strike, and the official opening night was pushed from December 6, 2007, to January 10, 2008. Boggess received positive reviews for her performance. She stayed with the show for a year and a half, before playing her final performance as Ariel on May 31, 2009. Boggess was replaced by understudy Chelsea Morgan Stock.
While she was performing in *The Little Mermaid*, Boggess starred opposite Kristin Chenoweth in the Encores! staged concert of *Music in the Air* in February 2009.
From February 2010 to March 2011, Boggess starred as Christine Daaé in the sequel to *The Phantom of the Opera*, *Love Never Dies*. She also took part in the Rodgers and Hammerstein Prom at the Royal Albert Hall on August 22, 2010, which was screened on August 28. After leaving *Love Never Dies* Boggess played Sharon, alongside Tyne Daly, in the Broadway revival of *Master Class*, beginning on June 14, 2011. The show concluded its limited engagement on September 4, 2011.
Boggess again played Christine Daaé in the 25th anniversary concert of *The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall* in London with *Love Never Dies* co-star Ramin Karimloo as the Phantom at the Royal Albert Hall on October 1 and 2, 2011.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki}
Boggess starred in the Off-Broadway show *Love, Loss, and What I Wore* from February 29, 2012, through the show\'s closure on March 25, 2012.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki}
In April 2012, Boggess announced that she dropped out of *Rebecca* and instead joined the cast of the upcoming musical revue *Prince of Broadway* which pays tribute to director Harold Prince. However, the project was postponed until 2013. On July 2, 2012, Boggess returned to *Les Misérables* until January 10, 2013. This time she joined the West End company at the Queen\'s Theatre and took over the role of Fantine.
On January 21, 2013, Boggess returned to the role of Christine in *The Phantom of the Opera* for the Broadway production\'s 25th anniversary and co-starred opposite Hugh Panaro as the Phantom. She performed the role for a limited six-week engagement through March 2, 2013.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki}
Following *The Phantom of the Opera*, Boggess began teaching various musical theater master classes and began to workshop an upcoming musical adaptation of the 1998 film *Ever After*. However, Boggess was not part of the new musical\'s world premiere at Paper Mill Playhouse in 2015. She also made her cabaret debut with a solo show titled *Awakening* at New York\'s 54 Below. The 54 Below shows were recorded for a live debut solo album *Awakening: Live at 54 Below*, which was released on December 10, 2013, from Broadway Records.
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# Sierra Boggess
## Career
### 2014--present
In January 2014, Boggess played the role of a lesbian in the short film *Russian Broadway Shut Down* (protesting the Russian government\'s response to homosexuality in theater). Since 2014, Boggess has identified herself with the often repeated motivational moniker: \"You are enough. You are so enough. It\'s unbelievable how enough you are.\"
On March 20, 2014, it was announced that Boggess would once again rejoin the Broadway company of *The Phantom of the Opera* as Christine and reunite with her former *The Little Mermaid* co-star Norm Lewis as the Phantom (who made history as the first African-American actor to play the title role in the Broadway cast).`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki} They began their runs on May 12, 2014. Boggess concluded her run as Christine on September 6, 2014.
On 3 April 2014, Boggess played Sarah Brown in *Guys and Dolls* at Carnegie Hall opposite Patrick Wilson as Sky Masterson, Nathan Lane as Nathan Detroit, John Treacy Egan (who played Chef Louis in *The Little Mermaid* on Broadway) as Nicely-Nicely Johnson, and Christopher Fitzgerald as Benny Southstreet.
After completing her role in *The Phantom of the Opera* with Norm Lewis, Boggess returned to her alma mater Millikin University to perform a benefit concert featuring the Class of 2015 BFA Musical Theatre majors. The concert, based on her *Awakening* cabaret at 54 Below, was held to raise money for the school\'s new Theatre & Dance building.
Boggess originated the role of Rebecca Steinberg in the 2015 Broadway production of *It Shoulda Been You* at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre. The musical, which also starred Boggess\' former *Master Class* co-star Tyne Daly, was directed by David Hyde Pierce. The show began preview performances on March 17, opened on April 14, and closed on August 9, 2015.
Boggess performed the role of school principal Rosalie Mullins in the Andrew Lloyd Webber musical adaptation of *School of Rock* at the Winter Garden Theatre. The production began previews on November 9, 2015, and opened on December 6.
In February 2016, she starred in the Manhattan Concert Productions staging of *The Secret Garden*, in which she sang the role of Lily. The show would reunite her with Ramin Karimloo and also have her star opposite Cheyenne Jackson.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki}
On August 8, 2016, Boggess ended her role as Rosalie Mullins in *School Of Rock*. After leaving *School of Rock*, she was set to portray her role as Christine Daaé in *Le Fantôme de l\'Opéra*, the French production of *The Phantom of the Opera*. However, the production has been postponed until further notice due to a fire in the Théâtre Mogador, where the show was supposed to be performed. The Théâtre Mogador was only a few blocks away from the Opéra Garnier, where the plot of *The Phantom of the Opera* takes place.
On November 10, 2016, Boggess reunited with her *Music in the Air* co-star Kristin Chenoweth during her solo show *My Love Letter to Broadway*.
On December 5, 2016, it was announced that Boggess would embark on her first Australian concert tour in June 2017, making stops in Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. She began her tour on January 28, 2017, and traveled with her cellist sister Summer Boggess.
Boggess starred in *The Age of Innocence* as Countess Ellen Olenska at Hartford Stage in Hartford, Connecticut. The show ran from April 5 to May 6, 2018, before the production moved to Princeton, New Jersey\'s McCarter Theatre for a run from September 7 to October 7, 2018. In early 2019, Boggess starred as Danielle de Barbarac in the Alliance Theatre production of *Ever After The Musical*.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki} She reprised her role in *Ever After* for the show\'s third regional production at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in December 2019.
From July 26 to 28, 2019, Boggess reunited with her *Phantom: The Las Vegas Spectacular* co-star Anthony Crivello and *Secret Garden* co-star Cheyenne Jackson in the Hollywood Bowl\'s production of Stephen Sondheim\'s *Into the Woods.* Boggess starred as Cinderella alongside Sutton Foster (The Baker\'s Wife), Skylar Astin (The Baker), Patina Miller (The Witch), Gaten Matarazzo (Jack), Shanice Williams (Little Red Riding Hood), Cheyenne Jackson (Cinderella\'s Prince/The Wolf), Anthony Crivello (Mysterious Man), and Whoopi Goldberg (The Giant).
From March 13 to May 15, 2022, Boggess starred as Mary in the New York premiere of Barry Manilow and Bruce Sussman\'s musical *Harmony* at the National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene. In summer 2023, it was announced that the production would transfer to the Ethel Barrymore Theater on Broadway with Boggess attached.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki} Boggess was also featured on the show\'s original cast recording, released August 31.
Boggess was also featured in the Barrington Stage Company\'s production of *A Little Night Music* as Countess Charlotte Malcolm from August 6 to 28, 2022. From February 19 to March 26, 2023, Boggess starred as Lily Craven in the Ahmanson Theatere\'s production of *The Secret Garden*. In July of the same year, it was announced that Boggess would star as Laurey Williams on the 80th anniversary recording of *Oklahoma!*, singing opposite Nathaniel Hackmann and with the Sinfonia of London orchestra, which was released on September 15.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki}
## Video blog productions {#video_blog_productions}
Boggess has been involved in a number of extended blog series, often in association with Broadway.com. These have included a ten-part series titled *Daae Days*, which includes two episodes in which Boggess interviews between 15 and 20 fellow Broadway actresses who have also portrayed Christine Daaé in *The Phantom of the Opera* over the many years of its production. Her second vlog, *Going Bridal*, went behind the scenes from rehearsals to opening *It Shoulda Been You* as Rebecca Steinberg. Boggess has also created a video series with her voice coach Mary Setrakian titled *Tea and Spinklers* also released in 2014.
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# Sierra Boggess
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Boggess announced her engagement to producer and film director Stefano Da Frè on January 3, 2022. Stefano proposed to Sierra on New Year\'s Eve, while the couple were on holiday in Finland.`{{Unreliable source?|date=January 2024|reason=WP:RSP says BroadwayWorld is considered generally unreliable.}}`{=mediawiki} The couple shared via Instagram that they were married at the Château at Coindre Hall in Huntington, New York, on April 23, 2023, with a portrait and a photo of the outdoor ceremony. In July, 2023 People Magazine featured Stefano and Sierra\'s wedding photos in an exclusive issue.
Boggess\' personal website describes her as an \"avid yogi, vegetarian, and animal rights activist.\" She has frequently participated in Broadway Barks, a cat and dog adoption event founded by Bernadette Peters.
## Theatre credits {#theatre_credits}
Year(s) Production Role Location Category
------------ ------------------------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------------------- ------------------
2005--2006 *Les Misérables* \- US National Tour
2006--2007 *The Phantom of the Opera* Christine Daaé Venetian Resort and Casino Las Vegas
2007--2009 *The Little Mermaid* Princess Ariel Denver Center for the Performing Arts Denver
Lunt-Fontanne Theatre Broadway
2009 *Music in the Air* Sieglinde Lessing New York City Center Encores!
2010--2011 *Love Never Dies* Christine Daaé Adelphi Theatre West End
2011 *The Phantom of the Opera* Royal Albert Hall
*Master Class* Sharon Graham Samuel J. Friedman Theatre Broadway
2012--2013 *Les Misérables* Fantine Queens Theatre West End
2012 *Love, Loss and What I Wore* Various Characters Westside Theatre Off-Broadway
2013 *The Phantom of the Opera* Christine Daaé Majestic Theatre Broadway
2014 *Guys and Dolls* Sister Sarah Brown Carnegie Hall
*The Phantom of the Opera* Christine Daaé Majestic Theatre Broadway
2015 *It Shoulda Been You* Rebecca Steinberg Brooks Atkinson Theatre
2015--2016 *School of Rock* Principal Rosalie Mullins Winter Garden Theatre
2016 *The Secret Garden* Lily Craven Lincoln Center
2018 *The Age of Innocence* Ellen Olenska Hartford Stage Connecticut
*The Secret Garden* Lily Craven Unknown Lab
2019 *Ever After The Musical* Danielle de Barbarac Alliance Theatre Atlanta
*Into the Woods* Cinderella Hollywood Bowl Los Angeles
2022 *Harmony* Mary National Yiddish Theatre Folksbiene Off-Broadway
*A Little Night Music* Charlotte Malcom Barrington Stage Company Massachusetts
2023 *The Secret Garden* Lily Craven Ahmanson Theatre Los Angeles
*The Goodbye Girl* Paula McFadden Theatre Row Building Off-Broadway
2023-2024 *Harmony* Mary Ethel Barrymore Theatre Broadway
2024 *Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil* Emma Dawes Goodman Theatre World Premiere
: List of Sierra Boggess theatre credits
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ------------------------------------------------- ---------------- -------------------------
2011 *The Phantom of the Opera at Royal Albert Hall* Christine Daaé Filmed live performance
2018 *Viper Club* Singer
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------ -------------------------- ---------------- -------------
2015 *What\'s Your Emergency* Chrissy Freese 16 episodes
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
Year Award Category Nominated Work Result
------ ---------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------- --------
2008 Drama Desk Award Outstanding Actress in a Musical *The Little Mermaid*
Drama League Award Distinguished Performance
Broadway.com Audience Award Favorite Leading Actress in a Broadway Musical
Favorite Female Breakthrough Performance
2010 BroadwayWorld UK Award Best Leading Actress in a Musical *Love Never Dies*
2011 WhatsOnStage.com Theatregoers\' Choice Award Best Actress in a Musical
Laurence Olivier Award Best Actress in a Musical
2013 Broadway.com Audience Award Favorite Replacement *The Phantom of the Opera*
2015 Broadway.com Audience Award Favorite Featured Actress *It Shoulda Been You*
2016 Broadway.com Audience Award Favorite Featured Actress *School of Rock*
Favorite Onstage Pair (shared with Alex Brightman)
## Recordings
- *Princess Disneymania* -- 2008 \"Part of Your World\"
- *The Little Mermaid* -- 2008 Original Broadway Cast Recording
- *New York City Christmas -- A Benefit album for ASTEP* -- 2009 \"Have yourself a merry little Christmas\", \"Still, Still, Still/ The first Noel\" (feat. Lindsay Mendez)
- *Love Never Dies* -- 2010 Original West End Cast Recording
- *The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall* -- 2011 Live Cast Recording
- *A Little Princess* -- 2011 Recording
- *Scott Alan Live* -- 2012 Live Concert Recording \"Always/Goodnight\" (feat. Jane Monheit)
- *Rodgers & Hammerstein at the Movies* -- 2012 Soundtrack Album
- *Awakening: Live at 54 Below* -- 2013 Debut Album
- *Love on 42nd Street* -- 2014 \"You Caught Me Off Guard\" featured on Songs of Daniel and Laura Curtis
- *Where The Sky Ends* -- 2014 \"The Devil\" -- The Songs of Michael Mott
- *BroadwayWorld Visits Oz* -- 2014 \"Over the Rainbow\"
- *It Shoulda Been You* -- 2015 Original Broadway Cast Recording
- *School of Rock: The Musical* -- 2015 Original Broadway Cast Recording
- *Together at a Distance (Classic & Contemporary Broadway Duets) --* 2021 Album feat
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# Pépito Elhorga
**Pépito Elhorga** (born 6 January 1978) is a former French rugby player. He played for Aviron Bayonnais in the Top 14 club competition, and previously played for Biarritz Olympique and SU Agen.
He was a member of France\'s 2003 Rugby World Cup squad. He had 18 caps, from 2001 to 2008, and scored 3 tries (15 points)
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# Sihali Jageer
**Sihali Jageer** (also known as **Sihali Jagir**) is a village in the Hasanpur subdistrict of the Amroha district within Jyotiba Phule Nagar in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Sihali Jageer is also famous for plants Nursery .
Sihali Jageer is a gram panchayat administered by a sarpanch. The village was originally settled by Pathans, 400 years ago. Sindh Mohalla was the first Mohalla of this village which settled by two brothers, Peer Khan and Meer Khan.
## Economy
Sihali Jageer is known as a center of the plant nursery and horticulture industry. Fareed Khan is credited with being the first resident in the village to develop a successful nursery business, and his success inspired many other village residents to develop their own nursery businesses.
The name Sihali Jageer is also used as a trademark by a luxury ladies fashion company located in Ambedkar Nagar, Noida, Uttar Pradesh. The company was founded by a zamindar family of Amroha district named Sihali Jageer.
The Anjuman A. Ashraf Pharmacy College (located at Vill-Basi Sahsoli Post-Sihali Jagir, Tehsil-Hasanpur, Amroha, J.P. Nagar 224241) was granted the status of \"Diploma institutions only for conduct\" for 2019--2020.
## Demographics
According to 2011 census data, there were 1474 households in Sihali Jageer and a population of 9115 of which 4797 were males while 4318 were females. In 2018, its population was estimated to have grown to around 14,000 made up of 2,000 households, of which 65% were estimated to have land holdings.
The population of children in the village aged 0--6 was 1665 which constituted 18.27% of the total population of village according to the 2011 census data. The child sex ratio was 875 which was lower than the Uttar Pradesh average of 902.
Per the 2011 census data, Sihali Jageer village had a literacy rate of 58.98%, which was below the average literacy rate of Uttar Pradesh at 67.68%. The male literacy rate was 67.66%, while the female literacy rate was 49.39%.
Ashfaq Ali Khan is from Sihali Jageer
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# List of Genshiken characters
This is a list of characters that appear in the manga and anime series *Genshiken*.
## Main characters {#main_characters}
***Note:** the Genshiken members\' favourite manga, anime, and games are non-existent parodies of actual manga, anime and games. For instance, Sasahara is a fan of the game*The Champ of Fighters*(CoF), a parody of*The King of Fighters*(KoF). Occasionally a real series is mentioned in the manga that is fictionalized in the anime, and vice versa. (Biographical information is from Volume One of the Genshiken manga and the Genshiken Official Data Book.)*
-
: **Voiced by:** Takanori Ōyama (*Season 1 and 2*), Tatsuya Kobashi (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Michael Perreca (English); Thomas Guitard (French)
: The third president of Genshiken. At first in denial about his otaku nature, Sasahara eventually accepts and embraces it. He loves hentai PC games despite not owning a computer until volume 3. When Sasahara assumes the title of Genshiken president from Madarame, his first decision is to push the club\'s initiative, and establish their own booth at Comic-Fest. While Sasahara is pretty much the \"normal\" otaku, his unwavering loyalty to a single character (Kujibiki Unbalance character Ritsuko Kübel Kettenkrad a.k.a. \"The Chairman\") makes him stand out from the others. Even the dōjinshi created by Genshiken under his leadership is a Ritsuko-themed one. Sasahara gives up being president during his senior year in order to focus on studying and finding a job, and passes the title on to Ohno. While Sasahara starts off as a quiet, reserved member of Genshiken, he transforms into a somewhat stronger-willed individual, especially during his presidency. While not completely confident in himself, he is able to find a job as a manga editor and even fight back his own doubts in order to confess his feelings for Ogiue. Sasahara also helps Ogiue by providing criticism and being an unofficial editor for her work in general, despite the possible risk to their relationship.
-
: **Voiced by:** Mitsuki Saiga (*Season 1 and 2*), Momoko Ohara (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Kenneth Miller (English, as Kenneth Robert Marlo); Remi Caillebot (French); Sebastian Schulz (German)
: Unusually handsome and cute, Kousaka is actually one of the most hardcore otaku in Genshiken. He loves hentai games and is undefeatable when it comes to video games, particularly the fighting genre. As Saki\'s boyfriend, Kousaka is largely responsible for Saki learning to be patient when it comes to dating an otaku. Kousaka can be considered the exception to the rules of stereotypical otaku, as he is able to juggle fashion with an otaku lifestyle, though after getting a job programming for a porn game company, even Kousaka cannot completely keep up with such a hectic schedule. Kousaka is easy-going and never loses his temper, a trait portrayed by the constant smile on his face. However, he can be rather forceful when the need arises, particularly when it comes to keeping Saki from avoiding her promises. Kousaka, while fashionable, is not afraid to try new things. In order to help sell Genshiken\'s dōjinshi, he dresses up as Izumi from Kujibiki Unbalance, a female character with a very short skirt (Tokino in the Genshiken 2 anime).
-
: **Voiced by:** Satsuki Yukino (*Season 1 and 2*), Rina Satou (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Carol Jacobanis (English); Genevieve Doang (French); Esra Vural (German); Ariadna Jimenez (Spanish)
: Kousaka\'s girlfriend. Fashionable, violent, confident, occasionally smokes, and not at all attracted by the sexual charms of anime characters, Saki is not an otaku in any sense of the word. She follows Kousaka into Genshiken, and is eventually blackmailed by the first Genshiken chairman into joining the club. Surprisingly, Saki actually saves Genshiken from being shut down on two separate occasions, though her motives have more to do with revenge and guilt than becoming more of an otaku.
: Despite being vehemently against otaku activities such as wearing nekomimi (cat-ears) at the start of the series, Saki eventually becomes comfortable with the other club members to the point that eventually she is considered their close friend (aside from the possible exception of Kuchiki). Saki has a tendency to use nicknames. She calls Sasahara \"Sasayan\", Kugayama \"Kugapii\", and Ogiue \"Ogichin\" by nicknames, and even though she at first refuses to call Kuchiki by his self-appointed nickname (\"Kuchii\"), Saki starts using that nickname as well. She later becomes an entrepreneur in developing her own fashion line.
-
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# List of Genshiken characters
## Main characters {#main_characters}
: **Voiced by:** Nobuyuki Hiyama (*Season 1 and 2*), Kazuyuki Okitsu (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Bill Timoney (English, as Billy Regan); Bruno Meyere (French)
: The second president of Genshiken, Madarame is personally chosen by the first Genshiken president to be his successor, though Madarame shows the most leadership and initiative even ally appointed as president. He is a Gundam fan and arguably the most hardcore otaku out of all of Genshiken. Madarame buys dōjinshi without even looking at the price tags, something that occasionally leaves him with very little spending money on basic necessities such as food (his sushi of choice is bacon sushi mayonnaise, cheap at 50 yen a piece). Madarame takes pride in everything that he purchases. The Official Genshiken Data Book\'s otaku quiz section calls the highest level of otaku \"Madarame\".
: Madarame\'s loud and adamant support of his own otaku lifestyle initially makes him Saki\'s nemesis in *Genshiken*, but as Madarame develops a crush on Saki it heavily influences his interactions with her. However, even after graduating and getting a job at Sakura Pipe Repair thanks to his \"computer literacy\" (i.e. experience with porn games) Madarame never admits his feelings to Saki as he does not want to risk ruining their friendship. In the relaunch of the manga, Madarame still drops by the Genshiken clubroom for lunch. In order to help the crossdressing Hato be able to come to the clubroom as a girl while attending classes as a male, Madarame agrees to allow Hato use his apartment to change since it is very close to the school. Hato invites Madarame to their upcoming school festival, but soon finds out that his crush Saki will be there with her boyfriend Kousaka. When Madarame arrives at Genshiken\'s cosplay event he talks to Hato who is internally debating on whether to tell him that Saki is visiting. Soon Saki does show up and brings up a memory about Genshiken finding S&M in one of his drawers while they were at his home. He then claims that 2D girls are the only type of girls for him, but then remembers about the cosplay photos of Saki he has hidden. Here he falters a bit to everyones surprise, Hato then lets out a \"oh\" because he saw them when they fell from behind the table. Keiko then hatches a plan to get Madarame to confess to Saki. With a little help from Hato they succeed in getting them alone together in Genshiken\'s clubroom. There Madarame confesses to Saki rather weirdly, but she understands him and politely refuses his feelings. Later he quits his job to \"try out being a loser.\" Keiko confronts him in the clubroom claiming that the only reason why he got a job close by was because Saki was still a student at the university. She speculates that he first wanted a job close to the uni so he could drop by Genshiken now and then and potentially cross paths with Saki, but now that Saki has moved on he has no need for such a job. In the manga, he eventually gains popularity and develops a harem of girls that seek his affection (Angela, Sue, and Keiko), but at the end he confesses and pursues a relationship with Sue.
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: **Voiced by:** Tomokazu Seki, (*Season 1 and 2*), Takayuki Kondou (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Bill Rogers (English); Damien Da Silva (French); Dennis Schmidt-Foss (German)
: Of the three original upperclassmen, Tanaka\'s personality is more neutral than the others. He is generally not as eager to rant as Madarame, but is more comfortable with himself than Kugayama. A hardcore cosplayer and costume designer, Tanaka is able to bring what should be impractical or even impossible costumes to life. Tanaka is also an expert and veteran plamo (plastic model) and Gunpla builder and is not afraid to teach anyone who is willing to learn. While well-versed in many areas of model and figure culture, Tanaka is personally not experienced with figure-modeling, but attempts to learn by sculpting a model of Shinobu from Kujibiki Unbalance. Tanaka finds his dream girl in Ohno, who becomes not only the ideal model for his costumes, but also his girlfriend. He also makes costumes for Saki and Ogiue, though this can be attributed to his love of costume design, and not any sort of romantic feelings towards either of them. His cosplay skills helps him get into a fashion design school. Tanaka believes that models and cosplay are two separate worlds, and treats those two worlds somewhat differently. \"Figures are figures. Cosplay is cosplay.\"
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: **Voiced by:** Kenji Nomura (*Season 1 and 2*), Hiroki Yasumoto (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Jim J. Ward (English, as Rome Elliot); Alexandre Coadour (French); Tilo Schmitz (German)
: The stuttering, heavyset Kugayama is Genshiken\'s only artist until Ogiue\'s arrival. He generally lacks the motivation and commitment to create a full-fledged dōjinshi. In volume 5, Sasahara asks Kugayama to draw a dōjinshi for Comic-Fest, which he fails to do until Saki forces him, Ogiue, and Sasahara to make one under a very tight schedule. He is given the nickname \'Kugapii\' by Saki. In volume 6, he graduates and begins work at a medical device manufacturing company in Iidabashi as a salesman. Kugayama, though at first a seemingly mediocre artist, is actually quite talented. However, his talent only appears when he is properly motivated, i.e. when drawing more erotic imagery, particularly that of Yamada from Kujibiki Unbalance.
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: **Voiced by:** Ayako Kawasumi (*Season 1 and 2*), Yukana Nogami (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Rachael Lillis (English); Jessica Barrier (French); Susanne Kaps (German)
: Ohno is the fourth president of Genshiken. Raised in the United States since the third grade, she graduated from an American high school, joining the Genshiken at the beginning of the Fall term. Normally soft-spoken and easily embarrassed, Ohno is surprisingly upfront when it comes to one of her two main passions: cosplay. With a nice figure and large bosom, Ohno and her cosplaying (using costumes sewn personally by Tanaka, whom she begins dating) quickly become Genshiken\'s main attraction at student fairs. Ohno\'s other main passion is yaoi involving muscular, middle-aged, exceedingly bald men. One of the reasons Ohno joins Genshiken in the first place is because only they would accept her fetish. She is also close to Saki, as Saki was the first one to find out about Ohno\'s preference for older men. Because of her tastes and her Fujoshi preferences, she is also unusually attracted to Bara, a genre aimed towards gay men.
: Ohno is against cosplay sex, claiming that doing so betray the characters, but when asked if it\'s okay to have sex while cosplaying as a porn character, she becomes very embarrassed and indicates she has already used that loophole. Her decision to become the next president of Genshiken comes from Saki\'s suggestion that she could turn it into a cosplay club (literally \"Society for the Study of Cosplay\" or *Cosken* in the original Japanese). Ohno later passes the presidency on to Ogiue. In the relaunch of the manga, it is revealed that she is not job hunting as she is waiting for Tanaka to finish his additional schooling, implying that she may be planning to be a housewife or to help him.
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## Main characters {#main_characters}
: **Voiced by:** Kaori Mizuhashi (*Season 1 and 2*), Nozomi Yamamoto (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Michele Knotz (English)
: The fifth president of Genshiken and former member of the Manga Society, Ogiue is a girl who seemingly hates otaku, particularly female ones, but is arguably more perverse a yaoi fan than Ohno. Ogiue\'s tastes in yaoi stem from a preference for shōnen series, and like Kugayama she is an amateur artist. Despite her harsh attitude, Ogiue is actually easily coerced into doing things to which she initially objects. Ogiue has a tendency to fantasize about and then draw highly sexual homosexual encounters between the men she knows in real life, particularly Sasahara and Madarame. Ogiue has terrible eyesight, normally wears contacts, and speaks a Tohoku dialect when not speaking Japanese formally. Her most distinctive feature is her paintbrush-like hairstyle, and her last resort when losing an argument is to try and jump out of a nearby window, no matter what floor of the building she is on. In junior high, at the request of her friend Nakajima, Ogiue drew a yaoi dōjinshi of a boy named Makita, whom she had been secretly dating. Makita found the dōjinshi and soon after transferred to a different school. This incident is the source of Ogiue\'s trauma and self-hatred, and it continues to haunt her until she begins to date Sasahara, who is much more understanding of her yaoi fantasies and love of drawing. Ogiue eventually obtains a publishing deal with Monthly Afternoon, the very magazine in which Genshiken was published. In the relaunch of the manga, Ogiue managed to draw in three new members to Genshiken (not counting Sue) thanks to her large artwork demonstration. She has hired the four first-year club members to be her assistants for her professional manga work. One of her most signature features is her tall top-knot, which she wears through most of the series. In the relaunch, she wears her hair down more often, but usually puts it up when she is working.
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: **Voiced by:** Akira Ishida (*Season 1 and 2*), Jun Fukuyama (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Ted Lewis (English, as Ed Paul); Mathieu Doang (French); Seong Un Sa (Korean)
: Introduced in volume two of the manga, Kuchiki becomes a full-member of Genshiken together with Ogiue in volume four apparently after being kicked out of the Anime Club. Kuchiki is a very abrasive individual, with a loud and obnoxious style of speech and hyperactive mannerisms that often offend others. He has no qualms about doing indecent or improper things that get him in trouble, such as spying on Ogiue when she first joined, and is frequently beaten throughout the series following failed sexual assaults against both women and men in the club. He wants to be nicknamed `{{nihongo|Kuchi|クッチー|Kutchī}}`{=mediawiki} and enjoys it when people use this nickname. Kuchiki knows that his personality is off-putting but most often his intentions are good, such as when he caught a thief during the school fair and annoyed him into returning the stolen goods. He is actually the second-best fighting game player in Genshiken, next to Kousaka. He twice expects himself to be named the next Genshiken president, only to be passed over by Ohno and then Ogiue. Mostly a background comedic character, Kuchiki is used as a goad for a good many of Genshiken\'s slapstick and off-color jokes. One might even consider him a boke to the rest of the Genshiken\'s tsukkomi. In the relaunch of the manga, it is revealed that Kuchiki doesn\'t need to look for a job since he\'s pretty much guaranteed to have a job at a local bank thanks to family connections.
