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# Darragh MacAnthony
**Darragh MacAnthony** (born 24 March 1976) is an Irish football chairman, author and adult entertainments entrepreneur. He also has a podcast named The Hard Truth where he discusses Peterborough United and other football related topics.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
MacAnthony, the son of Austin MacAnthony, a nightclub owner, MacAnthony was educated at St Mary\'s College, Dublin. He moved to Zimbabwe with his family as a 15-year-old. He is a fan of Liverpool FC.
## Peterborough United {#peterborough_united}
Since September 2006 MacAnthony has been chairman of Peterborough United F.C. Outgoing chairman Barry Fry cited a Sky One documentary, *Big Ron Manager*, as a factor in attracting investment from MacAnthony.
MacAnthony took over as chairman at Peterborough at the age of 30, making him the youngest chairman in the Football League. As a sign of his ambition, a printed note from MacAnthony was added to Peterborough United\'s match programme in August 2007. In it, he promised fans promotion from League Two to the Championship in two seasons, which was duly delivered, though the club were subsequently relegated to League One. MacAnthony became owner of the club in August 2007, buying the club for a nominal £1 after taking on the club\'s debts.
In January 2007, manager Keith Alexander was sacked and replaced by Darren Ferguson, who was at the time untried as a manager. Ferguson initially delivered large returns, delivering back-to-back promotions in his first two full seasons. Ferguson left Peterborough, by mutual consent, on 9 November 2009 after a disappointing start to the 2009--10 season. Peterborough were relegated in 2010.
In the 2010--11 season MacAnthony reappointed Darren Ferguson, and Peterborough United were once again promoted to the second tier. The club spent two seasons in the Championship after winning promotion. On 4 May 2013, Peterborough were relegated to League One after losing to Crystal Palace 3--2 on the final match of the Championship season. Peterborough\'s total of 54 points during the 2012--13 season is the highest by a relegated team in Championship history.
## Business interests {#business_interests}
MacAnthony attended a business college in London, but left after three months. He formed the property group Macanthony Realty International (MRI) in 2000, selling overseas holiday homes to mainly Irish and British customers. From a head office in Marbella, the company offered properties in countries including the Bahamas, Bulgaria, Cyprus and the Dominican Republic, with MacAnthony stating in 2005 that he gave the number of his personal mobile telephone to clients.
The *Sunday Times Rich List* estimated his wealth at £150 million in 2007, and £68 million in 2008.
MacAnthony provided £250,000 for the Helping Hands Group at the time it opened, a private company which supports disabled people in the Peterborough Area.
MacAnthony appeared in court in April 2012, charged with \'Theft and Swindle\' relating to furniture packs purchased by clients of MRI Overseas Property which the clients claimed were never delivered. MacAnthony has constantly denied the claims but the solicitor representing the clients, Antonio Flores, claims he has further clients wishing to take action against MacAnthony once the first case is completed.
In September 2011 a former employee was awarded €157,767.31, plus interest and legal fees by a Spanish Court, for the non-payment of commission by MacAnthony Realty International (MRI).
MacAnthony published an autobiography, *From Hobby To Obsession* in 2012
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# Georgie Gardner
**Georgie Gardner** (born 1 June 1970) is an Australian television and news presenter and journalist.
Gardner is currently presenter on *Nine News Sydney.* She has previously been a co-host and news presenter on the Nine Network\'s breakfast program *Today*.
## Early life {#early_life}
Gardner was born in Perth, Western Australia, the daughter of Preston and Ruth. Preston was a stockbroker. He died at the age of 52 from complications during oesophageal cancer surgery. Her maternal grandfather, was an accountant by trade in Perth who became a stock, station and shipping agent in the Kimberley from 1938 to 1970.
Preston and Ruth had three children, Katie, Georgie and John. When Gardner was 5, her parents divorced and subsequently remarried. She has half siblings by her mother, Beth and David, and a half brother, Richard, by her father.
Gardner attended Dalkeith Primary School and St Hilda\'s Anglican School for Girls in Perth. At the age of 17, she went to Milan, Italy to work as a nanny. Upon her return to Perth, she studied journalism at the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts.
## Career
### Radio
After completing her studies, in 1992, Gardner obtained a radio cadetship at Radio 2NX (now hit106.9 Newcastle) in Newcastle, New South Wales. In 1994, she moved to Sydney to read the news at 2Day FM.
### Ten Network {#ten_network}
In 1996, she joined the Ten Network as a television news reporter and fill-in presenter.
### Seven Network {#seven_network}
In 1998, Gardner moved to the Seven Network as a reporter and presenter of the late night news, eventually becoming co-host of *Seven News Sunrise*, which she presented with Mark Beretta from 2000 until 2002. She held this position for two years before acting as a fill-in presenter for *Seven News* and Sky News Australia. She went on to cohost the network's early morning Sunrise program for two years.
### Nine Network {#nine_network}
Gardner joined the Nine Network in July 2002 to present weather on *Nine News* in Sydney, and to host afternoon updates. In 2004, the Nine Network added a semi-national news bulletin at 4:30 pm, *National Nine News Afternoon Edition*, for which Gardner was the original presenter.
In 2006, Gardner replaced Leila McKinnon as presenter of *National Nine News Morning Edition*.
In December 2006, she replaced Sharyn Ghidella as news presenter on *Today*, when Ghidella resigned and switched to the Seven Network to present *Seven News* in Brisbane. Gardner took 6 months maternity leave in 2007 and returned to *Today* on Monday 6 August 2007, Allison Langdon having filled the on-air role while Gardner was on maternity leave.
In July 2009, Gardner was appointed *Nine News Sydney* weekend presenter, replacing Mark Ferguson after he signed with the Seven Network.
On 26 May 2014, Gardner announced on *Today* that she would be leaving the show to spend more time with family while continuing with the Nine Network on *Nine News* and occasional reporting for *60 Minutes*. Gardner\'s final appearance on *Today*, on Friday 6 June 2014, attracted the program\'s highest ratings for some time: 359,000 viewers according to Oztam figures accessed from the web blog TV Tonight.`{{better citation needed|date=February 2024}}`{=mediawiki} This was seen by some as a respectful way to farewell the \"elegant\", \"gracious\" personality. Gardner was replaced by *Nine News* reporter Sylvia Jeffreys.
On 23 November 2017, it was confirmed that Gardner was to co-host *Today* on the Nine Network after Lisa Wilkinson left due to a salary dispute. She replaced Deborah Knight, who had been hosting *Today* since Wilkinson left the Nine Network. Her first appearance as new host was on 22 January 2018.
In November 2019, the Nine Network announced that Gardner would no longer co-host *Today* effective immediately; she would return to presenting *Nine News Sydney* on Fridays and Saturdays. Karl Stefanovic later returned to the show as co-host alongside *Weekend Today* co-host and *60 Minutes* reporter Allison Langdon from January 2020.
### Points of note {#points_of_note}
Gardner is the only Australian news presenter to have presented the late news bulletin on each of the three major commercial TV networks, having filled in as presenter of the *Ten Late News*, as full-time presenter of *Seven Late News*, and as a substitute presenter of *Nightline*, the late night version of *Nine News*.
Gardner has previously been a fill-in presenter for Sonia Kruger on *Today Extra*.
On 3 October 2007, Gardner was unable to continue reading the news bulletins due to the death of former West Coast Eagles star Chris Mainwaring, whose wife Rani, who lived in Perth, was a close friend of Gardner
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# Bournemouth Belle
The ***Bournemouth Belle*** was a British named train run by the Southern Railway from 1931 until nationalisation in 1948 (with a break for the war until 1947) and subsequently by British Railways until it was withdrawn on 9 July 1967.
The train, composed of Pullman stock, first ran on Sunday 5 July 1931. It initially ran non-stop from `{{Stnlink|London Waterloo}}`{=mediawiki}, leaving at 10:30, to Bournemouth Central, returning at 19:18. The service was later amended to call at Southampton, and extended from Bournemouth Central to Bournemouth West. Journey time was between two hours one minute and two hours twenty minutes, depending on direction, configuration and motive power.
At first the train ran on summer Sundays. It was sufficiently successful to be run on all weekends and summer weekdays until in 1936 it was a daily working.
Before the war the train was usually hauled by SR Lord Nelson Class locomotives. On its reintroduction on 7 October 1947 the superior SR Merchant Navy class provided motive power. The weight of the *Belle* and other express trains on the London--Bournemouth route meant a decision was made to continue with steam in the early 1960s until electrification was completed. In the mid-1960s, heavy trains like the *Belle* needed fast acceleration, at which the Bulleid Pacifics excelled, due to delays during third-rail electrification work, the *Bournemouth Belle* was the last great named steam train with a patronage of rock stars and aristocrats as well as ferry and ocean liner passengers from Southampton and tourists visiting Bournemouth. The *Bournemouth Belle* was steam-hauled almost daily until January 1967, and steam often relieved broken-down diesels until the last week. The final trains in 1967 were hauled by British Rail Class 47 diesels. D1924 (now 47810) worked the last run on 9 July 1967.
The Southern Railway ran three Pullman trains with the suffix *Belle*. The others were the *Brighton Belle* (originally the *Southern Belle*) and the *Devon Belle*. British Railways introduced the *Thanet Belle* (later renamed the *Kentish Belle*) in 1948.
On 5 July 2017, to mark 50 years since the *Bournemouth Belle* steamed to the coast, the Merchant Navy Locomotive Preservation Society put on a re-creation service using its locomotive 35028 Clan Line
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# Mark Colegrave
**Mark David Colegrave**, (born 1 July 1968) is an Australian cricketer who played for Tasmania in the 2000--01 season. Colegrave is a talented fast bowler who excelled in the Tasmanian Grade Cricket competition, but never managed to properly break into the Tigers team.
Colegrave was born at Hobart and was also a champion Australian rules footballer who played in the Tasmanian Football League for both the Hobart Tigers from 1988 to 1997 and later the Clarence Football Club from 1998 to 2000, playing in Hobart\'s 1990 premiership team and finishing his career with a premiership with Clarence in 2000
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# Albion Swords
**Albion Swords** (formerly **Albion Armorers**) is a company based in New Glarus, Wisconsin manufacturing European sword replicas. The company was started in Washington D.C. by Howard and Amy Waddell in 1998.
## Products
Albion has several different product lines that vary widely in price. Their most expensive \"Museum Line\" consists of swords that have been recreated from existing museum pieces. Their \"Next Generation\" line is the largest and most fully featured line. The lowest-end is the \"Squire Line\" and the \"Maestro Line,\" which is a series of sparring swords intended for practitioners of historical European martial arts.
In 2001, Albion Swords hired Bladesmith and custom Knifemaker Jody Samson to reproduce collector versions of the swords he designed for the *Conan the Barbarian* films. Samson worked at Albion until his death in 2008
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# Mamatha Maben
**Mamatha Maben** (born 15 November 1970) is an Indian former cricketer who played as an all-rounder, batting right-handed and bowling right-arm medium. She appeared in four Test matches and 40 One Day Internationals for India between 1993 and 2004, including playing at the 1993 World Cup and captaining the side in 2003 and 2004. She played domestic cricket for Karnataka, Railways and Air India.
Since retiring, she has served as the head coach of the Bangladeshi and Chinese women\'s national sides.
She became the oldest ever woman cricketer to take a maiden five-wicket haul in an ODI, at the age of 33 years and 162 days, at the 2004 Women\'s Asia Cup against Sri Lanka. Her figures in that match, 6/10, are also the best bowling figures in an innings for any India bowler in a WODI
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# Iiro Seppänen
**Iiro Seppänen** (born July 13, 1975) is a Finnish producer, director and author. After successful careers as a master magician and professional BASE jumper, Seppänen turned his talents to filmmaking and since 2005 has produced two award-winning documentaries (*The Ground is the Limit* and *Journey to the Center*), more than 50 hours of prime time TV entertainment, the CBS transmedia micro-series *The Courier*, and executive produced the 2011 Robert De Niro film, Freelancers.
In 2009, Seppänen and Chinese film executive **Frank Yang** co-founded **Pan-Pacific Entertainment**, a Hollywood-based film investment, consulting and production company created to manage an independent motion picture fund, produce independent live-action and animated feature films, and provide transmedia planning and consulting. Pan-Pacific is principally engaged in the financing, production, co-production and worldwide distribution of these properties.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Seppänen was in a relationship with model Vera Jordanova for five years. He lived in Los Angeles before moving to Cape Town, South Africa, where he lives with his South African wife Julia, with whom he has a daughter born in 2019. The family is going to move to London in summer 2020
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# Kellie Sloane
**Kellie Anne Sloane** is an Australian politician. Before entering politics, she was a charity CEO and television journalist. She was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 2023 as the member for Vaucluse.
Sloane is a member of the Shadow Ministry of Mark Speakman, and currently serves as the Shadow Minister for Health. Until July 2024, she was the Shadow Minister for the Environment.
Sloane was a presenter on the Nine Network\'s *Nightline*, and was also briefly an interim co-host of *Today* in 2007.
## Media career {#media_career}
Sloane started her career at the Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Sloane joined the Nine Network in 1997 as a lifestyle series reporter for both *A Current Affair* and *Money*. She moved from *A Current Affair* in 2005, during a revamp of the programme to combat a ratings slump against rival Seven Network\'s *Today Tonight*.
In April 2007, Sloane moved to co-hosting *Today* working with Karl Stefanovic replacing Jessica Rowe, who was on maternity leave at the time, however Rowe announced that she was leaving the Nine Network on 6 May 2007.
On 10 May 2007, in one of the most memorable incidents on *Today*, Sloane collapsed live on air. The collapse occurred at 8:10 am during a cooking segment with celebrity chef Tobie Puttock, of *Jamie Oliver* fame. It was reported that she was okay after the incident and Sloane returned to the presenters desk about 15 minutes later, allegedly attributing the \"dizzy spell\" to her 3 am wake-up call. Vision of Sloane collapsing in slow motion later went viral on social media with YouTube. The incident was parodied on an episode of ABC TV\'s *The Chaser\'s War on Everything*.
In October 2009, the Nine Network announced that Sloane would be shifted to the late night news programme *Nightline*, with Wendy Kingston moving to present *Nine\'s Morning News Hour*. She was also a fill in presenter for *Nine News* in Sydney.
In July 2010, Nine announced *Nightline* would be axed immediately with reporters who were on duty retained, presenting late news updates in its place. Sloane left the Nine Network after 13 years at the Network.
## Career serving non government organisations {#career_serving_non_government_organisations}
In August 2015, Sloane was appointed CEO of Life Education NSW.
## Political career {#political_career}
In October 2021, Sloane announced she was seeking preselection for the seat of Willoughby due to the resignation of Premier Gladys Berejiklian.
In November 2022, she was selected as the Liberal Party candidate for the electorate of Vaucluse at the 2023 New South Wales state election. She was comfortably elected. After election, she was appointed Shadow Minister for The Environment in the Shadow Ministry of Mark Speakman. Upon the resignation of Matt Kean in 2024, Sloane was appointed Shadow Minister for Health, where she currently serves.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Sloane is married to Adam Connolly and they have three children. Her husband was an advisor to prime minister John Howard. As of 2015, her family lived in Centennial Park, Sydney. Sloane used her married name Connolly professionally from 2003, before reverting to her maiden name in 2013
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# Yūko Sasaki
, also known as **Yūko Saito**, is a Japanese former cricketer who played for the national women\'s team in 2003 in three One Day International matches. Born in Saitama in 1982, she was primarily a wicket-keeper
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# Gary Minihan
**Gary Minihan** (born 24 January 1962) is an Australian retired sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres.
At the 1982 Commonwealth Games he won a bronze medal in 400 metres and a silver medal in 4 × 400 metres relay.
He finished fourth with the Australian relay team at the 1984 Summer Olympics. The team, consisting of Bruce Frayne, Darren Clark, Gary Minihan and Rick Mitchell, ran in a new Oceanian record time of 2:59.70 minutes. The record still stands.
He is the son of former St Kilda player Graham \"Snowy\" Minihan
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# Orbit Semiconductor
**Orbit Semiconductor, Inc**. manufactures semiconductors devices. The Company designs electronic systems for application in the medical, telecommunication, consumer, aerospace, military and manufacturing sectors.
Orbit Semiconductor is a recognized and established player in FPGA to ASIC conversions and in ASIC to ASIC conversions. The company specializes in the low-cost, high-volume consumer market and the complementary low-to-medium volume communications, industrial, medical and military markets. It has proprietary gate-array technology delivering a flexible response at low cost.
## Company history {#company_history}
Orbit Semiconductor was founded in 1985 by Gary P. Kennedy in Sunnyvale, California. In 1991, Orbit Semiconductor underwent a management buy-out (MBO) by Gary P. Kennedy and his associates. In 1992, Orbit Semiconductor became a pioneer in the FPGA Conversion arena. Orbit Semiconductor successfully underwent an initial public offering (IPO) in 1994, trading as ORB on NASDAQ. In 1998, Orbit Semiconductor merged with DII Group, Inc., and in 2000, DII Group merged with Flextronics Semiconductor, Inc. In September 2005, AMI Semiconductor acquired the Semiconductor Division of Flextronics, Inc., and in February 2007, the Orbit team became independent
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# Kallima philarchus
***Kallima philarchus***, the **Ceylon blue oakleaf**, is a nymphalid butterfly found in Sri Lanka. With wings closed, it closely resembles a dry leaf with dark veins and is a spectacular example of camouflage
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# Bruce Frayne
**Bruce Frayne** (born 24 January 1958) is a retired Australian sprinter who specialized in the 200 and 400 metres. He was Australian Champion in the 200 metres 1980, 81, and 1983. He also won the 400 metres in 1984. In 1981 he won Gold in the 4 × 400 relay at the Pacific Conference Games, and he won silver in the 200 metres.
He also competed at the Commonwealth Games in 1982 at Brisbane where he reached the 200 metre final where he finished 5th. And in the sprint relay team where they finished 4th in the final.
He competed in the individual distances at the 1983 World Championships and the 1984 Summer Olympics, reaching the semi-final on both occasions. At the 1983 World Championships he competed as well in both 4 × 100 metres relay and 4 × 400 metres relay, again without reaching the final.
In the 1984 Olympic 4 × 400 metres Frayne finished fourth with the Australian team. The team, consisting of Bruce Frayne, Darren Clark, Gary Minihan and Rick Mitchell, ran in a new Australian record time of 2:59.70 minutes. As of 2020, the record still stands.
At the 1986 Commonwealth Games he won a silver medal in the 4 x 400 metres relay.
His P.B. for the 200 was 20.59. His P.B. for the 400 was 45.21.
2012 Olympian Henry Frayne is his nephew.
## International competitions {#international_competitions}
Year Competition Venue Position Event Time Notes
------ --------------------- ---------- ---------- ------- ------- -----------
1983 World Championships Helsinki 7th (sf) 200 m 20.94 wind +1
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# Life saving reel
The **surf life saving reel** was a beach life saving apparatus from Australia.
Lyster Ormsby, Percy Flynn and Sig Fullwood are credited as the inventors of the first life saving reel in 1906. It was used for a display of proper methods to be employed in rescuing on 24 March 1907 and was named the \"alarm reel\". It was then later that year redesigned by G H Olding and was fabricated at GH Olding & Sons coachbuilders using carriage wheels to create the arches of the reel. It was a giant reel with rope wrapped around it with a harness at the end. The reel rested in a frame that would rest on the sand. The life saver would attach the harness to his or her self then swim out to the struggling bather/surfer. Once they reached the patient they would attach the patient to the harness and another life saver on the beach would reel them in. The life saver in the water would tend to another patient or swim alongside the patient to reassure them if they were conscious or make sure that nothing went wrong if they were unconscious.
The actual reel and rope would weigh about 50--60 pounds and was officially made part of the surf lifesaving community on Sunday 24 March 1906. The reel then was used in the British Isles shortly after being invented.
This large reel was redesigned to the modern design by members of the Tamarama Surf Life Saving Club in 1908 and has remained fundamentally unchanged to the current day. Utilising an 8mm cotton line coated in beeswax and an attached belt/harness the Tamarama model was readily portable and able to be carried to rescues with the floating line negating many of the issues of the heavy line of its predecessor.
One of the last places to accept the reel was Cairns in 1925. The reel was used up to 1993 as a primary rescue method until the early 1980s from which time its use declined as rescue boards and inflatable rescue boats offered greater ease and speed in surf conditions. The Surf Life Saving Reel continues to be used today in a number of surf lifesaving competition events, notably Rescue and Resuscitation and March Past.
Anecdotally, the first person to be rescued at Bondi using the reel was the famous aviator Charles Kingsford Smith.
The surf lifesaving reel was especially useful during the disaster on 6 February 1938. This day at Bondi was given the name Black Sunday after the events that took place on that day. On this day a series of freak waves hit the beach and washed about 300 bathers into rough surf conditions where most required assistance. 80 surf life savers equipped with 8 reels saved all but 4 swimmers that died before reaching shore. These were the first surf related deaths ever on Bondi beach. Surf Lifesaving reels are still used today at carnivals in the March Past events. In this one team from each club marches as a team of 12 carrying the reel and their club\'s flag around a course to bag pipes. This is pretty much the only use of the reel today
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# Schallodenbach
**Schallodenbach** is municipality in the district Kaiserslautern of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
## Location
Schallodenbach is situated approximately 13 km north of Kaiserslautern. Schallodenbach is part of the Verbandsgemeinde Otterbach-Otterberg.
## Politics and local events {#politics_and_local_events}
The local council is made up of 13 councilmen and women (including the mayor). An annual village celebration event is held at the end of each September in Schallodenbach.
## History
The village is named for the von Schallodenbach. The village is first mentioned in writing in a document dated to 1202, indicating that the village was built shortly before, in the early 13th century, or the latest period of the 12th century. The original controller was Johann of Odenbach, and the village was initially known by his name.
There was a low castle in Schallodenbach, but it is now destroyed and unoccupied. The grave stones of Johann Gottfried of Sickingen and his wife Anna Magdalena of Obentraut lie in the local chapel.
## Photo gallery {#photo_gallery}
\
Schallodenbach-St Laurentius-06-2022-gje.jpg Schallodenbach-St Laurentius-12-2022-gje.jpg Schallodenbach-St Laurentius-18-2022-gje.jpg Schallodenbach-Kapelle-04-2022-gje.jpg Reiserberg-Sonnenuhr-04-2022-gje.jpg Reiserberg-Windraeder-02-2022-gje
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# Forget Him (Teresa Teng song)
\"**Forget Him**\" (`{{zh|t=忘記他|j=Mong4 gei3 taa1}}`{=mediawiki}) is a song recorded in Cantonese by Taiwanese singer Teresa Teng. It was released through Polygram Records Hong Kong on December 18, 1980, as part of her first Cantonese album, *Irreconcilable* (*勢不兩立*; *Sai Bat Leung Laap*). The song was written by Hong Kong media personality James Wong.
## Composition and lyrics {#composition_and_lyrics}
\"Forget Him\" is composed in the key of C minor, with a structure of prelude - A1 - A2 - B - interlude - A3 - epilogue, and features flute, string, and mandolin instruments. Yu Shaohua, a former professor of the Department of Music at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, noted that the string instrumentals contains a strong influence from Japanese enka music, contrasting with typical Cantonese songs by local Hong Kong singers.
Some commentators described song\'s lyrics as \"infatuated\" and noted that it doesn\'t emphasize the tension between forgetting and not being able to forget. The words are simple and plain, characteristic of a typical James Wong piece. Lyricist Zheng Guojiang expressed his fondness for these lyrics, particularly appreciating the line \"Only he can make me appreciate myself,\" believing it reflects a deep romantic experience. James Wong commented that the character \"和\" in the lyric represents a piece of literal sand and gravel, a result of the record industry\'s rush to complete the work. Lyricist Chu Yiu-wai added that this issue arose from adapting the lyrics to the music.
