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# Evolving capacities
**Evolving capacities** is the concept in which education, child development and youth development programs led by adults take into account the capacities of the child or youth to exercise rights on their own behalf. It is also directly linked to the right to be heard, requiring adults to be mindful of their responsibilities to respect children\'s rights, protect them from harm, and provide opportunities so they can exercise their rights. The concept of evolving capacities is employed internationally as a direct alternative to popular concepts of child and youth development.
## About
The concept of evolving capacities of the child first emerged in international law through the Convention on the Rights of the Child. It stems from the recognition that childhood is not a single, fixed, universal experience and that their lives require different degrees of protection, provision, prevention, and participation at different stages of their lives.
The notion of evolving capacities is reflected in Article Five of the Convention, which says that:
Article twelve also addresses evolving capacities, stating that: `{{cquote|States Parties shall assure to the child who is capable of forming his or her own views the right to express those views freely in all matters affecting the child, the views of the child being given due weight in accordance with the age and maturity of the child. For this purpose, the child shall in particular be provided the opportunity to be heard in any judicial and administrative proceedings affecting the child, either directly, or through a representative or an appropriate body, in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law.}}`{=mediawiki}
Evolving capacities recognizes that as children acquire enhanced competencies there is less need for protection and a greater possibility that they can take responsibility for decisions affecting their lives. It is presupposed by the gradualist conception of children\'s rights, which suggests that children move progressively from a situation in which their rights primarily protect their interests to one in which their rights primarily protect their choices. The Convention allows for the recognition that children in different environments and cultures, and faced with diverse life experiences, will acquire competencies at different ages. This is the reason why the Committee on the Rights of the Child has sought information on minimum legal ages for legal and medical counseling or medical treatment without parental consent, creating and joining associations, and participating in administrative and judicial proceedings when it developed the guidelines relating to Article 1 of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
The Canadian International Development Agency reports that there are three primary points to consider regarding evolving capacities:
1. Evolving capacities should be understood in the context of where children grow;
2. Evolving capacities should grow out of respect for the competencies young people already have, and;
3. Adults should protect young people from experiences and decisions they have not yet acquired the capacity to take responsibility for.
Adequate and systematic documentation is an example of initiatives that integrate the concept of evolving capacities in education. The strategy can support teacher determine how learners\' capacities evolve over time and develop necessary interventions and responses to meaningfully address individual children\'s right to development.
Evolving capacities can be understood in two different ways. The first is that it is a limitation of the rights exercised by children while the second interprets it as a stimulant for the recognition of the special capacities of children and their promotion. As an interpretative principle, evolving capacities operates to ensure that other provisions in the Convention on the Rights of the Child are interpreted in a way that recognizes and fosters respect for the evolving capacities of the child. This is demonstrated in the way the Committee on the Rights of the Child drew an interpretative link between article 5 and article 29(1), connecting a child\'s education with his or her dignity and rights
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# Ramjet (Image Comics)
**Gage Reinhart** is a character appearing in publications by Image Comics. Created by writer Jay Faerber and artist Mahmud A. Asrar, he first appeared in *Dynamo 5* #1 (January 2007).
For the first 24 issues of the series, the character possessed telepathy, and went by the codename **Scatterbrain**. In issue #25 of the series (October 2009), the character, whose powers had been erased in the previous issue, obtained different powers. Now possessing the power of flight, he goes by the codename **Ramjet**.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Following the assassination of Captain Dynamo, the much-beloved superhero protector of Tower City, his widow, former government agent posing as a now-retired investigative reporter Maddie Warner, discovered from his personal effects that he had been unfaithful to her countless times. Despite her devastation at this discovery, Warner realized that without a full-time protector, Tower City would be vulnerable to Captain Dynamo\'s legion of supervillain enemies. She used her skills and the information she discovered to track down five people who could be Dynamo\'s illegitimate children.
Gage Reinhart was the fifth of Captain Dynamo\'s children Warner contacted. Reinhart is a 17-year-old Eastbridge, Texas high school football star who led his division in tackles for the entire season, and is the darling of both his female schoolmates and college scouts. Faerber has described Reinhart as \"a popular, arrogant jock who never gave a damn about what anyone thought - until he can literally hear those thoughts. And he may not like what he hears.\" Gathering all five of the children together, Warner exposed them to the same unidentified radiation that gave Captain Dynamo his powers forty years earlier, unlocking their powers. Reinhart inherited his father\'s telepathy. Reinhart takes the codename Scatterbrain, and works to protect Tower City with his newly discovered brothers and sisters.
Reinhart is often instrumental in the team\'s confrontations with its adversaries. One month after gaining his abilities, Reinhart and his siblings fought the paramilitary organization known as The Veil. Although he and the team acquitted themselves well against that foe, Visionary was kidnapped during the fracas, and brought to The Veil\'s base. It fell upon Reinhart to use his telepathy to track Visionary via his brainwave pattern, which led to Visionary\'s rescue. Reinhart was subsequently crucial to the team\'s victories against Voltage, and a thief using the Winterbourne Institute\'s strength-amplifying Strong-Suit.
Despite his telepathy\'s usefulness, however, Reinhart has laments the adverse side-effects that his powers and his involvement in the team has had on his life. His inability to fully control his telepathy, his tendency to pick up the thoughts of others that he finds hurtful, and the manner in which new aspects of it may suddenly evolve unexpectedly, have been a source of irritation to him, often causing him to long for a more empowering ability like his sister Olivia\'s flight. The difficulty in finding time for both his high school career and his superheroics leads to some sleeplessness, and tension between him and Maddie Warner. Reinhart also comes to blows with his brother Spencer (Myriad) over Spencer engaging in a romantic embrace with a schoolmate of Reinhart\'s while Spencer, a shape-shifter, was impersonating Reinhart when Reinhart was in a coma. Spencer was given this mission by Maddie Warner in order to quell suspicion on the part of Reinhart\'s family, who are unaware of his life as a superhero, but Reinhart saw this act as an invasion of privacy on Spencer\'s part, though Spencer wonders if it is motivated by racism because the girl in question was black. Spencer apologizes to Reinhart, and confesses that, having grown up in foster homes, and having never had a real family or popularity in school, his experience with Reinhart\'s family opened his eyes to what he had missed all his life, and got carried away. Sympathetic to Spencer\'s feelings, Reinhart forgave him.
In *Dynamo 5* #24 and 25 of the series, the team was attacked by their other half-sibling, the supervillain Synergy, who used a weapon to erase the team\'s abilities and capture them. The team freed themselves, and used the weapon to restore their powers, but they manifested different abilities than the ones they previously had. Reinhart, who gained the power of flight, donned an armored suit and took the codename Ramjet.
In the *Dynamo 5 Holiday Special 2010*, it is established that Reinhart began a romantic relationship with War Chest, a reformed supervillain turned government agent, whom Reinhart had first battled in *Dynamo 5* #0.
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# Ramjet (Image Comics)
## Powers
Gage Reinhart has the superhuman power of flight. Whereas his sister Olivia wore a wingsuit-type outfit to aid her maneuverability, Gage\'s natural aptitude at maneuvering makes this unnecessary. However, his ability to effect sudden stops and land properly is far inferior to hers, and thus he wears an armored suit that not only protects him from impact, but enables him to act as a human battering ram, from which his current codename is derived. Maddie Warner\'s ally, Tank, who built the armor, indicated to Reinhart that it could allow him to smash right through a building. He can reach hypersonic speeds when flying.
In his former identity of Scatterbrain, Reinhart was a telepath who could read other people\'s minds. His power was both voluntary and passive. While he could use his power to deliberately read someone\'s mind, he could also involuntarily pick up the thoughts of those around him, even when he did not wish it. He could also use his telepathy to remotely track people whose minds he has read, by sifting through the brainwave patterns he could sense, which are apparently unique to each individual. During an electrical attack by the villain Voltage, Reinhart developed the ability to cease the attack by merely thinking about it, and rendered Voltage unconscious. It also briefly knocked Reinhart into semi-consciousness. Reinhart also had the ability to completely wipe out a person\'s memories, giving them total amnesia, as he did with his half-sister Synergy, though this act left him in a coma for a day or two, and the effect on Synergy (who possesses superhuman invulnerability) was reversed with the impact of a bullet to her head. During his coma, Reinhart discovered that he was also capable of astral projection, and was able to instantly transport his astral self to familiar locations by willing it. He appeared at his high school, where he was attacked by the telepathic villainess Brains. Brains claimed that the location was \"her space\" and \"her private place\", and engaged Reinhart in what was depicted as a physical altercation between their astral forms, but when Reinhart responded in kind, he inadvertently transported them to a featureless white location that he speculated was \"his place\", and was able to manifest his abilities according to his own imagination, multiplying his form several times, and attacking Brains en masse, forcing her to flee the astral plane, and bringing him out of his coma. His telepathy rendered him immune to the illusions created by the villain Doctor Chimera. It also enabled him to affect technology keyed to a specific person\'s brainwaves, as when he disabled the Jessup-Poole Strong-Suit, which was keyed to its user\'s brainwaves, though the suit was later modified to prevent Reinhart from doing this.
There were some limits on Reinhart\'s telepathy. He could not read someone\'s mind if they were unconscious, although he was able to enter Maddie Warner\'s mind when she was in a coma in order to communicate with her consciousness and pull her out of that state. When Reinhart attempted to telepathically probe the mind of the psychotic Lipinski (aka Slaughterhouse), the experience was so emotionally traumatic for Reinhart that it briefly incapacitated him in the heat of battle. The government superhuman-monitoring agency F.L.A.G. has a manual and a course it requires for its agents who interrogate telepaths like Reinhart, in order to prevent the compromise of sensitive information, but its exact protocols have not been revealed. It does include maintaining a particular distance from telepaths like Reinhar, whose telepathy operates within a certain reception radius, but that radius has not been specified
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# No Goodbyes (album)
***No Goodbyes*** is a 1977 collection by Hall & Oates. It is a \"Best of\" compilation of their first three Atlantic Records recordings. *No Goodbyes* was released after the duo left Atlantic and joined RCA Records, and after Atlantic had achieved a Top 10 hit with a re-release of \"She\'s Gone\" (included here). It contains three new songs: \"It\'s Uncanny,\" \"I Want to Know You for a Long Time,\" and \"Love You Like a Brother.\" The latter two of these were later released on *The Atlantic Collection*. \"It\'s Uncanny\" was released as a single upon this album\'s release but failed to break the *Billboard* Top 40, reaching only #80. \"Love You Like a Brother\" was re-released on the 2009 four-disc box set *Do What You Want, Be What You Are*, as was \"It\'s Uncanny.\" \"It\'s Uncanny\" was originally recorded in 1973 and \"I Want to Know You for a Long Time\" and \"Love You Like a Brother\" in 1974.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
**Side one**
1. \"It\'s Uncanny\" (Hall) -- 3:43\*
2. \"I Want to Know You for a Long Time\" (Hall) -- 3:19\*
3. \"Can\'t Stop the Music (He Played It Much Too Long)\" -- 2:43
4. \"Love You Like a Brother\" (Hall, Oates) -- 3:22\*
5. \"Las Vegas Turnaround (The Stewardess Song)\" -- 2:57
**Side two**
1. \"She\'s Gone\" -- 5:15
2. \"Lilly (Are You Happy)\" -- 4:10
3. \"When the Morning Comes\" -- 3:12
4. \"Beanie G. and the Rose Tattoo\" -- 3:00
5
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# Hammond station (Louisiana)
**Hammond station** is an Amtrak train station in Hammond, Louisiana, United States. It is a station on Amtrak\'s daily *City of New Orleans* route which runs between Chicago and New Orleans. The Illinois Central Railroad built the station in 1912. A freight station was built in Hammond in 1927 a few blocks south; however this station is no longer active except as a flea market and seafood restaurant.
Known locally as the Depot, Hammond\'s historic Amtrak station has been refurbished with a raised passenger platform. The railway, constructed in 1854 as part of the New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern railroad, is now owned by the Canadian National Railway. Renovated in 2008, the depot also houses the Hammond Chamber of Commerce. The architectural firm Holly & Smith received the 2008 American Institute of Architects\' New Orleans Award of Merit for Historic Preservation/Restoration/Rehabilitation for its work on the station.
Amtrak provides both ticketing and baggage services at the Hammond station
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# Red Skies of Montana
***Red Skies of Montana*** is a 1952 American adventure drama film directed by Joseph M. Newman and starring Richard Widmark, Constance Smith and Jeffrey Hunter. Widmark stars as a smokejumper who attempts to save his crew while being overrun by a forest fire, not only to preserve their lives, but to redeem himself after being the only survivor of a previous disaster.
The film was loosely based on the August 1949 Mann Gulch fire, and filmed on location in Technicolor with the cooperation of the United States Forest Service.
Bugle Mountain (also known as \"Bugle Peak\"), located in the Scapegoat Wilderness near Lincoln, Montana, gave its name to the fictional setting of the forest fire in the Selway National Forest shown during the first 30 minutes of the film.
## Plot
Cliff Mason, a veteran foreman of the Forest Service\'s smokejumper unit, is called out with a crew on a fire, despite the fact that they have not rested in three days. Accompanied by R. A. \"Pop\" Miller and four other men, Cliff leaves the smokejumper base at Missoula, Montana to parachute into a nearly inaccessible area of Bugle Peak.
Hours later, at base, superintendent Richard \"Dick\" Dryer becomes worried because Cliff is not answering radio calls.
The next day, after the fire crowns, Dick flies by helicopter into the area and is stunned to find only Cliff, in shock and wandering through the devastated region. Cliff is rushed to the hospital, where he gradually recovers, although he cannot remember how he got separated from his men, or why he was the only one to survive.
Upon his return home, Cliff is greeted by Pop\'s son Ed, who is also a smokejumper. Ed expresses genuine concern for Cliff, but Cliff, sensitive about his lack of memory and worried that he might be responsible for his crew\'s deaths, becomes antagonistic.
A board of review conducts a hearing into the matter, and Cliff grows increasingly defensive after several grueling days of repetitious questioning. Cliff\'s paranoia grows that he might be thought a coward who deserted his men despite the assurances of his devoted wife Peg and Dick, who lets him return to work only as supervisor of training.
Ed continues to grill Cliff, asking him how he might have come to be in the protected rock slide area that was the only possible place of survival when the bodies of his crew were found on an exposed ridge across the valley. Ed\'s suspicions escalate and Cliff reacts even more bitterly. One night, an emergency crew is called out to repair downed transmission lines, and when Cliff\'s longtime friend Boise Peterson is shocked by a live wire, Cliff saves him. Ed pointedly remarks that it was not necessary for Cliff to prove his bravery. Cliff is cleared by the board of review but confides to Peg that he is plagued by doubts about his courage. Later, Dick shows Ed a watch, mistakenly sent to another man\'s family, that Ed recognizes as his father\'s. Upset again, Ed confronts Cliff with the watch, and jogs his memory.
Cliff recalls that when the fire began to race along the treetops, all of them had reached the rockslide where he urged them to lie down in the crevices. However a burning snag fell on the rockslide and the crew continued running. Cliff attempted to stop Pop, pulling off his watch and ID tag as they grappled, but Pop knocked him into a crevice that protected Cliff from the worst of the fire. Ed furiously accuses Cliff of deserting his men and goes AWOL, parachuting from a private airplane onto Bugle Peak, where he finds Pop\'s identification bracelet on the ridge, not on the rockslide, where Cliff says he saw Pop last. Believing he has obtained proof that Cliff abandoned his men on the ridge, Ed returns to base, only to discover that Cliff and another team of men have been sent to fight a fire in Carson Canyon. Confronting Dick with the ID tag, Ed accuses Cliff of killing his father, and Dick fires him from the smokejumper unit for going AWOL on a personal grudge. In Carson Canyon, Cliff\'s crew brings the fire under control but weather conditions threaten a re-burn, prompting Cliff to request more men and equipment.
Ed joins the smokejumper reinforcements without authorization and at Carson Canyon tracks down Cliff, scouting the fire that now has them trapped. After losing his head and trying to kill Cliff with the axe end of his Pulaski, Ed breaks his leg when he tumbles down a slope as they fight. Cliff returns to the crew\'s anchor point to organize the men, sending three with heavier equipment to bring in Ed. Cliff orders the others to dig foxholes, knowing that burying themselves and allowing the fire to pass over them is their only hope for survival. The men protest but grudgingly comply when Cliff insists. Ed is surprised to discover that Cliff is responsible for his rescue, and when he is brought back to the anchor point, the crew panics and starts to flee. Ed sees Cliff knock down Boise to quell the panic and realizes Cliff was telling the truth about Bugle Peak.
After the fire has passed, all of the smokejumpers have survived and Ed, reconciling with Cliff, sheepishly grins and asks for a cigarette, inspiring Boise to do the same. When Dick realizes the entire crew has survived, he reinforces Cliff\'s men from the air as an even larger ground force with bulldozers swings into action.
## Cast
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# Red Skies of Montana
## Production
### Novel
The film was based on the novel *Fire* by George R. Stewart, who had written a number of books about the U.S. Fire Service. The novel was published in 1948. *The New York Times* called it \"unforgettable\". The *Los Angeles Times* called it a \"triumph\".
### Development
In August 1948 20th Century Fox announced it bought the rights as a film for Linda Darnell with Sam Engel to produce. Wanda Tuchock was writing the script. In July 1950 Fox announced the film would star Dana Andrews and be based on a script by Harry Kleiner. Filming was to start the following month in Helena National Park. Later that month the project was called *Fire Devils* and *Hell Fire*. The director was meant to be Louis King, brother of Henry, making his directorial debut. The cast included Richard Widmark, Dana Andrews, and Jean Peters. Andrews had to make a film at RKO and was replaced by John Lund. Widmark dropped out to appear in *The Frogmen* and was replaced by Victor Mature.
### Filming
The picture began production in Missoula in September with Louis King directing. By this stage the working title was *Wild Fire* or *Wild Winds*.
Mature was injured in a motorcycle accident during filming. After Lund was stung by a wasp and the location was snowed in, filming was stopped. In April 1951, it was reported that the screenplay was going to be rewritten and that Glenn Ford was going to be the star. The revision incorporated elements from the Mann Gulch fire.
In May 1951 Fox announced the film would be produced by Sam Engel under a seven-year contract that the producer had with the studio and would star Richard Widmark, Victor Mature, and Helen Westcott. Harry Kleiner rewrote the script. Filming resumed June 22 with Widmark and Richard Boone starring and Jeffrey Hunter in the part originally written for Victor Mature. Constance Smith was invited from England to play the female lead.
According to a news item in the July 6, 1951, edition of the *Hollywood Reporter*, footage of a fire in the Gila National Forest, New Mexico, was filmed by a special camera crew for use in the film.
The aircraft in the smoke jumping scenes (NC8419) was a Ford Trimotor 5-AT-C used by the United States Forest Service in its operations. The aircraft was used by the USFS from June 5, 1951, to August 4, 1959, when it crashed and burned while landing at the Moose Creek spike camp airstrip in the Selway-Bitterroot Wilderness in Idaho, 50 miles west of Missoula, killing two smokejumpers and a Nez Perce National Forest supervisor.
Fire sequences were shot near Lake Arrowhead. Filming finished by August 1951.
## Television adaptation {#television_adaptation}
A one-hour television adaptation for *The 20th Century Fox Hour* entitled *Smoke Jumpers* was broadcast in November 1956. The telefilm was directed by Albert S. Rogell and starred Dan Duryea, Dean Jagger, and Joan Leslie. *The New York Times* said the show \"had unfortunate melodramatic touches\"
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# Lex Schoenmaker
**Alex Schoenmaker** (born 23 August 1947) is a Dutch former professional football player and manager. Nicknamed *Sexy-Lexie* due to his good looks, he had a career as a player and manager in the Netherlands, the United States and the Middle East, mostly remembered as an icon of ADO Den Haag.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Schoenmaker was born in The Hague. His first club was amateur club VDS in his hometown. He began his professional career with ADO in 1965 and in 1967 appeared for the exported ADO team in the United States called the San Francisco Golden Gate Gales. He left for Feyenoord in the 1971--72 season, where he stayed for four years. For the Rotterdam-based club he scored 19 goals in European competitions -- a record that still stands today. In 1974, Schoenmaker became European top goalscorer with 10 goals. After his tenure with Feyenoord, he retired from football as part of his first club ADO, which had meanwhile changed to FC Den Haag, and he played in the Zuiderpark until 1982. In the 1975--76 season, he was the European top goalscorer for the second time in his career, this time with six goals, sharing the honour with Aad Mansveld. Besides San Francisco Golden Gate Gales, Schoenmaker played in the USA and NASL leagues for the Edmonton Drillers and the Fort Lauderdale Strikers.
## Managerial career {#managerial_career}
After his playing career, he worked mostly as an assistant coach -- among others with AZ\'67, Volendam and Feyenoord. He was also head coach of TOP Oss, ADO Den Haag, Saudi club Al Hilal and Al Jazira Club from Abu Dhabi
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# Big Sexy Land
***Big Sexy Land*** is the debut studio album by industrial rock band Revolting Cocks, released through Wax Trax! Records in 1986. This is the only album to feature the group\'s founding lineup of Luc van Acker, Richard 23 and Alain Jourgensen.
## Background
The album\'s title is a reference to a strip club in West Berlin. Jourgensen said that the club\'s large, neon sign was \"the biggest capitalistic tease\" for citizens in East Germany. The album was recorded in 1985 at ICP Studios in Brussels. Van Acker attributed the album\'s mixing to Jourgensen\'s sessions with Adrian Sherwood on *Twitch*. Van Acker said Jourgensen surreptitiously took notes on Sherwood\'s settings, but, without any context for the numbers, they had to later guess at what the settings were for, such as reverb and delay time. According to van Acker, Jourgensen did not appear as a musician on the album because he was still under contract by Sire. After Jourgensen released a dub remix of \"You Often Forget\" without the band\'s input, Richard 23 quit.
## Additional information {#additional_information}
The track \"We Shall Cleanse the World\" includes a sample of the title phrase taken from the film *The Omega Man* starring Charlton Heston.
The title of the track \"Attack Ships on Fire\" is taken from dialog in the film *Blade Runner*.
\"38\" is a reference to the victims of the Heysel Stadium disaster which occurred on May 29, 1985, although the final death toll in the disaster was actually 39.
## Reception
*The Rough Guide to Rock* described the album as a \"more fluid Nitzer Ebb\" evocative of current trends in electronic music. AllMusic wrote that it is \"a distinguished debut from a \'side project\' that occasionally surpasses the day-job work that its members became famous for\". {{-}}
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Singles
*No Devotion* (1985)
1. \"No Devotion\"
2. \"Attack Ships\...\"
3. \"\..
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# Hope Wilson
**Hope Wilson** is a fictional character from the CBS soap opera *The Young and the Restless*, portrayed by Signy Coleman. The character was introduced as a love interest for Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) in 1993. After her departure in 1997, Coleman reprised the role in 2000 and 2002. The role was then briefly portrayed by Beth Toussaint in 2006. In 2008, the character died onscreen, though Coleman continued to reprise the role as a vision had by other characters in 2010 and 2012. In 2020, Maggie Gwin briefly played the role of a younger Hope.
## Storylines
### 1993--97
In 1993, business tycoon Victor Newman (Eric Braeden) left his life in Genoa City behind, and he was presumed dead. He turned up in Kansas just in time to save a blind Hope Adams from a rapist. Victor and Hope bonded on her farm in Kansas until Victor decided to return home to his company, Newman Enterprises. When he heard from a friend that everyone in Genoa City thought he was dead, he decided to stay in Kansas with Hope. Victor and Hope\'s romance was cut short when Hope revealed that she was engaged to her longtime friend, Cliff Wilson. Victor decided that he should go home for good, but Hope couldn\'t bear to let him go. She broke off her engagement to Cliff, and she accompanied Victor back to Genoa City. When the pair arrived, Hope met Victor\'s longtime love and ex-wife, Nikki Newman (Melody Thomas Scott). Nikki was threatened by Hope, but Hope did not want to interfere with Victor and Nikki\'s relationship. She decided to return home to Kansas, but Victor followed her.
Once back in Kansas, Hope revealed to Victor that she was a virgin. Soon after, Victor and Hope made love. Victor then proposed to Hope, and she accepted. In 1994, the engaged couple returned to Genoa City to wed. Nikki crashed the wedding upon hearing the news. Still, Victor and Hope were married in 1994. Then, Hope found out that she was pregnant. Victor and Hope found out that their baby could inherit Hope\'s blindness, and Victor urged Hope to have an abortion. Upset with Victor\'s idea, Hope returned to Kansas, and she began to spend time with Cliff Wilson again. Victor\'s friend, Douglas Austin, went to Kansas, and he urged Hope to return to Genoa City and to Victor. During the argument, Hope tripped over a chair, and she was rushed to the hospital. Victor went to Kansas to make sure that she was okay. The next day, Victor Adam Newman, Jr. was born. When Hope told Victor that she planned to raise Victor Jr. on her farm in Kansas, he became upset. Victor and Hope divorced in 1995. Victor then returned to Genoa City, leaving Hope to raise Victor Jr. alone in Kansas.
In 1996, Victor suffered injuries from a gunshot wound. He left town after his recovery, and he visited Hope in Kansas. She was then married to Cliff Wilson, who adopted Victor Jr. and changed his name to Victor Adam Wilson. Victor spent time with his son during his visit, but Cliff was adamant that the boy believed that he was his father. Victor soon returned to Genoa City and his longtime love, Nikki. Suddenly, Victor received word that Cliff was killed in a tractor crash (This was changed to a drunk driving incident as cause of death in 2020). He went to Kansas to support Hope, who was devastated when Cliff died from his injuries in 1996. Nikki ended her relationship with Victor when she believed that he left her for Hope. She then met Dr. Joshua Landers, and the two spontaneously married soon after. Victor decided to bring Hope and Victor Jr. back to Genoa City with him. He renovated the Newman Penthouse for Hope so that her blindness would not impede her navigational skills. Still, Hope didn\'t fit well in Victor\'s big-city lifestyle. She soon returned to Kansas with Victor Jr. in 1997.