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# List of Genshiken characters
## Second Generation main characters {#second_generation_main_characters}
These characters were introduced in the *Genshiken Nidaime* manga, which is the continuation of *Genshiken*.
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: **Voiced by:** Sumire Uesaka (Japanese)
: Yoshitake is a first year female student who decided to join Genshiken after seeing Ogiue\'s poster drawing demonstration and sensing the fujoshi aspects of it and recognizing Ogiue as a fujoshi. She is slender, wears glasses, is bright and cheerful, but often contrives amusing situations at other\'s expense, such as when she got Ohnno drunk and convinced her to shoot an erotic cosplay CD. Yoshitake became one of Ogiue\'s paid assistants when Ogiue needed help getting her professional manga ready by the deadline, and later wrote a manuscript which Yajima turned into a comic for the school fair.
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: **Voiced by:** Yumi Uchiyama (Japanese)
: Yajima is a first year female student who also decided to join Genshiken after seeing Ogiue\'s manga poster drawing demonstration. She too is a fujoshi, though not as blatant about it as Yoshitake. She is of stocky build and tends to wear men\'s clothing. She has a very hard time accepting Hato\'s cross-dressing at first and insists that he would have an easier time if he stopped, but later becomes more sympathetic and often comes to his aid against the more aggressive Kuchiki and Yoshitake. Ironically, her attempts to protect Hato\'s privacy often result in her seeing more than she intended. Yajima draws but claims to be bad at it, though she works as an assistant under Ogiue and later as Yoshitake\'s artist during the school festival. In the manga, after Ogiue becomes a senior, she passes on the torch of president to Yajima, making Yajima the sixth president of the Genshiken club.
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: **Voiced by:** Kazutomi Yamamoto (Japanese, normal voice), Ai Kakuma (Japanese, cross-dressing voice)
: Hato is a first year male student and the last to join during Ogiue\'s first membership drive. Hato shares the fujoshi love of yaoi and boy\'s love manga and doujinshi, making him a \"fudanshi.\" Because of this, Hato decided to adopt a female persona, complete with a near perfect female voice, and only attends Genshiken meetings as a girl, though he attends classes as a guy. Even after the members of Genshiken learn his secret, Hato continues to cross-dress for the meetings, leading Genshiken to draft former member Madarame into letting Hato change at his apartment. As a girl, Hato looks and sounds the part so well, guys on campus begin trying to learn more about this \"mysterious beauty\" who only shows up after classes are over for the day. Indeed, Yajima had a hard time believing someone that looked so beautiful as a girl could really be a guy, but she saw the evidence first hand when Yoshitake and Hato came to her apartment and the trio got drunk. Hato doesn\'t believe that people see him as very beautiful when he dresses as a girl. Like Sue, Yoshitake, and Yajima, Hato is also one of Ogiue\'s paid assistants for her professional manga. Being gifted at drawing, Hato helps with the background imagery.
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# List of Genshiken characters
## Other characters {#other_characters}
### Other club members {#other_club_members}
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: **Voiced by:** Yuji Ueda (Japanese); Jonathan Todd Ross (English, as Todd Garbeil); Alexandre Coadour (French)
: This character is the first club president, whose name is never revealed. He is eerily quiet and very stealthy, moving from place to place like smoke without anyone noticing (scaring Saki in particular), although he seems largely harmless on the surface. He appears to have a vast amount of knowledge about the college and many of the students, although he denies having hidden cameras or any other means of spying on them. He has been head of the Genshiken longer than most care to remember; some indications go back as far as 1987. He often stands on top of buildings, staring into the club room. He leaves his position as President to work on his graduate thesis, implying that he is working on his PhD. He begins the custom of the current president personally choosing his or her successor. The titles for the first 12 episodes of the anime can be interpreted as the \"research\" he has conducted on unsuspecting fellow club-members, as titles from after his departure are far more mundane.
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: **Voiced by:** Koji Ishii (Japanese); J. David Brimmer (English, as Michael Alston Bailey); Gerard Surugue (French)
: A \"phantom member\" of the Genshiken, Haraguchi rarely shows up at the club room, and when he does, it is almost always bad news. He is a member of the Manga Society and Anime Society as well, but has paid his club dues for none of them. Called \"**Haraguro**\" by those who are unfortunate enough to know him, he is roundly disliked by everyone in all three groups, and only grudgingly tolerated by his much-touted connections among semi-professional manga artists. However, as he tends to intimidate others into submission, few are willing to voice their complaints in public.
### Ohno\'s American friends {#ohnos_american_friends}
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: **Voiced by:** Yuko Goto (*Season 2*), Naomi Ozora (*Second Generation*) (Japanese)
: One of Ohno\'s American friends, Susanna (more frequently known as Susie or Sue), is a petite girl with an avid interest in yaoi. Susanna comes off as somewhat harsh and unsociable, and startles the other Genshiken members by using crude anime and manga quotes in Japanese (written in katakana to show her unfamiliarity with the language). As she makes gains in comprehension, her responding solely in quotes makes it unclear just how much Japanese she understands, much to the chagrin of Ogiue and others. Her extensive knowledge of anime and manga quotes suggests that Susanna is well-versed in both, having seen *Neon Genesis Evangelion* , *Kimi ga Nozomu Eien* , *Fist of the North Star*, *Saint Seiya* , *Neko-Yasha* , *Mahoromatic* , *Azumanga Daioh* , *Doraemon* and *Lupin III* , among others. She also seems to be obsessed with Japanese culture. As for her age, it is undetermined, and those who would know (i.e. Ohno) refuse to tell. Susanna wishes to study in Japan in the near future. In the relaunch of the manga and the subsequent *Genshiken Nidaime* anime series sequel, Sue has managed to be transferred to Shiiou University and is a first-year student and new club member of Genshiken. She is very close to Ogiue and still spouts various anime and manga quotes. Sue is even employed by Ogiue to be one of her assistants for the official manga Ogiue is writing and drawing. She starts to develop a crush on Madarame after kissing him at one of the school festivals, and in the manga it\'s shown that she becomes part of Madarame\'s harem and becomes the ultimate winner as she and Madarame pursue a relationship together.
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: **Voiced by:** Yuki Kaida (*Season 2*), Misa Kobayashi (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Rebecca Soler (English)
: Another of Ohno\'s American friends, Angela is very much the opposite of Sue in that she is tall, mature, and very friendly. Angela is a very athletic girl and is able to endure posing for cosplay pictures longer than even an experienced cosplayer like Ohno. She is very fond of the anime and manga series *General Gyororo*. Angela enjoys both \"male-oriented\" and \"female-oriented\" doujinshi. She also has a bit of a glasses fetish (which makes her feel somewhat attracted to a scared Madarame the first time they meet). Angela does not seem to be able to speak much of any Japanese, with her vocabulary limited to terms like *sō-uke* (\"total bottom,\" obviously learned through her interest in yaoi dōjinshi). However in the anime when characters are speaking Japanese around her she has commented on what they are saying in English, implying that she has a basic understanding of Japanese even if she does not speak it.
: On one of her visits to Japan she meets Madarame in the Genshiken clubroom and asks him for an August issue of the anime magazine she was reading. He finds it for and she motions for him to sit next to her and read it with him. After a while of reading and turning the pages, Madarame turns a page, but quickly turns it back because Angela made it seem like she wasn\'t finished reading. Angela then tells him what a sensible man he is and how she was testing him much to Madarame\'s confusion. Here she takes notice of his hands and tells him he has beautiful fingers. This scene only appears in the anime and not in the manga.
: In the new *Genshiken Nidaime* anime sequel series Angela returns to Japan every Comifest to cosplay with Ohno. She tells her that she knows about Madarame\'s infatuation with Saki and that he deserves to be happy, even going to the extent of proposing him a *one night stand* of casual sex, to which he utterly and embarrassingly objects. In the manga she becomes part of Madarame\'s harem, but due to the potential of a long distance relationship, she is considered to be the least likely candidate for Madarame to go after.
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# List of Genshiken characters
## Other characters {#other_characters}
### Other students at Shiiou University {#other_students_at_shiiou_university}
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: **Voiced by:** Eiji Yanagisawa (Japanese); William Hirsh (Season 1), Tom Wayland (Season 2) (English)
: A member of the Manga Society, Takayanagi is on friendly terms with the Genshiken members and is seen conversing with them from time to time on various matters. In one notable instance, he finds himself in the unenviable position in the middle of the battle between the girls of his club and Ogiue, who had attempted to join. He is much relieved when the Genshiken takes Ogiue in, as the other girls in Genshiken are already hated by the Manga Society girls for various reasons.
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: **Voiced by:** Reiko Takagi (*Season 2*), Madoka Yonezawa (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Melissa Schoenberg (English, as Melissa Hope)
: One of the girls in the Manga Society at the time Ogiue attempted to join, she seems to harbor strong feelings of resentment towards Ogiue. Criticizing Ogiue for slipping into her Tohoku dialect when she doesn\'t speak formally, Yabusaki herself speaks in a highly pronounced Kansai dialect, which she says scares those from Kantō. When Ogiue is rejected as a vendor for the next ComiFes, Yabusaki (grudgingly) invites her to become a guest artist in her own circle\'s dōjinshi. Later in the show, she appears to be on friendlier terms with Ogiue and helps her work on her professional manga. Though she appears only towards the end of the manga, she shows up much earlier in the anime, in episode 3 of season 2. In the anime adaptation of the Second Season, her first name is Kumiko.
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: **Voiced by:** Momoko Saito (*Season 2*), Konomi Tada (*Second Generation*) (Japanese)
: Yabusaki\'s friend and fellow member of the Manga Society who speaks in a highly irregular manner. Her real name is never revealed in the original manga series, but she received the name \"Asada\" for the second Genshiken TV series in the ending credits. In chapter 63 of the relaunch of Genshiken, she is addressed as \"Naoko\" by Yabusaki.
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: **Voiced by:** Eri Nakao (Japanese)
: Kato is a mysterious girl in the manga society, who always wears her hair over her face. At some point, she takes an interest in becoming friends with Ogiue, and sets out to do just that in spite of her fellow members\' dislike of the girl. In reality, she is quite good looking, but few seem to know this because of the way she conceals her features.
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## Other characters {#other_characters}
### Figures from Ogiue\'s past {#figures_from_ogiues_past}
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: **Voiced by:** Aya Endo (*Season 2*), Mari Hino (*Second Generation*) (Japanese)
: One of Ogiue\'s friends from her junior high school days, Nakajima worked on writing scripts for yaoi dōjinshi which Ogiue would then draw. When she notices the relationship between Ogiue and Makita, she appears to grow jealous of the two, orchestrating the event that Ogiue carries as a mark of shame from that point on. Her appearance (along with Shigeta) at Comifes while Ogiue is selling her newest dōjinshi greatly disturbs Ogiue emotionally, until her bitter reminiscence is interrupted by the arrival of Susie.
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: **Voiced by:** Yuka Iguchi (Japanese)
: Another of Ogiue\'s friends from junior high school, Shigeta (distinguished by her blushing cheeks) was one of the group with whom Ogiue made dōjinshi. While perhaps not directly responsible for the incident involving Ogiue and Makita, she still associates with Nakajima even five years later, and her presence is enough to upset Ogiue at Comifes when she appears. Her name is not mentioned in the manga, or in dialogue; it appears in the credits in episode 11 of *Genshiken 2*.
### Figures from other members\' pasts {#figures_from_other_members_pasts}
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: **Voiced by:** Yuri Yamaoka (Japanese)
: A tense and constantly wide-eyed female otaku and Fujoshi character from the second season of the Genshiken manga and the Genshiken Nidaime anime. Konno was a friend of Hato Kenjirou during high school and was involved in the event that made Hato turn into crossdressing when he confessed to her that he was a Fudanshi (male fan of yaoi). It is later revealed that unbeknownst to Hato, Konno has been harboring feelings for him since their days at high school.
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: **Voiced by:** Mamiko Noto (Japanese)
: A very beautiful, talented and strong-willed Fujoshi, Kaminaga is a former senior classmate from Hato Kenjirou\'s high school days. Kaminaga was admired by Hato for her artistic ability and her Fujoshi lifestyle. Hato takes her image as the basis of his own crossdressing so he is easily confused for her, as Hato wears a wig extremely similar to Kaminaga\'s hair. Kaminaga began an affair with the older Judo practicing brother of Hato and will marry him soon according to the manga and its anime adaptation.
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: **Voiced by:** Kana Akutsu (Japanese)
: An old high school friend of Mirei Yajima. A quite timid young girl with glasses, she greatly admires Yajima and will cling to her when troubled. To the surprise of many, Mimasaka is a big fan of Yajima's drawings, not in spite of their lack of quality but because of it, claiming that it shows Yajima's persistent personality. Mimasaka also does not view crossdressing Genshiken club member Hato Kenjirou fondly, as she senses something funny about his relationship with Yajima.
### Genshiken members\' relatives {#genshiken_members_relatives}
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: **Voiced by:** Kaori Shimizu (*Season 1 and 2*), Ikumi Hayama (*Second Generation*) (Japanese); Jessica Calvello (English, as Zena Fries); Fanny Bloc (French)
: Keiko is Kanji Sasahara\'s little sister, who leads a kogal lifestyle. She carries a blatant crush on Kousaka, much to Saki\'s chagrin. She even tries to become an otaku and gets drawn into the otaku world (to a point) when she seems to like some of the dōjinshi Ohno shares with her. In volume 6, she moves into Kanji\'s place so that she can take the entry exam for Shiiou University and fails, but she gets into Ohka Business College nearby. Her sole reason for doing so is in order to join Genshiken and be closer to Kousaka.
: In the manga relaunch and the anime series sequel Keiko visits the club\'s room often and gets involved in Madarame\'s obsession with Saki. Keiko tells every former male member of the Genshiken that she meets that she now works as a hostess in a cabaret club and offers them her business card. She is a huge flirt, constantly teasing the other guys, especially Madarame. In the manga, when Madarame starts to become more popular, she decides to try her best to win him over when she learns she\'s part of his harem despite the fact he\'s not her type. This is because she really doesn\'t want to lose to the others.
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: **Voiced by:** Shou Saotome (Japanese)
: Risa is Rika Yoshitake\'s tall and athletic sibling from the second season of Genshiken. Despite her height she is actually two years younger than Rika and is also shy. Risa practices basketball and is very tall, so she is often mistaken for a man. As a Fujoshi, she is a fan of the Shota genre
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# Plantagenet County, Western Australia
**Plantagenet County** was one of the 26 counties of Western Australia that were designated in 1829 as cadastral divisions, and was centred on the coastal settlement of Albany. It approximately corresponds to the modern-day Plantagenet Land District which forms the basis for land titles in the area
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# Victoria County, Western Australia
**Victoria County** was one of the twenty six counties of Western Australia that were designated in 1829. It was named after Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent, from 1827 second in line to the throne. It approximately corresponds to the north-western section of the Avon Land District which forms the basis for land titles in the area
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# Patrick Tabacco
**Patrick Tabacco** (born 23 April 1974) is a French rugby player.
A native of Toulouse, he has played for the US Colomiers (1997--2000), Stade Français Paris (2000--2004), Section Paloise (2004--2006) and Castres Olympique. He was a member of France\'s 2003 Rugby World Cup squad and won 18 caps from 2001 to 2005
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# The Act (band)
**The Act** was a Norwegian rock band active in the mid-1980s. They toured extensively and released the album *September Field*.
## History
The Act formed under the name Wham Bam! in February 1983, after Bjørn Kulseth (b. 1962) had moved to the capital Oslo and advertised in the music paper Nye Takter for other players into late 1970s new wave and classic 1960s pop and rock.
Kulseth and Rune Krogseth (b. 1963) both sang lead and backing vocals, played guitars and wrote songs. Bass player Trond Ihlen (b. 1956) and drummer Dag Bøgeberg (b. 1957) had been kicking around the Oslo music scene since the mid-1970s. Both had been in the band Jydske Rev (one album; *Nyt det* in 1981) though not at the same time.
Wham Bam! quickly become a popular live act, playing both original songs and covers of artists like Elvis Costello, Nick Lowe, the Blasters, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Smokey Robinson etc. To avoid associations with the new UK teenybop duo Wham!, the band name was altered to The Act in November 1983.
After playing the Oslo club Ratz in January 1984, The Act took on keyboards and guitar player Stein Ramberg (b. 1961) as an associated member. Ramberg was a veteran of bands like Kollaps, Front Page, Saturday Cowboys and Ghostriders.
By both headlining shows around the country and supporting likeminded, visiting bands like Green on Red and R.E.M., the Act built a reputation as an exciting new live band. In December 1984, they were voted \"Best Unsigned Band\" in the annual readers poll in the music paper *Nye Takter*. Wannskræk, soon to become DumDum Boys, came in fourth.
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# The Act (band)
## Releases
In March 1985, the Act released their first record on their own label with distribution by Sonet Records. The single \"Dream Talk\" had been recorded in Oslo and mixed in London by engineer Steve Smith and producer Henry Padovani. Padovani had been the first guitarist in the Police and was by now the European Vice President of I.R.S. Records: The leading UK and US independent label of the time with acts like R.E.M., the Cramps, the Fleshtones, the Go-Go\'s, Wall of Voodoo, the Alarm, the Lords of the New Church etc.
\"Dream Talk\" sold well, got impressive airplay for an independent release and secured the band a coveted live spot on *Zting*, the only pop show on national TV. Having already been championed for some time by both of the Norwegian music papers *Nye Takter* and *Puls*, the Act now found themselves being courted by several record companies. In the spring of 1985, they signed a three-album deal with EMI and started preparing to record the first one. A number of potential producers were approached.
Drummer Dag Bøgeberg had wanted to quit because of work and family obligations, but agreed to stay on temporarily after several auditions for a replacement had proved fruitless. In June 1985, the original quartet played one of their best gigs ever as support for US band The Textones at a beach club outside Oslo.
Recording of the debut album began in August 1985 in Oslo\'s top studio Bel, with veteran house engineer Ingar Helgesen and US saxophone player Steve Berlin producing. Berlin had played with the LA-bands the Plugz and the Blasters and arrived in Oslo fresh from sessions with his new band Los Lobos for the milestone Paul Simon album *Graceland* (not released until August 1986).
It soon became obvious that the sessions could not be timed around Bøgeberg\'s other commitments, so about half of the drum tracks were laid down by top session player Per Hillestad (Lava, a-ha etc.) In tune with Berlin\'s ambitions for a professional \"state-of-the-art\" album, session players were also brought in for some guitar parts and only one song by Rune Krogseth ended up on the album. All in all the more upbeat and snappy side of the band - one writer had labelled them \"pop \'n\' roll\" - was toned down in favour of their moodier, more dramatic side.
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# The Act (band)
## Releases
### *September Field* {#september_field}
On August 31. 1985, The Act played in front of tens of thousands at Rock on the Dock, the Norwegian version of Band Aid which was held outdoors in the port of Oslo. This was their first gig with new drummer Bjørn Juliusson as an associated member (The Young Lords, Saturday Cowboys, Ghostriders, Fra Lippo Lippi, the Monroes etc.).
When the album *September Field* and the single \"Coming Closer\" were released in January 1986, the band\'s name had been shortened to simply Act.
Expectations were high all over. Both the Puls (by now called BEAT) and Nye Takter music papers had put the band on their cover and reviews were good to great.
A video of \"When You Find Love\" had even been produced, with financial and promotional support from sponsor Levi Strauss Norway, and in February the band went to the Netherlands for ten days to play gigs and TV and radio shows.
As the Norwegian tour in support of September Field was about to start, it was discovered that the drummer Bjørn Juliusson had double booked himself.
Totto Hansen (the Monroes, Marius Müller\'s Funhouse etc.) stepped in on short notice and playing regularly night after night the band now got tighter than ever.
Three months after its release, *September Field* had sold 10,000 copies in Norway and 2,000 in Scandinavia and Benelux. In today\'s market this would probably have been judged a commercial success, but at the time both band and record company were disappointed. The break even point was several thousand copies above the number sold.
Even though Norwegian music back then had nothing like the international standing it enjoys today, there was some hope for something happening for Act outside Norway. A representative from EMI America had come to Oslo to see the band in a special showcase and a deal had recently been made with a Swedish booking company.
In June 1986, the band went to Stockholm to headline at a club and support Eldkvarn in the garden of The Museum of Modern Art.
In the fall of 1986, they started demoing new songs, determined that the next record would be built more on their live sound.
The next thing on the agenda was a two-week tour of northern Norway in December. For the most part the tour was a disaster, with gigs being postponed or cancelled while they were on the road, driving up to 12--14 hours a day in the arctic climate.
## Disbandment
Back in Oslo, after thawing out over Christmas, Bjørn Kulseth decided to disband and look into the possibilities of working as a solo artist.
The following year, Kulseth released the solo album *Away* under the project name Hi-Yo Silver! and started the roots rock band the Contenders which released three albums between 1989 and 1994
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# Jean-Jacques Crenca
**Jean-Jacques Crenca** (born 3 April 1969) is a French rugby player.
Crenca was born in Marmande, Aquitaine. He played for SU Agen before moving to RC Toulon for the 2006/07 season. He was a member of France\'s 2003 Rugby World Cup squad playing at prop
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# Merobase
**Merobase** is a software search engine that allows developers to find, share and reuse software components from the Internet. The engine harvests software components from a variety of sources, including Apache, SourceForge, and Java.net. It finished its beta phase and went live in March 2007.
Merobase is able to support interface-driven searches -- that is, searches based on the abstract interface that a component offers rather than on the text in its source code. This allows merobase to support searches for binary components (e.g., Java bytecode, CLI assemblies) and web services, as well as source code.
Merobase Plugins are available for Mozilla Firefox and Internet Explorer, as well as for well known IDE\'s such as Eclipse
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# Chess Assistant
**Chess Assistant** is a commercial database program produced by Convekta, Ltd. The company started in Russia, but also has offices in England and the United States. The software is a management tool for organising chess information (databases of millions of games), opening training, game analysis, playing against the computer, and viewing electronic texts. It is the major commercial competitor to ChessBase. The first version of Chess Assistant was released in 1990. The current version 16, released in 2015, includes a database of 6.2 million games and 40 million computer-generated evaluations of opening moves. The program uses Houdini 4 as an analysis tool
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Chess Assistant
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# Marie Calm
**Marie Calm** (3 April 1832, Bad Arolsen, Waldeck -- 22 February 1887, Kassel, German Empire) was a German author, feminist and advocate of women\'s suffrage.
## Life
Calm was born on 3 April 1832 in Arolsen, Germany. She early became interested in a career as an educator. In 1853 she accepted a position as teacher in England, and in 1858 a position in Russia. She managed a seminary for indigent girls at Cassel, and was involved in the establishment of the Association of German Teachers. She was one of the original members of the Allgemeine Deutsche Frauenverein. Also, she was involved in the organization of the Casseler Frauenbildungsverein, which soon opened a technical school for the training of women in home economics. It was the intention of the latter organization to provide more educational opportunities for women, and thus more vocational opportunities, but it was limited at the time to conventionally recognized feminine activities.
Aside from her books on household economics and etiquette, she was the author of: *Bilder und Klänge*, poems, Cassel, 1871; *Weibliches Wirken in Küche, Wohnzimmer, und Salon*, Berlin, 1874; third edition, 1882; *Leo*, a novel, 1876; *Ein Blick ins Leben*, Stuttgart, 1877; *Wilde Blumen* a novel, Bremen, 1880; *Echter Adel*, Stuttgart, 1883; and *Bella\'s Blaubuch*, Leipzig, 1883.
Calm died 22 February 1887 in Kassel, Germany
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# Harold Augenbraum
**Harold Augenbraum** (born March 31, 1953) is an American writer, editor, and translator. He is the former Executive Director of the National Book Foundation, and former member of the Board of Trustees of the Asian American Writers Workshop, and former vice chair of the New York Council for the Humanities. Before taking up his position at the National Book Foundation in November 2004, for fifteen years Augenbraum was Director of The Mercantile Library of New York (now the Center for Fiction), where he established the Center for World Literature, the New York Festival of Mystery, the Clifton Fadiman Medal, and the Proust Society of America. He has been awarded eight grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities, received a Raven Award from the Mystery Writers of America for distinguished service to the mystery field, and coordinated the national celebration of the John Steinbeck Centennial. He is on the advisory board of the literary magazine *The Common*, based at Amherst College. In 2016, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Concordia College in Moorhead, Minnesota. He is co-founder, with Alice Kaplan, of the Yale Translation Initiative at Yale University, where he is Associate Director, and from 2017 to 2019 was Acting Editor of *The Yale Review*.
Augenbraum has published six books on Latino literature of the United States. He has translated new editions of Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca's *Chronicle of the Narváez Expedition*, and Filipino novelist José Rizal's *Noli Me Tangere* (1887) and *El filibusterismo* for Penguin Classics. He also edited the *Collected Poems of Marcel Proust*.
## Books edited or translated {#books_edited_or_translated}
- 2013---Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, *Narrative of the Narváez Expedition*, edited
- 2013---Marcel Proust, *Collected Poems*, edited with an Introduction by
- 2012---Juan Rulfo, *The Plain in Flames* (*El Llano en llamas*), translated by Ilan Stavans and Harold Augenbraum
- 2011---José Rizal, *El Filibusterismo*, edited, translated, and with an Introduction by
- 2010 \-- *The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature*, General Editor, Ilan Stavans, co- editor, Harold Augenbraum, et al.
- 2006 \-- *Lengua Fresca: Latinos on the Edge*, edited with Ilan Stavans
- 2006---José Rizal, *Noli Me Tángere* (1887), translation
- 2005 \-- *Encyclopedia Latina*, general editor, Ilan Stavans, associate editor, Harold Augenbraum.
- 2002---Alvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, *Chronicle of the Narváez Expedition*, revised translation
- 2002 \-- *How to Organize a Steinbeck Book or Film Discussion Group*, with Susan Shillinglaw
- 2000 \-- *U.S
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# Manius Laberius Maximus
**Manius Laberius Maximus** was a Roman senator and general, who was active during the reigns of Domitian and Trajan. He was twice consul: the first time he was suffect consul in the *nundinium* of September to December 89 AD as the colleague of Aulus Vicirius Proculus; the second time as ordinary consul in 103 as a colleague to the Emperor Trajan.
He was a member of a family that originated in Lanuvium, where his presumed grandfather, Lucius Laberius Maximus, was a magistrate. His father, also Lucius Laberius Maximus, was a high equestrian official who was successively *praefectus annonae*, Prefect of Egypt and Praetorian prefect in the years 80 to 84. His mother is unknown. Lucius\' achievements enabled his son Manius to be adlected to the senatorial order.
## Life
There was a considerable gap between his consulate and the first known appointment Maximus enjoyed, governor of Moesia Inferior, which he held from the year 100 to 102. While governor, Maximus served as a general in Trajan\'s First Dacian War. During the hostilities a slave of his, Callidromus, was captured by the Dacians: this man was later interviewed in Bithynia in 111 by Pliny the Younger. According to Cassius Dio, Maximus distinguished himself during the campaigning of 102, and was rewarded for his services by a second consulship in 103, indicating his favour with emperor Trajan.
This imperial favour ended with the death of Trajan. According to the *Augustan History*, on the accession of emperor Hadrian in 117, Maximus was \'in exile on an island under suspicion of designs on the throne\'. Nothing more is known of these suspected designs, but they prompted Hadrian\'s guard prefect Publius Acilius Attianus to recommend Maximus be put to death. The sequel is not known, but Hadrian was tiring of Attianus and it is more likely that Maximus was pardoned.
## Family
The identity of Maximus' wife is unknown. His only known child was a daughter, Laberia Hostilia Crispina who, after his death, became the heiress to his fortune. Crispina became the second wife of Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus, consul in 139. They had a son, Lucius Fulvius Gaius Bruttius Praesens Laberius Maximus, twice consul. Maximus was the great-grandfather of Bruttia Crispina, who married the emperor Commodus
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# Christian Labit
**Christian Labit** (born 11 February 1971) is a French rugby player. He played for both RC Narbonne and Stade Toulousain and then moved to English club Northampton Saints. He was a member of France\'s 2003 Rugby World Cup squad. Whilst at Toulouse he won the Heineken Cup in 2003 and 2005
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# History of youth rights in the United States
The youth rights movement in the United States has long been concerned with civil rights and intergenerational equity. Tracing its roots to youth activism during the Great Depression in the 1930s, the youth rights movement has influenced the civil rights movement, opposition to the Vietnam War, and many other movements. Since the advent of the Internet, youth rights is gaining predominance again.
## 1930s--1950s
Youth rights first emerged as a distinct issue in the 1930s. The Great Depression kick started the radicalization and politicization of undergraduates for the first time. Youth Rights first began to emerge through the National Student League, and were furthered greatly when young people across the country banded together to form the American Youth Congress. Concerned with many issues of the times, this organization went so far as to present a *Declaration of the Rights of American Youth* to the U.S. Congress. The group was so successful that its executive director claimed that it was \"a sort of a student brain of the New Deal.\" While the AYC\'s campaigns led to the development of the National Youth Administration in the late 1930s, its efforts lost steam when AYC leadership endorsed the Molotov--Ribbentrop Pact; this led to loss of support from both the AYC membership and external political allies, such as First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt. This schism caused the rapid decline of the organization, and shortly after the loss of its political benefactors and member support, the AYC collapsed.