Cultural critic Edward Lam remarked that while the album\'s title song is \"Wind and Frost Accompany Me,\" the theme song of the TV series *Irreconcilable*, its \"sense of struggle\" contrasts with Teng\'s typically gentle image, making \"Forget Him\" stand out.
## Music video {#music_video}
Teng shot two music videos for \"Forget Him\"---one filmed during Teng\'s appearance on the program *Happy Tonight* in late 1980, and another segment from the TVB program *Teresa Teng Special* in October 1982.
## Reception
The song was well received in Hong Kong upon its release, and its parent album *Sai Bat Leung Laap* receiving a platinum certification by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry Hong Kong (IFPIHK) in 1981.
## Covers
Fifteen years later, the song was covered by Shirley Kwan, as part of her 1995 tribute album *\'EX\' All Time Favourites*. This new dream pop version was featured in Wong Kar-wai\'s art house movie *Fallen Angels* (1995) as the Jukebox song number \"1818.\" As the title suggested, the hitman played by Leon Lai wanted his accomplice, Michelle Reis, to forget him
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# Forster baronets
There have been six **Forster Baronetcies**, four in the Baronetage of England, one in the Baronetage of Ireland and one in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. All are extinct.
## Forster of Bamburgh {#forster_of_bamburgh}
The Baronetcy of **Forster of Bamburgh** was created in the Baronetage of England by James I for Claudius Forster of Bamburgh Castle, Northumberland, on 7 March 1620.
The Forsters of Etherstone, Co Durham and Bamburgh, a long-established and prolific Northumbrian family, provided twelve successive Governors of Bamburgh Castle over a period of 400 years, but the family was ultimately ruined as a result of their part in the Jacobite risings in the 18th century. They subsequently lived for over 100 years at Adderstone, a property sometimes confused by modern-day Forsters with Etherstone.
### Forster of Bamburgh (1620) {#forster_of_bamburgh_1620}
- Sir Claudius Forster, 1st Baronet (c. 1575--1623) *Extinct on his death*
### Other notable Northumberland Forsters {#other_notable_northumberland_forsters}
- Thomas Forster (1683--1738)
## Forster of Aldermaston {#forster_of_aldermaston}
The Baronetcy of **Forster of Aldermaston** was created in the Baronetage of England by James I for Humphrey Forster of Aldermaston Court, Berkshire on 20 May 1620.
The Forsters of Aldermaston descended from the Forsters of Harpsden in Oxfordshire and supposedly from the Forsters of Bamburgh Castle in Northumberland.
### Forster of Aldermaston (1620) {#forster_of_aldermaston_1620}
- Sir Humphrey Forster, 1st Baronet (1595--1663)
- Sir Humphrey Forster, 2nd Baronet (c. 1711)
## Forster of East Greenwich {#forster_of_east_greenwich}
The Baronetcy of **Forster of East Greenwich** was created on 11 July 1661 in the Baronetage of England for Reginald Forster, a London goldsmith who served at the Court of Charles I. The 2nd Baronet married a Warwickshire heiress but died childless and the Baronetcy became extinct.
### Forster of East Greenwich (1661) {#forster_of_east_greenwich_1661}
- Sir Reginald Forster, 1st Baronet (1618--84)
- Sir Reginald Forster, 2nd Baronet (1640--1705) *Extinct on his death*
## Forster of Coolderry {#forster_of_coolderry}
The Baronetcy of **Forster of Coolderry, County Monaghan** was created in the Baronetage of Ireland on 15 January 1794 for Thomas Forster.
### Forster of Coolderry (1794) {#forster_of_coolderry_1794}
- Sir Thomas Forster, 1st Baronet (1751--1843)
- Sir George Forster, 2nd Baronet (1796--1876), MP for Monaghan 1852--1865
- Sir Thomas Oriel Forster, 3rd Baronet (1824--1895)
- Sir Robert Forster, 4th Baronet (1827--1904)
## Forster of Lysways Hall {#forster_of_lysways_hall}
The Baronetcy of **Forster of Lysways Hall** was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 17 March 1874 for Charles Forster, of Lysways Hall, Longdon, Staffordshire, Member of Parliament for Walsall 1852--91, son of Charles Smith Forster, banker, of Walsall, and High Sheriff of Staffordshire 1845.
### Forster of Lysways Hall (1874) {#forster_of_lysways_hall_1874}
- Sir Charles Forster, 1st Baronet (1815--1891)
- Sir Charles Forster, 2nd Baronet (1841--1914) married on 1899 Mary, daughter of the late Archdale Villiers Palmer, of Nazeing Park, Essex.
- Sir Francis Villiers Forster, 3rd Baronet (1850--1930) *Extinct on his death*
## Forster of The Grange {#forster_of_the_grange}
The Baronetcy of **Forster of The Grange** was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 2 February 1912 for Ralph Forster, of The Grange, Sutton, Surrey.
### Forster of The Grange (1912) {#forster_of_the_grange_1912}
- Sir Ralph Collingwood Forster, 1st Baronet (1850--1930) *Extinct on his death*
- Eva (b. 1889) married on 1917 Major Francis Rowley Hill and had issue:
- Ralph Francis (b. 1920)
- Ruth (b. 1891) married on 1920 Capt. Andreas J. Floor, and had issue.
- Hilda (b. 1893) married on 1927 Col. James Forbes Robertson, and had issue
| 579 |
Forster baronets
| 0 |
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# Elke Roex
**Elke Roex** (born 29 June 1974) is a Belgian, Flemish politician and member of the Flemish Parliament for the Socialist Party -- Different (*Socialistische Partij -- Anders*) (**SP.A**) since 2004 and a member of the City Council of Anderlecht. She lives in the architecturally unique district La Roue/Het Rad
| 52 |
Elke Roex
| 0 |
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# Guy of Bazoches
**Guy of Bazoches** (before 1146--1203) was a French cleric of the Champagne region, and writer in Latin. He was a canon of Châlons-sur-Marne.
He was a chronicler, of the Third Crusade in particular, in which he had taken part in the retinue of Henry II of Champagne, a poet, and a letter writer
| 57 |
Guy of Bazoches
| 0 |
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# Hageby
**Hageby** is a Million Programme area in southern Norrköping, Sweden. It is mostly made up of multi-family residential buildings built between the years of 1950 and 1960. One of the biggest shopping malls in Sweden is also located in Hageby. Even though construction of Hageby was to large extent completed when the Million Programme was initiated in 1965, many still consider the area to be typical for these projects
| 71 |
Hageby
| 0 |
10,029,167 |
# Rostam and Sohrab
The tragedy of \"**Rostam and Sohrab**\" forms part of the 10th-century Persian epic *Shahnameh* by the Persian poet Ferdowsi. It tells the tragic story of the heroes Rostam and his son, Sohrab.
## Plot
The hero Rostam lived in Zabulistan, and was one of the favorites of King Kaykavous. Once, following the traces of his lost horse Rakhsh, he enters the kingdom of Samangan, where he becomes the guest of the king during his search. There, Rostam meets princess Tahmina. She admires Rostam and knows of his reputation. She goes into his room at night and asks if he will give her a child, and in return, she will bring his horse. Rostam leaves after he impregnates Tahmina and his horse is returned. Before he leaves, he gives her two tokens: a jewel and a seal. If she has a girl, she is to take the jewel and plait it in the girl\'s hair. If she has a boy, she is to take the seal and bind it on the boy\'s arm.
Nine months later, Tahmina bears his child---a son, whom she names Sohrab. Years go by before Rostam and Sohrab finally meet---the war between Zabulistan and Turan is on the horizon. The two armies face each other and prepare for the imminent battle. By then, Sohrab has become known as the best fighter in the Turan army. But Rostam\'s legend precedes him and the Turan army cowers before the hero. No one else dares to fight Rostam, so Sohrab is sent to wrestle with the legendary hero. Though Sohrab knows his father\' name, he is unaware that the man before him is Rostam. On the battlefield, Rostam and Sohrab fight for what seems like an eternity, neither knowing the true name of his opponent.
In the first fight, Sohrab defeats Rostam, but Rostam tricks Sohrab and says: "Young man, don\'t you know that the law of war is that you can kill me after defeating me twice?" Then, after praying to Dargah Yazdan, Rostam asks for his help in defeating the young warrior. In the second fight, after a very long and heavy bout of wrestling, Rostam breaks Sohrab\'s back and stabs him. Sohrab, now dying, tells Rostam that his father will avenge his death. He shows him the armband amulet Rostam once gave to Tahmina, who gave it to her son to keep him safe during the war, and only then does Rostam realize his identity. Rostam grieves heavily and sends Goudarz to get medicine, (Panacea) but it comes too late. When Tahmina finds out her son is dead, she burns Sohrab\'s house and gives away all his riches. The story ends as \"the breath departed from out her body, and her spirit went forth after Sohrab her son.\"
## Adaptations
- *Sohrab and Rustum* (1853), by Matthew Arnold, English language.
- *Rustam and Zohrab* (1910), by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, Azerbaijani language.
- *Rustom O Sohrab* (1929), by Agha Hashar Kashmiri, Urdu language.
- *Rostam va Sohrab* (1957), by Shahrok Rafi, Iranian film, Persian language.
- *Rustom Sohrab* (1963), by Vishram Bedekar, Indian Hindi language film starring Prithviraj, Premnath, Suraiyya and Mumtaz.
- *Rustam and Zohrab* (1971), by Boris Kimyagarov, Soviet Tajik film, Russian language.
- *Rostam and Sohrab* (1988), by Loris Tjeknavorian, Persian language.
- *Dastan-e Rustam-ou Suhrab*, a Tajik film produced by Benyamin Kimyagarov. The film plot differs from the story in some places. For example, Tahmineh comes to the battlefield trying to stop the fight; Rustam gives an arm band (not a necklace) large enough to only have fit his stout arms, and now only fit Sohrab\'s arm; and, Rustam uses a poisoned knife to stab his son.
- *Sohrab Rustam* (1990), by Riazuddin Badsah, Bangladeshi drama telecast by Bangladesh Television Bengali language.
- *Sohrab Rustam* (1994), by Mamtaz Ali, Bangladeshi Movie Bengali language.
- *Battle of the Kings: Rostam & Sohrab* (2013) Iranian animation, by Kianoush Dalvand, Persian language. The film plot differs from the story, for example Sohrab not dead at the end.
- *Sooge Sohrab (The Tragedy of Sohrab)* (2014) (musical piece), by Sahba Aminikia, English language
| 688 |
Rostam and Sohrab
| 0 |
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# 1987 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
The **4 × 100 metres relay at the 1987 World Championships in Athletics** was held at the Stadio Olimpico on September 5 and September 6.
## Medals
+-------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| **Gold:** | **Silver:** | **Bronze:** |
+-------------------+----------------------+---------------+
| \ | \ | \ |
| Lee McRae\ | Aleksandr Yevgenyev\ | John Mair\ |
| Lee McNeill\ | Viktor Bryzgin\ | Andrew Smith\ |
| Harvey Glance\ | Vladimir Muravyov\ | Clive Wright\ |
| Carl Lewis\ | Vladimir Krylov\ | Ray Stewart |
| Dennis Mitchell\* | Andrey Fedoriv\* | |
+-------------------+----------------------+---------------+
Note: \* Indicates athletes who ran in preliminary rounds.
## Records
Existing records at the start of the event.
------------------------- -- ----------- ------------------- -----------------
**World Record** **37.83** Los Angeles, USA August 11, 1984
**Championship Record** **37.86** Helsinki, Finland August 10, 1983
------------------------- -- ----------- ------------------- -----------------
## Results
All times shown are in seconds.
### Final
Rank Team Name Result Notes
------ ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------
Lee McRae, Lee McNeill, Harvey Glance, Carl Lewis 37.90
Aleksandr Yevgenyev, Viktor Bryzgin, Vladimir Muravyov, Vladimir Krylov 38.02
John Mair, Andrew Smith, Clive Wright, Ray Stewart 38.41
4 Ben Johnson, Atlee Mahorn, Desai Williams, Mike Dwyer) 38.47
5 Fritz Heer, Volker Westhagemann, Christian Haas, Norbert Dobeleit) 38.73
6 István Nagy, László Karaffa, István Tatár, Attila Kovács 39.04
7 Ezio Madonia, Domenico Gorla, Paolo Catalano, Pierfrancesco Pavoni 39.62
8 Li Tao, Cai Jianming, Li Feng, Zheng Chen 39.93
### Semi-finals {#semi_finals}
#### Heat 1 {#heat_1}
Rank Team Name Result Notes
------ ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------
1 Aleksandr Yevgenyev, Viktor Bryzgin, Vladimir Muravyov, Vladimir Krylov 38.29 **Q**
2 Ben Johnson, Atlee Mahorn, Desai Williams, Mike Dwyer 38.50 **Q**
3 Fritz Heer, Volker Westhagemann, Christian Haas, Norbert Dobeleit 38.84 **Q**
4 Ezio Madonia, Stefano Tilli, Paolo Catalano, Pierfrancesco Pavoni 39.52 **Q**
5 Kaoru Matsubara, Hirohisa Ota, Masahiro Nagura, Hiroki Fuwa 39.71
6 Miguel Ángel García, Juan José Prado, Angel Heras, José Javier Arqués 39.74
7 John Myles-Mills, Emmanuel Tuffour, Salaam Gariba, Eric Akogyiram 39.94
8 Charles-Louis Seck, Hamidou Diawara, Joseph Dias, Amadou Mbaye 40.22
#### Heat 2 {#heat_2}
Rank Team Name Result Notes
------ ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------
1 Lee McRae, Lee McNeill, Harvey Glance, Dennis Mitchell 38.33 **Q**
2 John Mair, Andrew Smith, Clive Wright, Ray Stewart 38.66 **Q**
3 István Nagy, László Karaffa, István Tatár, Attila Kovács 38.78 **Q**
4 Li Tao, Cai Jianming, Li Feng, Zheng Chen 39.05 **Q**
5 Ricardo Chacon, Leandro Peñalver, Sergio Querol, Andrés Simón 39.08
6 Joilto Bonfim, Carlos de Oliveira, Arnaldo de Oliveira Silva, Robson da Silva 39.22
7 Lai Cheng-Chuan, Lee Shiun-Long, Chang Yih-Yuan, Cheng Hsin-Fu 39.90
8 Arnaldo Abrantes, Pedro Curvelo, Luís Cunha, Luís Barroso 40.24
### Heats
#### Heat 1 {#heat_1_1}
Rank Country Name Result Notes
------ --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------
1 Lee McRae, Lee McNeill, Harvey Glance, Dennis Mitchell 38.80 **Q**
2 István Nagy, László Karaffa, István Tatár, Attila Kovács 39.11 **Q**
3 Kaoru Matsubara, Hirohisa Ota, Masahiro Nagura, Hiroki Fuwa 39.49 **Q**
4 Li Tao, Cai Jianming, Li Feng, Zheng Chen 39.63 **Q**
5 Enrique Talavera, Juan José Prado, Miguel Ángel García, José Javier Arqués 40.20 **q**
6 Moses Musonge, Joseph Ssali, Sunday Olweny, Edward Bitoga 40.22
\*\* Lincoln Asquith, John Regis, Mike McFarlane, Clarence Callender DQ
#### Heat 2 {#heat_2_1}
Rank Country Name Result Notes
------ --------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------
1 Aleksandr Yevgenyev, Viktor Bryzgin, Vladimir Muravyov, Andrey Fedoriv 38.98 **Q**
2 Fritz Heer, Volker Westhagemann, Christian Haas, Norbert Dobeleit 39.10 **Q**
3 Joilto Bonfim, Carlos de Oliveira, Arnaldo de Oliveira Silva, Robson da Silva 39.57 **Q**
4 Ezio Madonia, Stefano Tilli, Paolo Catalano, Pierfrancesco Pavoni 39.58 **Q**
5 John Myles-Mills, Emmanuel Tuffour, Salaam Gariba, Eric Akogyiram 39.77 **q**
6 Lai Cheng-Chuan, Lee Shiun-Long, Chang Yih-Yuan, Cheng Hsin-Fu 40.05 **q**
#### Heat 3 {#heat_3}
Rank Team Name Result Notes
------ ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------- -------
1 Ben Johnson, Atlee Mahorn, Desai Williams, Mike Dwyer 38.76 **Q**
2 John Mair, Andrew Smith, Clive Wright, Ray Stewart 38.88 **Q**
3 Ricardo Chacon, Leandro Peñalver, Sergio Querol, Andrés Simón 39.44 **Q**
4 Charles-Louis Seck, Hamidou Diawara, Joseph Dias, Amadou Mbaye 39.83 **Q**
5 Arnaldo Abrantes, Pedro Curvelo, Luís Cunha, Luís Barroso 40
| 700 |
1987 World Championships in Athletics – Men's 4 × 100 metres relay
| 0 |
10,029,196 |
# Mats Willner
**Mats Roland Willner** (born 24 April 1968) is a Swedish journalist, author and Arsenal supporter. He currently works as sports editor at the Norrköpings Tidningar where he has been a long-standing sports journalist. He is famous for supporting Arsenal FC and visits about 8 games per year. He is co-founder and former chairman of Arsenal Sweden.
In April 2007 he gained popularity in his article series \'Willners Week\', which includes his reviews of the Stadium\'s sausages
| 79 |
Mats Willner
| 0 |
10,029,198 |
# List of structural engineers
This is a **list of notable structural engineers**, people who were trained in or practised structural engineering and who are notable enough for a Wikipedia article.
See also architect and lists of engineers.
\_\_NOTOC\_\_
## A
- Ove Arup
## B
- John Baker
- William F. Baker
- Cecil Balmond
- Hannskarl Bandel
- Isambard Kingdom Brunel
- Sarah Buck
## C
- Santiago Calatrava
- Felix Candela
- Jamilur Reza Choudhury
- Joseph Colaco
- Hardy Cross
- Carl Culmann
## D
- Fabrizio de Miranda
- Henry J. Degenkolb
- John Anthony Derrington
- J. Augustine DeSazilly
- Michael Dickson
- Eladio Dieste
- Patrick Dowling
- Peter Thomas Dunican
- H. Kempton Dyson
## E
- Gustave Eiffel
- J. R. Eyerman
## F
- Oscar Faber
- William Fairbairn
- Hilario Fernández Long
- Eugene Figg
- Nicholas Forell
- Eugene Freyssinet
## G
- William George Nicholson Geddes
- William Glanville
- Mike Glover
## H
- Hardy Cross
- Edmund Happold - founder of Buro Happold
- François Hennebique
- Charles Hershfield - co-founder of Morrison Hershfield
-
- Eaton Hodgkinson
- Michael Horne
- John Howell & Son
- Anthony Hunt
- Charles Husband
## I
- Heinz Isler
## K
- Oleg Kerensky
- Fazlur Rahman Khan
- Maurice Koechlin
- Kirankumar B M
## L
- William LeMessurier - founder of LeMessurier Consultants
- Fritz Leonhardt
- Li Guohao
- Ian Liddell
- Tung-Yen Lin
## M
- Robert Maillart
- Mao Yisheng
- Guy Maunsell
- Christian Menn
- Riccardo Morandi
- Carson Morrison - co-founder of Morrison Hershfield
## N
- Pier Luigi Nervi
- David Nethercot
- Frank Newby
- Nathan M. Newmark
## O
- Frei Otto
## P
- Alfred Pugsley
- Nigel Priestley
## R
- Peter Rice
- Leslie E. Robertson
## S
- Kolbjørn Saether
- Jörg Schlaich
- Marc Seguin
- Mark Serrurier
- Fred Severud
- Vladimir Shukhov
- Alec Skempton
- John Skilling
- Frederick Snow
- Werner Sobek
- Josef Stenbäck
- Robert Stephenson
- Joseph Strauss
## T
- Man-Chung Tang
- Margot Taule
- Eduardo Torroja
- C.A.P. Turner
## V
- Arthur Vierendeel
- Michel Virlogeux
## W
- John Waddell
- Faith Wainwright
- Arnold Waters
- André Waterkeyn
- Paul Westbury
- Chris Wise
## Y
- Henry T
| 401 |
List of structural engineers
| 0 |
10,029,206 |
# South Tippah School District
The **South Tippah School District** is a public school district based in Ripley, Mississippi (USA).
In addition to Ripley, the district also serves the towns of Dumas and Blue Mountain as well as rural areas in southern Tippah County.
## Schools
- Ripley High School
- Ripley Middle School
- Ripley Elementary
- Blue Mountain School
- Pine Grove School
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 2,731 students enrolled in the South Tippah School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 49% female and 51% male. The racial makeup of the district was 23.69% African American, 70.08% White, 6.15% Hispanic, and 0.07% Asian. 48.2% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 131 |
South Tippah School District
| 0 |
10,029,211 |
# Robert B. Wray
**Robert B. Wray** cast a movable type font for printing Bengali script in 1778. It proved revolutionary for the British rule in India. Warren Hastings had taken over as the Governor-General of India. By the Regulating Act 1773, he had become the Governor-General over the empire that had been established by the British East India Company in India.
The officials of Hastings were motivated by the European Classicism. They were of the firm view that the rule of Britain over India was transitory. Soon, the great Old Indian culture would revive itself and regain its lost glory. They spent their energy to learn the Indian languages, literature, religion and culture. It has been identified with the Orientialist group among the British officials. Soon, they realized that they had to run their rule by adopting the regional languages. There was a dire need of using Bengali as the language of the administration.
It was made possible when Robert B. Wray cast the Bengali type in 1778. It started a new phase of interaction between the British Officials and Indian people. It resulted in creation of Fort William College under the Governor-General Richard Wellesley. It was under the aegis of this college that most of the literary work of Orientalists had taken place. It was then that European books covering European philosophy and science, were translated into Bengali
| 230 |
Robert B. Wray
| 0 |
10,029,223 |
# Vartan (comics)
***Vartan*** is an Italian comic book created and drawn by Sandro Angiolini, and published in 200 issues between October 1969 and May 1977 by Furio Viano. An attempt to relaunch the publication in 1980 lasted only six issues. The comic book featured the erotic adventures of its heroine, described as \"white Indian\", in a classic western setting. The title character\'s name and features were loosely inspired by French singer and actress Sylvie Vartan, at the time quite popular in Italy thanks to a number of hits and television appearances.
Vartan is one of many such characters from the Italian *fumetti* tradition. Other female figures from the same era, and with similarly erotic preoccupations, include Zora la Vampira, Maghella, Biancaneve, Lucifera, Jacula, Yra, Jolanda de Almaviva, and Sukia
| 130 |
Vartan (comics)
| 0 |
10,029,225 |
# Viktor Yevsyukov
**Viktor Aleksandrovich Yevsyukov** (*Виктор Апександрович Евсюков*, born October 6, 1956, in Stalino (now Donetsk), in the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union) is a retired javelin thrower who represented the Soviet Union and later Kazakhstan during his active career. He won the silver medal at the 1987 World Championships in Rome.
His personal best throw is 85.16 metres, achieved in June 1987 in Karl-Marx-Stadt (today Chemnitz). It is also the standing Kazakhstani record. His personal best with the old javelin design, in use prior to April 1986, was 93.70 metres, thrown in Kiev on July 17, 1985. This was the third best mark ever by a Soviet thrower, behind only Heino Puuste and Jānis Lūsis
| 118 |
Viktor Yevsyukov
| 0 |
10,029,250 |
# Jyrki Blom
**Jyrki Blom** (born 11 May 1962) is a retired Finnish javelin thrower. He finished fourth at the 1986 European Championships.[1](http://www.sporting-heroes.net/athletics-heroes/stats_athletics/european/1986_m.asp) He competed at the 1987 World Championships, but placed lowly in the qualification round and did not reach the final.[2](http://www.iaaf.org/WCH05/history/Year=1987/EventCode=4/gender=M/discipline=JT/combCode=hash/roundCode=q/index.html)
## Achievements
Representing `{{FIN}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------
1987
## Seasonal bests by year {#seasonal_bests_by_year}
- 1986 - **80.48**
- 1987 - 79.28
- 1988 - 73.64
- 1989 - 76.78
- 1990 - 76.30
- 1992 - 77.00
- 1993 - 76
| 83 |
Jyrki Blom
| 0 |
10,029,294 |
# Wolfram Gambke
**Wolfram Gambke** (born 2 November 1959 in Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein) is a retired West German javelin thrower.