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# Hope Wilson
## Storylines
### 2006--08 {#section_1}
Hope was not seen or heard from until 2006. Victor was diagnosed with epilepsy, and he returned to Kansas to get away from his busy life. Victor Jr. was away at soccer camp. Victor stayed with Hope for a while, and they returned to their quiet, simple lifestyle that they once shared. One day, Victor had a seizure on the floor of the farm, but Hope didn\'t realize that Victor was in trouble because of her blindness. Victor recovered from the seizure in time, and he told Hope that he just slipped and fell. Victor soon left Kansas, and he continued on his spiritual journey by traveling the world without contact from his family. Victor returned home when he received word that his son Nicholas Newman (Joshua Morrow) was missing and presumed dead. In 2007, Hope called Victor to tell him that she couldn\'t find their son. He had been hanging out with a bad crowd, and she lost contact with him. Victor traveled the globe, searching for Victor Jr. to no avail.
In 2008, Hope called Victor with tragic news: she was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. Victor sent his top doctors to Kansas to help Hope, but she was unable to be saved. Hope asked Victor to return to Kansas once more to say goodbye. Eventually, their son, now going by \"Vic\", returned to Kansas, shocked to see his mother\'s condition. Hope was sent home from the hospital to die in peace. Both Victor and Vic (Chris Engen) were with her when she announced her dying wish: she wanted Vic to be reunited with his biological father. After 27 years of uncertainty, Vic was shocked to discover that Victor was his father. Hope told Victor all about their son and his bright future. He attended Harvard University, and he was a successful stock broker in New York. She also mentioned how similar he was to his father. Hope died from her illness in 2008 with Victor and Vic at her side. After her death, Victor offered his son a job at Newman Enterprises, and both father and son returned to Genoa City together. Still, Vic began to go by the name Adam Wilson, angered that Victor abandoned him as a child.
### Afterlife appearances {#afterlife_appearances}
In August 2010, Adam was in some trouble with the law after getting in over his head with scheming and revenge. Hope appeared to him in a dream, telling him that she can never rest in peace knowing what he has done. In addition, Hope appeared to an angry and lonely Victor in a dream at Christmastime, taking him on a trip through his past. She took him back to the orphanage where he grew up, and she showed him what Nikki had done for him throughout their relationship. She helped him change and reunite with his family for the holidays.
In 2012, Adam lost his sight due to Patty throwing poison in his face. When he was released from the hospital, Sharon went with him to the farm. While there, Adam spoke with his deceased mother.
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# Hope Wilson
## Reception
Despite Hope\'s heroic values, her son Adam is considered a monster. During an interview with *TV Guide*, Coleman talked about what Adam would be like if his mother was alive: \"I understand the importance of creating conflict, but that was very sad to me. And it would have devastated Hope and broken her heart! She was such a standup gal with a strong moral compass. If she had lived, she would have been on Adam like white on rice, telling him to straighten up his act and clean up his messes! She\'d make him own it!\"
In addition, Coleman also expressed interest in returning to the show as Hope\'s long-lost twin sister. She adds, \"Last time I was on the show, I pitched an idea to Steve Kent and Paul Rauch that Hope\'s mother had actually given birth to twins --- which I realize never happens on a soap opera! --- and that she decided to separate them. Hope was left on the doorstep of a church and raised by nuns until she was adopted by an elderly couple who raised her as their own child. I had the other twin, named Faith, being dropped somewhere in Texas, and she did not fare as well. She fell through the cracks of the foster care system, which happens all the time in our country, and as a result she turned out to be damaged goods. She\'s been there, done that, and she\'s an emotional wreck who has no idea how to connect with people or how to tell the truth. And, of course, she one day shows up in Genoa City with absolutely no idea who Hope was.\" In the end, the executives that she pitched her idea to were not interested in expanding the Y&R cast
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# Danny North
**Daniel Jamie North** (born 7 September 1987) is an English football coach and former professional footballer who is the assistant manager of Brigg Town
As a player he was a forward, he started his professional career with home town club Grimsby Town in 2004 where he went on to break into the first team several years later. He departed Grimsby in 2010 and went on to play for Alfreton Town in 2010 before moving to Ireland with St Patrick\'s Athletic. In 2012, he transferred to Sligo Rovers where he remained for several seasons for before a spell with Shamrock Rovers. Since returning to England, North has played in Non-League football and has turned out for Cleethorpes Town, Lincoln United, and Barton Town.
## Early life {#early_life}
North attended Hereford Technology School in Grimsby.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Grimsby Town {#grimsby_town}
North was a product of the Grimsby Town youth team and made the step up to the first team at the start of the 2004--05 season under Russell Slade. North made his professional debut for The Mariners in a 3--0 away defeat against Bristol Rovers in on 5 February 2005, when he came on in the 89th minute for Andy Parkinson. North, only made one appearance for The Mariners in the following season, against Mansfield Town. He scored his first professional goal on 10 February 2007 also against Bristol Rovers. Grimsby won that game 4--3. Town\'s new manager Alan Buckley began to include North in the first team setup and he completed his first senior hat-trick in a game against Barnet on 21 April 2007, where he scored a penalty in the last minute to put Grimsby 5--0 ahead at the end of the game. On 14 August 2007, North scored Grimsby\'s 7,000th goal in all competitions, in the League Cup tie at home to Burnley. In January 2008 North was named League Two Player of the Month after scoring 4 goals in 5 games. and he was the club\'s top scorer at the end of the 2007--08 season. His recent performances had earned him interest from higher division clubs including Leeds United. For the 2008--09 season, North struggled from fitness and injury problems from the start, and following the dismissal of Alan Buckley, he found himself out of favour with new manager Mike Newell. Newell had brought in several new signings such as Adam Proudlock and Jean-Louis Akpa Akpro, which eventually left North with only run outs in the reserves, even finding it hard to claim a place on the substitute bench. Following an impressive pre-season by the player, which was also coupled with injuries and suspensions to fellow strikers, North briefly won his place back in the team at the start of the 2009--10 season. On 13 January 2010, new manager Neil Woods made North available for loan. North was released by Grimsby on 1 February 2010.
### Alfreton Town {#alfreton_town}
On 17 February, North scored whilst playing for the Scunthorpe United reserve team in a 6--1 loss with the second string of Hartlepool United. On 1 April 2010 North joined Conference North side Alfreton Town until the end of the season. After seeing out the season with Town he left the club at the end of the season.
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# Danny North
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### St Patrick\'s Athletic {#st_patricks_athletic}
In June 2010, North agreed to join Irish club St Patrick\'s Athletic until the end of the League of Ireland season in October 2010, taking the number 9 jersey previously worn by Alex Williams who left in the summer transfer window. He made his League of Ireland debut against Galway United in a 4--2 win on 2 July, coming on as a second-half substitute. On 5 July, he made his first appearance in a Dublin derby as a second-half substitute, a 2--1 defeat to Shamrock Rovers. North finished the 2010 season with seven goals, making him a popular figure with Saints fans.
North signed a new deal to keep him at St. Pat\'s for the 2011 season on 17 January 2011. He scored his first goal of the 2011 season away to Derry, a well struck penalty to secure a 1--1 draw for Pats on 21 April 2011. North scored his first goal in a Dublin derby on 25 April against Shamrock Rovers in the League Cup, coming on in the 70th minute and scoring a penalty in the 89th minute to level the score at 1--1. The Saints won 3--1 on penalties but North missed his spotkick. After his goals against Derry City and Shamrock Rovers, North scored against Drogheda United, Galway United and Bray Wanderers to take his goal tally to five goals in five games.
North continued his superb run of form with two vital goals against Sligo Rovers, and more very important goals against UCD, Derry City and Dundalk to increase his tally to 10 goals in 11 games. North won the League of Ireland Player of the Month and the St Patrick\'s Athletic Supporters Player of the Month for June 2011 after his goals against Derry City, Dundalk, Galway United, Bray Wanderers, two assists against Drogheda United and all round excellent play. He scored two goals against Galway United on 3 September and a goal against Killester United in the FAI Cup on 6 September. North scored another goal in the Dublin derby against Shamrock Rovers on 12 September after coming on from the bench and on 16 September he scored the winning goal in a 1--0 win against Cork City in the FAI Cup quarter-final. Danny topped a brilliant month by becoming a father for the first time on 20 September to daughter Mia-Grace. He opened the scoring in the Dublin derby away to Shelbourne in the FAI Cup semi-final at Tolka Park on 14 October 2011. North was part of the St. Pats side that won the 2011 Leinster Senior Cup after beating Bohemians 2--0 in the final at Dalymount Park, he set up Dave McMillan\'s goal to make it 2--0. North also won the Supporters Young Player of the Year after a season in which he scored 19 goals in 49 appearances in all competitions.
### Sligo Rovers {#sligo_rovers}
North agreed to join Sligo Rovers for the 2012 season on 30 November 2011. He scored his first goal for the club against UCD on 10 March with a delicate lob over the advancing goalkeeper. After an impressive start to the 2012 season, which saw North become the league\'s top scorer, he then ruptured his cruciate ligament in a 2012--13 UEFA Europa League clash against FC Spartak Trnava which also saw North missing a penalty. Despite missing the rest of the season he still finished the season as the club\'s top scorer with 17 goals and earned a nomination for the PFAI Player of the Year.
He returned from injury in June 2013 coming on as a sub in an FAI Cup game in Waterford United. In July he came on as a substitute at Molde FK in a 2013--14 UEFA Champions League loss. North scored his first goal back in a 4--0 away win over Limerick. Despite not getting fit enough to get a sustained run in the team he made a dramatic sub appearance in the 2013 FAI Cup Final. He came on with 20 minutes left with Sligo trailing 1--0 and scored twice to put Sligo in front before then setting up a dramatic late winner for Anthony Elding. His contribution earned him the man of the match award and he was named SWAI/Airtricity player of the month for November. He ended the season with seven goals.
In the 2014--15 UEFA Europa League North scored in the victory over FK Banga Gargždai and in both legs against Rosenborg BK
Ahead of the 2015 season, North returned to train with former club Grimsby Town, scoring against Corby Town in a friendly victory.
### Shamrock Rovers {#shamrock_rovers}
North joined Shamrock Rovers on 20 November 2014 in preparation for the 2015 season.
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# Danny North
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Non League career {#non_league_career}
In the summer of 2017 North signed for Northern Premier League Division One South side Cleethorpes Town.
On 28 May 2019, North joined Lincoln United.
Barton Town confirmed on 24 December 2019, that North had joined the club.
In the summer of 2020, North joined Grimsby-based Nunsthorpe Tavern of the Lincolnshire League, playing in England\'s 11th tier.
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
On 10 May 2021, North was appointed as assistant manager of Barton Town, under his former Grimsby teammate Nathan Jarman as manager. Jarman stated that North would also continue as a player
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# Butel Municipality
**Butel Municipality** (*Бутел}}*; *Butel*) is one of the ten municipalities that make up the City of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. The municipality administration consists of a council and mayor.
A cemetery in Butel is where the grave of George Zorbas, the character upon whom Nikos Kazantzakis based the fictional Alexis Zorbas of his novel *Zorba the Greek*, is located.
## Geography
Butel is located along the north-central and north-eastern areas of Skopje not far from the modern city center and most of the municipality extends eastward in a panhandle shape toward the Skopska Crna Gora mountain range. It borders Gazi Baba Municipality to the southeast, Čair Municipality to the south, Karpoš Municipality to the southwest, Šuto Orizari Municipality and Čučer-Sandevo Municipality to the northwest, and Lipkovo Municipality to the northeast.
## History
Prior to 2004 Butel municipality was within the boundaries of a larger Čair municipality that had a majority Macedonian population (60.60%), followed by Albanians (20.89%), Turks (4.12%), Bosniaks (3.40%), Romani (1.46%) and Serbs (2.11%). The new territorial-administrative reform of 2004 divided the municipal unit into a smaller Čair municipality with an Albanian majority and a separate Butel municipality with a Macedonian majority. The new boundaries of Čair municipality resulted in the loss of its industrial zone to Butel municipality which previously provided most of the revenue for the Čair municipal budget.
## Demographics
According to the 2021 North Macedonia census, Butel municipality has 37,968 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------
2002
Number \%
**TOTAL** **36,154** **100**
Macedonians 22,506 62.25
Albanians 9,107 25.19
Turks 1,304 3.61
Bosniaks 970 2.68
Serbs 1,033 2.86
Roma 561 1.55
Vlachs 120 0.33
Other / Undeclared / Unknown 553 1.53
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------
Per the 2021 North Macedonia census Butel had a total population of 37,968, of whom 19,230 were female and 18,738 male.\[5\]
- Religious affiliation according to the 2021 North Macedonia census:
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
2021
Number
**TOTAL** **37,968**
Orthodox 13,564
Christians 3,977
Catholics 89
Islam 17,438
Others 247
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 2,653
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
- Demographic Trends [Live births by ethnic affiliation of mother, 2010-2023](https://makstat.stat.gov.mk/PXWeb/pxweb/en/MakStat/MakStat__Naselenie__Vitalna/755_VitStat_ZivRod_NacRod_ml.px/?rxid=46ee0f64-2992-4b45-a2d9-cb4e5f7ec5ef)
---------- ------------- ------- ----------- ------- -------- ------ -------- ------
Macedonians Albanians Turks Serbs
Year Births \% Births \% Births \% Births \%
**2010** 225 49.13 194 42.36 11 2.40 2 0.44
**2011** 260 50.39 207 40.12 16 3.10 2 0.39
**2012** 222 47.64 188 40.34 20 4.29 6 1.29
**2013** 211 45.57 207 44.71 12 2.59 2 0.43
**2014** 223 50.68 174 39.55 18 4.09 2 0.45
**2015** 203 41.18 243 49.29 14 2.84 0 0.00
**2016** 227 44.69 224 44.09 19 3.74 3 0.59
**2017** 214 45.53 202 42.98 11 2.34 1 0.21
**2018** 183 40.58 220 48.78 18 3.99 3 0.67
**2019** 186 38.67 247 51.35 12 2.49 2 0.42
**2020** 164 38.32 217 50.70 8 1.87 2 0.47
**2021** 153 35.01 233 53.32 17 3.89 2 0.46
**2022** 154 35.98 230 53.74 11 2.57 5 1.17
**2023** 142 32.87 240 55.56 20 4.63 2 0.46
---------- ------------- ------- ----------- ------- -------- ------ -------- ------
## Inhabited places {#inhabited_places}
There are 5 inhabited places in this municipality.
------------------------ ------------ ----------------- --------------- ----------- ---------- ------------ ----------- -------------- ------------
**Inhabited Places** **Total** **Macedonians** **Albanians** **Turks** **Roma** **Vlachs** **Serbs** **Bosnians** **Others**
**Butel Municipality** **37,968** **17,011** **14,095** **1,314** **501** **-** **606** **1,133** **1,969**
Butel 24.391 10.451 8.646 1.229 258 56 353 1.002 2.396
Ljubanci 1.075 981 \- 2 10 1 8 \- 73
Ljuboten 2.688 76 2.561 \- 7 \- 1 \- 43
Radišani 6.066 4.904 216 27 138 12 204 103 462
Vizbegovo 3.748 599 2
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# The Climb (book)
***The Climb**\'\' (1997), republished as***The Climb: Tragic Ambitions on Everest**\'\', is an account by Russian-Kazakhstani mountaineer Anatoli Boukreev of the 1996 Everest Disaster, during which eight climbers died on the mountain. The co-author, G. Weston DeWalt---who was not part of the expedition---provides accounts from other climbers and ties together the narrative of Boukreev\'s logbook.
## Background
The book is also partially a response to Jon Krakauer\'s account of the same 1996 Everest climb in his book *Into Thin Air* (1997), which appeared to criticize some of Boukreev\'s actions during the climb.
After *The Climb* was published, DeWalt leveled many public criticisms at Krakauer concerning the accuracy of each man\'s account of what happened on the mountain during the 1996 climbs. Krakauer refutes the allegations and provides additional details in the postscript to the 1999 edition of *Into Thin Air*.
Boukreev was killed in 1997 in an avalanche with Dimitri Sobolev during a winter ascent of Annapurna in Nepal.
## Book reviews {#book_reviews}
A reviewer of *Publishers Weekly* commented \"Like *Into Thin Air*, Jon Krakauer\'s bestselling chronicle of the same expedition, this account is a gripping account of the Mountain Madness group\'s bid to reach the top of the world\'s highest peak, one that combines Boukreev\'s firsthand recollections and DeWalt\'s interviews with team members. But Boukreev and DeWalt, a freelance journalist, also offer a look at the mundane tasks associated with climbing, such as obtaining the necessary permits and equipment, and taking the reader through the complex preparations required to scale the mountain, including the establishment of various camps and the acclimatization process required for climbers to adjust to higher altitudes\".
A reviewer of *Kirkus Reviews* stated \"Mountain guide Boukreev tells his version of the events of the May 1996 Mt. Everest disaster, in which five climbers died, in an effort to clear his name of damning allegations made in Jon Krakauer\'s bestselling *Into Thin Air*. Boukreev is well known in climbing circles as a good, tough, experienced guide, not especially personable or given to pampering the clients, but utterly reliable, especially in tight situations\".
## Criticism
Neal Beidleman, one of the three surviving guides of the expedition, stated, "I think that *The Climb* is a dishonest account of the May tragedy... \[N\]either you nor your associates once called to fact-check a single detail with me." Of the three guides who survived the climb, Mike Groom, was also not interviewed by the authors of *The Climb*.
Publicist Jane Bromet states in a letter to DeWalt and his publisher that the edited version of her quote that appears in *The Climb* is "absolutely wrong!" Bromet wrote, "The distortion will mislead readers into a false conclusion concerning many of the most important factors that led to the accident
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# Sanborn Young
**William Sanborn Young** (March 2, 1873 -- February 14, 1964) was a California State Senator, best known for being the husband of author Ruth Comfort Mitchell Young.
In 1914, he had recently sold his grain business and was traveling in San Francisco, California, where he was introduced to Ruth. The couple were married in October 1914 in the Grand Canyon and moved to New York City, where Ruth followed her literary pursuits, and he studied photography. They moved back to Los Gatos, California in 1917 upon the completion of their house, known as the Yung See San Fong House.
Sanborn Young devoted his energies to politics, photography, raising racing dogs and beagles, and investments. In 1925 Young was elected to the California State Senate and continued to serve there until 1939. A quiet, retiring man, it is said that he won the seat because of his wife\'s campaigning. While in the Senate, his primary interests were the conservation of wild animals, and legislating against narcotics. In 1929 his bill to abolish sawtooth traps except for bears was enacted.
In the State Senate, he was head of the Narcotics Committee and introduced legislation to control narcotics. Because of Young\'s expertise, President Herbert Hoover appointed him as one of the United States delegates to the International Conference for the Limitation of the Manufacture of Drugs in 1931, which was held in Geneva, Switzerland. Attended by fifty-five nations, the resulting treaty was partially drafted by Young.
These political ties resulted in the Youngs becoming friends of the Hoovers, who resided in nearby Palo Alto. Several letters from Hoover to the Youngs indicate that theirs was a close relationship.
Sanborn Young said of his life, \"My own claim to fame is that I married Ruth Comfort Mitchell, I became a California State Senator and wrote the narcotics bill, I raised the champion beagle
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# Robert Farrar Capon
**Robert Farrar Capon** (October 26, 1925 -- September 5, 2013) was an American Episcopal priest, author and chef.
He was born in Jackson Heights, Queens in 1925 and graduated from Columbia College in 1946 and Columbia Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in 1947. A lifelong New Yorker, for almost thirty years Capon was a full-time parish priest in Port Jefferson, New York. In 1965, he published his first book, *Bed and Board.*
In 1977 the 51 year-old Capon was relieved of his parish duties after he revealed his intent to divorce his wife and remarry. He left the full-time ministry and devoted more time to his writing career. He authored a total of twenty books, including *Between Noon and Three*, *The Supper of the Lamb*, *Genesis: The Movie*, and a trilogy on Jesus\' parables: *The Parables of Grace*, *The Parables of the Kingdom*, and *The Parables of Judgment*.
Capon described himself, in the introduction to *The Romance of the Word* (1995), as an \"old-fashioned high churchman and a Thomist to boot.\" One of Capon\'s primary themes is the radical grace of God. Capon summarizes his broad view of salvation as follows: `{{quote|I am and I am not a [[universalism|universalist]]. I am one if you are talking about what God in Christ has done to save the world. The Lamb of God has not taken away the sins of some—of only the good, or the cooperative, or the select few who can manage to get their act together and die as perfect peaches. He has taken away the sins of the world—of every last being in it—and he has dropped them down the black hole of Jesus' death. On the cross, he has shut up forever on the subject of guilt: "There is therefore now no condemnation. . . ." All human beings, at all times and places, are home free whether they know it or not, feel it or not, believe it or not.
But I am not a universalist if you are talking about what people may do about accepting that happy-go-lucky gift of God's grace. I take with utter seriousness everything that Jesus had to say about [[hell]], including the eternal torment that such a foolish non-acceptance of his already-given acceptance must entail. All theologians who hold Scripture to be the Word of God must inevitably include in their work a tractate on hell. But I will not—because Jesus did not—locate hell outside the realm of grace. Grace is forever sovereign, even in Jesus' parables of judgment. No one is ever kicked out at the end of those parables who wasn't included in at the beginning.<ref>''The Romance of the Word'', page 9</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
In the 1990s Capon served as assisting priest at St. Luke\'s Church in East Hampton, New York, and was the Canon Theologian to the Episcopal Bishop of Long Island. He lived with his wife Valerie in Shelter Island, New York as of 2004.
Capon also had a lifelong interest in food and cooking, and authored several cookbooks. He was a food columnist for *Newsday* and *The New York Times*, and taught cooking classes.
Robert Capon died on September 5, 2013, in Greenport, New York. He was survived by his second wife Valerie and his eight children
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# List of organisms named after famous people
In biological nomenclature, organisms often receive scientific names that honor a person. A taxon (e.g., species or genus; plural: taxa) named in honor of another entity is an eponymous taxon, and names specifically honoring a person or persons are known as patronyms. Scientific names are generally formally published in peer-reviewed journal articles or larger monographs along with descriptions of the named taxa and ways to distinguish them from other taxa. Following rules of Latin grammar, species or subspecies names derived from a man\'s name often end in *-i* or *-ii* if named for an individual, and *-orum* if named for a group of men or mixed-sex group, such as a family. Similarly, those named for a woman often end in *-ae*, or *-arum* for two or more women. There are exceptions such as *Strumigenys ayersthey*.
This list includes organisms named after famous individuals or ensembles (including bands and comedy troupes), but excludes companies, institutions, ethnic groups or nationalities, and populated places. It does not include organisms named for fictional entities (which can be found in the List of organisms named after works of fiction), for biologists or other natural scientists,`{{NoteTag|[[Charles Darwin]], for instance, has over [[Commemoration of Charles Darwin#Scientific names|300 eponymous organisms]].}}`{=mediawiki} nor for associates or family members of researchers who are not otherwise notable.
The scientific names are given as originally described (their basionyms): subsequent research may have placed species in different genera, or rendered them taxonomic synonyms of previously described taxa. Some of these names are unavailable in the zoological sense or illegitimate in the botanical sense due to senior homonyms already having the same name
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# McComb station
**McComb station** is a train station in McComb, Mississippi, United States, serving Amtrak\'s *City of New Orleans* passenger train. This is a flag stop and the trains only stop if passengers have tickets to and from the station. On May 30, 2021, the station building fell victim to arson and was believed to be a total loss. However, after the structure was inspected by an architectural firm, as well as two construction contractors experienced in rehabilitating burned structures, it was determined in November, 2021, that most of the depot\'s walls could be saved in the central area and southern ends of the building. On January 3, 2022, Pike Construction of Mississippi began the rebuilding process, which is expected to take 9--12 months to complete.
## History
The station was built in 1901 by the Illinois Central Railroad and was restored in 1998, and again on June 13, 2003. The station house is currently the home of the **McComb Railroad Museum**. It also houses the waiting room for Amtrak passengers
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# Xuejia Lai
**Xuejia Lai** (`{{zh|s=来学嘉 |t=來學嘉 |p=Lái Xuéjiā}}`{=mediawiki}) is a cryptographer, currently a professor at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. His notable work includes the design of the block cipher IDEA based on the Lai-Massey scheme, the theory of Markov ciphers, and the cryptanalysis of a number of cryptographic hash functions. His book *On the Design and Security of Block Ciphers* (`{{ISBN|978-3891915738}}`{=mediawiki}) is frequently cited in cryptography papers.
Lai received a B.Sc. in electrical engineering in 1982 and an M.Sc. in mathematics in 1984 at Xidian University (then known as *Northwest Institute of Telecommunication Engineering*). About 1982 he met James Massey, who was visiting the university to give lectures in cryptography. Lai served as interpreter for these lectures. He later became one of Massey\'s doctoral students at ETH Zurich, where he received his Ph.D. in 1992. Together they designed the IDEA cipher
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# Heartattack and Vine (song)
\"**Heartattack and Vine**\" is a song from the Tom Waits album by the same name. The song takes its name from Hollywood and Vine in Hollywood. It refers to locations and details of Los Angeles (for example, Cahuenga is a street, and the local bus system was formerly known as the RTD).
## Lawsuit
The song was covered by Screamin\' Jay Hawkins and featured in the Levi\'s commercial \"Procession\" directed by Michael Haussman. Waits sued in European court over this use of his music and won. The following apology from Levi\'s appeared in a 1993 issue of *Billboard*:
> Tom Waits is opposed to his music, voice, name or picture being used in commercials. We at Levi Strauss & Co. have long admired Mr. Waits\' work and respect his artistic integrity including his heartfelt views on the use of his music in commercials. From January to June 1993 Levi Strauss Europe authorized broadcasting in 17 countries a commercial for Levi\'s 501 jeans called \"Procession\". This commercial featured Tom Waits\' song \"Heart Attack and Vine\" performed by Screamin\' Jay Hawkins. We obtained the rights in good faith and were unaware of Mr. Waits\' objections to such usage of his composition. We meant no offense to Mr. Waits and regret that \"Heart Attack and Vine\" was used against his wishes and that the commercial caused him embarrassment
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# Thomas Enevoldsen
**Thomas Enevoldsen** (born 27 July 1987) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a forward. He made eleven appearances for the Denmark national team scoring one goal.