## 1960s--1980s
In the 1960s, two landmark U.S. Supreme Court cases, with the majority opinions authored by Justice Abe Fortas were decided in favor of youths\' rights. One was *Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District* that established free speech in public schools, and the other was *In re Gault*, that gave due process rights in juvenile court proceedings.
The movement emerged again in the early 1960s with the arrival of Students for a Democratic Society and Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor. The effect of the movement on the national Vietnam anti-war movement is widely acknowledged, particularly for its emphasis on youth empowerment through activism. According to Keith Hefner, a leader of Youth Liberation, \"Bob Moses, a leader of Freedom Summer in 1964 who now runs the Algebra Project, and Bill Ayers of the Weather Underground who now teaches and writes about youth, are only two of the thousands of 1960s activists who turned their idealism and passion to youth\...\"
Other successes of the movement such as lowering the voting age to 18 in 1971, and the lowering of other age restrictions on the state level such as lowering the drinking age occurred in the early to mid 70s. The first recorded instance of a high school student campaigning to join a local school board happened in Ann Arbor Michigan as Sonia Yaco, a youth activist associated with Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor, ran as the Human Rights Party candidate. Despite a court challenge hindering her ability to be listed on the ballot, Yaco gained 1,300 votes in the primary.
In 1974, the movement was first defined explicitly in print with the publication of *Escape From Childhood* by John Holt, in which Holt espoused that,
: \...\[T\]he rights, privileges, duties of adult citizens be made available to any young person, of whatever age, who wants to make use of them.
Later in that year another youth rights-focused book, *Birthrights* by Richard Farson, was published. During the rest of the 1970s and early 1980s, youth rights faced a backlash, succumbing to the more protectionist-oriented and well-established children\'s rights movement.
In March 1986 the National Child Rights Alliance was founded by seven youth and adults who had been abused and neglected as children. The organization started its life as a children\'s rights group concerned with protecting children from abuse, but as it grew and evolved it began addressing issues in a more youth rights framework, passing a [Youth Bill of Rights](http://www.youthrights.net/index.php?title=Youth_Bill_of_Rights) in 1989. The organization disbanded in 1999 due to funding issues.
## 1990s--present
In the mid-1990s, a youth-led movement for self-determination rights began on the Internet. This reborn Youth Rights movement coalesced in 1996 into Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (ASFAR). Divisions soon emerged between radicals and moderates within ASFAR leading to the formation in 1998 of the National Youth Rights Association (NYRA). NYRA, founded by leaders of ASFAR and YouthSpeak, was founded to professionalize the youth rights movement.
Today, the youth rights movement has become a broad-based movement, with central leadership from NYRA augmented by grassroots organizations around the world.
Organizations such as The Freechild Project and Global Youth Action Network position the youth rights movement within the sphere of international youth activism and youth voice movements. Other organizations, including [Oblivion](http://www.oblivion.net) and Peacefire provide support for the youth rights movement, as well.
The 1990s--2000s also saw a resurgence in youth rights books. Two books important for the movement, *The Scapegoat Generation* and *Framing Youth* from the late 90s by Mike Males lay out the case that young people have been unfairly blamed for the ills of society and used as a convenient scapegoat. Males describes the attack on youth as a \"national pathology, unwarranted by fact, smokescreen for the failure of adulthood and its leadership to confront larger predicaments.\" Later, in 2007, Robert Epstein published *The Case Against Adolescence*. The book was described by Albert Ellis as \"one of the most revolutionary books I have ever read.\" Adam Fletcher released a free publication called, *[A Short Introduction to Youth Rights](http://adamfletcher.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ASIYR.pdf)* through The Freechild Project in 2014
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# Multiple inert gas elimination technique
The **multiple inert gas elimination technique** (MIGET) is a medical technique used mainly in pulmonology that involves measuring the concentrations of various infused, inert gases in mixed venous blood, arterial blood, and expired gas of a subject. The technique quantifies true shunt, physiological dead space ventilation, ventilation versus blood flow (`{{mvar|V<sub>A</sub>/Q}}`{=mediawiki}) ratios, and diffusion limitation.
## Background
Hypoxemia is generally attributed to one of four processes: hypoventilation, shunt (right to left), diffusion limitation, and ventilation/perfusion (`{{mvar|V<sub>A</sub>/Q}}`{=mediawiki}) inequality. Moreover, there are also \"extrapulmonary\" factors that can contribute to fluctuations in arterial PO~2~.
There are several measures of hypoxemia that can be assessed, but there are various limitations associated with each. It was for this reason that the MIGET was developed, to overcome the shortcomings of previous methods.
## Method
## Theoretical basis {#theoretical_basis}
Steady-state gas exchange in the lungs obeys the principles of conservation of mass. This leads to the ventilation/perfusion equation for oxygen:
: $V_A/Q=8.63 \times \frac{C_{c'}\ce{O2} - C_v\ce{O2}}{P_I\ce{O2} - P_A\ce{O2}}$
and for carbon dioxide:
: $V_A/Q=8.63 \times \frac{C_v\ce{CO2} - C_{c'}\ce{CO2}}{P_A\ce{CO2}}$
where:
- denotes the end-capillary concentration of the gas (mL/dL),
- denotes the mixed venous concentration of the gas (mL/dL),
- denotes the inspired partial pressure of the gas (mmHg), and
- denotes the alveolar partial pressure of the gas (mmHg)
- denotes the ratio of alveolar ventilation to cardiac output
For the purposes of utilizing the MIGET, the equations have been generalized for an inert gas (IG):
: $V_A/Q = 8.63 \times \ce{solubility} \times \frac {P_V\ce{IG} - P_{C'}\ce{IG}}{P_A\ce{IG}}$
where:
- *solubility* is the ratio of concentration to partial pressure expressed in mL of gas dissolved per dL of blood per mmHg of the gas in blood
Assuming diffusion equilibration is complete for the inert gas, dropping the subscript IG, and substituting the blood-gas partition coefficient (`{{mvar|λ}}`{=mediawiki}) renders:
: $V_A/Q = {\lambda} \times \frac{P_v - P_A}{P_A}$
Rearranging:
: $P_A/P_v = \frac{{\lambda}}{{\lambda} + V_A/Q} = P_{c'}/P_v$
where:
- denotes the mixed venous partial pressure of the gas (mmHg)
- denotes the end-capillary partial pressure of the gas (mmHg)
This equation is the foundation for the MIGET, and it demonstrates that the fraction of inert gas not eliminated from the blood via the lung is a function of the partition coefficient and the `{{mvar|V<sub>A</sub>/Q}}`{=mediawiki} ratio. This equation operates under the presumption that the lung is perfectly homogenous. In this model, retention (`{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki}) is measured from the ratio `{{tmath|P_A/P_v}}`{=mediawiki}. Stated mathematically:
: $R = \frac{\lambda}{\lambda+V_A/Q}$
From this equation, we can measure the levels of each inert gas retained in the blood. The relationship between retention (R) and `{{tmath|V_A/Q}}`{=mediawiki} can be summarized as follows: As `{{tmath|V_A/Q}}`{=mediawiki} for a given `{{mvar|λ}}`{=mediawiki} increases, `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki} decreases; however, this relationship between `{{tmath|V_A/Q}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{mvar|R}}`{=mediawiki} is the most obvious at values of `{{tmath|V_A/Q}}`{=mediawiki} between ten times higher and lower than a gas\'s `{{mvar|λ}}`{=mediawiki}. Beyond this, however, it is possible to measure the concentrations of the inert gases in the expired gas from the subject. The ratio of the mixed expired concentration to the mixed venous concentration has been termed excretion (`{{mvar|E}}`{=mediawiki}) and describes the ventilation to regions of varying `{{tmath|V_A/Q}}`{=mediawiki}. When taken together:
: $V_{IG} = V_E \times E = \lambda \times Q_T \times [1-R]$
where:
- denotes volume of an inert gas eliminated per minute (mL/min)
- denotes minute ventilation (mL/min)
- denotes cardiac output (mL/min)
When observing a collection of alveoli in which PO~2~ and PCO~2~ are uniform, local alveolar ventilation and local blood flow define `{{tmath|V_A/Q}}`{=mediawiki}:
: $V_A = Q \times V_A/Q$
From these equations it can be deduced that to have knowledge of either retention or excretion implies knowledge of the other. Moreover, a similar understanding exists for the relationship between the distribution of blood flow and the distribution of ventilation.
## Limitations
The data produced by the MIGET is an approximation of the distribution of `{{tmath|V_A/Q}}`{=mediawiki} ratios across the entire lung. It has been estimated that nearly 100,000 gas exchange units exist in the human lung; this could lead to a theoretical maximum of VA/Q compartments as high as 100,000, in that case
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# Devon Land District
**Devon Land District** is one of the twenty land districts of Tasmania which are part of the Cadastral divisions of Tasmania. It was formerly one of the 18 counties of Tasmania. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica describes Beaconsfield and Devonport as being in the county. It is bordered by the Tamar River in the east, and the Emu River near Burnie in the west. Deloraine is on the southern edge with the border with Westmoreland Land District. It is named after the English county of Devon.
## The original parishes {#the_original_parishes}
On 15 January 1836 George Arthur, the Lieutenant Governor of the Island of Van Diemen\'s Land proclaimed, via The Hobart Town Courier, the first counties and parishes to be surveyed in the colony.
> The County of Devon, bounded on the east by the river Tamar, and by a portion of the river South Esk, on the south by the river Meander and by the Great road from Deloraine bridge to the Surry hills; on the west by the continuation of that road to Emu bay; and on the north by Bass\'s Straits. This county to include all islands in the river Tamar, and all islands situate between the mouth of the river Tamar and the mouth of the river Emu
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# Troides rhadamantus
\| taxon = Troides rhadamantus \| authority = (H. Lucas, 1835) }} ***Troides rhadamantus***, the **tropical golden birdwing**, is a birdwing butterfly that inhabits the Philippines. The species was first described by Hippolyte Lucas in 1835. There are many subspecies on islands of the Philippines and some authors consider *Troides plateni* and *Troides dohertyi* as subspecies of *T. rhadamantus*.
*Troides rhadamantus* is a butterfly with a large wingspan, between 140 mm and 160 mm, with very slightly scalloped hindwings.
The male has black forewings with veins edged with white. The hindwings are yellow with black veins and a marginal band of black triangles.
The female, larger than the male, has black forewings, decorated with veins more widely edged with white. The hindwings are yellow with black veins, and broadly edged with black.
Biology Host plants The host plants of its caterpillar are aristolochia, *Aristolochia acuminata*, *Aristolochia elegans*, *Aristolochia philippensis*, *Aristolochia ramosi* and *Aristolochia tagala*
## Related species {#related_species}
*Troides rhadamantus* is a member of the *Troides aeacus* species group. The members of this clade are:
- *Troides aeacus* (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860)
- *Troides magellanus* (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1862)
- *Troides minos* (Cramer, \[1779\])
- *Troides rhadamantus* (H
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# Xavier Garbajosa
**Xavier Garbajosa** (born 5 December 1976) is a retired French rugby player who was most recently the manager of Top 14 side Lyon.
Garbajosa was born on 5 December 1976 in Toulouse. He plays in the back-line as a winger, center or full-back. He spent most of his career playing for the Stade Toulousain and moved to the Aviron Bayonnais in the French Top 14 club competition in 2007. With Toulouse, he won the French championship in 1999 and 2001, as well as the European Cup in 2003. Between 2001 and 2003, he was the top-scorer in the French Top 14 for 3 consecutive years.
He was a member of France\'s squad at the 1999 Rugby World Cup (in which France were the runners-up), and notably participated in the semi-final against New Zealand. He was selected in the French squad for the 2003 Rugby World Cup but had to leave the team before the beginning of the competition due to an injury. He was considered one of the most talented French players of his generation (he was part of the team which won the junior world championship in 1995) but his career was disturbed by recurring knee injuries. He played for the French national team 32 times, making his debut in 1998 in a Test against Ireland, and scored 7 tries (35 points). With the French national team, he won two Grand Slams in 1998 and 2002
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# Ralph Payne-Gallwey
**Sir Ralph William Frankland Payne-Gallwey, 3rd Baronet** (1848--1916) was an English engineer, historian, ballistics expert, and artist.
## Life
The son of Sir William Payne-Gallwey, 2nd Baronet, and his wife Emily Anne, a daughter of Sir Robert Frankland-Russell, 7th Baronet, the young Payne-Gallwey was educated at Eton College. In 1881, he inherited from his father the Thirkleby Hall estate in the North Riding of Yorkshire.
He married Edith Alice Usborne. Their son William Payne-Gallwey was a soldier and first-class cricketer who was killed in action during the First World War. As a result of that, Payne-Gallwey decided to sell his Yorkshire estate.
## Works
Payne-Gallwey began by writing books on sport. Early works included *The Book of Duck Decoys* (1886) and *Letters to Young Shooters* (1892). His *The Crossbow* appeared in 1903, and his *High Pheasants in Theory and Practice* in 1913. In later life, he also turned to history and current affairs, with *The Mystery of Maria Stella, Lady Newborough* (1907), *A History of the George Worn on the Scaffold by Charles I* (1908) and *The War, A Criticism* (June, 1915). This was an appeal for conscription to be brought in, to greatly increase the size of the British Army. The also compiled an unpublished manuscript on archery, including tables of flight distances, illustrations and photographs of bows, and information on Turkish and Chinese archery.
### Publications
- *The Crossbow, Mediaeval and Modern, Military and Sporting; its Construction, History and Management, with a Treatise on the Balista and Catapult of the Ancients* (London: Longmand Green & Co., 1903; reprinted by Holland of London, 1958; new edition by Skyhorse Publishing, 2007)
- *The Fowler in Ireland, or Notes on the Haunts and Habits of Wildfowl and Seafowl: Including Instructions in the Art of Shooting and Capturing Them*
- *The Book of Duck Decoys: Their Construction, Management, and History* (London: John van Voorst, 1886)
- *Letters to Young Shooters* (1892)
- *The Mystery of Maria Stella, Lady Newborough* (London: Edward Arnold, 1907)
- *A History of the George Worn on the Scaffold by Charles I* (London: Edward Arnold, 1908)
- *High Pheasants in Theory and Practice* (London and New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1913)
- *The War, A Criticism* (London: Spottiswoode & Co
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# Shinkage-ryū
+----------------------------------+
| *Ko-budō* Japanese martial art |
+==================================+
| Shinkage-ryū (新陰流) |
+----------------------------------+
| Founder(s) |
+----------------------------------+
| Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Hidetsuna\ |
| (上泉 伊勢守 信綱) |
+----------------------------------+
| Founding Date |
+----------------------------------+
| Late Muromachi period |
+----------------------------------+
| Arts taught |
+----------------------------------+
| **Japanese name** |
+----------------------------------+
| *Kenjutsu* |
+----------------------------------+
***`{{Nihongo|Shinkage-ryū|新陰流}}`{=mediawiki}*** meaning \"new shadow school\", is a traditional school (*koryu*) of Japanese martial arts, founded by Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Fujiwara-no-Hidetsuna, later Kamiizumi Ise-no-Kami Nobutsuna (上泉 伊勢守 信綱, 1508--1578) in the mid-sixteenth century. Shinkage-ryū is primarily a school of swordsmanship (*kenjutsu* and *iaijutsu*) and is a synthesis of Nobutsuna\'s studies in the school of Kage-ryū (Aizu). Shinkage-ryu can also refer to Kashima-derived schools such as Kashima Shinden Jikishinkage Ryu and Kashima Shin Ryu.
## History
Until the 16th century in Japan, martial techniques were concerned with effectiveness in real battle. At the time of the founder of Shinkage-ryū, Kamiizumi Hidetsuna, the superiority of a school was determined through duels. Basic postures were very distinct; very low, in the protection of the body. The idea of winning at any price was deeply ingrained in the teachings of the schools that existed at this time. Primary philosophical and strategic concepts included the `{{Nihongo|"sword that kills only once"|一殺の太刀|issatsu no tachi}}`{=mediawiki} and the `{{Nihongo|"sword of only one cut"|一の太刀|ichi no tachi}}`{=mediawiki}.
However, with the arrival of firearms and other elements of modern warfare, these traditional techniques were no longer sufficient. As a result of the use of this new technology, Kamiizumi was spurred to make a number of changes. He changed the basic postures a bit by raising them slightly, he changed the manner of holding the sword, and he shortened the length of the blade of the sword. Perhaps most importantly, he also invented a new method of teaching to make the study and practice of the sword easier. Until Kamiizumi, swordsmen practiced their art with either a very hard wooden sword (*bokken*) or one with a dulled steel blade. Because of this, swordsmen had to stop their blows during training if they did not want to hurt themselves or their students or partners. Kamiizumi created a practice sword made of a length of bamboo, split two to 16 times on one end, and covered in a lacquered leather sleeve. He called this invention a *hikihada shinai*.
Kamiizumi, sensing the changes in the ways of war at the time, re-thought his methods of martial arts and began to advocate the utilization of light armour during training. The face of war was being transformed, and as it was necessary to move faster than before, Nobutsuna perfected a style of sword \"freer\" in its movements, more sparse, more restrained, more adapted to brawls and to duels than the fields of large-scale battles.
## Yagyū Shinkage-ryū {#yagyū_shinkage_ryū}
Kamiizumi did not have children and left all his property and his school to his student Yagyū Sekishūsai Muneyoshi (柳生 石舟斎 宗厳 1529--1606). Muneyoshi thus became the second headmaster of Shinkage-ryū in 1566, and subsequently founded his own school, the Yagyū Shinkage-ryū. He was renowned as a remarkable swordsman and was the fencing instructor of the 15th and last Ashikaga shōgun, Ashikaga Yoshiaki (足利 義昭, 1537--1597). After Muneyoshi gave a demonstration to the 2nd Tokugawa shōgun, Tokugawa Hidetada (徳川 秀忠, 1579--1632), of the empty-handed \"sword-catching\" (*mutō-dori*) techniques he had developed, the Yagyū family became the official fencing instructors to the Tokugawa shogunate
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# Ryan Gentles (actor)
**Ryan Gentles** is an American actor who has worked with Tyler Perry studios in several stage plays and movies including *Madea Goes to Jail* playing Nate, Sonny\'s boss and Vanessa\'s boyfriend. He also made an appearance in the movie version of \"Madea\'s Family Reunion\" as a stripper. He appeared In the stage play What\'s Done in the Dark and was Jennifer Hudson\'s love interest in her hit video \"Spotlight\". Gentles made his theatrical debut in E. Lynn Harris\' play Not a Day Goes By in which he played Zurich, a sports agent. Gentles has also appears in stage plays by John Ruffin and TJ Hemphill and is a regular celebrity trainer and personality on the annual Tom Joyner Fantastic Voyage
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# Anna Green (Hollyoaks)
**Anna Green** is a fictional character from the British soap opera *Hollyoaks*, played by Lisa M. Kay. The character made her first on-screen appearance on 15 September 1999. Anna is introduced into the series as one of five new students arriving to study at the Hollyoaks Community College. Anna is characterised as \"dowdy\", \"prim and proper\" and unlucky in love. She is often seen wearing her trademark glasses, which Kay believed did not suit the character. Anna received a style transformation as writers evolved her character into a more confident personality. Writers developed a friendship between Geri Hudson (Joanna Taylor) which helped make Anna more empowered. Geri also helped Anna overcome her failed first romance with Sam Smallwood (Tim Downie). One of the character\'s first prominent stories was being run over in a hit-and-run incident. The perpetrators, Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) and Ben Davies (Marcus Patric), evade justice and allow Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard) to be accused of the crime. Anna later discovers Ben\'s involvement and forms an unlikely friendship with him. Writers paired Anna with fellow student character, Alex Bell (Martino Lazzeri), and the relationship went on to define the character\'s later stories.
They are portrayed as a tumultuous dynamic, often breaking up because of Alex\'s bad behaviour. Writers decided to portray a pregnancy storyline via Anna, but Alex abandons her and refuses to believe he is the father. Anna gives birth to a son, Charlie and the issue of adoption is explored. Anna initially neglects Charlie, causing him to fall ill but she later takes responsibility. Writers later united Anna and Alex, but his behaviour continues to cause problems, especially when he applies for a job in Hong Kong. Anna breaks up with him, and Alex tries to abduct Charlie but fails. Writers then paired Anna romantically with Max Cunni,ngham (Matt Littler) during her final storylines. Kay made her final appearance as Anna during the episode broadcast on 10 December 2002.
Television critics have judged Anna for her relationships with men. Anne-Marie O\'Connor from *Wicklow People* branded her a \"straight-laced\" character, and Penny Fray from *the Daily Post* believed that Anna had more character changes than the rest of the cast combined.
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# Anna Green (Hollyoaks)
## Development
### Creation and introduction {#creation_and_introduction}
Anna is Kay\'s first television role after previously concentrating on theatre roles. Kay described the transition from stage to television as \"fantastic\" but \"a shock\". She added that she eventually settled into the role after a few months. She made her first on-screen appearance as Anna during the episode broadcast on 15 September 1999. One of Kay\'s first scenes required her to portray Anna as drunk and vomiting. The production team put vegetable soup in Kay\'s hair and over her clothing, which acted as Anna\'s vomit. Kay recalled that it was her first meeting with some cast members, and the scenario made her feel \"like a real idiot\". Anna was introduced into the series as one of five new students studying at Hollyoaks Community College. They consisted of Anna, Alex Bell (Martino Lazzeri), Geri Hudson (Joanna Taylor), Sam Smallwood (Tim Downie) and Nikki Sullivan (Wendy Glenn). They all make their first appearances during the episodes from the week commencing 12 September 1999. All the actors joined the cast at the same time. Lazzeri recalled it was not daunting for them because they were all in the same new situation. Anna begins studying to gain a degree in architecture. The group were involved in typical chaotic student storylines during their first months on-screen. Kay was involved in a location shoot for episodes set in Switzerland. In the story, Anna and her fellow students go on a skiing holiday and attend the wedding of Nikki and Dan Sanders (Joseph May).
Anna is featured in a relationship storyline with Sam. When Anna is ready to commit to their relationship, he has sex with his ex-girlfriend Nikki. Writers developed a friendship between Anna and Geri, soon becoming best friends and making Anna a more empowered character. Geri and her mother, Jacqui Hudson (Julie Peasgood), help Anna to take revenge against Sam following his infidelity. As a \"woman scorned\", Anna steals his trainers, sabotages his exam timetable, puts chilli powder in his underwear and dyes onto his soap. They also exclude him from their second-year student accommodation application.
### Characterisation
Anna is characterised as a \"dowdy \'Plain Jane\' Vicar\'s daughter\". Kay\'s mother, Sylvia, described Anna as a \"very prim, proper and sensible girl\". In November 1999, a reporter from *Torquay Herald Express* revealed the plans made by the *Hollyoaks* production team to transform Anna into a more sexy character. They added she \"blossoms into a beauty who makes Hollyoaks men\'s hearts race.\" Anna\'s style and fashion sense have played into her characterisation. Her on-screen attire was controlled by Alex McGregor, head of the wardrobe department at Mersey Television. McGregor explained to Penny Fray from *the Daily Post* that Anna is originally from a small village. To reflect the character\'s background, McGregor dressed in old-fashioned Laura Ashley dresses. When Anna settles into city life and befriends the likes of Geri, McGregor \"evolved her look\" to suit. He began dressing her in Warehouse and New Look clothing. This was to give Anna the look of a \"more confident and sexy woman\". Kay revealed that she hated Anna\'s original \"dowdy\" dress sense and wanted her to look \"a little less dated\". She added, \"Things have finally improved on the fashion front, but I still look nothing like Anna off-screen.\" In another interview, Kay assessed that \"Anna usually gets to wear the sensible and sometimes a bit boring, flowery flowing dress.\"
One of Anna\'s most recognisable characteristics is her being portrayed wearing glasses. Kay believed that Anna\'s glasses did not suit the character, and she was often shown \"feeling really low\" in them. Off-screen, Kay was chosen to take part in a promotion for Specsavers, advertising more fashionable glasses. Kay added it was a good opportunity to show viewers Anna can \"look stunning in specs\".
Producers cast Bernard Holly and Hazel McBride to play Anna\'s parents, Reverend Green and Mrs Green, respectively. Their relationship dynamic is explored via Anna\'s pregnancy storyline. Anna\'s mother does not approve and worries that the unplanned pregnancy will affect her reputation. Her father reacts supportively and defends Anna to other characters.
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# Anna Green (Hollyoaks)
## Development
### Hit and run accident. {#hit_and_run_accident.}
A significant storyline for Anna was created in 2000, when she was run over in a hit-and-run crime. The accident occurs when Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) goes on the run from the social services. She steals Tony Hutchinson\'s (Nick Pickard) car and Ben Davies (Marcus Patric) escorts her to an airport. Cindy is driving the car, with Ben in her passenger seat. To get away faster, they drive at high speeds, knock Anna over, but carry on driving regardless. The incident formed Waring\'s exit from the series as Cindy. Ben remained in the show, and writers explored the consequences solely through him and Anna. Patric told Sally Brockway from *Soaplife* that Ben knew they ran someone over and called an ambulance. Patric believed Ben is \"wrestling with his conscience\" and \"felt bad\" about not helping Anna. Ben returns to the scene of the accident to confront his guilt. Anna is taken to the hospital and later recovers from her injuries.
The writers made Tony the main suspect in the hit-and-run investigation. At the time, he was drunk and has no memory of what happened, leaving him unsure if he was involved or not. The police discover that Tony\'s car collided with Anna and he does not have an alibi. Anna, Geri and Alex blame Tony and move out of the flat they share with him. Pickard told *All About Soap\'s* Rachel Corcoran that their reaction makes Tony \"feel guilty\" and \"very alone\". Tony considers leaving because of Anna, but Ruth Osborne (Terri Dwyer) defends his innocence. She takes Tony to visit a hypnotist and unlocks his memory. His alibi is confirmed and Tony vows to find the real culprit.
Anna is forced to accept the culprit may never be found. Writers revisited the story in the July 2001 episodes. Anna is nearly run over by a car driven by Dan Hunter (Andrew McNair), with Ben as his passenger. The incident triggers Anna to remember that Ben had committed the original hit and run crime. Kay told an *Inside Soap* reporter that Anna believed she had overcome her ordeal. The incident leaves Anna \"shocked and traumatised\" and becomes \"determined\" to confront Ben. He denies being the culprit but later confesses he ran her over. Kay added that \"Ben\'s terrified about her going to the police\". Anna decides to forgive Ben, keep his secret and focus on her new pregnancy. Writers developed a friendship between Anna and Ben, which annoys his girlfriend Mandy Richardson (Sarah Jayne Dunn). Anna begins to use Ben as a confidant and continues to support her. Anna collapses in The Loft nightclub and is rushed to hospital with Ben for support. Anna is relieved that her unborn child has survived but it criticised by hospital staff for being irresponsible. Ben defends Anna\'s actions which further annoys Mandy.
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# Anna Green (Hollyoaks)
## Development
### Relationship with Alex Bell {#relationship_with_alex_bell}
Writers created a relationship storyline between Anna and Alex. Kay and Lazzeri also began a relationship off-screen. Lazzeri told Julia Kuttner from *Daily Record* that their relationship added to the realism of their character\'s romance. He added \"when we kissed and cuddled each other we didn\'t feel embarrassed, we felt really relaxed.\"
Alex receives test results from a sperm donation which claim he is infertile. Lazzeri told Susan Riley from *Soaplife* that Alex discovering he is infertile is a \"life-changing event\" and a story about \"masculinity\". Writers decided to complicate Anna and Alex\'s potential relationship via the infertility plot. Alex presumes that Chloe Bruce (Mikyla Dodd) is discussing his infertility issues via her radio show and plots revenge against her. Alex takes Chloe on a date and has sex with her and humiliates her. Chloe responds by discussing the matter on her radio show, prompting Alex to call in to defend himself, unaware that the broadcast is live and Anna hears. Lazzeri revealed that Alex is \"almost in love\" with Anna but is \"ruining everything between them\". He added that Anna does not understand Alex\'s behaviour. Lazzeri added his certainty that Anna would forgive Alex.
During April 2001\'s episodes, Anna is portrayed more determined to pursue romance with Alex and tries to support him through a family crisis. Anna organises a toga party to cheer Alex up but her plans are ruined. Kay told Francesca Babb from *All About Soap* that Anna is secretly trying to win Alex over. His father arrives at the party and Alex begins behaving strangely. It transpires that Alex cannot deal with his father being gay and choses to ignore Anna. The pair have an argument during the episode broadcast on 18 April 2001, which sees the start of their relationship. Anna confronts Alex, Kay assessed that the story showed Anna \"has so much strength\" and proved she is \"determined\" to help Alex despite his behaviour. Kay added that Anna knows Alex has a \"good side\" no matter \"how nasty he acts\". Alex gets drunk and to prove he is not gay like his father, tries to force himself sexually onto Anna. Kay branded the scene \"completely out of order\" and stressed that \"Anna makes sure he knows it\".