## Achievements
Representing `{{FRG}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------
1984
1985
1986
His personal bests are:\
old javelin model: 85,90 m (1984)\
new javelin model: 81,30 m (1986)
(Uwe Hohn having reached more than 100 m, a new javelin was introduced)
| 56 |
Wolfram Gambke
| 0 |
10,029,295 |
# David Gatenby
**David John Gatenby** (born 12 February 1952) is an Australian cricketer, who played in Australia for Tasmania and in New Zealand for Canterbury. He was a right-handed batsman and leg-spin bowler who was born at Launceston, Tasmania.
Gatenby was the president of the Tasmanian Farmers and Graziers Association from 2008--2013. He was later a member of the Heritage Council of Tasmania, and the Tasmanian Forest Practices Board
| 70 |
David Gatenby
| 0 |
10,029,312 |
# Luigi Hugues
`{{Music of Italy}}`{=mediawiki}
**Luigi Hugues** (27 October 1836 -- 5 March 1913) was an Italian academic geographer and accomplished amateur musician. He is best known today as a composer and arranger of virtuoso works for the flute, and for his contributions to the teaching and history of geography.
Hughes was born in Casale Monferrato, today in the Province of Alessandria, Piedmont. He trained originally as an engineer, and taught in various technical institutes before becoming a professor of geography within the Faculty of Letters at the University of Turin in 1897.
Luigi Hugues died in Casale Monferrato at the age of 76. *Viale Luigi Hugues*, a street in Turin, is named in his honour.
Although Hugues' musical works are recognized for their instrumental virtuosity, they are not always taken entirely seriously. Flautist and teacher Fenwick Smith refers to their "brilliance and vacuity" and writes of the *Grand Concert Fantasy on Verdi's Ballo in Maschera*:
> "With a flutist's knowledge of the instrument, which permits him to conjure more notes per square inch than Verdi ever dreamed of, and with the Italians' sure sense of drama, Hugues has concocted a paragon among potboilers
| 195 |
Luigi Hugues
| 0 |
10,029,328 |
# Pavlo Tarnovetskyy
**Pavlo Heorhiyovych Tarnovetskyy** (*Павло Георгійович Тарновецький* (born 21 February 1961) is a retired decathlete who represented the Soviet Union during his active career. He was born in Storozhynets, Ukrainian SSR.
He won the bronze medal at the 1987 World Championships with a score of 8375 points. This was enough to place third on the world top list that season.[1](http://www.gbrathletics.com/tp/worm
| 62 |
Pavlo Tarnovetskyy
| 0 |
10,029,346 |
# Vikbolandet
**Vikbolandet** is a large peninsula east of Norrköping city in Östergötland, Sweden. The area is limited by Bråviken to the north, Slätbaken to the south and the Baltic Sea to the east. The biggest population center is Östra Husby with a population of 868, followed by Ljunga (pop 751) and Arkösund (pop 172)`{{refn|{{Citation |url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/miljo/markanvandning/smaorter-arealer-befolkning/pong/tabell-och-diagram/smaorter-2015/ |title=Småorter 2015 |date=December 19, 2016 |publisher=Statistics Sweden |language=sv |format=XLSX |access-date=August 15, 2018}}. The smaller locality code of Arkösund is S1369.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0811/2010A01/Tabell_1_2010_web_v2.xls |title=Småorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km2 2005 och 2010 |publisher=Statistics Sweden |language=sv |format=XLS |access-date=August 15, 2018}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki} (pop figures as of 2015) on the Baltic Sea coast at the far east of the peninsula.
The areas to the west (towards Norrköping city) is mostly flat farmland while the areas to the east is mostly wooded with intermixed farmland. Ferries run across Bråviken north to Kolmården and south across Slätbaken.
According to the 2006 census, the whole area had a population of 6,751
| 159 |
Vikbolandet
| 0 |
10,029,360 |
# Trevor Flugge
**Trevor James Flugge** (`{{IPAc-en|ˌ|f|l|uː|g|i}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|FLOO|ghee}}`{=mediawiki}; born 1 February 1947) is an Australian farmer and businessman. He is best known as a former official of the Australian Wheat Board (AWB). He joined the board in 1984, was chair of AWB in 1995--2002, and was present at meetings in Iraq which were linked to the Oil-for-Food scandal, and an inquiry by the United Nations.
## Background
Flugge was educated at Aquinas College, Perth, and became a farmer in the Katanning area.
In 1987, he was an unsuccessful National Party candidate for the seat of O\'Connor (against Wilson Tuckey) in the Australian election that year.
Flugge has also served as chair of the Australian Wheat Growers Association, and as a board member of the major diversified company Wesfarmers.
## Oil-for-Food scandal and the Cole Inquiry {#oil_for_food_scandal_and_the_cole_inquiry}
Trevor Flugge was chair of AWB until March 2002, when he was voted off the board by the A-class shareholders (wheat growers). He was appointed a consultant to AWB after the vote and travelled to Baghdad later that same year, with AWB chairman Andrew Lindberg, to rescue an AWB wheat export deal with Saddam Hussein\'s regime.
There were later accusations that AWB had paid bribes to secure the export contract. AWB officials agreed to pay \$2 million to the Iraqi regime, which would then allow wheat exports to resume. This payment was made by inflating the price of wheat contracts administered by the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme.
Following the 2003 invasion and overthrow of the Hussein regime, Flugge was made a senior adviser to the Iraqi agriculture department.
After the bribery became public in 2005, Flugge denied to the UN\'s Volker inquiry that he knew about AWB\'s payments to the Hussein regime. Flugge was also called before an Australian government investigation in 2005, the Cole inquiry. When giving evidence to the latter inquiry, Flugge frequently claimed to have no knowledge of matters discussed at meetings he attended, due to hearing loss
| 327 |
Trevor Flugge
| 0 |
10,029,367 |
# Folkteatern
**Folkteatern** is a regional theatre in Gothenburg, Sweden. The theater receives grants and assignments from the Västra Götaland Regional Council.
The theatre was built in 1951 at Järntorget and has from the start had close connections with the worker\'s movement. Today the theatre is funded by the government as well as the regional authority and is owned by 300 different organizations. The big stage has 400 seats, while the smaller one has a capacity of 60 seats. The theatre has had a broad repertoire, from classical pieces like Hamlet to contemporary, political and satirical plays. Among the directors of the theatre through the years have been Lennart Hjulström and Iwar Wiklander
| 113 |
Folkteatern
| 0 |
10,029,391 |
# North Tippah School District
The **North Tippah School District** is a public school district based in the community of Tiplersville, Mississippi (USA).
In addition to Tiplersville, the district serves the towns of Walnut and Falkner, the unincorporated community of Chalybeate as well as rural areas in northern Tippah County.
## Schools
- Falkner High School
- Falkner Elementary School
- Chalybeate Elementary School
- Walnut Attendance Center
## Demographics
### 2006-07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 1,385 students enrolled in the North Tippah School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 49% female and 51% male. The racial makeup of the district was 11.12% African American, 86.71% White, 1.73% Hispanic, 0.29% Native American, and 0.14% Asian. 51.7% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 137 |
North Tippah School District
| 0 |
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# 4 da Fam
\"**4 da Fam**\" is a song by American rapper Amil, featuring verses from American rappers Jay-Z, Memphis Bleek, and Beanie Sigel. Ty Fyffe produced the song. It was released on Roc-A-Fella as the second single from her debut album *All Money Is Legal*. In one of the verses, Jay-Z discusses his fears of becoming a father.
\"4 da Fam\" received mixed reviews from music critics; some critics praised Jay-Z\'s verse, while others criticized Amil\'s contributions. It appeared on several *Billboard* charts. The song peaked at `{{abbr|No.|number}}`{=mediawiki} 99 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs *Billboard* chart and No. 97 on the Hot Rap Songs *Billboard* chart. \"4 da Fam\" was promoted with a music video, which was played on the music show *Artist Corner* and the BET network.
## Recording and release {#recording_and_release}
Ty Fyffe produced \"4 da Fam\" and wrote it with Amil Whitehead, Shawn Carter (Jay-Z), Dwight Grant (Beanie Sigel), and Malik Cox (Memphis Bleek). The track was mixed by Pat Viala and recorded by Just Blaze. It was released on September 13, 2000 as the second single from Amil\'s debut album, *All Money Is Legal* (2000). The song was made available as a 12-inch single through Roc-A-Fella. It was also included on a double A-side with the album\'s lead single \"I Got That\". In advertisements for *All Money Is Legal*, \"4 da Fam\" was promoted as one of its \"blazin\' joints\".
A music video, directed by Nick Quested, was released for \"4 da Fam\" in 2000. It was played that year on the music show *Artist Corner* and BET. The video was uploaded to Amil\'s Vevo account on October 25, 2009.
## Composition and lyrics {#composition_and_lyrics}
At 4 minutes and 19 seconds long, \"4 da Fam\" includes verses from Amil, Jay-Z, Memphis Bleek, and Beanie Sigel. Steve Rivers of *Ebony* described it as a \"crew love record\". In his verse, Jay-Z raps about becoming a father in the verse: \"I got four nephews and they\'re all writing \... and I\'m having a child, which is more frightening.\" Rob Markman of MTV News wrote that fatherhood was a subject that Jay-Z explored from his debut album *Reasonable Doubt* (1996). Jay-Z\'s other lyrics include: \"Y\'all niggas truly ain\'t ready for this dynasty thing / Y\'all thinking Blake Carrington, I\'m thinking more like Ming.\" and \"I got 4 nephews, and they all write-ing / They all young and wild, plus they all like Beans.\"
## Reception
\"4 da Fam\" received mixed reviews from music critics. Andrew Barber and Al Shipley of *Complex* praised Jay-Z\'s contribution, and wrote that \"he had the best verse and batted clean up\". In a 2018 article, they included \"4 da Fam\" in their list of the top-100 best Jay-Z songs. John Kennedy of Vulture.com identified the single as an improvement over the track \"Pop 4 Roc\" from Jay-Z\'s fourth studio album *Vol. 3\... Life and Times of S. Carter* (1999), and described \"4 da Fam\" as \"the real deal\". While critical of Amil, Son Raw of *Fact* referred to the single as a \"prime *Roc La Familia*-era posse cut\".
\"4 da Fam\" peaked at `{{abbr|No.|number}}`{=mediawiki} 99 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs *Billboard* chart on July 22, 2000, and remained on the chart for a week. On the same day, it reached a peak position of No. 97 on the R&B/Hip-Hop Streaming Songs *Billboard* chart, staying on the chart for a week. It also peaked at No. 29 on the Hot Rap Songs *Billboard* chart, and remained on that chart for 11 weeks
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# Nucleated village
A **nucleated village**, or **clustered settlement**, is one of the main types of settlement pattern. It is one of the terms used by geographers and landscape historians to classify settlements. It is most accurate with regard to planned settlements: its concept is one in which the houses, even most farmhouses within the entire associated area of land, such as a parish, cluster around a central church, which is perhaps close to the village green. Other possible focal points, depending on cultures and location, are a commercial square, circus, crescent, railway station, park or sports stadium.
A clustered settlement contrasts with these:
- dispersed settlement
- linear settlement
- polyfocal settlement: two (or more) adjacent nucleated villages that have expanded and merged to form a cohesive overall community
A sub-category of clustered settlement is a planned village or community, deliberately established by landowners or the stated and enforced planning policy of local authorities and central governments.
## England
One of many examples of a nucleated village in England is Shapwick, Somerset.
Many nucleated villages originated in Anglo-Saxon England, but historian W. G. Hoskins discredits a previously held view that uniquely associated nucleated villages with that influx to England and their emergent society.
In England, nucleated settlements prevail for example in central parts of the country away from the rockiest soil and steepest slopes where open field farming predominated. In this landscape, the village was typically surrounded by two (or three) large fields in which villagers had individual strips -- see open field system. Various explanations have been offered as to the reason for this form of settlement including the ethnic origin of the Anglo-Saxon settlers, density of population and the influence of local lords of the manor. Tom Williamson theorised in 2004 that the best explanation is the combination of soil quality and climate which leads to differences in agricultural techniques for exploiting local conditions.
Planned settlements can be clearly distinguished from other communities in the late medieval period when landowners began to en masse allocate two rows of new houses set on equal-sized plots of land -- burgage plots. At the opposite end of the burgage plot there is often a back lane which gives the original village a regular layout, right-angled development, which can often still be seen today in England. In small villages, toft and croft landuse patterns have a similar effect. Planned villages were usually associated with markets, from which the landowner expected to make profits.
## Central Europe {#central_europe}
In central Europe, nucleated villages have also emerged from smaller settlements and many farmsteads (equivalent to many hamlets) grew in population to become larger settlements. These villages generally have an irregular shape but are roughly circularly grouped around a central place such as a church or a feature easy to defend.
## Israel
As a modern example, many kibbutzim and moshavim, built from the start as planned settlements, follow the nucleated pattern. Strips of agricultural land often radiate directly outwards.
Over time, some of those grew into less regular forms; others, however, retain the clear nucleated structure to this day
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# Dispersed settlement
A **dispersed settlement**, also known as a **scattered settlement**, is one of the main types of settlement patterns used by landscape historians to classify rural settlements found in England and other parts of the world. Typically, there are a number of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the area. A dispersed settlement contrasts with a nucleated village.
The French term *bocage* is sometimes used to describe the type of landscape found where dispersed settlements are common.
In addition to Western Europe, dispersed patterns of settlement are found in parts of Papua New Guinea, as among the Gainj, Ankave, and Baining tribes. It is also frequently met with in nomadic pastoral societies. In Ghana, Kumbyili in the northern region is also an example of a dispersed settlement
## England
In England, dispersed settlements are often found in the areas of ancient enclosure outside the central region---for example, Essex, Kent and the West Country. An example of a dispersed settlement given by W G Hoskins is Middle Barton in Steeple Barton, Oxfordshire.
In some parts of England, the pattern of dispersed settlement has remained unchanged for many hundreds of years. Many of the locations found in Domesday may be dispersed farmsteads. It is sometimes possible to identify documentary references to farmsteads in the 18th and 19th centuries with these Domesday entries.
In areas of Kent and Essex close to London, the development of residential housing during the 20th century has often disguised the dispersed nature of the original settlement.
The farmsteads which make up the dispersed settlement are often surrounded by small irregularly shaped fields. Traditionally, trees are encouraged to grow at the edges of these fields and in thin strips alongside roads. However, during the 20th century, much of this woodland disappeared, either as a result of disease or modern farming practice. Arthur Young\'s description of the view from Langdon Hills, \"dark lanes intersected with numberless hedges and woods,\" is a typical description of the landscape in an area of dispersed settlements.
## Italy
Anthony Galt has written an extensive study of the dispersed settlement pattern around Locorotondo in the Province of Bari in southern Italy. In this case, the settlement pattern developed because of movement from the town to the countryside in the 19th century. Emphyteutic leases were used by landowners seeking to increase their income from land that was only marginally attractive for agriculture by encouraging the creation of vineyards.
## German-speaking Europe {#german_speaking_europe}
Known as *Streusiedlungen* (singular *Streusiedlung*), dispersed settlements are a characteristic of various parts of German-speaking Europe, including in areas of Westphalia, historically the Ruhr urban area (the dispersed settlements lending themselves to the development of urban sprawl after industrialisation), the Austro-Bavarian parts of the Alps (Upper Bavaria, Austria, South Tyrol) as well as Alamannic parts of the Alps (Bernese Oberland, Central Switzerland)
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# Filmworks 1986–1990
***Filmworks 1986--1990*** features the first released film scores of John Zorn. The album was originally released on the Japanese labels Wave and Eva in 1990, on the Nonesuch Records label in 1992, and subsequently re-released on Zorn\'s own label, Tzadik Records, in 1997 after being out of print for several years.
> \"For Zorn, filmscores have always been a place to experiment, and the **FilmWorks Series** is in many ways a microcosm of his prodigious output. This original installment of the **FilmWorks Series** presents three scores ranging from punk-rockabilly (featuring the nasty guitars of Bob Quine, Bill Frisell and Arto Lindsay); a jazzy Bernard Herrmann fantasy; to a quirky classical/improv/world music amalgam for Raul Ruiz\'s bizarre film *The Golden Boat*. Zorn\'s infamous one-minute arrangement of Morricone\'s classic *The Good, The Bad and The Ugly*, is included as a bonus track. This is the place where it all began.\"
## Reception
The Allmusic review by Joslyn Layne awarded the album 3 stars stating \"Although certainly a younger effort, there is a lot of good music on this first film works compilation. It is interesting to hear where Zorn\'s scores began\". Guy Peters stated \"With releases like this, Zorn was basically working outside the jazz-frame and experimenting with avant-garde compositions, but a lot of the music owes so much to jazz that his crossover tactics can be found at full-effect. Like all of his music that is laden with shifts, gimmicks, cut-up techniques and the complete lack of convention, this volume of Filmworks may strike one as too self-conscious and studied (as in the structured improvisation of the game pieces), but it also shows you a fearless musician and composer at work, willing to take risks and not afraid to fail once in a while. It\'s certainly not an easy listen\"
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# Yuquan Shenxiu
**Yuquan Shenxiu** (`{{zh|c=玉泉神秀|p=Yùquán Shénxiù|w=Yü-ch'üan Shen-hsiu|r=Jinshū}}`{=mediawiki}, 606?--706) was one of the most influential Chan masters of his day, a Patriarch of the East Mountain Teaching of Chan Buddhism. Shenxiu was Dharma heir of Daman Hongren (601--674), honoured by Wu Zetian (r. 690--705) of the Tang dynasty, and the putative author of the *Guan Xin Lun* (Treatise on the Contemplation of the Mind, written between 675 and 700), a text once attributed to Bodhidharma.
## Biography
Shenxiu was born in Weishi County, suburb of Luoyang, Henan, then secondary capital of China. His family name was Li. His family was aristocratic and may have been related to the Tang dynasty imperial family He was educated in the Chinese classics and Taoism and became a Buddhist at the age of thirteen when he went to the government granaries at Kaifeng during a famine to plead the release of grain to the starving population. There he met an unnamed Buddhist and was inspired to take up Buddhism. After some seven years of a homeless life visiting the famous mountain centres of China, Shenxiu took the full precepts of Buddhist monk in 625 at Tankong monastery in Luoyang(洛阳), the Buddhist centre at the end of Silk Road since the second century.
Traces of his activities for the next twenty-five years were lost, the *Chuan Fabao Ji* (傳法寶紀) (*Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma-treasure*) claim that Shenxiu studied the Buddhist regulations (vinaya) and ceremonies and devoted himself to the practice of meditation (dhyāna) and the development of wisdom (prajñā). In 651 he began to study under Hongren. The aforementioned *Chuan Fabao Ji* states that he studied with Hongren for six years, thereby leaving in 657, before the arrival of the Sixth Patriarch, Huineng, with whom Shenxiu supposedly had the famous verse-writing contest. (see below)
It is not clear why, but sometime around 665--668, Shenxiu was banished by the emperor and remained in hiding for ten years, returning to public notice between 676 and 679. He initially took up residence at the Jade Spring Monastery (*Yuquan Si* 玉泉寺) but soon one was built for him, the Monastery of the Six Perfections (*Dumen Si* 度門寺廟) where he spent the next quarter century.
In late 700 the Empress Wu invited Shenxiu to the capital at Luoyang to teach Chan Buddhism. His welcome in 701 was by all accounts quite spectacular. The *Annals of the Transmission of the Dharma-treasure* describe Shenxiu\'s path being bedecked with flowers and the master riding on a litter of the type reserved for the imperial family. In an unprecedented gesture, the Empress knelt before the Chan master, touching her forehead to the ground in reverence. The *Annals* go on to say that "From princes and nobles down, everyone \[in the capital\] took refuge in him."
For the last five years of his life, Shenxiu traveled between the two capitals of Luoyang and Chang\'an, preaching the Buddhist Dharma before passing away at his monastery, *Tumen Si*, reportedly sitting in meditation, on February 28, 706. The *Lengqie Shi Zi Ji* (楞伽師資記; *Records of the Lankavatara Masters*) state that his last words were *ch'u-ch'u chiao*, which Professor Seizan Yanagida translates as "the teachings of the expedient means have been made direct" The reigning Emperor Zhongzong (705-710) granted the posthumous title *Datong Chanshi* (大通禪師; Greatly Penetrating Dhyāna Master), only the second time in Chinese Buddhism and the first for three hundred years that this imperial honour had been bestowed.
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# Yuquan Shenxiu
## Verse contest {#verse_contest}
One of the most well-known and cherished legends in Chan is the verse writing contest involving Shenxiu and Huineng at Hongren\'s monastery. The story can be found in the Platform Sutra of Huineng, but it was almost certainly not an historical event. The account given in the Platform Sutra is as follows: Hongren, realizing he was coming to the end of his years, instructed his monks to compose a \"mind-verse\" to demonstrate their level of attainment. The winner of the contest would be named Sixth Patriarch and receive the robe of Bodhidharma. None of the monks dared to write anything, deferring to Shenxiu who they believed would be the rightful Dharma heir. Shenxiu, full of doubts about his own motivations and with the weight of expectation upon him, chose to write a verse anonymously on a corridor wall in the night. Shenxiu\'s verse read:
:
: The body is the bodhi tree
: The mind is like a bright mirror\'s stand.
: At all times we must strive to polish it
: and must not let dust collect.
Publicly, Hongren praised this verse and instructed all his monks to recite it. Privately, Hongren asked Shenxiu to compose another verse as Hongren believed that Shenxiu\'s verse did not display true understanding of the Dharma. Shenxiu was unable to compose another verse. Meanwhile, the illiterate Huineng heard the monks chanting this verse and asked about it. When told the story of Hongren\'s contest, Huineng asked a monk to take him to the wall where Shenxiu\'s verse was written. There he asked someone to write his own verse. According to a later version of the Platform Sutra (two significant variants exist in older versions), Huineng\'s verse read
:
: Bodhi originally has no tree.
: The bright mirror also has no stand.
: Fundamentally there is not a single thing.
: Where could dust arise?McRae points out that the earliest version of the Platform Sutra has two versions of Huineng\'s verse:
: Bodhi originally has no tree.
: The mirror also has no stand.
: The Buddha-nature is always clear and pure.
: Where is there room for dust?
and
:
: The mind is the bodhi tree
: The body is the bright mirror\'s stand.
: The bright mirror is originally clear and pure.
: Where could there be any dust?
It is only in the later version that the third line, \"Fundamentally there is not a single thing\", can be found. (see McRae, 2003:61-61)
The account says that publicly Hongren denigrated this verse but that later, in private, he taught Huineng the true meaning of the Diamond Sutra, thereby awakening Huineng to the sutra\'s profound teaching. Hongren gave Huineng the robe of transmission and told him to flee the monastery in secret at night. According to the legend, Huineng thereby became the Sixth and last Patriarch of Chan.