## Club career {#club_career}
### AaB
Enevoldsen was born in Frejlev, a suburb to Aalborg. He got his domestic breakthrough during AaB\'s championship-winning 2007--08 Danish Superliga season. Enevoldsen played 31 of 33 Superliga games and scored three goals. He also played well at the European stage, and scored a goal at White Hart Lane against Tottenham Hotspur in the 2007--08 UEFA Cup, to put AaB one ahead in a game they eventually lost 3--2. On 3 April 2008, he was selected as Player of the Month in March by the managers and team captains of the Superliga clubs.
Enevoldsen played 28 games in the 2008--09 Danish Superliga season, as well as games in the European 2008--09 UEFA Champions League and 2008--09 UEFA Cup tournaments. In the Summer of 2009, Enevoldsen was linked with a transfer to Benfica.
### Groningen
At the start of the 2009--10 Danish Superliga season, Enevoldsen signed a five-year deal with Eredivisie club FC Groningen. Groningen paid a reported DKK 9.3 million (€1.25 million) for him. He scored his first three goals for FC Groningen in the same match on 13 December 2009 against Sparta Rotterdam. All goals were scored from outside of the penalty area.
### Mechelen
Following the 2011--12 season, Enevoldsen moved to Mechelen, who had already signed his compatriot Mads Junker earlier in the transfer window. He made his debut on 28 July 2012 in a 4--2 league win over Club Brugge. He began his tenure with the club as a starter, but in his second season he played less. He made 38 total appearances for the club, in which he scored five goals.
#### AaB (loan) {#aab_loan}
As a result of his situation, Enevoldsen returned to AaB on a one-year loan deal on 16 June 2014. He made his first appearance after returning to Denmark on 19 July 2014, starting in a 0--0 away draw against SønderjyskE. He scored his first goal after returning on 23 October, in 3--0 shutdown of Dynamo Kyiv in the UEFA Europa League group stage.
### Return to AaB {#return_to_aab}
After his loan deal with AaB ended, Enevoldsen agreed to a two-year permanent deal with the club on 19 June 2015. Two successful years followed, in which he made 53 total appearances and scored 19 goals. He left the club upon his contract expiring on 30 June 2017.
### NAC Breda {#nac_breda}
On 30 August 2017, Enevoldsen signed a one-year contract with NAC Breda with the option of an additional year. He made his debut on 20 September in a 4--3 loss to Achilles \'29 in the KNVB Cup. Despite the loss, he came on as a substitute and scored the third goal for his club deep into injury time after an assist by Thierry Ambrose. His domestic league debut followed three days later in a 2--0 away win over Feyenoord, coming on as a late substitute and scoring his second goal in two games. After a strong start, Enevoldsen would mostly appear as a substitute during the remainder of the fall. He finished with 12 appearances in which he scored two goals.
### Orange County SC {#orange_county_sc}
On 10 February 2018, Enevoldsen joined Orange County SC of the United Soccer League. He made his debut for the club 18 March in a 1--1 home draw against Phoenix Rising FC at Championship Soccer Stadium. His first goal for the club came on 29 March as he helped down OKC Energy FC 1--0 for Orange County\'s first win of 2018. In the following game on 31 March, Enevoldsen notched his first hat-trick for the club in a 5--0 away win over the Tulsa Roughnecks, assisting another. His strong form continued down the stretch for Orange County, adding braces to his record against Portland Timbers 2 and Las Vegas Lights FC. He finished the season as the club\'s top goalscorer with 20 goals in 34 appearances in which he added nine assists, earning him second place in the 2018 USL Golden Boot race, only behind Cameron Lancaster, and a spot on the USL All-League First Team. In his 2018 season, Enevoldsen set the Orange County SC single-season goal scoring record.
### Indy Eleven {#indy_eleven}
On 29 January 2019, Enevoldsen moved to USL side Indy Eleven.
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# Thomas Enevoldsen
## Club career {#club_career}
### Sacramento Republic {#sacramento_republic}
On 12 August 2019, Enevoldsen transferred to Sacramento Republic for the remainder of the 2019 USL Championship season.
### Return to Orange County {#return_to_orange_county}
On 25 December 2019, Enevoldsen signed a contract to return to Orange County SC. Enevoldsen was loaned out to newly relegated Danish 1st Division club Hobro IK on 2 September 2020 for the rest of the year.
#### Retirement
Enevoldsen retired from professional football after his final game for Orange County SC on 28 November 2021, playing the closing 30 minutes of the 2021 USL Championship final, which ended with his team lifting a trophy at Al Lang Stadium after defeating the Tampa Bay Rowdies with the final score of 3--1. He would instead focus on a media company he co-founded in 2016.
## International career {#international_career}
Enevoldsen made his international debut with the Under-18 national selection in September 2004. He played a total of 26 youth international matches.
In October 2009, Enevoldsen was called up for the Denmark national team for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying games against Sweden and Hungary. He made his debut when he replaced Søren Larsen for the second half of the match against Hungary. He scored his first international goal in a May 2010 friendly match against Senegal. He played one game in the 2010 FIFA World Cup.
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# Thomas Enevoldsen
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### International
: *Scores and results list Denmark\'s goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Enevoldsen goal.*
No. Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
----- ------------- ----------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- -------------
1 27 May 2010 Aalborg Stadion, Aalborg, Denmark 2--0 2--0 Friendly
: List of international goals scored by Thomas Enevoldsen
## Honours
**AaB**
- Danish Superliga: 2007--08
**Orange County SC**
- USL Championship: 2021
## Private Life {#private_life}
He is in a relationship with the Danish former handball player Lærke Møller, with whom he has a child
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# Aliza Gur
**Aliza Gur** (*עליזה גור*, born **Alizia Gross**; 1 April 1940) is an Israeli actress and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Israel 1960 and a semifinalist at the Miss Universe 1960 held in Miami Beach. She played Vida in the James Bond film *From Russia with Love* in 1963.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born **Alizia Gross** on 1 April 1940 in Ramat Gan, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel), to a family of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Her parents had fled Nazi Germany during Hitler\'s dictatorship and settled in the city of Ramat Gan where she and her brother were born. She studied at the University of Haifa, where she designed and made dresses to help pay for tuition. Her first pageant win was as Miss Haifa.
She was enlisted as a soldier in the Israel Defense Forces. Gur also and studied acting in Tel Aviv under Peter Fry, a well known director. After her success in national and international beauty pageants, she settled in California, where she began her film and television career. Her parents emigrated to the United States, as well, and settled in Cleveland, Ohio, for a time; they died in the 1970s. In 1960, she toured America to help support the purchase of Israeli Bonds.
## Acting career {#acting_career}
In 1965, she made a guest appearance on *Perry Mason* as Dr. Nina Rivelli in \"The Case of the Baffling Bug\". Her other television credits include *The Big Valley*, *Daniel Boone*, *Get Smart*, *The Wild Wild West* and *Adventures in Paradise*. Her film credits include *Exodus* (1960), *A Place to Go* (1962), *From Russia with Love* (1963), *Night Train to Paris* (1964), *Agent for H.A.R.M.* (1966), *Kill a Dragon* (1967), *The Hand of Night* (1968), and her last movie *Tarzan and the Jungle Boy* (1968).
Her most famous role was as Vida, one of two fighting gypsies in 1963\'s James Bond film *From Russia with Love*, where she fought Miss Jamaica\'s Martine Beswick. The female lead in the film, Daniela Bianchi, had been Gur\'s roommate at the 1960 Miss Universe pageant.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Gur married twice, first in 1964 to Sy Shulman, the director of Cedars of Lebanon Hospital, and next to Sheldon Schrager, film producer and vice-president of Columbia Pictures, in charge of production, and she had one son from her first marriage. Both marriages ended in divorce.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ----------------------------- --------------------- ------------
1956 *The Ten Commandments* Walk on role Uncredited
1960 *Exodus* Extra Uncredited
1963 *From Russia with Love* Vida
1964 *The Beauty Jungle* Miss Peru
1964 *Night Train to Paris* Catherine Carrel
1966 *Agent for H.A.R.M.* Mid-Eastern Contact
1967 *Kill a Dragon* Tisa
1968 *Tarzan and the Jungle Boy* Myrna
1968 *The Hand of Night* Marissa
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------ --------------------------------------- -------------------- -------------------------------------------
1960 *Adventures in Paradise* Tiare Episode: \"The Intruders\"
1963 *Ghost Squad* Maria Episode: \"Sabotage\"
1963 *Taxi!* Tina Dobson Episode: \"Benefit of the Doubt\"
1965 *The Wackiest Ship in the Army* Terii Episode: \"Goldbrickers\"
1965 *The Big Valley* Naomi Episode: \"Earthquake\"
1965 *Burke\'s Law* Carmen Episode: \"Deadlier Than the Male\"
1965 *Perry Mason* Dr. Nina Revelli Episode: \"The Case of the Baffling Bug\"
1965 *O.K. Crackerby!* Carla Compagna Episode: \"Bitter Ravioli\"
1965 *Daniel Boone* Tawna Episode: \"The Christmas Story\"
1967 *The Man from U.N.C.L.E
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# Mark Rubinstein
**Mark Edward Rubinstein** (June 8, 1944 -- May 9, 2019) was a leading financial economist and financial engineer. He was Paul Stephens Professor of Applied Investment Analysis at the Haas School of Business of the University of California, Berkeley. He held various other professional offices, directing the American Finance Association, amongst others, and was editor of several first-tier academic journals including both the *Journal of Financial Economics* and the *Journal of Finance*. He was the author of numerous papers and four books.
Rubinstein was a senior and pioneering academic in the field of finance, focusing on derivatives, particularly options, and was known for his contributions to both theory and practice, especially portfolio insurance and the binomial options pricing model (also known as the Cox-Ross-Rubinstein model), as well as his work on discrete time stochastic calculus more generally. His book *Option Markets*, was \"the first work that popularized probabilistic and scientific methods in options, helping inaugurate the derivatives revolution.\" Along with fellow Berkeley finance professor Hayne E. Leland and adjunct professor John O\'Brien, Rubinstein developed the portfolio insurance financial product in 1976. (This strategy later became associated with the October 19, 1987, Stock Market Crash; see `{{slink|Black Monday (1987)#Causes}}`{=mediawiki}). With Leland and O\'Brien he also introduced the first exchange-traded fund (ETF) in the United States. Rubinstein popularized the term \"exotic option\" in 1990/92 working paper [\"Exotic Options\"](https://ideas.repec.org/p/ucb/calbrf/rpf-220.html) (with Eric Reiner), with the term based either on \"exotic wagers\" in Horse racing, or due to the use of international terms such as \"Asian option\", suggesting the \"exotic Orient\".
Rubinstein had been on the Haas faculty since 1972. He was instrumental in building the Haas-Berkeley Master of Financial Engineering (MFE) Program, focused on equipping candidates with skills in financial engineering for careers as quants; he was also involved in teaching courses on the program; and previously various other finance courses, both on the Haas-MBA and at Berkeley. The Berkeley-MFE was considered by many as the number one financial engineering program in the US.
He held a BA in economics from Harvard University *magna cum laude*, an MBA in finance from Stanford University, and a PhD in finance from the University of California, Los Angeles
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# Aerodrom Municipality, Skopje
**Aerodrom** (*Аеродром*; `{{IPA|mk|ˈaɛrɔdrɔm||Mk-Aerodrom.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}, meaning *Airport* or *Aerodrome*) is the largest in population of the ten municipalities that make up the city of Skopje, the capital of North Macedonia. Despite its name, it is not home to Skopje International Airport, which is in Petrovec.
## Geography
Aerodrom borders Kisela Voda Municipality to the southwest, Centar Municipality to the northwest, Gazi Baba Municipality to the northeast, and Studeničani Municipality to the south.
## Demographics
According to the 2021 North Macedonia census, Aerodrom municipality has 77,735 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in this municipality include:
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------
2002
Number \%
**TOTAL** **72,009** **100**
Macedonians 64,391 89.42
Serbs 3,085 4.28
Albanians 1,014 1.41
Vlachs 501 0.7
Turks 430 0.6
Roma 580 0.81
Bosniaks 538 0.75
Other / Undeclared / Unknown 1,470 2.03
Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources
------------------------------------------------------------- ------------ ---------
The total number of students in the municipality in 2011, in comparison to the total number of students in 2007, increased by 9.9%. Aerodrom is the first municipality in Macedonia by rise of the total number of students.\[4\]
## Sport
- MZT Skopje is the most popular club in Macedonia. The club competes in the Macedonian First League and Adriatic League. The club\'s home ground is Jane Sandanski Arena. MZT is a 11-time champion of North Macedonia.
- Gorno Lisiče is a football club from Gorno Lisiče neighbourhood. The club competes in the Second Macedonian Football League. The club currently plays at the Cementarnica Stadium in Kisela Voda Municipality
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# Alexander Kuo
**Alexander Kuo** (born 1939 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American teacher, poet, fiction writer, and essayist. He was a Professor of English at Washington State University, and retired in 2012. He has taught in numerous academic institutions in China, including Beijing and Changchun universities. In 2002 he won an American Book Award for his *Lipstick and Other Stories* of the Before Columbus Foundation.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Alexander Kuo was born in Boston, Massachusetts, where his father Zing-Yang Kuo, a visiting Chinese scientist, was doing research at the Carnegie Nutrition Laboratory. His mother, Lin Qui Fang, was also a scientist. His parents returned to China in 1939, when he was 9 months old. He lived in Chongqing and Shanghai until 1947, when his family moved to Hong Kong. In 1956 he came to the United States to continue his education. He received his B.A. from Knox College in Illinois in 1961, where he studied with Sam Moon and Gogisgi. He earned an M.F.A. from the University of Iowa, where he studied in the Iowa Writer\'s Workshop with Donald Justice and Philip Roth.
## Career
Kuo was a professor of English at Washington State University (WSU), which lists him as an example of their \"world class faculty.\" He is the former chair of the Department of Comparative American Cultures (now called Comparative Ethnic Studies). In 2001, WSU named him as their first Writer-in-Residence.
Kuo has been a mentor to Sherman Alexie, a notable Native American writer.
## Honors
- Kuo has won multiple National Endowment for the Arts grants.
- He has held numerous teaching fellowships in China, including a 1989 fellowship at Beijing University, Senior Fulbright Scholar at Changchun University in 1991-92, and a Lingnan Fellow in Hong Kong in 1997-98.
- He has held positions at numerous universities in China including Peking University, Beijing Forestry University, Jilin University, and Hong Kong Baptist University.
- In 2002-03, Kuo was Writer-in-Residence with the Mercy Corps.
- 2003-2004, he received a Rockefeller Foundation grant for a Bellagio residency in Italy.
- 2002, *Lipstick and Other Stories* won the American Book Award of the Before Columbus Foundation.
## Writing
Reviewer Robert H. Abel said in 2001 that Kuo\'s writing makes demands on the reader in a way comparable to Franz Kafka or Jorge Luis Borges.
## Works
### Poetry
- *The Window Tree* (1974)
- *New Letters from Hiroshima, and Other Poems* (1974)
- *Changing the River* (1986)
- *This Fierce Geography* (1998)
- *A Chinaman's Chance:* *New and Selected Poems 1960-2010* (2011)
- *Meeting Words at the Gate* (Bilingual English/Chinese, 2015)
### Fiction
- *Chinese Opera* (novel, 1998)
- *Lipstick and Other Stories* (short stories, 2001)
- *Panda Diaries* (novel, 2006)
- *White Jade and Other Stories* (short stories, 2008)
- *The Man Who Dammed the Yangtze: A Mathematical Novel* (novel, 2011)
- *shanghai.shanghai
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# Muroran Main Line
The `{{nihongo|'''Muroran Main Line'''|室蘭本線|Muroran Honsen}}`{=mediawiki} is a railway line in Hokkaido operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), between Oshamambe Station in Oshamambe and Iwamizawa Station in Iwamizawa, approximately paralleling the coast of Iburi Subprefecture. There also is a branch line within Muroran, between Higashi-muroran and Muroran Station.
The 28.7 km section between Shiraoi and Numanohata is the longest straight railway section in Japan.
On 19 November 2016, JR Hokkaido\'s president announced plans to rationalise the network by up to 1,237 km, or \~50% of the current network, including the proposed conversion to Third Sector operation of the Tomakomai--Iwamizawa section of the Muroran Main Line. However, if local governments do not come up with an agreement, the section may face closure.
## Basic data {#basic_data}
- Operators, distances
- Hokkaido Railway Company (Services and tracks)
- From Oshamambe to Iwamizawa: 211.0 km
- From Higashi-Muroran to Muroran: 7.0 km
- Japan Freight Railway Company (Services)
- From Oshamambe to Iwamizawa: 211.0 km
- Track:
- Double: 176.7 km
- From Oshamambe to Tōya: 41.5 km
- From Usu to Nagawa: 4.9 km
- From Mareppu to Mikawa: 118.2 km
- From Yuni to Kuriyama: 5.1 km
- From Muroran to Higashi-Muroran: 7.0 km
- Single: the remainder
- Electric supply:
- From Muroran, via Higashi-Muroran to Numanohata: 74.9 km (20,000 V AC)
- Other sections are not electrified.
- Block system: Automatic
## Services
The section between Oshamambe and Numanohata is the part of the main link route between Sapporo and Hakodate. As such, the limited express trains *Super Hokuto* and *Hokuto* run between two cities once per 1 to 2 hours, as well as *Suzuran* between Sapporo and Muroran.
As for the local service, the line is roughly divided into four sections, namely the section between Oshamambe and Higashi-Muroran, between Higashi-Muroran and Muroran, between Higashi-Muroran and Tomakomai, and between Tomakomai and Iwamizawa. The last section was once an important freight route, but became a quiet local line after coal mines closed.
### Former services {#former_services}
Prior to the opening of the Hokkaido Shinkansen, there were also sleeping car trains between Honshu and Hokkaido, such as the *Hokutosei*, *Cassiopeia*, *Twilight Express*, and *Hamanasu*.
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# Muroran Main Line
## Stations
Some local trains may skip Koboro (marked \"◌\").
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| Station | | | Distance\ |
| | | | (km) |
+=========+====================================+============+===========+
| | Oshamambe | 長万部 | 0.0 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Shizukari | 静狩 | 10.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Koboro ◌ | 小幌 | 17.5 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Rebun | 礼文 | 23.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Ōkishi | 大岸 | 27.7 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Toyoura | 豊浦 | 36.1 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Tōya | 洞爺 | 41.5 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Usu | 有珠 | 46.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Nagawa | 長和 | 51.5 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Date-Mombetsu | 伊達紋別 | 54.5 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Kita-Funaoka | 北舟岡 | 57.4 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Mareppu | 稀府 | 60.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Kogane | 黄金 | 65.1 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Sakimori | 崎守 | 67.3 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | *Jinyamachi Freight Terminal* | 陣屋町(貨) | 69.7 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Moto-Wanishi | 本輪西 | 72.7 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Higashi-Muroran | 東室蘭 | 77.2 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | *Higashi-Muroran Freight Terminal* | 東室蘭(貨) | 78.2 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Washibetsu | 鷲別 | 79.1 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Horobetsu | 幌別 | 86.8 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Tomiura | 富浦 | 92.3 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Noboribetsu | 登別 | 94.7 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Kojōhama | 虎杖浜 | 98.1 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Takeura | 竹浦 | 102.9 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Kita-yoshihara | 北吉原 | 105.7 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Hagino | 萩野 | 107.8 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Shiraoi | 白老 | 113.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Shadai | 社台 | 119.1 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Nishikioka | 錦岡 | 125.4 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Itoi | 糸井 | 130.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Aoba | 青葉 | 132.8 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Tomakomai | 苫小牧 | 135.2 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | *Tomakomai Freight Terminal* | 苫小牧(貨) | 138.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Numanohata | 沼ノ端 | 144.0 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Toasa | 遠浅 | 152.9 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Hayakita | 早来 | 158.3 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Abira | 安平 | 164.0 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Oiwake | 追分 | 170.8 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Mikawa | 三川 | 178.8 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Furusan | 古山 | 182.2 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Yuni | 由仁 | 186.4 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Kuriyama | 栗山 | 191.5 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Kurioka | 栗丘 | 195.7 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Kurisawa | 栗沢 | 199.6 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Shibun | 志文 | 203.9 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | Iwamizawa | 岩見沢 | 211.0 |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
| | | | |
+---------+------------------------------------+------------+-----------+
### Branch Line {#branch_line}
+---------+-----------------+--------+-----------+
| Station | | | Distance\ |
| | | | (km) |
+=========+=================+========+===========+
| | Higashi-Muroran | 東室蘭 | 0.0 |
+---------+-----------------+--------+-----------+
| | Wanishi | 輪西 | 2.3 |
+---------+-----------------+--------+-----------+
| | Misaki | 御崎 | 4.2 |
+---------+-----------------+--------+-----------+
| | Bokoi | 母恋 | 5.9 |
+---------+-----------------+--------+-----------+
| | Muroran | 室蘭 | 7.0 |
+---------+-----------------+--------+-----------+
| | | | |
+---------+-----------------+--------+-----------+
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
### Local
- KiHa 40 series DMUs
- KiHa 143 DMUs (Oshamambe to Numanohata)
- KiHa 150 DMUs (Oshamambe to Tomakomai)
- 711 series EMUs (until 26 October 2012)
- 737 series EMUs (Tomakomai to Muroran, from spring 2023)
### Limited express {#limited_express}
*Suzuran*
: 785 series AC EMUs
: 789 series AC EMUs
*Super Hokuto*
: KiHa 281 series DMUs
: KiHa 261-1000 series DMUs
*Hokuto*
: KiHa 183 series DMUs
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# Muroran Main Line
## History
In 1892, the Hokkaido Colliery and Railway Company opened the line from Muroran (now Higashi-Muroran) to Iwamizawa. The line was built to link coal mines in the Iwamizawa-Asahikawa region and Muroran Port. The line was extended to the current Muroran in 1897. The Japanese Government nationalised the Hokkaido Colliery Railway in 1906, and the Higashi-Muroran--Muroran section was double-tracked in 1910.
The section between Oshamambe and Higashi-Muroran was opened between 1923 and 1928 as the `{{nihongo|Osawa Line|長輪線|Osawa-sen}}`{=mediawiki} by the Imperial Japanese Government Railways, which later became the Japanese National Railways (JNR). The line was built to bypass the mountainous section of the Hakodate Main Line, as well as to link the inland Iburi to the Muroran Port. The two lines were merged into one in 1931, and renamed the Muroran Main Line, with the Higashi-Muroran--Muroran section becoming known as the branchline. In 1935, a rail motor service was established on the branchline.
Initially, the line mainly functioned as a freight line. However, with the reduction in coal being mined, from the 1960s the line\'s main traffic shifted to passengers. At present, all the intercity express trains between Sapporo and Hakodate operate over the Chitose and Muroran lines to Oshamambe, bypassing the north section of the Hakodate Main Line route.
The last steam locomotive hauled regular service ran between Iwamizawa and Muroran in 1975.
### Duplication
Growing coal traffic on the Iwamizawa--Muroran section resulted in the double-tracking of the 101 km Higashi-Muroran--Mikawa section in stages between 1920 and 1958. The 7 km Iwamizawa--Shibun section was double-tracked in 1961, but returned to single track in 1994. The 9 km Yuni--Kurioka section was doubled between 1968 and 1969, but the 4 km Kuriyama--Kurioka section became single track in 1990 as a result of the collapse of a tunnel.
The 42 km Oshamambe--Toya section was double-tracked between 1964 and 1975, involving the construction of ten new tunnels and realignments that reduced the route length by 1.7 km. Several of the abandoned single-track tunnels can be seen in this section.
The Usu--Nagawa section was double-tracked in 1968, and the Mareppu--Higashi-Muroran section was doubled in stages between 1968 and 1978, with five new tunnels and realignments shortening the route by 0.8 km.
### Electrification
The Numanohata--Muroran section was electrified in 1980 in conjunction with the electrification of the Chitose Line to Sapporo.
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# Muroran Main Line
## History
### Former connecting lines {#former_connecting_lines}
- Toya station -- A 9 km private line electrified at 600 V DC connected to Toyako, operating from 1929 until 1941.
- Date Monbetsu station -- The Ibura line from Kutchan on the Hakodate Main Line was extended to Date Monbetsu between 1940 and 1941, and closed in 1986.
- Noboribetsu station -- In 1915, a `{{RailGauge|762mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge horse-drawn line opened to an *onsen* hot spring resort 9 km away. A steam locomotive was introduced in 1918, halving the journey time to 1 hour. The line was converted to `{{RailGauge|1067mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge and electrified at 600 V DC in 1925, reducing the journey to 35 minutes, but the line closed due to the economic depression in 1933.
- Tomakomai station -- The Oji Paper Co. built a `{{RailGauge|762mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge line a total distance of 35 km from 1908 to construct a series of hydro-electric power stations which opened in 1910, 1916, 1918, and 1919. In 1922, a summer-only tourist service was introduced, patronised by the Japanese Emperor. In 1934, the 8 kg/m rail was replaced with 10 kg/m rail, and in 1936 the passenger service became year-round. A fifth power station was opened in 1941, and the line was replaced by buses in 1951.
- Numanohata station -- The Hokkaido Coal Co. opened a 70 km line to a coal mine near Hobetsu between 1922 and 1923. The line was nationalised in 1943, and a 3.6 km connecting line built from Mukawa to the line, with the Hidaka Main Line becoming the route to the Muroran Port, and the initial 24 km section to Numanohata closing.
- Hayakita station -- A horse-drawn timber tramway was opened to Atsuma (8 km) in 1904, and extended a further 10 km to Horonoi in 1927. Petrol locomotives were introduced in 1931. The Horonoi -- Atsuma section closed in 1948, with the remainder closing in 1951.