Alex is regretful about his behaviour and apologises to Anna. Kay explained that Alex had always been unapologetic towards Anna so know she knows he is serious and wants to begin a relationship. Alex is portrayed as a promiscuous womaniser but tells Anna he does not want to rush into sex with her. Kay added that this makes Anna certain he cares about her. Writers also used it to develop a new side to Anna\'s characterisation. Anna becomes more assertive and takes control in their relationship, and instigates their first sexual encounter. Kay believed \"it brought out a whole new side to her\". In May\'s episode, writers continued to use Alex\'s father as a recurring issue. Anna retrieves a letter from Alex\'s father from a bin and Alex accuses her of meddling. Kay told Babb that \"Alex, once again, turns nasty on Anna.\" Kay concluded that Anna would continue to try and appease Alex. She believed they would \"make a good couple eventually\" but hoped for more drama, because the alternative would be \"far too boring\" to play. In an interview with Wendy Granditer (*Inside Soap*), Lazzeri revealed that \"really happy\" with the writer\'s decision to unite Anna and Alex and that viewers wanted them together. He added \"they both deserve a bit of happiness after all the grief they\'ve had in the past year.\"
Writers continued to develop a tumultuous relationship between Anna and Alex, with of bad behaviour towards Anna worsening. She discovers that she is pregnant and Alex breaks-up with her. Lazzeri revealed that viewers were overly invested in the relationship and some viewers approached him in public to criticise his behaviour towards Anna. Writers played Alex refusing to accept the baby as his own because he has been told he is infertile. He later lies to Anna about taking a second conclusive test but later tells the truth.
Producers decided to portray an issue based storyline via Anna\'s motherhood, exploring child neglect and adoption. Anna gives birth to a son, Charlie but is unable to cope and decides to put him up for adoption. Anna is shocked when Alex decides he wants to gain full custody of Charlie. Anna is forced to look after Charlie until she can change Alex\'s mind. Kay told a reporter from *Inside Soap* that \"Anna just doesn\'t want the child. He cries a lot and she just can\'t get her college work done because she\'s really exhausted.\" Writers portrayed Anna as neglectful towards Charlie and he subsequently develops nappy rash. Kay added that Anna does not look after Charlie correctly. Anna allows Alex to look after Charlie to get some respite but is uncomfortable with him wanting to bond with their son. Kay described her character as \"relieved to get the baby off her hands\", but described Anna\'s disbelief Alex suddenly wants to be a \"proper dad\" after \"all she\'s been through on her own\". Kay found Anna\'s neglect and rejection of Charlie difficult to portray. She explained that in one scene, Anna \"just loses it completely\". Kay recalled feeling \"awful\" having to filming the scene as she was screaming into a baby\'s face.
Throughout Anna\'s appearances in 2002, writers refocused on rebuilding Anna and Alex\'s relationship. By July\'s episodes, the duo were depicted at odds again. Alex applies for a job in Hong Kong and expects Anna to quit her degree and move with him. A writer from the official *Hollyoaks* website revealed that Alex\'s decision would \"trigger off rumblings that will reverberate across Hollyoaks for the next couple of weeks\". An *Inside Soap* reporter revealed that Anna questions her feelings about Alex. She later gives him an ultimatum, to choose her or his new job. They added that Alex would \"seek solace\" from his ex-girlfriend Becca Hayton (Ali Bastian) once again. Lazzeri told David Hollingsworth (*Soaplife*) that Alex realises that he is getting close to Becca and \"stops himself\". Lazzeri believed it proved Alex\'s love for Anna and Charlie, noting that most men would not have cared and cheated.
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# Anna Green (Hollyoaks)
## Development
### Final stories and departure {#final_stories_and_departure}
Anna was portrayed keen to move on from Alex, entering a new relationship with Max Cunningham (Matt Littler). Writers had displayed a bond between the two characters in previous scenes. Anna seeks out Max for comfort over Alex\'s job offer. Anna and Max share a kiss which leaves her in a confused state. Kay told an *Inside Soap* interviewer that \"Anna\'s always had a soft spot for Max\" and realises the potential for a \"serious\" relationship between them. Kay believed that despite Anna\'s initial protests that it should not have happened, she wants to pursue the idea. She added \"deep down she did enjoy it, and she hasn\'t felt this good in a long time.\" Kay concluded that Anna knows Alex wants their relationship to succeed, but ultimately he \"just keeps on letting her down.\" Anna then breaks up with Alex and moves in with the Cunningham family. Alex attempts to change Anna\'s mind and begins pestering her. The writer noted that \"there\'s nothing he won't do to win Anna back\". Anna tells Alex she no longer loves him, Lazzeri added that Alex is \"absolutely devastated\" and ends up sleeping on the streets. Anna tries to prevent Alex from seeing Charlie. This time a reconciliation is not possible, \"the damage really is irrevocable\". Lazzeri likened his character to a zombie because \"I think he knows it\'s finally over.\"
The show explored another topical storyline in September 2002. Alex tricks Anna into allowing him to look after Charlie. Alex then absconds to an airport with him and tries to take him to Hong Kong without her consent. Anna realises Alex\'s plan and rushes to the airport to stop him. Lazzeri informed Claire Brand from *Inside Soap* that Alex \"is at the end of his tether\" with Anna. He believed Alex does not consider how Anna will cope with out her son. Alex also \"a lot of jealousy\" because of Anna and Max\'s relationship and the actor believed Alex\'s mental health was suffering. Alex is unable to deal with the idea of another man helping to look after Charlie and it \"tips him over the edge\". He added that Alex still loves Anna but he cares more about Charlie. He rationalises his behaviour by recalling Anna\'s behaviour towards Charlie when he was born and she \"didn\'t really have any time for him\". Becca rushes to the airport first, intent on moving to Hong Kong with Alex and Charlie. Lazzeri believed Alex would have definitely gone through with his plan had Anna not arrived at the airport to stop him. The airport drama formed Lazzeri\'s finale scenes in Alex\'s departure story from *Hollyoaks*, but Anna and Charlie remained in the series.
Kay left *Hollyoaks* in 2002, with Kay commenting that she \"enjoyed every day\" playing Anna because she had \"some good, juicy storylines\". In her final story, Anna is featured leaving the village with Charlie, to live in Buxton with her parents. She also ends her relationship with Max because he reveals that he does not love her. Kay told Zeena Moolla from *Inside Soap* that Anna knows Max does not want to commit to her relationship demands. He also spends more with O.B. (Darren Jeffries) than her, which prompts Anna to confront him about his feelings. Kay explained that Anna is \"shocked at first\" when Max tells Anna he does not love her. Anna then realises that it is \"best all round if she were to leave\". Kay added that living in the Cunningham\'s overcrowded house is also too much and Anna needs stability for both her and Charlie, which adds to her decision to leave. Anna choses to return to her parents and would never reconcile with Alex. Kay concluded that the character would \"sort her head out and take stock for a bit\". Kay made her final appearance as Anna during the episode broadcast on 10 December 2002.
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# Anna Green (Hollyoaks)
## Storylines
Anna arrives in Hollyoaks with her friends Sam, Geri, Nikki and Alex. She is immediately shocked to discover that her father has been having an affair and it has become front page news because he is a vicar. Sam comforts her over her father\'s affair and ends up kissing Anna, and the pair go on to date from there. However, Anna is surprised when Sam accidentally sends a text to Anna revealing that he has spent the night with Nikki. Anna breaks up with Sam, but is heartbroken when Sam and Nikki make a fresh start together away from Hollyoaks.
Anna is then knocked over by Cindy and Ben but makes a full recovery in the hospital. Alex is upset that he is infertile and tells Anna. She confides to Geri, who ends up spreading it around Hollyoaks. Alex is upset and takes his anger out on Anna and Alex soon realises how bad he has been to Anna. Anna accepts Alex\'s apology and the pair get back together. However, Anna is shocked when she discovers that she is pregnant, despite believing that Alex is infertile. When Anna tells Alex, Alex refuses to believe her and accuses Anna of being unfaithful. Anna forces Alex to do a second test, and when he does, the hospital admit to making a mistake and it is revealed that Alex is in fact fertile after all. Alex apologises to Anna, but tells her that he does not want the baby and offers her money to have an abortion. Anna is left confused and without much support, she decides in the end that she cannot go through with an abortion, so she decides that when the child is born she will give it up for adoption.
Anna gives birth to her child with support from Max and Alex, who realises that he want to keep the baby. Anna is persuaded by Alex to keep the baby, and Alex names him Charlie and they try to take steps towards life as a family. However, Anna tries to work on her relationship with Alex, but she feels that she cannot love him any longer and she has sex with Max. With a guilty conscience, Anna confesses to Alex, and she decides to move in with the Cunningham family with Charlie, despite Alex trying to persuade her to give their relationship another chance. Anna and Max both agree that they are serious about their relationship and Anna rejects Alex when he asks her to marry him. Anna then has a night out with Max, leaving Alex to babysit Charlie, but when the pair return to collect Charlie from Alex's flat, Anna realises that Alex is taking Charlie away with him to Hong Kong. Anna rushes to the airport, just in time to catch Alex, and she manages to persuade him to give Charlie back to her. With Alex leaving Hollyoaks for Hong Kong, Anna believes she can build up her relationship with Max by buying a flat together. However, Max shocks Anna when he reveals that he has had far too much responsibility and is not yet ready for commitment. Anna feels she has nothing left in Hollyoaks and decides to leave by going back to her mother\'s house.
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# Anna Green (Hollyoaks)
## Reception
A writer from *Torquay Herald Express* branded Kay \"the latest hot property in soapland\" because of her role as Anna. Lorna Cooper of MSN TV listed Anna as one of soap opera\'s \"forgotten characters\". Reviewing the students early stories, a *Soaplife* critic assessed that \"new students Nikki, Sam, Anna, Alex and Geri cause college chaos\". They added \"there\'s bed hopping, broken hearts and bare faced cheek as the students get up to their usual antics.\" A sickened Anne-Marie O\'Connor from *Enniscorthy Guardian* wrote that Anna and Sam were \"blissfully happy together\", with her jesting \"pass the sick bucket\". Upon viewing Sam cheat on Anna with Nikki, O\'Connor said it was \"a pity\" Sam was not \"horrified\" before having sex with Nikki, adding \"MEN amaze me!\". The critic believed the plot \"makes things worse\" by having Anna ready to commit to Sam. O\'Connor, now writing for *Wicklow People* branded Sam the \"rat of the week\" for his treatment of Anna and warned her to \"stay away\" from him. She also scathed \"this ratman has spent ages trying to coax the cami-knickers off straight-laced Anna\". She added that Nikki has \"looser morals\" than Anna does. She concluded that Anna \"has the last laugh\" in her rivalry with Nikki.
Anna and Alex\'s relationship has been reviewed by various television critics. O\'Connor (*Wicklow People*) assessed that \"Anna has more than one baby to look after\" via her relationship with the \"infertile, 19-year-old boyfriend\" Alex. Merle Brown from *Daily Record* disliked the relationship. She believed that Anna was better suited romantically to Max rather than Alex. She noted Anna finally \"sees sense\" in choosing Max, adding that it was \"about time too\". In another review, Brown could not fathom why Anna would even \"want to go near\" a \"prat\" like Alex. Her colleague, Julia Kuttner wrote that Anna was mistreated by Alex, adding \"a good example\" is \"when he left her in the lurch when she discovered she was pregnant\". Linda Higgins from *The Herald* assessed that the relationship left Anna in \"turmoil\". Higgins added her hopes that Anna and Alex would reach a \"new understanding\" after she accepted his help in parenting.
An *Inside Soap* critic was fed up with the Anna and Alex relationship story. They questioned whether they would ever make a decision about their romance and scathed \"will we all be past caring by the time they finally do?\" They added that Kay and Lazzeri must have been \"sick of spouting the same lines week after week\" and deserved a better storyline. The critic later praised *Hollyoaks* return to a good \"standard\" in August 2002 due to story changes. They praised Anna and Alex\'s break up, noting \"at long last, Anna Green and Alex Bell have stopped sniping and split up\".
Penny Fray from *Daily Post* wrote that \"from vicar\'s daughter to single mum, Anna has seen more changes to her on-set style than most of Hollyoak\'s cast members put together.\" Fray added that she preferred Kay\'s dress sense over Anna\'s \"dowdy dresses\". A writer from *Inside Soap* branded the character a \"young mum\" and a \"frump\". A *Soaplife* columnist chose Alex attempting to prevent Anna putting their child up for adoption in their \"hot plots\" feature. They added their understanding of Anna\'s anger and confusion. *Inside Soap\'s* Zeena Moolla opined \"being a practical sort of girl, Anna Green has coped remarkably well with the sort of dramas that would send most people her age over the edge.\" She added that Anna is a \"steady\" and \"dependable\" type of character
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# St Michael's Gaelic Football Club
**St Michael\'s Gaelic Football Club** is a Gaelic football club in Cork City, Ireland. Championship titles won by the club include Cork Intermediate Football Championship titles (in 1969 and 1998) and a Cork Senior A Football Championship title (in 2022).
## History
The club was formed in 1951 after a discussion in the Leaping Salmon public house in Blackrock. At that time, some of the hurlers from Blackrock GAA club were playing Gaelic football with different city teams. It was decided to keep the players together by forming a football team to represent the Blackrock area. A formal meeting was held and St Michael\'s Gaelic Football Club was established.
St Michael\'s first match was against Crosshaven, with Jimmy Furlong as captain. The club\'s first success was in 1956 when St Michael\'s took their first Cork Junior Football Championship title, and as there was no Intermediate Championship or League the club decided to go Senior in 1957. The club failed to win a Senior County title in 1976, 1977, and 1978, but competed in finals during these years against St Finbarr\'s and Nemo Rangers, and won two Kelleher Shield titles. Eventually the decision was made to drop down to Intermediate level.
1964 and 1965 saw the first honours to the younger members of the club with Minor titles in the county championships, and the best result at this level was in 1974 when the club won city and county league and championships.
In 1998, the club won the Cork Intermediate Football Championship, beating St Finbarr\'s in the final for their second Intermediate title (after their first in 1969), returning the club to the Senior ranks.
St Michael\'s underage section began in the 1960s
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# Esther Newton
**Esther Newton** (born 1940, New York City) is an American cultural anthropologist who performed pioneering work on the ethnography of lesbian and gay communities in the United States.
## Career
Newton studied history at the University of Michigan and received her Bachelor of Arts with distinction in 1962 before starting graduate work in anthropology at the University of Chicago under David M. Schneider.
Her PhD dissertation, \"The drag queens; a study in urban anthropology\" (1968), examined the experiences, social interactions, and culture of drag queens. Later published in several articles and as *Mother camp: female impersonators in America* (1972), Newton\'s work represented the first major anthropological study of a homosexual community in the United States, and laid some of the groundwork for theorists such as Judith Butler, who would later explore the performative dimensions of sex and gender roles.
Her second book, *Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty years in America\'s first gay and lesbian town* (1993), used oral history and ethnographic methods to document the changing dynamics of Cherry Grove, a beach resort on Fire Island, New York, and one of the oldest and most visible predominantly gay communities in the United States.
Newton is Professor Emerita of Anthropology and was the 1998-2000 Kempner Distinguished Research Professor at Purchase College. She was also a professor in Women\'s Studies and American Culture at the University of Michigan.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Newton is a lesbian. She is in a long-term relationship with performance artist Holly Hughes. They married in 2015.
Newton is the daughter of psychotherapist Saul B. Newton.
## Awards
- 1994: Ruth Benedict Prize for *Cherry Grove, Fire Island: Sixty Years in America\'s First Gay and Lesbian Town*
- 1995: CLAGS Kessler Award
- 2000: Ruth Benedict Prize for *Margaret Mead Made Me Gay: Personal Essays, Public Ideas* (2000)
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# Samson and Delilah (1984 film)
***Samson and Delilah*** is a 1984 television film adaptation of the biblical story of Samson and Delilah directed by Lee Philips and starring Max von Sydow, Belinda Bauer, Antony Hamilton, Daniel Stern and Victor Mature. Mature played Samson in the 1949 film and had a small cameo as the father of Antony Hamilton\'s Samson. This was his final acting role. Based on the 1962 novel *Husband of Delilah* by Eric Linklater, *Samson and Delilah* originally aired on ABC.
## Plot
The film is mostly the same as the original Biblical story, but with notable differences such as, once again, the expanded and sympathetic role of Delilah (Bauer), the introduction of the garrison commander (Stern) who is friends with Samson (Hamilton), more focus upon Samson\'s relationship with his first wife, a different handling of the 30 garments bet, and, perhaps the most crucial alteration of the climax.
In the original story, maintained in the 1949 film and the 1996 film, Samson only regains his strength after his hair has grown long again, thus allowing him to tear down the Philistine temple. In this movie, however, Samson is taken to the Philistine temple just after his hair has been cut short, and he prays to God to restore his immense strength despite his short hair, and God complies, allowing Samson enough strength to tear down the stone pillars, thus destroying the temple. Delilah is saved through what looks like the intervention of God. She brings Samson back to his tribe to be buried.
## Cast
- Antony Hamilton as Samson
- Belinda Bauer as Delilah
- Angélica Aragón as Nija
- David Byrd as Elon
- David S. Eisner as Arin
- José Ferrer as The High Priest
- Jennifer Holmes as Varinia
- Stephen Macht as Maluck
- Victor Mature as Manoah
- Clive Revill as Raul
- Rene Ruis as The Temple Man
- Maria Schell as Deborah
- Brandon Scott as The Magician
- Daniel Stern as Micah
- Max von Sydow as Sidka
## Production
Mature says he told the producer \"I\'ll play Samson\'s father if the price is right.\" It was entirely shot in Mexico. Monty Cox trained the male African lion in this production.
## Accolades
Year Award Result Category Recipient
------ ------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------- -----------------
1984 Emmy Award **Nominated** Outstanding Achievement in Hairstyling Jan Van Uchelen
1985 BAFTA Award Best Short Film Mark Peploe
## In other media {#in_other_media}
It was spoofed by RiffTrax on September 22, 2023
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# William Rodney Allen
**William Rodney Allen** is an American author and former Professor of English at the Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts. He received his PhD from Duke University, and was a faculty member at LSMSA from the time the school first opened in 1983 until his retirement in 2011. He is married to Cindy Allen, a counselor at the school, and has two daughters, Emily and Claire, with her. He has many interests, which include and are not limited to playing guitar, reading, and cutting down Magnolia trees. He is also a Kurt Vonnegut fan and owns what is believed to be the last thing that Vonnegut wrote before his death in 2007, a postcard addressed to Allen.
## Works
- [*Walker Percy: A Southern Wayfarer*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0xOHT2xGU9MC&q=William+Rodney+Allen), University Press of Mississippi, 2006, `{{ISBN|978-1-934110-00-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- [*Conversations with Kurt Vonnegut (Literary conversations series)*](https://books.google.com/books?id=bLQeOR_m2YMC&q=William+Rodney+Allen) University Press of Mississippi, 1988, `{{ISBN|978-0-87805-358-2}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Understanding Kurt Vonnegut (Understanding Contemporary American Literature)* (1991)
- *The Heath Introduction to Literature* (1999)
- [*The Coen Brothers: Interviews*](https://books.google
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# Global Development and Environment Institute
**The Global Development And Environment Institute** (**GDAE**, pronounced "gee-day") is a research center at Tufts University founded in 1993. GDAE conducts research and develops teaching materials in economics and related areas that follow an interdisciplinary approach that emphasizes ecological, cultural, social, and institutional factors. The Institute has produced more than twenty books and numerous articles, policy documents, and discussion papers. These materials are being used in academic settings, to enhance the teaching of economics and related subjects, and in policy circles, where GDAE researchers are recognized leaders in their fields.
Texts and educational modules developed at GDAE are now being distributed and managed through Boston University's *Economics in Context Initiative*. This carries forward the effort to develop a truly "contextual economics" -- one that takes full account of humanity's social and physical environments.
GDAE's current research and educational efforts are centered in three areas: "Land, Energy, and Climate", Green Economics, and educational materials in Environmental and Natural Resource Economics. GDAE researchers present their research in a series of policy briefs, working papers, and at numerous conferences. GDAE's earlier research and publications include areas such as globalization, trade, and feminist economics.
## Personnel
Neva Goodwin and William Moomaw are Co-Directors of GDAE. Other members of the research team are Jonathan M. Harris, Brian Roach and Anne-Marie Codur. Monica Barros is responsible for administration and communications. Gillian Davies, Andrew Tirrell, and David Sussman are Visiting Scholars at GDAE, and Jeronim Capaldo is a research fellow. Bethany Tietjen and Josephine Watson are GDAE Research Assistants.
## Research
GDAE's research program emphasizes ecological health and the correlation between social and economic well-being. They view economic systems in physical contexts of technology and the natural world, as well as in the social/psychological contexts of history, politics, ethics, culture, institutions, and human motivations.
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# Global Development and Environment Institute
## Publications
GDAE has extensive publication record, including the production of the 'In-Context' series of textbooks and free teaching modules which are now managed by the *Economics in Context Initiative* at Boston University.
### Textbooks
The textbooks in question include *[Microeconomics in Context](http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/microeconomics-in-context/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023045342/http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/microeconomics-in-context/ |date=2019-10-23 }}`{=mediawiki}*, *[Macroeconomics in Context](http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/macroeconomics-in-context/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023045543/http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/macroeconomics-in-context/ |date=2019-10-23 }}`{=mediawiki}, [Macroeconomics in Context (European Edition)](http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/macroeconomics-in-context-a-european-perspective/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023045340/http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/macroeconomics-in-context-a-european-perspective/ |date=2019-10-23 }}`{=mediawiki}, [Principles of Economics in Context](http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/principles-of-economics-in-context/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023045708/http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/principles-of-economics-in-context/ |date=2019-10-23 }}`{=mediawiki}, [Environmental and Resource Economics](http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/environmental-and-natural-resource-economics/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023045749/http://www.bu.edu/eci/education-materials/textbooks/environmental-and-natural-resource-economics/ |date=2019-10-23 }}`{=mediawiki}* and the soon to be published *Essentials of Economics in Context.*
These textbooks present all the content required of a standard text yet also go beyond this material to offer a more holistic approach to understanding economic processes by integrating aspects of history, institutions, gender, inequality, and the environment.
The texts come with a full set of supplementary materials including instructor resource material with lecture outlines, a test bank of over 2,000 questions, and PowerPoint slides. Detailed student study guides are available for free download.
### Modules
GDAE has also produced an extensive set of teaching modules that are designed for use as stand-alone supplements in undergraduate or graduate-level courses. These modules are available as free downloadable PDFs. They range from 25-60 pages, and most include discussion questions and glossary. The teaching modules are designed to allow instructors to easily incorporate the teaching modules into one or more weeks of weeks of semester alongside whatever textbooks they are using.
### Frontier Issues in Economic Thought {#frontier_issues_in_economic_thought}
GDAE produced the six-volume series, *[Frontier Issues in Economic Thought](https://www.bu.edu/eci/category/publications/books/frontier-issues-in-economic-thought/) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413010801/https://www.bu.edu/eci/category/publications/books/frontier-issues-in-economic-thought/ |date=2021-04-13 }}`{=mediawiki}*, which was published by Island Press. The articles that GDAE researchers selected and summarized for this project focus on the limitations of the mainstream economic paradigm and a wide range of creative efforts that have been and are being made to extend economic understanding.
### Social Science Library: Frontier Thinking in Sustainable Development and Human Well-being {#social_science_library_frontier_thinking_in_sustainable_development_and_human_well_being}
GDAE has produced an electronic collection of publications that are available for free to universities in 138 nations, with special attention to those institutions that are most in need of library resources. The collection, or the Social Science Library (SSL), contains over 3,400 full-text journal articles, book chapters, reports, and working papers in anthropology, economics, history, philosophy, social psychology, sociology and political science. It also includes full bibliographic references (including abstracts) to more than 6,000 additional articles. The SSL is available upon request to those that qualify for access. For people who are not in the recipient countries, a web-based version, with the 10,000+ bibliographic entries, but without the full text PDFs is available on request.
## Leontief Prize {#leontief_prize}
In 2000, GDAE established the Leontief Prize. Named in honor of Wassily Leontief, member of the GDAE advisory board and recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, the annual award recognizes outstanding contributions to economic theory that address contemporary realities and support just and sustainable societies.
- 2000 -- Amartya Sen and John Kenneth Galbraith
- 2001 -- Herman E. Daly and Paul P. Streeten
- 2002 -- Alice Amsden and Dani Rodrik
- 2003 - No Award Given
- 2004 -- Robert H. Frank and Nancy Folbre
- 2005 -- Ha-Joon Chang and Richard R. Nelson
- 2006 -- Juliet Schor and Samuel Bowles
- 2007 - Jomo Kwame Sundaram and Stephen DeCanio
- 2008 - José Antonio Ocampo and Robert Wade
- 2009 - No Award Given
- 2010 - Bina Agarwal and Daniel Kahneman
- 2011 - Nicholas Stern and Martin Weitzman
- 2012 - Michael Lipton and C. Peter Timmer
- 2013 - Albert O. Hirschman and Frances Stewart
- 2014 - Angus Deaton and James K. Galbraith
- 2015 - Duncan K
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# Rage of Mages
***Rage of Mages*** is a PC game that combines role-playing and real-time strategy. Produced by Nival Interactive it was first released in Russia under the name of ***Allods: The Seal of Mystery*** (*Аллоды. Печать тайны*). The game was published in April 1998 in the EU by Buka Entertainment and on October 13, 1998 in the US. It was re-released in 2016 on GOG.com.
A sequel was later made in 1999 by Nival Interactive called *Allods 2: Master of Souls* (Аллоды 2. Повелитель душ) and published in the west by Monolith Productions entitled *Rage of Mages II: Necromancer*. An online MMORPG based on the game was released under the name *Allods Online*. It was published in Russia by Astrum Nival in late 2009, followed by other regions globally by local publishers.
## Gameplay
While a role-playing game, the game uses a real time strategy game interface rather similar to *Warcraft II*.
The player chooses one of four characters (male fighter, female fighter, male mage or female mage) sent to Plagat, capital of the allod of Uimoir, which is part of the Kania empire. On the journey the player will meet the other three members, and more companions. There will be hirelings available for a fee should a player find any mission too challenging and need reinforcements. Each mission takes place in a game map generally full of enemies. Mission type ranges from rescue to escort to exterminate villains to treasure hunting.
## Reception
The game received mixed reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.
It was nominated for *GameSpot*{{\'}}s \"Best Game No One Played\" award in its Best & Worst of 1998 Awards, which went to *Battlezone*
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# Matteo Pratichetti
**Matteo Pratichetti** (born 27 July 1985 in Rome) is a former Italian rugby union player.
Pratichetti\'s father, Oreste, was a rugby player and coach, his uncle Carlo was capped several times for Italy in the 1980s, and his brother Andrea was his teammate at Calvisano for the 2008--09 season.
Since his adolescence, Pratichetti played in the UR Capitolina\'s (one of the several Roman rugby union teams) youth squad; in 2004, at 19, he moved to Calvisano in the Super 10 and won the Italian Championship at the end of his debut season with his new club.
His first cap for Italy was in November 2004 against the All Blacks; his 2nd cap was more than 2 years later in the 2007 Six Nations Championship, with Pierre Berbizier as Italy\'s head coach. Berbizier included Pratichetti in the Italy squad for the 2007 Rugby World Cup.
Also the new head coach Nick Mallett included Pratichetti in the squad for the 2008 Summer tour of South Africa and Argentina.
Pratichetti won one more Super 10 with Calvisano in 2008. In June 2010 he joined Aironi
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# Taylor Monoplane
The **Taylor J.T.1 Monoplane** is a British fixed-wing aircraft design for a homebuilt aircraft, developed in the 1950s by J.F. Taylor.
## History
The **J.T.1 Monoplane** was designed by John Taylor in 1956 and the prototype (registered G-APRT) was built by him at Ilford, Essex between 1958-1959. It flew for the first time on 4 July 1959 at White Waltham. At that time it represented the first post war homebuilt design to come from England.
## Construction
It was designed to be constructed in small spaces with the minimum of tools and material cost, requiring only average building skills from the constructor. It is aimed exclusively at the lower power range such as the 40 hp Volkswagen air-cooled engine, therefore giving economy with an acceptable cruise speed. It is semi- aerobatic.
## Operation
The airframe of the J.T.1 Monoplane was proof loaded to verify the stress calculations and no modification has ever been introduced since the prototype was approved. The total number flying to date is over 110 examples.
As a result of a request for an aircraft with higher performance than the Taylor Monoplane, Taylor designed a high performance single-seater, the Taylor Titch. Taylor built the prototype, registered G-ATYO, at Leigh-on-Sea, Essex between 1965 and 1966; the Titch first flew at Southend Airport on 4 January 1967
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# New England & Western Air Transportation Co.
