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# Mike Shelley
**Mike Shelley** (born 13 March 1972 in Leeds) is a former rugby union player who became the longest serving player in the history of Leeds Tykes rugby club, having joined them in 1996 from West Hartlepool. He made his Tykes debut against Otley RUFC on 31 August 1996.
At the end of the 2005--06 season, despite being due a testimonial, he made the decision to retire after 10 years and 244 appearances for the club.
Shelley was made captain for the 2000--01 season, a role he continued until the 2003--04 campaign.
That campaign saw Shelley reach the 200 appearance mark for the Tykes and he enjoyed one of his proudest moments for the club when he lifted the Powergen Cup after their win over Bath Rugby at Twickenham in 2005. Although Iain Balshaw was the official captain on that day, he went off injured early in the game and Shelley took the on-field captaincy.
Shelley started his career at local club side Moortown, leaving them after one season to join West Park Bramhope. He did not become a prop until he went to Newcastle University where he played first for Medicals RFC and the University\'s 1st XV but a year later he was in Bramhope\'s 1st XV and two years after that he was playing in the First Division with West Hartlepool.
After two seasons with Wests, Phil Davies persuaded him to step down two divisions to join the new set up at Headingley, where he was given the role of development officer.
Two seasons in the 3rd division and three in the 2nd put his international career on hold for five years or so, but he returned to the England set-up with a return to the Premiership. In 2002 Shelley was called in to the England \'A\' side, and again in 2003.
Shelley\'s form at the end of the 2004--05 season saw him recalled to the England \'A\' side, when he joined the team for the Churchill Cup tournament.
Shelley now resides in Calgary, where he is the coach for local rugby team Prairie Wolf Pack
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# Jimmy Campbell (footballer, born 1886)
Jimmy Campbell}} `{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jimmy Campbell
| fullname = James Campbell<ref name="Joyce" />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1886|3|26}}<ref name="InMemoriam" />
| birth_place = [[Newhaven, Edinburgh|Newhaven]], Scotland
| death_date = {{death date and age|1925|5|25|1886|3|26|df=y}}<ref name="InMemoriam">{{Cite web |date=14 January 2018 |title=In Memoriam |url=https://huddersfieldtowncollection.wordpress.com/lest-we-forget/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=The Huddersfield Town Collection |language=en}}</ref>
| death_place = Newhaven, Scotland<ref name="InMemoriam" />
| position = [[Left half]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1908–1911
| clubs1 = [[Leith Athletic F.C.|Leith Athletic]]
| caps1 = 48
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 1911–1920
| clubs2 = [[The Wednesday F.C.|The Wednesday]]
| caps2 = 144
| goals2 = 3
| years3 = 1920–1921
| clubs3 = [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]]
| caps3 = 1
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 1921–1925
| clubs4 = [[St Bernard's F.C.|St Bernard's]]
| caps4 = 99
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 1913
| nationalteam1 = [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]]
| nationalcaps1 = 1
| nationalgoals1 = 0
}}`{=mediawiki} **James Campbell** (26 March 1886 -- 25 May 1925) was a Scottish professional footballer who played for The Wednesday, Huddersfield Town and St Bernard\'s as a left half. His only cap for Scotland came against Wales on 3 March 1913.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
While a The Wednesday player, Campbell shared accommodation in Sheffield with teammate Marr Paterson. Prior to the First World War, Campbell was a reservist in the British Army and he served as a driver with the Royal Field Artillery during the opening year of the conflict. In July 1915, he was invalided to a hospital in Leicester, suffering with pleurisy. Deteriorating health after the war contributed to his retirement from football and death aged 39 in May 1925
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# Richard E. Hawley
**Richard Earl Hawley** (born January 2, 1942) is a retired four-star general in the United States Air Force (USAF). He served as commander of Air Combat Command, headquartered at Langley Air Force Base, Virginia. As commander, Hawley was responsible for organizing, training, equipping and maintaining combat-ready air forces for rapid deployment and employment in the United States and worldwide. Hawley maintained command of 1,050 aircraft and approximately 103,400 active-duty military members and civilian personnel at 27 major installations in the United States, Panama, Iceland and the Azores, and, when mobilized, more than 64,400 Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve members
## Military career {#military_career}
Hawley graduated from the United States Air Force Academy with a Bachelor of Science in 1964. He served as commander of United States Air Forces in Europe and Allied Air Forces Central Europe with headquarters at Ramstein Air Base, Germany. He also commanded a USAF group, a wing and United States Forces Japan and Fifth Air Force, with headquarters at Yokota Air Base, Japan. He served as a forward air controller at Pleiku Air Base, South Vietnam, where he flew 433 combat missions during the Vietnam War.
Hawley is a graduate of Georgetown University (Master of Arts, 1965), Armed Forces Staff College (1974), and Naval War College (1982).
He is a recipient of the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, Legion of Merit with oak leaf cluster, Distinguished Flying Cross with two oak leaf clusters, Meritorious Service Medal with oak leaf cluster, Air Medal with two silver and two bronze oak leaf clusters, and the Air Force Commendation Medal with oak leaf cluster.
Hawley retired from the United States Air Force on July 1, 1999.
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# Richard E. Hawley
## Assignments
- June 1964 -- March 1965, student, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.
- March 1965 -- September 1966, staff officer, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- September 1966 -- September 1967, student, pilot training, Williams Air Force Base, Arizona
- October 1967 -- September 1968, student, F-4C Phantom and O-2A Skymaster training, Homestead Air Force Base and Hurlburt Field, Florida.
- September 1968 -- September 1969, forward air controller, Pleiku Air Base, South Vietnam
- October 1969 -- September 1972, F-4D combat crew member, 36th Tactical Fighter Wing, Bitburg Air Base, West Germany
- September 1972 -- June 1973, member, Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe inspector general team, Wiesbaden Air Base, West Germany
- July 1973 -- February 1974, student, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, Va.
- February 1974 -- March 1976, operations staff officer, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- March 1976 -- September 1977, assistant executive officer to the Air Force chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- September 1977 -- July 1979, operations officer, 68th Tactical Fighter Squadron; assistant deputy commander for operations, 347th Tactical Fighter Wing and commander, 347th Combat Support Group; Moody Air Force Base, Georgia
- July 1979 -- July 1981, director of operations, 1st Tactical Fighter Wing, Langley Air Force Base, Virginia
- July 1981 -- July 1982, student, Naval War College, Newport, R.I.
- July 1982 -- April 1984, vice commander, 313th Air Division, Kadena Air Base, Japan
- April 1984 -- March 1986, commander, 18th Tactical Fighter Wing, Kadena Air Base, Japan
- March 1986 -- September 1986, special assistant to the commander in chief, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii
- September 1986 -- August 1987, vice commander, 7th Air Force, Osan Air Base, South Korea
- August 1987 -- August 1989, deputy chief of staff for plans, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii
- August 1989 -- August 1991, director of operations, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff, Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- August 1991 -- November 1993, commander, U.S. Forces Japan and 5th Air Force, Yokota Air Base, Japan
- November 1993 -- July 1995, principal deputy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Washington, D.C.
- July 1995 -- April 1996, commander, U.S
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# Sally Hunter
**Sally Hunter** is a fictional character from the British soap opera *Hollyoaks*, played by Katherine Dow Blyton. The character made her first on-screen appearance on 26 July 2001. Sally is introduced into the series as the matriarch of the Hunter family. She arrives to take charge of her warring family. Writers portrayed a problematic marriage between Sally and Les Hunter (John Graham Davies). Sally contends with Les\' alcohol addiction and their son Lee Hunter (Alex Carter) is portrayed constantly trying to solve their issues. One of the character\'s early stories was coping with the disappearance of her daughter Ellie Mills (Sarah Baxendale). Dow Blyton was written out of *Hollyoaks* in 2005 and Sally made her final appearance during the episode broadcast on 4 November 2005.
## Development
Dow Blyton made her first appearance on 26 July 2001, as Sally arrives in Chester to sort out her \"warring\" family. *Hollyoaks* marks Dow Blyton\'s first major acting role. Sally is characterised as a \"strong-willed and caring\" female. She has a tumultuous relationship with her husband Les Hunter (John Graham Davies), but they later \"sorted out their differences\". One of the Hunter family\'s main stories was coping with the disappearance of their eldest daughter, Ellie Mills (Sarah Baxendale). Ellie went missing in Ibiza but later returns home after two years. Steve Hendry from the *Sunday Mail* assessed that Ellie\'s disappearance left Sally \"on the verge of a breakdown\". Baxendale told Hendry that Ellie does not think about how her disappearance affected her family. She said that Ellie is a \"bitch\" who thinks she does not have to answer to anyone, including her parents.
Writers featured Sally in a marriage crisis storyline which was developed from Les\' alcoholism story. In 2002, their son, Dan (Andrew McNair) loses the license for the family garage business after he gets involved in an illegal MOT racket. Les subsequently begins to drink heavily and effects the Hunter\'s marriage. Les physically assaults Sally during a drunken altercation. Sally decides to forgive Les and pretends the incident was her own fault. Les gets drunk and hits her again and she decides to throw Les out of the family home.
In 2004, writers revisited the issue of Sally and Les\' tempestuous marriage. Their problems have a negative effect on their son, Lee Hunter (Alex Carter). He struggles with the prospect of the Hunters being a broken family. Carter told an *Inside Soap* writer that Lee decides to intervene in his parents\' marriage and convinces Les to make an emotional speech. He explained that \"seeing his parents split is the last straw\" and to prevent a divorce he convinces his father to act fast. Carter added that it was typical of Les to blunder his speech and further annoy Sally. Carter assessed that it was actually \"the final nail in the coffin\" for the Hunter marriage. Les\' further attempt to convince Sally otherwise is also unsuccessful. Carter explained that Les realises he needs to act to save his marriage and dresses in his old leather biking outfit to woo Sally. This creates hysterical laughter from Sally, who cannot believe Les thinks an old outfit could save their broken marriage. Carter concluded that \"I think he\'ll just have to accept things will never be the same again.\"
Six months later, Les receives a job offer in Norwich and despite their separation, he asks Sally to move away with him. Les\' proposition leaves Sally conflicted so Lee and his friend Bombhead (Lee Otway) intervene to try and reunite them. Carter told an *Inside Soap* reporter that Lee is \"devastated\" that his parents marriage could end permanently. Carter revealed that if Sally reunites with Les it will \"soften the blow\" of him leaving. Lee and Bombhead concoct a plan and set up Sally and Les on a date. When neither of them arrive, Sally and Les realise their son\'s plan. Carter explained that \"after a while they have fun, which hasn\'t happened for ages. It reminds them of the old days and gets Sally thinking about her feelings.\" Lee catches Les leaving Sally\'s bedroom which leaves Lee \"delighted\" that his plan has resulted in his parents reconciliation. Les is asked to start his new job immediately and he requests that Sally join him. She agrees and hands in her resignation at the school, but Carter noted that \"something isn\'t quite right\" with her decision. Sally discusses the issue with Bombhead and she admits to feeling \"torn about what to do.\"
In March 2004, a reporter from the *Sunday Mirror* revealed that producers at *Hollyoaks* were planning to write out numerous characters as part of a cast revamp. Dow Blyton was one of the cast members who would not have their contract with *Hollyoaks* renewed. They described it as the \"biggest massacre in soap history\". Dow Blyton\'s departure storyline featured Sally and her husband Les moving to Cyprus, following the death of their son, Dan. Just before they plan to leave, Sally declares she cannot go because she is scared of air travel. Lee tries to hypnotise Sally and cure her phobia but his attempts fail. Les comes up with another form of transport and purchases a motorbike complete with a sidecar. Sally agrees to Les\' new plan and they leave Hollyoaks and Lee behind. Sally made her final appearance on 4 November 2005.