Shenhui, a successor of Huineng, publicly criticized Shenxiu and associated him with the \"Northern School\", a term which Shenhui is thought to have invented. He claimed this \"school\" taught a \"gradualist\" (*jian jiao* 漸教) idea of enlightenment as opposed to Huineng\'s supposedly superior \"sudden\" (*dun jiao* 頓教) teaching. However, although a substantial amount of Shenhui\'s polemics survive, he is never recorded as mentioning this verse contest, which he presumably would have done in order to bolster the case for his descent from the superior Huineng. For this reason, in part, scholars doubt the historicity of the verse contest. Instead, it is thought that the Platform Sutra was composed by the Oxhead school in an attempt to reconcile the artificial split between the so-called Northern and Southern Schools. According to the Buddhologist John McRae, the two verses were likely intended to complement one another and speak of two sides of one practice. Further, Shenxiu\'s verse does not explicitly suggest gradualism, but rather alludes to a need for constant, unending practice. Whatever the case may be, historically speaking it is clear that Shenxiu was a far more respected and prominent teacher than the virtually unknown Huineng, who only became famous through later hagiography, including the Platform Sutra.
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# Yuquan Shenxiu
## Teachings
Although Shenxiu was labeled a teacher of the "Northern School" (*Beizong* 北宗) of Chan in subsequent histories of Chan, he saw himself as teaching in the "East Mountain" (*Dongshan* 東山) tradition of Hongren. The "Northern School" appellation was applied in the early 730s by the monk Shenhui who accused Shenxiu of teaching a "gradualist" approach to Chan Buddhism.
Shenxiu was highly educated and studied the Buddhist scriptures assiduously. He re-interpreted the scriptures as metaphors of "skilful means" (Sanskrit: *upāya*; *fangbian* 方便) for "contemplation of the mind,\" (*kan xin* 看心) advocating the attainment of Buddhahood in all daily activities, here and now. Every act was seen as religious practice. For example, he saw simple activities, like taking a bath, as a religious act. He taught that soap used to clean away dirt "is actually the ability of discrimination by which one can ferret out the sources of evil within oneself." Cleaning the mouth with toothpicks is "nothing less than the Truth by which one puts an end to false speech." Overt religious activities such as burning of incense were seen as "the unconditioned *Dharma*, which 'perfumes' the tainted and evil karma of ignorance and cause it to disappear."
In meditation practice, Shenxiu taught that the student should develop the innate ability of the mind "to illuminate and understand all things" and to see the emptiness of all things. He taught that there is a profound stillness and tranquility in all things. A "Northern School" text abbreviated as the *Five Skillful Means* (*Wu Fangbian* 五方便) states: "in purity there is not a single thing...Peaceful and vast without limit, its untaintedness is the path of *bodhi* (बोधि). The mind serene and enlightenment distinct, the body's serenity is the *bodhi* tree."
Even though Shenxiu and the so-called "Northern School" were subsequently attacked as teaching a gradualist approach to enlightenment, the *Guanxin Lun* (觀心論; *Treatise on the Contemplation of the Mind*), a Northern text which Zen scholar John McRae claims is "unquestionably written by him \[Shenxiu\]" emphatically states: "It does not take long to witness this (i.e., to realize sagehood); enlightenment is in the instant. Why worry about your white hair (i.e., about your age)?" Shenxiu\'s exhortations to constant, unremitting practice gave Shenhui the opening to attack the teaching as "gradualist" (a charge which would ironically apply to the entire Dongshan tradition of the Fourth and Fifth Patriarchs). In any case, the vilification of Shenxiu by Shenhui occurred some thirty years after Shenxiu\'s death. During his lifetime, and especially his relatively brief teaching in the capital cities of the Tang dynasty, Shenxiu\'s teachings were received with widespread acceptance and reverence. The influence of Shenxiu\'s teachings on subsequent Chan doctrine and practices is still a somewhat open question
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# Andrew Dykes (cricketer)
**James Andrew Dykes** (born 15 November 1971) is an Australian cricketer who played for the Tasmanian Tigers from 1997 until 2001. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler who was born at Hobart, Tasmania in 1971. Dykes was the highest run-scorer in the history of the Clarence District Cricket Club with 9,793 runs.
Dykes was the General Manager of Cricket Tasmania from 2003 to 2017. He then served as Community Football Manager for AFL Tasmania from 2018 to 2020.
Dykes\' father Robbie Dykes was an Australian rules footballer, while his grandfather Jimmy Dykes played soccer for Scotland
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# Too Ra Loo Ra Loo Ral
\"**Too-Ra-Loo-Ra-Loo-Ral (That\'s an Irish Lullaby)**\" is a classic American song that was written in 1913 by composer James Royce Shannon (1881--1946) for the Tin Pan Alley musical *Shameen Dhu*. The original recording of the song, by Chauncey Olcott, peaked at #1 on the music charts. The song was brought back to prominence by Bing Crosby\'s performance in 1944\'s *Going My Way*. Crosby\'s single sold over a million copies and peaked at #4 on the Billboard music charts.
## History
The song\'s eponymous hook (\"toora-loora-loo\") is attested to at least as far back as 1837 in humorist doggerel in *The New Monthly Magazine* and elsewhere during the 19th century. It likely has roots in the same nonsense word \"turelurelu\" as that used to indicate the sound of a flute in the French-language Christmas song \"Patapan\" recorded in 1720.
The 1913 song was written by lyricist and actor Shannon for the play *Shameen Dhu* (\"Black-Haired Jimmy\" or \"Dark Jimmy\"). Prior to the play\'s debut, singer Chauncey Olcott took it into the studio to record it on July 30, 1913. Popular, his single peaked at #1 on the music charts in December 1913.
In 1944, Bing Crosby released a version of the song which brought it to public attention again. First performed in the film *Going My Way*, it was subsequently released as a single that sold over a million copies and peaked at #4 on Billboard music charts. His first recording was made on July 7, 1944, but mechanical difficulties with the matrix led to it being recorded again on July 17, 1945. It is this version which appears on subsequent LPs and CDs. In 1945, the Crosby version of the song was also featured in the film *Nob Hill*. In 2019 it featured in *Ray Donovan*, season 7, episode 5; \"An Irish Lullaby\".
## Other versions {#other_versions}
In 1976, Richard Manuel and Van Morrison sang the song, as \"Tura Lura Lural (That\'s an Irish Lullaby)\", during The Band\'s farewell concert *The Last Waltz*. \"Come On, Eileen*\"*, a #1 U.K. chart single from the English band Dexys Midnight Runners, includes a chorus with the lines \"Too-Ra-Loo-Ra Too-Ra-Loo-Rye, Ay / And you\'ll hum this tune forever.\" The song appeared on their 1982 album titled *Too-Rye-Ay*. The same line is also repeated in the song \"Vagabond of the Western World\" by Irish rock band Thin Lizzy from their 1973 album Vagabonds of the Western World. Steve Martin performed the song for comic effect in the film *Housesitter*. The song also featured memorably in a Season 2, Episode 8 cold open of *Cheers*, as the denizens of the bar sang the lullaby over the telephone to an infant Tortelli. Ed Asner\'s character, Lou Grant, also sang the lullaby to Mary Richards on her couch to help her get to sleep without using a sleeping pill in an episode of the final season of *The Mary Tyler Moore Show*. Damian McGinty\'s character performs the song in the film *Santa Fake* to comfort the widow Mrs. Ortega.
Others who have recorded the song include Bobby Darin, Connie Francis, Perry Como, The Ames Brothers, Regis Philbin, Jessi Colter, Slim Whitman, Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin, The Irish Tenors, Rosemary Clooney, Kate Smith, Gene Autry, Frances Faye, John Gary, Kenny Loggins, and The Ennis Sisters.
## Original lyrics {#original_lyrics}
These are the original lyrics of the song as published in 1913 by Shannon through M. Witmark & Sons. \[Verse 1\] Over in Killarney, many years ago Me Mother sang a song to me in tones so sweet and low, Just a simple little ditty, in her good ould Irish way, And I\'d give the world if she could sing That song to me this day.
\[Refrain\] Too-ra-loo-ra-loo-ral, Too-ra-loo-ra-li, Too-ra-loo-ra-loo-ral, Hush, now, don\'t you cry! Too-ra-loo-ra-loo-ral, Too-ra-loo-ra-li, Too-ra-loo-ra-loo-ral, That\'s an Irish lullaby.
\[Verse 2\] Oft, in dreams I wander To that cot again, I feel her arms a huggin\' me As when she held me then. And I hear her voice a hummin\' To me as in days of yore, When she used to rock me fast asleep Outside the cabin door
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# Laborde
**Laborde**, **LaBorde**, **La Borde**, **de Laborde** or **de La Borde** is a surname. Notable persons with that name include:
- Alexandre de Laborde (1773--1842), French antiquary, liberal politician and writer, son of Jean Joseph de Laborde, Marquis of Laborde and father of Valentine de Laborde
- Anna Larroucau Laborde de Lucero (1864--1956), French-Argentine philanthropist and educator
- Catherine Laborde (1951--2025), French weather presenter and author
- Cécile Laborde, French professor of political theory
- Edmond Laborde (1863--1924), French biologist
- Eduardo Laborde (1967--2015), Argentine rugby union player
- Françoise Laborde (born 1958), French politician
- Françoise Laborde (journalist) (born 1953), French journalist, writer and television presenter
- François Laborde de Méreville (1761--1801), French banker and member of the Estates General of 1789, son of Jean Joseph de Laborde, Marquis of Laborde
- Gaëtan Laborde (born 1994), French footballer
- Genie Z
| 143 |
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| 0 |
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# Do It Again (Put Ya Hands Up)
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{{Single chart|Billboardhot100|65|artist=Jay-Z|refname=|accessdate=December 28, 2021|rowheader=true}}
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# Osbern FitzOsbern
\_\_NOTOC\_\_ `{{Infobox Christian leader
| name = Osbern FitzOsbern
| image =
| religion = Catholic
| title = [[Bishop of Exeter]]
| appointed = 1072
| consecration = 27 May 1072
| consecrated_by = [[Lanfranc]]
| predecessor = [[Leofric, Bishop of Exeter|Leofric]]
| successor = [[William Warelwast]]
| other_post = royal chaplain
| death_date = 1103
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Osbern FitzOsbern** (d. 1103) was a Norman churchman. He was a relative of King Edward the Confessor as well as being a royal chaplain. During Edward\'s reign he received the church at Bosham, near Chichester. He was present at the consecration of Westminster Abbey at Christmas 1065. He was a steward for King William I of England during his reign, as well as being a friend of the king. The story that he became William\'s chancellor is based entirely on a charter that modern historians have declared mostly spurious. He became Bishop of Exeter in 1072, and was consecrated at St. Paul\'s in London on 27 May 1072 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Lanfranc.
Osbern was present at the church councils held in 1072 and 1075. Osbern was present at the first Christmas court held by King William II of England after his accession. Osbern did not attend the church council held by Anselm, the new Archbishop of Canterbury in 1102, as he was ill.
Osbern became embroiled in a dispute with the monks of Battle Abbey, who had established a priory in Exeter. The cathedral chapter of Exeter objected to the priory establishing a graveyard or ringing their bells, and both sides appealed to Anselm, who ruled in Battle\'s favour on the bell issue. The dispute over the graveyard was still ongoing in 1102, when Pope Paschal II wrote to Osbern ordering him to allow the priory to establish a graveyard for their benefactors.
Osbern died in 1103, having gone blind before his death. Frank Barlow, a medieval historian, described Osbern as \"unsociable\".
William FitzOsbern, Earl of Hereford was his brother. Their father was Osbern de Crépon, a guardian and seneschal to the young Duke William
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# Mary Mollineux
**Mary Mollineux** (born Mary Southworth, 1651--1696) was a Quaker poet who differed from many of her Quaker contemporaries because of an early education in Latin, Greek, science, and arithmetic. Probably the daughter of Catholic parents who converted to Quakerism, she met her husband Henry Mollineux (died 1719), who wrote Quaker tracts, while they were both imprisoned in Lancaster Castle in 1684 for attending Quaker meetings. Her husband was imprisoned again in 1690 for refusing to pay tythes to the Church of England and Mary petitioned for his release.
## Works
*The Fruits of Retirement* (1702) was posthumously published. The book is a compilation of Mollineux\'s manuscript poetry put together by her cousin Frances Owen and printed by the female Quaker publisher Tace Sowle. It went through six editions in the 18th century.
The poems blend erudition with activism and also develop literary constructions about exile, retreat, and retirement more typical of Katherine Philips and (later) Anne Finch than of Quaker polemicists. Owen was inspired to collect them, he said, because they would work in service of Quakerism. They are largely biblical in inspiration, but there are hints of her classical education therein, particularly in her composition of Latin elegiac couplets. The first, \'The Fall of Man\', is dated 1663. \'A Meditation\' (1668), for example, expands on verses from the Book of Lamentations to draw a comparison with the dire situation of Dissenters at that time
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# Grenville College
**Grenville College** was an independent boarding and day school situated in Bideford, Devon, England. In 2009 the school merged with neighbouring Edgehill College to become the Kingsley School.
## History
Grenville College was founded in 1954 as a boys' school by Messrs O. Dromgoole, B. Spain, and W. G. Scott. Dromgoole was the first headmaster and drew up the initial prospectus. He was succeeded as Headmaster in 1955 by Walter F. Scott. The college is named after the Elizabethan sea captain, Sir Richard Grenville, who came from Bideford. Walter Scott wanted to offer his pupils opportunities which had not been available to him when he had been a pupil at school. This included the setting up of a specialist dyslexia department, which has now been part of Grenville College for 38 years and has earned a national reputation for its excellence.
In 1965 the school became part of the Woodard Schools foundation, a foundation which aims to help private schools to flourish. In 1994 the College merged with Stella Maris Convent school, becoming a co-educational school and also acquiring a junior school. The former Stella Maris school included the listed buildings Northdown Hall and York House on Northam Road.
Grenville College served over 400 students from 3 to 18 years and was an accredited ISC school in membership of the Secondary Heads of Independent Schools (SHMIS), the Independent Schools\' Association (ISA) and the Boarding Schools\' Association (BSA).
Edgehill College and Grenville College became Kingsley School at the beginning of January 2009, in a bid to ensure the continuation of independent education in the town. The move was triggered by a fall in pupil numbers in both schools and by the prevalent economic climate; the aim was to provide a strong school of up to 600 pupils with multiple specialisms and strengths. Grenville students moved to their new campus in September 2009. The merger was entirely supported by both the Woodard Board and the Methodist Group. However Kingsley School is only supported by the Methodist Group
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# Email service provider (marketing)
An **email service provider** (**ESP**) is a company that offers email marketing or email services.`{{Unreliable source?|date=July 2015}}`{=mediawiki}
## Services offered {#services_offered}
An ESP may provide tracking information showing the status of emails sent to each member of an address list. ESPs also often provide the ability to segment an address list into interest groups or categories, allowing the user to send targeted information to people who they believe will value the correspondence.
An ESP will provide a service which may include the following features:
- Ability to create templates for sending to contacts and/or use pre-made templates
- A subscriber list, which is uploaded by the user for distributing messages. This may be enhanced with custom fields in order to hold additional information for each subscriber for filtering and targeted messaging purposes
- A send engine, which allows users to distribute their message to the subscribers
- Updating of the subscriber list to suppress those requesting to be unsubscribed
- Statistical reviews of each email sent to measure the success rate of the campaigns
- Testing of templates for compatibility with email applications
- Spam testing to gauge the score of the email against known factors that will place the template at risk of being blocked
- The ability to send both HTML and plain text formats to improve delivery success rates (known as Multi-Part MIME)
- The ability to customise dynamically the content of emails that are sent out, to tailor personalised and relevant communications
The level of service provided can be according to the above basic features, or the number of subscribers uploaded, or the frequency of use -- or any combination of the above criteria.
All ESPs have the same basic features and functionality, however they vary greatly in volumes, policies, and email delivery ability, which makes the selection of an appropriate ESP critical to both the success of an email marketing campaign and the cost effectiveness of its implementation.
ESP\'s policies, also known as terms and conditions (such as an acceptable use policy), are meant to prevent abuse by users in order to ensure that no spam is sent through their systems. This is intended to result in the best possible delivery rates, with no messages blocked as spam. Some ESPs cooperate with mailbox providers, through organizations such as the Messaging Anti-Abuse Working Group, to ensure compliance with legislation and best practices, and get feedback on the messages they send.
## Misunderstandings
According to The Spamhaus Project glossary, mass or bulk mailing is not spam if it is solicited. By accepting a dirty list (a list containing some addresses without the knowledge and agreement of their owners), an ESP puts its reputation in jeopardy, which may affect its ability to deliver messages
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# Fowles
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# Chris Bergin
**Chris Bergin** is a Gaelic footballer who plays for the Laois county team
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# Theatre War
The **Theatre War** (*Teaterkriget*), **Cowberry War**, **Cranberry War** or **Lingonberry War** (*Tyttebærkrigen*, *Tyttebærkrigen*), was a brief war between Denmark--Norway and Sweden, starting on 24 September 1788, formally lasting until 9 July 1789. Although the decision to launch the attack was taken in Denmark, the majority of the attacking soldiers were Norwegians from the Norwegian army.
The attack was directed towards the region known as Bohuslän in Sweden, and was supposed to act as a diversion to relieve Russia, who was an ally of Denmark--Norway and had recently been attacked by Sweden (Gustav III\'s Russian War). This forced Denmark--Norway to honour their alliance between the two states that had been signed in 1773.
## Background
When Gustav III of Sweden on his own initiative, and unconstitutionally, attacked Russia in 1788 and thereby started the Russo-Swedish War of 1788--90, Denmark-Norway found itself in an awkward position. In the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, Denmark--Norway had committed itself to assist with 12,000 men, six ships of the line and three frigates in the case Russia were to be attacked. Soon after the Swedish attack, the Russians demanded that Denmark--Norway keep its promise, and Denmark--Norway was thus forced to join the war. When Gustav III received news of this, he exclaimed \"I am saved!\".
Considering that the attack on Russia was Gustav\'s own initiative, that many Swedish officers and the king\'s opponents were strongly against the war (see Anjala conspiracy), and that the war was not being fought very successfully, this exclamation might seem strange. However, Gustav III the astute politician saw this as a golden opportunity to turn the Swedish opinion in his favour. He left the battlefront in Finland and proceeded to Stockholm and then Dalarna where he managed to incite several free corps to participate in the defense against the Danes and Norwegians. Despite strong popular support, Sweden had only 10,000 men that had to be divided between Skåne, Jämtland and Bohuslän.
## The Danish--Norwegian attack {#the_danishnorwegian_attack}
The first Danish-Norwegian force of about 8,000-10,000 men under the command of Prince Charles of Hesse attacked Bohuslän from Norway on 24 September and advanced quickly toward Vänersborg meeting feeble Swedish resistance. Colonel Johan Werner Tranefelt ensconced himself in Kvistrum north of Uddevalla with his 700 men but was defeated on 29 September by a much larger Danish--Norwegian force led by Major General Johann Friedrich von und zu Mansbach. In a week the Danish--Norwegians took Uddevalla, Vänersborg, and Åmål and on 6 October they demanded the surrender of Gothenburg.
The invading troops met little resistance, and occupied Uddevalla, Vänersborg and Åmål within a week, but were later stopped at Gothenburg. Out of 10,000 soldiers, the Norwegians lost only 8 in the ensuing confrontations.
## The defense of Gothenburg {#the_defense_of_gothenburg}
By this time, Gustav III himself had arrived in the city and took resolute action; he dismissed the passive Lieutenant General Anders Rudolf du Rietz and replaced him with Lieutenant General Johan Sparre af Söfdeborg. The defenses of Gothenburg were quickly strengthened. In addition, the British ambassador to Copenhagen Sir Hugh Elliot arrived in Gothenburg and brokered a short armistice with the Danish--Norwegian commander on 9 October. Delaying and stalling tactics prolonged the armistice in stages to May 1789.
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# Theatre War
## Conclusion and aftermath {#conclusion_and_aftermath}
Faced with the armistice, threats of a joint attack on Holstein from both Great Britain and Prussia, and an ever more strongly defended Gothenburg, the Danish--Norwegian troops marched off on 12 November 1788 toward Norway, and Gustav III could use this as an excuse to call it a victory. This was convenient for Sweden since the fighting on the Finnish front was very much still in progress.
The success could have turned into a debâcle when it was revealed that a lieutenant Benzelstjärna with the king\'s approval had planned to burn the seven Russian ships in the Copenhagen harbor. Through the revelation the plans were never carried out.
The attacking Danish--Norwegian force only lost eight men through acts of war. The almost frivolous Swedish and Norwegian names for the conflict do not reflect the real suffering caused by it: the Danish--Norwegian army lost 1,500-3,000 men to hunger, disease, poor sanitary conditions, and exposure to continual autumn rainfall. On 12 November, the Norwegian division retreated back to Norway.
On 9 July 1789, before the threat of a combined might of Britain and Prussia, Denmark-Norway agreed to cease active engagement in the conflict. A statement of neutrality was issued by Denmark-Norway, not a formal peace treaty.
Frederik von Haxthausen took part in this campaign as an officer. As a result of the disastrous provision of the troops, which was the cause of a fatal plague among them, he travelled abroad in 1793 in order to study military supply provision. To do this he visited the Prussian, Austrian and other armies.
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# Theatre War
## The name of the war {#the_name_of_the_war}
The Swedish term \"Theatre War\" reflects the view in later times that the war in practice was a theatrical spectacle rather than a \"real\" martial conflict.
In Norwegian, the war is known as *Tyttebærkrigen* after the Norwegian word for the mountain cranberry, in remembrance of how the Norwegian troops, denied assistance by the local population, had to live off the land in berry season.
## Literature
- [Store norske leksikon](http://www.snl.no/tytteb%C3%A6rkrigen) retrieved 16 October 2010
- S. A. Sørensen: \"Haxthausen, Frederik\" article in: [Dansk biorgafisk lexikon](https://runeberg.org/dbl/7/0179.html), Vol. 7. Copenhagen, 1893. pp. 177--179
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# Herbert Rose (artist)
`{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use Australian English|date=June 2015}}`{=mediawiki} **Herbert C. Rose** (1890 -- January 1937), an Australian painter and etcher, was born at Windsor, Melbourne, the son of George Rose, (1861--1942), an Australian photographer. He and his brothers Walter and William assisted in his father\'s photographic business, and Herbert Rose later studied art at the National Gallery of Victoria School from 1914 to 1918 and with the Société des Artistes Français, a successor to the Paris Salon. He travelled to Europe, North Africa and Asia, and, according to an art critic for *The Argus*, he \"excelled in painting eastern crowds and architecture\", was \"a capable painter in both oils and water-colours, and also did interesting work in etching\". He exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts and elsewhere in Europe and the United States, and staged one-man shows in Australia. His work is represented in Melbourne\'s and other Australian galleries.
Art critic Harold Brocklebank Herbert (1891--1945) described his painting of sunlight in the Sedon Galleries exhibition catalogue (1937): \"His sunlight is warm and glows with that \'inner glow\"' that is the despair of so many painters\".
Rose died at Delhi, India, from smallpox around the middle of January 1937. "
Reviewing a posthumous 1952 exhibition of his oil paintings, drawings and etchings at the Sedon Galleries in Melbourne, the art critic for the Australian newspaper *The Age*, wrote that Rose had been \"an extremely competent academic draftsman" with an ability to skilfully suggest light and incisively render architectural detail
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# Transport in Himachal Pradesh
Himachal Pradesh, although railways and airways serve very limited transport needs, the road network of the state serves the transport needs of the people. Although, the geography of Himachal presents considerable challenge to the development of transport infrastructure, it has the highest road density among all the Hill States of India. Himachal also has 3 airports, 2 narrow gauge rail tracks and couple of other under-construction broad gauge railway tracks, but roads remain the main mode of transport.
## History and development {#history_and_development}
Kinnaur was opened up in the early 1960s with the completion of the NH-5 Hindustan-Tibet National highway from Ferozepur in Punjab to Shipki La. Lahaul was opened up in the late 1960s with the construction of roads over Rohtang pass. Lahaul is reachable via roads through high passes, such as Rohtang (3,967 m, 13,050 ft), Kunzum (4,600 m, 14,913 ft) and Baralacha (4,900 m, 16000 ft). The building an efficient transport system was the top most priority in the first *Five year plan*. In January 1991, Himachal was linked up with the broad gauge system by extending the *Delhi-Nangal* rail line.