The **New England & Western Air Transportation Co.** was an airline based in Springfield, Massachusetts that existed for a short period in 1930. It served passengers, but was based on US airmail contract until US government limited who could carry US mail
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# Ernie Taylor (footballer, born 1925)
**Ernest Taylor** (2 September 1925 -- 9 April 1985) was an English footballer who played for four clubs in a 19-year professional career.
After Blackpool\'s defeat by Newcastle United in the 1951 FA Cup Final, it is said that Stanley Matthews told his manager, Joe Smith, that he would like the Magpies\' inside-right in the Blackpool team. On 10 October that year, Taylor signed for Blackpool for £25,000.
Born in Sunderland, County Durham, in 1925, Taylor was a naval submariner when he joined Newcastle in 1942. At only 5 ft 4 in, he was one of the shortest players in the game, but his defence-splitting passes caused problems amongst the opposition. It was his back-heel that set up one of Jackie Milburn\'s goals in the 1951 Final.
Taylor signed for Blackpool on 10 October 1951 and made his debut three days later in a 2--1 home loss to Charlton. When Matthews had recovered from an injury, the pair created a well-respected right-wing partnership. On 25 November 1953, Walter Winterbottom employed the same partnership in England\'s match against Hungary. England lost 6--3 in what was Taylor\'s only appearance for his country.
Earlier in 1953, he had been a member of Blackpool\'s famous FA Cup-winning side that beat Bolton Wanderers. In the same competition in 1958, he helped the devastated Manchester United to an albeit unsuccessful appearance in the FA Cup Final soon after the Munich air disaster.
On 12 December 1958 Taylor signed for Sunderland for £6,000, and later played for Altrincham and Derry before emigrating to New Zealand, where he coached New Brighton and also played for Auckland club East Coast Bays
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# Hans Waldmann (fighter pilot)
Hans Waldmann}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2014}}`{=mediawiki} `{{EngvarB|date=November 2014}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox military person
|name=Hans Waldmann
|birth_date={{birth date|1922|9|24|df=y}}
|death_date={{death date and age|1945|3|18|1922|9|24|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Braunschweig]], [[Lower Saxony]], [[Weimar Republic]]
|death_place= near [[Schwarzenbek]], [[Free State of Prussia]], [[Nazi Germany]]
|placeofburial=Military cemetery at [[Kaltenkirchen]]
|image=Hans-Waldmann.jpg
|image_size=
|caption=
|nickname=Dackel
|allegiance={{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|serviceyears=1940–1945
|rank=''[[Oberleutnant]]'' (first lieutenant)
|branch={{air force|Nazi Germany}}
|commands=3./[[JG 7]], 4./[[JG 52]]
|unit=[[JG 3]], [[JG 7]], [[JG 52]]
|battles={{hidden
|''See battles''
|{{plainlist|
*World War II
*:[[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]
*:[[Invasion of Normandy]]
*:[[Defence of the Reich]] {{KIA}}
}}
|-
|headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb
|style=text-align:center;
}}
|awards=[[Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross]]
|laterwork=}}`{=mediawiki}
**Hans Peter Waldmann** (24 September 1922 -- 18 March 1945) was a German Luftwaffe (Air Force) fighter ace and recipient of the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. Waldmann received the award after he had shot down 85 enemy aircraft. In total, he was credited with 134 aerial victories accumulated in 527 combat missions.
Born in Braunschweig, Waldmann volunteered for service in the Luftwaffe in 1940. After training at various pilot and fighter-pilot schools, he was posted to *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52---52nd Fighter Wing), operating on the Eastern Front, in August 1942. Here Waldmann fought in the aerial battles over Stalingrad, the Caucasus, the Black Sea, and the Crimea. He was credited with 84 aerial victories before briefly being transferred to the Western Front, where he was credited with one aerial victory. Back on the Eastern Front, Waldmann accumulated further victories, bringing his score to 125 victories by end of May 1944. He then fought in the skies over France after the Western Allied Invasion of Normandy, claiming seven aerial victories, before converting to the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in late 1944. Flying the Me 262, Waldmann shot down two North American P-51 Mustangs on 22 February 1945 before being killed in a mid-air collision with one of his squadron members on 18 March 1945 near Schwarzenbek, Holstein.
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# Hans Waldmann (fighter pilot)
## Childhood, education and early career {#childhood_education_and_early_career}
Waldmann was born in Braunschweig in the Free State of Brunswick on 24 September 1922. He was the second son of Ludwig Waldmann, a bank manager, and his wife Maria. Waldmann had an older brother Paul. In 1928 he attended the *Volksschule*, a primary school, in the Comenius-Street. Over Easter in 1932 he transferred to the humanities-oriented secondary school Wilhelm-Gymnasium.
In 1938, Waldmann applied for a career as an officer in the Luftwaffe for the first time. Travelling to Berlin, he was deemed suitable but at the age of 16 was too young to volunteer for military service. After the outbreak of World War II, while still at school, Waldmann and his fellow students were forced into compulsory labour service (*Reichsarbeitsdienst*). Waldmann was assigned to the Brunswick Mechanical Engineering Institute. Since Waldmann had intended to study aircraft construction after his military service, he was reassigned to the Institute of Aeronautical Metrology and Flight Meteorology at the Braunschweig-Waggum airfield under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Heinrich Koppe.
At the end of March 1940, Waldmann graduated from school with his *Abitur* (diploma). After this he was accepted into the Luftwaffe, two years after his initial application. Commencing in July 1940, he undertook 12 weeks of basic military training with *Fliegerausbildungsregiment* 72 (72nd Flight Training Regiment) at Fels am Wagram in Austria. Upon completion, Waldmann was transferred to the *Flugzeugführerschule* A/B 72 (flight school for the pilot license) at Markersdorf near Sankt Pölten in early October 1940. Eight days later his training group returned to Fels am Wagram because Markersdorf was overcrowded with other flight courses. Thus flight training started on the improvised airfield without hangars at Fels am Wagram. His first familiarisation flight was on 16 October 1940, in a Bücker Bü 131 \"Jungmann\" biplane marked \"VTAF\". Waldmann logged his first solo flight on 13 November 1940 at 09:17 in a Bü 131 \"CGNL\", landing again after six minutes of flight time. His training group returned to Markersdorf in February 1941. From here, he conducted his first cross-country flights on the Bü 131 \"Jungmann\" as well as the Focke-Wulf Fw 44 \"Stieglitz\". The majority of the cross-country flights were flown on the Gotha Go 145. From 4 April to 28 April 1941 he made the round trip from Markersdorf to Pocking, Nürnberg, Ettingshausen, Ingolstadt, Zwickau, Hildesheim, Braunschweig, Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Delmenhorst, Halberstadt and Fürth. At Ettingshausen he received instruction in formation flying and aerobatics.
By August 1941 Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, had been underway for two months, and after completing his A/B flight training at Markersdorf Waldmann was transferred to the *Jagdfliegerschule* 6 (6th Fighter Pilot School) at Lachen-Speyerdorf near Neustadt an der Weinstraße. He completed the final phase of his fighter pilot training in Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia, from 3 June to 17 August 1942, before transferring to the front.
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# Hans Waldmann (fighter pilot)
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
Holding the rank of *Unteroffizier*, a non-commissioned officer similar in rank to sergeant, on 20 August 1942 Waldmann was tasked with shuttling new Messerschmitt Bf 109Gs from a factory at Krakau to units on the Eastern Front. Along with six other newly trained pilots, he reached Lemberg where the group was scheduled for a stop over. Bad weather closed in and Waldmann was the only one to take off before the group was grounded. Getting away at 17:55, he headed for Proskuriv. The next day he continued his journey to Uman, 230 km south of Kiev in Ukraine. For the next few days, he was sent back and forth until he finally reached the II. *Gruppe* (2nd group) of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 (JG 52---52nd Fighter Wing) at Tusow, operating in the combat area of Stalingrad.
On arrival, Waldmann was approached by *Hauptmann* (Captain) Johannes Steinhoff and asked whether he would like to fly as his wingman. Waldmann then conducted six familiarisation flights on the \"Gustav\", as the Bf 109 G-2 was referred to, on 30 August 1942. Flying a Bf 109 marked with a black \"Chevron-2\", indicating an aircraft of the *Stab*, he flew his first combat mission on 31 August 1942 in the vicinity of Stalingrad. Steinhoff was impressed by his first performance. At the time, Waldmann was still officially assigned to a transfer squadron, but Steinhoff decided to keep him in his *Stabs*-*Schwarm*, flight of four. Here his comrades nicknamed Waldmann \"*Dackel*\", an allusion to his last name. In German, a \"*Dackel*\", or Dachshund, is often named Waldi, a hypocoristic form of Waldmann.
### War against the Soviet Union {#war_against_the_soviet_union}
In September 1942, II. *Gruppe* was ordered into the Battle of the Caucasus, supporting Army Group South on the front over the Caucasus. Opposing it was the 4th and 5th Air Armies of the Red Air Force. The *Gruppe* reached an airfield named Gonschtakowka located north-northeast of Mozdok on the Terek on 6 September. There, Waldmann claimed his first aerial victory over a Lavochkin-Gorbunov-Gudkov LaGG-3 fighter.
On 25 September, Waldmann\'s Bf 109 G-2 (*Werknummer* 13650---factory number) sustained minor damage in combat, resulting in a forced landing at Maikop. On 17 April 1943, Waldmann received the German Cross in Gold (*Deutsches Kreuz in Gold*). He made another forced landing on 7 May, this time due to engine failure of his Bf 109 G-4 at Taman. After 84 victories on 1 September 1943, Waldmann was promoted to *Leutnant* (second lieutenant) and assigned to *Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost* (Supplementary Fighter Group East). Here he was credited with the destruction of a B-17 Flying Fortress on 5 January 1944. This victory, his 85th, was actually a separation-shot---a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box---which counted as an aerial victory. Waldmann had attacked a 28-aircraft bomber formation and severely damaged the B-17. The aerial-victory commission of Luftflotte 3 also credited the Flak-Regiment 45 of 12th Flak Brigade with this victory. Following this aerial victory, he received the Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes*) on 5 February 1944. The presentation of the award was announced by the Greater German Radio---the official radio station of the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda---on the evening of 20 February 1944.
In late February 1944 Waldmann was sent back to the Crimean peninsula on the Eastern Front, where he took command of 4./JG 52 (4th Squadron of the 52nd Fighter Wing) as its *Staffelkapitän* (squadron leader). He succeeded *Oberleutnant* Heinrich Sturm who had been wounded by bomb debris in an attack on the airfield at Chersonesus at Sevastopol on 16 April. He continued his success, claiming eight aerial victories in March, and 16 in April of which eight were claimed from 5--12 April. On 11 April 1944, he claimed three aerial victories. He was the 70th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark. On 4 May 1944, 15 Bf 109s from II. *Gruppe* intercepted 24 Ilyushin Il-2 ground-attack aircraft from 8 GShAP (8th Guards Ground-attack Aviation Regiment) and 47 GShAP (47th Ground-attack Aviation Regiment), escorted by 23 fighter aircraft, over the Black Sea. In this encounter, pilots from II. *Gruppe* claimed six aerial victories, including an Il-2 and a Yakovlev Yak-7 by Waldmann, without sustaining any losses. However, Soviet records only document the loss of three Il-2 and one Yakovlev Yak-9 fighter.
Waldmann became an \"ace-in-a-day\" on 7 May 1944, claiming six aerial victories over the Sevastopol combat area. Two *Staffeln* (squadrons) of the II./JG 52 were transferred to Huși at the Prut River on 27 May 1944. Here Waldmann claimed his final four victories on the Eastern Front, taking his total to 125 aerial victories claimed. On 1 June, *Gruppenkommandeur* (group commander) *Major* Gerhard Barkhorn was ordered to transfer one *Staffel* to the west in Defence of the Reich. Barkhorn selected Waldmann\'s 4. *Staffel* which was officially assigned to the II./*Jagdgeschwader* 3 \"Udet\" (JG 3---3rd Fighter Wing). There, the *Staffel* was later renamed and became the 8. *Staffel* of JG 3. At the time, II./JG 3 was under the command of *Hauptmann* Hans-Ekkehard Bob, and later by *Hauptmann* Herbert Kutscha.
### Invasion of Normandy {#invasion_of_normandy}
The Invasion of Normandy, which started on the early morning of 6 June 1944, was in full swing by the time Waldmann\'s *Staffel* arrived in France in early July. The Western Allies were already breaking out of Normandy in what was codenamed Operation Cobra. II./JG 3 \"Udet\" (2nd Group of the 3rd Fighter Wing) was stationed at Nogent-le-Roi, roughly 50 km southwest of Paris. The *Gruppe* was tasked with ground support missions. In one of these missions against the Allied invasion forces, Waldmann claimed to have damaged a P-51 Mustang on 31 July 1944. He was credited with the destruction of numerous trucks during ground support missions over the period of 2--5 August 1944.
Waldmann claimed his first aerial victory in the west, his 126th in total, over a B-24 Liberator on 6 August 1944. Waldmann had taken off at 11:43 on a free-fighter sweep mission against heavy bombers. His unit spotted a formation of B-24s after 45 minutes flying time. Waldmann attacked and with his first pass at an altitude of 5000 m had hit one of the B-24 between the two starboard engines, which immediately set the bomber on fire. The B-24 was observed to crash 3 km southeast of Méry. His final tally for August was seven Allied planes, including the B-24, one Auster on 7 August, and five P-47 Thunderbolts (two on 14 August, two on 18 August and one on 19 August). This took his total to 132 aerial victory claims.
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# Hans Waldmann (fighter pilot)
## World War II {#world_war_ii}
### Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262 and death {#flying_the_messerschmitt_me_262_and_death}
On 25 November 1944, II. *Gruppe* was detached from JG 3. The *Gruppe* was converted to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 \"Stormbird\" jet fighter and became the I. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 7 (JG 7---7th Fighter Wing), the first operational jet fighter wing. Conversion training was held at Landsberg-Lech Airfield and Kaltenkirchen in December 1944. The pilots first learned to fly the Siebel Si 204 and Messerschmitt Bf 110 to familiarize themselves with the characteristics of a twin-engine aircraft. In consequence, Waldmann was transferred to 3./JG 7, now flying the \"Stormbird\", as its *Staffelführer* (squadron leader on probation).
thumb\|right\|upright=1.5\|Me 262 A, circa 1944 Together with his wingman‚ *Oberfähnrich* Günter Schrey, Waldmann took off at 11:39 on 22 February 1945 from Oranienburg on an offensive counter-air mission against inbound Allied heavy bombers. The Anglo-American attack was codenamed Operation Clarion. About 20 minutes into the flight, roughly 30 km west of Berlin, they spotted an American P-51 Mustang flying at 7000 m. Closing fast, Waldmann shot down the Mustang at 12:02 before proceeding west for Magdeburg. Near Oschersleben they spotted another Mustang at 3800 m. Waldmann shot it down at 12:17, achieving his 134th and final aerial victory. The Mustang was observed crashing into a forest 25 km northeast of the Brocken, the highest peak of the Harz mountain range.
On Sunday, 18 March 1945, the lower cloud ceiling at Kaltenkirchen was less than 600 m and most of the time between 80 -, while the upper cloud ceiling was at 6000 m, rendering flight conditions outside the official operational specification for the Me 262. The jet was not fully cleared for instrument flight, mandating a lower cloud ceiling of more than 800 m. *Major* Erich Rudorffer, *Gruppenkommandeur* of the I./JG 7, was attending a meeting at the *Luftgaukommando* in Hamburg-Blankenese, when *Oberleutnant* Hans Grünberg, the most senior officer on duty and *Staffelkapitän* of the 1st *Staffel*, received the order from *Major* Richter, the Ia (operations officer), to engage inbound heavy bombers. Grünberg initially argued that weather conditions prohibited a safe takeoff but *Reichsmarschall* Hermann Göring intervened and ordered the jets to engage the enemy.
The order resulted in the death of both Waldmann and his wingman Schrey on the following mission. Waldmann was killed following a mid-air collision with *Leutnant* Hans-Dieter Weihs shortly after takeoff, and Schrey was killed in combat with US fighters. Mindful of the direct order of the *Reichsmarschall*, *Oberleutnant* Grünberg (1st *Staffel*), *Oberleutnant* Fritz Stehle (2nd *Staffel*) and Waldmann (3rd *Staffel*) had decided that each of them would lead a flight of four Me 262s, taking off and flying around for an hour before returning without trying to engage the enemy. Grünberg\'s *Schwarm* took off first followed by Stehle\'s *Schwarm*. Waldmann chose Weihs, as the most experienced pilot trained in instrument flight, to lead the *Schwarm*, while Schrey once again served as Waldmann\'s wingman. Waldmann\'s Me 262 A-1 \"Yellow 3\" (*Werknummer* 117097---factory number) took off at 12:24 and Weihs ordered the *Schwarm* to form a close formation, flying wing tip to wing tip.
Only three Me 262s took off; *Flieger* Gerhard Reiher\'s Me 262 had experienced engine failure. Four minutes into the flight, having travelled roughly 50 km and flying at less than 800 m above the ground, Weihs\' aircraft experienced a heavy blow from below after Waldmann collided with him. His jet in an unrecoverable spin, Weihs bailed out and came down near the Hamburg-Berlin railroad tracks. The airfield at Kaltenkirchen was immediately informed. Waldmann and Schrey were initially believed missing. Waldmann\'s body was recovered the next day near Schwarzenbek, roughly 1 km away from the crash site of his Me 262. Apparently he had managed to bail out but failed to deploy his parachute in time, although the injuries sustained during the crash with Weihs\' aircraft may have already been fatal as the recovery party found Waldmann with his upper forehead smashed. Schrey was also found dead. He had bailed out with his parachute, but his body was found riddled by machine-gun bullets.
The airmen were buried with full military honours, including a Me 262 flypast, at the cemetery in Kaltenkirchen. Waldmann\'s successor as *Staffelkapitän*, *Oberleutnant* Walter Wagner, accompanied Waldmann\'s mother from Braunschweig to Kaltenkirchen for the funeral. A number of wreaths were laid on his grave, the largest sent by the *Reichsmarschall*. Waldmann was recommended for the Oak Leaves to the Knight\'s Cross, but the recommendation was either not approved or not finalized before the end of the war.
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# Hans Waldmann (fighter pilot)
## Summary of career {#summary_of_career}
### Aerial victory claims {#aerial_victory_claims}
According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Waldmann was credited with 134 aerial victories. Authors Bracke and Obermaier also list Waldmann with 134 aerial victories, claimed in 527 combat missions, 10 on the Western Front and 124 on the Eastern Front. His tally on the Eastern Front includes five bombers, 86 fighters and 33 Il-2 Sturmovik ground-attack aircraft. On the Western Front he claimed seven fighters, two four-engined bombers and one observation aircraft. He also flew a number of ground attack missions, destroying 33 various vehicles and eight heavy transports. Mathews and Foreman, authors of *Luftwaffe Aces --- Biographies and Victory Claims*, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 131 aerial victory claims, plus seven further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 121 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 10 on the Western Front, including two four-engined bombers and two victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.
Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = *Planquadrat*), for example \"PQ 28472\". The Luftwaffe grid map (*Jägermeldenetz*) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 sqmi. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 x in size.
+---------------------------------------------------+
| Chronicle of aerial victories |
+===================================================+
| |
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| -- II. *Gruppe* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 -- |
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| -- 6. *Staffel* of *Jagdgeschwader* 52 -- |
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| -- 2. *Staffel* of *Ergänzungs-Jagdgruppe Ost* -- |
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### Awards
- Iron Cross (1939)
- 2nd Class (25 September 1942)
- 1st Class (11 November 1942)
- Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe for Fighter Pilots in Gold (1 February 1943)
- Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe on 15 March 1943 as *Unteroffizier* and pilot
- German Cross in Gold on 17 April 1943 as *Unteroffizier* in the 6./*Jagdgeschwader* 52
- Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross on 5 February 1944 as *Feldwebel* and pilot in the 6./*Jagdgeschwader* 52
Waldmann may have been awarded a posthumous Knight\'s Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (*Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub*). *Oberst* Nicolaus von Below processed such a request between 20 April 1945 and 2 May 1945, although no official proof exists
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# Scilla Elworthy
**Priscilla \"Scilla\" Elworthy** (born 3 June 1943) is a peace builder, and the founder of the Oxford Research Group, a non-governmental organisation she set up in 1982 to develop effective dialogue between nuclear weapons policy-makers worldwide and their critics, for which she was nominated three times for the Nobel Peace Prize. She served as its executive director from 1982 until 2003, when she left that role to set up Peace Direct, a charity supporting local peace-builders in conflict areas. In 2003 she was awarded the Niwano Peace Prize. From 2005 she was adviser to Peter Gabriel, Desmond Tutu and Richard Branson in setting up The Elders. She is a member of the World Future Council and in 2012 co-founded Rising Women Rising World, a community of women on all continents who take responsibility for building a world that works for all.
In 2017 she wrote *The Business Plan for Peace: Building a World Without War* (Peace Direct, 2017) and now leads an organisation of the same name which provides people and organisations with the skills and support to transform conflict.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in Galashiels, Scotland, Elworthy attended Berkhamsted School for Girls on a Herts County Scholarship, before moving to Ireland in 1962 to study social sciences at Trinity College, Dublin. During her vacations, she worked in refugee camps in France and Algiers. After graduating, she travelled round West Africa to South Africa and between 1966 and 1969 became involved in marketing for various boutiques, most notably introducing the Mary Quant range. In 1993, she gained her PhD in political science from Bradford University.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
In 1970, she married Murray McLean, a South African entrepreneur. She is mother of Polly Jess McLean (born 1974), step-mother of Leigh, Jay, Shirley, Sophie and Pippa, and grandmother of Pearl Mai Mary, Wolfetone and Rainer Jay.
In 2019 Scilla re-connected to the love of her life, John Hamwee. In 2021 they were married in the Quaker meeting house in Colthouse, Cumbria, and now live very happily in Sherborne village, west of Oxford.
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# Scilla Elworthy
## Career
From 1970 to 1976 she chaired Kupugani, a South African nutrition education organisation, where she set up an initiative that involved the sale of nutritious Christmas hampers to industrial employees, thereby providing annual self-financing for the charity of R6million.
In 1976 she helped organise the building and launch of the Market Theatre, South Africa\'s first multiracial theatre. Then in 1977 she established the Minority Rights Group in France and in 1978 she researched and delivered their report on female genital mutilation, leading to the World Health Organization campaign to eradicate the practice. From 1979 to 1981 she became a consultant on women\'s issues to UNESCO and it was during this time she researched and wrote UNESCO\'s contribution to the 1980 United Nations Mid-decade Conference on Women: \"The role of women in peace research, peace education and the improvement of relations between nations\".
In 1982 she founded the Oxford Research Group (ORG) an NGO which independently researched decision-making on security in the five major nuclear nations during and after the Cold War and brought together policy-makers, academics, the military and civil society to engage in dialogue with their critics. For this work she was nominated three times for the Nobel Peace Prize, and in 2003 was awarded the Niwano Peace Prize. She remained the executive director of ORG until 2003.
In 2003 Elworthy stepped down as executive director of ORG to found a new charity, Peace Direct, which supports local peace-builders in conflict areas. Peace Direct was named \"Best New Charity\" at the London Charity Awards 2005 and, although she is not involved in the day-to-day running, Elworthy remains an Ambassador for Peace Direct.
In 2002 she launched a production at the Royal Opera House theatre in London entitled *Transforming 11 September*. In 2004 she provided the basic material for Max Stafford-Clark\'s production of *Talking to Terrorists* at the Royal Court Theatre in London; and in 2007 her case study on the siege of Fallujah in Iraq was used as the basis for Jonathan Holmes\' production of *Fallujah* at the Old Truman Brewery in Brick Lane.
Her work for the World Peace Festival in 2011 included building seven achievable goals for the Global Peace Building Strategy, adopted by the World Peace Partnership. Dr Elworthy designed the programme for an international two-day conference on peacebuilding, the first day entitled \"Peace is your business!\" followed by a conference on the \"Global Peace Building Strategy\" including a morning of workshops entitled \"Self Knowledge and Global Responsibility\" featuring Dr Deepak Chopra. She and colleagues produced a booklet for the Festival entitled \"Tools for Peace\", with an accompanying video produced by TalkWorks in association with Different Films Ltd, presenting a seven-step process anyone can use to resolve conflict in the family, workplace or community.
In autumn 2007 Elworthy joined the EastWest Institute\'s International Task Force on Preventive Diplomacy; in 2009 was featured in the project Soldiers of Peace -- Stories from 14 countries around the world -- a documentary film narrated by Michael Douglas.
## The Elders {#the_elders}
Although she has lectured extensively around the world and appeared on television and radio throughout the last 20 years, her work was less in the public eye from 2005 to 2009 as she was advising Richard Branson, Desmond Tutu and Peter Gabriel on the creation of The Elders, \"an independent group of eminent global leaders, brought together by Nelson Mandela, who offer their collective influence and experience to support peace building, help address major causes of human suffering and promote the shared interests of humanity.\"
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# Scilla Elworthy
## 2011 to 2023 {#to_2023}
Since the autumn of 2011 Dr Elworthy has been working on a course in consciousness and conflict transformation for mid career professionals, in association with Thomas Hübl in Berlin. She is patron of The GREAT Initiative Gender Rights and Equality Action Trust and a member of the International Advisory Council of the Institute for Economics and Peace; Voice of a Woman; Oxford Research Group; adviser to MasterPeace -- an international bottom-up peace initiative -- and a member of the steering Committee of PAX, a service to help prevent wars and genocides, and since the early 1990s, a member of the Society of Friends.
In 2012 Elworthy co-founded Rising Women Rising World, a growing, vibrant community of women on all continents who take responsibility for building a world that works for all. \"The custodians of this mission are a committed group of professionals, who, over the past 30 years have been shaping their respective fields: economics, business, governance, security, health, ecology, media, culture and the arts, education, spirituality and indigenous wisdom. Now, as Rising Women Rising World we come together to pioneer a possible future.\"
In 2013--14 Elworthy worked with a group of young social entrepreneurs at the DO School in Hamburg to raise awareness of the work of peace-builders worldwide. She remains involved with The DO School and its international development through her position as a board member.
In 2014 Elworthy published *Pioneering the Possible: Awakened Leadership for a World that Works* (North Atlantic Books, 2014).
In September 2017 she published *The Business Plan for Peace: Building a World Without War* (Peace Direct, 2017). The Business Plan for Peace demonstrates how 25 tried and tested strategies for preventing war could be scaled up and extended over 10 years, with the aim of preventing armed violence worldwide. The total cost came to as little as two billion dollars, when the cost of militarization worldwide now exceeds US\$1,686 billion. The book further demonstrates how people in any country can learn the skills to prevent conflict and apply them in their own communities, schools, workplace and families. In 2020 she wrote *The Mighty Heart: How to transform conflict* which outlines the skills and techniques of conflict transformation. These skills were developed into an online course and in 2022 she wrote *The Mighty Heart in Action* which shows how they help people build a better world. Through Business Plan for Peace she advises the leadership of selected international corporations on investing in and strengthening their respective roles in preventing violent conflict, and teaches young social entrepreneurs.
Her TED talk on non-violence has over 1.3 million views.
In 2023 she was awarded the GOI Peace Award in recognition of her lifelong dedication to prevent and transform conflicts and build sustainable peace throughout the world.
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# Scilla Elworthy
## Publications
Elworthy has written, edited and contributed to myriad reports, articles and books including:
- 1986: Editor: *How Nuclear Weapons Decisions Are Made* (Macmillan, London)
- 1987: Author: *Who Decides? Accountability and Nuclear Weapons Decision-Making in Britain*, (Oxford Research Group).
- 1988: Producer: *The Nuclear Weapons World: Who How and Where*, (Pinter Publishers, London).
- 1989: Author: *Parliament, the Public and NATO\'s Nuclear Weapons*, (Oxford Research Group).
- 1990: Co-author: *New Threats and New Responses: proposals for future security decision-making in Europe*, (Oxford Research Group).
- 1991: Co-author: *Defence and Security in the New Europe: Who will decide?* (Oxford Research Group).
- 1992: Editor: *International control of the Arms Trade* (Oxford Research Group).
- 1996 Editor and contributor: *Re-thinking Defence and Foreign Policy*, (Spokesman Press, London).
- 1996: Author: **Power & Sex** (Element Books)
- 1997: Editor: *Proposals for a Nuclear Weapon-Free World -- a meeting between China and the West* (Oxford Research Group).
- 2001: Co-author: *The United States, Europe and the Majority World after 11 September* (Oxford Research Group).
- 2001: Producer:*War Prevention Works: 51 case studies of people resolving conflict* (Oxford Research Group, Oxford).
- 2002 Co-author: *A Never-Ending War? Consequences of 11 September* (Oxford Research Group).
- 2002: Co-author: *The \'War on Terrorism\': 12-month audit and future strategy options* (Oxford Research Group).
- 2001: Co-author: *9/11: What Should We Do Now?* (Open Democracy).