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# Sally Hunter
## Storylines
Sally is the mother of Dan, Ellie, Lisa (Gemma Atkinson) and Lee, as well as the wife of Les. She began working at the local chemist in Hollyoaks, before becoming a secondary school science teacher at Hollyoaks Comprehensive. On her arrival, already Sally had her work cut out in trying to track down her eldest child Ellie who has been missing for nearly two years in Ibiza. Ellie\'s disappearance brought much grief into the Hunter household as youngest daughter Lisa self harmed herself and Lee was getting in trouble with the police. Things weren\'t made easier by the fact that Sally\'s husband, Les, always turned to alcohol when he couldn\'t cope with his daily troubles. Les\'s drinking split him and Sally up for a while after he accidentally hit her while drunk but through these difficult times, sally kept a strong head and kept her family together.
Eventually, when Ellie did arrived back home-suddenly things got even worse for the Hunter clan. Ellie\'s arrival brought more misery as she would often go against her mother\'s wishes. Ellie married Toby Mills (Henry Luxemburg), which the Hunter family approved off, but it was to be a huge mistake. After Ellie went missing again, Dan and Toby went to track her down but instead it was to be a horrendous night for the Hunter family. Toby had died and Dan was accused of his murder, while Ellie was left unconscious. Dan protested his innocence as he accused Toby of being the local serial killer and the Hunter family had to wait for Ellie to regain her consciousness, to clear Dan\'s name. When Ellie eventually woke up, she had lost her memory and accused Dan of killing her husband. This led to a long battle between the Hunter family and Ellie, climaxing to Ellie testifying against Dan in court. It led Dan to being sentenced for 15 years which left Sally devastated.
However, within time Ellie managed to get her memory back and retracted her statement, claiming Dan\'s innocence after all. A delighted Sally was hugely relieved when Dan was finally released, but she vowed to never forgive Ellie who moved away from Hollyoaks after Sally disowned her. For once things seemed to be getting better for Sally, but it wasn\'t to last for too long as son Dan died in a rally race. With so many bad memories in the village, Sally decided the best was to move away from Hollyoaks and begin a new fresh life away with husband Les. The pair bid farewell on Les\'s motorbike to start a new life in Cyprus.
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# Sally Hunter
## Reception
A reporter for the *Daily Record* branded the character a \"kindly matriarch\". Lucy Lather from *Inside Soap* opined that \"Mrs Hunter in Hollyoaks finally seeing the light and refusing to live with her evil daughter - better late than never!\". Lather included it as one of her soap stories she approved of titled \"Yeahs!\"
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# Azerbaijan national rugby union team
The **Azerbaijan national rugby union team** competes in division 3D of the European Nations Cup. Azerbaijan have yet to qualify for the Rugby World Cup.
## Competitive record {#competitive_record}
### Sevens
- 2006 European Sevens Championship
### Union
- 2004--2006 European Nations Cup Third Division
- 2006--2008 European Nations Cup Third Division
- 2008--2010 European Nations Cup Third Division
- 2010--12 European Nations Cup Third Division
- 2012--2014 European Nations Cup Third Division
## Record
Against Played Won Lost Drawn Win percentage
----------- -------- ------- -------- ------- ----------------
6 1 5 0 16.66%
2 0 2 0 0%
2 0 2 0 0%
1 0 1 0 0%
1 0 1 0 0%
1 0 1 0 0%
1 0 1 0 0%
2 0 2 0 0%
1 0 1 0 0%
**Total** **17** **1** **16** **0** **5
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# These Are Field Recordings
***These Are Field Recordings*** is an album released independently by Matthew Ryan in 2004. This album is not available for sale or download.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All words and music by Matthew Ryan.
- Bass, Electric Guitar -- Brian Bequette
- Drums -- Steve Latanation
- Performer -- Billy Mercer, Clay Steakley, Craig Krampf, Danny Torrell, Doug Lancio, Kevin Teel, Molly Thomas (2), Richard McLaurin
### Disc one {#disc_one}
1. \"One Day the Everclear\" -- 4:00
2. \"Fathers and Compromise\" -- 5:06
3. \"The World Is on Fire\" -- 4:33
4. \"Railroaded\" -- 4:18
5. \"Return to Me\" -- 6:03
6. \"Sweetie\" -- 3:41
7. \"I Must Love Leaving\" -- 4:34
8. \"Irrelevant\" -- 5:00
9. \"Autopilot\" -- 3:42
10. \"Trouble Doll\" -- 4:57
### Disc two {#disc_two}
1. \"The Little Things\" -- 3:30
2. \"Still Part Two\" -- 4:59
3. \"Sadlylove\" -- 3:49
4. \"Heartache Weather\" -- 3:51
5. \"I Can\'t Steal You\" -- 5:58
6. \"Chrome\" -- 4:55
7. \"I Hope Your God Has Mercy on Mine\" -- 3:18
8. \"I Hear a Symphony\" -- 4:11
9. \"Dragging the Lake\" -- 5:18
10. \"This Side of Heaven\" -- 3:13
11
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# Alan Haines
**Alan Haines** (6 June 1924 -- 17 April 2011) was a British actor and playwright who spent four years in the Royal Navy during World War II --- including at D-Day on his 20th birthday and appeared in many West End shows and touring productions, as well as in the cult TV series Dad\'s Army and Van der Valk and two notable films: *Dad\'s Army* and *The Man in the White Suit*, and the acclaimed BBC TV Series *Perfect Strangers*.
He died in Charing Cross Hospital on 17 April 2011.
## Works
- *The Prince of Portobello* Play (1962)
- Autobiography Haines (2006) *The Mad Mad-Century Rag* London: MER Publishing (2007), `{{ISBN|978-0-9555849-0-9}}`{=mediawiki}
## Selected filmography {#selected_filmography}
- *The Man in the White Suit* (1951) - Reporter (uncredited)
- *The Eyes of Annie Jones* (1964) - Const
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# History of the Jews in Abkhazia
Number of Jews in Sukhumi
---------------------------
**Year**
**1897**
**1915**
**1922**
**1926**
**1939**
**1959**
**1970**
**1979**
**1989**
**2009**
The **history of the Jews in Abkhazia** dates back to the early 19th century. The Jewish population of Abkhazia consisted of Ashkenazi, Georgian and other Jews. It grew after the incorporation of Abkhazia into the Russian Empire in the middle of the 19th century. Most of the Jews left or were evacuated from Abkhazia as a result of the Georgian-Abkhazian conflict of 1992--1993.
## Modern history {#modern_history}
A Russian garrison was installed in Sukhumi in the 1840s, as its fortress was part of the Black Sea defence line, and Jews from many regions of Georgia, particularly from Kulashi, settled in the town. As the 1897 census results indicate, there were also many Ashkenazi Jews in Sukhumi. A synagogue was built in the first decade of the 20th century.
In Soviet times, the Jewish population of Abkhazia increased greatly, but the Sukhumi Jewish community remained the largest in Abkhazia. According to the 1926 census, there were about 1,100 Jews in Abkhazia, most of them Ashkenazi (702) or Georgian (215). The Jewish community of Sukhumi was officially recognised by Soviet authorities in 1945, at the very end of World War II. Abkhazian Jews suffered like the other Jews of the Soviet Union during the massive anti-Jewish campaign in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Sukhumi synagogue was razed in October, 1951 (according to the official version, its territory was needed for urban development). The Jewish population increased to about 3,500 in 1959, but many of them emigrated to Israel and elsewhere in the 1970s.
As the Soviet Union was disintegrating in the late 1980s, ethnic tensions began to grow in Abkhazia and the number of Jewish emigrants increased greatly. There were still many Jews in Abkhazia at the outbreak of the Georgian-Abkhaz War in August, 1992. All of the Jews who wished to flee the fledgling republic were evacuated by the Jewish Agency and settled in Israel. Most of the few who remained were Ashkenazi. Those who remained had to endure the capture of Sukhumi by Abkhaz separatists and their allies.
As of 2009, there are about 150 Jews in Abkhazia, nearly all of them Ashkenazi. The community maintains a synagogue in Sukhumi. The majority of them are elderly, with their average age being 72 in 2004.
Rivka Cohen, Israel\'s ambassador to Georgia, visited Abkhazia in July, 2004
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# John G. Lorber
General **John George Lorber** (December 25, 1941 - March 7, 2021) was a retired four-star general in the United States Air Force (USAF). He served as commander of Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. As commander, he had responsibility for USAF activities spread over half the world in a command that supports 44,000 airmen serving principally in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, Republic of Korea and Japan.
## Background
General Lorber graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1964. He flew as a fast-moving forward air controller in the Vietnam War, has commanded a fighter squadron and wing, and is a command pilot with more than 5,000 flying hours, primarily in fighter aircraft. He retired from active duty on June 25, 1997.
## Education
- 1964 Bachelor of Science degree, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- 1974 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
- 1979 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
- 1979 Master\'s degree in personnel management, Troy State University, Alabama
- 1985 Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
## Assignments
- August 1964 - August 1965, student, pilot training, Laredo Air Force Base, Texas
- August 1965 - April 1969, T-37 Tweet instructor pilot and check pilot, 3640th Pilot Training Squadron, Laredo Air Force Base, Texas
- April 1969 - November 1969, student, F-4 Phantom II pilot training, Homestead Air Force Base, Florida
- November 1969 - January 1971, F-4 aircraft commander, instructor pilot and standardization and evaluation flight examiner, flying combat as a fast-moving forward air controller, 497th Tactical Fighter Squadron \"Night Owls,\" 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
- January 1971 - May 1971, F-111 Aardvark aircraft commander, 442nd Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
- May 1971 - January 1975, instructor pilot and standardization and evaluation flight examiner, 77th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 20th Tactical Fighter Wing, Royal Air Force Station Upper Heyford, England
- January 1975 - July 1978, candidate counselor and recruiter specialist, athletic department, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- August 1978 - November 1979, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
- November 1979 - April 1980, operations officer, 77th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 20th Tactical Fighter Wing, RAF Upper Heyford, England
- April 1980 - July 1982, commander, 79th Tactical Fighter Squadron, 20th Tactical Fighter Wing, RAF Upper Heyford, England. During this period, the 79th TFS was repeatedly recognized by NATO as the top squadron in the best prepared wing in NATO. Then Lt. Col. Lorber\'s initiatives such as the \"Tiger Flag\" joint training exercises with Royal Air Force fighter squadrons located in Scotland and the Radar Bomb Scoring site at RAF Spadeadam set a new standard for combat readiness exercises initiated and executed at the squadron level. A talented painter, his \"Hard to be Humble\" tiger painting is a powerful visual representation of his leadership style and single minded dedication to combat readiness.
- July 1982 - August 1984, nuclear employment and policy planner, deputy director for force development and strategic plans, Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, D.C.
- August 1984 - June 1985, student, Air War College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
- July 1985 - July 1986, deputy commander of operations, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Kunsan Air Base, South Korea
- August 1986 - June 1987, deputy chief of staff for operations, 5th Air Force, Yokota Air Base, Japan
- June 1987 - July 1989, commander, 432nd Tactical Fighter Wing, Misawa Air Base, Japan
- July 1989 - July 1992, deputy chief of staff, plans, Headquarters Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii
- July 1992 - July 1993, director of plans, deputy chief of staff for plans and operations, Headquarters USAF, Washington, D.C
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# Zenzō Kasai
was a Japanese novelist active in the Taishō period.
## Early life {#early_life}
Zenzō Kasai was born in what is now part of Hirosaki, Aomori, as the eldest son of a rice merchant. His parents died when he was two years old, and he was shuffled to relatives around Hokkaido and Aomori. He was only able to receive a primary school education. His relatives were resolved that he should become a Buddhist priest, but he moved to Tokyo at the age of 15 in order to find work, and to pursue a literary career. After working as an employee of a railroad, and as a forester, he saved up enough money to take classes at Toyo University and Waseda University, he met aspiring author Kazuo Hirotsu, and ended up as a disciple of author Tokuda Shusei. He studied philosophy, literature and English literature, but dropped out of school when he felt that he had learned enough (and when his money ran out).