- Kuriyama station -- The Hokkaido Colliery and Steamship Co. built a 34 km line from Kuriyama (including a bridge over the line) to Yubari in 1926, including a switch-back (or zig-zag) section at Nishikisawa. A 23 km extension opened from Kuriyama--Nopporo (on the Hakodate Main Line 18 km east of Sapporo) in 1930. At its peak in 1965, the line carried 1.5 million tonnes of coal and another 0.5 million tonnes of general freight annually, as well as 2 million passengers. The entire line closed in 1975 after the closure of the mine in 1972. A 4.7 km branch to the Tsunoda mine operated from 1927 until 1970.
- Shibun station -- A 24 km line to a coal mine at Manjitanzan opened in 1914, with passenger services provided from 1924. The mine closed in 1978, and the line closed in 1985. A 3 km horse-drawn line opened to the Hokusei coal mine in 1920, with a steam locomotive and passenger carriages introduced in 1946. The line and mine closed in 1967
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# Hidaka Main Line
The `{{nihongo|'''Hidaka Main Line'''|日高本線|Hidaka-honsen}}`{=mediawiki} is a railway line in Hokkaido, Japan, operated by Hokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido), between Tomakomai Station in Tomakomai and Samani Station in Samani, running along the coast of Hidaka Subprefecture. Services on the 116.0 km (72.1 mi) section of the line beyond Mukawa Station were suspended indefinitely since January 2015 due to storm damage. This section was closed on 1 April 2021 and replaced by a bus service. The closure of this section made the line the second shortest in Japan to be classified as a \'main line\', at just 30.5 km (19.0 mi), after the Rumoi Main Line\'s length of 14.4 km (8.9 mi).
## Services
All regular trains are local trains, which stop at all stations.
## Stations
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| Station | | | Distance\ |
| | | | (km) |
+=========+==================+==========+===========+
| | Tomakomai | 苫小牧 | 0.0 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Yūfutsu | 勇払 | 13.1 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Hama-Atsuma | 浜厚真 | 22.7 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Hama-Taura | 浜田浦 | 27.0 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Mukawa | 鵡川 | 30.5 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Shiomi | 汐見 | 34.5 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Tomikawa | 富川 | 43.6 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Hidaka-Mombetsu | 日高門別 | 51.3 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Toyosato | 豊郷 | 56.3 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Kiyohata | 清畠 | 61.1 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Atsuga | 厚賀 | 65.6 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Ōkaribe | 大狩部 | 71.1 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Seppu | 節婦 | 73.1 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Niikappu | 新冠 | 77.2 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Shizunai | 静内 | 82.1 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Higashi-Shizunai | 東静内 | 90.9 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Harutachi | 春立 | 97.0 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Hidaka-Tōbetsu | 日高東別 | 99.4 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Hidaka-Mitsuishi | 日高三石 | 105.8 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Hōei | 蓬栄 | 109.8 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Honkiri | 本桐 | 113.0 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Ogifushi | 荻伏 | 120.2 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Efue | 絵笛 | 125.1 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Urakawa | 浦河 | 130.3 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Higashichō | 東町 | 132.4 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Hidaka-Horobetsu | 日高幌別 | 136.9 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Utoma | 鵜苫 | 141.1 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Nishi-Samani | 西様似 | 143.6 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
| | Samani | 様似 | 146.5 |
+---------+------------------+----------+-----------+
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# Hidaka Main Line
## History
The first section was opened in October 1913 by the `{{nihongo|Tomakomai Light Railway|苫小牧軽便鉄道|Tomakomai Keiben Tetsudō}}`{=mediawiki}, operating between `{{STN|Tomakomai|x}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{Nihongo|Sarufuto|佐瑠太}}`{=mediawiki} (present-day `{{STN|Tomikawa|x}}`{=mediawiki}). The section between Sarufuto and `{{STN|Shizunai|x}}`{=mediawiki} was operated by the `{{nihongo|Hidaka Takushoku Railway|日高拓殖鉄道|Hidaka Takushoku Tetsudō}}`{=mediawiki}. Both lines were light railways with a track gauge of `{{Track gauge|762mm}}`{=mediawiki}.
The lines were nationalized on 1 August 1927, and merged into one, becoming the Hidaka Line. The track gauge was widened to `{{Track gauge|1067mm}}`{=mediawiki} between Tomakomai and Sarufuto on 26 November 1929, and between Sarafuto and Shizunai on 10 November 1931. The line was extended from Shizunai to `{{STN|Hidaka-Mitsuishi|x}}`{=mediawiki} on 15 December 1933, to `{{STN|Urakawa|x|Hokkaido}}`{=mediawiki} on 24 October 1935, and to Samani on 10 August 1937.
With the privatization of JNR on 1 April 1987, the line came under the control of JR Hokkaido.
### Service suspension {#service_suspension}
Following storm damage between Atsuga and Ōkaribe stations on 8 January 2015, rail services had been suspended on the 116.0 km (72.1 mi) section beyond Mukawa station, with buses providing a substitute service. Further damage was caused to the line by Typhoon 17 or Typhoon Kilo on 12 September 2015, and no date had been set for the resumption of rail services beyond Mukawa. In December 2016, JR Hokkaido announced that it had abandoned plans to reopen the suspended section of the line, and was in discussion with the local governments involved.
Due to low ridership and very high repair costs, including coastal defences between Atsuga and Ōkaribe, JR Hokkaido held several meetings with the seven towns along the suspended segment of the line, suggesting to abandon plans to restore the line and replace it with a bus service. In November 2019, six out of the seven towns agreed to replace the damaged section with a bus service. However, the town of Urakawa still strongly requested for the whole line to be restored; Urakawa\'s mayor reasoned that it would still take a while for the \'developing\' Hidaka Expressway to reach the town, therefore it being necessary to retain the rail service.
In September 2020, after five years of meetings and discussions, many of which involved extensive arguments and disagreements, all seven towns eventually agreed with JR Hokkaido to abandon the line\'s damaged section and replace it with a bus service. The 116.0 km (72.1 mi) section was formally closed on 1 April 2021
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# Chōshi Electric Railway Line
The `{{nihongo|'''Chōshi Electric Railway Line'''|銚子電気鉄道線|Chōshi Denki Tetsudō-sen}}`{=mediawiki} is a 6.4 km long railway line operated by the privately owned Chōshi Electric Railway between Chōshi and Tokawa stations in Chiba Prefecture, Japan.
It is the Chōshi Electric Railway\'s only line and is facing declining ridership. The company ventured into selling *nure-senbei* (moist *senbei* rice crackers) to subsidize its operations, and the profits from confectionery sales are now double those from its railway operations.
## Service pattern {#service_pattern}
All trains stop at all stations, with trains passing on the single line at Kasagami-Kurohae Station. Since 21 November 2013, one train per hour runs during the daytime.
Previously, two to three trains operated per hour throughout the day. In the past, two- or three-car formations were operated on New Year\'s Day to transport passengers to see the first sunrise of the year at the popular coastal viewing point in Inubōsaki.
thumb\|thumbtime=3\|Outside and inside a Chōshi Electric Railway Line train, 2021
## Stations
All stations are in Chōshi.
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| No. | Station | Japanese | Distance (km) | Distance between stations (km) | Date opened | Status | Transfers |
+=====+=========+==========+===============+================================+==================+===========+=================+
| | | 銚子 | 0.0 | \- | 5 July 1923 | Staffed | Sōbu Main Line\ |
| | | | | | | | Narita Line |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 仲ノ町 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 5 July 1923 | | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 観音 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 5 July 1923 | | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 本銚子 | 1.8 | 0.7 | 5 July 1923 | Unstaffed | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 笠上黒生 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 1 July 1925 | Staffed | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 西海鹿島 | 3.2 | 0.5 | 1 March 1970 | Unstaffed | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 海鹿島 | 3.6 | 0.4 | 5 July 1923 | | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 君ヶ浜 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 21 June 1931 | | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 犬吠 | 5.5 | 0.8 | 1 September 1935 | Staffed | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
| | | 外川 | 6.4 | 0.9 | 5 July 1923 | | |
+-----+---------+----------+---------------+--------------------------------+------------------+-----------+-----------------+
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# Chōshi Electric Railway Line
## Rolling stock {#rolling_stock}
- 2000 series 2-car EMUs (x2, since 24 July 2010), former Iyo Railway 800 series (originally Keio Corporation 2010 series built in 1962)
- 3000 series 2-car EMU (since 26 March 2016), former Iyo Railway 700 series (originally Keio 5000 series)
- DeKi 3 electric locomotive, built in 1922 by AEG in Germany, based at Nakanochō Depot
<File:Choshi> 2002 near Inuboh Station 20151004.JPG\|2000 series set 2002 in October 2015 <File:Choshi> Dentetsu3001 CDKocolor.jpg\|3000 series set 3001 in May 2016 <File:Choshi-Electric-Railway-deki3.jpg>\|\"DeKi 3\" electric locomotive in December 2006
In 2007, it was announced that former Keio 3000 series stainless steel EMUs converted to 2-car sets would be purchased to replace the three vintage 700 and 800 series cars still in operation. This plan was however cancelled due to the cost of converting the 1,500 V DC cars to 600 V DC operation. Instead, two pairs of former Iyo Railway 800 series EMU cars were purchased in 2009, and these entered service in July 2010 following conversion work, becoming the 2000 series.
In September 2015, a two-car 700 series EMU was purchased from the Iyo Railway for 1.3 million yen. The train entered service on the line in March 2016, following repainting into a two-tone blue livery.
### Past rolling stock {#past_rolling_stock}
- 0-6-0T steam locomotives 1 and 2 (former JNR 1102 and 1107) (Choshi Sightseeing Railway, December 1913 -- November 1917)
- Ro 1, RoHa 1, Ha 1, HaNi 1 4-wheel coaches (Choshi Sightseeing Railway, December 1913 -- November 1917)
- HaFu 1 and HaFu 2 non-powered trailer cars, withdrawn in September 1978 and cut up in 1979
- 100 series EMU car DeHa 101, built 1939, withdrawn in 1999, and scrapped in September 2009
- 200 series EMU car DeHa 201, (former Keisei MoNi 7, built in 1925), operated from 1949 until 1978, and officially withdrawn in 1979
- 300 series EMU car DeHa 301 (former Tsurumi Rinkō Railway MoHa 115, built in 1930), operated from 1951, withdrawn in 2008, scrapped in October 2009
- 500 series EMU car DeHa 501 (former Ueda Kōtsū MoHa 2321, built in 1939), operated from 1972, later sectioned at Inuboh Station, and cut up on-site in July 2012
- 700 series EMU car DeHa 701 (former Ohmi Railway MoHa 50 built in 1942), withdrawn in September 2010
- 700 series EMU car DeHa 702 (former Ohmi Railway MoHa 50, built 1942), withdrawn in January 2010
- 800 series EMU car DeHa 801 (former Iyo Railway MoHa 106 built in 1950), withdrawn in September 2010
- Yu 101 open car, (former WaMu 80000 freight car number WaMu 183983, built in 1969), operated from 4 August 1985, but taken out of service since 2004 due to safety regulations, and stored first at Tokawa Station and then at Kasagami-Kurohae Station before being official withdrawn on 30 June 2012
- 1000 series EMU car 1001 (former TRTA 2000 series built in 1960), withdrawn in February 2016
- 1000 series EMU car 1002 (former TRTA 2000 series built in 1959), withdrawn in February 2015
<File:Choshi> Electric Railway 101.JPG\|Withdrawn car DeHa 101 in December 2006 <File:Choshi> Electric Railway 301.JPG\|DeHa 301 in December 2006 <File:Choshi> Electric Railway deha701.jpg\|700 series car DeHa 701 in March 2010 <File:Choshi> Dentetsu702.jpg\|DeHa 702 in March 2008 <File:Choshi-Electric-Railway-801-02.jpg%7C800> series car DeHa 801 in July 2010 <File:Choshi> Electric Railway Yu101.JPG\|Yu 101 stored at Tokawa Station in January 2007 <File:Choshi> Dentetsu 1001 Metro color.jpg\|1000 series car DeHa 1001 in December 2012 <File:Choshi> Dentetsu 1002.jpg\|1000 series car DeHa 1002 in January 2012
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# Chōshi Electric Railway Line
## History
### Chōshi Sightseeing Railway (1913-1917) {#chōshi_sightseeing_railway_1913_1917}
The predecessor to the present-day line opened on 28 December 1913 as the `{{Nihongo|Chōshi Sightseeing Railway|銚子遊覧鉄道|Chōshi Yūran Tetsudō}}`{=mediawiki}, operating a distance of 5.9 km between `{{STN|Chōshi|x}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{STN|Inuboh|x}}`{=mediawiki} using steam haulage. The `{{RailGauge|1067mm}}`{=mediawiki} gauge line was laid by a team of 235 army engineers in just 11 days. There were four intermediate stations, at `{{STN|Nakanocho|x}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{STN|Kannon|x}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{STN|Moto-Choshi|x}}`{=mediawiki}, and `{{STN|Ashikajima|x}}`{=mediawiki}, and by 1914, eight return services operated daily, with journeys taking 23 minutes. The line used two former JNR 0-6-0T steam locomotives built by Nasmyth, Wilson in the UK. These were numbered 1 and 2 (former JNR numbers 1102 and 1107 respectively).
Faced with poor ridership figures and increases in material costs caused by the outset of the First World War, the operating company announced its intention to close the line and sell off the infrastructure. This was met with violent protests from local residents, which resulted in the arrest of three people, recorded as the first public protest against railway closure plans in Japan. Despite the protests, the railway company terminated services on the line from the afternoon of 20 November 1917, and formally closed the line as of 30 November. The line\'s trackbed was converted to a dedicated bus route, but the station buildings remained intact. The two steam locomotives, 1 and 2, were sold to Yawata Steel Works, where they were renumbered 200 and 201, and operated until after the Second World War. The line\'s four passenger coaches were sold to the Rikuu Railway (now part of the JR Gono Line) in Aomori Prefecture, ultimately becoming numbers Ro 790, Ha 2555, Ha 2556, and HaNi 3680 in JNR days.
### Chōshi Railway (1922-1948) {#chōshi_railway_1922_1948}
On 10 October 1922, the `{{Nihongo|Chōshi Railway Company|銚子鉄道株式会社|Chōshi Tetsudō Kabushikigaisha}}`{=mediawiki} was formed, and the line was reopened from 5 July 1923 using the former Chōshi Sightseeing Railway trackbed and structures between Chōshi and Inuboh Stations, with an extension south to `{{STN|Tokawa|x}}`{=mediawiki}. Rolling stock consisted of two petrol-engined locomotives and two two-axle carriages. The locomotives proved unreliable, however, and the line was electrified at 600 V DC from 1 July 1925, with a fleet of three electric cars purchased from the former `{{nihongo|Ina Electric Railway|伊那電気鉄道|Ina Denki Tetsudō}}`{=mediawiki} (present-day JR Iida Line).
Services on the line were suspended from 20 July 1945, following air raid damage. A C class steam tank locomotive was borrowed from JNR to resume operations on the line from December 1945, and electric train operations resumed from 4 April 1946.
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# Chōshi Electric Railway Line
## History
### Chōshi Electric Railway (1948-) {#chōshi_electric_railway_1948_}
On 20 August 1948, the operating company was renamed `{{Nihongo|Chōshi Electric Railway|銚子遊覧鉄道|Chōshi Denki Tetsudō}}`{=mediawiki}.
In 1956, a private track was laid directly from Chōshi Station to the nearby Yamasa soy sauce factory, which virtually eliminated freight operations handled by the Chōshi Electric Railway. And, this company was invested by Chiba Kotsu which has been an affiliated company of Keisei Electric Railway on 1 November 1960 and had been a subsidiary of Keisei Group since then until 1990. In 1963, a decision was made to close the line, but this decision was overturned following opposition from the local communities and funding from Chōshi City. To the present day, the line is largely subsidized by Chiba Prefecture and Chōshi City. Freight operations on the line were discontinued from 1 February 1984. On 21 December 1989, Chiba Kotsu transferred a 52% share of this company which was owned by Chiba Kotsu to Choden Kosan which was managed by Uchino Komuten. That\'s because this railway line was competitive with a lot of bus routes which were operated by Chiba Kotsu of the parent company, which caused that a bus company and railway company both were in red. After that this company got to a subsidiary of Choden Kosan in January 1990 by transferring right to management. From 1 April 1995, operations on the line switched to *wanman* driver-only operation because this company would extremely decrease expenditures. But, the pure loss of the management had increased because Uchinoya Komuten of a parent company had nine hundred ninety billion yen as debt and took an application of bankruptcy.
From 21 November 2013, services were cut back from two trains per hour to one train per hour during the daytime.
In 2019, the company announced the production of a movie called `{{Nihongo|"Don't Stop the Train! – The Cursed 6.4 km –"|『電車を止めるな! – 呪いの6.4 km -』|"Densha wo Tomeru na! – Noroi no 6.4 km -"}}`{=mediawiki}. The 84 minute long horror comedy is set on the Chōshi Electric Railway line and was first shown in cinemas in 2020.
As a response to the COVID-19 pandemic starting in early 2020 and the associated dramatic decline in passenger numbers, the company has started to produce and publish short videos about the railway on YouTube. The channel is called `{{Nihongo|Chōshi Electric Railway Fierce Channel|【銚子電鉄】激つらチャンネル|(Chōshi Dentetsu) Gekitsura Channeru}}`{=mediawiki} and contains videos about various places on and around the railway, such as the railway shed, the main office and various stations along the line. The videos often feature different staff members, mainly Katsuki Takemoto (CEO), Riho Sodeyama (conductor) and more recently also Kazuki Fukushima, a young station attendant.
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# Chōshi Electric Railway Line
## Accidents
A head-on collision occurred in June 1995 north of Kasagami-Kurohae Station between DeHa 701 on a down (Tokawa-bound) service and DeHa 1001 on an up (Chōshi-bound) service. Both cars sustained front-end damage. DeHa 701 was returned to service in April 1996 following repairs and repainting back into the standard livery of dark brown and red.
On 11 January 2014, at 08:19, 2000 series 2-car EMU set 2002 from Tokawa to Choshi derailed on points on the approach to Kasagami-Kurohae Station. Two of the train\'s bogies were derailed, but the train remained upright and none of the nine passengers on board were injured.
## Passenger statistics {#passenger_statistics}
The annual passenger statistics for past years are as shown below.
Fiscal year Passengers per year
------------- ---------------------
1955 1,740,000
1960 1,604,000
1965 1,609,000
1970 1,364,000
1975 1,550,000
1980 1,454,000
1985 1,336,000
1990 1,031,000
1995 932,000
2000 739,000
2005 654,000
2009 714,000
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
Tokawa Station on the line was used as a filming location for the 1985 NHK TV drama series `{{Nihongo|''Miotsukushi''|澪つくし|}}`{=mediawiki}.
The line formed the backdrop for the 2015 novel `{{Nihongo||トモシビ-銚子電鉄の小さな奇蹟|Tomoshibi: Choshi Dentetsu no Chiisa na Kiseki}}`{=mediawiki} written by Midori Yoshino. The book was made into a film, titled `{{Nihongo||トモシビ-銚子電鉄の小さな奇蹟|Tomoshibi}}`{=mediawiki}, released in Japan in 2017.
The line is seen in Season 2, Episode 5 of the Anime called The Devil is a Part-Timer! where the 6 main characters ride the line to Inubo station
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# Bryan Balkwill
**Bryan Havell Balkwill** (2 July 1922 -- 24 February 2007) was an English orchestral conductor.
Balkwill was born in London. He started to learn to play the piano at the age of four and was educated at Merchant Taylors\' School. From there he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Music. After service in the Second World War in Italy he was appointed as répétiteur for the New London Opera Company in 1947 where he became its assistant conductor. With them he made his debut at the Cambridge Theatre conducting Carl Ebert\'s production of *Rigoletto*. Around the same time he was the associate conductor of the International Ballet Company.
In 1950 he became répétiteur at Glyndebourne Festival Opera and during the same year was appointed as principal conductor of the London Festival Ballet. He returned to Glyndebourne in 1953 as chorus master and associate conductor. During the 1950s he played a part in creating the Art Council\'s Opera for All programme and was its musical director from 1953 to 1963. Also during the 1950s he was principal conductor of the Wexford Festival for seven years. He made his debut at the Royal Festival Hall in 1957 conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.
In 1959 he was appointed a resident conductor at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden and he remained there until 1965, during which time he gave more than 200 performances of 16 operas. He toured with the English Opera Group to the USSR and Portugal where he conducted *Albert Herring* and *A Midsummer Night\'s Dream*. From 1963 to 1967 he succeeded Charles Groves as music director of the Welsh National Opera. He was also the joint musical director of the Sadler\'s Wells Opera from 1966 to 1969. Here he gave the first performance of Richard Rodney Bennett\'s opera *A Penny for a Song*.
After this he went freelance, conducting the BBC orchestras, the Orchestre National de France and in Montreal, Edmonton and Vancouver. From 1979 to 1992 he was professor at the School of Music at Indiana University. He retired in 1992 and returned to Britain.
During his career he became particularly associated with the performances of Joan Sutherland, including conducting her at Covent Garden in *Alcina*, *La sonnambula* and, in her most celebrated role, *Lucia di Lammermoor*. He also conducted Peter Pears in *Peter Grimes*, Jon Vickers in *Aida* and Régine Crespin in *Tosca*
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# Christine Howser
**Christine Howser** (born 1965) is an author from Indiana, United States. After a prolonged hospitalization, she gave birth prematurely to twin sons named Steven and Timothy in October 1999, after 26 weeks of pregnancy. Both infants died shortly after. She used the experience to write her first book, *A Different Kind of Mother*, for bereaved parents, published in 2002. She holds an Associate\'s degree (1996) from Indiana University and a Bachelor of Science in organizational leadership from the University of Indianapolis (2007). She has a Master of Social Work from Indiana University School of Social Work
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# Apnea–hypopnea index
The **Apnea--Hypopnea Index** or **Apnoea--Hypopnoea Index** (**AHI**) is an index used to indicate the severity of sleep apnea. It is represented by the number of apnea and hypopnea events per hour of sleep. Apnea is the complete absence of airflow through the nose and mouth. Hypopnea is a partial collapse of the airway, limiting breathing. Apneas (pauses in breathing) must last for at least 10 seconds and be associated with a decrease in blood oxygenation to be considered. Combining AHI and oxygen desaturation gives an overall sleep apnea severity score that evaluates both the number of sleep breathing disruptions and the degree of oxygen desaturation (low oxygen level in the blood) during said disruptions.
The AHI is calculated by dividing the number of apnea events by the number of hours of sleep. The AHI values for adults are categorized as:
- Normal: AHI\<5
- Mild sleep apnea: 5≤AHI\<15
- Moderate sleep apnea: 15≤AHI\<30
- Severe sleep apnea: AHI≥30
For children, because of their different physiology, an AHI in excess of 1 is considered abnormal. Underage pediatric patients presenting with AHI of 2 or greater will often be referred for treatment.
The Apnea-Hypopnea Index has been criticized for being too simplistic to accurately rate apnea and hypopnea events for their severity.
In one study, mean apnea-hypopnea duration and not AHI was found to be associated with worse hypertension.
One long apnea event is clearly worse than the same period broken up into shorter multiple events, with breathing between events, yet it would have the lower AHI
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# Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
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Central Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests
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# Respiratory disturbance index
The **respiratory disturbance index** (**RDI**)---or **respiratory distress Index**---is a formula used in reporting polysomnography (sleep study) findings. Like the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), it reports on respiratory distress events during sleep, but unlike the AHI, it also includes respiratory-effort related arousals (RERAs). RERAs are arousals from sleep that do not technically meet the definitions of apneas or hypopneas, but do in some way disrupt breathing during sleep and cause respiratory symptoms that may cause an arousal.
A RERA is characterized by increasing respiratory effort such as dyspneas (and thus decreasing esophageal pressures) for 10 seconds or more leading to an arousal from sleep, but one that does not fulfill the criteria for a hypopnea or apnea.
## Diagnosis
The gold standard method for measuring RERAs is esophageal manometry, as recommended by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). However, esophageal manometry is uncomfortable for patients, may disrupt sleep and is impractical to use in most sleep centers.
Some research studies have found that a high RDI was significantly correlated with excessive daytime sleepiness, and that this correlation was stronger than that for the frequency of oxygen saturation decreases below 85%, but other studies have found only a weak and unreliable correlation. More recent studies have found more impressive outcomes of methods in treating patients with RERAs and respiratory events that satisfy the definition of hypopneas in all aspects other than reduction of oxygen saturation levels.
The American Academy of Sleep Medicine uses RDI to determine the severity of Obstructive Sleep Apnea according to the following range: 5--14.9 for mild, 15--29.9 for moderate, and 30+ for severe, similar to the one used in the AHI.
## Formula
The formula to assessing the RDI is = (RERAs + Hypopneas + Apneas) X 60 / TST (in minutes). That is, RDI means the average number of episodes of obstructive apnea, hypopnea, and respiratory event-related arousal per hour of sleep. (TST is \"total sleep time\"
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# Muchachitas como tú
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# Gregory van der Wiel
**Gregory Kurtley van der Wiel** (born 3 February 1988) is a Dutch former professional footballer who played as a right-back.
Born in Amsterdam, Van der Wiel is a product of the AFC Ajax youth system. In 2010, he was awarded the Johan Cruyff Award for \"Young Player of the Year\" in the Netherlands. He also played for Paris Saint-Germain, Fenerbahçe, Cagliari and Toronto FC.