- 2001: Author: *Widening Atlantic* (Open Democracy).
- 2002: Author: *The Road Not Taken* (Open Democracy).
- 2003: Author: *The crisis over Iraq: the non-military solution* (Open Democracy).
- 2003: Author: *Waiting For The Dawn: A Bagdad Diary* (Open Democracy).
- 2003: Author:*Iraq: A Way Out?* (Open Democracy).
- 2004: Author: *Cutting the Costs of War: non-military prevention and resolution of conflict* (Oxford Research Group).
- 2004: Author: *Peacemaking At The Sharp End: Iraq Before & After War* (Open Democracy).
- 2005: Author: *Learning from Fallujah\'s Agony* (Open Democracy).
- 2005: Author: *Tackling Terror By Winning Hearts & Minds* (Open Democracy).
- 2005: Co-author: *Hearts and Minds: human security approaches to political violence* (Demos, London).
- 2006: Author: *If Diplomacy Fails* (Open Democracy).
- 2006: Co-author: *Making Terrorism History* (Random House, London).
- 2009: Co-author: *Soul Power* (BookSurge).
- 2010: Tools For Peace (World Peace Partnership)
- 2010: \"Is it time for a worldwide strategy for the building of peace?\" (Open Democracy)
- 2011: \"Peace can be planned. Just like health\" (Open Democracy)
- 2011: Feast with your enemies -- Dekha Ibrahim Abdi (Open Democracy)
- 2014: *Pioneering the Possible: Awakened Leadership for a World That Works* (North Atlantic Books)
- 2017: The Business Plan for Peace -- Building a World Without War (Peace Direct)
- 2020: The Mighty Heart -- How to transform conflict
- 2022: The Mighty Heart in Action
The reports produced by the Oxford Research Group are available from their website or, for the older reports, by contacting them directly
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# KGP-9
The **KGP-9** is a Hungarian submachine gun used by Hungary\'s military forces and prison guards. Development started in 1986 when the head of the Hungarian Institute for Military Technology, János Egerszegi, drafted a proposal for a new sub-machine gun in 9mm Parabellum rather than 9x18 Makarov, the latter caliber being disliked by the counter-terrorist units of the Hungarian police. The most promising design was submitted by Fegyver- és Gépgyár and was developed by Zoltán Horváth. Weapon trials began in 1988 but the socioeconomic upheavals of 1989 (fall of the Soviet Union and the Hungarian People\'s Republic) caused the project to stall for a few years. Unlike the 1988 trials, field trials in 1993 resulted in several failure to feed malfunctions, which FÉG blamed on poor quality ammunition made by MFS. The officers participating in the trial disputed this, stating that the same ammunition feed reliably from UZI sub-machine guns and the IWI Jericho 941 pistol. Testers also disliked the folding stock and safety.
Despite these issues, the project continued with more prototypes being made ready for trials in 1996. These guns had even more issues, with the largest being a tendency to go into full-auto fire when the selector switch was set to semi-auto. A review of the newly privatized company determined that it was not able to provide good quality control or project management due to the loss of trained personnel after it ceased being a state-run factory. These issues took a while to address so the next prototype wasn\'t ready until 1997 where it was tested by the military and the Law Enforcement Agencies Training Center (Rendészeti Szervek Kiképző Központja, RSZKK). The Hungarian military accepted the refined weapon, but the police rejected it as unsuitable. This was compounded by the UZI and Micro UZI already filling the KGP-9\'s role as well as the Heckler & Koch MP5 being accepted for service. The KGP-9 was, however, accepted into service by the Hungarian prison service and approximately 1,000 units were accepted by the military where they served in operations in Kosovo, Afghanistan, and Iraq. The military police later replaced the KGP-9 with the CZ Scorpion Evo 3.
The civilian variant is the KGPF-9, it is capable of semi-automatic fire only.
## Description
The KGP-9 operates using a basic blowback mechanism which fires using a hammer mechanism and with a floating firing pin contained in the closed bolt, unlike most firearms of this size and caliber which use an open bolt. The design shares similarities with the popular AK series of weapons, using a front and rear trunion, riveted magazine well attached to the lower receiver, fire control group held in by retaining pints, the top cover held in place by the recoil spring using a guide rod, and the position of the magazine release catch. The charging handle is on the left side and there is no bolt catch. After the last round is fired the magazine follower blocks the bolt from forward movement. This leads to magazines having to be removed forcefully rather than dropping out when the release is pressed. The push-button safety is located forward of the trigger, inside of the guard, with the operational sequence being left for semi-auto, centered for safe, and right for full auto.
Internally some influence from the UZI can be seen with the telescopic bolt wrapping around part of the barrel and the chamber. This aids in reducing the overall length and assists with stability when full auto is used. This system, along with the closed bolt design, provide good accuracy an semi and auto fire. Like the UZI, a barrel nut holds the barrel in place, allowing for quick changes if needed
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# Taj-ul-Masajid
The **Taj-ul-Masajid** (*Crown of Mosques*), also known as the **Tāj-ul-Masjid** (*تَاجُ ٱلْمَسْجِد*), is a Sunni mosque, affiliated with Tablighi Jamaat, part of the Deobandi movement, located in Bhopal, in the state of Madhya Pradesh, India. With capacity for c. 175,000 worshippers, it is the largest mosque in India and, `{{as of|2014|lc=on}}`{=mediawiki}, was the ninth largest mosque in the world.
## History
The construction of the Taj-ul-Masajid was started by Nawab Shah Jahan Begum of Bhopal, in the newly built walled suburb of Shahjahanabad. The exact year when construction was started is unclear; Sharma`{{who|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki} estimated it to be 1871. The Bhopal-based journalist and the author of *Masajid-e-Bhopal* (`{{Translation|The Mosques in Bhopal}}`{=mediawiki}), Aarif Aziz stated the date as 1887.
After Shah Jahan Begum died in 1901, the mosque continued to be built by her daughter, Sultan Jahan Begum, till the end of her lifetime. The structure was planned in the midst of three water bodies, namely: Munshi Hussain Talab; Noor Mahal Talab; and Motia Talab. Hamidullah Khan helped construct one gate of the mosque on the suggestions of Shah Jahan Begum.
The construction work was later on led by Islamic scholar Imran Khan Nadwi, whose brother Salman Khan Nadwi, supervised the constructions. The construction was complete by 1958 at an expenditure of 20 million Indian rupees. The entrance of the mosque was renovated with motifs from 13th century Syrian mosques donated by the Emir of Kuwait in memory of his late wife.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the mosque was used as a vaccination center.
## Architecture
The Taj-ul-Masajid largely takes inspiration from Mughal architecture. The mosque has a pink facade topped by two 18-storey high octagonal minarets with marble domes, an impressive main hallway with attractive pillars, and marble flooring resembling the likes of Jama Masjid in Delhi and the Badshahi Mosque of Lahore. It has a courtyard with a large ablution tank in the centre. It has a double-storeyed gateway with four recessed archways and nine cusped multifold openings in the main prayer hall. The massive pillars in the hall hold 27 ceilings through squinted arches of which 16 ceilings are decorated with ornate petalled designs.
The mosque also features a *zenana*, rare given that prayer from home was the norm for women at the time of the mosque\'s construction.
## Annual congregation {#annual_congregation}
Bhopal Tablighi Ijtema, an annual three-day congregation of the Tablighi Jamaat was hosted in the Taj-ul-Masajid between 1948 and 2001. It was shifted to Intkhedi. outside the city due to shortage of space.
## Gallery
Taj Ul Masajid, Bhopal.JPG\|The mosque gate Entrance to Taj-ul Masajid.JPG\|Entrance gate of the mosque Tau-ul-Masajid Entrance gate.jpg\|Exterior of the mosque Taj-ul-Masajid Aerial Photo.jpg\|An aerial photo of the mosque Taj-ul Masajid outside.png\|The mosque grounds Madrasah in Taj-ul-Masjid, Bhopal, India.jpg\|Madrasa in the mosque Madarsa in Taj-ul-Masajid.jpg\|Madrasa in the mosque Carvings on wall.jpg\|Carvings on wall Clock showing Namaz Timing.jpg\|Clock showing Namaz timing Taj-ul-Masajid inside.jpg\|Interior of the mosque Taj-ul-Masajid , Bhopal
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# Maggie Flynn
***Maggie Flynn*** is a 1968 musical with a book by Morton DaCosta and music and lyrics by Hugo Peretti, Luigi Creatore, and George David Weiss.
Based on an idea by John Flaxman, it was inspired by a true story set in the New York Draft Riots of 1863. The title character, an Irish woman providing asylum for orphaned children of refugee slaves, is on the verge of marrying a Union Army colonel. Her vagabond husband Phineas Flynn (who abandoned her to pursue a theatrical career and whom she had presumed was dead) returns to the scene. The cast of characters includes Confederate insurgents, prostitutes and drunks, bigoted socialites, circus performers, and some African-American kids endangered by the draft riots.
## Production
The Broadway production, directed by DaCosta and choreographed by Brian Macdonald, opened on October 23, 1968, at the ANTA Playhouse, where it ran for 82 performances and 6 previews. The cast included Shirley Jones and husband Jack Cassidy, who was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actor in a Musical, and Robert Kaye as Col. John Farraday. Among the orphans were newcomers Irene Cara, Giancarlo Esposito, and Stephanie Mills.
Critics found the basic situation of Jones and the children threatened by political unrest to be too similar to *The Sound of Music*, albeit told in an unrelentingly darker manner. They thought that efforts to equate the New York Draft Riots with contemporary protests against the Vietnam War were heavy-handed and counter-productive. \"It is worth noting that two of the first night critics came up with the same line, calling *Maggie Flynn* the best Broadway musical since *Her First Roman* --- thereby honoring a desperately lousy mishmash that opened three days earlier.\"
An original cast recording was released by RCA Victor and re-released on CD by DRG in 2009.
## Plot
During the American Civil War, Maggie Flynn, a young Irish woman living in New York City, marries Phineas, a charming scoundrel who leaves her to join the circus. Maggie runs an orphanage for black orphans, and soon is engaged to Colonel John Farraday, a steady and faithful beau. However, Phineas, now called \"The Clown,\" returns to win back his wife. They become caught up in the New York Draft Riots of 1863, and the orphanage is burned down.
## Songs
Act I
- Never Gonna Make Me Fight
- It\'s a Nice Cold Morning
- I Wouldn\'t Have You Any Other Way
- Learn How to Laugh
- Maggie Flynn
- The Thank You Song
- Look Around Your Little World
- Maggie Flynn (Reprise)
- I Won\'t Let It Happen Again
- How About a Ball?
- Pitter Patter
- I Won\'t Let It Happen Again (Reprise)
Act II
- Never Gonna Make Me Fight (Reprise)
- Why Can\'t I Walk Away?
- The Game of War
- Mr. Clown
- Pitter Patter (Reprise)
- The Riot
- Don\'t You Think It\'s Very Nice?
- Mr
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# War Babies (Hall & Oates album)
- hard rock
- experimental rock
- heavy metal
- blue-eyed soul
\| length = 43:25 \| label = Atlantic \| producer = Todd Rundgren \| prev_title = Abandoned Luncheonette \| prev_year = 1973 \| next_title = Daryl Hall & John Oates \| next_year = 1975 \| misc = `{{Singles
| name = War Babies
| type = [[Album]]
| single1 = Can't Stop The Music (He Played It Much Too Long)
| single1date = November 1974
}}`{=mediawiki} }}
***War Babies*** is the third studio album by American pop duo Daryl Hall & John Oates. Released in November 1974, it was the duo\'s final album for Atlantic Records, and was produced by rock musician Todd Rundgren, who also plays guitar on the album, alongside members of his band Utopia.
Wishing for a stylistic change from the Philly soul and blue-eyed soul that had characterised their prior work, Hall and Oates conceived *War Babies* as a radical, experimental departure, mixing progressive rock, hard rock and R&B into an urban-oriented style with heavy synthesizer work. A loose concept album, the album was inspired by the perils of touring and the struggles of baby boomers, with Rundgren and the duo aiming to achieve a bleakness reflective of growing up in the nuclear age. Further inspirations on the album included glam rock and David Bowie, who the duo opened for in 1973.
On release, the album reached number 86 on the *Billboard* Top LPs and Tape chart, becoming their first charting album, but was deemed a commercial failure, leading to the duo being dropped by Atlantic. It alienated music critics and fans of the duo who expected softer music comparable to their earlier records. Hall and Oates subsequently signed to RCA Records for their breakthrough album *Daryl Hall & John Oates* (1975), which abandoned the experimentation of *War Babies* for a more mainstream sound. *War Babies* was re-released in 2017.
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# War Babies (Hall & Oates album)
## Background
Daryl Hall and John Oates recorded their first two albums with venerated producer Arif Mardin, with their second album---the folk-soul release *Abandoned Luncheonette* (1973)---achieving the American hit single \"She\'s Gone\". However, for *War Babies*, Hall and Oates switched producers from Mardin to Todd Rundgren, a decision that Hall later said \"didn\'t make sense. But \'She\'s Gone\' wasn\'t a real hit until 1975, so we had no reason to stay put. People talk about *Abandoned Luncheonette* as this groundbreaking album but we felt like an obscurity at the time. Why not take a chance?\"
The switch from Mardin to Rundgren saw the duo abandon the style of *Abandoned Luncheonette*, which fused acoustic pop with Philly soul. Hall believed that although the duo embodied the \'Philly sound\', having worked with Thom Bell and Gamble & Huff, they separated themselves by placing their \"soul roots and street-corner gospel harmonies into other contexts. *War Babies* was the first and most extreme example. Taking something familiar, and heading to Mars. And sometimes Mars is a good place, and sometimes a cold place. That album represents both.\" Another motivation for the duo\'s stylistic change was their experiences with glam rock, particularly when supporting David Bowie on his 1973 Ziggy Stardust Tour of the United States. Hall said: \"We sounded very musical and grounded, and he came on like Godzilla. We realised we could kick ass a lot harder.\"
Rundgren, similarly to Hall and Oates a Philadelphian who had moved to New York City, was enjoying the belated success of *Something/Anything?* (1972) when asked to work on *War Babies*. According to Chris Charlesworth, the material Hall and Oates were writing for *War Babies* was closer to rock than soul, thus Rundgren was deemed suitable to produce. Oates later said that he believed Rundgren would be \"sympathetic to the kind of thing we were trying to do\", as *War Babies* is \"a very urban-orientated album\" that mixes R&B with progressive rock, \"and that\'s what we thought Rundgren was involved with then.\" Hall reflected that Rundgren was \"on the same wave length\" as the duo, adding: \"He has a very urban New York electronic thing. We couldn\'t think of anyone else who could actually simulate what a monitor beam sounds like when it scans, or portray that visual image on a record.\" The music writer Max Bell wrote that Rundgren encouraged Hall and Oates \"to go quasi-metal\" for the album.
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# War Babies (Hall & Oates album)
## Recording
Rundgren has said that, during the pre-production discussions and upon listening to the *War Babies* demos, he noticed that Hall and Oates had not settled on a direction. Considering \"She\'s Gone\" to be relatively atypical of the duo\'s work up to that point, because their previous albums were eclectic, he believed that the duo were \"possibly chafing at the idea that they only would be able to do one kind of music. So coming into the record that became *War Babies*, the material already had an experimental and exploratory quality. They were on the cusp of deciding what direction to go in and *War Babies* gave them all kinds of opportunities and places that they wouldn\'t go later!\"
*War Babies* was recorded over two months from June 19 to July 4, 1974, at New York City\'s Secret Sound Studios, the same location that Rundgren recorded the albums *Todd* and *Todd Rundgren\'s Utopia* (both 1974). The producer found working with Hall and Oates undemanding and was impressed with their skills, singing and eagerness to experiment. He said that using his own studio for the record allowed Hall and Oates to be \"more experimental\", later saying: \"Often I was trying to interpret ideas into techniques we could use to get what they wanted, like an echo on the voice, a certain kind of keyboard tone or an especially watery sound.\" Rundgren received a \'supervised\' credit on the sleeve, which Hall indicated meant that his drug use was higher than anyone else\'s during the recording.
Musicians on the album include members of Rundgren\'s group Utopia, as well as Rundgren himself on guitar. Drummer John \"Willie\" Wilcox made his recording studio debut with *War Babies*. It was the first meeting between Rundgren and Wilcox, and after touring with Hall and Oates in promotion of *War Babies*, Wilcox joined Utopia for their live album *Another Live* (1975). Also appearing on *War Babies* was Hall\'s future girlfriend Sandy Allen, who sings with Hall on the eccentric songs \"War Baby, Son of Zorro\" and \"Johnny Gore and the \'C\' Eaters\". The final album was mastered Jean Ristori at Sterling Sound.
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# War Babies (Hall & Oates album)
## Composition
### Musical styles and themes {#musical_styles_and_themes}
Described by Oates as an urban-sounding mix of R&B and progressive rock that the duo made for their own pleasure, *War Babies* eschewed the blue-eyed soul of Hall and Oates\' first two records in favour of \"a more keyboard-heavy hard rock sound\", according to the music journalist Bryan Rolli, while Kris Nicholson of *Circus* writes that Hall and Oates used *War Babies* to display \"their ability to be creative outside the limits of R&B\". The music critic Martin Aston, however, argues that it represents an extreme form of blue-eyed soul. Paul Lester described the album as the duo\'s \"freak-funk metal experiment\", one characterised by \"fully-fledged urban paranoia\".`{{refn|group=nb|In a 1988 ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' interview, Hall described ''War Babies'' as "a fucking weird hard rock [album]."<ref name="White">{{cite journal |last1=White |first1=Timothy |title=Soul to Soul: The Continuing Saga of Hall & Oates |journal=Spin |date=July 1988 |volume=4 |issue=4 |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gBfYiTJzzxEC&dq=war+babies+hall+oates&pg=PA37 |access-date=December 27, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/the-unusual-album-led-zeppelin-took-on-tour/|title = The unusual album Led Zeppelin always took on tour|date = December 30, 2021}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
A loose concept album, *War Babies* is themed around the struggles and experiences of baby boomers and the perils of touring. Rundgren comments that much of the record\'s atmosphere was intended to reflect the bleakness of \"growing up in the nuclear age and how it had characterised the attitude of a generation\", thus resulting in a \"cultural manifesto\" that stood in stark contrast to the light pop music that Hall and Oates had created before. The music reviewer Ian Birch characterises the album\'s unusual concept as \"the Bomb Culture years siphoned through a \'70\'s Scenario of rock, television and war.\" The reviewer Max Bell describes the lyrics as exhibiting \"cleverness\", with songs focused on antiheroes, while music critic Martin Aston contends that *War Babies* balances \"New York paranoia\" (as on \"Better Watch Your Back\" and \"I\'m Watching You (A Mutant Romance)\") with themes of tour-induced psychosis.
Bell opined that Rundgren dominates the album, to the extent that Hall and Oates do not always strongly exert their presence, and highlights \"Beanie G. and the Rose Tattoo\" in particular for its \"Runtish aura\", with Rundgren\'s \"scorched\" electric guitar on the song evoking his work with the band Nazz. \"70\'s Scenario\" and \"I\'m Watching You (A Mutant Romance)\" particularly display Rundgren\'s involvement, and generally throughout the album, Hall and Oates\' vocals and melodies are obscured beneath Rundgren\'s harsh stylizations.
Musical influences on the record include David Bowie and King Crimson. Birch compared *War Babies* to the contemporary work of Bowie, noting that \"I\'m Watching You (A Mutant Romance)\", in which a surveillance monitor is secretly in love with a prostitute, is comparable to Bowie\'s *Diamond Dogs* (1974), while adding that a persistent theme throughout *War Babies* is the \"obsessive power\" of television; he cites the TV quiz show snippet (recorded impromptu in the studio during its broadcast) which was inserted into \"War Baby, Son of Zorro\" instead of a guitar solo as being comparable to the excess of televisions watched simultaneously by Bowie\'s character in *The Man Who Fell to Earth* (1976). Hall commented at the time that television was the group\'s biggest influence. In *Smash Hits*, Birch wrote that *War Babies* \"dipped into the same type of brittle, urban soul that Bowie was experimenting with \[in the same period\].\"
### Songs
*War Babies* opens with \"Can\'t Stop the Music (He Played It Much Too Long)\", written solely to Oates who was inspired by his reservations around touring. It concerns an aging rock performer who has forgotten much about his musical prime. It segues into \"Is It a Star\", whose echoed drum machine marks the first use of the instrument on a Hall and Oates song; it would later become a staple of the duo\'s sound. \"Better Watch Your Back\" is an acoustic funk song while \"I\'m Watching You (A Mutant Romance)\" is a ballad concerning a surveillance camera operator.
Considered the album\'s centrepiece, \"War Baby, Son of Zorro\" has a heavy arrangement with phased guitar, dominant synthesisers, synth-treated vocals and television sound effects. Paul Myers describes it as a \"musical collage\" of Hall, Oates and Rundgren\'s shared memories of childhood during the Cold War in the 1950s. Reflecting on the track, Rundgren contends that he and the duo had no intention of \"making anything resembling a pop song; this was high-concept music\".
\"Screaming Through December\" was described by Aston as the album\'s \"glam-soul opus\", deeming it to be a \"four-verse diary of broken souls and automobile chaos.\" Despite being bookended by Hall\'s unusual, psychedelic descriptions of touring life, the track is otherwise instrumental and the longest cut on the album. Bryan Bierman of *Magnet* considers it to be \"possibly the most radical departure\" in Hall and Oates\' career, highlighting its funky, progressive sound and the lengthy mid-track breakdown centred around Rundgren\'s guitar, bassist John Siegler and drummer Willie Wilcox.
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# War Babies (Hall & Oates album)
## Release and promotion {#release_and_promotion}
Hall and Oates\' record label, Atlantic Records, were mystified by *War Babies*, and the duo\'s manager Tommy Mottola told them: \"Make another record like this and you\'ll never make another again.\" According to Rundgren, Atlantic were expecting a \"much more conservative\" album of blue-eyed soul and wrongly believed that Rundgren---who had dabbled in that style on his own albums---would \"steer them in that direction\". He adds that he believed that Hall wanted to be an experimental artist like Bowie and repeatedly record unique albums, but Atlantic \"gave the record a tepid response and didn\'t work hard to promote it.\" Released in November 1974, *War Babies* was nevertheless the duo\'s first charting album, reaching number 86 on the *Billboard* Top LPs and Tape chart. \"Can\'t Stop the Music (He Played It Much Too Long)\" was also released as a single in November, with \"70\'s Scenario\" on the B-side, but it did not chart.
Simultaneously, Hall and Oates began acquiring a cult following in the United Kingdom, where *Abandoned Lunchonette* was selling well as an import, so the release of *War Babies* in the UK was predicted by Bell to reach a wider audience. The album nevertheless did not chart in Britain. Following the release, Atlantic dropped the duo from their roster, with Mottola blaming Rundgren for what he perceived as the record\'s artistic and commercial disappointment. According to Hall, the duo were dropped in favor of the funk group the Average White Band. On February 24, 2017, Friday Music released a remastered version of the album along with the duo\'s first studio outing, *Whole Oats* (1972).
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# War Babies (Hall & Oates album)
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
*War Babies* was met with a hostile response. According to the author Frank Moriarty, it was an esoteric album \"that was greeted with dismay by fans who expected more of the soft rhythm and blues with which the duo had established their career.\" In his *Rolling Stone* review, Bud Scoppa called it a \"jarringly disappointing album\" which discards the sweet vocals, full arrangements and sentimental lyrics that characterised *Abandoned Lunchonettte* in favor of \"a tough, big-city stance that sounds both forced and perverse.\" He deemed it a shrill and effect-ridden LP with both the sound and material at fault, noting: \"It\'s extremely rare for still growing artists to show this disdain for the audience they\'ve managed to win.\"
Robert Duncan of *Creem* was interested by Rundgren\'s domination of the record\'s content and production, adding: \"Speaking strictly in terms of the music, the album might be able to stand alone without the True Star. But it sure sounds like some of those nifty riffs and syncopations were shots in the ass from Todd. As really shows in the lyrics, these boys can get a bit self-indulgent and trite.\" However, he notes that the album sometimes contains catchy material and \"vital, sometimes haunting music\" which gets obscured by Rundgren\'s excesses. In his review for *New Musical Express*, Max Bell described *War Babies* as a \"bona-fide goodie\" which \"maybe having worked on it will rescue Rundgren from the Utopia he\'s unfortunately ensconced in. With this sort of competition, it will need to.\"
Ian Birch, writing retrospectively for *Sounds*, described the \"underrated\" *War Babies* as the duo\'s least consistent but most rewarding album. Martin C. Strong, writing in *The Great Rock Discography* (2006), describes the album as \"a heavier, more experimental set\" whose commercial failure \"marked the end of \[the duo\'s\] ill-fated tenure with Atlantic.\" In his review for AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine notes the rock-oriented material marked a stylistic departure for the duo and stated: \"Some of the tracks work, but the duo\'s performance sounds forced throughout much of the record.\" In his review for *Magnet*, Bryan Bierman described *War Babies* as \"a unique highlight for the duo, and a weird detour on their road to master pop music.\"
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# War Babies (Hall & Oates album)
## Legacy
Having been dropped from Atlantic, Hall and Oates signed to RCA Records for their subsequent album, *Daryl Hall & John Oates* (1975), which proved to be their breakthrough release. It featured a more mainstream sound than *War Babies*. Hall noted that the duo \"calmed down\" after recording *War Babies* because it had been \"completely untimely\" and \"was too real, too close to what was happening outside and people were getting into the disco craze. Everyone was into forgetting about the world\'s troubles. So for the first time we became a little more concerned with selling records. Not make heavy statements, just good music.\" Oates commented in 1976 that the duo were not intending to work again in \"the electronic area\" that had typified *War Babies*, instead wishing to \"stay more in the area we\'re in and try and lead people a little more gently\", using electronic instruments in a subtler manner.
In 2016, Hall described the record as \"so ridiculous, it makes me laugh. But it is incomparable and free-spirited, an outsider mood as raucous as the environment it was made in. I got that out of my system. It was chaotic. We sounded like demented squirrels.\" Interviewed for *Phonograph Record*, Hall described *War Babies* as the culmination of the duo doing \"basically were doing whatever we wanted to, but that was a turning point. The culmination of not paying attention. We realized that it was our pleasure or the commercial field. So our \[self-titled\] album was our first concession to that, to thinking about what people actually expected from us.\" In 2005, Hall believed that the duo could have become \"a bit edgier through the years if *War Babies* had sold --- which it didn\'t.\" In her *Creem* piece, Whithall reflected that \"it seems to be assumed that if *Babies* had hit it big, that hard-edged Delaware Valley sound would have been with Hall & Oates a bit longer.\"
In 2024, *Ultimate Classic Rock* ranked *War Babies* at number 39 in their list of the top 50 albums of 1974. Martin Aston of *Mojo* describes the \"practically forgotten\" *War Babies* as representing the fullest expression of the \"glam-smitten, acid-laced and frazzled kind of blue-eyed soul\" that Hall and Oates explored at the time. In *Record Collector*, Max Bell described *War Babies* as \"a crazed train wreck of an album\" and a \"screaming, mutant, discordant mess\", adding that it was Hall and Oates\' \"most experimental early work.\" He recommends the album to those who \"want to imagine a climate where blue-eyed soul gets slaughtered by disgusto-heroin chic\". Paul Lester of *Uncut* credits the album\'s \"crazed electro-distorted soul\" for anticipating Lewis Taylor\'s eponymous 1996 album. In 1982, Susan Whitall of *Creem* wrote that fans of the album were pleased that the duo had \"\[surrounded\] themselves with strange noises\" on their 1980s hits. Marcello Carlin of *Uncut* groups *War Babies* with Hall\'s avant-garde solo album *Sacred Songs* (1980) as \"evidence of the grit beneath the shiny surfaces\" of the duo\'s sound.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
Adapted from the liner notes of *War Babies*
Musicians
- Daryl Hall -- lead vocals (3--10), backing vocals, keyboards, synthesizers, guitars, mandolin, vibraphone
- John Oates -- backing vocals, lead vocals (1, 2, 10), keyboards, synthesizers, guitars
- Don York -- keyboards, arrangements on \"Is It a Star\", ARP String Ensemble on \"70\'s Scenario\"
- Todd Rundgren -- lead guitar, backing vocals
- Richie Cerniglia -- lead guitar on \"Is It a Star\"
- John Siegler -- bass
- John G. Wilcox -- drums
- Sandy Allen -- backing vocals on \"War Baby Son of Zorro\" and \"Johnny Gore and the \"C\" Eaters\"
- Gail Boggs -- backing vocals on \"War Baby Son of Zorro\" and \"Johnny Gore and the \"C\" Eaters\"
- Hello People -- backing vocals on \"Johnny Gore and the \"C\" Eaters\"
- \"Admiral Television\" -- \"soloist\" \[presumably TV-broadcast noise\] on \"War Baby Son of Zorro\"
- Tommy Mottola -- voice \[\"Erased Conelrad warning\"\] on \"War Baby Son of Zorro\"
Production
- Produced and Engineered by Todd Rundgren
- Assistant Engineer -- David Lesage
- Mastered by Jean Ristori at Sterling Sound (New York City, New York)
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# Mkhuphali Masuku
**Mkhuphali \"Mike\" Masuku** (born 28 March 1980) is a Zimbabwean football manager and former player. He played club football for Highlanders FC and represented the Zimbabwe national football team.