## Literary career {#literary_career}
In 1912, Kasai joined Shigeo Funaki and Kazuo Hirotsu in founding a new literary magazine, *Kiseki* (\"Miracle\"), and contributed various works to it. Kasai wrote novels in an autobiographical naturalist style, which was a forerunner of the \"I novel\". In 1918, he published *Ko o tsuretete* (\"With Children in Tow\") in the *Waseda Bungaku* magazine. The story, in which the narrator is evicted from his home and must wander the street penniless with his children, gained wide recognition. In his subsequent stories and novels, struggles against poverty, illness, alcoholism, and loneliness are constant themes. His major works include *Kanashiki chichi* (\"Mourning Father\", 1912), *Akuma* (\"Devil\", 1912), and *Kohan Nikki* (\"Lakeside Diary\", 1924).
Kasai lived in Kamakura, Kanagawa for many years, due to the presence of many fellow writers, and because the sea air was considered healthier for his weak lungs. He died in Tokyo at the age of 41 after a long struggle against tuberculosis aggravated by stress over the collapse of his marriage due to an affair. His grave is at the temple of Kencho-ji in Kamakura
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# Ivana Janečková
**Ivana Janečková** (born March 8, 1984, in Rychnov nad Kněžnou) is a Czech cross-country skier who competed between 2002 and 2012. Her best finish at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships was fifth in the 4 × 5 km relay at Sapporo in 2007 while her best individual finish was 21st in the 30 km event at those same championships.
Janečková\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was 23rd in 7.5 km + 7.5 km double pursuit at Turin in 2006.
Her best individual World Cup finish was 22nd in a 15 km event in France in 2006.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+--------+-------+--------------+------------------------------------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 10 km \ | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+==========================================+==============+==========+=============+==========+
| 2006 | *22* | --- | 23 | 27 | --- | 6 | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+------------------------------------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2010 | *26* | 32 | `{{Abbr|DNS|Did not start}}`{=mediawiki} | 40 | --- | 12 | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+------------------------------------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+--------------+------------------------------------------+--------------+----------+-------------+----------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 10 km \ | 15 km \ | 30 km \ | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | individual | skiathlon | mass start | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+==============+=============+==========================================+==========+=============+==========+
| 2005 | *21* | 33 | | --- | --- | 6 | 11 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2007 | *23* | 32 | --- | 21 | --- | 5 | --- |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2009 | *25* | 43 | 32 | `{{Abbr|DNS|Did not start}}`{=mediawiki} | --- | 12 | 9 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2011 | *27* | --- | 22 | 20 | --- | --- | 12 |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+--------------+-------------+------------------------------------------+----------+-------------+----------+
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| Season | Age | Discipline standings | |
+==========+==========+======================+=========+
| Overall | Distance | Sprint | Nordic\ |
| | | | Opening |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2003 | *19* | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2004 | *20* | 89 | 72 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2005 | *21* | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2006 | *22* | 79 | 59 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2007 | *23* | 81 | 57 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2008 | *24* | 103 | 72 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2009 | *25* | 92 | 83 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2010 | *26* | 63 | 47 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2011 | *27* | 75 | 66 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| 2012 | *28* | 101 | 74 |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
| | | | |
+----------+----------+----------------------+---------+
#### Team podiums {#team_podiums}
- 1 podium -- (1 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki})
No
| 494 |
Ivana Janečková
| 0 |
10,032,277 |
# Invincible Eleven
**Union of Invincible Eleven & Majestic Sports Association Inc.**, also known as **Invincible Eleven** (I.E.), is a Liberian football club based in Monrovia. They are Liberia\'s oldest club. Their home stadium is the Antoinette Tubman Stadium. I.E. is one of Liberia\'s most popular and historic clubs, along with Mighty Barrolle. George Weah, Liberia\'s most famous footballer and former president, scored 24 goals in 23 games during a spell at I.E. in the 1986--87 season.
## History
I.E. traces its origin from Iron United, based in Clay-Ashland, and Bombers, based in Monrovia. These teams were composed of young players between the ages of 13 and 20, mostly students of College of West Africa (CWA), St. Patrick\'s High School, and Liberia College. Both Iron United and Bombers were active between 1940 and 1942.
The young players of the two teams - especially students of CWA - established teamwork and an amicable relationship. They decided to pool their resources and form a single team, strong enough to compete favorably with the older and more experienced teams like the Olympics and Bame Monrovia. A meeting with this agenda was summoned at the residence of Joseph G. Richards\'s mother on Broad Street in May 1943. At this meeting, the formation of the team was unanimously agreed upon.
After tossing around several ideas for naming a football team, the name Invincible Eleven was agreed upon. Those who attended that May 1943 meeting during which IE was formed included John Coleman (deceased), G. Aaron Grimes, Hugh Collins, Sammy Hodge, Lawrence Morgan, Austin Coleman, George Marshall, Othello Coleman, Zulu Cooper, and Oscar Hemans-Yankey. At that meeting, Joseph G. Richards was elected the first captain of the team.
While most of these young students were attending CWA and the team initially had the backing of the faculty of the institution, they were not the CWA team; among the members were students from Liberia College and St. Patrick\'s High School. Though it is true that most of the original members of the team were Americo-Liberians or Congos by virtue of their easy access to formal education at that time, there were also students who were from the Kru, Bassa and Grebo ethnic backgrounds. For instance, Edmund Johnson, Robert Sherman, Tugbeh Anderson, and Prince N. A. Brown were all Krus. Frank George, Aaron Grimes, and Argwu, the goalie, were Bassas, while Hugh Collins was Grebo, thus giving the team an academic and broad ethnic base support from the onset.
The following month, June 1943, IE made its debut in football competitions after some weeks of hard practice. The first three years were marked by constant defeats, as the members were young and inexperienced. IE struck its first surprise in 1945, when it trounced \"Olympics\" 5--0. This victory was crucial in animating the spirit of sportsmanship and teamwork among the boys, for Olympics consisted of older and more experienced boys, mainly from Freetown. It was one of the oldest and leading teams. The invincibility of IE, which was previously a laughing stock, was then rested. For seven years afterward it was almost not possible to draw with or beat IE. And football teams trembled when they had to encounter IE.
Between 1946 and 1949 IE sustained a severe blow when seven or eight of its members left about the same time for further studies in the United States and other foreign parts. However, they were replaced subsequently by some promising young players from the junior team, West End Eleven. Some of these young players, who in their own right also came into national prominence included, Sam Payne Cooper, Leonard Deshield, T. Ernest Eastman, Bruce Smith, E. Harding Smythe, Gabriel J. Tucker, and John Payne Tucker. Between 1950 and 1951, some of these boys matriculated into schools abroad for further studies, thereby creating another vacuum. Coupled with the lack of support, IE was temporarily renamed \"Pepperbird\" by its sponsor Mr. Al Schoucair the owner of the Pepperbird Club. When Joseph G. Richards, one of the original founders of IE returned from abroad in December 1951, he recommended a return to the IE name. Together with the name of another its junior team, Majestics, the entire IE organization is today called IE Majestics Sports Association.
In April 2019 they were relegated to the Liberian Third Division after failing to pay a fine for not honoring a league match
| 727 |
Invincible Eleven
| 0 |
10,032,315 |
# Pan amalgamation
The **pan amalgamation** process is a method to extract silver from ore, using salt and copper(II) sulfate in addition to mercury. The process was widely used from 1609 through the 19th century; it is no longer used.
The patio process had been used to extract silver from ore since its invention in 1557. One drawback of the patio process was the long treatment time, usually weeks. Alvaro Alonso Barba invented the faster *pan* process (in Spanish the *cazo* or *fondo* process) in 1609 in Potosí, Bolivia, in which ore was mixed with salt and mercury (and sometimes copper(II) sulfate) and heated in shallow copper vessels. The treatment time was reduced to 10 to 20 hours. Whether patio or pan amalgamation was used at a particular location often depended on climate (warmer conditions speeded the patio process) and the availability and cost of fuel to heat the pans.
The amount of salt and copper(II) sulfate varied from one-quarter to ten pounds of one or the other, or both, per ton of ore treated. The loss of mercury in amalgamation processes was generally one to two times the weight of silver recovered.
## Washoe process {#washoe_process}
The Washoe process, a variation of pan amalgamation, was developed in the 1860s by Almarin B. Paul and others, to work the ore from the Comstock Lode in Nevada, United States (Washoe was an early name for the area and the local tribe who still exists today; see Washoe Valley). In the Washoe process, the copper pans were replaced by iron tanks with mechanical agitators. Each tank (\"pan\") was circular, and commonly held 1,200 to 1,500 pounds of ore that had been crushed to sand size. Water was added to make a pulp, and 60 to 70 pounds of mercury, along with one-half to three pounds each of salt (sodium chloride) and bluestone (copper(II) sulfate) were also added. A circular iron plate called a *muller* was mounted on a vertical shaft and lowered into the pan, and was rotated to provide both agitation and additional grinding. Heat was delivered to the pans by steam pipes. The iron filings worn from the muller and pan proved to be an essential ingredient in the process.
## Reese River process {#reese_river_process}
A variation of the Washoe process was developed in the Reese River mining district around Austin, Nevada. The Washoe process was found not to work well for ores with arsenic or antimony sulfides, or with galena or sphalerite. In 1869, Carl A. Stetefeldt of Reno found that roasting the ore with salt converted the silver sulfides to silver chlorides, which could then be recovered in amalgamation pans. The process was introduced in the Reese River District in 1879, with great success.
Other silver-mining districts using the Reese River process included Georgetown, Colorado, Caribou, Colorado, and Silver Cliff, Colorado
| 473 |
Pan amalgamation
| 0 |
10,032,327 |
# Daniel McCann
**Daniel McCann** (30 November 1957 -- 6 March 1988) was a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA), who was shot dead by the British Army on 6 March 1988 whilst being accused of attempting to plant a car bomb in Gibraltar.
## Early life {#early_life}
McCann was born into an Irish republican family from the Clonard area of West Belfast. He was educated at primary level at St Gall\'s Primary School, Belfast, and at St Mary\'s Grammar School, Belfast. McCann did not finish his education as he was arrested after becoming involved in rioting. He was charged and convicted of \"riotous behaviour\" and sentenced to six months in prison. Later that year McCann joined the Provisional IRA. He was later convicted and sentenced to two years imprisonment for the possession of explosives.
## Paramilitary activity {#paramilitary_activity}
In 1987 McCann along with another IRA member, Sean Savage, murdered two Royal Ulster Constabulary officers at Belfast docks.
In 1988 McCann and Savage, along with Mairead Farrell, another IRA member, were sent to the British overseas territory of Gibraltar to plant a bomb in the town area, targeting a British Army band which paraded weekly in connection with the changing of the guard in front of the Governors\' residence.
The British Government knew in advance about the operation, and specially dispatched to Gibraltar a British Army detachment to intercept the IRA team. Whilst McCann, Savage and Farrell were engaged on 6 March 1988 on a reconnaissance trip in Gibraltar before driving in a car-bomb, soldiers from the Special Air Service Regiment wearing civilian clothes confronted them in the streets of the town. McCann was shot five times at close-range, the SAS soldiers later claiming that he had made an \'aggressive move\' when approached. Farrell who was with McCann was also shot dead. Savage was walking separately behind McCann and Farrell within eyesight distance, and seeing them ahead being confronted and fired upon, fled, running several hundred yards back into Gibraltar town closely pursued on foot by another Special Air Service soldier, who caught up with him and shot him dead also. All three IRA members were subsequently found to be unarmed.
A car bomb ready to be driven into Gibraltar that had been created by McCann, Savage and Farrell was found 36 miles away in Spain by the Spanish Police two days after their deaths, containing 140 lb of Semtex with a device timed to go off during the changing of the guard in Gibraltar.
## Subsequent events {#subsequent_events}
A documentary entitled *Death on the Rock*, was produced and broadcast on British television about the failed IRA operation in Gibraltar shortly after it had taken place, detailing the British and Spanish Government\'s actions and that of the IRA team, in an operation that the British Government had code-named *Operation Flavius*. The documentary also interviewed civilian eyewitnesses to the shooting of the Provisional IRA members, raising questions about the veracity of the British Government and its involved soldiers\' accounts of it, focusing on whether the three IRA members had been offered the chance to surrender by the soldiers confronting them before they had been fired upon. It also questioned whether the violence used had been proportionate, in line with ongoing rumours in the British media of a purported \"Shoot to Kill\" policy that the British Government was at that point pursuing against the Provisional IRA in The Troubles.