Van der Wiel made his debut for the Netherlands national team in February 2009 and participated in the Netherlands\' runners-up performance at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Dutch teammate John Heitinga has labelled him the spiritual successor of Michael Reiziger for the Netherlands.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Ajax
Van der Wiel started his playing career at RKSV DCG in Amsterdam. At age seven, the young defender was scouted by AFC Ajax and brought to the Ajax Academy at \"De Toekomst\". In 2002, Ajax sent the player away to HFC Haarlem due to the player having a \"mentality problem\". Talking about his period at Haarlem, Van der Wiel has said, \"When I was there I realized how spoiled I was. At Ajax everything was always well organized. We received a new kit every season and were picked up with minivans and brought to the club. At Haarlem I arrived in a totally different world. The accommodation was much worse, we played in five-year-old outfits, and had to find our own way to the trainings. The atmosphere was better though, much more relaxed than at Ajax. The period at Haarlem was good for my social development. It was a wake-up call for me.\" In 2005, Ajax approached him once again and brought him back to the Academy. His second stint at the club proved to be a much more successful experience, resulting in him signing his first professional contract, effectively starting from July 2006. Following the departure of youth captain Donovan Slijngard, Van der Wiel was made captain of Jong Ajax.
Van der Wiel made his professional debut for Ajax on 11 March 2007 in a 4--1 away win against Twente, coming on as a substitute for Jaap Stam. He would play three more matches that season. At the end of the 2006--07 season, Van der Wiel signed a four--year contract with the club, keeping him until 2011.
At the start of the 2007--08 season, Van der Wiel participated in the 1--0 victory over PSV in the battle for the Johan Cruyff Shield, resulting in winning his first career trophy. In a 1--0 win over Dinamo Zagreb in the first round of the UEFA Cup on 20 September 2007, his performance was praised by manager Henk ten Cate. A knee injury kept him out for most of the 2007--08 season.
In the 2008--09 season, Van der Wiel managed to recovered from the knee injury ahead of the new season and hoped to succeed John Heitinga, who departed for La Liga side Atlético Madrid over the summer. After returning from injury, Van der Wiel regained his first place at the club, playing in the right-back position. At one point, he played in the midfield position due to midfielder crisis. His performances resulted in him signing a contract extension with the club on 28 January 2009, lasting until 2013. He then scored his first goal for the club on 1 March 2009 in a 2--0 win over Utrecht. For his performance in the 2008--09 season, he was awarded AFC Ajax\'s Talent of the Year.
Ahead of the 2009--10 season, Van der Wiel switched shirt number from 15 to 2. His performance attracted interests from Premier League side Manchester City. On 24 January 2010, he scored his fourth goal of the season in a 1--0 win over AZ. He, once again, helped the club keep six clean sheets between 3 February 2010 and 7 March 2010. Van der Wiel played as a right--back in both legs of the 2009--10 KNVBCup final, as the club beat Feyenoord 4--2 to win the tournament. For his performances during the season, he was awarded the Johan Cruijff Award for \"Young Player of the Year.\"
Following the 2010 World Cup, Van der Wiel was in talks to transfer to Louis van Gaal\'s Bayern Munich. However, Ajax was not able to agree to a deal. The 2010--11 season was another successful season for Van der Wiel, as he maintained his first-team position under new manager Frank de Boer. Despite some setbacks, Van der Wiel continued to regain his first team place at right-back. After being linked with a move to Manchester City and Barcelona in the January transfer window, he ended the transfer speculation by declaring his intention to stay at the club. In the final of the KNVB Cup against FC Twente, he started the match in the right--back and played 91 minutes before being substituted, as the club lost 3--2.
During the 2011--12 season, Van der Wiel suffered a groin injury on two occasions, which affected his season. He returned to training after two months sidelined.
Ahead of the 2012--13 season, Van der Wiel continued to be linked a move away from Ajax, and he made it clear he was not keen on signing a new contract with Ajax in January 2012. He missed the Johan Cruyff Shield, After a 5--0 win over NAC Breda on 25 August 2012, in what was his last appearance for Ajax, Van der Wiel hinted at his departure from the club. His departure became imminent after Ajax agreed to sell Van der Wiel to French Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain.
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# Gregory van der Wiel
## Club career {#club_career}
### Paris Saint-Germain {#paris_saint_germain}
Van der Wiel moved to Paris Saint-Germain on 1 September 2012 for a reported €6 million transfer fee. The move was confirmed two days later, when he was issued the number 23 shirt and signed a four-year contract lasting until 2016.
Van der Wiel made his PSG debut on 22 September 2012 in an away match against Bastia, a 0--4 victory; Van der Wiel played the full 90 minutes at right-back. For the most part of his debut season in France, Van der Wiel would come off the substitutes\' bench for PSG captain Christophe Jallet, the team\'s first-choice right-back. Van der Wiel made his European debut for Paris in the 2012--13 UEFA Champions League match against Porto, a 1--0 away loss, with Van der Wiel being substituted off for Jallet in the 66th minute. Van der Wiel scored his first PSG goal in the 0--4 away win against Toulouse, the final goal of the match. On 12 May 2013, PSG became champions of France, winning the 2013--14 Ligue 1 title in a 1--0 victory against Lyon at home, marking the club\'s third ever national championship. Van der Wiel remained on the substitutes\' bench for the duration of the title-winning fixture.
At the start of the 2013--14 season, Van der Wiel was linked a move away from the club, as Italian Serie A club Internazionale were interested in signing him. Although a transfer never materialized, he remained at the club and found himself in competition with Christophe Jallet at right-back. As a result, Van der Wiel and Jallet often rotated in the position. Towards the end of the season, he suffered injuries on two occasions. He earned first-team status at PSG and saw him included in the *L\'Equipe* Team of the Year for 2013.
At the start of the 2014--15 season, Van der Wiel played the entire match in the Trophée des Champions, a 2--0 PSG win over Guingamp. After Christophe Jallet\'s transfer to Lyon, Van der Wiel continued to feature at right-back, although he faced a new competition from new signings Serge Aurier and Jordan Ikoko, which often forced him to the substitutes\' bench. By season\'s end, Van der Wiel helped PSG win the domestic treble: Ligue 1, Coupe de France and the Coupe de la Ligue.
In the 2015--16 season, Van der Wiel regularly found himself on the substitutes\' bench, behind Serge Aurier and Marquinhos at right-back. He also faced with his own injury concerns in the first half of the season. For the third time, he helped the club win the domestic Treble: Ligue 1, Coupe de France and the Coupe de la Ligue.
On 15 May 2016, it was officially announced Van der Wiel would be leaving PSG at the end season after his contract expired. This was announced after he acknowledged it would be difficult to stay at the club.
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# Gregory van der Wiel
## Club career {#club_career}
### Fenerbahçe
After leaving Paris Saint-Germain, Van der Wiel signed for Turkish team Fenerbahçe, signing a three-year contract with an option to extend for an additional year. Upon joining the club, he was joined up by compatriot Robin van Persie.
Van der Wiel made his official debut for Fenerbahçe on 27 July 2016 in the third qualifying round of UEFA Champions League, where he set up a goal for Emmanuel Emenike in a 2--1 home win over Monaco. However, in the second-leg, the club was eliminated from the competition following a 3--1 away defeat. He then made his Fenerbahçe debut on 21 August 2016 in the opening match of the 2016--17 Süper Lig season, where he started the entire match in a 1--0 loss to İstanbul Başakşehir. His lack of first-team opportunities at the club led manager Dick Advocaat to be keen on selling him in January, although a transfer was never agreed and he remained at the club until the end of the season. For Fenerbahçe, Van der Wiel made 12 league appearances and 17 across all competitions. This was due to injuries and suspension throughout the 2016--17 season.
### Cagliari
After only one season with Fenerbahçe, on 25 August 2017, Van der Wiel joined Italian club Cagliari. In so doing, he became the first Dutchman to ever sign for the club. He was issued the number 2 shirt by the Sardinian side. He made his debut in a 3--2 home loss to Genoa on 15 October, having missed the first six matches of the season through injury. However, after returning from injury, he still struggled to earn playing time during the first half of the season, making only six appearances across all competitions.
### Toronto FC {#toronto_fc}
On 1 February 2018, Van der Wiel signed with Major League Soccer (MLS) club Toronto FC. Upon joining the club, he was issued the number 9 shirt during an introductory press conference.
He made his club debut on 3 March in the opening match of the MLS season, a 2--0 home defeat to Columbus Crew. Despite suffering from setbacks that saw him on the sidelines, Van der Wiel established himself in the starting eleven for the side. He then played in both legs of 2018 CONCACAF Champions League Final against Chivas Guadalajara, as Toronto eventually lost the final 4--2 in a penalty shoot-out after the series was tied 3--3 on aggregate. During the season, Van der Wiel played in several different positions for the side, such as centre-back, left-back, and right-midfield. But most of the season, he played in the right-back position. During a preseason training session in Los Angeles on 23 January 2019, Van der Wiel was dismissed after an altercation with coach Greg Vanney. On 22 March 2019, he was released by the club by mutual consent.
On 6 August 2020, Van der Wiel began training with Eredivisie club RKC Waalwijk. Shortly after, he reiterated that he wanted to continue playing football, having been a free agent for a year. As a result, Van der Wiel spent months on a trial with the club.
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# Gregory van der Wiel
## International career {#international_career}
### Youth career {#youth_career}
After previously representing the Netherlands under-19 national team, Van der Wiel has been capped at the under-21 level and participated at the 2007 Toulon Tournament.
Although he recovered from the knee injury, Van der Wiel did not make the final Dutch squad for the Olympic Games in Beijing, following which he was disappointed and critical of manager Foppe de Haan\'s decision. Later in 2008, Van der Wiel featured two more times for the under-21 side.
In November 2008, Van der Wiel was initially included in the Netherlands\' B-team squad for their match against the Sweden national under-21 team. However, he was replaced by Rens van Eijden due to a groin injury sustained during training.
### Senior career {#senior_career}
On 6 February 2009, Van der Wiel was called up by the senior Dutch team for the first time. He then made his senior debut on 11 February as a substitute for former Ajax teammate John Heitinga in the friendly match against Tunisia. He made his first competitive debut on 28 March 2009 as a starter in a 3--0 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification victory over Scotland. He again played the entire match for the 4--0 World Cup qualification victory over Macedonia on 1 April 2009.
#### Twitter incident {#twitter_incident}
In October 2009, Van der Wiel became embroiled in a controversy after he was unable to travel with the Dutch squad to Australia for a friendly match due to a concussion sustained while playing for Ajax. However, Van der Wiel later attended a Lil Wayne concert and posted a picture of himself with the rapper on his Twitter page. Several prominent figures in Dutch football criticised the player for his actions, including Dutch coach Bert van Marwijk, who said, \"It\'s rather strange that he was able to go to a concert, given that he told me that he was not allowed to fly by the Ajax medical staff.\" Ajax manager Martin Jol defended the player, saying the incident was blown out of proportion by the media and that it should not be seen as a lack of respect on the part of the player for the Netherlands national team. Van Marwijk has since forgiven Van der Wiel for the incident, saying, \"\[H\]e should not expect that this incident will have consequences for his place in the team.\"
#### 2010 World Cup {#world_cup}
Van der Wiel was actively involved in the Netherlands\' 2010 World Cup qualification campaign, having competed with John Heitinga for the starting right-back position. After the Netherlands secured qualification to the tournament proper, Van der Wiel was named to the 23-man squad by manager Bert van Marwijk. He previously aimed for his goal to make a selection for the World Cup squad prior to that.
The player was in the starting line-up for their first two matches in the competition, 2--0 victory over Denmark and 1--0 victory over Japan. After missing two matches, Van der Wiel returned to the starting lineup for the match against Slovakia in the round of 16 on 28 June 2010. After the match, Van der Wiel said that although he was concerned at receiving a second yellow card, he was unhappy with his performance, describing it as his \"least match so far\".
Van der Wiel also started in the quarter-final against Brazil, which saw the Dutch win 2--1 to send them through to the semi-final for the first time since the 1998 World Cup. However, he was once again suspended for the semi-final after he was booked for the second time in the tournament. After the match, he acknowledged his fault in receiving the yellow card.
Van der Wiel returned to the squad for the final against Spain, where he started and played all 120 minutes of the match as the Dutch lost following a late goal by Andrés Iniesta in extra time. In total, Van der Wiel made four appearances during the World Cup campaign. At the end of 2010, Van der Wiel said about the World Cup: \"The final was so beautiful, the stadium was very big and you only saw flashes of the cameras in the audience.\" I feel honored to have played the final. As a young boy, it is of course beautiful. Previously, it was a dream, now I have experienced it myself.\"
#### Euro 2012 {#euro_2012}
Van der Wiel was Bert van Marwijk\'s first-choice right-back for the Netherlands\' UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group E matches. He started the *Oranje*{{\'}}s qualifying campaign well when he set up a Ruud van Nistelrooy goal against San Marino, the Netherlands\' fifth goal in a 5--0 win on matchday 1. Van der Wiel also set-up two goals for Robin van Persie and Ibrahim Afellay to help the Netherlands defeat Hungary on 25 March 2011. He then made his 25th international appearance on 2 September 2011 in an 11--0 win over San Marino.
In late May 2012, Van der Wiel was named to Van Marjiwk\'s 23-man squad for the final tournament, held in Poland and Ukraine. However, at Euro 2012, Van der Wiel was widely criticized for his performances, notably a back-pass against Portugal in the first-half which presented Hélder Postiga with a clear sight of goal, though Postiga missed the opportunity.
### Later Netherlands career {#later_netherlands_career}
Following the arrival of new Dutch team manager Louis van Gaal after Euro 2012, Van der Wiel was rarely featured for the remainder of 2012, despite his determination to fight for his place in the squad. One year later, in November 2013, he was recalled for the first time and played his first match since Euro 2012, starting and playing the entire match at right-back in a 0--0 draw against Colombia on 19 November 2013. However, due to an injury sustained at Paris Saint-Germain towards the end of the 2013--14 season, Van der Wiel was omitted from the 23-man Dutch squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. In response from the World Cup, Van der Wiel said it didn\'t work out, due to his ongoing injuries.
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# Gregory van der Wiel
## Playing style {#playing_style}
A versatile defender, Van der Wiel usually played as an attacking right-back or wing-back and is known for his speedy runs down the flank, as well as his defensive skills, ability on the ball and distribution. He is also capable of playing as a wide midfielder on either flank, or even as a centre-back.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Born in Amsterdam, Van der Wiel has a Dutch-Antillean father from Curaçao and a Dutch mother. He has three younger sisters: Layla, Ambar and Hind. When asked about his religion, he said, \"I believe in God, but do not believe in faith. I keep my superstition for myself.\" Van der Wiel is friends with footballers Hurşut Meriç, having grown up together in Amsterdam, and Jan-Arie van der Heijden, having known each other at their early careers at Ajax.
Van der Wiel has numerous tattoos of which he said, \"\[I\] have two quotes (pronouns), my mother\'s name, my father\'s initials, the first letters of the names of my sisters, some decorations and my own name, that was my first tattoo. My parents thought eighteen was a good age for my first tattoo.. But they would rather not see me get a tattoo. Nowadays you see children getting tattooed at an earlier age. I think eighteen is a good age myself.\" He has also said hip hop is his culture.
In November 2009, Van der Wiel donated money to help Dutch club HFC Haarlem in its financial difficulties. However, his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful as the club declared bankruptcy on 25 January 2010. Later in 2010, the Johan Cruyff Foundation dedicated a \"Cruyff Court\" in Van der Wiel\'s name. Van der Wiel had the court built in the Sapaté district in Curaçao---where his family is from---which was officially opened on 15 June 2011.
In August 2015, Van der Wiel was a victim of a robbery after thieves broke into his apartment and stole his luxury watches. In May 2017, he also revealed he was a victim of a scam by businessman Ümit Akbulut after Van der Wiel gave him \$4.5 million. Upon joining Toronto FC, Van der Wiel reflected on the incident: \"I met somebody there, influential, and I wanted to invest some money, like I\'m still doing to this day. I like to do things on the side of football to be smart about my money, but it was not a smart move. I trusted somebody and in the end, I never saw my money back.\"
Van der Wiel lived with his then girlfriend, Belgian model Rose Bertram in Los Angeles. Their daughter, Naleya Rose, was born on 24 February 2018 in Toronto.
In November 2020, Van der Wiel spoke about mental health, having been dealing with panic attacks and feelings of anxiety for over a year
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# Dennison Robinson
**Marquette Dennison Robinson** (born September 7, 1978) is a former American football defensive back of the Arena Football League (AFL). He now serves as the Assistant Defensive Coordinator and ((Director of Player Development))for the Chicago Blitz of the Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL). He last played for the Chicago Slaughter of the CIFL. He attended the University of West Georgia.
## Early life {#early_life}
Robinson attended Murphy High School in Mobile, Alabama, and was a letterman in football and basketball. He was a two-time All-State selection in both sports. Marquette Dennison Robinson graduated from Murphy High School in 1996.
## College career {#college_career}
Robinson attended Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College and was a two-year letterman in football. Robinson graduated from Mississippi Gulf Coast and attended the University of West Georgia, where he lettered during the 1998 season.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### RFL
In the first half of 1999, Robinson played for the Mobile Admirals of the short-lived Regional Football League.
### CFL
In the second half of 1999, Robinson played for the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League, where he intercepted 7 passes.
### af2
Robinson played one season of in the af2 for the Quad City Steamwheelers and finished the season with 59 receptions for 660 yards and 15 touchdowns on offense, and defensively, he posted 67 tackles, eight interceptions, and 28 pass deflections.
### AFL
Dennison quickly became an impact player when he played for the Las Vegas Gladiators (2002--2004). He was named AFL All-Rookie team in 2002. In 2005, Robinson signed with the Grand Rapids Rampage. In 2008, while playing for the Chicago Rush, Johnson was named Arena Football League Defensive Player of the Year. He earned this title with leading the AFL with 13 interceptions and returning two for a touchdown.
### CIFL
Robinson spent the 2009 season as a member of the Chicago Slaughter of the Continental Indoor Football League because the Arena Football League suspended operations for the 2009 season. In his first five games with the Slaughter, Robinson picked off four passes and returned two for touchdowns
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# Kenneth Emil Petersen
**Kenneth Emil Petersen** (born 15 January 1985), also known as **KEP**, is a Danish football pundit and former player. He played as a centre back.
## Club career {#club_career}
### Herfølge
Petersen started his career at Herfølge Boldklub. He made his professional debut for the club on 28 March 2004 in a 1--0 victory over AGF, partly due to a suspension to regular starter Bora Živković. In December 2004, he was sent on loan to Ølstykke FC after Herfølge had brought in Auri Skarbalius at his position. In his three years at Herfølge, he made seven appearances and failed to score a goal.
### Horsens
On 1 September 2006, it was announced that Petersen had signed a three-year contract with AC Horsens. He made his debut for the club on 17 September 2006, as an 88th-minute substitute for Gilberto Macena in a 2--1 win over FC Midtjylland. He scored his first goal for the club in a 1--2 away win over Viborg FF.
At the start of the 2007--08 season, with Rasmus Marvits having left the club, Petersen became a regular part of the starting eleven in the Horsens first team.
### AaB
On 30 June 2009, it was announced that Petersen had signed a four-year contract with AaB. He made his debut for the club on 18 October 2009, when he came on as a substitute in the 35th minute instead of Kasper Bøgelund against Randers FC. He scored his first goal for AaB -- the matchwinner -- in injury time against Midtjylland on 2 May 2010 as AaB won 3--2.
On 18 December 2012, it was announced that Petersen had signed a three-year extension with AaB valid until 30 June 2016.
### OB
On 7 January 2016, it was announced, that Petersen had to find a new club when his contract with AaB expired at the end of the season. A few days later on 13 January, it was confirmed that Petersen had signed with OB on a free transfer, and he would start in his new club after the 2015--16 season. Petersen would be reunited with head coach Kent Nielsen, with whom he has worked together with in AC Horsens and AaB.
He announced his retirement from professional football in 2018 after having played two years for OB.
## International career {#international_career}
After Petersen joined the Danish national league team\'s 2009 King\'s Cup campaign, twice playing 90 minutes, Peter Bonde, the assistant manager of Denmark, praised him, and told he had A-national team potential
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# Cyrano: The Musical
***Cyrano: The Musical*** is a musical with music by Ad van Dijk, an original book and lyrics (in Dutch) by Koen van Dijk. For the Broadway production, English lyrics were provided by Peter Reeves, with additional lyrics by Sheldon Harnick.
Produced by Joop van den Ende, the original Dutch production ***Cyrano de Musical*** premiered in 1992 at the Stadsschouwburg (City Theatre) in Amsterdam. It is based on Edmond Rostand\'s classic 1897 play of the same name focusing on a love triangle involving the large-nosed poetic Cyrano de Bergerac, his beautiful cousin Roxane, and his classically handsome but inarticulate friend Christian de Neuvillette who, unaware of Cyrano\'s unrequited passion for Roxane, imposes upon him to provide the romantic words he can use to woo her successfully in mid-17th century Paris.
After 38 previews, the Broadway production, directed by Eddy Habbema, opened on November 21, 1993, at the Neil Simon Theatre, where it ran for 137 performances. The cast included Bill van Dijk as Cyrano, Anne Runolfsson as Roxane, and Paul Anthony Stewart as Christian, with James Barbour and Jeff Gardner in supporting roles. Timothy Nolen played Comte de Guiche and later took over the role of Cyrano.
The production garnered Tony Award nominations for Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical, Best Original Score, and Best Costume Design.
In addition to the Netherlands and the United States, the musical has been produced in Belgium, Germany, and Japan. Despite the show\'s critical success, no Broadway recording was ever produced
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# The Atlantic Collection
***The Atlantic Collection*** is a 1996 compilation album by Hall & Oates. While their 1977 compilation *No Goodbyes* was a collection of Hall & Oates\' Atlantic Records recordings, this collection provides a more complete picture of that phase of Hall & Oates\' history. This album contains the previously unreleased (but often bootlegged) track \"Past Times Behind.\" It also has two rare songs \"It\'s Uncanny\" and \"I Want to Know You for a Long Time,\" that were only released on the *No Goodbyes* album
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# Richard Jonckheere
**Richard Jonckheere** (born 20 January 1963), better known by his stage names **Richard 23** and **Richard JK**, is a Belgian musician. He is a member of Front 242 (which he joined in 1983) and was a founding member of Revolting Cocks (which he left in 1986, and later rejoined in 2016). He released the EP *Free Tyson Free!* with Jean-Pierre Everaerts and Marc Desmare, using the moniker Holy Gang, and two 12-inch singles in 1999/2000 as LaTchak (a collaboration with Everaerts).
## Politics
In 2007, Jonckheere ran as a candidate in the Belgian general elections on behalf of the Ecolo party. In the district of Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde, he finished fifteenth, with 1,936 (or 2.03%) of the votes
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# Barril
**Barril** is a Spanish surname
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# Steffen Algreen
**Steffen R. Algreen** (born 17 September 1979) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a defender
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# 1931 French Grand Prix
The **1931 French Grand Prix** (formally the **XXV Grand Prix de l\'A.C.F.**) was a Grand Prix motor race held at Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry on 21 June 1931. As with the other two races in the 1931 AIACR European Championship, this race was held over 10 hours, not over a fixed distance. As a result, most cars had two drivers.
The race was won by Louis Chiron and Achille Varzi driving a factory entered Bugatti T51, who after early race battles lead more than eight hours of the race
## Classification
Pos No Driver Team Car Laps Time/Retired Grid Points
----- ---- ------------------------------ ---------------- ------------------------- ------ -------------- ------ --------
1 32 **Louis Chiron** **Bugatti** **Bugatti** **T51** 101 126.88 km/h 12 **1**
**Achille Varzi** **1**
2 18 **Giuseppe Campari** **Alfa Corse** **Alfa Romeo 8C Monza** 97 +4 Laps 5 **2**
**Baconin Borzacchini** **2**
3 46 **Clemente Biondetti** **Maserati** **Maserati 26M** 94 +7 Laps 19 **3**
**Luigi Parenti** **3**
4 40 **Henry Birkin** **Maserati** **Maserati 26M** 94 +7 Laps 16 **4**
**George Eyston** **4**
5 36 **Robert Sénéchal** **Delage** **Delage 15-S-8** 91 +10 Laps 14 **4**
6 4 **Ferdinando Minoia** **Alfa Corse** **Alfa Romeo 8C Monza** 90 +11 Laps 2 **4**
**Goffredo Zehender** **4**
7 28 **Albert Divo** **Bugatti** **Bugatti T51** 90 +11 Laps 10 **4**
**Guy Bouriat** **4**
8 20 **René Dreyfus** **Maserati** **Maserati 26M** 88 +13 Laps 6 **4**
**Pietro Ghersi** **4**
9 24 **René Ferrant** Private entry **Peugeot 174S** 85 +16 Laps 8 **4**
**Louis Rigal** **4**
10 48 **Jean Pesato** Private entry **Alfa Romeo 6C-1750** 84 +17 Laps 20 **4**
**Pierre Félix** **4**
11 44 **Tazio Nuvolari** **Alfa Corse** **Alfa Romeo 8C Monza** 83 +18 Laps 18 **4**
**Giovanni Minozzi** **4**
12 30 **Earl Howe** Private entry **Bugatti T51** 77 +24 Laps 11 **4**
**Brian Lewis** **4**
Ret 38 **Jean-Pierre Wimille** Private entry **Bugatti T51** 71 Suspension 15 **5**
**Jean Gaupillat** **5**
Ret 38 **William Grover-Williams** Private entry **Bugatti T51** 65 Gearbox 17 **5**
**Caberto Conelli** **5**
Ret 34 **Emilio Eminente** Private entry **Bugatti T35B** 59 Fire 13 **5**
**Edmond Bourlier** **5**
Ret 22 **Georges d\'Arnoux** Private entry **Bugatti T35C** 58 Mechanical 7 **5**
**Max Fourny** **5**
Ret 50 **Enzo Grimaldi** Private entry **Bugatti T35C** 49 Mechanical 21 **6**
**\"Bourgait\"** **6**
Ret 10 **Luigi Fagioli** **Maserati** **Maserati 26M** 45 Brakes 3 **6**
**Ernesto Maserati** **6**
Ret 58 **Rudolf Caracciola** Private entry **Mercedes-Benz SSKL** 39 Supercharger 23 **6**
**Otto Merz** **6**
Ret 2 **William \"Bummer\" Scott** **Delage** **Delage 15-S-8** 22 Rear axle 1 **7**
**S
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# Rhoonse Veer
**Rhoonse Veer** is a former hamlet, located south of the Dutch town of Rhoon. The name means \"Rhoon\'s ferry\", and refers to the ferry between Rhoon and Oud-Beijerland.