## Geography
The geography of Himachal presents considerable challenge to the development of transport infrastructure. The border districts, located near the borders of Tibet and Indian union territories of Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir, such as Kinnaur, Lahaul, Spiti and the *Pangi* and *Bharmour* tehsils of Chamba districts are the major underdeveloped and underserved tribal areas of the state. Other underdeveloped areas include Shillai in Sirmaur district, and deep cut-off valleys in the Kullu and upper stretches of Kangra districts. Spiti is a cold desert and underdeveloped area. Due to poor accessibility, life in these areas had grown in isolation.
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# Transport in Himachal Pradesh
## Roads
The government-owned Himachal Road Transport Corporation runs a good all-weather network of buses inter & intra state including the remotest of the corners of the state. Himachal Pradesh being a major tourist destination, there is no dearth of private buses and taxis.\
Most tourist spots in Himachal Pradesh such as Shimla, Manali, Dharamsala etc. are well connected by roads. Some of the roads in Himachal are seasonal and get closed during winters and monsoons due to heavy snowfall, landslides and washouts.
- National Highways (NH) with total 1235 km length in Himachal are:
- NH 1A touches Shahpur.
- NH 20 passes through Pathankot, Chakki, Nurpur, Joginder Nagar, Palampur and Mandi.
- NH 21 connects Chandigarh with Manali through Mandi.
- NH 22 connects Ambala with Kaurik through Kalka, Simla and Wangtoo.
- NH 70 passes through Mubarakpur, Amb, Nadaun and Hamirpur.
- NH 21A begins at Pinjore in Haryana, passes through Nalagarh and reaches Swarghat, where it connects with NH 21.
- NH 88 connects Simla with Kangra through Hamirpur and Nadaun.
- NH 72 begins at Ambala and passes through Amb and Paunta Sahib in Himachal Pradesh before terminating at Haridwar in Uttarakhand.
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- Tunnels: The state boasts some of the longest road tunnels in the country:
- Atal tunnel: 8.8 km long, year round link between Manali and Lahaul Valley which otherwise use to remain isolated during 8 month long winter period.
- Aut tunnel: 3 km long on NH-21 in Mandi.
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- Other roads are:
- List of state highways in Himachal Pradesh
- List of major district roads in Himachal Pradesh
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- Other roads & vehicle related infra is:
- List of RTO districts in Himachal Pradesh
## Railway
- Narrow-gauge: Mountain railways of India
- Kalka-Shimla Railway UNESCO Heritage listed track, 96 kilometers, passes through 102 tunnels and crosses 864 bridges.
- Kangra Valley Railway, tentative UNESCO Heritage list, 164 km (101.9 mi), from Pathankot in Punjab to Jogindernagar in Himachal.
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- Broad gauge
- Bhanupli--Leh line, 489 km, under-construction.
- Nangal-Una-Talwara line, 90 km long, Nangal-Una-Daulatpur Chowk is complete but 23 km Daulatpur Chowk-Talwara section is under-construction. Una is connected to New Delhi by Jan Shatabdi Express and Himachal Express.
## Air
The airports in Himachal Pradesh are:
1. Shimla Airport near Shimla,
2. Gaggal Airport near Kangra
3. Bhuntar Airport near Kullu.
All these airports have runways shorter than 5000 ft and therefore only allow the operation of smaller aircraft such as the Bombardier Dash 8, 42 seater ATR & 70 seater ATR
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# Responsive architecture
**Responsive architecture** is an evolving field of architectural practice and research. Responsive architectures are those that measure actual environmental conditions (via sensors) to enable buildings to adapt their form, shape, color or character responsively (via actuators).
Responsive architectures aim to refine and extend the discipline of architecture by improving the energy performance of buildings with responsive technologies (sensors / control systems / actuators) while also producing buildings that reflect the technological and cultural conditions of our time.
Responsive architectures distinguish themselves from other forms of interactive design by incorporating intelligent and responsive technologies into the core elements of a building\'s fabric. For example: by incorporating responsive technologies into the structural systems of buildings architects have the ability to tie the shape of a building directly to its environment. This enables architects to reconsider the way they design and construct space while striving to advance the discipline rather than applying patchworks of intelligent technologies to an existing vision of \"building\".
## History
The common definition of responsive architecture, as described by many authors, is a class of architecture or building that demonstrates an ability to alter its form, to continually reflect the environmental conditions that surround it.
The term *responsive architecture* was introduced by Nicholas Negroponte, who first conceived of it during the late 1960s when spatial design problems were being explored by applying cybernetics to architecture. Negroponte proposes that responsive architecture is the natural product of the integration of computing power into built spaces and structures, and that better performing, more rational buildings are the result. Negroponte also extends this mixture to include the concepts of recognition, intention, contextual variation, and meaning into computing and its successful (ubiquitous) integration into architecture. This cross-fertilization of ideas lasted for about eight years. Several important theories resulted from these efforts, but today Nicholas Negroponte's contributions are the most obvious to architecture. His work moved the field of architecture in a technical, functional, and actuated direction.
Since Negroponte's contribution, new works of responsive architecture have also emerged, but as aesthetic creations---rather than functional ones. The works of Diller & Scofidio (Blur), dECOi (Aegis Hypo-Surface), and NOX (The Freshwater Pavilion, NL) are all classifiable as types of responsive architecture. Each of these works monitors fluctuations in the environment and alters its form in response to these changes. The Blur project by Diller & Scofidio relies upon the responsive characteristics of a cloud to change its form while blowing in the wind. In the work of dECOi, responsiveness is enabled by a programmable façade, and finally in the work of NOX, a programmable audio--visual interior.
All of these works depend upon the abilities of computers to continuously calculate and join digital models that are programmable, to the real world and the events that shape it.
Finally an account of the development of the use of responsive systems and their history in respect to recent architectural theory can be found in Tristan d\'Estree Sterk\'s recent opening keynote address (ACADIA 2009) entitled \"Thoughts for Gen X--- Speculating about the Rise of Continuous Measurement in Architecture\"
## Current work {#current_work}
While a considerable amount of time and effort has been spent on intelligent homes in recent years, the emphasis here has been mainly on developing computerized systems and electronics to adapt the interior of the building or its rooms to the needs of residents. Research in the area of responsive architecture has had far more to do with the building structure itself, its ability to adapt to changing weather conditions and to take account of light, heat and cold. This could theoretically be achieved by designing structures consisting of rods and strings which would bend in response to wind, distributing the load in much the same way as a tree. Similarly, windows would respond to light, opening and closing to provide the best lighting and heating conditions inside the building.
This line of research, known as actuated tensegrity, relies on changes in structures controlled by actuators which in turn are driven by computerized interpreters of the real world conditions.
Climate adaptive building shells (CABS) can be identified as a sub-domain of responsive architecture, with special emphasis on dynamic features in facades and roofs. CABS can repeatedly and reversibly change some of its functions, features or behavior over time in response to changing performance requirements and variable boundary conditions, with the aim of improving overall building performance.
## Some key contributors {#some_key_contributors}
Tristan Sterk of The Bureau For Responsive Architecture and The School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Robert Skelton of UCSD in San Diego are working together on actuated tensegrity, experimenting with pneumatically controlled rods and wires which change the shape of a building in response to sensors both outside and inside the structure. Their goal is to limit and reduce the impact of buildings on natural environments.
MIT\'s Kinetic Design Group has been developing the concept of *intelligent kinetic systems* which are defined as \"architectural spaces and objects that can physically re-configure themselves to meet changing needs.\" They draw on structural engineering, embedded computation and adaptable architecture. The objective is to demonstrate that energy use and the environmental quality of buildings could be rendered more efficient and affordable by making use of a combination of these technologies.
Daniel Grünkranz of the University of Applied Arts Vienna is currently undertaking PhD research in the field of Phenomenology as it applies to Responsive Architectures and Technologies.
Depicted left: A full scale actuated tensegrity prototype built from cast aluminium, stainless steel components and pneumatic muscles (pneumatic muscles provided by Shadow Robotics UK) by Tristan d\'Estree Sterk and The Office for Robotic Architectural Media (2003). These types of structural systems use variable and controllable rigidity to provide architects and engineers with systems that have a controllable shape. As a form of ultra-lightweight structure these systems offer a primary method for reducing the embodied energy used in construction processes
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# Honington, Lincolnshire
**Honington** is an English village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire. It lies just north of the junction between the A153 and A607 roads, about 5.5 mi north of Grantham and 8 mi west of Sleaford.
## History
To the east of Honington are earthwork remains of an Iron Age fort, measuring 130 by with defensive banks and ditches. There a hoard of Roman coins was found in 1691, although an investigation in 1976 could find no evidence of Roman occupation. The 1885 *Kelly\'s Directory* view of the earthworks \"on the heath near the village\" is that it is the site of a Roman Camp with fosse and vallum.
In the *Domesday* account of 1086, Honington appears as \"Hondintone\", \"Hundindune\" and \"Hundinton\". Honington consisted of two manors in the old wapentake of Threo. Before the conquest one lordship worth 9 geld units was held by Godwin of Barrowby, and after by Ivo Tallboys. The smaller lordship, worth three geld units, was held by Ulf (Fenman) before the 1066 conquest, then in 1086 by Fulbert with Gilbert of Ghent as his tenant-in-chief. Honington, like every Lincolnshire village, was assessed at twelve carucates to the geld was known as a hundred in the 11th century, each hundred being a fiscal unit distinct from the larger political wapentake.
The village belonged to the historical wapentake of Winnibriggs and Threo after the mergers of wapentakes that occurred in the 11th--13th centuries.
## Economy and amenities {#economy_and_amenities}
*Kelly\'s* noted that Honington was a parish and railway station on the Grantham, Sleaford and Boston branch of the Great Northern Railway, at the junction with the Lincoln line. Agricultural production was chiefly wheat, barley, oats, turnips and seeds, in a parish area of 1454 acre with an 1881 population of 177. The Lord of the Manor and sole landowner was Edward Southwell Trafford of Wroxham Hall, Norwich.
Honington Hall, seat of James Hornsby JP was built in 1862--1863 as a stone building in Elizabethan style with an attached observatory tower. A mixed parish school was built in 1863 for 60 children.
In December 2015 Fibre to the Cabinet Broadband was installed in the village as part of a Lincolnshire-wide scheme to upgrade the infrastructure.
## Church
The ecclesiastical parish of Honington shares the civil-parish boundaries, as part of the Barkston and Hough Group of the Loveden Deanery of the Diocese of Lincoln. The originally 11th-century Anglican parish church, dedicated to St Wilfrid, is Grade II listed. The incumbent in 2013 was Rev. Alan Littlewood.
*Kelly\'s* noted that the church of St Wilfrid seated 120 people. It is in Norman, Early English and later styles, and consists of a chancel with a north aisle or chapel, a clerestoried nave of two bays, a porch, and a square tower of Early English date, with a Perpendicular parapet and pinnacles, containing three bells. The north aisle is late Perpendicular and the chancel arch encloses the remains of a stone screen. The original aisle or chapel was built by the Hussey family in reign of Henry VIII. At the west end of the chapel is a stone monument with figure to William Smith, died 1550, his wife, a daughter of Augustine Porter of Belton, and six children. In the pavement of the chancel is a grey slab, formerly commemorating a priest whose effigy partly remains, but now covered by a brass plate inscribed to John Hussey, died 1553, benefactor to Honington parish and Caythorpe. In 1873 the nave was restored and reseated, and the interior of the tower restored. *Pevsner* notes further monuments, including a bust of Thomas Hussey, died 1697, and an architectural tomb to Dame Sarah Hussey, died 1714, and also a 17th-century communion rail, a 1577 gilt beaker, and a 1732 paten and flagon by Benjamin Godfrey
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# George Douglas Hawley
**George Douglas Hawley** (April 3, 1841 -- September 22, 1934) was an Ontario politician. He represented Lennox in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 1879 to 1883 and in 1886 as a Liberal member.
He was born in Fredericksburg Township, Lennox County, Canada West in 1841, the son of Joseph Case Hawley, and educated in Kingston. Hawley married Sarah Caroline Bristol, the daughter of doctor Amos Samuel Bristol. He defeated Alexander Hall Roe in the 1879 election, lost to Roe in 1883 and then was elected to the same seat in an 1886 by-election held after Roe\'s death. He was defeated in the general election that followed later that year. In 1887, Hawley was named clerk for the division court at Napanee; in 1895, he was named sheriff for Lennox and Addington Counties
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# Noble Resolve
**Noble Resolve** is a United States Joint Forces Command (USJFCOM) experimentation campaign plan to enhance homeland defense and improve military support to civil authorities in advance of and following natural and man-made disasters.
The Noble Resolve campaign will:
- Develop solutions for U.S. agencies and organizations by providing the means to deter, prevent, and defeat threats and aggression aimed at the U.S., its territories, and interests.
- Develop solutions to provide improved defense support to civil authorities.
- Build upon global partnerships.
The U.S. Army and USJFCOM wargame Unified Quest 2006 determined the need for homeland defense experimentation.
In 2006, U.S. Joint Forces Command explored the Department of Homeland Security's scenario for an unaccounted for, \"loose,\" 10 kiloton nuclear weapon. A number of research questions for further experimentation and resolution were identified.
- To what extent does the U.S. have a layered defense?
- When will the U.S. know a threat is headed towards the U.S.?
- What can be done in advance to keep the threat from reaching us from overseas?
- How can USJFCOM provide emergency managers with modeling and simulation support?
- How can the U.S. establish a reliable collaborative environment that includes first responders?
- Is there a tool set that encompasses shared operations, shared information, shared situational awareness, and shared Common Operational Picture?
To answer these questions, USJFCOM established an evolving Noble Resolve experiment campaign plan which started execution in April 2007 and continue over the next couple of years. This campaign is conducted by using discussions, computer-aided modeling and simulation and seminars.
Participants include:
- United States Northern Command
- United States European Command
- United States Strategic Command
- United States Pacific Command
- United States Transportation Command
- United States Army
- United States Navy
- United States Coast Guard
- Department of Homeland Security
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Department of Energy
- Federal Emergency Management Agency
- State of Oregon
- Oregon National Guard
- National Guard Bureau
- Commonwealth of Virginia
- Virginia National Guard
- Port of Norfolk, Virginia and Hampton Roads
- Defense Threat Reduction Agency
- Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- University of Virginia
- A.P
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# Lodi High School (California)
**Lodi High School**, serving grades 9--12, is one of four comprehensive high schools in Lodi Unified School District. The physical plant encompasses three gymnasiums, 59 permanent classrooms, one cafeteria, 30 portables, four computer labs, one theater complex, a college and career center, one administration center, one counseling center, and one metal, one wood and one automotive technology shop. While the present site was built in 1956, Lodi High School began classes on September 8, 1896, and celebrated its centennial birthday during the 1996--97 school year. At the present time, Lodi High School is on a modified traditional calendar.
## History
The school first opened on September 8, 1896.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Patty Berg-Burnett - volleyball player and coach
- Greg Bishop - 6-year NFL offensive lineman
- Alyson Huber - Assemblywoman, Judge
- Patrick Ianni - soccer defender for Seattle Sounders FC
- Tayt Ianni - former soccer defender for the San Jose Earthquakes
- Carl Kammerer - NFL player in 1960s
- Bridget Marquardt - Reality television participant and model
- Robert Mondavi - Mondavi Wines
- Bill Munson - 16-year NFL quarterback
- Patrick Purdy - perpetrator of the 1989 Cleveland Elementary School shooting
- A Skylit Drive - A 6 piece Post-hardcore band
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# Combat in film
**Cinematic fight choreography** or staged fights in cinema include performances of archery, classical fencing, historical fencing, martial arts, close combat, and duels in general, as well as choreography of full-scale battles with hundreds of combatants.
## Asian martial arts {#asian_martial_arts}
The 1970s in Hong Kong saw the rise and sudden death of international martial arts and film superstar Bruce Lee, who is known for popularizing Hong Kong action cinema. He was succeeded in the 1980s by Jackie Chan, who popularized the use of comedy and dangerous stunts in action films.
Hong Kong-based fight choreographer Yuen Wo-ping is famed for his work on *Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon* and the *Matrix* trilogy, in which the often unrealistic fighting techniques are complemented by directorial techniques such as bullet time. Ching Siu-tung is particularly noted in the field of Hong Kong action cinema for his use of graceful wire fu techniques.
Notable Asian martial arts choreographers:
- Yuen Wo-ping
- Ching Siu-tung
- Yoshio Sugino
- Bruce Lee
- Don Wilson
- Jackie Chan
- Yayan Ruhian
- Donnie Yen
- Sammo Hung
- Yuen Biao
- Panna Rittikrai
- Tony Jaa
- Dan Inosanto
- Corey Yuen
- Ji Chang-Wook
- Iko Uwais
Notable Asian martial arts actors:
- Bruce Lee
- Jackie Chan
- Donnie Yen
- Jet Li
- Ji Chang-Wook
- Tony Jaa
- Iko Uwais
- Yayan Ruhian
- Sammo Hung
- Yuen Biao
- Don The Dragon Wilson
- Michelle Yeoh
### Awards
- Golden Horse Award for Best Action Choreography
- Hong Kong Film Award for Best Action Choreography
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# Combat in film
## Battles
With the introduction of advanced editing techniques and of filming outdoors, modern films have a much wider palette of possibilities for depicting violence, including single combat, brawls, and melees as well as large-scale battles. From the 2000s, computer animation has come to play an important part in cinematic visualization of battle scenes, chiefly through the use of computer-generated imagery to simulate very large battles appearing to involve thousands of individual combatants and coordinated activities, which would otherwise be logistically difficult or prohibitively expensive to depict (see MASSIVE and crowd simulation). Many battlefield CGI techniques were pioneered from 2001 by *The Lord of the Rings* film trilogy.
### Historical battles {#historical_battles}
Films with notable large battle scenes and the historical battles/wars they depict:
: **Prehistory and ancient history**
- *Spartacus* (1960) -- Third Servile War
- *The 300 Spartans* (1962) -- Battle of Thermopylae
- *Gladiator* (2000) -- Marcomannic Wars
- *Troy* (2004) -- Trojan War
- *Alexander* (2004) -- Battle of Gaugamela, Battle of the Hydaspes
- *King Arthur* (2004) -- Battle of Mons Badonicus
- *300* (2007) -- Battle of Thermopylae
- *Red Cliff* (2008, 2009) -- Battle of Red Cliffs
: **Post-classical and medieval history**
- *Alexander Nevsky* (1938) -- Battle on the Ice
- *El Cid* (1961) -- Siege of Valencia during the Reconquista
- *Chimes at Midnight* (1966) -- Battle of Shrewsbury
- *Kagemusha* (1980) -- Battle of Takatenjin, Battle of Nagashino
- *Henry V* (1989) -- Battle of Agincourt
- *Braveheart* (1995) -- Battle of Stirling Bridge, Battle of Falkirk (1298)
- *The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc* (1999) -- Siege of Orléans
- *Kingdom of Heaven* (2005) -- Battle of Hattin, Siege of Jerusalem (1187)
- *Elizabeth: The Golden Age* (2007) -- Battle of Gravelines
- *Arn -- The Knight Templar* (2007) -- Battle of Montgisard
: **Early modern period to 19th century**
- *Zulu* (1964) -- Battle of Rorke\'s Drift
- *War and Peace* (1968) -- Battle of Schöngrabern, Battle of Austerlitz, Battle of Borodino, Battle of Krasnoi
- *The Charge of the Light Brigade* (1968) -- Battle of Balaklava
- *Waterloo* (1970) -- Battle of Waterloo
- *Glory* (1989) -- Battle of Antietam, Battle of James Landing, Second Battle of Fort Wagner
- *Gettysburg* (1993) -- Battle of Gettysburg
- *The Patriot* (2000) -- Battle of Camden, Battle of Cowpens, Siege of Yorktown
- *Gods and Generals* (2003) -- First Battle of Bull Run, Battle of Antietam, Battle of Fredericksburg, Battle of Chancellorsville
- *The Last Samurai* (2003) -- Satsuma Rebellion
- *The Alamo* (2004) -- Siege of the Alamo, Battle of the Alamo
- *Alatriste* (2006) -- Battle of Rocroi
- *The Sovereign\'s Servant* (2007) -- Battle of Poltava
: **20th century**
- *The Longest Day* (1962) -- Invasion of Normandy
- *Battle of the Bulge* (1965) -- Battle of the Bulge
- *Liberation, Oszvobozdeniye* (1969) -- Battle of Kursk, Operation Kutuzov, Battle of the Dnieper, Second Battle of Kiev, Operation Bagration, Battle of Berlin
- *Tora! Tora! Tora!* (1970) -- Attack on Pearl Harbor
- *March on the Drina* (1964) -- Battle of Cer
- *Battle of Neretva* (1969) -- Battle of Neretva
- *Cross of Iron* (1977) -- Eastern Front (World War II)
- *A Bridge Too Far* (1977) -- Operation Market Garden
- *Full Metal Jacket* (1987) -- Battle of Hue
- *Hamburger Hill* (1987) -- Battle of Hamburger Hill
- *Border* (1997) -- Battle of Longewala
- *Stalingrad* (1993) -- Battle of Stalingrad
- *Saving Private Ryan* (1998) -- Invasion of Normandy (Omaha Beach, Dog Green sector)
- *The Thin Red Line* (1998) -- Battle of Guadalcanal
- *When Trumpets Fade* (1998) -- Battle of Hurtgen Forest
- *Enemy at the Gates* (2001) -- Battle of Stalingrad
- *Pearl Harbor* (2001) -- Battle of Britain, Attack on Pearl Harbor, Doolittle Raid
- *Black Hawk Down* (2001) -- Battle of Mogadishu
- *We Were Soldiers* (2002) -- Battle of Ia Drang
- *Windtalkers* (2002) -- Battle of Saipan
- *The Pianist* (2002) -- Warsaw Uprising
- *Tango Charlie* (2005) -- various aspects of Naxalite-Maoist insurgency and Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir
- *Lakshya* (2004) -- Kargil War
- *Flags of our Fathers* (2006) -- Battle of Iwo Jima
- *Letters from Iwo Jima* (2006) -- Battle of Iwo Jima
### Fantasy and science fiction {#fantasy_and_science_fiction}
- *Harry Potter* (film series)
- *Star Wars* (1977--2019)
- *Starship Troopers* (1997)
- *The Lord of the Rings* film trilogy (2001--2003) -- Battle of the Hornburg, Battle of the Pelennor Fields, Battle of the Morannon
- *Maleficent* (2014)
## Boxing
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# Combat in film
## Fencing
Cinema inherited the concept of choreographed fights directly from the theatrical fight. Films that feature notable classical fencing scenes include:
- *The Mark of Zorro* (1920)
- *The Three Musketeers* (1921)
- *Don Q, Son of Zorro* (1925)
- *The Black Pirate* (1926)
- *The Iron Mask* (1929)
- *Captain Blood* (1935)
- *The Prisoner of Zenda* (1937)
- *The Adventures of Robin Hood* (1938)
- *The Sea Hawk* (1940)
- *The Mark of Zorro* (1940)
- *The Corsican Brothers* (1941)
- *The Black Swan* (1942)
- *Adventures of Don Juan* (1948)
- *Cyrano de Bergerac* (1950)
- *Scaramouche* (1952)
- *At Sword\'s Point* (1952)
- *The Court Jester* (1956)
- *Le Bossu* (1959)
- *Le Miracle des loups* (1961)
- *The Great Race* (1965)
- *The Three Musketeers* (1973)
- *The Four Musketeers* (1974)
- *The Duellists* (1977)
- *The Princess Bride* (1987)
- *Cyrano de Bergerac* (1990)
- *Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves* (1991)
- *By the Sword* (1991)
- *The Fencing Master* (1992)
- *Rob Roy* (1995)
- *On Guard* (1997)
- *The Mask of Zorro* (1998)
- *The Count of Monte Cristo* (2002)
- *Die Another Day* (2002)
- *Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl* (2003)
Douglas Fairbanks in 1920 was the first film director to ask a fencing master to assist the production of a fencing scene in cinema. A second wave of swashbuckling films was triggered with Errol Flynn from 1935. Also notable in the early period were Ramon Novarro, Rudolph Valentino, and John Barrymore. Fencing masters (fight arrangers) from the time include Henry Uttenhove, Fred Cavens, Ralph Faulkner, Jean Heremans, Bob Anderson, William Hobbs, and Claude Carliez.