## Funeral
At an IRA-sponsored collective funeral on 16 March 1988 for McCann\'s body along with that of Savage and Farrell\'s at the IRA plot in Milltown Cemetery in West Belfast, as the bodies were being lowered into the ground the funeral party came under a hand-grenade attack from a lone Loyalist paramilitary. The funeral immediately descended into chaotic scenes, as a running fight occurred between the lone gunman firing a handgun and throwing more grenades at a group of mourners, as they pursued him through the cemetery\'s grounds. Three mourners were killed and scores wounded in the incident
| 668 |
Daniel McCann
| 0 |
10,032,342 |
# Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission
The **Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission** is an independent state agency responsible for the regulation of all fishing and boating in the state of Pennsylvania within the United States of America. Unlike many U.S. states, Pennsylvania has a separate Game Commission.
Its mission is: to protect, conserve, and enhance the Commonwealth\'s aquatic resources and provide fishing and boating opportunities.
## History
Created by a law that was signed on March 23, 1866 by Governor Andrew Curtin, this state agency\'s main purpose was to restore fish migrations of American shad within the rivers. Today, its scope manages boat launches, waterways, fish hatcheries, and other properties used for recreational fishing and boating.
It also regulates the accessibility through dams on major waterways via fish ladders. Ten members make up the Board of Commissioners who oversee all operations, serving 8-year terms without pay. Among others, the Commission employs waterway conservation officers and biologists, while also utilizing deputy conservation officers and volunteer instructors to serve the public. The conservation officers are assigned to various districts across the Commonwealth, where---in addition to fish and boat law enforcement---they conduct boating and fishing schools, fish stocking, public relations work, and investigate water pollution violations.
The Commission\'s first fishing license was issued in 1922, and licenses have been issued annually since that time. In 2007, the licensing process was converted to a Point of Sale computerized system with licenses valid on December 1 of the preceding year until December 31 of the license year.
This agency also issues boat registrations for two-year periods, expiring on March 31 of the year of expiration. Because the agency is a commission, the revenues it collects from license purchases directly benefits the protection and conservation of aquatic resources. The agency is not supported by general fund state-tax money, but the Commission does receive a portion of federal excise taxes through sporting goods and marine fuel taxation.
## Law enforcement {#law_enforcement}
Fishing and boating regulations are enforced by **Waterways Conservation Officers**. WCOs are employed by the Fish and Boating Commission and are police officers certified by the Pennsylvania State Police Municipal Police Officers Training Standards. Officers patrol on foot, in vehicles and on boats, and are certified boating safety instructors. Training consists of 26 weeks basic police officer training, followed by a further 26 weeks specialist training for the role
| 393 |
Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission
| 0 |
10,032,365 |
# U.S. Cavalry Store
**U.S. Cavalry** was a worldwide distributor headquartered in Radcliff, Kentucky, USA, that provided duty and service equipment for the military, law enforcement, and homeland security communities. U.S. Cavalry delivered clothing, gear, and supplies and outdoor equipment. The company made its money through managed accounts, retail stores, mail order catalogs and the product website.
The company was founded in 1973 by Randy Acton.
U.S. Cavalry filed for bankruptcy in 2013 and was purchased by Aegis Brand Group, a privately owned facilities services company headquartered in Tennessee.
After struggling to restore the brand, ERMC, under the parent company Aegis Brand Group, sold U.S. Cavalry and USCAV\'s assets to Galls LLC in March 2016
| 115 |
U.S. Cavalry Store
| 0 |
10,032,375 |
# Howell M. Estes III
General **Howell M. Estes III** (December 16, 1941 -- March 18, 2024) served as commander in chief in the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and the United States Space Command (USSC), and served as commander in the Air Force Space Command (AFSC), headquartered at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado. As commander, the general was responsible for the air sovereignty of the United States and Canada, providing tactical warning and attack assessment, directing space control and support operations, directing satellite control, warning, space launch and ballistic missile operations missions.
Estes was on the board of directors DigitalGlobe from May 14, 2007; In February 2011 he became the chair of the board.
On December 13, 2018, Maxar Technologies announced that \"the Maxar Board of Directors has elected retired U.S. Air Force Gen. Howell M. Estes III as Chair, effective January 1, 2019.\"
## Background
Estes was born on December 16, 1941. He graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1965. He has commanded both operational and maintenance squadrons, the Air Force\'s only stealth fighter unit, and an air division and numbered air force. Prior to his current position, he served as director for operations (J-3), the Joint Staff, the Pentagon, Washington, D.C. He also co-authored \"Strategic and Doctrinal Implications of Deep Attack,\" the concept of operations for the Defense of Central Europe. A command pilot with more than 4,500 flying hours, he flew 169 combat missions as an F-4 pilot during the Vietnam War. During the Gulf War he served as deputy chief of staff for operations, Strategic Air Command. He retired on October 1, 1998, and died on March 18, 2024, at the age of 82.
## Education
- 1965 Bachelor of Science degree in military science, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- 1975 Master of Arts degree in public administration, Auburn University, Alabama
- 1975 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
- 1975 National Military Commonwealth degree, Auburn University, Alabama
- 1983 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
| 346 |
Howell M. Estes III
| 0 |
10,032,375 |
# Howell M. Estes III
## Assignments
- June 1965 -- November 1966, student, undergraduate pilot training program, Moody Air Force Base, Georgia
- November 1966 -- April 1967, student, F-4 qualification training, MacDill Air Force Base, Florida
- April 1967 -- May 1969, F-4D pilot, 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Seymour Johnson Air Force Base, North Carolina
- May 1969 -- May 1970, F-4E commander, 34th Tactical Fighter Squadron, Korat Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
- May 1970 -- April 1972, F-4E pilot and chief of standardization and evaluation, 32nd Tactical Fighter Squadron, Camp New Amsterdam (now Soesterberg Air Base), Netherlands
- May 1972 -- July 1973, weapons tactics staff officer, Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe, Lindsey Air Station, West Germany
- July 1973 -- August 1974, command briefing officer, Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe, Ramstein Air Base, West Germany
- August 1974 -- August 1975, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama
- August 1975 -- January 1979, air operations staff officer, Europe-NATO Division, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- February 1979 -- August 1982, commander, 20th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron; then commander, 35th Equipment Maintenance Squadron; then assistant deputy commander and subsequently deputy commander for maintenance; 35th Tactical Fighter Wing, George Air Force Base, California
- August 1982 -- July 1983, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
- July 1983 -- June 1984, deputy assistant director for joint and National Security Council matters, directorate of plans, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- June 1984 -- January 1986, commander, 4450th Tactical Group, Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada
- January 1986 -- June 1987, special assistant to the chief of staff, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, Brussels, Belgium
- June 1987 -- August 1988, commander, 14th Air Division, Strategic Air Command, Beale Air Force Base, California
- August 1988 -- July 1991, assistant deputy chief of staff for plans and programs; deputy chief of staff for plans and resources; then deputy chief of staff for operations, Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska
- July 1991 -- August 1992, director of plans, deputy chief of staff for plans and operations, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- August 1992 -- October 1994, commander, 7th Air Force, Pacific Air Forces; deputy commander, U.S. Forces Korea; commander, Air Component Command, Republic of Korea and U.S. Combined Forces Command; commander, U.S. Air Forces Korea; and deputy commander in chief, United Nations Command, Osan Air Base, Republic of Korea
- October 1994 -- August 1996, director for operations (J-3), the Joint Staff, Washington, D.C
| 457 |
Howell M. Estes III
| 1 |
10,032,409 |
# Oriental Cricket Club
The **Oriental Cricket Club** was a cricket club established by the Parsi community in Bombay in 1848. The origins of Indian Cricket, that is, cricket played by Indians are to be found in Bombay and the first Indian community to start playing the game was the small community of Zoroastrians, the Parsi. The Parsi community viewed these clubs as a way of cementing ties with the British colonial powers. They were sponsored by Parsi businessmen like the Wadias and the Tatas. Though the club was the first to be organised by Indians, it was closed a few years later. The Parsis were the first to start the cricket in India because they were in close contacts with the Imperial British, as they were interested in trade. The British offered no help to the enthusiastic Parsis
| 139 |
Oriental Cricket Club
| 0 |
10,032,423 |
# Ryuko Kawaji
`{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}`{=mediawiki} `{{nihongo|'''Ryuko Kawaji'''|川路 柳虹|Kawaji Ryūkō|extra=1 October 1888 - 9 June 1959}}`{=mediawiki} was the pen-name of **Kawaki Makoto**, a Japanese poet and literary critic active during the Shōwa period of Japan.
His Dharma name was **Onyōin Metsuyo Chitoku Ryūkō Daikoji** (温容院滅与知徳柳虹大居士).
## Biography
Kawaji was born in Tokyo, and was a graduate of the Japanese Painting School of the Tokyo School of the Arts (present day Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music). However, rather than to pursue a career as an artist, he chose to become a writer of free verse poetry instead. His poetry was influential, as it was among the first to be written in the modern Japanese language.
He won the Japan Art Academy literary award in 1957 for his anthology *Nami* (\"Waves\").
He was co-author of \"Histoire de la Littérature Japonaise\", written in collaboration with K. Matsuo and Alfred Smoular (Paris, 1935). His grave is at the Tama Reien outside of Tokyo
| 163 |
Ryuko Kawaji
| 0 |
10,032,459 |
# Magda Genuin
**Magda Genuin** (born 17 June 1979 in Agordo) is an Italian cross-country skier who competed from 1997 to 2011.
## Biography
She finished sixth in the 4 × 5 km relay at the 2007 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Sapporo and earned her best individual finish of 12th in the 10 km event at those same championships.
Genuin\'s best individual finish at the Winter Olympics was fifth in individual sprint at Vancouver in 2010.
She has a total of eight individual victories at various levels at various distances up to 10 km since 2000. Genuin\'s best individual World Cup finish was second in Rybinsk in 2010.
## Cross-country skiing results {#cross_country_skiing_results}
All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).