## Career
Born in Gwanda, Masuku began playing football with the youth sides of Gwanda and Amazulu FC (Bulawayo). He played for Amazulu FC\'s senior side, where he would win the Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League, Independence Trophy and the Madison Trophy. Masuku was capped by Zimbabwe at youth and senior levels while with AmaZulu. He moved to Highlanders where he again won the league in 2006.
After he retired from playing, Masuku became a football coach. He has managed Bulawayo side Highlanders. In September Mohammed Fathi resigned and Highlanders assistant coach Mkhuphali Masuku was elevated to caretaker coach and managed to guide the Bulawayo outfit to a respectable third position after winning 10 and drawing two matches.
After winning the 2011 Independence Trophy with Highlanders, he was appointed manager of CAPS United in 2012
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# Copper cable certification
In copper twisted pair wire networks, **copper cable certification** is achieved through a thorough series of tests in accordance with Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) or International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. These tests are done using a certification-testing tool, which provide *pass* or *fail* information. While certification can be performed by the owner of the network, certification is primarily done by datacom contractors. It is this certification that allows the contractors to warranty their work.
## Need for certification {#need_for_certification}
Installers who need to prove to the network owner that the installation has been done correctly and meets TIA or ISO standards need to certify their work. Network owners who want to guarantee that the infrastructure is capable of handling a certain application (e.g. Voice over Internet Protocol) will use a tester to certify the network infrastructure. In some cases, these testers are used to pinpoint specific problems. Certification tests are vital if there is a discrepancy between the installer and network owner after an installation has been performed.
## Standards
The performance tests and their procedures have been defined in the ANSI/TIA-568.2 standard and the ISO/IEC 11801 standard. The TIA standard defines performance in categories (Cat 3, Cat 5e, Cat 6, Cat 6A, and Cat 8) and the ISO defines classes (Class C, D, E, EA, F and FA). These standards define the procedure to certify that an installation meets performance criteria in a given category or class.
The significance of each category or class is the limit values of which the Pass/Fail and frequency ranges are measured: Cat 3 and Class C (no longer used) test and define communication with 16 MHz bandwidth, Cat 5e and Class D with 100 MHz bandwidth, Cat 6 and Class E up to 250 MHz, Cat6A and Class EA up to 500 MHz, Cat7 and Class F up to 600 MHz and Cat 7A and Class FA with a frequency range through 1000 MHz., Cat 8, Class I, and Class II have a frequency range through 2000MHz
The standards also define that data from each test result must be collected and stored in either print or electronic format for future inspection.
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# Copper cable certification
## Tests
Test parameter TIA-568-B ISO 11801:2002
---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ----------------------------
Wiremap Pass/fail Pass/fail
Propagation delay Pass/fail Pass/fail
Delay skew Pass/fail Pass/fail
Cable length Pass/fail Information only
Insertion loss (IL) Pass/fail Pass/fail
Return loss (RL) Pass/fail (except Cat 3) Pass/fail
Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) Pass/fail Pass/fail
Power sum NEXT (PSNEXT) Pass/fail Pass/fail
Equal-level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT) Pass/fail Pass/fail
Power sum ELFEXT (PSELFEXT) Pass/fail Pass/fail
Attenuation-to-crosstalk ratio (ACR) Information only Pass/fail (except Class C)
Power sum ACR (PSACR) Information only Pass/fail (except Class C)
DC loop resistance Pass/fail
### Wiremap
The wiremap test is used to identify physical installation errors; improper pin termination, shorts between any two or more wires, continuity to the remote end, split pairs, crossed pairs, reversed pairs, and any other mis-wiring.
### Propagation delay {#propagation_delay}
The propagation delay test tests for the time it takes for the signal to be sent from one end and received by the other end.
### Delay skew {#delay_skew}
The delay skew test is used to find the difference in propagation delay between the fastest and slowest set of wire pairs. An ideal skew is between 25 and 50 nanoseconds over a 100-meter cable. The lower this skew the better; less than 25 ns is excellent, but 45 to 50 ns is marginal. (Traveling between 50% and 80% of the speed of light, an electronic wave requires between 417 and 667 ns to traverse a 100-meter cable.
### Cable length {#cable_length}
The cable length test verifies that the copper cable from the transmitter to receiver does not exceed the maximum recommended distance of 100 meters in a 10BASE-T/100BASE-TX/1000BASE-T network.
### Insertion loss {#insertion_loss}
Insertion loss, also referred to as attenuation, refers to the loss of signal strength at the far end of a line compared to the signal that was introduced into the line. This loss is due to the electrical resistance of the copper cable, the loss of energy through the cable insulation, and impedance mismatches introduced at the connectors. Insertion loss is usually expressed in decibels dB. Insertion loss increases with distance and frequency. For every roughly 3 dB of loss, signal power is reduced by a factor of $2$ and signal amplitude is reduced by a factor of $\sqrt 2$.
### Return loss {#return_loss}
Return loss is the measurement (in dB) of the amount of signal that is reflected back toward the transmitter. The reflection of the signal is caused by the variations of impedance in the connectors and cable and is usually attributed to a poorly terminated wire. The greater the variation in impedance, the greater the return loss reading. If three pairs of wire pass by a substantial amount, but the fourth pair barely passes, it usually is an indication of a bad crimp or bad connection at the RJ45 plug. Return loss is usually not significant in the loss of a signal, but rather signal jitter.
### Near-end crosstalk (NEXT) {#near_end_crosstalk_next}
In twisted-pair cabling near-end crosstalk (NEXT) is a measure that describes the effect caused by a signal from one wire pair coupling into another wire pair and interfering with the signal therein. It is the difference, expressed in dB, between the amplitude of a transmitted signal and the amplitude of the signal coupled into another cable pair, a*t the signal-source end* of a cable. A higher value is desirable as it indicates that less of the transmitted signal is coupled into the victim wire pair. NEXT is measured 30 meters (about 98 feet) from the injector/generator. Higher near-end crosstalk values correspond to higher overall circuit performance. Low NEXT values on a UTP LAN used with older signaling standards (IEEE 802.3 and earlier) are particularly detrimental. Excessive near-end crosstalk can be an indication of improper termination.
### Power sum NEXT (PSNEXT) {#power_sum_next_psnext}
Power sum NEXT (NEXT) is the sum of NEXT values from 3 wire pairs as they affect the other wire pair. The combined effect of NEXT can be very detrimental to the signal.
### The equal level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT) {#the_equal_level_far_end_crosstalk_elfext}
The equal level far-end crosstalk (ELFEXT) test measures far-end crosstalk (FEXT). FEXT is very similar to NEXT, but happens at the receiver side of the connection. Due to attenuation on the line, the signal causing the crosstalk diminishes as it gets further away from the transmitter. Because of this, FEXT is usually less detrimental to a signal than NEXT, but still important nonetheless. Recently the designation was changed from ELFEXT to ACR-F (far end ACR).
### Power sum ELFEXT (PSELFEXT) {#power_sum_elfext_pselfext}
Power sum ELFEXT (PSELFEXT) is the sum of FEXT values from 3 wire pairs as they affect the other wire pair, minus the insertion loss of the channel. Recently the designation was changed from PSELFEXT to PSACR-F (far end ACR).
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# Copper cable certification
## Tests
### Attenuation-to-crosstalk ratio (ACR) {#attenuation_to_crosstalk_ratio_acr}
Attenuation-to-crosstalk ratio (ACR) is the difference between the signal attenuation produced NEXT and is measured in decibels (dB). The ACR indicates how much stronger the attenuated signal is than the crosstalk at the destination (receiving) end of a communications circuit. The ACR figure must be at least several decibels for proper performance. If the ACR is not large enough, errors will be frequent. In many cases, even a small improvement in ACR can cause a dramatic reduction in the bit error rate. Sometimes it may be necessary to switch from un-shielded twisted pair (UTP) cable to shielded twisted pair (STP) in order to increase the ACR.
### Power sum ACR (PSACR) {#power_sum_acr_psacr}
Power sum ACR (PSACR) done in the same way as ACR, but using the PSNEXT value in the calculation rather than NEXT.
### DC loop resistance {#dc_loop_resistance}
DC loop resistance measures the total resistance through one wire pair looped at one end of the connection. This will increase with the length of the cable. DC resistance usually has less effect on a signal than insertion loss, but plays a major role if power over Ethernet is required. Also measured in ohms is the characteristic impedance of the cable, which is independent of the cable length
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# Hangzhou Metro
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|-
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# Miri Mesika
**Miri Mesika** (*מירי מסיקה*; born May 3, 1978) is an Israeli singer and actress. She is most known for winning several Israeli \"Female Singer of the Year\" awards, selling more than 200,000 copies of her albums in Israel, and for her portrayal of the title role of Dina in the West End production of *The Band\'s Visit*, for which she was nominated for the 2023 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical.
## Biography
Miri Mesika was born and grew up in Herzliya, Israel. Her father is of Tunisian-Jewish descent and her mother is of Iraqi-Jewish descent. As a child she studied music, and played the guitar and the recorder at the city music school. In 1994, she was accepted to HaYovel High School, where she studied theatre and music. She by way of Israeli mandatory conscription, served as an operations NCO in the IDF\'s Infantry Corps.
## Music career {#music_career}
In 1999, Mesika started her studies at the Rimon School of Jazz and Contemporary Music in Ramat HaSharon, the leading music school in Israel that exported many Israeli singers such as Noa and Aviv Geffen. She was part of the \"magic class\", studying together with Keren Peles and Aya Korem, that went on to be popular singers.
During her studies at Rimon, she participated in several ensembles. In one of them she met the musician Ori Zakh, who went on to become her husband and record producer. Miri and Ori married on June 2, 2005.
At Rimon School Mesika met the songwriter Keren Peles, with whom she started working on songs for Mesika\'s debut album. After graduating, Mesika created a live show based on songs by Keren Peles. The show, produced and engineered by Ori Zakh, included the songs *November* and *LeSham*. The show was warmly received by the audience, and immediately afterwards Mesika was offered a recording contract with Hed Arzi Music under the *Anana* label.
After finishing music studies in Rimon, Mesika began studying Acting at the Sofi Moskovich School of Performing Arts. During her studies she acted and sang in various plays, including the main character in *The Night of the Iguana* and *Blood Wedding*.
Meanwhile, she participated as the soloist in tribute evenings to different poets, such as Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Natan Yonatan, Nurit Zarchi and Itzik Manger. Mesika and Zach also created a show composed of songs by the songwriter Tzruya (Suki) Lahav as part of the Piano Festival in Tel Aviv.
Mesika became known in public in 2004 with her first album, *Miri Mesika*, produced and mixed by Ori Zakh and Shmulik Neufeld. Miri Mesika\'s first single, *Tipa Tipa* (*טיפה טיפה*, \"Little by Little\"), dealing with the recovery from a lost love, was released in November 2004 and achieved moderate success. However, the next two singles written by Keren Peles, *November* (*נובמבר*, January 2005) and *LeSham* (*לשם*, \"To There\", March 2005) were huge radio hits. *LeSham* won the Galgalatz award as Song of the Year.
The album saw light of day in March 2005 under the *Anana* label. More singles from the album were released afterwards. The song *Ba\'a Eleikhem* (*באה אליכם*, \"Coming to You\") was released in July, and also gained much popularity. The lyrics describe a trusting relationship between a daughter and her parents, and the song has an up-tempo ethnic rhythm. Another single released in July 2005 is *Af Akhat* (*אף אחת*, \"No one\"), a song of a lover who would not give up her loved one, written by Tzruya (Suki) Lahav. The next single (November 23, 2005) was *Shir LeShira* (*שיר לשירה*, \"A Song to Shira\"), a cover version of Corinne Allal\'s song. It is an emotional song of a mother promising to give a \"new and good world\" to her baby daughter, with lyrics written by Yehonatan Geffen. The last single from the album was the romantic song *Ten Li Siman* (*תן לי סימן*, \"Give Me a Sign\"), released in February 2006.
In 2006 Miri Mesika recorded the song *Kluv shel Zahav* (*כלוב של זהב*, \"A Golden Cage\") with Teapacks, which appeared on their album *Radio/Musika/Ivrit*.
Miri Mesika\'s second album, *Shalom LaEmunot* (*Good-bye Beliefs*), appeared in February 2007. The release included a limited edition bonus CD of the songs from the movie *Shalosh Imahot*. Mesika went on a performance tour following the release of the album, and in May 2008 the album went platinum. This album, as the first one, was produced and mixed by Mesika\'s husband, Ori Zakh.
Mesika and Berman released`{{When|date=September 2015}}`{=mediawiki} the song \"Erev Hag\" (\"Holiday Eve\"), written by Berman and dedicated to Gilad Shalit, an Israeli soldier was held hostage by the Hamas for over two years. In the same month Mesika\'s duet with Ofer Bashan, \"HaOr Yizrah Gam Benifrad\" (\"The Light Will Keep Shining Separated\"), appeared on Bashan\'s second album. In 2008, Mesika played the narrator in *Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat* staged by Habima Theatre. In November 2008 she went on a tour of unplugged performances around Israel.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
In 2005 Miri Mesika took part in the Habima Theatre production of the musical *King Solomon and Shalmai the Shoemaker*. The musical was widely praised and won the Musical of the Year award at the 2005 Israeli Theatre Awards.
In November 2006 she played in the drama film *Shalosh Imahot* (\"Three Mothers\"). In the film she performed two new songs`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}*Eikh Hayinu* (*איך היינו*) and *Birkat HaMelekh* (*ברכת המלך*)`{{mdash}}`{=mediawiki}and cover versions of Ilana Rovina\'s *Bikashti Esh* (*ביקשתי אש*) and Geula Gil\'s *Daber Elay BiFrahim* (*דבר אליי בפרחים*). In the same year she recorded the song *HaAviv Sheli Yagi\'a* (*האביב שלי יגיע*, \"My Spring Will Come\") for the drama film *Aviva Ahuvati* (\"Aviva My Love\").
In 2007, Mesika took part in Amos Gitai\'s film, *The Dybbuk in Haifa*, and in the Festigal festival of children\'s songs. In March 2008 she released a cover for Berry Sakharof\'s song, \"Kakha ze\" (\"This Is How It Is\") for the second edition of the project *Hebrew Labor*, dedicated to Israel\'s 60-year anniversary.
In 2022, Mesika was cast in the leading role of Dina for the European premiere of The Band\'s Visit in London\'s West End. The production earned mainly positive reviews, with The Guardian praising Mesika for her \"stunning performance.\" The production earned six 2023 Laurence Olivier Award nominations, including a nomination for Mesika in Best Actress in a Musical. During the televised awards ceremony, Mesika performed the show\'s title song \"Omar Sharif\" to great praise.
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# Miri Mesika
## Television career {#television_career}
In 2012, Mesika was a judge on *Kokhav Nolad*, the Israeli version of *American Idol*, and in 2016, she is a coach on the fourth season of \"The Voice Israel\". In 2019 she starred in the lead role in Israel\'s channel 12 TV network\'s \"it\'s got nothing to do with age\".
## Awards and recognition {#awards_and_recognition}
She took part in the Shirimon song contest, a song contest of the Rimon School, and won the first place with David De\'or\'s song *Mishehu Kayam* produced by Zakh. *Shalom LaEmunot* gave Mesika another win as Female Singer of the Year, this time both on Galgalatz and on Reshet Gimel. The song \"Akhshav Ata Hozer BeHazara\" (\"Now you\'re coming back\"), written by Eric Berman, won the Reshet Gimel Song of the Year award. Miri Mesika won the Female Singer of the Year award on Galgalatz, and the Discovery of the Year award both on Galgalatz and on Reshet Gimel. The album went double platinum with over 80,000 copies. In 2006, Mesika won another Female Singer of the Year award, this time at the Ami Awards of Music Channel 24.
At the 2008 Ami Awards of Music Channel 24, she received another Female Singer of the Year award
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# Natalya Sokolova (biathlete)
`{{BLP sources|date=October 2009}}`{=mediawiki} **Natalya Sokolova** (*Наталья Соколова*, born 23 October 1973, Chelyabinsk, Russian SFSR) is a biathlete who has represented Belarus since the start of the 2004--05 season. With Russia, she has won a relay gold medal at the European Championships, and she has also won an individual European gold medal and finished on the podium in a World Cup race once, with a third place in a pursuit race in Pokljuka. She is ranked 18th in the Biathlon World Cup 2006--07 season, which is her first top-30 rank in the World Cup standings. Her best placing at the World Championships is 34th at the individual event in 2007
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# Oslomej Municipality
**Oslomej** (*Осломеј}}*, *Osllomej*) is a former municipality in western Republic of North Macedonia, created in 1996 territorial organisation and dissolved following the 2013 Macedonian new territorial organisation, after it was merged with Kičevo Municipality.
- *Oslomej* is also the name of the village where the municipal seat was found.
- Oslomej Municipality was part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
## Geography
The municipality bordered
- Makedonski Brod Municipality to the east,
- Vraneštica Municipality to the south,
- Kičevo Municipality to the southwest,
- Zajas Municipality to the west, and
- Gostivar Municipality to the north.
## Demographics
According to the last national census from 2002, this municipality has 10,420 inhabitants.
- Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
- Albanians = 10,252 (98.4%)
- Macedonians = 110 (1.1%)
- others = 58 (0.6%)
The total number of students in the municipality in 2011, in comparison to the total number of students in 2007, declined for 36.8%. Oslomej is the first municipality in North Macedonia by the decline of the total number of students
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# Magnesium trisilicate
**Magnesium trisilicate** is an inorganic compound that is used as a food additive. The additive is frequently used by fast food chains to absorb fatty acids and extract impurities formed while frying edible oils. It has good acid neutralizing properties, but the reaction appears too slow to serve as an effective non-prescription antacid.
## Health effects {#health_effects}
On March 12, 2007, Chinese health authorities halted the use of magnesium trisilicate at Shaanxi Province KFC franchises, suspecting it to be a possible carcinogen. As a response, China\'s Ministry of Health conducted tests at six outlets of KFC. The results showed chemicals in the cooking process at KFC restaurants in the country were not harmful. The Ministry of Health said tests showed that using the product to filter cooking oil had no apparent impact on health. Food scares regularly sweep the Chinese media
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# Robley
**Robley** is a given name and surname which may refer to:
## Given name {#given_name}
- Robley Dunglison (1798--1869), English physician
- Robley D. Evans (admiral) (1846--1912), United States Navy rear admiral
- Robley D. Evans (physicist) (1907--1995), American physicist
- Robley Hall, American politician
- Robley D. Jones (1860--1917), American politician and judge
- Robley Rex (1901--2009), one of the last two World War I-era veterans (enlisted 1919)
- Robley S. Rigdon, retired Georgia Army National Guard brigadier general
- Robley C. Williams (1908--1995), American biologist and virologist
- Robley Wilson (1930--2018), American poet, writer, and editor
## Surname
- Horatio Gordon Robley (1840--1930), British soldier, artist, and collector of the macabre
- Philip Robley (1945--2013), ring name Buck Robley, American professional wrestler
- Rob R
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# Cookin' with the Miracles
***Cookin\' with the Miracles*** is the second studio album by the American R&B group the Miracles. It was released on November 13, 1961, on Motown\'s Tamla label. Berry Gordy and Smokey Robinson co-wrote most of the songs, including the two charting singles \"Ain\'t It Baby\" (#49 US, #15 R&B) and \"Everybody\'s Gotta Pay Some Dues\" (#52 US, #11 R&B). Another single, \"Mighty Good Lovin'\" (#51 US, #21 R&B) b/w \"Broken Hearted\" (#97 US), was issued in between those two. However, only \"Broken Hearted\" appears on the album, featuring a different vocal take to the single version. The album is composed mostly of upbeat R&B tunes with steady string riffs, like \"Determination\" and \"Broken Hearted\". A cover of the jazz standard \"Embraceable You\" by George & Ira Gershwin is also included. \"That\'s The Way I Feel\", also from this album, was chosen for the soundtrack of the award-winning 1964 Ivan Dixon film *Nothing But a Man*.
*Cookin\' with the Miracles* is one of only two Miracles albums to feature on its cover the complete original six-member group lineup: Smokey Robinson, Bobby Rogers, Claudette Rogers Robinson, Pete Moore, Ronnie White and Marv Tarplin.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### Side one {#side_one}
1. \"That\'s The Way I Feel\" (Berry Gordy, Jr., Smokey Robinson) (2:38)
2. \"Everybody\'s Gotta Pay Some Dues\" (Robinson, Ronald White) (2:55)
3. \"Mama\" (Robinson, Janie Bradford, Gordy) (2:18)
4. \"Ain\'t It Baby\" (Gordy, Robinson) (2:33)
5. \"Determination\" (Robinson) (2:17)
### Side two {#side_two}
1. \"You Never Miss A Good Thing\" (Gordy, Robinson) (2:42)
2. \"Embraceable You\" (George & Ira Gershwin) (2:49)
3. \"The Only One I Love\" (Robinson) (2:34)
4. \"Broken Hearted\" (Gordy, Robinson) (2:56)
5. \"I Can\'t Believe\" (Robinson) (2:52)
### 1994 CD reissue bonus track {#cd_reissue_bonus_track}
- \"Mighty Good Lovin\'\" (Robinson) (2:37)
## Personnel
### The Miracles {#the_miracles}
- Smokey Robinson -- lead vocals (1st tenor/falsetto)
- Ronnie White -- background vocals (baritone)
- Bobby Rogers -- background vocals (2nd tenor)
- Warren \"Pete\" Moore -- background vocals (bass)
- Claudette Robinson -- background vocals (soprano)
- Marv Tarplin -- guitar
### Other credits {#other_credits}
- Berry Gordy, Jr
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# Operation Volcano
**Operation Volcano** was a British operation to clear a village that the Taliban were using as a command and control node, consisting of 25 compounds, near the Kajaki hydroelectric dam in February 2007. The British troops came from 42 Commando, Royal Marines and 59 Commando Squadron Royal Engineers, a squadron drawn from the Royal Engineers but commando trained. During the operation, the marines received fire from Taliban forces further in the compounds and from the village of Chinah. They were killed by British aircraft and the Royal Marine\'s mortars. Operation Volcano was part of the March--May 2007 Operation Achilles.
Some parts of this operation are described in the documentary Ross Kemp in Afghanistan, which aired in 2008
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# Visceral Evisceration
**Visceral Evisceration** was an Austrian metal band that blended gothic metal and death-doom. They were one of the first extreme metal bands to include female operatic vocals, contrasted by male grunts and clear vocals. Their songs are generally long and epic, combining slow doom riffs with mid-paced gothic metal. Lyrically, they focused on issues more prevalent in goregrind. After a demo, they released their sole album, *Incessant Desire for Palatable Flesh*, on Napalm Records. After the release of the album, they left Napalm and changed their name to *As I Lay Dying* (not to be confused with the US namesake), releasing a promo in 1995 before breaking up
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# Yazoo City station
**Yazoo City station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Yazoo City, Mississippi, United States. The station is unstaffed and requires notification in advance for the train to stop, because it is listed as a flag stop in the Amtrak timetable
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# Daryl Hall & John Oates (album)
***Daryl Hall & John Oates**\'\' is the fourth studio album by American pop music duo Hall & Oates. The album was released on August 18, 1975, by RCA Records. It is sometimes referred to as***The Silver Album**\'\' because of its metallic-foil cover. The album spawned three singles: \"Camellia\", \"Alone Too Long\" and \"Sara Smile\". \"Sara Smile\" peaked at number four in 1976 on the *Billboard* Hot 100, becoming the duo\'s first top 40 and first top ten hit.
## Background
\"Grounds for Separation\", according to Daryl Hall, was going to be used in the Sylvester Stallone film *Rocky*. Frank Stallone, Sylvester\'s brother, had been in a band with John Oates called Valentine and this connection got them a shot at an appearance on the soundtrack. The film, however, was slow to get off the ground, and Hall and Oates withdrew the song. \"Gino (The Manager)\" is about Tommy Mottola, who was the duo\'s manager at the time. The record jacket insert reads \"And introducing Tommy Mottola as \'Little Gino.\' \"
## Album cover {#album_cover}
The album\'s cover shows an androgynous-looking Hall and Oates, both wearing makeup, against a silver background. It was designed by Pierre LaRoche, a makeup artist who was responsible for much of the androgynous look of glam rock artists at the time, including creating the appearance of the Ziggy Stardust persona for David Bowie. The cover came about after Hall and Oates happened to meet LaRoche, who like the two was living in New York City\'s Greenwich Village at the time; LaRoche told the two, \"I want to do an album cover with you guys. I will immortalize you!\"
In a 2019 interview, Oates said that the cover had confused listeners, because it seemed unrelated to either Hall & Oates\' musical style or their public persona. However, he noted that it was in keeping with other androgynous-looking album covers of the time, including The Rolling Stones\' *Goats Head Soup* and Rick Derringer\'s *Spring Fever*. He also noted that it was \"pretty much the only album cover \[of theirs\] that anyone ever talks about, so in a way, if you just look at it in a purely analytical way, I guess it was very successful.\" In an interview for VH1\'s *Behind the Music*, Hall joked that the cover made him look like \"the girl I always wanted to go out with\".
## Re-releases {#re_releases}
In 2000, Buddah Records re-released the album with two bonus tracks (\"What\'s Important to Me\" and \"Ice\").
In 2009, Sony Music Custom Marketing Group released a triple pack of Hall & Oates albums, consisting of this album, *H2O* and *Ooh Yeah!*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- Daryl Hall -- lead vocals (2, 4--10, 11), backing vocals, electric piano
- John Oates -- backing vocals, lead vocals (1, 3, 10, 12), guitars
- Christopher Bond -- synthesizers, Hammond organ, guitars, horn and string arrangements, backing vocals
- Clarence McDonald -- grand piano (2)
- Scott Edwards -- bass
- Leland Sklar -- bass
- Jim Gordon -- drums
- Ed Greene -- drums
- Mike Baird -- drums (9)
- Gary Coleman -- percussion
- Sara Allen -- backing vocals (7)
## Production
- Produced by Christopher Bond, Daryl Hall and John Oates.
- Engineered by Barry Rudolph
- Strings and horns engineered by Armin Steiner
- Recorded at Larrabee Sound Studios (North Hollywood, CA) and Western Sound Recorders (Los Angeles, CA).
- Mixed by Christopher Bond and Barry Rudolph at Sound Labs (Hollywood, CA).
- Mastered by Allen Zentz at Allen Zentz Mastering (San Clemente, CA)
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# Professional ice hockey
Professional ice hockey (hockey) is the competition of ice hockey in which participants are paid to play. Professional competition began in North America in the United States---in Pennsylvania and Michigan---and in Canada around 1900. Professional ice hockey expanded across Canada and the United States and eventually to many other countries. There are major leagues around the world, including the National Hockey League in North America, the Kontinental Hockey League in Europe and Asia, and the Swedish Hockey League in Europe, as well as minor leagues such as the American Hockey League and ECHL in North America, and the Ligue Nord-Américaine de Hockey in Canada. High-level professional hockey is also present in Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Finland and Switzerland; professional hockey is also played in many other countries, as diverse as Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Austria, Australia and Japan. The major professional women\'s league is the Professional Women\'s Hockey League, which began play in 2024.
## Development
Professional hockey developed in the United States and Canada around the turn of the 20th century. Houghton, Michigan, was formally considered the \"birthplace of professional hockey\"; however, recent investigations have proven otherwise, beginning with the establishment of the International Professional Hockey League, the first fully professional hockey league, in Houghton in 1904 following conversations between James R. Dee from Houghton, Michigan and representatives of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League, a semi-professional hockey league started in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1896. The International Professional Hockey League began play in 1904 with teams from Houghton, Michigan (Houghton-Portage Lakes), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh Professionals), Calumet, Michigan (Calumet-Laurium Miners), Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario (Sault Ste. Marie Marlboros), and Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan (Michigan Soo Indians).
Prior to 1904, playing for pay was not favored by major hockey circuits, as they were established as purely amateur organizations. Players who were found to be paid were marked as professional and were banned by leagues such as the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA), Canadian teams were prohibited from playing in Pittsburgh, and the Canadian teams who played games against professional teams from Northern Michigan were banished by the OHA, including the two teams from Sault Ste. Marie, the Sault Ste. Marie Marlboros and Michigan Soo Indians in 1903-04. Some banned players in Ontario considered starting a professional team in 1898, and there was a proposal to start a professional league in western Ontario in 1899, but professional hockey did not take off in Canada until 1907 with the establishment of the Ontario Professional Hockey League.