Renewed interest in swashbuckling films arose in the 1970s, in the wake of *The Three Musketeers* (1973). Directors at this stage aimed for a certain amount of historical accuracy, although, as the 2007 Encyclopædia Britannica puts it, \"movie fencing remains a poor representation of actual fencing technique\". A notable fight arranger of this period is William Hobbs.
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# Combat in film
## Knife fights {#knife_fights}
Knife fights, as well as knife-throwing stunts, are staged for dramatic effect in action films. In *Under Siege*, *Commando*, *Gangs of New York*, *Machete*, and *Machete Kills*, knife fights are shown as climactic battles. A common theme in such films is for the hero to discard a gun or similarly superior weapon, in order to engage the otherwise unarmed villain in \"fair\" knife-to-knife combat. In the 2002 film version of *The Count of Monte Cristo*, the main character, Dantes, agrees to engage in a knife fight against Jacopo, a member of a smuggler\'s crew (the captain of which calls Jacopo \"the best knife fighter I have ever seen\"). Dantes defeats Jacopo but spares his life, gaining a pivotal ally in his future endeavors.
One of the most famous cinematic knife fights occurs in *From Here to Eternity*. The scene---occurring in a back alley---is stark and realistic, lacks background music and uses pitch black shadow.
In the movie *Force 10 from Navarone*, a knife fight appeared between Sgt. Weaver, an African-American medic Soldier, played by Carl Weathers, and Capt. Drazak, an officer of the Chetniks, allies to Nazi Germany, played by Richard Kiel. The fight ended with Drazak\'s death.
In the film *Commando*, starring Arnold Schwarzenegger, there is a knife fight at the end of the movie between John Matrix (Arnold Schwarzenegger) and Bennett played by Vernon Wells. They begin with the knife, and then end up in a No-holds-barred CQC.
In the film *Cobra*, starring Sylvester Stallone as a city cop who must stop a knife using serial killer and cult member the Night Slasher played by Brian Thompson. There is a fight scene at the end involving a knife fight between Stallone\'s character Cobra and the Night Slasher. The menacing looking knife used by the Night Slasher is a brass knuckles or more like a spiked knuckles, modern version of a trench knife.
The film *Eastern Promises* has a rather intense knife fight that rivals that of the also psychologically disturbing knife fight scene from *Saving Private Ryan*.
In *The Bourne Identity (2002 film)*, Jason Bourne (played by Matt Damon) had a knife-fight encounter with Castel, an assassin sent to kill him. In the struggle, Jason Bourne equalizes his unarmed position against the assassin\'s knife by arming himself with a pen.
In *Kill Bill*, a knife-fight occurs between the Bride and Vernita Green, during which the pair severely damage Green\'s living room, only to abruptly halt when Green\'s daughter is dropped off by the school bus and seen walking towards the house. Shortly thereafter, Green sneakily pulls a gun, and the Bride responds by throwing her knife, to deadly effect.
*The Hunted* (2003, William Friedkin) was a unique film that put an emphasis on showing knife combat. Starring Benicio del Toro and Tommy Lee Jones, each character has a special affinity for knives, due to participating in various special operations missions under military service, which required use of a knife as a primary weapon. The knife combat portrayed in the film is based on the Filipino weapons-based martial art called Sayoc Kali. Also Friedkin\'s *Bug* (2007) features a knife-fight.
*A Grande Arte* (1991) along with the above-mentioned *The Hunted*, is one of the rare films to focus on knife combat and features training scenes as well.
*Dune* (1984, David Lynch) and the 2000 *Dune* miniseries, based on Frank Herbert´s bestselling science fiction novel *Dune*, show a world where a corporeal shield (a force-field projector) makes laser and projectile weapons useless. Because of that, wars and duels are settled by knife-fighting, which is altered by the presence of the shield: a fast-moving knife bounces off the shield; a slow-moving knife can penetrate the shield to reach a vital organ. The climactic duel, between Paul Muad´dib and Feyd-Rautha, used only knives (no shields) and martial-arts abilities.
Michael Jackson\'s music video *Beat it* features a highly stylized depiction of two men knife-fighting using switchblade knives, with their wrists tied. This is reminiscent of a similar depiction in West Side Story.
In *Quantum of Solace* (2008) James Bond (Daniel Craig) enters the apartment of Edmund Slate, the man he was sent to investigate. Slate comes out of nowhere and tries to kill him with a switchblade. They struggle, Bond arms himself with scissors, disarms Slate by bending his wrist forward, and stabs him in the neck and femoral artery, causing Slate to bleed to death.
In *The Expendables*, Lee Christmas (played by Jason Statham) frequently makes use of combat knives when he is not in possession of a firearm and uses them both as projectiles and in hand-to-hand combat. Gunner (Dolph Lundgren) also uses a large bowie knife but gives it to Lee at the beginning of the film.
In *The Expendables 2*, Lee Christmas again makes use of combat knives. He is shown to be skillful enough to defeat a squad of enemies on his own, as well as challenge the villain Hector (played by Scott Adkins), himself a formidable knife-fighter. Hector pulls his knife on Christmas when the latter runs out of blades; he arms himself with a pair of brass knuckles, with which he fights and defeats Hector.
In *The Man From Nowhere*, Cha Tae-Shik (played by Won Bin) makes use of a switchblade and the art form kali to combat gangsters in a large condominium towards the finale of the film. After defeating the gangsters, he fights their hired assassin who also wields a karambit. Both fighters fight close quarters until Cha Tae-Shik gains the upper hand and stabs the hired assassin in the heart.
In *The Avengers*, Hawkeye (played by Jeremy Renner) fights Black Widow (played by Scarlett Johansson) while under the influence of Loki. When deprived of his bow, Hawkeye draws his knife and continues the fight until he is disarmed and incapacitated.
In *Captain America: The Winter Soldier*, during the first encounter between Steve Rogers (played by Chris Evans and the titular antagonist (played by Sebastian Stan), the Winter Soldier uses multiple knives against Rogers in their melee along with various firearms.
In *The Birth of a Nation (2016 film)*, the film provided various hand-to-hand close combat and knife combat techniques in a climactic "last stand" battle scene, showing Nat Turner (played by Nate Parker) and his group of slave rebels facing the militia and plantation defenders at an armory.
In the 2011 Indonesian action film *The Raid*, the protagonist Rama (Iko Uwais) wields a knife to defeat multiple adversaries using the martial art Pencak Silat. In the 2014 sequel, Rama has a climactic knife fight with an assassin using karambits, a traditional Indo-Malay curved knife.
## Historical martial arts {#historical_martial_arts}
Historical martial arts reconstruction developed in the later 20th century and became influential in cinema only from ca. the 1990s. Earlier sequences of combat with pre-Renaissance weaponry were typically based on classical fencing techniques, or choreographed as ad-hoc \"blade whacking\".
Influential movie heralding renewed interest in pre-modern swordsmanship were *Excalibur* (1981) and *Highlander* (1986). Lightsaber combat in the *Star Wars* films takes some elements from kendo, and *The Lord of the Rings* employs some elements of historical fencing.
Historical drama films that feature combat based on historical swordsmanship include *Rob Roy* (1995), *Gladiator* (2000), *Troy* (2004), *Kingdom of Heaven* (2005), *Alatriste* (2006).
*A Knight\'s Tale* is an example of a movie that includes jousting performances (2001) and unrealistic clashing of swords on armor, despite the Fechtbücher who show armoured combat (Harnischfechten).
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# Combat in film
## Unarmed or improvised combat {#unarmed_or_improvised_combat}
Films such as *The Duellists*, fight directed by William Hobbs, *Once Were Warriors*, fight directed by Robert Bruce and *Troy*, fight directed by Richard Ryan are widely famed for including gritty, realistic combat scenes
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# Jean-Baptiste Réveillon
**Jean-Baptiste Réveillon** (1725--1811) was a French wallpaper manufacturer. In 1789 Réveillon made a statement on the price of bread that was misinterpreted by the Parisian populace as advocating lower wages. He fled France after his home and his wallpaper factory were attacked and set on fire in what came to be known as the Reveillon riot. In 1791 he leased his business premises to the wallpaper manufacturer Jacquemart & Bérnard.
## Life
Réveillon apprenticed as a tradesman, haberdasher and stationer. In 1753 he began to import and hang flock wallpapers from England. At that time, wallpaper was becoming popular among the bourgeoisie as a creative and economical way to decorate interior spaces. During the Seven Years\' War Reveillon started to produce wallpaper himself, marrying well and using his wife\'s dowry to produce velvet paper, pasted up into rolls and using vibrant colours, developed by Jean-Baptiste Pillement.
In 1759 he moved to the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, then a neighbourhood dominated by the various crafts associated with furnishing. Réveillon launched production of a full range of wallpapers. The nobility began to patronize his business and in 1765---\--already extremely wealthy\-----he bought a mansion, with a parc and a theatre inside *La Folie Titon*, formerly owned by Évrard Titon du Tillet. Reveillon installed his wallpaper factory on the ground floor, retaining the upper floors for his private residence.
In 1775 Réveillon opened a paper mill to improve both the quantity and quality of his paper supply. In 1776 he opened a shop near the Tuileries. The *papier bleu d\'Angleterre* became very popular when Queen Marie Antoinette decorated her apartments with them. Réveillon himself dabbled in chemistry enough to discover a new process for making vellum paper in 1782. The following year he was granted permission to use the title of *Manufacture Royale*.
His purchase of the paper mill and expertise in paper production brought him into contact with Etienne de Montgolfier, and it was from Réveillon\'s garden at *Folie Titon* that the first hot-air balloon was launched on 12 September 1783. Réveillon delivered a special and colourful wallpaper, used as a cover for the balloon. A second balloon, called *Le Réveillon*, with a rooster, a duck and a sheep was launched a week later at Versailles. On 19 October his employee André Giroud de Villette and Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier went into the sky, as pioneers of flight.
In the year 1789 Réveillon was the casualty of his own reflections on modern economics. \"Since bread was the foundation of our national economy,\" he stated in an essay, \"its distribution should be deregulated, permitting lower prices. That in turn would allow lower wage costs, lower manufacturing prices and brisk consumption.\" This musing was misinterpreted by an already angry Parisian populace, who believed that Monseigneur Reveillon was advocating a lowering in wages. On 28 April 1789 his mansion was attacked and looted by an angry mob, all the wallpaper, glue, furniture and paintings were burned. His wine cellar, containing 2,000 bottles of wine, was pillaged and quickly consumed by the riotous mob. Réveillon and his family escaped by climbing a wall and fleeing to the nearby Bastille. It was a bloody day, some say 25 people dying in the ensuing melee. The rioters were eventually dispersed in an opening episode of the French Revolution. Today plaques mark the site of the Reveillon riot.
Réveillon emigrated to England with his fortune intact, and after the French Revolution, leased his manufacture to Jacquemart & Bérnard, who continued to produce wallpaper till 1840
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# Webb Mountain Park
**Webb Mountain Park** is a 135-acre municipal park in Monroe, Connecticut, offering hiking trails, rock climbing, nature study, and campsites. The park backs up onto land where a historic castle building and residences for nuns are located. Webb Mountain Discovery Zone nature center with its own 170 acre park is adjacent. The park has diverse flora including numerous kinds of trees, shrubs, and ferns that not only add to the aesthetic value of the place but provide an ideal setting for some amateur as well as scientific study of the local plants. It is adjacent to the town-owned Webb Mountain Discovery Zone.
## History
Webb Mountain Park was a farm owned by the Mr. and Mrs. Alfred E. Wagner, purchased by the Town of Monroe in 1972.
A 1979 study evaluated lands surrounding the park and in 2004, 170 acres of property adjacent were purchased by the town. In 2005, a study titled Webb Mountain Park Extension was carried out on the surrounding lands The adjacent property became Discovery Zone park. Several acres were also added to Webb Mountain Park as part of the deal. The 100-acre Aquarion watershed property is also adjacent to the parks. The park borders the Housatonic River and is adjacent to the Stevenson Dam and Lake Zoar, the fifth-largest lake in Connecticut. Trails in the park join with the Connecticut Forrest and Park Associations Paugussett Trail.
## Flora
The trees found here include (to name a few) Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), Eastern black oak (Quercus velutina), Red Maple (Acer rubrum), Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum), Shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus altissima), Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida) and Tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera). There are also herbs such as the Hepatica americana and Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora).
## Rock climbing {#rock_climbing}
The park is a site of rock climbing, on its Collinsville Formation rock, predominantly schist with layers of amphibolite and gneiss. The park connects up with a 13.5 mile trail network. It also has several marked side trails. It is dog friendly.
## Hiking and camping {#hiking_and_camping}
The park is traversed by the Paugussett Trail and contains a number of side trails. Camping is allowed in the park
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# Joseph Collett
**Joseph Collett** (1673--1725) was a British administrator in the service of the British East India Company. He served as the deputy-governor of Bencoolen from 1712 to 1717 and as governor of the Madras Presidency from 1717 to 1720. He re-built Hertford Castle in England and stood for election to the British Parliament.
## Early life {#early_life}
Joseph Collett was born in 1673 in England to glover John Collett(1642--1698) and Mary Holloway. He married Mary Ross at a young age. He joined the British East India Company after Mary\'s death in 1710 and was appointed Deputy-Governor of Sumatra. In 1711, while sailing to Rio de Janeiro, his ship *Jane* was captured by the French. However, he secured his release after paying a huge ransom.
## As deputy-governor of Bencoolen {#as_deputy_governor_of_bencoolen}
On 1 September 1712, Collett arrived at York Fort in Bencoolen in Sumatra and was subsequently appointed deputy-governor of Bencoolen under the authority of the governor of Madras. In 1714, he built a new fort and restored order in war-ridden Sumatra. Collett moved his residence to the newly constructed Fort Marlborough. Collett was appointed President of Madras in 1716 and took office on 8 January 1717.
During his tenure as the deputy-governor of Bencoolen, Collett is believed to have made the infamous remark on the rajas of the East Indies:
## Tenure as President of Madras {#tenure_as_president_of_madras}
### Caste conflicts {#caste_conflicts}
Immediately after his assumption of the Presidential chair, Collett was entrusted with the responsibility of tackling an irksome situation. The last days of Harrison\'s presidency had seen some intense communal clashes between the *Komatis* and the *Chetties* . A settlement had been reached but the terms of the settlement weren\'t kept and the Chetties deserted the British and moved out of Madras in large numbers. When Collett took over as president, he was faced with the task of curbing the exodus. Accordingly, he ordered that the belongings of the deserted Chetties be confiscated. At the same time, he issued a proclamation which forbade individuals from the left-hand castes to worship in temples belonging to those of the right-hand castes and thopse from the right-hand castes in temples belonging to the left-hand castes.
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# Joseph Collett
## Tenure as President of Madras {#tenure_as_president_of_madras}
### Farrukh Siyar\'s *firman* and hostilities with Carnatic {#farrukh_siyars_firman_and_hostilities_with_carnatic}
On 24 July 1717, the issue of a firman in the name of the British East India Company was celebrated with an elaborate ceremony. As per the terms of the firman, the Presidency of Madras occupied Divy Island off the coast of Masulipatnam.
Meanwhile, the British once again sought the Nawab of the Carnatic demanding that he hand over the village of Tiruvottiyur under his occupation to the British as per the Imperial firman issued by the Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar. However, the Nawab refused to yield stating that he had no faith in the words of the President as he had not seen the provisions of the firman. However, a compromise was agreed upon and the President wrote back informing the Nawab that he intended to take over Tiruvottiyur by 23 September 1717. In return, he promised to gift the Nawab 500 pagodas and a piece of fine scarlet cloth and 200 pagodas to his son-in-law Dakha Roy. On 23 September, as per the plan, Collett travelled to Tiruvottiyur and took possession of the place apart from two other villages. But, on 29 September, the Nawab\'s representative at Poonamallee blockaded the road to Fort St George advising the British that the Nawab would not accept anything less than 1,000 pagodas in return for Tiruvottiyur. Fresh threats soon arose to the British occupation of Divy Island. Struck by financial crisis, Collett decided to rent five villages obtained by the *firman* at the rate of 1,200 per annum each for 12 years.
Enraged when the demands were not met, on 18 October, Dayaram, the Head Renter of the territory who waS subordinate to the Nawab of Carnatic, marched to Tiruvottiyur with an army of 250 horse and 1000 foot, removed the British flag and took possession of the village. A consultation was held according to which the members of the Board pressed the President to remove Dayaram and his troops by force.
On 19 October, Lieutenant John Roach marched into Tiruvottiyur at the head of 150 men and drove away Dayaram and his men. Dayaram\'s men resisted but ROach inflicted a crushing defeat upon them and pursued them in their flight to the plains surrounding Madras. A fresh body of 500 men were sent by the Nawab to attack the company\'s troops from the north. But Lieutenant Roach and his men were saved by the arrival of timely reinforcements from Madras. Lieutenant Fullerton arrived on the scene with 100 men and the combined forces defeated Dayaram and pursued the fleeing troops up to Sattangodu. Their mission accomplished, the Company troops made a quick retreat to Fort St George.
When Lieutenant Roach arrived at Madras, the Muslim inhabitants of the town rose in rebellion against the British. After a battle lasting six hours, the forces of the Carnatic and supporters of the Nawab were flushed out from the city and its environs.This was an overwhelming victory for the heavily outnumbered forces of the British East India Company against a much superior power. Lieutenant Roach who had commanded the operations in Fort St David as well as Tiruvottiyur was rewarded with increase of pay.
The Nawab proposed peace to the President and accordingly, on 15 December 1718, peace was concluded between the Nawab of the Carnatic and the British East India Company. Collett agreed to pay 2,000 pagodas to the Nawab and 1,000 pagodas to Dakhna Roy in return for the outlying villages.
Since the conclusion of peace, cordial relations existed between the Nawab of Carnatic and the British East India Company. When Dakhna Roy, the Prime Minister to the Nawab visited Madras in February 1719, he was given a grand reception and was allotted a fine house in Black Town for his stay.
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# Joseph Collett
## Tenure as President of Madras {#tenure_as_president_of_madras}
### Reforms and proclamations {#reforms_and_proclamations}
On 27 May 1717, a proposal for the inauguration of two Charity schools for slaves of the English inhabitants of Madras, one in Black Town and another in White Town was approved by Collett. In April 1719, Joseph Collett issued a proclamation authorizing severe measures against Portuguese Roman Catholics of St. Thome marrying Protestants from Madras. On 25 May 1719, Collett recruited one George Foriano to translate Portuguese documents into English and vice versa making him the first translator in the company\'s service at Madras. On 9 July 1719, the Honorable Court of Directors voted to reduce the garrison at Fort St George to 360 and the garrison at Fort St David to 340.
In November 1719, Collett issued a proclamation changing tax laws on the registration of land and slaves. In the very same month, registration of all houses and gardens in Black Town were made compulsory by another proclamation. However, when the extreme poor complained to the President regarding their inability to pay such high rates for registration, Collett issued an amendment by which all houses valued at less than 50 pagodas were exempted from taxation.
Collett founded a new colony for weavers and painters of cloth near Tiruvottiyur. This village was called Collettpettah in his honor. According to a report submitted by Collett to the Directors on 28 December 1719, the hamlet had a population of 489 inhabiting 105 houses.
In October 1719, Joseph Collett proposed to resign and return to England expressing his inability to bear the harsh clime of the city during the previous month. He proposed the name of Francis Hastings of Fort St David as successor but the Directors chose Nathaniel Elwick instead. Accordingly, Collett resigned and almost immediately set out for England. He was replaced with Nathaniel Elwick.
## Later life {#later_life}
Collett made an enormous fortune as President of Madras. He returned to England on 8 January 1720 and settled at Hertford with his daughters Henrietta and Mary. In 1721, he transferred his membership to the Barbican church and stood for election to the British Parliament.
He died in 1725 leaving fifty pounds each to Joseph Burroughs and Isaac Kimber. The self-penned inscription on his tomb in Bunhill Fields reveals his semi-Arian sympathies in the phrase: \"The gift of the only and only supreme God the Father, by the ministration of His Son Jesus Christ\"
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# Na Yung district
**Na Yung** (*นายูง*, `{{IPA|th|nāː jūːŋ|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is the northwesternmost district (*amphoe*) of Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## History
The area was separated from Nam Som district and created as a minor district (*king amphoe*) on 1 January 1988. It was upgraded to a full district on 7 September 1995.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the southeast clockwise) Ban Phue and Nam Som of Udon Thani Province, Pak Chom of Loei province, Sangkhom and Pho Tak of Nong Khai province.
## Administration
The district is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 40 villages (*mubans*). There are no municipal (*thesaban*) areas, and four tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- ----------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Na Yung นายูง 10 7,602
2\. Ban Kong บ้านก้อง 11 6,627
3\. Na Khae นาแค 8 4,148
4\
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# Nam Som district
**Nam Som** (*น้ำโสม*, `{{IPA|th|náːm sǒːm|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the northwestern part of Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Na Yung, Ban Phue of Udon Thani Province, Suwannakhuha of Nong Bua Lamphu province, and Pak Chom of Loei province. Na Yung-Nam Som National Park lies within the district\'s boundaries.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 12 May 1969, when the two *tambons* Nam Som and Na Yung were split off from Ban Phue district. The third *tambon* Nong Waeng was added on 4 July 1969. The minor district was upgraded to a full district on 1 April 1974.
## Administration
The district is divided into seven sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 80 villages (*mubans*). There are two townships (*thesaban tambons*). Na Ngua covers parts of *tambons* Na Ngua and Si Samran; Nam Som cover parts of *tambons* Nam Som and Si Samran. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
------ ------------ ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Na Ngua นางัว 10 8,848
2\. Nam Som น้ำโสม 16 10,860
5\. Nong Waeng หนองแวง 13 8,061
6\. Ban Yuak บ้านหยวก 15 9,307
7\. Som Yiam โสมเยี่ยม 6 4,215
10\. Si Samran ศรีสำราญ 12 8,567
12\. Samakkhi สามัคคี 8 5,764
Missing numbers are *tambon* which now form Na Yung District
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# March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation
The **March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay, and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation** was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C., on April 25, 1993. Organizers estimated that 1,000,000 attended the March. The D.C. Police Department put the number between 800,000 and more than 1 million, making it one of the largest protests in American history. The National Park Service estimated attendance at 300,000, but their figure attracted so much negative attention that it shortly thereafter stopped issuing attendance estimates for similar events.
## Background and planning {#background_and_planning}
Between the 1987 March on Washington and the early 1990s, LGBT people achieved much more mainstream visibility than they ever had in the past. The LGBT community still faced widespread discrimination, through such policies as Don\'t Ask Don\'t Tell, Colorado\'s constitutional amendment (1992) invalidating laws that prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and rising instances of LGBT-targeted hate crimes. In this climate, Urvashi Vaid of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force spearheaded the movement for a third LG March.