### Olympic Games {#olympic_games}
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | | | | | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+=========+=========+===========+=========+==========+=============+==========+
| 2002 | *22* | --- | --- | --- | --- | 22 | --- | |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2006 | *26* | 48 | | --- | --- | 19 | --- | \|--- |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2010 | *30* | --- | | --- | \|--- | 5 | --- | \|4 |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
### World Championships {#world_championships}
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| Year | Age | 10 km | 15 km | Pursuit | 30 km | Sprint | 4 × 5 km \ | Team \ |
| | | | | | | | relay | sprint |
+========+=======+=========+=========+===========+=========+==========+=============+==========+
| 2003 | *23* | 42 | --- | 38 | --- | 17 | --- | |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2007 | *27* | 12 | | --- | --- | 28 | 6 | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2009 | *29* | --- | | --- | --- | 13 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| 2011 | *31* | --- | | --- | --- | 17 | --- | --- |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
| | | | | | | | | |
+--------+-------+---------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+-------------+----------+
### World Cup {#world_cup}
#### Season standings {#season_standings}
Season Age Discipline standings
---------- ---------- ---------------------- -----------------
Overall Distance Long Distance Middle Distance
2000 *20*
2001 *21* 78
2002 *22* 52
2003 *23* 70
2004 *24* 50 65
2005 *25* 86
2006 *26* 62 91
2007 *27* 48 64
2008 *28* 29 53
2009 *29* 21 81
2010 *30* 28 56
2011 *31* 27 45
### Individual podiums {#individual_podiums}
- 5 podiums -- (4 `{{Abbr|WC|World Cup}}`{=mediawiki}, 1 `{{Abbr|SWC|Stage World Cup}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Level style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place
----- ---------------- ------------------ -------------------- ----------------- ----------------- --------------------------------------------------------
1 ** 2007--08 ** 26 January 2008 Canmore, Canada 1.1 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
2 ** 2008--09 ** 31 January 2009 Rybinsk, Russia 1.3 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
3 13 February 2009 Valdidentro, Italy 1.4 km Sprint F World Cup 3rd
4 ** 2009--10 ** 22 January 2010 Rybinsk, Russia 1.3 km Sprint F World Cup 2nd
5 ** 2010--11 ** 5 January 2011 Toblach, Italy 1.3 km Sprint F Stage World Cup 3rd
### Team podiums {#team_podiums}
- 4 victories -- (1 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki}, 3 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki})
- 7 podiums -- (3 `{{Abbr|RL|Relay}}`{=mediawiki}, 4 `{{Abbr|TS|Team Sprint}}`{=mediawiki})
No. Season Date Location Race Leve style=\"background-color:#4180be; color:white;\| Place Teammate(s)
----- ---------------- ------------------ ------------------------- -------------------------- ----------- -------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
1 ** 2002--03 ** 24 November 2002 Kiruna, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Paruzzi / Follis / Valbusa
2 **2008--09** 18 January 2009 Whistler, Canada 6 × 1.3 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** Follis
3 **2009--10** 6 December 2009 Düsseldorf, Germany 6 × 0.8 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** Follis
4 ** 2010--11 ** 21 November 2010 Gällivare, Sweden 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup 3rd Longa / Rupil / Follis
5 5 December 2010 Düsseldorf, Germany 6 × 0.9 km Team Sprint F World Cup **1st** Follis
6 ** 2010--11 ** 16 January 2011 Liberec, Czech Republic 6 × 1.3 km Team Sprint C World Cup 2nd Longa
7 6 February 2011 Rybinsk, Russia 4 × 5 km Relay C/F World Cup **1st** Longa / Rupil / Follis
## Italian Championships {#italian_championships}
- 2002: 1st, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, sprint
- 2003: 3rd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, sprint
- 2004: 2nd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, 5 km
- 2005:
- 2nd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, 7.5 km free
- 3rnd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, 7.5 km classic
- 2007:
- 2nd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, 10 km
- 2nd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, sprint
- 2009: 1st, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, sprint
- 2010:
- 1st, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, sprint
- 3rd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, 10 km
- 2011:
- 1st, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, sprint
- 2nd, Italian women\'s championships of cross-country skiing, 2 × 7
| 856 |
Magda Genuin
| 0 |
10,032,465 |
# Ornithoptera victoriae
\| genus = Ornithoptera \| parent = Ornithoptera (Aetheoptera) \| parent_authority = Rippon, 1894 \| species = victoriae \| authority = Gray, 1856 \| synonyms =
- *Aetheoptera victoriae*
}}
***Ornithoptera victoriae***, the **Queen Victoria\'s birdwing**, is a birdwing butterfly of the family Papilionidae, found in the Solomon Islands and Papua New Guinea (Bougainville Island only).
What was originally described as *Ornithoptera allotei*, is a natural hybrid between *Ornithoptera victoriae* and *Ornithoptera priamus urvillianus*.
## History
The Queen Victoria\'s birdwing was described in 1856 by George Robert Gray. Both the scientific and vernacular names were named in honour of Queen Victoria. The holotype now resides in the Natural History Museum, London.
## Description
Wingspan: 150--180 mm
**Male:** The forewings are black. Next to the wing tip there is a large, green spot. There is a green area around the thorax. The underside of *Ornithoptera victoriae* is black. The green spot and the green area are combined. At the wing leading edge there is a large black spot. The veins are black. The hindwings are green. The edge of wing is black. At the outer edge there are three golden spots. The underside is green. The veins are partly black. At the outer edge there are three golden spots. Between these golden spots there are black spots. The ventral side of the wings are of very similar appearance to the dorsal side.
The abdomen is yellowish or white. The head and thorax are black.
**Female:** The general colour of the female is black or dark brown. There are many white spots on the forewings. Next to the thorax there are two yellow stripes. On the hindwings there are two chains of white marks. There is also one yellow spot. As with the male, the ventral side of the wings are quite similar in appearance to the dorsal side.
Typical of birdwing butterflies, the female covers the upper range of the wingspan. It is significantly larger than the male.
## Subspecies
- *O. v. archeri* \[Calderara, 1984\]
- *O. v. epiphanes* \[Schmid, 1970\]
- *O. v. isabellae* \[Rothschild & Jordan, 1901\]
- *O. v. maramasikensis* \[Morita, 2000\]
- *O. v. reginae* \[Godman & Salvin, 1888\]
- *O. v. regis* \[Rothschild, 1895\]
- *O. v. rubianus* \[Rothschild, 1904\]
- *O. v. victoriae*
## Conservation
The species is not rare, but some populations are declining due to deforestation.
*Ornithoptera victoriae* is, like all other birdwing butterflies, a strictly protected species. It is listed in Appendix II of CITES, meaning that international trade is restricted to captive-raised specimens. The Solomon Islands, which include a significant part of this species\' range, only became a signatory to CITES in 2007, while Papua New Guinea has been a signatory for many years. Despite the fact that the Solomon Islands has engaged the CITES controls, a vestigial United States Fish and Wildlife Service ruling has not been updated and so importation of *O. victoriae* from the Solomon Islands (but not from Bougainville or Papua New Guinea) to the United States remains prohibited
| 506 |
Ornithoptera victoriae
| 0 |
10,032,481 |
# Young Zoroastrian Club
The **Young Zoroastrian Club** was a cricket club formed by the Parsee community in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1850. The club was founded by Hiraji Gosta, also known as Kuka Daru, with financial support from the Tatas and Wadia corporate houses
| 45 |
Young Zoroastrian Club
| 0 |
10,032,506 |
# Redland Chapel
**Redland Parish Church** is a Georgian church, built in 1742, in the Redland suburb of Bristol, England. It is a Grade I listed building.
## History
It which was built, probably by John Strahan and completed by William Halfpenny, with plasterwork by Thomas Paty, in 1742 as a private chapel for John Cossins who had purchased the local manor house, Redland Court, which served as Redland High School until 2017, though it was not consecrated until 1790.
The chapel eventually became the parish church when the parish of Redland was separated from Westbury-on-Trym in 1942 and, unusually, has no dedication to a patron saint.
## Architecture
The front of the limestone building has four Ionic pilasters around the door with a pediment above. The roof of the building has an octagonal leaded cupola. On the rear of the buildings are carved moors heads.
Inside are a square chancel and a nave. The interior has a coffered ceiling and intricately carved wooden panels showing birds and foliage. The Baroque carvings are made of limewood and mounted on dark oak background. The original pulpit was of three levels however this was reduced to two in the Victorian era. Memorial busts of John Cossins and his wife were carved by John Michael Rysbrack.
The walls and gates were constructed in 1743. The gate piers have ziggurat tops and gates made by Nathaniel Arthur.
## Archives
Parish records for Redland Green church, Bristol are held at Bristol Archives (Ref. P.RG) ([online catalogue](http://archives.bristol.gov.uk/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&id=P.RG&pos=1)) including baptism, marriage and burial registers. The archive also includes records of the incumbent, churchwardens and parochial church council plus photographs
| 272 |
Redland Chapel
| 0 |
10,032,514 |
# List of United States Navy Landing Craft Infantry
This is a list of **Landing Craft Infantry** (LCIs) built by the **United States Navy**
| 24 |
List of United States Navy Landing Craft Infantry
| 0 |
10,032,566 |
# APTIS
**APTIS** was the **Accountancy and Passenger Ticket Issuing System** used on the British Rail/National Rail network until 2007. It was originally called \"Advanced Passenger Ticket Issuing System\" as it was being developed at the time of the Advanced Passenger Train.`{{cnl|date=October 2022}}`{=mediawiki}
It was widely known as the **All-Purpose Ticket-Issuing System**, a description which was used during the development of the prototype devices.
It led to the introduction, on the national railway, of a new standardised machine-printable ticket, the APTIS ticket, which replaced the Edmondson railway ticket first introduced in the 1840s.
## Overview
APTIS issued impact printed tickets on credit-card sized card ticket stock, with a magnetic stripe on the centre of the reverse which could be encoded to operate ticket barriers; it could also use plain non-magnetic ticket stock.
APTIS could issue receipts for passengers paying by debit card or credit card. These receipts were a combination of a transparent carbonless copy paper top copy, for the customer; and a backing card, for retention by British Rail. The customer signed the receipt, handed it back; and, in return, was given the signed top copy and the train tickets.
## Adoption by British Rail {#adoption_by_british_rail}
APTIS was derived from a private venture ticketing system, the General Purpose ticket-issuing system, developed by Thorn EMI in 1978. It had 25 kB of memory.
British Rail invited 23 firms to tender for a ticket-issuing system and Thorn EMI was successful. The first prototype was installed at Portsmouth & Southsea on 11 November 1982.
APTIS, along with the portable system PORTIS, was adopted as part of British Rail\'s £31 million investment, which was authorised in 1983. The production APTIS machines had 300 kB of memory; this could be upgraded to 500 kB.
Some 2,971 APTIS machines were scheduled to be installed at 1,600 staffed British Rail stations between August 1985 and September 1987.
## Phase-out of Edmondson tickets {#phase_out_of_edmondson_tickets}
The first production APTIS tickets were issued in October 1986 at stations including Didcot Parkway and Abbey Wood; the official launch was by Transport Minister David Mitchell at the British Rail Travel Centre, Regent Street, London, on 18 November 1986. The first ticket was sold at Benfleet in January 1987.
In 1988, the last of British Rail\'s Edmondson printing presses, located at the Paper and Printing Centre, Crewe, shut down. The last station to sell Edmondson tickets prior to full APTIS conversion was Emerson Park, on Network SouthEast\'s Romford to Upminster Line, on 29 June 1989.
## Phase-out of APTIS {#phase_out_of_aptis}
APTIS survived in widespread use for twenty years, but in the early 2000s was largely replaced by more modern PC based ticketing systems although some APTIS were modified as APTIS-ANT (with no obvious difference to the ticket issued) Oyster card compatible machines in the Greater London area. The last APTIS machines were removed at the end of 2006 as there was no option to upgrade for accepting Chip and PIN credit-card payments. The last APTIS-ANT ticket to be issued in the UK using one of the machines was at Upminster station on 21 March 2007
| 513 |
APTIS
| 0 |
10,032,581 |
# Grafton High School (Virginia)
**Grafton High School** is a public high school located in Grafton, an unincorporated section of York County, Virginia. It is part of the York County School Division. The school opened on September 3, 1996 and shares a facility with Grafton Middle School, the only shared facility of this type in the Hampton Roads area, and the largest building in York County at the time of its construction. Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League\'s AA Bay Rivers, District, and in Region I. Grafton High School was awarded a silver medal by *U.S. News & World Report* in the 2008 America's Best High Schools search.
## Fire
On February 3, 2020 an electrical fire broke out at the school complex just before 4pm, shutting the school down (anticipated to be through May 2020). Classes at both schools were moved to local Tabb Middle and York High, respectively. Students and teachers from Grafton used those buildings on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays until schools became virtual in March 2020.
## Accreditation
Grafton High is fully accredited by the Virginia State Department of Education and has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since its inception in 1996.
## Athletics
Grafton High fields varsity teams in these sports:
+--------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
| Boys and Girls | Boys | Girls |
| | | |
| - Forensics | - Baseball | - Cheerleading |
| - Debate | - Football | - Field Hockey |
| - Basketball | - Wrestling | - Softball |
| - Cross-Country | - Volleyball (Club) | - Volleyball |
| - Swimming | | |
| - Soccer | | |
| - Tennis | | |
| - Indoor/Outdoor Track | | |
| - Golf | | |
| - Lacrosse (Club) | | |
| - Marching Band | | |
+--------------------------+-----------------------+------------------+
Grafton has seven team state titles, one in field hockey (2002) one in boys outdoor track (2010) four in competition cheer (2013, 2016, 2017, 2018) and one in men\'s swimming (2014). Grafton also has individual AA state champions in Boys Cross Country (2009,2010), Boys Indoor Track (2007,2010,2011), Girls Outdoor Track (2008),Boys Outdoor Track (2010,2011), Girls Swimming, Boys Tennis (2004,2005,2006), and Wrestling (2005,2008). Two club sports, Boys and Girls lacrosse, are also offered by the school.