The hamlet grew around the Catholic Church of Rhoon. After the Reformation, the Catholics in the area lost their church in Rhoon to the Protestant majority, but the lord of Rhoon, Willem Bentinck, allowed them to build a new church near the ferry in 1684.
The hamlet no longer exists; it is now a part of the town of Rhoon itself. There is still a ferry called \"Rhoonsveer\"; it departs from the marina 500 m south of the former hamlet of Rhoonse Veer, with service to Spijkenisse and Oud-Beijerland.[1](http://www.rhoonsveer
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# USS Fresno
**USS *Fresno*** has been the name of three ships in the United States Navy. All were named for the city of Fresno, California.
- was a cargo ship acquired by the Navy in 1918 and transferred to the United States Shipping Board in 1919.
- was an *Atlanta*-class light cruiser launched on 5 March 1946 and decommissioned in 1949.
- was a *Newport*-class tank landing ship which served from 1969 until 1993
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# Hesketh Park railway station
**Hesketh Park railway station** was on the West Lancashire Railway in England. It was close to Hesketh Park in Southport.
## History
The station opened in 1878. In 1904 third-rail electrification of the line from `{{stnlnk|Southport Chapel Street}}`{=mediawiki} was completed to `{{stnlnk|Crossens}}`{=mediawiki} and electric trains served this station. Following extension of the electrification to `{{stnlnk|Meols Cop}}`{=mediawiki} in 1909 these electric trains ran first to Meols Cop then reversed before reaching Hesketh Park. Steam trains from Southport to `{{stnlnk|Preston}}`{=mediawiki} and beyond travelled to Hesketh Park directly from Southport without passing through Meols Cop. The line to Preston closed on 7 September 1964, having been steam operated until the end. The electric service to Southport & Liverpool was withdrawn at the same time, though freight traffic continued until 1967
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# Mads Rieper
**Mads Rieper Jensen** (born 20 July 1973) is a Danish former professional football defender. He is the younger brother of the retired Danish international defender Marc Rieper.
On 9 May 2007 Rieper scored his first Superliga goal for AC Horsens with a stoppage time equaliser against Silkeborg IF. He retired on 30 June 2009
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# Martin Halle
**Martin Halle** (born 16 October 1981) is a Danish retired football player in the defender position. He played for a number of Danish clubs, including FC Midtjylland, AC Horsens, and SønderjyskE in the Danish Superliga championship.
## Biography
Halle started his career with Danish 1st Division clubs Aarhus GF and FC Århus. During his time at FC Århus, he joined top-flight Danish Superliga team FC Midtjylland on loan in February 2003, and played one Superliga game for the club in May 2003.
In the summer of 2004, Halle joined 1st Division rivals AC Horsens under manager Kent Nielsen. He was a part of the first team starting line-up for almost his entire time at the club, playing as a left back defender. In his first season with the Horsens, he helped the club win promotion for the Superliga. He never scored a Superliga goal for Horsens, but his defensive qualities gained him his place in the team. He played full-time in the first 12 games of the Danish Superliga 2005-06, but suffered an injury, and did not re-establish his place in the team until April 2006. He underwent surgery in the off-season, and did not enter the starting line-up until the eighth round of the Danish Superliga 2006-07, but only missed two games for the rest of the season. With Halle\'s contract expiring in the summer 2008, Horsens brought in left back Joseph Elanga in January 2008, and Halle left the club to join 1st Division side SønderjyskE.
In his first season at SønderjyskE, Halle helped the club win promotion for the Superliga. He suffered from several injuries during his first time at Horsens, and took part in 16 of 33 games during the Danish Superliga 2008-09, including only one full-time game. He got an extended run in the first team in the first months of the Danish Superliga 2009-10, but was eventually replaced by Andrei Sidorenkov. He ended his career in May 2010, due to persisting injury problems
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# Butel
**Butel** (*Бутел*, *Butel*) is a neighbourhood in the city of Skopje, North Macedonia, and the seat of Butel Municipality.
## Demographics
According to the 2021 census, the town had a total of 24.391 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the town include:
Year Macedonian Albanian Turks Romani Vlachs Serbs Bosniaks Others Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources Total
------ ------------ ---------- ------- -------- -------- ------- ---------- -------- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
2002 7,616 4,846 450 104 27 377 406 179 **14,005**
2021 10,451 8,646 1,229 258 56 353 1,002 402 1,994 **24,391**
In the aftermath of the 2001 insurgency some Macedonians from Čair moved to other Skopje urban areas such as nearby Butel. The neighborhood has a mixed population that includes minorities of Romani and Turks, yet Butel is associated with Albanians in North Macedonia
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# Psithyrus
**Cuckoo bumblebees** are members of the subgenus ***Psithyrus*** in the bumblebee genus *Bombus*. Until the 1990s, *Psithyrus* was considered to constitute a separate genus. They are a specialized socially parasitic lineage which parasitises the nests of \'true\' bumblebees; they do not collect pollen or establish their own nests. Cuckoo bumblebees do not create a worker caste and produce only male and female reproductives. They are considered inquilines in the colonies of \'true\' bumblebees.
Cuckoo bumblebee females emerge from hibernation later than their host species to ensure that their host has had sufficient time to establish a nest. Before finding and invading a host colony, a *Psithyrus* female feeds directly from flowers until her ovaries are sufficiently developed, at which time she begins seeking a nest to invade. Once she has located and infiltrated a host colony, the *Psithyrus* female usurps the nest by killing or subduing the host queen. She then lays her own eggs, exploiting the host workers to feed her and her developing young through pheromones and/or physical attacks.
## Selected species {#selected_species}
- *Bombus ashtoni*
- *Bombus barbutellus*
- *Bombus bellardii*
- *Bombus bohemicus*
- *Bombus branickii*
- *Bombus campestris*
- *Bombus chinensis*
- *Bombus citrinus*
- *Bombus coreanus*
- *Bombus cornutus*
- *Bombus expolitus*
- *Bombus fernaldae*
- *Bombus ferganicus*
- *Bombus flavidus*
- *Bombus insularis*
- *Bombus morawitzianus*
- *Bombus norvegicus*
- *Bombus quadricolor*
- *Bombus rupestris*
- *Bombus skorikovi*
- *Bombus suckleyi*
- *Bombus sylvestris*
- *Bombus tibetanus*
- *Bombus turneri*
- *Bombus variabilis*
- *Bombus vestalis*
## Gallery
Bumblebee January 2008-4.jpg\|*Bombus vestalis* Psithyrus insularis.jpg\|*Bombus insularis* Bombus rupestris - Trifolium pratense - Keila.jpg\|*Bombus rupestris* Bombus norvegicus - Veronica spicata - Keila.jpg\|*Bombus norvegicus* Bombus sylvestris male - Cirsium palustre - Keila
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# Javarus Dudley
**Javarus Dudley** (born December 18, 1981) is former American football wide receiver who played in the Arena Football League (AFL) for the Orlando Predators, New Orleans VooDoo and Tampa Bay Storm. He attended Fordham University
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# Geri Hudson
**Geri Hudson** is a fictional character from the British soap opera *Hollyoaks*, played by Joanna Taylor. The character made her first on-screen appearance on 13 September 1999. Taylor made her final appearance as Geri during the episode broadcast on 19 December 2001.
## Development
Taylor made her first on-screen appearance as Geri during the episode broadcast on 13 September 1999. Geri was introduced into *Hollyoaks* as one of five new students studying at Hollyoaks Community College. They consisted of three female students Geri, Anna Green (Lisa M. Kay), Nikki Sullivan (Wendy Glenn) and two male students Alex Bell (Martino Lazzeri) and Sam Smallwood (Tim Downie). The quintet make their first appearances during the episodes from the week commencing 12 September 1999. Lazzeri recalled that joining the cast was not daunting for the five actors because they were all in the same situation. The group were featured in typical chaotic student storylines during their first months on-screen. A *Soaplife* reporter revealed that one of Geri\'s first stories would feature her feeling \"the long arm of the law after a spot of naked night-riding.\" Taylor participated in a Switzerland based location shoot for episodes featuring Geri and the students enjoying a skiing holiday. They also attend the wedding of Nikki and Dan Sanders (Joseph May). Geri later graduates to her second year at Hollyoaks Community College.
In the book *Phil Redmond\'s Hollyoaks: The Official Companion*, author Matthew Evans described Geri as \"without a doubt one of the most gutsy and larger-than-life characters in the show.\" He added that Geri is portrayed with \"gutsiness and sharp wit\". Writers portrayed her as a \"keen socialite\" and \"never one to miss out on a drinking session\". Despite being a student at Hollyoaks Community College, Geri was often portrayed as the least \"diligent of students\" who always preferred the social aspect of college life. Geri likes to be \"pampered and idolised\", she views herself as a \"wannabe IT girl\". Geri is often featured in party scenes and the wardrobe department often chose her revealing clothing. Kay told Francesca Babb from *All About Soap* that \"Joanna hates it whenever there is a party, as her character always has to wear next to nothing.\"
Taylor told Ellie Genower from *Soaplife* that she believed despite Geri\'s \"quite feisty\" persona she is \"sensitive when she needs to be\". She described Geri as the type who \"does what she thinks and doesn\'t hold back\"; but Taylor noted Geri is never nasty about it. Taylor admired Geri\'s characterisation and stated she would not want to play anyone else in *Hollyoaks* but Geri. Taylor believed that Geri had been heartbroken by men numerous times during her first year on the show. She told Genower that \"it would be really nice if someone could be interested in her for something other than just sex for a change.\"
Writers developed a friendship between Geri and Anna, eventually becoming best friends and a relationship for Geri that was endured through her entire tenure. They made Geri protective of Anna, especially when Anna\'s boyfriend Sam has sex with Nikki. Geri and her mother, Jacqui Hudson (Julie Peasgood) help Anna to take revenge against Sam, following his infidelity. Taylor revealed that Geri getting revenge on Sam was one of her favourite storylines that she portrayed. She added the storyline she hated doing the most was Geri waxing her moustache.
Writers made Geri and Nikki enemies, but it was her rivalry with Izzy Cornwell (Elize du Toit) that writers concentrated on mostly. They become enemies following Geri\'s break-up with Adam Morgan (David Brown). He decides that he wants to be with Izzy instead of Geri. Evans (*The Official Companion*) noted that Geri developed a \"hatred for Izzy\" and that was long lasting until Geri left the series. The storyline arc is essentially a \"war of words\" that \"continued for over a year\". Evans added that Nikki and Izzy are Geri\'s \"sworn enemies\" and that Geri \"revelled in her catfights\" with them. He added Geri was least likely to say \"apology accepted\" to any of her enemies.
Adam secretly installs hidden cameras into the student flat as part of his idea to create a film for an assignment. Geri is first to realise what Adam has done and begins to manipulate the situation to her advantage. She gets Izzy to admit her true feelings about the Morgan family, knowing Adam will see the recording. Brown told *All About Soap\'s* Babb that Geri makes it her goal to \"manipulate the camera as much as possible\" and succeeds in \"stirring up all sorts of trouble\" for Izzy and Adam. Brown added that Adam is \"really annoyed\" with Geri when he realises her scheming and fails to recognise \"the human element behind the film he is making\". He also believed that Geri was rightful \"to get her own back on Adam\" for filming in secret but Adam just thinks Geri has ruined the authenticity of his film project.
Geri later develops an attraction to Dan Hunter (Andy McNair) but her persistence only annoys him. McNair told an *All About Soap* reporter that \"Geri is all over him like a rash\". He believed that her behaviour makes Dan disinterested in a romance with her. He concluded that Geri\'s \"timing stinks\" and she \"tries it on at the most inopportune times\", which makes him ignore her in the end.
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# Geri Hudson
## Storylines
Geri arrived as a fresher at Hollyoaks Community College. Geri was a rich daughter of a biscuit factory owner and academia was never high on her list of priorities. She arrived in Hollyoaks determined to have as much fun as she possibly could. Geri moved into the halls with Sam, Nikki, Anna and Alex, and soon formed a strong friendship with Anna that would last throughout her time in Hollyoaks. Geri hooked up with Rory Finnigan (James Redmond), but was dropped by him when he returned to Carol Groves (Natalie Casey). After much teasing, she finally got together with Adam. However, this relationship was also scuppered when Adam lost interest in her over new fresher Izzy. Spurned by Adam, Geri formed a hatred for Izzy, which continued until just before she left Hollyoaks, when they finally reconciled their differences. A brief dalliance with Lewis Richardson (Ben Hull) followed, but this soon fizzled out and it seemed as if Geri would never meet the man of her dreams.
It was on holiday with her mother, the irrepressible Jacqui, which Geri met and fell for the football ace, Jason Cunliffe (Alex Reid). What followed was a tumultuous relationship, as Geri had to cope with being the trophy and, at times, celebrity girlfriend and then, after Jason finally relented, she became celebrity fiancée. This relationship reached a climax in the video/DVD, \'Hollyoaks: Indecent Behaviour\', when Geri saw Jason's true colours as he was unfaithful to her and then turned a blind eye when his team-mate, Scott Anderson (Daniel Hyde) attempted to force himself on her. Geri was devastated that her fairy tale prince had been exposed to be such a rogue. After much thought, she decided to go through with the wedding anyway and extract as much money as she could out of Jason, this was about revenge, not love. It was this plan that led Geri to leave. She married Jason and then, as they left for a new life in Spain, she threw him out of their limousine, informing him that their marriage was over and that she was going with her mother. As she left for the airport, Geri drove through Hollyoaks Village one last time and bid a tearful farewell.
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# Geri Hudson
## Reception
For her portrayal of Geri, Taylor received a \"Best Soap Actress\" nomination at the 2001 *TV Quick* Awards. She was nominated in the \"Best Bitch\" category at the 2001 *Inside Soap* Awards In 2002, Taylor was nominated for the \"Best Actress\" accolade at the British Soap Awards.
Author Matthew Evans noted that the character gained \"massive popularity\" and that only Jude Cunningham (Davinia Taylor) rivalled her in popularity. He branded her one of the \"most desired and popular\" characters ever to feature in *Hollyoaks*. He noted that female viewers \"admired\" Geri and male viewers \"lusted after\" her. He concluded that by the time she left Geri had created \"indelible memories\" and \"millions of viewers were sad to bid farewell to her.\" A writer from Virgin Media profiled their opinions of some of Hollyoaks\' \"hottest females\". Of Geri, they stated: \"Geri Hudson might\'ve been one of the hottest honeys in the village but she still had her fair share of drama in the romance department. After marrying the ultimate bad boy footballer she eventually escaped with his cash to Spain. \" Singer Lisa Scott-Lee said that she was just like Geri, a character who is \"strong and independent and a bit feisty too\". Allison Maund from *Inside Soap* branded Geri a bed-hopping female. An *Inside Soap* reporter included Geri at number one in a list of their \"top five Hollyoaks blonde\" characters. They stated that \"maneater extraordinaire - she\'s our No.1 Chester blonde.\"
Claire Tolley from the *Liverpool Echo* described Geri as \"Hollyoaks biggest flirt and man-eater \[who\] spends the majority of her time in the soap getting one over on her love rivals.\" John Kelly from *Wicklow People* assessed that \"Geri\'s wedding turns out to be a riotous affair ending up with the bride and her mother leaving for the honeymoon without the groom.\" *Soaplife\'s* Genower wrote that \"as a girl with an eye for the men, *Hollyoaks{{\'}}* Geri Hudson hasn\'t always had the best of luck in the romance stakes\... She slept with Finn, only for him to dump her for Carol, then she fell for Adam Morgan during his doomed fling with teacher Christine.\" Her colleague, Karen Dunn profiled Geri and Jason stating \"Move over Posh and Becks\". Dunn believed that Geri was \"clearly head-over-feels in love\" with Jason and had \"a smile that says it all\". Though questioned the sincerity of Jason\'s feeling, wondering if he was using her as a publicity stunt
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# Kasper Klausen
**Kasper Klausen** (born 20 December 1982) is a Danish professional football midfielder, who currently is playing for Hvidovre IF.
Klausen joined AC Horsens in the summer of 2005, following the team\'s promotion to the Superliga, and was during the first season a regular starter for the team. He scored 2 goals and played his part in the team\'s surprising survival in the league. Due to injuries, Klausen lost his place in the team during the following season, and has not yet regained his former strength
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# La Canela
**La Canela**, the Valley of Cinnamon, is a legendary location in South America. As with El Dorado, its legend grew out of expectations aroused by the voyage of Christopher Columbus. He had demonstrated to the satisfaction of his backers that gold and spices would be found as a result of his Atlantic crossing; since he himself found little of these commodities, the search on the American mainland continued.
In 1541, Gonzalo Pizarro led an expedition east of Quito with Francisco de Orellana in search of *The country of cinnamon* (\"País de la Canela\"). The reason why they took this route was not explained in early narratives (at that time the existence of La Canela was still taken as fact, so no explanation seemed necessary). The reason became clear only on the publication of Pedro Cieza de León\'s history, which remained in manuscript form until 1871. According to Cieza de León, Gonzalo Díaz de Pineda had recently returned from an exploration of the high Andes. He had found some trees with an aroma of cinnamon, and had understood his informants to say that there were more and better such trees under cultivation not far off to the east. It was these \"cinnamon plantations\" that Gonzalo hoped to find.
In Quito, Gonzalo was able to recruit 220 Spaniards and 4,000 Native Americans. The second-in-command, Orellana, was sent to Guayaquil to recruit more troops and horses. Gonzalo Pizarro and his followers left Quito on February 1541, a month before Orellana, who was able to bring 23 men and several horses. In March, both met in the valley of *Zumaco* and started their march towards the crossing of the Andes. After following the courses of the Coca and Napo rivers, the expedition began to run out of provisions. By this time about 140 of the 220 Spaniards and 3,000 out of 4,000 natives had died. They built a boat, and in February 1542 decided that Orellana, along with 50 men, should continue sailing down the Napo in search of food for the whole party.
After vainly awaiting their return Gonzalo eventually admitted that the expedition was a failure. He decided to find a more northerly route back to Quito. He arrived there, two years after his departure, with only 80 surviving companions. Orellana, who never found any large supplies of food and had been unable to return upstream to rejoin the main party, continued down the Napo River to the Amazon River and became the first European to follow the great river all the way to its delta.
The best sources for the expedition are the history of Garcilaso de la Vega, el Inca (Garcilaso grew up in the household of Gonzalo Pizarro and therefore heard his story firsthand) and the narrative of Orellana\'s chaplain, Gaspar de Carvajal, who took part in the navigation of the Amazon. The narrative in William H. Prescott\'s *History of the Conquest of Peru* is elaborated on the basis of Garcilaso
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# Walter of Henley
**Walter of Henley** (**Walter de Henley**) was an English agricultural writer of the thirteenth century, writing in French. His known work is called *Le Dite de Hosebondrie* (or *Husbandry*), written about 1280, and deals with the agricultural management of a manor.
Little of Walter of Henley is known except that he once served in the office of bailiff. A manuscript of *Husbandry* housed at the University of Cambridge states that Walter was first a knight and then a friar-preacher, specifically a Dominican.
Walter\'s *Husbandry* was one of four agrarian treatises that appeared in the thirteenth century, treatises said by medieval historian Eileen Power to be \"undoubtedly the most original contribution of the Middle Ages to scientific agriculture. Their value lies,\" she noted, \"in their strictly empirical character, for they appear to spring straight from the soil, owing nothing to their great classical forerunners.\" Power attributes the appearance of these treatises in the thirteenth century to the fact that an intellectual revival was fostered by the friars of the time, notably the Franciscans, while, at the same time, the studies of the English schoolmen were beginning to lean toward what we might call \"physical and biological inquiry.\" Desmene (or manorial) farming was at its height, creating a market for agrarian treatises among the great landowners, and indeed it is known that copies of the manuscripts were owned by religious houses which owned extensive lands.
Walter of Henley employed a \"rustic\" style of writing, making use of proverbs in French and English to make his points memorable. His work makes for pleasurable reading, so much so that Professor Bertha Haven Putnam noted, as a teacher, that \"American undergraduate students read no mediæval work with greater pleasure than Walter of Henley\'s treatise.\"
A manuscript of Walter of Henley\'s work dating from the fifteenth century stated that it was translated into English by Robert Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln. This attribution has often been considered a mistake, probably arising from the fact that Robert wrote his own agrarian treatise called *Rules*, but Power argues that it is not far-fetched to associate Walter of Henley\'s treatise with the bishop of Lincoln since the latter was obviously interested in the subject.
Dr. William Cunningham has listed twenty surviving manuscripts of Walter of Henley\'s *Husbandry*, which was widely used until the sixteenth century when Sir Anthony Fitzherbert published *The Boke of Husbandry*, which, notably, contained several unattributed segments of Walter\'s work
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# 1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
The **1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election** was held on 11 December 1996 to select the first Chief Executive (CE) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) which term started from 1 July 1997 after the Chinese resumption of sovereignty over Hong Kong from the British rule. It was selected by the 400-member Selection Committee installed by the Government of the People\'s Republic of China (PRC). Tung Chee-hwa, a Shanghai-born Hong Kong businessman who was seen being favoured by Jiang Zemin, General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, was the ultimate winner of the election, defeating former Chief Justice Ti-liang Yang and tycoon Peter Woo with a large margin.
## Electoral method {#electoral_method}
According to the Basic Law of Hong Kong, the mini-constitution of the HKSAR, the first Chief Executive was selected by a 400-member Selection Committee. The Selection Committee was chosen by the Preparatory Committee in Beijing on 2 November 1996. Members of the pro-Beijing party Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong secured 40 places on the Selection Committee, while Leong Che-hung and some other prominent liberals were not elected.
The Selection Committee was also responsible for the selection to the 60 seats to the Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) on 21 December 1996.
## Candidates
The first potential candidate was Lo Tak-shing, Oxford-educated lawyer and son of prominent Eurasian lawyer and politician Man-kam Lo. Once officeholder in the British colonial government, Lo gave up his British citizenship and his title of the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for the Chinese citizenship in the early 1990s. When his popularity rating was only around one per cent, Lo withdrew on 17 October 1996.
Simon Li, former judge and director of the Bank of East Asia and nephew of the prominent businessman and politician Li Tse-fong who initially supported Lo Tak-shing entered the race in November 1996, after Lo withdrew. Li supported the controversial Beijing-controlled Provisional Legislative Council (PLC) and tightening public security to maintain Hong Kong\'s stability and prosperity.
Chief Justice Yang Ti-liang first surfaced as a contender a year before the election. However, his chances were wrecked as a top Chinese official leaked to the press some negative remarks Yang supposedly made on the Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance, which made him unpopular among the pro-democracy camp. In September 1996, Yang gave up his British knighthood and resigned as Chief Justice to run in the race. He received support from a veteran pro-Beijing publisher Xu Simin, the pro-Beijing party Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong as well as the local Xinhua News Agency. He was also reportedly backed by Lee Shau-kee, Hong Kong\'s richest man and real estate developer. Yang voiced his support for the Beijing government and warned against challenging the Chinese supremacy.
Peter Woo, son-in-law of late legendary shipping tycoon Y. K. Pao checked with Beijing before announcing his intention to run. He officially announced his candidacy on 1 October 1996 by issuing a formal platform. He pledged \"to establish the authority and image of an SAR government, uphold the rule of law, defend social justice, speak for the interests of the people of Hong Kong and conduct the affairs of the government with transparency.\"
Tung Chee-hwa, a Shanghai-born Hong Kong shipping magnate, was not widely known until the campaign began. He was supported by influential tycoon Henry Fok whom he had a longtime relationship with. The election was considered by many pundits as a done deal as the China\'s paramount leader and General Secretary Jiang Zemin singled Tung out for an exceptional cordial handshake at a meeting in Beijing long before the election in January 1996. He was endorsed by powerful tycoon Li Ka-shing.
London\'s favourite Chief Secretary Anson Chan, the most senior civil servant in the colonial government, was a potential candidate which received substantial support in the society. Chan was thought to be too closely linked to Governor Chris Patten to be acceptable to Beijing. She declined her candidacy on 26 October 1996, but reiterated her willingness to continue to serve the people of Hong Kong \"without fear or favour.\"
Other candidates included retired High Court judge Arthur Garcia who dropped out later, as well as Au Yuk-lun, Du Sen, Choi Ching-kui and Yu Hon-bui.
The pro-democrats also backed veteran politician and member of the Legislative Council Szeto Wah to launch a petition movement as the civil Chief Executive to mock the election of the 400-member Selection Committee. Szeto accumulated more than 104,000 signatures with their ID numbers as a result.
## Nomination
The nomination session was held on 15 November 1996 at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC). Only three of the eight candidates received the qualifying minimum of 50 votes from the Selection Committee. Tung Chee-hwa, Ti-liang Yang and Peter Woo all secured more than 50 nominations to enter the race, while Simon Li, to his shock, fell a few votes by winning 43 nominations only and was eliminated. Tung became the leading candidate by winning an absolute majority of 206 votes in the Selection Committee.
Chinese Foreign Minister Qian Qichen who oversaw the ballot casting described the event as \"the dawn of genuine democracy in Hong Kong.\"
+----------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| Candidate | | | Born | Party |
+================================================================+===+====================+======================================================+============================================================+
| bgcolor=`{{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}`{=mediawiki}\| | | **Tung Chee-hwa**\ | \ | Nonpartisan\ |
| | | 董建華 | (age `{{age nts|1937|7|7|1996|12|11}}`{=mediawiki}) | `{{small|([[Pro-Beijing camp|Pro-Beijing]])}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| bgcolor=`{{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}`{=mediawiki}\| | | **Yang Ti-liang**\ | \ | Nonpartisan\ |
| | | 楊鐵樑 | (age `{{age nts|1929|6|30|1996|12|11}}`{=mediawiki}) | `{{small|([[Pro-Beijing camp|Pro-Beijing]])}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
| bgcolor=`{{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}`{=mediawiki}\| | | **Peter Woo**\ | \ | Nonpartisan\ |
| | | 吳光正 | (age `{{age nts|1946|9|5|1996|12|11}}`{=mediawiki}) | `{{small|([[Pro-Beijing camp|Pro-Beijing]])}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------+------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+
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| 0 |
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# 1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
## Opinion polling {#opinion_polling}
In August 1996, public opinion polls showed Anson Chan had the most popular support, having more than 50% far ahead of Tung Chee-hwa\'s 5%. After Chan was dropped from the polling, Ti-liang Yang surged into the lead. Tung kept catching up in the polls in the later stage. In an opinion survey published on 2 December, 46% of the respondents said they preferred Tung, compared to 28% for Yang and 5.2% for Peter Woo.