In January 1991, she sent a letter to LG organizations across the U.S. to garner support for a third march and to invite them to send delegates to a planning meeting on March 9, 1991, in Washington, D.C. No consensus was reached regarding the march\'s potential date at this meeting, so a second meeting was arranged for the weekend of May 11--12, 1991, again in Washington. This meeting provided the mandate for the march: to rebuild and reinvigorate local and national activists. Additional organizational meetings took place in Chicago (August 1991), Los Angeles (January 1992), Dallas (May 1992), Denver (October 1992) and Washington DC (February 1993).
During the planning the MOW National Steering Committee voted for adding \"transgender\" to the official title of the march, but the efforts failed because of the lacking two-thirds majority needed for passage
Planning the march took about two years and involved a 12-member executive committee and a 200-plus member steering committee. They used a consensus process to figure out the permitting, the logistics, the networking and fundraising during this time to fully plan the march.
The board of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People unanimously endorsed the march. This marked \"the first time that direct institutional ties had been made between the glbtq rights movement and the civil rights movement.\" [<http://www.glbtqarchive.com/sshmarches_washington_S.pdf>](http://www.glbtqarchive.com/ssh/marches_washington_S.pdf)
## Platform and demands {#platform_and_demands}
March organizers agreed upon seven primary demands, each with further secondary demands. The primary demands were:
- We demand passage of a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender civil rights bill and an end to discrimination by state and federal governments including the military; repeal of all sodomy laws and other laws that criminalize private sexual expression between consenting adults.
- We demand massive increase in funding for AIDS education, research, and patient care; universal access to health care including alternative therapies; and an end to sexism in medical research and health care.
- We demand legislation to prevent discrimination against lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people in the areas of family diversity, custody, adoption and foster care and that the definition of family includes the full diversity of all family structures.
- We demand full and equal inclusion of lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgender people in the educational system, and inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender studies in multicultural curricula.
- We demand the right to reproductive freedom and choice, to control our own bodies, and an end to sexist discrimination.
- We demand an end to racial and ethnic discrimination in all forms.
- We demand an end to discrimination and violent oppression based on actual or perceived sexual orientation, identification, race, religion, identity, sex and gender expression, disability, age, class, AIDS/HIV infection.
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# March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation
## Speakers and events {#speakers_and_events}
In the days surrounding the March, a wide range of events serving different groups within the LGBT community were held in and around Washington, DC. These included historical exhibits, religious services, lobbying events, social gatherings, art exhibits, political workshops, public service events, and candlelight vigils.
The National Mall, from the Washington Monument to the Capitol, was packed on the day of the March. Even though over 1 million people were present at the event, park police falsely claimed that only 300,000 people were on the Mall, presumably because attendees were never static: The million attendees were milling about, marching, cheering alongside the parade route streets, observing the AIDS Quilt at the Washington Monument, and socializing. An alternative view is that the crowd was intentionally downsized by the authorities because of the radical changes being advocated. One of the performers, Deidre McCalla said \"That is because women and people of color are invisible.\"
The march started around noon, from the White House, moved down to Pennsylvania Avenue, and then scattered onto the Mall near Seventh Street NW. The rally had many young, old, black, white, Latino, and Asian individuals who strode past the White House. Marchers were holding things like rainbow flags, banners, signs, red ribbons and pink triangles. Some marched in affiliated groups, such as ACT UP, Queer Nation, PFLAG, HRC, professional associations, universities, and states. Marchers chanted messages such as the ACT UP slogan \"ACT UP! Fight Back! Fight AIDS!\" and the Queer Nation slogan \"We\'re here. We\'re queer. We\'re fabulous. Get used to it.\" Some marchers chanted \"End the Ban Now!\" (opposing the ban on open lesbian and gay military service) and As marchers passed the White House they chanted \"2-4-6-8, how do you know that Chelsea\'s straight?\" referring to Chelsea Clinton in disappointment that President Clinton had not addressed the March. Overall, the mood of the march was peaceful with only five arrests for disorderly conduct.
The day before the march, two demonstrations raised the issue of same-sex marriage. About 1,500 same-sex couples assembled at the National Museum of Natural History with, according to *The Washington Post*, \"a dozen ministers, organ music, photographers and rice\". A far smaller gathering of several same-sex couples protested in front of the Internal Revenue Service building and performed a symbolic wedding ceremony titled \"an Interfaith Ceremony of Commitment\". According to the *Chicago Tribune*, the demonstration\'s point was a demand \"for full legal recognition of domestic partnerships\" for tax purposes.
Some women marched topless while men wore dresses to represent equality between genders. Around 2 p.m, hundreds of marchers performed a seven-minute \"die-in\" to symbolize the tragedy of AIDS in the LGBTQ+ community. Later that afternoon, Larry Kramer, a gay activist and founder of the ACT UP group, spoke at the rally. He inspired the marchers with his statement, ".. But now, harder than ever; we must act up, fight back and fight AIDS." By sunset, large crowds of gay men and lesbians were still gathered in the Mall, listening to speeches and dancing to music. The rally did not end until 7:20 p.m.
The March did not attract many counter-protesters, as some anti-gay groups felt that such a response would be counter-productive. The only major counter-protest came from approximately 25 members of a group called Advocate of the U.S., including the group\'s founder and executive director Eugene Delgaudio. The counter demonstrators signs said things like \"God hates f\*gs\" \"F\*gs burn in hell\" some marchers responded in silence, while other marchers chanted \"Shame\" over and over again as they passed the small band of counter demonstrators.
Speakers and performers at the rally following the march included Indigo Girls, Judith Light, Melissa Etheridge, RuPaul, Nancy Pelosi, Madonna, Martina Navratilova, Ian McKellen, Eartha Kitt, Lani Kaʻahumanu, Urvashi Vaid, Jesse Jackson, and Martha Wash. Lani Kaʻahumanu was the only out bisexual to speak at the rally out of 18 total speakers; she had conceived and led a successful national campaign to have bisexual people included in the title of the march.
Dorothy Hajdys-Clausen, the mother of Allen R. Schindler Jr, also gave a speech.
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# March on Washington for Lesbian, Gay and Bi Equal Rights and Liberation
## Politics of the march {#politics_of_the_march}
Some speakers and attendees of the march, including playwright Larry Kramer, expressed discontent with the Clinton administration\'s handling of the AIDS crisis. President Clinton did not attend the march but instead sent a statement of support, which was read by California Representative (and future Speaker of the House) Nancy Pelosi
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# Kalju Tonuma
**Kalju Tonuma** is an Australian music producer, songwriter, drummer and performer of Estonian descent. He is one half of the production team MEJU (pronounced \"me-you\") which he founded with Megan Bernard in 2014. He also manages record label Of One Kind and live-stream venue The B Side. Tonuma also performs as the drummer for Anactoria, Megan Bernard and The Indulgence and Peter Farnan and The Home Bodies.
He began his career in 1989 at Platinum Studios in South Yarra, Australia. He has been nominated for a number of Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Music Awards. These include \'Engineer of the Year\' (1994) for *This Is the Sharp* by The Sharp, 'Engineer of the Year' (1999) for *Kid Indestructible* by 28 Days; Felicity Hunter\'s \"Hardcore Adore\"; and The Mavis\'s \"Puberty Song\", as well as 'Engineer of the Year' and 'Producer of the Year' (2001) for Superheist's *The Prize Recruit*. In 2007, he completed a Master of Music Degree (M.Mus.) at Queensland University of Technology (QUT).
## Gold and Platinum records {#gold_and_platinum_records}
- 1995 - The Sharp - GOLD (album) - *This Is The Sharp*
- 1997 - The Mavis\'s - GOLD (single & album) - *Cry/Pink Pills*
- 2000 - 28 Days - DOUBLE PLATINUM (album) - *Upstyledown* GOLD (single) - *Rip It Up*
- 2005 - Bodyjar - GOLD (album) - *How It Works*
- 2009 - The Temper Trap - PLATINUM (album) SILVER (UK album) - *Conditions*
- 2009 - The Living End - DOUBLE PLATINUM (album) - *White Noise*
- 2010 - Superheist - GOLD (album) - *The Prize Recruit*
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
- 1994 - Nominated for Engineer Of The Year (ARIA Music Awards)
- 1999 - Nominated for Engineer Of The Year (ARIA Music Awards)
- 2001 - Nominated for Engineer Of The Year (ARIA Music Awards)
- 2001 - Nominated for Producer Of The Year (ARIA Music Awards)
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# Kalju Tonuma
## Discography
As producer, mixer and/or engineer
Year Artist Song/Album Producer Engineer Mix Note
------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ----- -----------------------
2016 Taipan Tiger Girls *Live At The Melbourne Town Hall*
2016 Taipan Tiger Girls *2*
2016 Video Video *Planet Of Storms*
2015 Suiciety *Crawling Machine Edition*
2013 Polygon Palace *Sunburnt Shadows*
2013 Polygon Palace *Starpilots*
2013 Dom Italiano & The Upbeat Mafia *Way Out*
2009 Various & Baterz -- Great Big Squiddy Fun: A Baterz Tribute/Baterz For Beginners *Morning After*
2009 The Temper Trap *Down River* (from *Conditions*)
2009 All Left Out *The Conquest*
2005 The D4 *Out Of My Head*
2005 Jimmy Barnes with Mahalia Barnes *Gonna Take Some Time* *Double Happiness*
2005 K-Oscillate *K-Oscillate*
2004 Rob Mills *Up All Night* - \"That\'s All You Are\"
2004 Infusion *Six Feet Above Yesterday* (tracks: 2, 8, 9, 12)
2004 Lydia Denker *One Perfect Day*
2003 Evermore *My Own Way*
2003 Evermore *Oil & Water*
2003 Evermore *Slipping Away*
2002 28 Days *Stealing Chairs*
2002 The Butterfly Effect *Crave*
2001 Area 7 *Say It To My Face*
2001 28 Days *Sucker*
2001 Superheist *The Prize Recruit*
2001 28 Days and Apollo 440 This Is Not a Set-Up and Airplanes from *Say What?*
2000 Superheist *Have Your Way* *8 Miles High*
2000 Mudhead *Mudhead*
2000 28 Days *Here We Go*
2000 The Screaming Jets *Shine Over Me*
2000 The Screaming Jets *Higher With You*
2000 The Screaming Jets *Scam*
2000 Superheist *Crank The System*
2000 28 Days *Rip It Up*
2000 28 Days *Upstyledown*
2000 Bodyjar *How It Works*
2000 Insurge *Globalization*
1999 Insurge \"Feast or Famine\"
1999 Lisa Miller *As Far As Life Goes*
1999 Rebecca\'s Empire *Welcome*
2000 Deadstar *Somewhere Over The Radio*
1999 Felicity Hunter *Hardcore Adore*
1999 28 Days *Kid Indestructible*
1998 Mark Seymour *Home Again*
1998 Beliicose *Illusion*
1998 Christopher Marshall *Strange Waters, Small Mercies*
1998 Cold Chisel *The Last Wave Of Summer*
1998 Hunters & Collectors *Suit Your Style*
1998 Hunters & Collectors *Juggernaut*
1998 The Mavis\'s *Pink Pills*
1997 Boom Crash Opera *Fizz* from *Dreaming Up A Fire*
1997 Mark Seymour *Last Ditch Cabaret*
1997 Mark Seymour *King Without A Clue*
1996 Frenzal Rhomb *Disappointment*
1996 Frenzal Rhomb *Not So touch Now*
1996 Frenzal Rhomb *Punch In The Face*
1996 Insurge *Soul 4 Sale*
1996 Insurge *Speculator*
1996 Insurge *ak 47*
1996 The Body Electric *I Don\'t Want It*
1996 Jane McCracken *Giraffes Never Forget*
1996 Peter Lillie *Poetry and Western*
1996 Deadstar *Don\'t It Get You Down*
1996 Deadstar *Milk*
1996 Nude *Bent As A Dali*
1996 Deadstar *Sex Sell*
1996 Deadstar *She Loves She*
1995 Insurge *Political Prisoners*
1995 Richard Pleasance *Mythology*
1995 Skunkhour *Feed* *Strange Equation*
1995 Skunkhour *Did You Write It All Down?* *Up To Our Necks In It*
1995 Skunkhour *Sunstone* *Part Of The Solution*
1995 Boom Crash Opera *Tongue Tied*
1995 Hunters & Collectors *Living\...In Large Rooms and Lounges*
1995 Hunters & Collectors *Living Single\...In Large Rooms and Lounges*
1995 Horsehead *Liar*
1994 Horsehead *Sun*
1994 Area 7 *Demo Tape*
1994 The Sharp *Sonic Tripod*
1994 The Sharp *Honest and Sober*
1994 The Sharp *Alone Like Me*
1994 Boom Crash Opera *Gimme*
1994 The Breadmakers *The Night The Moon Forgot To Rise*
1994 Scarymother *Tai Laeo*
1994 Scarymother *Looking Down*
1994 Hunters & Collectors *Easy*
1994 Hunters & Collectors *Back In The Hole*
1994 Hunters & Collectors *Demon Flower*
1994 David McComb *Love Of Will*
1994 Crowded House *Pineapple Head*
1994 Killing Joke *Pandemonium*
1994 Insurge *I.M.F.*
1993 Truckasaurus *Truckasaurus*
1993 The Sharp *Train of Thought*
1993 No Comply *Buzz*
1993 Wings *Bazooka Penaka*
1993 The Sharp *Scratch My Back*
1993 Crowded House *Together Alone*
1993 The Sharp *This Is the Sharp*
1993 The Makers *Hokey Pokey*
1992 David Hosking *Slow Runners*
1992 Joe Creighton *Hollywell*
1992 Josie Jason And The Argonauts *Medusa Goes To Market*
1992 The Sharp *Spinosity*
1992 Soulscraper *Heard It All Before*
1993 Aqualads *So Good*
1991 Cezary Skubiszewski *SOUNDeSCAPE*
1991 The Killjoys *Spin*
1991 Third Eye *Third Eye*
1990 Straitjacket Fitz *Melt*
## MEJU single/album releases {#meju_singlealbum_releases}
- *Eternal* (May 2023)
- *Well Done* (April 2020)
- *Change* (May 2020)
- *Turnaround* (June 2020)
- *All Is Good* (November 2020)
- *Used To Have A Job* feat
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# Sabri Gürses
**Sabri Gürses** (born February 7, 1972) is a Turkish writer. He has published poetry, novels, and short stories. His best-known novel in Turkey is *Sevişme* (\"Making Love\"), which is a science fiction novel about the way people use their bodies in a postmodern age. He has also written a science fiction trilogy, *Boşvermişler* (which may be translated as \"The Ones Who Gave Up\"). After graduating from the Russian Language and Literature Department of Istanbul University in 1999 he started working as a professional literary translator. In 2005 he completed his master's degree at the Translation Studies Department of the same university with a thesis on comparative translation criticism: "Vladimir Nabokov's Translation of Eugene Onegin and Translations of Onegin in Turkish". In 2019 he earned his doctorate at the Erciyes University with a thesis on the Tartu--Moscow Semiotic School founder Juri Lotman: "Juri Lotman: His life, his works and his legacy".
As a literary translator, Gürses has made many translations from Russian and English to Turkish; among his translations are works by Alexander Pushkin, Feodor Dostoevsky, Leo Tolstoy, Mikhail Bakhtin, Juri Lotman, Andrei Bely, Werner Sombart, Joseph Campbell, John Smolens, Jonathan Lethem, Kim Stanley Robinson, Shusha Guppy, Charles Nicholl, Don Delillo, Werner Sombart, Fredric Jameson, William Shakespeare, Niall Lucy, David Foster Wallace, Richard Stites, Slavoj Žižek and Annie Proulx. His translation of Andrei Bely's Glossolalia was awarded by Pushkin Institute in 2009 and translation of Goncharov's novel Oblomov was selected one of the two best translations in 2010 by the literary magazine Dunya Kitap. In 2011 he got the Young Voice Award from the Society of Translation. His translation of Eugene Onegin was longlisted by Institut Perevoda in Moscow in 2018.
In 2005, he started publishing an online magazine, *Çeviribilim*, focused on translation studies in Turkey. The magazine has gone to print after 2010 and since 2013 has become a publishing house focused on translation studies. Since then books by translation scholars such as Faruk Yücel, Alev Bulut, Nihal Yetkin Karakoç, Ayşe Ece, Douglas Robinson have been published from this publishing house also called Çeviribilim
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# Docklands railway station
**Docklands Station** (*Stáisiún Dugthailte*, also known as *Ceantar na nDugaí*) is a terminus railway station serving the Dublin Docklands area in Ireland. It is owned and operated by Iarnród Éireann and was part of the Irish Government\'s Transport 21 initiative.
The station is one of three termini for the Western Commuter service run by Iarnród Éireann, the others being Dublin Connolly and Dublin Pearse.
## Services
Services run to M3 Parkway during peak times, Monday to Friday. The station is closed on Saturday and Sunday. Passengers need to change at Clonsilla for connection with the Maynooth service.
## Transport links {#transport_links}
The Luas Red Line does not directly connect with Docklands Station. Instead, commuters have to walk approximately 500 m via an indirect route to Spencer Dock or to Mayor Square - NCI. The Luas line gives a direct connection to Busáras Bus station and Dublin Heuston.
The station is linked to the city centre by Dublin Bus route 151.
## History
The station was opened for commuter services by Taoiseach Bertie Ahern at a temporary location on Sheriff Street in the North Wall area of Dublin\'s Northside on 12 March 2007. Construction groundbreaking had taken place on 9 March 2006 in the presence of the Minister for Transport, Martin Cullen. It was the first new heavy rail station in Dublin city centre since Grand Canal Dock opened in 2001. It was required because the nearby Connolly Station had reached capacity and could not support additional commuter services to County Meath.
However, in March 2008, it was reported that the transport minister, Noel Dempsey, would allow CIÉ to seek new planning permission to keep the station on a permanent basis as a terminus for services from Maynooth and Navan following his decision to allow the Railway Procurement Agency to use Broadstone Station for extensions to the Luas.
## Proposals
The station was to move to a permanent location in the Spencer Dock site as part of the DART Underground plan under the government\'s Transport 21 initiative. Planning conditions attached to the temporary site stated that it had to be removed by May 2016, but permanent permission was obtained in time to avoid this.
Though the DART Underground plans were postponed indefinitely, as of August 2021, an underground station at Spencer Dock was proposed as part of the DART+ West project
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# William Warelwast
**William Warelwast** (died 1137) was a medieval Norman cleric and Bishop of Exeter in England. Warelwast was a native of Normandy, but little is known about his background before 1087, when he appears as a royal clerk for King William II. Most of his royal service to William was as a diplomatic envoy, as he was heavily involved in the king\'s dispute with Anselm, the Archbishop of Canterbury, which constituted the English theatre of the Investiture Controversy. He went several times to Rome as an emissary to the papacy on business related to Anselm, one of whose supporters, the medieval chronicler Eadmer, alleged that Warelwast bribed the pope and the papal officials to secure favourable outcomes for King William.
Possibly present at King William\'s death in a hunting accident, Warelwast served as a diplomat to the king\'s successor, Henry I. After the resolution of the Investiture Controversy, Warelwast was rewarded with the bishopric of Exeter in Devon, but he continued to serve Henry as a diplomat and royal judge. He began the construction of a new cathedral at Exeter, and he probably divided the diocese into archdeaconries. Warelwast went blind after 1120, and after his death in 1137 was succeeded by his nephew, Robert Warelwast.
## Early life {#early_life}
Little is known of Warelwast\'s background or family before 1087. Later in life he was involved in founding Augustinian houses of canons, which -- according to historian `{{nowrap|D. W. Blake}}`{=mediawiki} -- implies that he was an Augustinian canon or spent some of his early years in a house of such canons. Several medieval chroniclers hostile to Warelwast, including Eadmer, claim that he was illiterate, but his career suggests otherwise, as it involved the extensive use of written documents. He must also have been an accomplished speaker, given the number of times he was used as a diplomat. He was possibly educated at Laon, where later in life he sent his nephew, Robert Warelwast, to school. Another nephew, William, became the bishop\'s steward.
Warelwast may have been a clerk for King William I of England, as a confirmation charter from the time of King Stephen (reigned 1135--1154) records that a grant of churches in Exeter was given to Warelwast by \"*Willelmus, avus meus*\", or \"William, my grandfather/ancestor\"; Stephen was a grandson of William I, who reigned 1066--1087. But this charter may be a forgery, or the Willelmus referred to may have been William II rather than William I. The charter itself is insufficient evidence to confidently assert that Warelwast served William I, even though most such grants were made as a reward for royal service. It may have been that Warelwast was awarded land by William I not because he was a royal servant but because he was a relative; certainly the late-medieval writer William Worcester claimed that Warelwast was related to the king.
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# William Warelwast
## Royal clerk under King William II {#royal_clerk_under_king_william_ii}
The first reliable mentions of Warelwast occur early in the reign of King William II, when Warelwast appears as authorizing writs for the king. As well as being a royal clerk, Warelwast acted as a judge in a legal case between St Florent Abbey in Saumur and Fécamp Abbey, heard before King William II some time between 1094 and 1099 at Foucarmont.
Warelwast served the king as an envoy to Pope Urban II in 1095, when the king was seeking to have the newly appointed Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm of Canterbury, removed from office. He visited the pope with another royal clerk, Gerard, with orders to recognize Urban as pope in return for Anselm\'s deposition, at least according to Eadmer, an Anselm partisan. The two clerks travelled very quickly, as they did not leave before 28 February 1095 and were back in England by 13 May 1095. Eadmer claimed that the ambassadors were supposed to acquire a pallium, the symbol of an archbishop\'s authority, for the king to give to his new choice as archbishop. But although the king may have instructed his envoys to attempt to secure these objects, he was probably willing to negotiate and to settle for less. The two clerks returned with a papal legate, Walter of Albano, who accepted the king\'s recognition of Urban but refused to allow Anselm\'s deposition. The king did nevertheless manage to secure recognition of his royal rights in the church, and a concession that no papal legates or communications would be sent without his approval. It may well be that the king always regarded Anselm\'s deposition as unlikely.
Warelwast was probably sent as an envoy to Urban in 1096 to bribe the pope into recalling the papal legate Jarento, who had been sent to England to protest the king\'s conduct towards the church. In addition to his ambassadorial duties Warelwast acted as a royal justice under King William; the records of one case have survived.
Shortly before Anselm went into exile in 1097 Warelwast searched his baggage, probably looking for communications to the pope, either from Anselm or other English bishops rather than for valuables, and in particular for any letters of complaint. Warelwast was the king\'s envoy at Rome when during his exile Anselm petitioned to have the king excommunicated, which according to Eadmer, who was also present, Warelwast succeeded in preventing by bribing the pope and papal officials. The king had sent Warelwast to Urban at Christmas 1098, with his reply to a letter the pope had written ordering the restoration of Anselm\'s estates.
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# William Warelwast
## Royal service for King Henry I {#royal_service_for_king_henry_i}
Warelwast may have been with the hunting party on 2 August 1100 in which King William was accidentally killed, as he was one of the witnesses to the letter sent on 5 August 1100 from William IIs brother, the new King Henry I to Anselm recalling the archbishop. King Henry continued to use Warelwast as an ambassador, sending him to Rome in 1101 to bring back Pope Paschal II\'s reply to a letter written by Henry immediately after his accession. Henry was seeking a reconciliation with the papacy, and confirmed to the pope the rights and obedience which his father had rendered, but he also requested the same rights within the Church as his father had enjoyed, chiefly the lay investiture of bishops and the granting of the symbols of episcopal authority by laymen. Paschal declined to grant Henry those rights.