**2010 Boys Outdoor Track Team**
The Grafton High School Boys Track Team were awarded the 2010 VHSL AA Outdoor State Team Championship after placing 4th at the State Cross-Country Championships and only getting a 5th place spot during the Indoor Track season. The boys were able to score 46.5pts and earn a 1st Place podium spot. Point scorers for Grafton were: Kyle King -- 16pts, Dwayne Stover -- 13.5pts, David Gunnerson -- 10pts, Brian Gorwitz -- 7pts. Members who ran this weekend were: Brian Wilmer, Brian Gorwitz, David Gunnerson, Paul Tyler, Rehan Talibi, Ben Hoppe, Conor Wallace, Kyle King, Matt Garcia, Brent Bass, and Dwayne Stover. Notable performances include:Kyle King 2nd, Brian Gorwitz 7th in the 3200mIn the 4x800 Meter Relay -- 11th (Ben Hoppe, Brian Wilmer, Paul Tyler, Matt Garcia) Dwayne Stover -- tied for 5th place in the High Jump, David Gunnerson 3rd, Brian Gorwitz 4th in the 1600m, Dwayne Stover 1st -- the only individual champion of the weekend in the 400m, Kyle King 2nd, David Gunnerson 5th in the 800m, 4x400 Meter Relay -- 12th (Conor Wallace, Rehan Talibi, David Gunnerson, and Dwayne Stover). All these athletes made it possible for the Clippers to get onto the team podium for the first time in the history of Grafton High School.
## Notable Alumni {#notable_alumni}
- Christian Taylor, American football coach
| 615 |
Grafton High School (Virginia)
| 0 |
10,032,581 |
# Grafton High School (Virginia)
## Band
Grafton High School has three bands: Concert Band, Symphonic Band, and Wind Ensemble. Grafton also has a Jazz Band and Percussion Ensemble. Grafton also has a marching band. The marching band is class AAAAA. The band has consistently been a Virginia Honor Band for the past 16 years.
## Feeder patterns {#feeder_patterns}
The following elementary schools feed into GHS:
- Coventry Elementary School
- Dare Elementary School (partial)
- Grafton-Bethel Elementary School
All residents zoned to Grafton Middle School are zoned to Grafton High School
| 92 |
Grafton High School (Virginia)
| 1 |
10,032,593 |
# Alanta
**Alanta** (dialectal Aukštaitian name *Alunta*, *Owanta*, Yiddish אַוואָנטע) is a small town in Molėtai district municipality, Lithuania. It is the administrative seat of the Alanta Elderate. According to a census in 2011, Alanta had 348 residents. It is situated at the crossing of two roads: Molėtai--Anykščiai and Utena--Alanta--Ukmergė. The town\'s St. Jacob\'s church was built in 1909.
The Synagogue of Alanta is one of only 17 surviving wooden synagogues in Lithuania.
## Etymology of the name {#etymology_of_the_name}
The name of the town is derived from the Alanta River, tributary of Virinta. The name of the river is derived from an ancient Lithuanian verb \"*alėti*\", which means \'to stream merrily\' or \'to run\'.
## History
In 1436, Sigismund Kestutaitis granted Alanta to Kristinas Astikas to commend him for his aid in defeating Švitrigaila in the Lithuanian Civil War (1431--1435). In the 16th century, the town\'s Catholic church was built, and in 1581 the Grand Duke of Lithuania Stefan Batory gifted Alanta to Gáspár Békés (*Kasparas Bekešas*), a Hungarian general. After 1598 the town belonged to Radziwiłł family and from 1828 until the World War I it belonged to the Pamarnacki family. From the 18th century to the Lithuanian Uprising of 1863, Alanta had a parish school.
Alanta suffered heavily from many wars, including Napoleon\'s invasion of the Russian Empire, World War I and World War II, because of its location on the crossing of two important roads.
The entire Jewish community of 30 families, which comprised the majority of the population of Alanta, was killed during the Holocaust in August 1941. Alanta has a rare, surviving wooden synagogue.
## Palace of Alanta estate {#palace_of_alanta_estate}
The palace of the estate, which houses a library and an ethnographic museum, has been renovated and its park trimmed. The founder of the Alanta library, Elvyra Satkūnaitė, was named \"The best librarian of Lithuania\" in 1996
| 312 |
Alanta
| 0 |
10,032,594 |
# Pestonji Kanga
**Pestonji D Kanga** was a Mumbai-based Parsee cricketer. Kanga was an all-rounder, good with the bat, a fast-bowler with variety. He was part of the Parsi team that toured England in 1888. The 1939 book *Parsi Lustre on Indian Soil: Volume 2*, compiled by Hormusji Dhunjishaw Darukhanawala, reported: *\"Mr. Pestonjee Kanga was a keen golfer and an enthusiastic Rotarian. Hygiene was his hobby and in 1907 he wrote a book entitled \' Reflections on Plague and the Methods of Checking It\'
| 84 |
Pestonji Kanga
| 0 |
10,032,602 |
# LPRC Oilers
**LPRC Oilers** is a football club from Liberia based in Monrovia. Their home stadium is the Liberia Petroleum Refining Company. The LPRC Oilers have been a fixture in Liberian football since the late 1980s.
## Achievements
- **Liberian Premier League: 7**
:
: 1991, 1992, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2019, 2021.
- **Liberian Cup: 6**
:
: 1988, 1989, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2005.
- **Liberian Super Cup: 1**
:
: 2002\.
- **President Cup: 2**
:
: 2015, 2019
| 81 |
LPRC Oilers
| 0 |
10,032,646 |
# Horus swift
The **Horus swift** (***Apus horus***) is a small bird in the swift family Apodidae that is found in sub-Saharan Africa. Horus, whose name this bird commemorates, was the ancient Egyptian god of the sun, son of Osiris and Isis.
## Taxonomy
The Horus swift was formally described in 1869 by the German explorer and ornithologist Theodor von Heuglin under the binomial name *Cypselus horus*. The specific epithet is from Ancient Egyptian mythology: Horus was the god of the sun. This species is now one of 20 swifts placed in the genus *Apus* that was introduced in 1777 by the Italian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. The species is treated as monotypic. The subspecies *A. h. fuscobrunneus* and *A. h. toulsoni* were formerly recognised but are now considered to be colour morphs of the nominate form.
## Description
The Horus swift is 13 -- long and quite bulky. It appears entirely blackish except for a white patch on the chin and a white rump. It has a medium length forked tail. It has a fluttering flight like little swift. The little swift has a square tail, and more extensive white on the rump than Horus, and white-rumped swift has a more deeply forked tail and a narrower white band. The call is a buzzing *peeeeooo, peeeeooo*.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The swift breeds in sub-Saharan Africa. It has an extensive continuous distribution from eastern and southern South Africa north to southern Zambia and central Mozambique, and has recently colonised the De Hoop Nature Reserve area of the Western Cape. It also occurs very discontinuously in much of the rest of the sub-Saharan region, with the Ethiopian mountains and the area from central Kenya into Uganda having large populations. Identification difficulties confuse the limits of this species\' range. Birds in South Africa are migratory, wintering further north. Other populations are resident apart from local movements.
## Behaviour
The Horus swift breeds in old burrows of bee-eaters, ground woodpeckers, kingfishers and martins, which are typically in natural or artificial sandy banks. The flat nest of vegetation and hair, glued with saliva is built at the end of the tunnel and 1-4 eggs are laid. The eggs are incubated for 28 days to hatching, and the fledging period is about 6 weeks. This species is not colonial, but the nature of its breeding habitat means that a number of pairs may be scattered through a bee-eater or banded martin colony. It feeds at middle levels over adjacent habitats, but avoids large towns
| 421 |
Horus swift
| 0 |
10,032,652 |
# Neutral detergent fiber
**Neutral detergent fiber** (**NDF**) is the most common measure of fiber used for animal feed analysis, but it does not represent a unique class of chemical compounds. NDF measures most of the structural components in plant cells (i.e. lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose), but not pectin. Further analysis can be done to the sample to determine individual components such as acid detergent fiber (ADF) analysis.
The process of determining NDF content involves a neutral detergent that dissolves plant pectins, proteins, sugars and lipids. This leaves behind the fibrous parts such as cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose.
Recent nutritional requirement tables for ruminants report limits for NDF intake.
The level of NDF in the animal ration influences the animal\'s intake of dry matter and the time of rumination. The concentration of NDF in feeds is negatively correlated with energy concentration
| 141 |
Neutral detergent fiber
| 0 |
10,032,673 |
# List of University of Hull people
This is a list of notable people associated with the University of Hull, including alumni, academics, and staff
| 25 |
List of University of Hull people
| 0 |
10,032,714 |
# Sander P. Zwegers
**Sander Pieter Zwegers** (born April 16, 1975) is a Dutch mathematician who made a connection between Maass forms and Srinivasa Ramanujan\'s mock theta functions in 2002. He was born in Oosterhout. After a period at the Max-Planck Institute in Bonn, he became an assistant professor at the University College Dublin in 2008. Since 2011, he has been professor of number theory at the University of Cologne.
## Research
In 1976, the American mathematician George Andrews found what is nowadays known as the \"Lost Notebook\" of Ramanujan. It contains many remarkable results, including the mysterious mock theta functions. This notebook contains what many specialists regard as Ramanujan's deepest work. It was Sander Zwegers who, as a PhD student, had groundbreaking ideas how to fit the mock theta functions into a broader context. His 2002 PhD thesis has led to numerous publications and international conferences.
Zwegers\' general area of interest is number theory. More specifically, he studies modular forms and variations thereof, such as Maass forms, mock modular forms, (indefinite) theta functions, and (Maass) Jacobi forms
| 178 |
Sander P. Zwegers
| 0 |
10,032,739 |
# William J. Begert
General **William J. Begert** (born June 9, 1946) is a retired four-star general in the United States Air Force (USAF). He served as commander, Pacific Air Forces, and Air Component Commander for the Commander, United States Pacific Command, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. As commander, he had responsibility for USAF activities spread over half the globe in a command that supports 55,500 airmen serving principally in Hawaii, Alaska, Guam, Japan and the Republic of Korea.
## Background
Begert graduated from the United States Air Force Academy in 1968 and served as an instructor and evaluator pilot in C-141 Starlifter, O-2 Skymaster and C-5 Galaxy aircraft early in his career. During the Vietnam War, he was assigned as a forward air controller at Da Nang Air Base, Republic of Vietnam, where he flew more than 300 combat missions over Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos. He has more than 875 combat hours. In earlier assignments, Begert commanded a flying squadron and two USAF wings. He was chief of the Mobility Forces Division on the Air Staff. At Scott AFB, Illinois, he served as chief of staff as well as director of operations and logistics for Headquarters U.S. Transportation Command, and as inspector general for Headquarters Air Mobility Command. Begert was the first commander of the USAF Air Mobility Warfare Center at McGuire AFB, New Jersey. He also served as the vice commander of United States Air Forces in Europe during the air war over Serbia. Prior to becoming PACAF commander, he was the assistant vice chief of staff for Headquarters USAF, Washington, D.C. Begert retired on August 1, 2004. In 2005, Begert was named vice president for military international programs & business development with Pratt & Whitney, Military Engines. He is married to the former Joanne Feeley of Palos Park, Illinois. The Begerts have a son, Bill, a daughter, Kary, and two grandchildren.
## Education
- 1968 Bachelor of Science degree, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- 1974 Squadron Officer School, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
- 1980 Master\'s degree in public administration, University of Colorado
- 1981 Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
- 1985 National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
- 1990 Management Program for Executives, Joseph M. Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh
- 1995 Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University
| 404 |
William J. Begert
| 0 |
10,032,739 |
# William J. Begert
## Assignments
- August 1968 -- August 1969, student, undergraduate pilot training, Randolph AFB, Texas
- September 1969 -- March 1971, C-141 pilot and aircraft commander, 20th Military Airlift Squadron, Dover AFB, Delaware
- April 1971 -- September 1971, French language student, Defense Language Institute, Washington, D.C.