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| Date(s)\ | Polling source | Tung Chee-hwa | Yang Ti-liang | Peter Woo | Simon Li | Others | Don\'t know/\ |
| conducted | | | | | | | Abstain |
+=================+==========================================================================================+===============+===============+===========+==========+========+===============+
| 9 Dec 1996 | [HKUPOP](https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf) | **43.4%** | 27.9% | 5.1% | \- | \- | 23.6% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| 2 Dec 1996 | [HKUPOP](https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf) | **46.7%** | 28.8% | 5.2% | \- | \- | 19.2% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| 25--26 Nov 1996 | [HKUPOP](https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf) | **42.3%** | 36.8% | 3.4% | \- | \- | 17.5% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| 18--19 Nov 1996 | [HKUPOP](https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf) | 40.1% | **40.7%** | 4.0% | \- | \- | 15.3% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| 11 Nov 1996 | [HKUPOP](https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf) | 32.9% | **42.6%** | 4.0% | 1.1% | 0.5% | 19.0% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| 5--6 Nov 1996 | [HKUPOP](https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf) | 32.4% | **33.5%** | 4.1% | 2.1% | 0.4% | 27.5% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| 23--24 Oct 1996 | [HKUPOP](https://www.hkupop.hku.hk/chinese/features/ceelection/1996/report_combined.pdf) | **30.2%** | 27.5% | 8.7% | 3.3% | \- | 30.4% |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
| | | | | | | | |
+-----------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+----------+--------+---------------+
## Result
On 11 December 1996, the election was held at the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre (HKCEC), where 400-member Selection Committee elected Tung Chee-hwa as the Chief Executive. Tung received 320 votes against 49 votes for Ti-liang Yang and 36 votes for Peter Woo.
## Protest
29 pro-democracy activists including legislators Emily Lau, Lee Cheuk-yan and Andrew Cheng protested against the election outside the HKECC during the election. A \"tomb of democracy\" was established outside the building shouting \"oppose the phony election\". Lau and Cheng scuffled with riot police and lay on the street. They were later bodily removed and taken to the Wan Chai Police Station.
## Aftermath
Tung Chee-hwa was appointed as the first Chief Executive of the HKSAR by Premier Li Peng under State Council Order 207 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on 18 December 1996. Tung was subsequently sworn in at midnight on 1 July 1997 as the HKSAR was formally established. His term of office was compounded with serious social problems including the right of abode issue, the Asian financial crisis, the bird flu pandemic and a host of other issues
| 463 |
1996 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
| 1 |
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# Karpoš
**Karpoš** (*Карпош*) is a neighbourhood in the Karpoš Municipality, City of Skopje, North Macedonia, and the seat of Karpoš Municipality. It is named after the famous Karposh hero.
## Demographics
As of the 2021 census, Karpoš had 61,288 residents with the following ethnic composition:
- Macedonians 49,483
- Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 5,238
- Albanians 2,203
- Serbs 1,593
- Roma 597
- Vlachs 477
- Turks 430
- Bosniaks 185
- Others 1,082
According to the 2002 census, the neighbourhood had a total of 37,162 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the town include:
- Macedonians 33,948
- Serbs 1,503
- Vlachs 308
- Albanians 226
- Turks 196
- Bosniaks 68
- Romani 54
- Others 859
## Sports
The local football club is FK Lokomotiva Skopje who play in the Lokomotiva Stadium
| 140 |
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| 0 |
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# IT Grade
Note: in this context, IT does not mean Information Technology, but it is an Engineering term.
An **IT grade** is an internationally accepted code system for tolerances on linear dimensions. Such code systems may be used to produce interchangeable parts. In engineering, the word *tolerance* refers to a range of allowable dimensions or values. Standard tolerance grades are a group of tolerances for linear sizes characterized by a common identifier. For SI measurements, a system of tolerance grades defined in ISO 286 is frequently used and identified by the letters **IT** followed by a number specifying how precise the requirements are, relative to the *nominal size* of a part.
For example, **IT14** refers to a group of tolerances used in manufacturing. For a part dimensioned at 10 mm, IT14 allows for up to 0.36 mm of variation in size. As the IT grade number increases, the tolerances increase; similarly, for larger nominal sizes, the standard tolerances increase. For a part dimensioned at 100 mm, IT14 allows for up to 0.87 mm of variation in size.
## Definition
The ISO 286 defines the international tolerances grades for nominal sizes up to 3.15 meters as follows:
Nominal size
-------------- --
\>
mm
: ISO 286 - Table 1
From IT6 to IT18, the standard tolerances are multiplied by the factor 10 at each fifth step. This rule applies to all standard tolerances and may be used to extrapolate values for IT grades not given in Table 1. For example, the nominal size range 120 mm up to and including 180 mm, the value of IT20 is:
` IT20 = IT15 × 10 = 1.6 mm × 10 = 16 mm `
IT grades may be used with alternate prefixes which identify how the tolerance limits are distributed around a nominal value. When used with the IT prefix, IT grades do not specify how the tolerance limits are placed around the nominal value, alternate prefixes are used for this purpose. For example, if the tolerance limits are distributed symmetrically above and below the nominal value, the prefix \"js\" may be used. For example a part dimensioned (in millimeters) as 4 js7 is equivalent to 4 ± 0.006 (where 4 IT7 is 0.012.)
Other standardized prefixes include the letters A, B, C, CD, D, E, EF, F, G, H, J, K, M, N, P, R, S, T, U, V, X, Y, Z, ZA, ZB, ZC (for holes), and the lower-case equivalents (for shafts.) Prefix letters I, L, O, Q and W are not used to avoid confusion. Of these, the letter prefixes H and h are easiest to explain as the tolerance lies entirely on one side of the nominal size. A hole dimensioned at 4 H7 may range from 4.00 - 4.012 mm, and a shaft at 4 h7 may range from 3.988 - 4.00 mm.
## Preferred tolerance classes and fits {#preferred_tolerance_classes_and_fits}
ISO 286 identifies a set of preferred tolerance classes for holes which include G7, H7, JS7, K7, N7, P7, R7, S7, F8, H8, E9, H9, D10, A11, B11, C11, and H11. The set of preferred tolerance classes for shafts includes g6, h6, js6, k6, n6, p6, r6, s6, f7, h7, e8, d9, h9, a11, b11, c11 and h11.
To completely specify the fit between a hole and corresponding shaft, it is common to specify a pair of the above tolerance classes, for example H7/g6. As with all IT grades, the smaller numbers correspond to tighter tolerances. Under normal circumstances, only a small number of the possible fits are practically required, and ISO 286 identifies preferred fit combinations including these as most preferred:
+----------------+------------------------------+
| Basic\ | Tolerance classes for shafts |
| hole | |
+================+==============================+
| Clearance fits | Transition fits |
+----------------+------------------------------+
| H7/ | g6 h6 |
+----------------+------------------------------+
| H8/ | f7 h7\ |
| | e8 |
+----------------+------------------------------+
| H9/ | e8 |
+----------------+------------------------------+
| H11/ | b11 c11 |
+----------------+------------------------------+
: Hole-basis system of fits
+----------------+-----------------------------+
| Basic\ | Tolerance classes for holes |
| shaft | |
+================+=============================+
| Clearance fits | Transition fits |
+----------------+-----------------------------+
| h6 | G7 H7 |
+----------------+-----------------------------+
| h7 | F8 H8 |
+----------------+-----------------------------+
| h9 | F8 H8\ |
| | E9 H9\ |
| | D10\ |
| | B11 |
+----------------+-----------------------------+
: Shaft-basis system of fits
## Other uses {#other_uses}
An industrial process may have an IT grade associated with it, indicating how precise it is. When designing a part, an engineer will typically determine a critical dimension (D) and some tolerance (T) on that dimension. Using this formula, the engineer can determine what IT Grade is necessary to produce the part with those specifications. Thus, if injection molding is capable of IT13 and a part requires IT5, one cannot use injection molding to produce that part to those specifications. It is useful in determining the processes capable of producing parts to a specification
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| 0 |
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# Rateče
**Rateče** (`{{IPA|sl|ˈɾaːtɛtʃɛ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *Racchia*, *Ratschach*) is a village in the Municipality of Kranjska Gora, in the far northwest corner of Slovenia. It is located in the upper part of the Upper Sava Valley, between the Sava Dolinka and Ziljica rivers, a tributary of the Drava. Further up the valley is the Rateče border crossing to Italy. Rateče is the closest Slovenian village to the summit of Mount Peč, also known in Slovene as Tromeja (or \"tri-border\", for the meeting point of the borders of Austria, Italy, and Slovenia at its summit.)
## History
The settlement was first mentioned in 1385. It still retains much of its historic character. One of the oldest surviving churches in Slovenia, the Saint Thomas\'s Church, is located in the village. The Rateče (or Klagenfurt) Manuscript, one of the earliest surviving Slovene texts, is thought to have been compiled in the Rateče area (possibly at Saint Thomas\'s Church) during the second half of the 14th century. The cadastral community of Rateče was split into two parts by the new Italian--Yugoslav border after the treaties that followed the First World War; Yugoslavia acquired the eastern portion, which includes the main settlement of Rateče, and Italy the western mountainous portion, which is still part of the municipality of Tarvisio.
Other historic buildings include the late Gothic parish church dedicated to the Holy Spirit and an ethnographic museum in the Kajžnk House, a restored 19th-century farmhouse.
## Geography
Trebiža and Kravnjak creeks flow through the village. Their sources are on the slopes of Mount Peč (1,510 m) and Mount Petelinjek (1,552 m), constituting the extreme western part of the Karawanks range. Below the village and beside the main road from Jesenice to Tarvisio is the gravelly Ledine Basin, where Nadiža Creek disappears underground. The creek flows from the glacial Planica Valley. At times of heavy precipitation a small lake forms in Ledine, from which water filters through the gravel to rise again at Zelenci, a marshy wetland with an extraordinarily rich ecosystem, regarded as the permanent source of the Sava Dolinka River.
## Economy and tourism {#economy_and_tourism}
The village is surrounded by fields, meadows, and pastures. Due to the harsh climate, the inhabitants are largely employed in livestock husbandry, relying on summer grazing in high pastures. Most local farmers are binational landowners, with meadows across the border in Italy.
Tourism is important to the economy, and there are many holiday homes in the area. Rateče is a starting point for hiking trips into the Julian Alps (through Tamar) and the Karawanks range. The lower Planica Valley hosts well-known ski-jumping competitions, where both the 100 m and 200 m benchmarks were first broken (in 1936 and 1994, respectively). Near the border crossing is the Macesnov\'c ski area, with a 1900 m track.
Every year on 15 August a local event is held by the Rateče Tourist Association in the village square (in Gorica).
| 484 |
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| 0 |
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# Rateče
## Climate
Rateče has a humid continental climate (Köppen *Dfb*). `{{Weather box
|metric first= yes
|single line = yes
|location = Rateče (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1950–2020) (864m)
| Jan record high C = 14.5
| Feb record high C = 18.0
| Mar record high C = 21.4
| Apr record high C = 26.3
| May record high C = 29.5
| Jun record high C = 35.5
| Jul record high C = 36.3
| Aug record high C = 35.8
| Sep record high C = 28.9
| Oct record high C = 24.8
| Nov record high C = 20.1
| Dec record high C = 13.5
| year record high C = 36.3
| Jan high C = 2.0
| Feb high C = 4.6
| Mar high C = 9.0
| Apr high C = 13.3
| May high C = 18.2
| Jun high C = 22.3
| Jul high C = 24.4
| Aug high C = 23.9
| Sep high C = 18.7
| Oct high C = 13.6
| Nov high C = 7.2
| Dec high C = 2.0
| year high C = 13.3
| Jan mean C = -3.2
| Feb mean C = -1.7
| Mar mean C = 2.2
| Apr mean C = 6.6
| May mean C = 11.7
| Jun mean C = 15.6
| Jul mean C = 17.3
| Aug mean C = 16.6
| Sep mean C = 11.8
| Oct mean C = 7.2
| Nov mean C = 2.2
| Dec mean C = -2.7
| year mean C = 7.0
| Jan low C = -7.1
| Feb low C = -6.4
| Mar low C = -2.9
| Apr low C = 0.9
| May low C = 5.3
| Jun low C = 9.2
| Jul low C = 10.8
| Aug low C = 10.8
| Sep low C = 6.8
| Oct low C = 2.9
| Nov low C = -1.1
| Dec low C = -6.1
| year low C = 1.9
| Jan record low C = -26.4
| Feb record low C = -24.4
| Mar record low C = -24.3
| Apr record low C = -13.9
| May record low C = -10.5
| Jun record low C = -2.3
| Jul record low C = 0.1
| Aug record low C = -0.7
| Sep record low C = -4.6
| Oct record low C = -12.6
| Nov record low C = -19.4
| Dec record low C = -21.5
| year record low C = -26.4
|precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 68
| Feb precipitation mm = 79
| Mar precipitation mm = 89
| Apr precipitation mm = 107
| May precipitation mm = 122
| Jun precipitation mm = 143
| Jul precipitation mm = 161
| Aug precipitation mm = 155
| Sep precipitation mm = 178
| Oct precipitation mm = 185
| Nov precipitation mm = 189
| Dec precipitation mm = 116
| year precipitation mm = 1592
| Jan snow depth cm = 35
| Feb snow depth cm = 41
| Mar snow depth cm = 32
| Apr snow depth cm = 6
| May snow depth cm = 0
| Jun snow depth cm = 0
| Jul snow depth cm = 0
| Aug snow depth cm = 0
| Sep snow depth cm = 0
| Oct snow depth cm = 0
| Nov snow depth cm = 5
| Dec snow depth cm = 20
| year snow depth cm = 11.6
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 9
| Feb precipitation days = 9
| Mar precipitation days = 11
| Apr precipitation days = 14
| May precipitation days = 16
| Jun precipitation days = 16
| Jul precipitation days = 15
| Aug precipitation days = 14
| Sep precipitation days = 12
| Oct precipitation days = 12
| Nov precipitation days = 13
| Dec precipitation days = 10
| year precipitation days = 150
| unit snow days = 0 cm
| Jan snow days = 29
| Feb snow days = 25
| Mar snow days = 21
| Apr snow days = 7
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 1
| Nov snow days = 9
| Dec snow days = 25
| year snow days = 117
| time day = 14:00
| Jan humidity = 69
| Feb humidity = 56
| Mar humidity = 54
| Apr humidity = 53
| May humidity = 52
| Jun humidity = 52
| Jul humidity = 50
| Aug humidity = 52
| Sep humidity = 58
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 70
| Dec humidity = 76
| year humidity = 59
| Jan sun = 81.3
| Feb sun = 114.1
| Mar sun = 156.0
| Apr sun = 164.1
| May sun = 184.4
| Jun sun = 202.1
| Jul sun = 232.3
| Aug sun = 221.5
| Sep sun = 172.7
| Oct sun = 134.3
| Nov sun = 73.6
| Dec sun = 54.5
| year sun = 1790.9
| source 1 = [[Slovenian Environment Agency]] (humidity and snow 1981–2010)<ref name = SEA>{{Cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230922152834/https://meteo.arso.gov.si/met/sl/climate/tables/statistike_1950_2020/ratece/
| archive-date = 22 September 2023
| url = https://meteo.arso.gov.si/met/sl/climate/tables/statistike_1950_2020/ratece/
| title = Rateče Podnebne statistike 1950-2020
| publisher = Slovenian Environmental Agency
| language = sl
| access-date = 22 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230922153144/https://meteo.arso.gov.si/uploads/probase/www/climate/table/en/by_location/ratece/climate-normals_81-10_Ratece_eng.pdf
| archive-date = 22 September 2023
| url = https://meteo.arso.gov.si/uploads/probase/www/climate/table/en/by_location/ratece/climate-normals_81-10_Ratece_eng.pdf
| title = Rateče Climate Normals 1981-2010
| publisher = Slovenian Environmental Agency
| access-date = 22 September 2023}}</ref>
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun 1991–2020)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230922153220/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovenia/CSV/Ratece_14007.csv
| archive-date = 22 September 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovenia/CSV/Ratece_14007
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# Hi... We're the Miracles
***Hi\... We\'re the Miracles*** is the first studio album by the American R&B group the Miracles. It was released in January 1961 on Motown\'s Tamla label. The album features several songs that played an important role in defining The Motown Sound and establishing songwriters Smokey Robinson and Berry Gordy.
The styles of the album tracks vary from the late doo-wop sound of \"Who\'s Lovin\' You\" (later recorded by The Temptations, the Jackson 5, Terence Trent D\'Arby, and En Vogue) and \"(You Can) Depend on Me\", to the upbeat R&B of \"Way Over There\". Also featured is a rendition of Motown\'s first hit single, Barrett Strong\'s \"Money (That\'s What I Want)\". The album\'s biggest hit was the bluesy \"Shop Around\", which was released as a single in 1960 and peaked at number 1 on the Billboard R&B singles chart and number 2 on the pop singles chart (No. 1 Pop, Cashbox). \"Shop Around\" was the first R&B number 1 single for both the Miracles and Motown label. It was also the label\'s first million-selling hit single and a 2006 Grammy Hall of Fame-inducted song.
*Hi\... We\'re the Miracles* features the Miracles\' classic original lineup (not to be confused with their true original lineup): Smokey Robinson, Ronald White, Bobby Rogers, Pete Moore, Marv Tarplin (mentioned on the back of the album, though not pictured on the front), and Robinson\'s wife (and Rogers\'s cousin), Claudette Rogers Robinson.
## Release
*Hi\... We\'re the Miracles* was released on CD by Motown Records in the early 1990s.
*Hi\... We\'re the Miracles* and four other Miracles albums were re-released as part of the 2009 Motown 50th anniversary limited edition CD release *The Miracles-Depend On Me: The Early Albums*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
### Side one {#side_one}
1. \"Who\'s Lovin\' You\" (Smokey Robinson) -- 3:06
2. \"Depend on Me\" (Robinson, Berry Gordy) -- 3:08
3. \"Heart Like Mine\" (Ronnie White, Robinson) -- 2:06
4. \"Shop Around\" (Robinson, Gordy) -- 2:50
5. \"Won\'t You Take Me Back\" (Robinson, Gordy) -- 2:40
6. \"Cause I Love You\" (White, Robinson) -- 2:25
### Side two {#side_two}
1. \"Your Love\" (Robinson) -- 2:51
2. \"After All\" (Robinson) -- 2:47
3. \"Way Over There\" (Robinson, Gordy) -- 2:57
4. \"Money\" (Gordy, Janie Bradford) -- 3:48
5. \"Don\'t Leave Me\" (Robinson, Gordy, Brian Holland, Robert Bateman) -- 2:43
## Personnel
### The Miracles {#the_miracles}
- Smokey Robinson - lead vocals, background vocals
- Ronnie White - lead vocals, background vocals
- Claudette Robinson - lead vocals, background vocals
- Warren \"Pete\" Moore - background vocals
- Bobby Rogers - background vocals
- Marv Tarplin - guitar
### Other credits {#other_credits}
- The Funk Brothers - additional instrumentation
- Berry Gordy - producer
## Cover versions {#cover_versions}
\"Shop Around\" has been covered by Captain & Tennille, Don Bryant, The Astronauts, The Spinners, Allusions, and Georgie Fame, among others. \"After All\" has been covered by The Supremes and The Marvelettes. \"Way Over There\" has been covered by Edwin Starr, The Temptations, The Marvelettes, The Royal Counts, New Man, and Eddie Adams Jr. \"(You Can) Depend on Me\" has been covered by The Temptations, The Supremes, Mary Wells and Brenda Holloway. \"Who\'s Loving You has been covered by The Temptations, The Supremes, The Jackson Five, Terence Trent-D\'arby, Brenda and The Tabulations, John Farnham, Human Nature, and En Vogue
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| 0 |
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# Abby Davies
**Abby Davies** is a fictional character from the British soap opera *Hollyoaks*, played by Helen Noble. The character made her first on-screen appearance during the episode broadcast on 1 March 2001. Noble remained a part of the cast until her character departed in June 2004. She made reprised role for a guest return on 7 February 2005.
## Casting
Helen Noble was seventeen when she joined the cast of *Hollyoaks* after auditioning for the role. Noble originally auditioned for the role of Jess Holt but was unsuccessful. Producers later contacted Noble and asked her to audition for the role of Abby instead. Noble made her first on-screen appearance as Abby during the episode broadcast on 1 March 2001.
## Development
Abby is an enthusiast and has high hopes in her life. Speaking of Abby\'s persona during an interview with OK! Noble stated: \"My character Abby Davies was such a fun character, very likeable, very girlie, a little bit ditzy and silly. She had a big imagination and she had very high hopes for herself and her love life.\" Abby has a unique style but Noble disliked it. She told a reporter from *Inside Soap* that \"\[she\] is supposed to be a goth/punky kind of person and she used to wear dog collars -- but I think they\'re really ugly. They\'re for dogs, not people. And if we\'re filming, and I have to have this heavy studded thing on all day, it gets really uncomfortable! Abby\'s style is just not me at all.\" Noble told an *All About Soap* reporter that Abby is a \"typical teenage girl with lots of attitude.\" She added that Abby likes to wear a lot of make-up and is \"a bit of a goth\" like her friend Zara Morgan (Kelly Greenwood). Noble described Abby as very different which made her challenging to play. Eventually Abby began to change her appearance. Noble told Kathryn Secretan from *Soaplife* that Abby\'s \"fashion sense used to be horrible. She used to dress like a punk and I hated it.\"
Abby is introduced as a member of the Davies family consisting of her brother, Ben Davies (Marcus Patric) and their father, Will Davies (Barny Clevely). Noble revealed that Abby is \"not at all\" like Ben, who is more interested in \"staying in his dad\'s good books\" and refuses to side with Abby on family issues. They were both introduced before Abby and in her backstory, she had been living with her mother. Noble added that most of Abby\'s initial scenes are with Zara, Will and Ben so she quickly formed a good rapport with the actors. Noble was hopeful that Abby would continue to cause trouble in the series because she had been enjoying acting out those stories. She added \"the funny thing is she always gets found out.\"
Writers created a relationship storyline between Abby and fellow student, Lee (Alex Carter). Their relationship is tested when Abby leaves Chester to study at Brighton University. Lee remains in Hollyoaks and decides to take a beautician college course at the local campus. The pair also become engaged to marry, but a long distance relationship begins to cause problems. Carter told reporters from *All About Soap* that \"Lee is definitely missing Abby. Well, you would, they\'ve just got engaged.\" Lee sends Abby text messages but she does not reply and Carter explained that Lee assumes that Abby is cheating on him. When Abby finally makes contact with Lee, their friend Zara interferes and asks Abby how many new men she has met. Zara tries to cheer Lee up, but he cannot stop thinking about Abby. Carter said that viewers would soon tire of his character\'s whining about Abby.
Writers developed a consistent friendship between Abby and Zara, with the two often sharing storylines. Noble told Dorothy Koomson from *All About Soap* that Abby was always protecting Zara but was unafraid to tell her when she was in the wrong. Writers even played the story so that Zara moves into the Davies household, further cementing their bond. Greenwood described Zara as the sister Abby never had and they became closer once living together. She added that Zara was always Abby\'s confidant especially when she was upset about her mother. Their friendship was tested when Zara has sex with Abby\'s ex-boyfriend, Lee. Noble stated that Abby would not believe Zara could betray her in such a way but it did not mean the end of their friendship. Noble concluded that the characters would be forever bonded because they \"have grown up together and have been through a lot.\" Greenwood added that Abby and Zara do not agree on much, but that is the \"spark in a friendship\" that writers gave them.
Writers also featured Abby in the show\'s serial killer storyline. In the episode broadcast on 18 February 2002, Abby goes missing. Her father Will fears that Abby has become another victim of the killer. Abby is found safe and taken into a police incident room. Abby is left disturbed after she accidentally views photographs of one of the murder victims. Abby\'s brother Ben blames DCI Dale Jackson (Laila Rouass) and confronts her for scaring Abby.
Noble decided to leave *Hollyoaks* in 2004, but agreed to return in four episodes in 2005. Noble stated that she felt she had changed and was confident in her decision to depart.
## Storylines
Will\'s daughter and Ben\'s younger sister Abby was the school friend of Lisa Hunter, Lee, Zara, Cameron Clark, and Norman Sankofa. Abby\'s main storylines involved her tempestuous relationship with Lee. No matter how many times they broke up, Abby could always be won back by Lee quoting Romeo and Juliet, though this didn\'t stop her almost starting a relationship with Craig Dean. Lee finally asked Abby to marry him shortly before she left Hollyoaks to go to university in Brighton, but alas, it was not to be. When she stopped calling, Lee executed a surprise visit, only to find her in bed with someone else. Abby was last mentioned in October 2007, when Steph Dean complained about still living in Chester while Abby was living in the more glamorous Los Angeles.
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# Abby Davies
## Reception
Lorna Cooper of MSN TV listed Abby of one of Soap Opera\'s \"forgotten characters\" and that she is mainly remembered for her \"turbulent relationship with Lee Hunter\". Virgin Media said that the \"ever-bubbly and ditzy\" was an \"absolute sucker\" for Lee, adding that their relationship status seemed more on/off than a \"faulty light switch\". Dorothy Koomson (*All About Soap*) branded Abby and Zara as a \"feisty\" duo who shared an \"intense\" living arrangement, considering their friendship \"potential pitfall\" was Zara having sex with Lee
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# 2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
The **2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election** was to select the second term of the Chief Executive (CE) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). Incumbent Tung Chee-hwa was nominated by the 800-member Election Committee (EC) without competition.