It was Warelwast who told Anselm in 1103 that the king would not permit his return to England. This came after a failed joint mission by Warelwast and Anselm to Paschal attempting to resolve the dispute between Henry and the archbishop over the king\'s investiture of bishops, a dispute generally known as the Investiture Controversy. It is quite likely that the king had given instructions that if the mission failed, Warelwast was to inform Anselm that he should only to return to England if he agreed with the king\'s position in the dispute. In 1106 Warelwast was the king\'s negotiator in the discussions that led to the settlement of the Investiture Controversy in England. The king ultimately lost little, relinquishing the right to give the actual symbols of episcopal authority to a newly elected bishop in return for continuing to receive homage from the bishops. Early in 1106 Warelwast was sent to Bec Abbey, where Anselm was residing in exile, to inform him of the settlement and deliver to the archbishop the king\'s invitation to return to England. In May 1107 Warelwast acted as the king\'s envoy at Paschal\'s council at Troyes, where Paschal was attempting to secure support for Bohemond of Antioch\'s proposed campaign against Byzantium. Warelwast probably relayed to the pope the news that King Henry would make no contribution to Bohemond\'s efforts.
Henry had reserved the episcopal see of Exeter for Warelwast since the death of Osbern FitzOsbern in 1103, but the controversy over investiture meant that his election and consecration were not possible before a settlement was reached. Instead the king gave Warelwast the office of Archdeacon of Exeter after Osbern\'s death. The medieval chronicler William of Malmesbury records that Warelwast had earlier tried to remove Osbern from office, but this story probably originates with Eadmer and is of dubious veracity. While archdeacon, Warelwast is recorded as being present at the transfer of a Devon church to Bath Cathedral. He was elected Bishop of Exeter, and was consecrated on 11 August 1107, by Anselm at the royal palace of Westminster. Other bishops consecrated at the same time included William Giffard to Winchester, Roger of Salisbury to Salisbury, Reynelm to Hereford, and Urban to Llandaff. Warelwast\'s elevation was a reward for his diplomatic efforts in the investiture crisis. The mass consecration signalled the end of the investiture crisis in England.
After his consecration Warelwast continued to serve the king, often appearing on documents or in accounts of the royal court. The bishop served the king as a messenger, once more carrying messages to Anselm in 1108. He also served as a royal judge, hearing a case at Tamworth in 1114 and another at Westbourne the same year. He was with the king in Normandy in 1111, 1113, and 1118, and may have been in Normandy more frequently. During Henry\'s reign Warelwast was a witness to 20 of the king\'s charters.
In 1115 Henry sent Warelwast back to Rome to negotiate with Paschal, who was angry that the king was prohibiting papal legates in England, not allowing clerics to appeal to the papal court, and was failing to secure papal sanction for church councils or the translation of bishops. Warelwast was unable to change the pope\'s mind, but he did manage to prevent sanctions against the king. Henry also employed Warelwast as a papal envoy during the Canterbury--York disputes over the primacy in the English Church, with visits in 1119, 1120, and possibly also in 1116.
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# William Warelwast
## Work as bishop {#work_as_bishop}
As a bishop, Warelwast attended the Council of Reims in 1119 along with three other bishops from England, as well as the Council of Rouen in 1118, a provincial synod for Normandy. In his diocese of Exeter he began the construction of a new cathedral in about 1114; it was consecrated in 1133. The existing two towers in the transepts date from that period. He also replaced the secular clergy staffing collegiate churches with regular canons: at Plympton in 1121 with canons from Aldgate in London, and in 1127 at the church in Launceston in Cornwall. In addition he founded a house of regular canons at Bodmin. Royal charters survive that granted several churches in Cornwall, Devon, and Exeter to Warelwast.
Warelwast\'s relations with his cathedral chapter were good, and no disputes arose during his episcopate. It was not until late in his bishopric that the diocese was split into multiple archdeaconries, which appears to have happened in 1133. Warelwast instituted the two offices of treasurer and precentor for the cathedral chapter, as well as the first sub-archdeacons, who were under the archdeacons. Sub-archdeacons are not attested again at Exeter until the episcopate of Bartholomew Iscanus, who was bishop from 1161 to 1184. William of Malmesbury felt that during Warelwast\'s episcopate the cathedral chapter relaxed its communal living, which previously had been strong. It is likely that during Warelwast\'s episcopate the canons of the cathedral chapter quit living in a communal dormitory.
Warelwast went blind in his later years, starting in about 1120, which William of Malmesbury regarded as a fitting punishment for Warelwast\'s alleged attempts to remove his predecessor from office early. He died about 26 September 1137, and was buried in the priory at Plympton. He may have resigned his see prior to his death. The 16th-century antiquary John Leland thought that Warelwast resigned his see before 1127, became a canon at Plympton, and died in 1127. Although Leland\'s year of death is incorrect, it is possible that Warelwast became a canon shortly before his death. The *Annales Plymptonienses* records that Robert of Bath, the Bishop of Bath, gave Warelwast his last rites on 26 September 1137, and records that the dying bishop was made a member of the collegiate church at Plympton. Warelwast\'s nephew Robert Warelwast succeeded as bishop at Exeter in 1138; Robert had been appointed archdeacon of Exeter by his uncle.
The historian C. Warren Hollister described William Warelwast as a \"canny and devoted royal servant\"
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# Sangkhom district
**Sangkhom** (*สังคม*, `{{IPA|th|sǎŋ.kʰōm|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is the westernmost district (*amphoe*) of Nong Khai province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise): Si Chiang Mai and Pho Tak of Nong Khai Province; Na Yung of Udon Thani province; and Pak Chom of Loei province. To the north across the Mekong River is the Lao province Vientiane Prefecture.
## History
Originally the area was a *tambon* of Tha Bo district, which became part of the newly established Si Chiang Mai district on 4 August 1958. It was established as a minor district (*king amphoe*) on 1 March 1966, and upgraded to a full district on 16 November 1971. From 14 November 1975 to 14 November 1978 the district was under military administration as part of a military operation.
## Symbols
The district slogan is \"Naga Fireball Festival; famous dried bananas; golden beaches\".
## Administration
The district is divided into five sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 36 villages (*mubans*). Sangkhom is a township (*thesaban tambon*) which covers parts of *tambons* Sangkhom and Kaeng Kai. There are a further five tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- ----------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Kaeng Kai แก้งไก่ 6 4,304
2\. Pha Tang ผาตั้ง 7 5,724
3\. Ban Muang บ้านม่วง 7 3,030
4\. Na Ngio นางิ้ว 9 6,094
5\
| 223 |
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| 0 |
10,029,998 |
# Si Chiang Mai district
**Si Chiang Mai** (*ศรีเชียงใหม่*, `{{IPA|th|sǐː t͡ɕʰīa̯ŋ màj|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the western part of Nong Khai province, northeastern Thailand. It may also be spelled **Sri Chiang Mai**.
## History
Si Chiang Mai district was established by King Setthathirath of Lan Xang Kingdom. It was named after Chiang Mai, the hometown of his grandmother, the former queen of Chiang Mai (his mother was the princess from Lan Na). It was created as a district of Nong Khai Province on 4 August 1958, when it was split off from Tha Bo district.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the southeast clockwise): Tha Bo, Pho Tak, and Sangkhom of Nong Khai Province. To the north across the Mekong River is the Lao province Vientiane Prefecture. A basalt plateau is flanked by the Mekong River to the north.
## Administration
### Central administration {#central_administration}
Si Chiang Mai is divided into four sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 43 administrative villages (*mubans*).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
----- ----------------- ------ ---------- --------
1\. Phan Phrao 15 13,436
3\. Ban Mo 8 4,368
4\. Phra Phutthabat 10 5,041
5\. Nong Pla Pak 10 7,842
The missing number is a *tambon* which now forms Pho Tak District.
### Local administration {#local_administration}
There are two sub-district municipalities (*thesaban tambons*) in the district:
- Si Chiang Mai (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลศรีเชียงใหม่*) consisting of parts of sub-district Phan Phrao.
- Nong Pla Pak (Thai: *เทศบาลตำบลหนองปลาปาก*) consisting of sub-district Nong Pla Pak.
There are three sub-district administrative organizations (SAO) in the district:
- Phan Phrao (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลพานพร้าว*) consisting of parts of sub-district Phan Phrao.
- Ban Mo (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลบ้านหม้อ*) consisting of sub-district Ban Mo.
- Phra Phutthabat (Thai: *องค์การบริหารส่วนตำบลพระพุทธบาท*) consisting of sub-district Phra Phutthabat
| 289 |
Si Chiang Mai district
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10,030,059 |
# McVicar (film)
***McVicar*** is a British drama film released in 1980 by The Who Films, Ltd., starring Roger Daltrey of the Who playing the 1960s armed robber and later writer John McVicar.
The film was directed by Tom Clegg, and was based on the non-fiction book *McVicar by Himself*, which McVicar wrote to describe several months of his experiences in prison. Bill Curbishley and Roy Baird acted as producers, and the film received a nomination in 1981 for Best Picture at MystFest, the International Mystery Film Festival of Cattolica. This is the final film appearance of Adam Faith before his death in 2003.
## Plot synopsis {#plot_synopsis}
The film is set in two halves, the first in Durham prison and the second half while McVicar is on the run in London. The first half of the film focuses on relations between the prison officers and inmates and also McVicar\'s plotting and eventual prison escape.
The latter half of the film is set in London after McVicar has escaped from Durham. Here he re-establishes relationships with his wife and young son and he eventually decides to try to escape from his life of crime by trying to fund a new life in Canada.
Eventually, however, McVicar is forced to fund his family\'s relocation plan by returning to crime. Soon the Metropolitan Police are hard on his heels and he is eventually recaptured when one of his colleagues in the crime world informs the police officer in charge of McVicar\'s recapture of his whereabouts.
McVicar is returned to prison and his sentence is increased, but during this time he studies for a BSc in sociology and he is eventually released.
## Cast
- Roger Daltrey as John McVicar
- Adam Faith as Walter Probyn
- Cheryl Campbell as Sheila McVicar
- Billy Murray as Joey David
- Georgina Hale as Kate
- Steven Berkoff as Ronnie Harrison
- Brian Hall as Terry Stokes
- Peter Jonfield as Bobby Harris
- Matthew Scurfield as Streaky Jeffries
- Leonard Gregory as Jimmy Collins
- Joe Turner as Panda
- Jeremy Blake as Ronnie Johnson
- Anthony Trent as Tate
- Terence Stuart as Sid
- Harry Fielder as Harry \'Aitch\'
- Ian Hendry as Hitchens
- Malcolm Tierney as Frank
- James Marcus as Sewell
- Tony Haygarth as Rabies
- Anthony May as Billy
- Michael Feast as Cody
- Richard Simpson as Douglas
- Malcolm Terris as Principal Officer
- Ricky Parkinson as Russell McVicar
## Release
The film had its premiere at the Rialto cinema in Leicester Square in London on 27 August 1980. It also opened the following day in three other London cinemas and grossed £29,133 in its opening week, placing second in London.
## Soundtrack
The film\'s soundtrack, a Roger Daltrey solo album, was released as *McVicar* and featured contributions by the other three extant members of The Who, Pete Townshend, John Entwistle and Kenney Jones, along with other musicians. The music was conducted by Jeff Wayne. The songs are:
1. \"Bitter and Twisted\", written by Steve Swindells
2. \"Just a Dream Away\", written by Russ Ballard
3. \"White City Lights\", written by Billy Nicholls and Jon Lind
4. \"Free Me\", written by Russ Ballard
5. \"My Time Is Gonna Come\", written by Russ Ballard
6. \"Waiting for a Friend\", written by Billy Nicholls
7. \"Without Your Love\", written by Billy Nicholls
8
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| 0 |
10,030,078 |
# 1st Chō Berryz
is the first full-length album by J-pop group Berryz Kobo. It was released on July 7, 2004. It was associated with the Hello!Project. The group Berryz Kobo had several other albums after this and also collaborated with the anime series Inazuma Eleven for their closing theme song.
## Release
is the first single taken from *1st Chō Berryz*. It was released on March 3, 2004. The single ranked 18th in the Oricon Weekly Singles Chart.
The second single, `{{nihongo|"Fighting Pose wa Date ja Nai!"|ファイティングポーズはダテじゃない!|Faitingu Pōzu wa Date ja Nai!|"A Fighting Pose Isn't Showy!"}}`{=mediawiki}, was released on April 28, 2004, and debuted at number 25 in the weekly Oricon singles chart. The third single, `{{nihongo|"Piriri to Yukō!"|ピリリと行こう!||"Let's Spice Things Up!"}}`{=mediawiki}. was released on May 26, 2004, under the Piccolo Town label (PKCP-5040). It was also released as a Single V, on June 9, 2004. Risako Sugaya and Momoko Tsugunaga are the \"centre\" members on this single. Its peak position on the Oricon chart was #36.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9. \"Today is My Birthday\"
10.
11.
12.
## Charts
+------------------------------------+----------+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Chart (2004) | Peak\ | Weeks\ | Sales |
| | position | on chart | |
+====================================+==========+=============+====================================================================+
| First\ | Total | | |
| week | | | |
+------------------------------------+----------+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Japan (Oricon Daily Albums Chart) | 7 | | |
+------------------------------------+----------+-------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Japan (Oricon Weekly Albums Chart) | 18 | 3{{cite web | url=<http://www.oricon.co
| 249 |
1st Chō Berryz
| 0 |
10,030,098 |
# Tha Bo district
**Tha Bo** (*ท่าบ่อ*, `{{IPA|th|tʰâː bɔ̀ː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *ท่าบ่อ*, `{{IPA|lo|tʰāː bɔ́ː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the western part of Nong Khai province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise): Mueang Nong Khai and Sa Khrai of Nong Khai Province; Ban Phue of Udon Thani province; Pho Tak and Si Chiang Mai of Nong Khai Province. To the northeast across the Mekong river is the Lao province Vientiane Prefecture.
## History
The district dates back to the *Mueang* Tha Bo established in 1897, with Phra Kupradit Padi (พระกุประดิษฐ์บดี) as the first governor (*Chao Mueang*).
## Environment
The air quality in Tha Bo in 2018 was the third worst in Thailand after Samut Sakhon and Khorat.
## Administration
The district is divided into 10 sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 98 villages (*mubans*). There are two townships (*thesaban tambons*): Tha Bo covers parts of *tambons* Tha Bo and Nam Mong, and Phon Sa covers parts of *tambon* Phon Sa. There are a further 10 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
------ ----------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Tha Bo ท่าบ่อ 13 20,872
2\. Nam Mong น้ำโมง 13 9,483
3\. Kong Nang กองนาง 13 9,385
4\. Khok Khon โคกคอน 7 6,007
5\. Ban Duea บ้านเดื่อ 9 7,608
6\. Ban Thon บ้านถ่อน 8 6,461
7\. Ban Wan บ้านว่าน 8 7,330
8\. Na Kha นาข่า 8 4,482
9\. Phon Sa โพนสา 10 7,193
10\
| 239 |
Tha Bo district
| 0 |
10,030,120 |
# William Turner Watkins
**William Turner Watkins** was an American bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South (MECS) and of The Methodist Church, elected in 1938. He also distinguished himself as a Methodist pastor, as a university professor, and as an editor.
## Birth and family {#birth_and_family}
William was born 26 May 1895 in Maysville, Georgia, a son of Howell Davis and Sarah Jane (née Cochran) Watkins. William married Frances Edith Hancock 21 January 1914. They had children Howell Jackson, Lamar Hancock, William Turner Jr., Luther Tate, and John Scott.
## Education
William earned the Ph.B. degree in 1926 from Emory University. He then studied at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland (1926--27) and at Yale Divinity School (1927--28).
## Ordained, academic and editorial ministries {#ordained_academic_and_editorial_ministries}
The Rev. William Turner Watkins entered the ordained ministry of the North Georgia Annual Conference of the MECS in 1914. He served various appointments as pastor between 1914 and 1930. In 1930 he became the professor of church history in the School of Theology at Emory University. He served in this position until his election to the episcopacy. The Rev. Watkins was a delegate to MECS General Conferences in 1934 and 1938. He also served as president of the Board of Church Extension of his denomination.
From 1932 until 1936, the Rev. Watkins also served as the editor of the *Wesleyan Christian Advocate*, an important periodical of his denomination.
## Episcopal ministry {#episcopal_ministry}
The Rev. William Turner Watkins was elected and consecrated a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South by the final General Conference of this denomination in 1938. In 1940, he was assigned the Columbia episcopal area of the (new) Methodist Church, serving until 1944. He then was assigned the Louisville Area. His offices were at 1115 Fourth Ave., Louisville, Kentucky.
Among other responsibilities, Bishop Watkins served as a member of the General Board of Missions and Church Extension, the General Board of Education, and the General Board of Hospitals and Homes, all of The Methodist Church. He also was a trustee of Emory University.
## Honors
Bishop Watkins was honored by Emory University with the degree ***Doctor of Divinity*** in 1939. He also was a member of the International Society of Theta Phi. There is a church on Westport Road in Louisville, Kentucky called Watkins United Methodist Church that is named after him.
## Selected writings {#selected_writings}
- *Out of Aldersgate*, 1938.
- *The Christian Hope*, 1954
| 406 |
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10,030,204 |
# St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation
The **St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation** (SLSMC, ***Corporation de Gestion de la Voie Maritime du Saint-Laurent***, *CGVMSL*), formerly known as the **St. Lawrence Seaway Authority**, is a nonprofit Canadian Corporation established in 1998 by the government of Canada, in partnership with Seaway users and other stakeholders, in order to ensure safe and efficient marine traffic. As dictated by the 1998 Canada Marine Act, the Corporation manages and operates the assets of the Crown entrusted to St. Lawrence Seaway, which consists of lands, Canals and 13 of the 15 locks between Montreal and Lake Erie, for the government under a long-term agreement with Transport Canada\".
The corporation\'s activities include traffic management, navigation aids, safety, environmental programs, trade development, assets maintenance and renewal. The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation caters to the needs of shipping interests, ports, marine agencies, and provincial and state jurisdictions.
The St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation head office is based in Cornwall, Ontario and has additional regional offices in Saint-Lambert, Quebec, and St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| 172 |
St. Lawrence Seaway Management Corporation
| 0 |
10,030,230 |
# BMDP
**BMDP** was a statistical package developed in 1965 by Wilfrid Dixon at the University of California, Los Angeles. The acronym stands for Bio-Medical Data Package, the word package was added by Dixon as the software consisted of a series of programs (subroutines) which performed different parametric and nonparametric statistical analyses.
BMDP was originally distributed for free. It was later sold by Statsols, who originally was a subsidiary of BMDP, but through a management buy-out formed the now independent company Statistical Solutions Ltd, known as Statsols. BMDP is no longer available `{{as of|2017|lc=y}}`{=mediawiki}. The company decided to only offer its other statistical product nQuery Sample Size Software
| 108 |
BMDP
| 0 |
10,030,239 |
# Wissembourg Gap
The **Wissembourg Gap** (*trouée de Wissembourg*, *Weißenburger Senke*) is a corridor of open terrain, approximately 6 km wide, between the hills of the Palatinate Forest to the west and the Bienwald forest (and beyond that the Upper Rhine) to the east. It marks the border between the Palatinate to the north and Alsace to the south, and by extension between Germany and France. The Gap is dominated by the French town of Wissembourg, from which it takes its name. The average altitude of the land in the corridor rises from 150 metres by the Bienwald to 250 metres by the Palatinate Forest.
Because of the Wissembourg Gap\'s position on the Franco-German border, it has frequently been a favoured route for military invasions, notably during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French Revolutionary Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, and the Second World War.
## History
In the mediaeval period the Wissembourg Gap was an internal border within the Holy Roman Empire, marking the boundary between the County Palatine of the Rhine to the north and the Alsatian Décapole (*Zehnstädtebund*), a federation of ten cities including Wissembourg, to the south. Under the 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen the Décapole was annexed by Louis XIV of France, and the Wissembourg Gap therefore became an international border between the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of France.
During the War of the Spanish Succession, it was feared that the Grand Alliance (principally England, the Dutch Republic and the Habsburg monarchy) might attempt to invade France through the Wissembourg Gap, and so in 1706 Marshal Villars established a series of fortifications, the "Lines of Wissembourg" (*Lignes de Wissembourg*, *Weißenburger Linien*) across the Gap. These fortifications were later extended to the Rhine at Lauterbourg, nine miles to the southeast.
Despite the presence of the Lines, an Austrian army under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine succeeded in forcing its way through the Wissembourg Gap and into Alsace in 1744, during the War of the Austrian Succession.
The Austrians made another attempt to invade France through the Wissembourg Gap in 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars. In October of that year the Count of Wurmser defeated the French army guarding the border at the First Battle of Wissembourg and marched his forces south into Alsace, but in December he was defeated by General Pichegru at the Second Battle of Wissembourg and forced to retreat back into the Palatinate.
The Wissembourg Gap was the route selected for the Prussian invasion of France in the Franco-Prussian War. Indeed, the resulting third Battle of Wissembourg (1870), which took place on 4 August 1870, was the first major engagement of the war. The Prussians and their Bavarian and Swabian allies were nominally commanded by Crown Prince Frederick, but their movements were in practice directed by his chief of staff, General Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal. The battle was a victory for the Prussians, enabling their forces to pour into France through the Wissembourg Gap, and the invasion of France culminated a month later with the decisive Battle of Sedan and the collapse of the Second French Empire. The Geisberg monument commemorates the Battle of Wissembourg, and the town cemetery in Wissembourg holds large numbers of soldiers, including the stately tomb of French general Abel Douay who was killed in combat.
As a result of the Franco-Prussian War, France was obliged to cede Alsace and Lorraine to the new German Empire, and the Wissembourg Gap therefore ceased to be an international border and became an internal boundary within Germany. As such it did not see any military action during the First World War.
The Treaty of Versailles returned Alsace to France, and restored the Wissembourg Gap\'s status as an international border. In the Second World War, the Gap became the scene of significant operations in spring 1945, when Allied forces advanced through it into Germany as part of the Operation Undertone offensive. The formation which led the push through the Gap was the American VI Corps, commanded by General Edward H. Brooks
| 670 |
Wissembourg Gap
| 0 |
10,030,254 |
# Progressive Architecture Award
The **Progressive Architecture Awards** (**P/A Awards**) annually recognize risk-taking practitioners and seek to promote progress in the field of architecture.
## History
In June 1920, *Pencil Points* magazine was founded. At some point it was renamed to *New Pencil Points* and then in 1945, renamed to *Progressive Architecture*. In 1996, the *Progressive Architecture* magazine name and subscriber list was sold to BPI Communications, by Penton Publishing.
The editors of *Progressive Architecture* magazine hosted the first Progressive Architecture Award jury in 1954, whose members were Victor Gruen, George Howe, Eero Saarinen, and Fred Severud. *Progressive Architecture* magazine ended the awards in 1987. In 1997, Hanley Wood, owner of *Architecture* magazine, restarted *Progressive Architecture Awards*. In 2007, *Architecture* folded, and the awards were inherited by a new publication, titled *ARCHITECT*
| 132 |
Progressive Architecture Award
| 0 |
10,030,306 |
# ABCD Schema
The **Access to Biological Collections Data** (**ABCD**) **schema** is a highly structured data exchange and access model for taxon occurrence data (specimens, observations, etc. of living organisms), i.e. primary biodiversity data.
In 2006, an \'Extension For Geosciences\' was added to the schema, to form the **ABCDEFG** Schema, and in 2010, Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) published a draft standard extension for DNA, called **ABCDDNA**
| 66 |
ABCD Schema
| 0 |
10,030,316 |
# Waiter!
***Waiter!*** (*\'\'\'Garçon!\'\'\'*) is a 1983 French film directed by Claude Sautet and starring Yves Montand, Nicole Garcia, Jacques Villeret, Marie Dubois, Dominique Laffin, and Bernard Fresson. It received 4 César nominations, for Best Actor, Best Supporting Actor (twice) and Best Sound.
## Plot
Alex, a former tap dancer, is an aging cafe waiter (chef de rang) in a large Parisian brasserie. He lives with his friend Gilbert, who also works at the brewery. Separated from his wife for a long time, he accumulates conquests. His dream: building an amusement park by the sea\..
| 95 |
Waiter!
| 0 |
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