- October 1971 -- December 1971, combat crew training, Hurlburt Field, Florida
- January 1972 -- January 1973, O-2A forward air controller and flight examiner pilot, 20th Tactical Air Support Squadron, Da Nang Air Base, Republic of Vietnam
- February 1973 -- June 1977, C-5 pilot and flight examiner, 9th Military Airlift Squadron, 436th Military Airlift Wing, Dover AFB, Delaware
- July 1977 -- June 1978, military studies instructor, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- July 1978 -- July 1980, Air Officer Commanding, Cadet Squadron 20, U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado
- August 1980 -- June 1981, student, Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB, Alabama
- July 1981 -- December 1982, C-5 Aircraft Commander and Wing Executive Officer, 436th Military Airlift Wing, Dover AFB, Delaware
- January 1983 -- July 1984, squadron commander of 3rd Military Airlift Squadron, Dover AFB, Delaware
- August 1984 -- May 1985, student, National War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, D.C.
- June 1985 -- May 1986, mobility forces programmer, Directorate of Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- June 1986 -- April 1987, deputy chief of Mobility Forces Division, Directorate of Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- May 1987 -- January 1988, chief of Mobility Forces Division and chairman of Mobility Panel, Directorate of Programs, Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- February 1988 -- August 1989, vice commander, 436th Military Airlift Wing, Dover AFB, Delaware
- September 1989 -- May 1990, commander of 436th Military Airlift Wing, Dover AFB, Delaware
- June 1990 -- June 1991, commander of 60th Military Airlift Wing, Travis AFB, California
- July 1991 -- November 1992, chief of staff, Headquarters U.S. Transportation Command, Scott AFB, Illinois
- December 1992 -- July 1994, inspector general, Headquarters Air Mobility Command, Scott AFB, Illinois
- July 1994 -- March 1995, commander, U.S. Air Force Air Mobility Warfare Center, Air Mobility Command, McGuire AFB, New Jersey
- March 1995 -- August 1997, director of operations and logistics, J3 and J4, Headquarters U.S. Transportation Command, Scott AFB, Illinois
- August 1997 -- August 1999, vice commander of Headquarters U.S. Air Forces in Europe, Ramstein Air Base, Germany
- August 1999 -- May 2001, assistant vice chief of staff at Headquarters U.S. Air Force, Washington, D.C.
- May 2001 -- August 2004, commander of Pacific Air Forces, and Air Component Commander for the Commander in Chief, U.S
| 453 |
William J. Begert
| 1 |
10,032,775 |
# LISCR FC
**Liberian International Shipping & Corporate Registry FC**, abbreviated to **LISCR FC**, is a football (soccer) club from Liberia based in Gardnersville, Montserrado County. They play their home matches at the Antoinette Tubman Stadium in central Monrovia. They have won the Liberia Football Association Knockout three times and the Liberia Super Cup trophy twice. They won the premiership title for the first time in their history in the 2010--11 season and retained the title the following season (2011--12). LISCR became the last winner of the Liberian Premier League before the dissolution of the league to the first division by the Liberia Football Association. After five years of the dissolution of the Premiership, they won the new first division for the first time in 2017 after finishing top of the 2016--17 Liberia First Division League table with an unbeaten record.
## Early history {#early_history}
The club was formed on August 24, 1995, as Young Barcelona by its president, Mustapha I. Raji. Its first appearance in Liberian football was in the Gardnersville Sub-committee. It ended the 1995--96 season as the champions of the 4th division and qualified for the 3rd division of the Gardnersville sub-committee league. In 1997 the club emerged as champions of the 3rd division but failed in the process to qualify for the Division 2 category the following season. The club continued with its campaign in getting to the 2nd division as crowned champions of the 3rd division in 1998.
The team earned a well-deserved position in Liberian football after winning the Liberia Football Association 2nd division championship in 1999 and gained promotion to the 1st division and later got promotion to Liberia Football Association Premier League in 2000.
## Premier League and First Division {#premier_league_and_first_division}
As a club in the Liberian Premier League, **LISCR FC** won its first trophy in 2004 when they won the Liberian FA Cup. The following year, 2005, the team won its second Liberian FA Cup trophy. Six years after winning its second Liberian FA Cup, LISCR won the 2010--11 Liberian Premiership and represented Liberia in the 2012 CAF Champions League where they were knocked out by Ghanaian club, Berekum Chelsea in the preliminary round. They won their second premiership title the following season (2011--12) and again represented Liberia in the 2013 CAF Champions League. They were drawn against Union Douala of Cameroon. Again, the club was knocked out in the preliminary round by Cameroonian side as they failed to reach the first round qualifiers.
Before the start of the 2016--17 season, the club signed Gambian coach Mustapha Manneh who led the club to an unbeaten league run. The club won the new First Division title in style as they finish the 2016--17 First Division League unbeaten, becoming the first and only Liberian club to win the league unbeaten. From 22 matches, the team was able to obtain 10 wins and 12 draws as they ended the league season with 42 points. The 2016--17 season turned out to be the best in the club\'s history by winning both the league and the FA Cup.
## Unbeaten league run {#unbeaten_league_run}
The club became the first and only club in Liberia to win the top-flight league and any league without conceding defeat. They won the 2016--17 **Liberia First Division** with an unbeaten record in 22 matches. The club managed 10 wins and 12 draws to complete the league season without defeat.
## Achievements
- **Liberian Premier League / First Division: 4**
:
: 2011, 2012, 2017, 2023
- **LFA Cup: 5**
:
: 2004, 2005, 2017, 2019, 2022, 2023
- **Super Cup: 5**
:
: 2004, 2011, 2018, 2022, 2023
| 606 |
LISCR FC
| 0 |
10,032,775 |
# LISCR FC
## Performance in CAF competitions {#performance_in_caf_competitions}
- **CAF Champions League: 3 appearances**
:
: 2012 -- Preliminary Round
: 2013 -- Preliminary Round
: 2018 - Preliminary Round
- **CAF Cup: 1 appearance**
:
: 2003 -- Withdrew in First Round
## Current squad {#current_squad}
`{{Fs start}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=25|nat=LBR|name=[[Ashley Williams (Liberian footballer)|Ashley Williams]]|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=12|nat=LBR|name=Sabastien Teclar|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=26|nat=LBR|name=Rodney Gbanjah|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=LBR|name=Musa Koulibaly|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=10|nat=LBR|name=Sheku Sheriff|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=13|nat=LBR|name=Lassana Kamara|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=14|nat=LBR|name=[[Marlon Harrison]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=7|nat=LBR|name=Mark Karlay|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=17|nat=LBR|name=Fredrick Jarbah|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=18|nat=LBR|name=[[Tommy Songo]] ([[Captain (association football)|Captain]])|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=LBR|name=Saviour Brown|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} (on loan from Gardnersville FC) `{{Fs player|no=20|nat=LBR|name=Darius Kah|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=6|nat=LBR|name=Christopher Sergbeh|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=23|nat=LBR|name=Prince Bono|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=27|nat=LBR|name=Stephen Jabateh|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs mid}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=5|nat=LBR|name=John Mulbah|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=21|nat=LBR|name=Maliki Kromah|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=11|nat=LBR|name=Albert Karlon|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=1|nat=LBR|name=Juanito Sayeh|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=2|nat=LBR|name=Joe Bloe|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=22|nat=LBR|name= Benjamin Doe|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=24|nat=LBR|name= Fallah Johnson Jr
| 132 |
LISCR FC
| 1 |
10,032,783 |
# Fairey P.4/34
The **Fairey P.4/34** was a competitor for an order for a light bomber to serve with the Royal Air Force. Although not produced in that form, it formed the basis for the Fulmar long-range carrier-based fighter for the Fleet Air Arm.
## Development
In 1934 the Air Ministry issued Specification P.4/34 which called for a light bomber that could also be used in a close-support role. Fairey, Gloster and Hawker tendered proposals; contracts were issued for the construction of examples of the Hawker and Fairey designs. The P.4/34 was a low-wing all-metal monoplane, powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, with a crew of two accommodated in tandem under a long-glazed canopy. Its layout was similar to the earlier Fairey Battle bomber but the P.4/34 was smaller and had a wide track, inwards-retracting undercarriage. The aircraft was stressed for dive bombing, as required by the specification and carried its load of two 250 lb bombs underwing (the competing Hawker aircraft had an internal bomb bay).
Two Fairey P.4/34s were ordered, with the first (serial *K5099*) flying on 13 January 1937. The prototype Hawker Henley followed on 10 March 1937. The Hawker was deemed superior but the demand for a light bomber had changed and it entered service as a target tug. The Royal Danish Navy purchased a licence to build the P.4/34 and a production line set up at the Danish Naval Shipyard (*Orlogsværftet*) in Copenhagen. None of the twelve aircraft ordered was completed by the time of the Operation Weserübung the German Invasion of Denmark in 1940.
The P.4/34 would serve as the basis for a two-seat, long-range, carrier-based fighter for the Fleet Air Arm to meet the requirements of Specification O.8/38. The second prototype P.4/34 (serial *K7555*) was modified with, among other things, a reduced-span wing and lowered tailplane as an aerodynamic prototype for the Fulmar. It was later used to test retractable Fairey-Youngman flaps to be used on the Fairey Firefly fighter.
Meanwhile, by 1938, the first prototype P4 had transferred to RAE Farnborough, where it was used for testing the effects of barrage balloons -- by deliberately flying into a weighted cable hung beneath (not the actual tether cable). Initially the tests were carried out over RAF Lakenheath, transferring in September 1939 to RAF Pawlett Hams. A Battle \'chase plane\' from RAF Mildenhall was provided to film the results. Later the P4 was joined by another Battle: although both were reinforced to withstand the impacts severe damage to the airframe was usual. Most of the flights were made by Johnny Kent (the original pilot chosen, A. E. Clouston, had taken leave to pursue the London -- New Zealand speed record) -- who accumulated more than 300 collisions and was awarded The Air Force Cross for his efforts. Of the P4 Kent said \"a delightful aeroplane through all manoeuvres except for the spin which was really vicious\...\"
## Specifications (P.4/34) {#specifications_p
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# Single combat
**Single combat** is a duel between two single combatants which takes place in the context of a battle between two armies.
Instances of single combat are known from Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The champions were often combatants who represented larger, spectator groups. Such representative contests and stories thereof are known worldwide.
Typically, it takes place in the no-man\'s-land between the opposing armies, with other warriors watching and themselves refraining from fighting until one of the two single combatants has won. Often, it is champion warfare, with the two considered the champions of their respective sides.
Single combat could also take place within a larger battle. Neither ancient nor medieval warfare always relied on the line or phalanx formation. The *Iliad* notably describes the battles of the Trojan war as a series of single encounters on the field, and the medieval code of chivalry, partly inspired by this, encouraged the single combat between individual knights on the battlefield, in which the loser was not usually killed but taken captive for ransom. However, the use of the longbow and the pike square against mounted knights (as at the battles of Crécy and Laupen) ended this tradition in the 14th century, although it was continued away from the battlefield, with the *\[\[pas d\'armes\]\]* and the early modern duel.
## Antiquity
An important episode in \"The Tale of Sinuhe\", one of the most well-known works of Ancient Egyptian literature, concerns the protagonist -- an Egyptian exile in Upper Retjenu (Canaan) -- defeating a powerful opponent in single combat.
Duels between individual warriors are depicted in the *Iliad*, including those between Menelaus and Paris and later between Achilles and Hector. The Hebrew Bible also includes a few accounts of single combat, the most famous being David versus Goliath.