The earliest known instance of hockey players playing publicly for pay occurred in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania when a 1902 investigation by the Ontario Hockey Association (OHA) revealed that players on Pittsburgh-based teams received payment in 1901 and 1902, leading the OHA to ban any club from Pittsburgh from participating in their association, claiming there was \"ample and undeniable proof\" that clubs in Pittsburgh were \"purely professional, paying straight salaries to their players.\" The 1903-04 Portage Lakes Hockey Club is regarded as the first team to pay each of the players on the team, while players in prior years in the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League were compensated via a mix of a small monetary payment and jobs in the Pittsburgh community, with the 30 players of the then four-team Western Pennsylvania Hockey League each receiving a weekly salary ranging from \$10 (`{{Inflation|US|10|1903|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}) to \$20 (`{{Inflation|US|20|1903|fmt=eq}}`{=mediawiki}) per week in January of 1903, depending upon their agreements with James Wallace Conant, which resulted in the Ontario Hockey Association considering each of these teams as a \"purely professional team\".
Beginning with the start of 1904 season the semi-professional Pittsburgh-based teams of the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League consolidated to become Pittsburgh Professionals and joined with the Houghton-Portage Lakes to become two of the original five teams of the International Professional Hockey League, marking the beginning of fully professional hockey in North America.
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# Professional ice hockey
## By country {#by_country}
### Canada
Professional leagues emerged from amateur leagues. In 1904, the predominantly U.S.-based International Professional Hockey League (IPHL) hosted the first Canadian professional team, the Canadian Soo. The league hired many amateur players away from Canada, causing the amateur leagues to convert to all-out professionalism or allow professional players in order to compete for the top players. The first Canadian professional league was the Manitoba Professional Hockey League (MPHL), formed in 1905 from member teams of the amateur Manitoba Hockey Association. The Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA), formed from prior amateur hockey leagues, emerged in 1906. The ECAHA allowed teams to have professional players from the start, despite its name. In 1907, the Ontario Professional Hockey League was formed. The competition for players increased salaries, a factor in the demise of the IPHL in 1907 and the temporary end of professional hockey in the United States. In 1908, the ECAHA became fully professional, as the ECAHA\'s amateur teams separated from the league and competed for the new Allan Cup, a new challenge cup instituted for amateur teams. The ECAHA, now fully professional, renamed itself the ECHA. The MPHL folded in 1909, the OPHL in 1908, leaving the ECHA as the only \'elite\' professional league in Canada.
In northern Ontario, silver mining had made small towns affluent, and mines in the area hired professional players for their ice hockey teams. By 1910, several teams in the area had hired enough professional players from the ECHA, that the teams, notably the Renfrew Creamery Kings, wanted to join the ECHA and compete for the Stanley Cup. Rebuffed by the ECHA, the mine owners formed the National Hockey Association (NHA) in 1910, splitting the ECHA\'s teams between the Canadian Hockey Association and the NHA. The CHA dissolved after less than a month, with some teams absorbed by the NHA. After one season of extravagant salaries, the NHA team owners imposed a salary cap, causing dissension amongst the players, and closed most of the teams in mining towns.
In 1911, Lester and Frank Patrick, who had played in the NHA, formed the rival Pacific Coast Hockey Association in British Columbia and took the opportunity to sign many of the NHA\'s players, notably Cyclone Taylor. In 1912, the NHA expanded west to Toronto, becoming a six-team league from Toronto to Quebec City. While the leagues competed for players, competition for the Stanley Cup brought them together for annual playoffs, starting in 1915. In November 1917, the NHA itself suspended operations and several NHA owners formed the National Hockey League (NHL) following a dispute between NHA team owners. The new league began play in December that year with four Canadian teams. The NHL continued the annual Stanley Cup playoffs with the PCHA.
In the west, the Western Canada Hockey League was formed in 1921 from existing teams in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The annual Stanley Cup playoffs now became a three-way championship, alternating in location between the west and the east. The PCHA would merge with the WCHL in 1924 to form the Western Hockey League before the league ceased operations in 1926. The NHL, having expanded to the U.S.A. and now with ten teams, bought out the players\' contracts of the WHL and took control of the Stanley Cup, forming Canadian and American divisions; it also brought in one WHL team, the Victoria Cougars, and relocated it to the U.S. to eventually become the modern Detroit Red Wings.
The NHL lost Canadian teams in the 1920s and 1930s, leading to a rise in senior-level amateur teams and leagues in cities such as Quebec City and Ottawa, former NHL cities. After World War II, several of these teams became professional in the Quebec Hockey League, which included several stars such as Jean Beliveau and Willie O\'Ree. In the 1950s, with the rise of NHL television broadcasts, such as those on Hockey Night in Canada, attendance suffered and the minor professional leagues folded or merged to survive. A new Western Hockey League was formed on the west coast with teams in several cities including Vancouver. The WHL\'s Vancouver Canucks organization would join the NHL in 1970. Since the demise of the QHL, the American Hockey League (AHL) has had Canadian teams, starting with the Quebec Aces.
In 1972, the World Hockey Association was formed with professional teams in Edmonton, Ottawa, Quebec City and Winnipeg. Ottawa relocated to Toronto after one season, but the other teams survived until the WHA merged with the NHL in 1979, with Edmonton, Quebec City and Winnipeg joined the NHL, along with the Hartford, Connecticut-based New England Whalers, which joined the NHL as the Hartford Whalers. The inclusion of all three Canadian WHA teams was a key point of contention in merger talks between the NHL and WHA, and only after the NHL agreed to that stipulation was agreed upon did the merger happen. In 1980, the Atlanta franchise moved to Calgary. In the 1990s, the Quebec and Winnipeg franchises relocated to the U.S., to Denver and Phoenix respectively, while Ottawa rejoined the NHL in 1992; the NHL returned to Winnipeg in 2011, and a proposal to return to Quebec currently sits in purgatory.
On February 16, 2005, the NHL became the first major professional team sport in North America to cancel an entire season because of a labor dispute. Play resumed again in the fall of 2005. During the dispute, controversy arose over the decision not to award the Stanley Cup; some considered this decision a violation of the terms of the Stanley Cup\'s handover (\"Deed of Gift\") to the NHL. Following a legal challenge, it was agreed that the Cup\'s trustees could award the Cup to a non-NHL team, although this did not actually occur.
### Czechoslovakia
In Czechoslovakia, the Czechoslovak Extraliga was the elite ice hockey league in Czechoslovakia from 1930 until 1993, when the country split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
In the Czech Republic, the Czech Extraliga is rooted in the Czechoslovak Extraliga. The Czech Extraliga was spun off in 1993 following the administrative break-up of Czechoslovakia. The Czech Extraliga is the highest-level ice hockey league in the Czech Republic. The name of the league is leased a general sponsor and changes frequently. In the 2003-04, 2004--05 and 2005--06 seasons it was known as the Tipsport Extraliga; for 2001-01 and 2001-02 it was called the Český Telecom Extraliga, and in 1999-00 the Staropramen Extraliga. During the 2006-07 season it was known as the O2 Extraliga. Hockey Club Lev Praha (stylized as HC LEV Praha) is a professional ice hockey team located in Prague, Czech Republic, which debuts in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) in 2012--13.
In Slovakia, the Slovak Extraliga is the highest-level ice hockey league in Slovakia. The name of the league is leased to sponsor and changes frequently. From 1993/94 to 1997/98 season, it was called Extraliga, then the name changed to West Extraliga until the end of 2000/01 season. In 2001/02, its name was Boss Extraliga. Since 2002/03 season to 2004/05, the name changed to ST Extraliga and in 2005/06 to T-Com Extraliga. From January 16, 2007, the name changed to Slovnaft Extraliga when a general sponsor agreement with Slovnaft was signed. The agreement is valid until the end of 2007/08 season. The Slovak Extraliga is also rooted in the Czechoslovak Extraliga. The 1993/94 season was the first season of Slovak Extraliga as Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993. Hockey Club Slovan Bratislava (Slovak: Hokejový klub Slovan Bratislava) is a professional ice hockey club based in Bratislava, Slovakia. In 2012, they left the Slovak Extraliga and joined the international Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The club has won eight Slovak championships (most recently in 2012) and one Czechoslovak championship (1979).
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# Professional ice hockey
## By country {#by_country}
### Finland
In Finland, SM-liiga is the top professional ice hockey league in Finland and is regarded as one of the top leagues in Europe. It was constituted in 1975 to replace SM-sarja, which was fundamentally an amateur league. SM-liiga has an agreement of cooperation with Finnish ice hockey federation Suomen Jääkiekkoliitto. SM is a common abbreviation for Suomen mestaruus, \"Finnish championship\". At the moment, there are 14 teams. SM-liiga was closed in 2000 so that no team can be relegated to or promoted from the lower leagues without approval of the board of SM-liiga. The board have committed themselves to promote the first winner of Mestis (the second highest competition) that meets certain standards. The Finnish ice hockey championship has been played since 1928.
### Germany
In Germany, the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (German Hockey League, shortname DEL) is a German high-calibre ice hockey league, and has the highest number of American and Canadian players overseas. It was formed as a replacement for the Bundesliga. It dates back to 1958.
### Soviet Union and successors {#soviet_union_and_successors}
The highest league in the Soviet Union was the Soviet Championship League, founded in 1946. This evolved into an elite league with a talent level comparable to the NHL. However, it was always considered an \"amateur\" league, rather than professional. This was because all elite athletes in the Soviet Union were conscripted into the Red Army, Red Air Force or other national institutions. Technically they were paid for their military service, and not for their play as athletes. This allowed them compete at the Olympic Games without violating the International Olympic Committee\'s amateur-only rules of the era.
Throughout the history of the Soviet league, Red Army-affiliated CSKA Moscow dominated, winning 32 of the 46 championship seasons.
The Soviet League\'s talent level was severely diminished following the fall of communism when most elite players moved to the NHL in search of higher pay. The league also changed its name to the CIS Championship in 1991-1992, and then to the International Hockey League from 1992 to 1996. After the communist era ended, the league became explicitly professional.
By 1996, most of former Soviet republics had created their own national leagues: including the Estonian Ice Hockey Association, Kazakhstani Championship, Latvian Hockey League, Lithuania Hockey League, and Ukrainian Major League. The remnant Russian Federation-based teams created the Russian Super League.
The Russian Pro Hockey League\'s \"Super League\" was the highest level of play in Russia from 1996 to 2008. During the 2000s (decade) the calibre of play and the league economics recovered as the Russian economy did. Before the 2008-09 season the RSL was reformed into the Kontinental Hockey League which includes teams from several other former Soviet republics (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine) and plans to expand further.
### Sweden
In Sweden, the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) is the highest-level professional ice hockey league. It is generally regarded as one of the top leagues of Europe, and one of the Swedish major professional sports league. SHL, or the Swedish Elite League, which it is often unofficially called in English, is composed of 14 teams. The first season under the former name Elitserien was played in 1975--76. The Swedish ice hockey championships has been played in various forms since 1922.
### Switzerland
In Switzerland, the Nationalliga A (German), or Ligue Nationale A (French), or Lega Nazionale A (Italian) is the top tier of the Nationalliga or Ligue Nationale or Lega Nazionale, the main professional ice hockey league in Switzerland. It is the oldest league remaining today, dating to 1916.
### United Kingdom {#united_kingdom}
Between the wars, British ice hockey grew rapidly with new ice rinks and an influx of Canadian players. A European competition was instituted, and in the 1936 Winter Olympics at Garmisch, Germany, Great Britain won the gold medal, imposing the first ever Olympic defeat on the Canadians. However, because of the disruption of World War II and a lack of suitable venues afterwards the sport faded rapidly.
As of 2012, the ten-team, two-division professional Elite Ice Hockey League is the highest level of competition in the United Kingdom and features teams from each of the four Home Nations.
### United States {#united_states}
Much as was the case of the concurrent development of professional gridiron football, the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania metropolitan area was one of the first areas to promote a professional ice hockey team. The Western Pennsylvania Hockey League began hiring professional players in 1902 and acted as a pro–am league. This league joined with teams in Michigan and Ontario to form the International Professional Hockey League in 1904, with Houghton, Michigan dentist Jack Gibson its founder. While this league had folded by 1907, it was the start of professional hockey. The United States would continue to see professional hockey with teams from the PCHL, beginning with the Portland Rosebuds, followed by a Seattle-based franchise a year later. When the Boston Bruins joined the NHL in 1924, the United States was finally represented in the league. It would continue to grow in the NHL until a peak in the 2000s (decade), when 24 of the NHL\'s 30 teams were in the United States (the loss of the Atlanta Thrashers to Winnipeg in 2011 reduced this number to 23; it returned to 24 American teams when the Vegas Golden Knights joined in 2017). The NHL reached a higher peak when the Seattle Kraken joined the league in 2021-22 as the 25th American team. There are several other pro leagues in the US as well; as of 2019 these include the AHL, ECHL, SPHL, and FPHL. The AHL and ECHL are official minor leagues to the NHL, with the ECHL subservient to the AHL; the FPHL and SPHL operate as low-level independents.
The NHL is considered one of the four major professional sports leagues of the United States. It is historically most popular in areas near the Canada--US border and along the Eastern Seaboard of the United States.
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| 2 |
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# Professional ice hockey
## International
There is no single global championship for professional ice hockey. The most elite North American teams compete for the Stanley Cup as their championship. Created in 1892, the Stanley Cup was originally an amateur trophy. Starting in 1907, professionals were allowed to compete for it. Teams from several leagues played for the Stanley Cup before 1926, since which time the cup\'s trustees have ceded control of the trophy to the National Hockey League (NHL). The terms of the NHL\'s control over the trophy extended only so long as the NHL remained the undisputed, most dominant professional hockey league in the world, a distinction that arguably was voided in the 1970s after Russian teams played, and often defeated, NHL teams but has not been formally challenged since that time.
The most elite European clubs have competed in the Europa Cup from 1965 to 1997, the European Hockey League from 1996 to 2000, the IIHF European Champions Cup 2005 to 2008 and the Champions Hockey League in 2008. The Champions Hockey League returned for the 2014-15 season and has since been held yearly. The most successful North American team is the Montreal Canadiens who have won 24 Stanley Cups, the most successful European club is HC CSKA Moscow which has won 20 European Cups.
Teams from North American and Europe do not regularly compete against each other in \"friendlies\" as do soccer clubs, although efforts to expand intercontinental play have increased since the new 2000 millennium. The opportunities for fans and media to compare levels of play between the continents were especially limited during the Cold War since many of Europe's best clubs were behind the Iron Curtain. After the success of the Summit Series which featured the Canadian and Soviet national teams, there was a demand for more international hockey at the club level. It has also proved that Soviet hockey was at a comparable level to the NHL. This led to the Super Series which from 1975 to 1991 featured an annual tour of North America by a Soviet hockey club. The first Super Series featured CSKA Moscow against the Montreal Canadiens on New Year's Eve 1975, in what was described in the press as a *de facto* world championship. The game ended as a 3-3 draw but was hailed as one of the greatest games ever played. The following week CSKA played and lost to the two-time defending Stanley Cup champion Philadelphia Flyers in a game infamous for its roughness. Subsequent Super Series produced more close results, but generally favoured the Soviet sides. However, following the fall of communism, many elite players from the Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc countries went to the NHL for higher pay. The NHL became *de facto* the world's most elite league as the quality of play in European leagues suffered. European leagues have, however, benefited from the frequent labor disputes in the NHL (it has locked out its players three times in an eighteen-year span), picking up players who are barred from NHL play due to lockouts.
Between 2000 and 2003, several NHL teams travelled outside North America to play exhibition games against some Swedish and one Finnish ice hockey teams. This series was known as the NHL Challenge.
In 2008, the former Russian Super League was refounded as the Kontinental Hockey League, expanded into Belarus, Latvia, and Kazakhstan, and encouraged its clubs to aggressively seek talented players (sometimes at the expense of the NHL), prompting the media to speculate about eventual KHL challenge to the NHL dominance of international hockey.
Also in 2008, the new Champions Hockey League was created to provide an elite tournament for the best teams in Europe. The winner of the Champions Hockey League will face an NHL challenger each year in the Victoria Cup providing a regular contest between NHL and European teams since the end of the Super Series in 1991. The Champions League was suspended for the 2009-10 season due to withdrawal of sponsors such as Gazprom.
In 2009, KHL and Gazprom executive Alexander Medvedev proposed merging the KHL into a new pan-European league called United Hockey Europe.
Since 2007, the NHL has operated the NHL Premiere series, which brings a limited number of NHL teams (usually four) to Europe to compete in exhibition games against both each other and local professional teams. The NHL teams have won a large majority of the games against European clubs.
## Women\'s hockey {#womens_hockey}
In North America, professional women\'s hockey developed much later than in the men\'s game, and has seen starts and stops. The Canadian Women\'s Hockey League, founded in 2014, did not pay salaries, but did pay stipends and bonuses. It folded in 2019 due to financial instability. The National Women\'s Hockey League (NWHL), the first women\'s league to pay salaries, was established in the United States in 2015 and expanded into Canada in 2020. However, hundreds of prominent women\'s players, including Canadian and American Olympians, founded the Professional Women\'s Hockey Players\' Association and opted to boycott existing leagues in pursuit of a unified, financially stable professional league. In 2023, the NWHL---rebranded as the Premier Hockey Federation in 2021---was purchased and ultimately dissolved as part of the foundation of the Professional Women\'s Hockey League (PWHL), the unified league many players had been working towards. The league debuted in January 2024
| 890 |
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| 3 |
10,014,748 |
# Union Station (Jackson, Mississippi)
**Union Station** is an intermodal transit station in Jackson, Mississippi, United States. It is operated by the Jackson Transit System and serves Amtrak\'s *City of New Orleans* and later proposed Crescent Texas section rail line, Greyhound Lines intercity buses, and is Jackson\'s main city bus station.
## History
Train service first came to Jackson, Mississippi in 1840, when the Clinton and Vicksburg Railway established a connection. The city became a more prominent rail hub after the American Civil War as a stop for what eventually became the Illinois Central Railroad. The modern Georgian Revival station was built in 1927 by Illinois Central when the rail lines were rebuilt through downtown.
### Passenger trains served in past {#passenger_trains_served_in_past}
The Illinois Central operated trains to these endpoints through the station:
- Chicago and New Orleans (including *City of New Orleans* and the all-Pullman *Panama Limited* and others)
- Chicago and Gulfport, Mississippi
- Shreveport, Louisiana and Meridian, Mississippi (*Southwestern Limited*)
The Alabama and Vicksburg Railway operated trains in cooperation with the Southern Railway and Vicksburg, Shreveport & Pacific Railway to these endpoints:
- Shreveport and Atlanta
- Shreveport and Louisville
- Shreveport and Cincinnati
### Revival
After years of disuse, in 2003 the City of Jackson purchased the building from the Canadian National Railway, the successor to Illinois Central, with the intention of turning it into a multimodal hub named Union Station. The city undertook a \$20 million renovation funded by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act and the Jackson Redevelopment Authority; Dale and Associates were chosen as architects. The city converted the building into the Jackson Transit System\'s primary bus station and added facilities for Greyhound Lines. The former freighthouse was converted for use by Amtrak, and other areas of the building were redesigned for commercial use. Dale and Associates received a 2005 Mississippi AIA Merit Award for the completed project. It is listed as a Mississippi Landmark
| 322 |
Union Station (Jackson, Mississippi)
| 0 |
10,014,753 |
# Ralph Matema
**Ralph Matema** (born 19 June 1982) is a Zimbabwean footballer. He has been a member of the Zimbabwe national football team.
\"Raru\", as he is popularly known, is the reigning top scorer of the Zimbabwean CBZ Premier League after netting 19 times in the 2006 season. In 2007, he scored 10 goals in 11 games but left Highlanders FC to join Orlando Pirates for the 2007/2008 season
| 70 |
Ralph Matema
| 0 |
10,014,766 |
# Saraj Municipality
**Saraj** (*Сарај}}*, *Saraj*) is one of the ten municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of the Republic of North Macedonia.
- *Saraj*, which means \"palace\" in Turkish, is also the name of the village where the municipal seat is found.
- It is a rural municipality and it is not part of the urban core of Skopje proper.
## Geography
Saraj borders
- Jegunovce Municipality to the northwest,
- Želino Municipality to the southwest,
- Sopište Municipality to the south,
- Karpoš Municipality and Ǵorče Petrov Municipality to the east, and
- Kosovo to the north.
## History
In the early 2000s municipal boundaries within Macedonia in some areas were redrawn. During difficult negotiations the governing Macedonian Social Democrats (SDSM) gave in to the request of its Albanian coalition partner that wanted Albanians within Skopje to surpass the 20% population mark by attaching two rural Albanian inhabited municipalities, Saraj and Kondovo. The municipalities attachment to the capital city raised the Albanian population from 15.30% to 20.49%. The change was seen as an important win among Albanians, while Macedonians were concerned with a more visible Albanian presence in Skopje and the increasing fragmentation of the urban population based on ethnicity.
## Demographics
According to the 2021 North Macedonia census, Saraj municipality has 38,399 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------
2002
Number \%
**TOTAL** **35,408** **100**
Albanians 32,408 91.53
Bosniaks 1,120 3.16
Macedonians 1,377 3.89
Roma 273 0.77
Turks 45 0.13
Serbs 18 0.05
Vlachs
Other / Undeclared / Unknown 167 0.47
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------
| 273 |
Saraj Municipality
| 0 |
10,014,766 |
# Saraj Municipality
## Inhabited places {#inhabited_places}
There are 23 inhabited places in this municipality.
------------------------ ------------ ----------------- --------------- ----------- ---------- ------------ ----------- -------------- ------------
**Inhabited Places** **Total** **Macedonians** **Albanians** **Turks** **Roma** **Vlachs** **Serbs** **Bosnians** **Others**
**Saraj Municipality** **38,399** **1,005** **34,586** **28** **255** **-** **-** **1,043** **1,466**
Arnakija 1.163 5 1.086 \- \- \- \- \- 71
Bojane 2.132 1 2.070 \- \- \- \- \- 60
Bukoviḱ 1.842 \- 1.769 \- \- \- \- \- 73
Čajlane 639 \- 602 1 \- \- \- \- 37
Dolno Svilare 2.172 \- 2.128 \- \- \- \- \- 46
Dvorce 145 \- 141 \- \- \- \- \- 4
Glumovo 2.152 1 2.060 \- \- \- \- 32 59
Gorno Svilare 845 \- 830 \- \- \- \- \- 15
Grčec 36 \- 3 \- \- \- \- \- 33
Kondovo 3.626 18 3.353 9 \- \- 2 66 177
Kopanica 1.790 \- 1.761 \- \- \- \- \- 29
Krušopek 2.017 4 1.977 \- \- \- \- 1 35
Laskarci 1.169 \- 1.127 \- \- \- \- \- 42
Ljubin 2.426 5 1.493 5 1 \- \- 859 64
Matka 466 156 248 \- \- \- 1 5 55
Paničari 130 \- 107 \- \- \- \- \- 23
Raduša 1.533 \- 1.447 \- \- \- \- \- 86
Raoviḱ 79 \- 40 \- \- \- \- \- 39
Rašče 2.835 1 2.760 \- \- \- \- \- 74
Rudnik Raduša 179 \- 156 \- \- \- \- \- 23
Saraj 6.265 307 5.379 11 167 \- 4 73 324
Semenište 798 2 754 9 \- \- \- 5 37
Šiševo 3.958 505 3
| 274 |
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| 1 |
10,014,777 |
# Philippe Goddin
**Philippe Goddin** (born May 27, 1944, in Brussels, Belgium) is a leading expert and literary critic of *The Adventures of Tintin*, and author of several books on Tintin and his creator, Hergé. He was general secretary of the Fondation Hergé from 1989 to 1999.
## Career
He has written numerous books on the subject, which include *Hergé and Tintin, Reporters*. He produced a biography, *Hergé: lignes de vie*.
His masterwork is the seven-volume (totalling 3000 pages) *Hergé - Chronologie d\'une oeuvre* (*Hergé - Chronology of his work*), which Belgian magazine *La Libre* called \"Magnificent. Monumental. Unique in its kind.\" (\"Magnifique. Monumental. Unique en son genre.\")
His study of Tintin was published in English in 3 volumes as *The Art of Hergé, Inventor of Tintin*; Volume 1 was criticized by *Publishers Weekly* for being content to retell plots rather than providing critical analysis. It was also published in Dutch as *De Kunst van Hergé, schepper van Kuifje*; Belgian newspaper *De Standaard* reviewed volume 2, awarding it 4/5 stars.
He also helped to keep the television series *The Adventures of Tintin* more true to the books
| 187 |
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| 0 |
10,014,803 |
# Hazlehurst station
**Hazlehurst station** is an Amtrak intercity train station in Hazlehurst, Mississippi, United States, served by the *City of New Orleans* passenger train. The station, an unstaffed flag stop, consists of a single platform with a small shelter, located next to the old Illinois Central Railroad Depot, which was built in 1925 and is now occupied by the **Hazlehurst Depot Museum**
| 63 |
Hazlehurst station
| 0 |
10,014,832 |
# Olivier Giscard d'Estaing
**Olivier Giscard d\'Estaing** (30 December 1927 -- 13 September 2021) was chairman of the Committee for a World Parliament. The brother of French president Valéry Giscard d\'Estaing (1926--2020), he was the founding dean and director general of the INSEAD business school and Governor of the Atlantic Institute.
He served as a member of the French Parliament (from 1968 to 1973), vice-chairman of the European Movement (from 1978 to 1992), and a member of the Conseil Économique et Social de France (from 1994 to 1999). He was also chair of the Business Association for the World Social Summit.
Co-founder of the Caux Round Table, Giscard d\'Estaing was the author of six books and widely published in journals such as the Revue Politique Parlementaire and the Revue des Deux Mondes. He frequently lectured on business policy in Europe, the United States, Japan, and the Middle East, and taught business policy at various schools.
For many years a member of the board of several international corporations`{{ref}}`{=mediawiki} and an advisor of CEOs of French industrial corporations, Giscard d\'Estaing also served as mayor of Estaing (Aveyron).
He was a councillor of the World Future Council.
He graduated from Harvard Business School (HBS) in 1951
| 203 |
Olivier Giscard d'Estaing
| 0 |
10,014,834 |
# Wiener Kammeroper
**Wiener Kammeroper** is a chamber opera theatre and company in Vienna, Austria. Founded in 1948 by the conductor Hans Gabor, it was originally named Vienna Opera Studiom receiving its present name in 1953. It is located at 24 Fleischmarkt Street in the city centre. It has been managed by Theater an der Wien since 2012.
## History
Initially, the company had no dedicated building. Performances were held at the Konzerthaus and at Schönbrunn Palace. In 1961 a subsidy from the Ministry of Education and the City of Vienna allowed the company to establish a permanent venue in the former ballroom of the Hotel Post on Fleischmarkt Street, where the dance hall was converted to an opera stage. The new theatre was inaugurated with a performance of short operas: Martinů\'s *The Marriage*, Giuseppe Maria Orlandini\' *Il marito giocatore*, and Monteverdi\'s *Lamento d\'arianna*. as adapted by Carl Orff.
Early programs at the Opera House included opera buffa, operettas, parodies and traditional Viennese Singspiel, as well as chamber arrangements of larger works such as Bizez\'s *Carmen* and Puccini\'s *La Bohème*. Today, the focus is on premieres of contemporary works and the development of young performers. Chamber operas by Tom Johnson, Peter Maxwell Davies, Luciano Chailly, Philip Glass and Hans Werner Henze were premiered at the Kammeroper. The company has also staged rock operas that translate classics such as *La Bohème* and *Carmen* for a younger generation.
Gabor retired from conducting in 1982 while continuing as the company\'s artistic director and manager. In 1983 the theater launched Studio K, a series featuring contemporary works and composers. In 1992 the theater began a series of open-air performances of Mozart operas at the Roman Ruin of Schönbrunn Palace. Conservationists determined in 1999 that the monument was in jeopardy, and performances were discontinued.
In 1994 Hans Gabor died unexpectedly and Rudolf Berger continued programming. During the 1999/2000 season Isabella Gabor and Holger Bleck took over the management of the Kammeroper.
In 2012, Theater an der Wien took over management of the company and Sebastian F. Schwarz was named artistic director. Jochen Breiholz assumed the position in 2016. In February 2021 Schwartz and Renate Futterknecht were named co-business managers. In March 2021 playwright Karin Bohnert assumed the position of artistic director and Walter Reicher was named business manager.
## Hans Gabor Belvedere Singing Competition {#hans_gabor_belvedere_singing_competition}
Since 1982, the Kammeroper has administered and presented the International Hans Gabor Belvedere Singing Competition.
## Past performances {#past_performances}
- *The Flood* by Boris Blacher (1956)
- *Triumph of Honour* by Alessandro Scarlatti (1956)
- *The Marriage* by Martinů
- *Il marito giocatore* by Giuseppe Maria Orlandini
- *Ariadne\'s Lament* by Claudio Monteverdi, as adapted by Carl Orff
- *Pagliacci* by Ruggero Leoncavallo (1986). Produced by George Tabori, the production was invited to Berlin the following year for the festival \"Berlin TheaterTreffen\" and recorded on television
| 476 |
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| 0 |
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