## Background
The Election Committee (EC) was responsible for electing the Chief Executive (CE). Before the Chief Executive election, a by-election was held on 6 January 2002 to fill the four vacancies in the Election Committee.
Incumbent Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa was supported by Chinese leaders for his re-election as early as 2001. Speaking in Myanmar in December 2001, Chinese paramount leader Jiang Zemin stated, \"I wish that Mr. Tung will get elected. I am convinced he will get elected.\" Given the support and certainty of Tung\'s re-election, many observers argued that not only would it have been futile to oppose Tung or to support another candidate potentially harmful to their business interests in Hong Kong and mainland China. Jiang was previously asked by Sharon Cheung, a Hong Kong journalist, in October 2001 whether Beijing has appointed Tung as the next Chief Executive, which Jiang replied by condemning Cheung \"too simple, sometimes naïve\".
Tung started his campaign in 2001 by setting up an office in the Central District and constructing a website to release news of his campaign. His campaign manager like Leung Chun-ying, the Convenor of the Unofficial Members of the Executive Council tried to project a more communicative and high-tech image of Tung.
## Nomination
The nomination period lasted for two weeks from 15 to 28 February 2002. On 19 February, only four days after the nomination period opened the *Asian Wall Street Journal* first reported Tung\'s *de facto* victory, as more than 695 Election Committee members had nominated him for a second term, which made it mathematically impossible for anyone else to nominated as the threshold of required for nomination was 100 members. At the end of the nomination period, Tung garnered 712 nominations from the Election Committee and thus was the only validly nominated candidate with the boycott of the pro-democracy camp.
The pro-democracy camp argued that the electoral process was deliberately designed to obstruct any challenge to Tung. Although there were voices that pro-democrats might have made it possible to nominate an alternative candidate, legislator and The Frontier chairperson Emily Lau was against supporting an alternative candidate: \"As it is not a fair, open and democratic election, we should not participate in it and give it any legitimacy.\" Lau formed the Coalition Against Second Term (CAST) to draw attention to the flawed process of choosing the Chief Executive, the lack of competition and the need for real democracy.
+----------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Candidate | | | Born | Party | Most recent position |
+================================================================+===+====================+====================================================+============================================================+=================================+
| bgcolor=`{{party color|Nonpartisan politician}}`{=mediawiki}\| | | **Tung Chee-hwa**\ | \ | Nonpartisan\ | Chief Executive of Hong Kong\ |
| | | 董建華 | (age `{{age nts|1937|7|7|2002|2|28}}`{=mediawiki}) | `{{small|([[Pro-Beijing camp|Pro-Beijing]])}}`{=mediawiki} | `{{small|(1997–)}}`{=mediawiki} |
+----------------------------------------------------------------+---+--------------------+----------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
## Result
While the election date was originally set on 24 March 2002, Tung was declared re-elected on 28 February 2002, and thus the election was concluded. Tung was also considered as the only Chief Executive hand-picked in high-profile by the Chinese Government, until the 2022 election.
## Aftermath
In his second term, Tung Chee-hwa increasingly faced difficult challenge of governing without a democratic mandate. With the SARS epidemics and the controversies over the Hong Kong Basic Law Article 23 in 2003 drew a massive anti-government protest on 1 July 2003. As Jiang Zemin retired from as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (*de facto* leader), Tung gradually lost his main patron in Beijing and eventually stepped down in 2005
| 619 |
2002 Hong Kong Chief Executive election
| 0 |
10,016,649 |
# Boves, Somme
**Boves** (`{{IPA|fr|bɔv}}`{=mediawiki}; Picard: *Bofe*) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
## Geography
Boves is situated on the D935 and D116 road junction, on the banks of the river Avre, some 5 mi southeast of Amiens. Boves station has rail connections to Amiens, Compiègne and Creil.
## Population
## History
- c640 : The birthplace of Saint Godeberta
- c1166 : The birthplace of medieval author Jean de Boves.
- July 1185 : Philippe-Auguste signed the treaty acquiring part of Picardy.
- August 1835 : Victor Hugo visited the ruins of the château
| 101 |
Boves, Somme
| 0 |
10,016,667 |
# Cases of Stübing v. Germany
The **Cases of Stübing v. Germany** involve a series of criminal prosecutions and appeals surrounding Patrick Stübing and Susan Karolewski, two German siblings who have had four children in an incestuous relationship with each other. Stübing has served several prison sentences for violating German laws prohibiting sexual intercourse between siblings, and Karolewski has been held under supervision for the same. The couple have been allowed to keep only their fourth child. Stübing eventually obtained a vasectomy. Their case has featured in public debate about whether sibling sexual relations should be decriminalised in Germany.
## Background
Stübing, a locksmith, was born in 1976 at Leipzig, East Germany, the second of five children. He was taken into state care at age three after being attacked by his alcoholic father, was adopted at age seven by his foster parents, and grew up in Potsdam. Karolewski was born in 1984. Stübing met his mother, who had separated from his father and had a new partner, and his sister in 2000, when he was 23 and Karolewski was 16. According to Stübing, the relationship between him and his sister became incestuous after their mother died suddenly in December 2000. Their other siblings have died.
## Incestuous relationship and legal sentences {#incestuous_relationship_and_legal_sentences}
Karolewski, who has a personality disorder which the court determined left her \"only partially liable\" for her actions, gave birth to their first child in October 2001. A social worker reported suspicions of incest and Stübing received a suspended sentence in 2002. Karolewski subsequently gave birth to two more children; at Stübing\'s second trial, in 2004, she was accused as his co-defendant because the second child was conceived after her 18th birthday. He was sentenced to 10 months in prison, and she was put under the supervision of a social worker but not convicted of anything (because of her personality disorder). Neither was assigned a lawyer; Stübing appealed the verdict. By November 2006, he had served the time and been released.
The couple\'s first two children are slightly mentally and physically disabled; the third was born with a heart defect that was corrected with surgery. All three were placed in foster care. Karolewski\'s fourth child, a daughter born in 2005, was born healthy and was not taken from her. At a third trial in 2005, she was again placed under supervision of a social worker and not convicted of anything, while Stübing was sentenced to 14 months in prison. His lawyer appealed to the Federal Constitutional Court; Stübing\'s appeal was denied in March 2008, and in April 2012 he lost an appeal to the European Court of Human Rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (Right to respect for private and family life).
In 2004, Stübing underwent a voluntary vasectomy. After his third imprisonment ended, the couple resumed living together, but by 2012 they had split up. A 2012 article in the Austrian newspaper *Kleine Zeitung* reported as follows:
> The sister and ex-girlfriend of Patrick S., who was convicted of incest, said in an interview: \"It\'s okay that incest is punishable. I feel guilty about it. I used to be young and somehow longed for love. But I would never do that again. I wouldn\'t advise anyone to do that either. I don\'t want to have anything to do with Patrick anymore.\"
## Legal issues {#legal_issues}
Under paragraph 173 of the German criminal code, sexual relations between close relatives are illegal and punishable by up to three years in prison. However, most cases of incest are instead prosecuted as child abuse.
In 2014, in response to the case of Stübing and Karolewski, the German Ethics Council voted in favour of decriminalising consensual incest between siblings, while the CDU party of then-Chancellor Angela Merkel opposed abolition of the law. Legality of incest between adult biological siblings is not always treated the same as other kinds of incest such as between adult cousins or between parents and their adult children, and laws have been amended in the case of consensual adult incestuous relationships in Brazil, France, Japan, and Turkey
| 684 |
Cases of Stübing v. Germany
| 0 |
10,016,685 |
# Kisela Voda
**Kisela Voda** (*Кисела Вода*) is a suburb of the City of Skopje in the municipality of Kisela Voda, North Macedonia.
## Demographics
According to the 2002 census, the suburb had a total of 84,625 inhabitants
| 38 |
Kisela Voda
| 0 |
10,016,687 |
# Mike Perry (game developer)
**Mike Perry** (born 1969) was creative director at Maxis and Electronic Arts, where he worked on many of the *Sim* games. He produced and designed the award-winning title *SimFarm*, and both produced and programmed Yoot Saito\'s award-winning title *SimTower*. As of 2011, he is an executive producer at Zynga, managing the *FarmVille* game.
## Biography
Perry\'s first game was an Astrosmash clone, which he wrote in BASIC on a Timex Sinclair 1000 at the age of 13. He lived at Pensacola Naval Air Station, as his stepfather was an officer in the U.S. Navy. Perry was a C64 enthusiast in high school, using it to teach himself how to program games and BBS applications. His stepfather later took a job as medical professor at the University of South Alabama, which school Perry attended as well, studying music. However, he dropped out before graduating, to explore a musical career and move to California.
For the next two years he worked part-time at the videogame booth in a Toys R Us store, and played rhythm guitar for a local heavy metal band. He then decided to seek an actual career in the game industry, cold-calling various companies in the Bay Area, and finally obtaining a job as a \"Game Counselor\" (telephone support) at Hudson Soft. Over the next two years his duties expanded within the company, including work on such games as Bomberman 2 and Super Adventure Island.
In 1992, Perry was hired by Jeff Braun of Maxis to work as a project manager, doing what was called \"Maintenance Producing,\" supporting updates on existing products such as *SimEarth* and *SimCity*. Perry was then given a new project, *SimFarm*, which he produced and co-designed with engineer Eric Albers. The game won the Codie award in 1993 from the Software Publishers Association as \"Best Secondary Education Program.\" The following year, Perry produced Yoot Saito\'s *SimTower*, which won the CODiE for Best Simulation Program. He was one of the employees who stayed with the company when it was acquired by Electronic Arts in 1997.
He has given talks at the Game Developers Conference, and in 2003, published a series of \"Designer Diaries\", documenting the development of the console version of *The Sims*.
In 2011, Perry left Maxis/EA, and as of July 2011 is working at Zynga, where he is executive producer of *FarmVille*
| 393 |
Mike Perry (game developer)
| 0 |
10,016,688 |
# Katharina Franck
**Katharina Franck** (born July 28, 1963) is a German singer, songwriter, and musician. She first achieved fame as singer, songwriter, and guitarist of pop rock band the Rainbirds in the late 1980s. Besides her work with Rainbirds, she was also a member of the band Stein, and has released several solo albums.
## Biography
Katharina Franck was born in Düsseldorf, Germany, but spent her childhood in Portugal because her father worked there as a Thyssen AG representative. From 1974 to 1977 she lived in São Paulo, Brazil, where she first started playing guitar and writing songs in English. She then moved back to Portugal, and formed her first band, having both her first stage and studio experiences.
In 1981, at the age of 18, she moved to Cologne, Germany. Her first attempts at the cut-up technique, poetry and prose in German followed. At the pop course at the Hamburg University of Music and Drama she took her first singing lessons. In 1983 she moved to Berlin and initially kept herself afloat with part-time jobs. In 1985 she became a member of the band Les Black Carnations, where she operated under the name Justine Time.
In the spring of 1986 she founded the band Rainbirds, with which she won the Berlin Senate Rock Competition and was then offered a recording contract by the record label Mercury. The single \"Blueprint\" became a European hit in 1988. They went through various line-ups over the years, and have released a total of six studio albums. *Yonder* their latest album was released in 2014.
From 1990 to 1994, while still with Rainbirds, she was also a member of the band Stein (which included her Rainbirds band member, Ulrike Haage), with which she released three albums.
With Haage, she has worked on two radio plays focusing on the life and work of Jane Bowles, 1999\'s \"Bei unserer Lebensweise ist es sehr angenehm, lange im voraus zu einer Party eingeladen zu werden\" (\"Living the Way We Do, It Is Delightful to Be Invited to a Party a Long Way Off\") and 2005\'s \"Ich war fischen\" (\"I Was Fishing\").
Franck has also released several solo albums: \"Hunger\" (\"spoken pop songs\" set to music by Haage) (in English and in German) in 1997; \"Zeitlupenkino\" (2002) (in German); \"First Take Second Skin\" (2006) (in English); and \"On the Verge of an Autobiography\" (2008) (in English).
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Franck has been living in Neuruppin since 2012, and her partner lives in Neukölln, Berlin. Her mother lives in Portugal.
## Discography
### Rainbirds
- Rainbirds (1987)
- Call Me Easy, Say I\'m Strong, Love Me My Way, It Ain\'t Wrong (1989)
- Two Faces (1991)
- In a Different Light (1993)
- The Mercury Years (1995)
- Making Memory(1996)
- Forever (1997)
- 3000
| 467 |
Katharina Franck
| 0 |
10,016,713 |
# Henrik Hansen (footballer)
**Henrik Hallenberg Hansen** (born 28 July 1979) is a Danish former professional football midfielder. He is currently an assistant coach of Danish Superliga club Brøndby IF.
## Club career {#club_career}
Hansen joined AC Horsens in the winter of 2007 and made an immediate impact on the team. AC Horsens, until then known as a defensive team with little offensive force was added much creativity with Hansen, and during his first year in the club he scored 11 Danish Superliga goals. On 18 December 2007, his performance was rewarded with a call-up for the Denmark national football team.
Hansen has previously played for Næstved IF, Esbjerg fB and SønderjyskE. On 14 July 2008, Hansen signed a `{{frac|3|1|2}}`{=mediawiki}-year contract with OB.
### Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Hansen ended his career at SønderjyskE in June 2015 and was immediately hired as an \'A+ coach\': a coach who is responsible for the talent setup out in their respective clubs. Hansen was promoted to the first team management in January 2017, as an assistant manager to Claus Nørgaard.
In April 2018 it was confirmed, that Hansens would join OB as an assistant manager from the beginning of the new 2018-19 season. In December 2021, Hansen was appointed new manager at his former club, SønderjyskE. He signed a contract until June 2024. He did not manage to save the club from relegation, and in the following season the club\' results were inconsistent, and he was sacked in November 2022.
On June 4, 2024 Hansen was appointed as a new assistant coach at Brøndby IF, to replace Martin Retov who left the club to head AC Horsens
| 273 |
Henrik Hansen (footballer)
| 0 |
10,016,722 |
# Development (differential geometry)
In classical differential geometry, **development** is the rolling of one smooth surface over another in Euclidean space. For example, the tangent plane to a surface (such as the sphere or the cylinder) at a point can be rolled around the surface to obtain the tangent plane at other points.
## Properties
The tangential contact between the surfaces being rolled over one another provides a relation between points on the two surfaces. If this relation is (perhaps only in a local sense) a bijection between the surfaces, then the two surfaces are said to be ***developable*** on each other or *developments* of each other. Differently put, the correspondence provides an isometry, locally, between the two surfaces.
In particular, if one of the surfaces is a plane, then the other is called a *developable surface*: thus a developable surface is one which is locally isometric to a plane. The cylinder is developable, but the sphere is not.
## Flat connections {#flat_connections}
Development can be generalized further using flat connections. From this point of view, rolling the tangent plane over a surface defines an affine connection on the surface (it provides an example of parallel transport along a curve), and a developable surface is one for which this connection is flat.
More generally any flat Cartan connection on a manifold defines a development of that manifold onto the model space. Perhaps the most famous example is the development of conformally flat *n*-manifolds, in which the model-space is the *n*-sphere. The development of a conformally flat manifold is a conformal local diffeomorphism from the universal cover of the manifold to the *n*-sphere.
## Undevelopable surfaces {#undevelopable_surfaces}
The class of double-curved surfaces (undevelopable surfaces) contains objects that cannot be simply unfolded (developed)
| 291 |
Development (differential geometry)
| 0 |
10,016,745 |
# Salix lucida
***Salix lucida***, the **shining willow**, **Pacific willow**, **red willow**, or **whiplash willow**, is a species of willow native to northern and western North America, occurring in wetland habitats. It is the largest willow found in British Columbia.
It is a deciduous large shrub or small tree growing to 4 -- tall. The shoots are greenish-brown to grey-brown. The leaves are narrow elliptic to lanceolate, 4--17 cm long and 1-3.5 cm broad, glossy dark green above, usually glaucous green below, hairless or thinly hairy. The flowers are yellow catkins 1--9 cm long, produced in late spring after the leaves emerge.
The subspecies are:
- *S. l. lucida`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki}*shining willow, Newfoundland west to eastern Saskatchewan, and south to Maryland and South Dakota
- *S. l. lasiandra* (Benth.) E.Murray (syn. *S. lasiandra* Benth.)`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki}Pacific willow, Alaska east to Northwest Territory, and south to California and New Mexico.
- *S. l. caudata* (Nutt.) E.Murray`{{Snd}}`{=mediawiki}whiplash willow, interior western North America from eastern British Columbia south to eastern California and Nevada, included in *S. l. lasiandra* by some authors.
It is closely related to *Salix pentandra* of Europe and Asia
| 185 |
Salix lucida
| 0 |
10,016,781 |
# Cotton Company of Zimbabwe
**The Cotton Company of Zimbabwe**, is a large cotton processing and marketing organization in Southern Africa. The company, known as \"COTTCO\", works with individual cotton farmers, providing agronomic and financial support. Cottco is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and its stock index, the Zimbabwe Industrial Index. Its head offices are located in Harare. Cotton, export internationally via COTTCO, is one of the larger generators of foreign currency for Zimbabwe
| 75 |
Cotton Company of Zimbabwe
| 0 |
10,016,792 |
# Frank F. Ledford Jr.
**Frank Finley Ledford Jr.** (April 22, 1934 -- May 15, 2019) was an American orthopedic surgeon who served as the 37th Surgeon General of the United States Army from 1988 to 1992.
## Biography
### Background and education {#background_and_education}
He was born in April 1934 in Jacksonville, Florida. He attended college at the University of Dayton and received his bachelor\'s degree in 1955. That university later awarded him the Distinguished Alumni Award for his becoming the army surgeon general. In 1959, he received an M.D. degree from the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Later he did residency training in orthopedic surgery. Ledford was board certified by the American Board of Orthopedic Surgery. He is also a Fellow of the American College of Surgeons.
### Service in the United States Army {#service_in_the_united_states_army}
Ledford has held positions as a Clinical Professor at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS), the medical school operated by the armed forces and at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio.
Culminating a long career in the U.S. Army Medical Corps, he was appointed the Surgeon General of the United States Army from June 16, 1988, to June 18, 1992. At the time, he had attained the rank of lieutenant general.
His tenure as Surgeon General came at the time of the Gulf War, when Allied forces liberated the Kuwait after Iraq invaded the country in 1991. This period was marked by apprehension over the threat of Iraqi forces using its known stock of nerve gas and possible use of biological weapons against Allied forces. This period was also marked by the difficulties in organizing military medical assets to the Persion Gulf region, which led to calling of reservists in the United States. Many of these reservists, which were physicians with private practices, were forced to temporarily close their practices and perform what they thought were mundane duties, such as doing physical examinations in U.S. bases. The thought that they were needlessly called led to some physician reservists leaving the Army reserve.
Ledford was stationed at numerous Army posts including, but not limited to, Fort Belvoir, VA (near Washington, DC), Fort Sam Houston (San Antonio, TX), Walter Reed Army Medical Center (Washington, DC), Fort Riley, KS, and Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (Germany). He was hospital commander of Irwin Army Hospital (now Irwin Army Community Hospital) in Fort Riley, Kansas in 1979 following then Col. William Winkler.
### Career after serving as Surgeon General {#career_after_serving_as_surgeon_general}
Later, Ledford retired from the Army. He was president of the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) in San Antonio, Texas until his retirement in May, 2005 after 13 years with the foundation. The SFBR is an independent medical research institution with close ties, but a separate administration, with the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. As such, he was a member of the board of the Texas Research Foundation and is pictured seated on the far right of the photo of the board. [photo](https://web.archive.org/web/20070225165730/http://www.trpf.com/trustee.html)
Ledford died after a short illness on May 15, 2019.
## Awards and decorations {#awards_and_decorations}
-- ----------------------------------------------------------
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Meritorious Service Medal
Army Commendation Medal with one Oak leaf cluster
Army Meritorious Unit Commendation
National Defense Service Medal
Vietnam Service Medal with 2 Service stars
Army Service Ribbon
Army Overseas Service Ribbon with bronze award numeral 3
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation
Vietnam Campaign Medal
-- ----------------------------------------------------------
## Miscellany
- Ledford is licensed to practice medicine in Ohio, but not in Texas.
- He has a daughter
- He was a donor to the Sunshine Cottage School for Deaf Children having given a donation in 2005.
| 619 |
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| 0 |
10,016,792 |
# Frank F. Ledford Jr.
## Support for Physician Assistants {#support_for_physician_assistants}
Ledford has been a strong supporter of the physician assistant (PA) profession. He was a driving force behind Army PAs becoming commissioned officers, whereas they had originally been warrant officers. He also created the Lieutenant General Frank Ledford Award, annually recognizing the most outstanding post-graduate US Army PA who successfully completes a PhD or DSc program and engages in research. The recipients of the Award have included the following:
- 2011 - MAJ Jonathan Saxe
- 2012 - MAJ Colin Dunderdale, DSc, PA-C
- 2013 - MAJ D. Alan Nelson, MPAS, PhD
- 2014 - CPT Joseph T. Costello, DSc, PA-C
- 2015 - MAJ Benjamin K
| 118 |
Frank F. Ledford Jr.
| 1 |
10,016,808 |
# Søren Friis
**Søren Engell Friis** (born 13 December 1976) is a former Danish professional football midfielder.
Friis played a big part in AC Horsens\' promotion to the Superliga in 2004/05, when he was a regular starter at the left wing scored the crucial deciding goal in the second-last match of the season against BK Skjold in Copenhagen. It was in that game the promotion was secured.
During the club\'s time in the Superliga Friis has been on and off the team, but has, however, participated in many important matches and scored 3 league goals
| 95 |
Søren Friis
| 0 |
10,016,842 |
# Blackhawk Technical College
**Blackhawk Technical College** (commonly **Blackhawk Tech**) is a technical school in Rock County, Wisconsin and a component of the Wisconsin Technical College System. The main campus lies between the cities of Beloit and Janesville; there are also several [other locations](https://blackhawk.edu/Locations).
Blackhawk Technical College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools (NCA). The two primary counties in Wisconsin served by Blackhawk Technical College are Rock and Green Counties.
## Overview
The Blackhawk Technical College (BTC) Central Campus is located in-between the cities of Beloit and Janesville on approximately 80 acre of partially wooded rolling prairie. BTC offers approximately 50 programs leading toward an associate degree, technical diploma, certificate, or apprenticeship. In addition to the Central Campus, classes are also offered at the Monroe Campus in Monroe, Wisconsin, the Center for Transportation Studies in Janesville, Wisconsin, as well as other locations in Beloit, Brodhead, and Janesville.
The college serves approximately 14,000 students annually -- about 6,000 credit and 8,000 non-credit students.
Blackhawk Technical College ranks as one of the best schools for Associates of Technology in HVAC
| 188 |
Blackhawk Technical College
| 0 |
10,016,844 |
# Koedood
**Koedood** is a hamlet in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is located on the border of the municipalities of Albrandswaard and Barendrecht.
Koedood was the name of a small stream, flowing from the Oude Maas northwest to the Nieuwe Maas, opposite of Schiedam. It separated the island of IJsselmonde from Poortugaal and Rhoon. It was dammed and used for draining the surrounding polders. The hamlet was built near the southern end of the river, and consisted of six houses with 42 inhabitants around the middle of the 19th century.
The hamlet was formerly divided into two parts: \"Oude Koedood\" in the west and \"Nieuwe Koedood\" in the east.
The name Koe-dood means Cow death
| 118 |
Koedood
| 0 |
10,016,860 |
# MV Coastal Renaissance
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| 20 |
MV Coastal Renaissance
| 0 |
10,016,887 |
# Sooke Basin
`{{redirect|Sooke Harbour|the inn and restaurant on the Harbour|Sooke Harbour House}}`{=mediawiki} **Sooke Basin** is a small (10 km^2^) body of water on the southern end of Vancouver Island in southwestern British Columbia. It is connected to the Strait of Juan de Fuca by **Sooke Harbour**, a 4 km long narrow natural harbour.
## Geography
Sooke Basin is a salt water body located between Sooke and East Sooke. The shores of Sooke Basin are mostly rock, but along the north shore there are beautiful sandy beaches. Scattered around the remainder are occasional muddy and pebbly beaches.
### Islands
Three small islets form the Goodridge Islands, located in the southeastern portion of the basin.
### Coves
Roche Cove, a small shallow cove is located on the east end of Sooke Basin and is the focal point of the 143-hectare Roche Cove Regional Park. The narrow mouth of Roche Cove, spanned by a small bridge, makes for interesting passage as the tidal currents can be quite strong. The mouth is passable by small powerboats at mid and high tides. Roche Cove is located at the boundary between Sooke and East Sooke.
Anderson Cove, a small shallow cove is located on the southeast of Sooke Basin. The entrance to Anderson Cove is quite narrow and shallow but is passable with local knowledge at mid and high tides. The shores of Anderson Cove are dotted with expensive East Sooke homes. The only public boat launch in the Sooke Basin and its coves is located in Anderson Cove.
Coopers Cove is formed by the Goodridge Peninsula, the location of a former sawmill and the site of a proposed resort. Goodridge Peninsula was formed when the main portion, previously an island, was connected to the shore of Vancouver Island.
## History
Sooke Basin is named for the T\'sou-ke Nation of the Coast Salish peoples, the native inhabitants who had a thriving community and are believed to have been living in the general area for several thousand years before the arrival of the first European explorers. The first known European entry into Sooke Basin was by the Spanish, during the 1790 expedition of Manuel Quimper in *Princesa Real*, with Juan Carrasco as pilot. The Spanish gave Sooke Basin the name Puerta de Revilla Gigedo, in honour of then Viceroy of New Spain, Güemes Padilla Horcasitas, Count of Revillagigedo.
## Communities
The northern half of the Sooke Basin is contained within the jurisdiction of the municipality of Sooke, while the southern half is located in the East Sooke portion of the Juan de Fuca Electoral Area
| 429 |
Sooke Basin
| 0 |
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