Single combat is mentioned quite frequently in the history of ancient Rome -- Romulus defeated Acro, king of Caenina for the *spolia opima*; the Horatii\'s defeat of the Alba Longan Curiatii in the 7th century BC is reported by Livy to have settled a war in Rome\'s favor and subjected Alba Longa to Rome; Aulus Cornelius Cossus defeated Lars Tolumnius, king of the Veientes in single combat and took the *spolia opima*. In the 3rd century BC; Marcus Claudius Marcellus took the *spolia opima* from Viridomarus, king of the Gaesatae, at the Battle of Clastidium (222 BC); and Marcus Licinius Crassus from Deldo, king of the Bastarnae (29 BC).
Depictions of single combat also appear in the Hindu epics of the Mahābhārata and the Ramayana. Single combats are often preludes to battles in the Chinese epic *Romance of the Three Kingdoms* and are featured prominently throughout the epic.
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# Single combat
## Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
According to the Byzantine historians Nikephoros and Theophanes the Confessor, during the Battle of Nineveh - climactic battle of the Byzantine--Sasanian War of 602--628 - the Persian general Rhahzadh challenged the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius to single combat with the hope of forcing the Romans to flee. Heraclius accepted the challenge and spurred his horse forward and with a single blow struck off Rhahzadh\'s head, taking from the dead Persian his shield of 120 gold plates and gold breastplate as trophies. With Rhahzadh\'s death perished the Persians\' hopes of victory: seeing their brave commander and many other high-ranking officers being slain by Heraclius and his household troops, the Persian troops lost heart and were slaughtered suffering around 6,000 casualties.
In *The Cattle Raid of Cooley*, a famous episode of Irish mythology, all the warriors of Ulster but Cúchulainn are made sick by a curse and unable to fight the invading army of Queen Maeb, leaving Cúchulainn to fight a whole series of single combats by himself until they recover. The Welsh mythological tale, the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi, depicts a single combat between the southern prince Pryderi and the northern magician Gwydion, to determine the victor of a war between the two kingdoms.
Many battles depicted in the medieval Chanson de Roland consist of a series of single combats, as are battles in the early Russian epic poem *The Tale of Igor\'s Campaign* (the basis of Borodin\'s Opera *Prince Igor*) and the battles depicted in various tales of the *Arabian Nights*.
Guy of Warwick, the legendary English Romance hero, is depicted as defeating in single combat the Viking giant Colbrand; the story is set in the time of Athelstan of England, but actually reflects the society of the late Middle Ages.
An important episode in Geoffrey of Monmouth\'s legendary *History of the Kings of Britain* is the single combat between prince Nennius of Britain and Julius Caesar.
Single combat was also a prelude to battles in pre-Islamic Arabia and early Islamic battles. For example, the Battle of Badr, one of the most important in the early history of Islam, was opened by three champions of the Islamic side (Ali, Ubaydah, and Hamzah) stepping forward, engaging and defeating three of the then-Pagan Meccans, although Ubaydah was mortally wounded. This result of the three single combats was considered to have substantially contributed to the Muslim victory in the overall battle which followed. Duels were also part of other battles at the time of Muhammad, such as the battle of Uhud, battle of the Trench and the battle of Khaybar. In the early Muslim conquest the Muslim commander would often duel with the enemy commander, for example, Khalid ibn al-Walid and Hormozd in the battle of the chains.
Single combats were characteristic of the Samurai fighting tradition and known as *Ikki-uchi*. As each samurai commanded his unit of retainers, successfully challenging and defeating the opposing samurai by a single combat can force the entire unit to retreat minimizing casualties and changing the course of battle. Those seeking a suitable opponent, frequently used Nanori to issue a challenge by announcing his name and bravery as well as ridiculing opponents to boost morale of his side as well as enrage the opponent to force the combat. As this is a high-risk-low-return strategy for the winning side, already defeated side, or ill-matched opponent (difference of personal standing or martial reputation) it was acceptable to decline or elude the single combat. An example of single-combat with the tragic result for the victor is told in *Heike Monogatari* as Kumagai Naozane defeated Taira no Atsumori at the Battle of Ichi-no-Tani. It could be banned by the overall commander as needed and notably during Mongol invasions of Japan, particularly during the second invasion in 1281, samurai fought as massed mounted archer/warrior with the annihilation of enemy as the goal. This tradition declines and disappears during the Sengoku period as each side prepared trained armies in thousands or even tens of thousands making the single combat have a limited, if any, effect on the outcome of the battle.
In Russia, single combat is known as *bash na bash* (an old Russian expression meaning \"one-on-one\"), substituting a fight between champions for a full-scale battle was a traditional way to avoid the bloodshed of an internecine war. The leaders of the opposing *druzhinas* or other armed groups either rode towards the centre of the battlefield or sent messengers to negotiate whether the two most skilled fighters or the leaders themselves would engage in single combat, usually to the death. The outcome of the champions\' fight would then be taken as a sign of which side the higher powers favoured, and could have political consequences similar to the result of a full battle.
The oldest written account of such a fight is found in Nestor\'s *Primary Chronicle*; it describes a duel between a Kievan champion and the Pechenegs\' best fighter. The most well-known fight, however, was that between Prince Mstislav the Brave of Tmutarakan and the Kasog Prince Rededia in 1022, in which Mstislav defeated Rededia and killed him with a dagger. According to the *Primary Chronicle*, Mstislav\'s victory allowed him to take tribute from the Kasogs and to have a church built; he also took Rededia\'s wife and two sons and had them baptised into Christianity, upon which he had his daughter married to Rededia\'s son according to the tradition of the times. Although Rededia had been killed, he was honoured by Mstislav, and his family joined the ranks of the Russian nobility.
The semi-legendary *Tale of the Destruction of Ryazan* includes an extensive account of the combat between the Russian hero Evpaty Kolovrat and the Tatar warrior Hostovrul. Kolovrat splits his opponent in half with his sword and wins the duel. However, Kolovrat is then attacked and killed from a distance by Tatar stone throwers. The Mongol ruler Batu Khan, impressed with his bravery, honours his body.
Sometimes however, such single combat would merely initiate a battle rather than prevent it. The most famous example of this was the duel between Russian monk Alexander Peresvet and the Golden Horde champion Chelubey or Temir-Murza at the beginning of the Battle of Kulikovo in 1380. The champions killed each other in the first run, though according to Russian legend, Peresvet did not fall from the saddle, while Temir-Murza did.
In the 16th century Horn of Africa, during a confrontation between the armies of the Ethiopian Empire and those of the Adal Sultanate, emir Mahfuz of the Adal Sultanate sent a challenge into the Ethiopian Christian camp, offering to fight any warrior from among the Christians in single combat. This was to be done provided that the victory should be accounted to belong to the army whose champion was victorious, and that both sides should withdraw their troops without further confrontation. The challenge was accepted by the enemy. Gabriel Andreas, a soldier of tried valour was chosen as the champion of the Christians by general consensus. The two champions met and the fight began. During the ensuing combat, Gabriel struck Mahfuz between his neck and shoulders, nearly cleaving his body in two. The Emir thus fell dead on the ground. Gabriel then cut Mahfuz\'s head off and took it to the Christian army\'s ranks. As he threw the severed head at the emperor's feet, he exclaimed \"There is the Goliath of the infidels.\", thereby signalling his brothers-in-arms to charge into the Adalite lines. The charging Christinas defeated their enemies and launched a massive raid into Adalite territory.
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# Single combat
## Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
In Kerala, India, duelling between warriors was used to settle conflicts between local rulers. The prime martial caste of Kerala, Nairs, and some prominent Ezhava families made up the Chekavars (which literally means \"those who are prepared to die\" in the Malayalam language). Some prominent warriors who took part in such *ankam* (duels) were Thacholi Othenan, Unniarcha, Aromal Chekavar, whose legends are described in the *Vadukkan Pattukal* (Northern Ballads). The Mamankam Festival held by the Zamorin ruler in the kingdom of modern-day Kozhikode, was a ritual which glorified the martial traditions of warrior families in the Malabar. The ritual ended after the Zamorin was overthrown. The Kerala practice was discontinued in the 19th century under the British Raj.
In Southeast Asia, formal elephant duels were sometimes contested between opposing army leaders to determine the outcome of a conflict, in lieu of full-on fighting by their armies.
## Modern examples {#modern_examples}
Captain John Smith of Jamestown is reputed in his earlier career as a mercenary in Eastern Europe to have defeated, killed and beheaded Turkish commanders in three single combats, for which he was knighted by the Transylvanian Prince Sigismund Báthory and given a horse and coat of arms showing three Turks\' heads.
Dramatist Ben Jonson, in conversations with the poet William Drummond, recounted that when serving in the Low Countries as a volunteer with the regiments of Francis Vere, he had defeated an opponent in single combat \"in view of both armies\" and stripped him of his weapons.
In more recent times, single combats have become iconic -- though often apocryphal -- elements of aerial dogfights, with the idea, if not the practice, of single combat in the skies particularly prevalent during the First World War with the air forces\' emphasis on a sort of individualism and chivalry. Manfred von Richthofen, the infamous \"Red Baron\", is recorded as writing \"If I am alone with an opponent \... only a jammed gun or an engine problem can prevent me from shooting him down
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# Emil Guillermo
**Emil Guillermo** is an American print and broadcast journalist, commentator and humorist. His column, \"Emil Amok\", appeared for more than 14 years in *AsianWeek*---at one time, the most widely read and largest circulating Asian American newsweekly in the U.S. The column has now migrated to the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund site blog. He is especially known for being the last press reporter to speak with Ronald Ebens about the death of Vincent Chin.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Born in San Francisco, Guillermo is an alumnus of Harvard University, where he studied history and film, and was a member of the Harvard Lampoon. He delivered the Ivy Oration as class humorist in 1977.
## Career
From 1989 to 1991, he was host of NPR\'s *All Things Considered.* He was the first Asian American male, and first Filipino American, to host a regularly scheduled national news broadcast. He has also worked as a television reporter in San Francisco, Dallas, and Washington, D.C. He has hosted his own radio talk show in Washington D.C., San Francisco and Sacramento. His writing and commentary has been widely published in newspapers around the country, and has earned him national and regional journalism awards.
From 1995 to 2010, He wrote weekly \"Emil Amok\" columns in Asian Week.
In 2010, Guillermo began writing the blog for the Asian American Legal Defense and Education Fund.
In 2015, Guillermo received the Asian American Journalists Association\'s Dr. Suzanne Ahn Award for Civil Rights & Social Justice, in recognition of excellence in coverage of Asian American Pacific Islander civil rights and social justice issues,
He began performing a collection of monologues based on his life stories called \"Amok Monologues.\" His first performance was in 2015 at The Marsh in San Francisco. In 2016, he began touring Fringe Festivals with his show, starting in 2016.
Guillermo is the author of *Amok: Essays from an Asian American Perspective*---a compilation of essays originally published in Asian Week---that won an American Book Award in 2000.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Emil Guillermo\'s cousin, 26-year-old Stephen Guillermo, was fatally shot in the Mission District in San Francisco on May 3, 2014. Stephen, who was drunk and unarmed, got off the elevator on the wrong floor of his apartment building and entered an apartment identical to his own but two floors below. He walked to the door that had the same number of his apartment, struggled with the doorknob, but managed to get inside. The 68-year-old male occupant of that apartment fired one shot that killed Stephen. The shooter claimed that he feared for his life from an intruder. He was initially booked for murder but was released two days later and prosecutors declined to file charges against him. Emil has expressed disapproval over the prosecutors\' decision to not file charges
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# List of Swedish ice hockey champions
The **Swedish ice hockey champions** (*Svenska mästare i ishockey*) is a title awarded annually to the winning playoff team of the top-tier ice hockey league in Sweden, which currently is the Swedish Hockey League (SHL) since 1975. It was first awarded to IK Göta in 1922, the championship\'s inaugural year. The championship\'s present SHL format did not take into effect until the league was originally formed for the 1975--76 season under the name of Elitserien. A team who wins the Swedish Championship is awarded the Le Mat Trophy. Djurgårdens IF holds the most titles in history with 16 titles, but Brynäs IF is the most successful current SHL team with 13 championship titles. The most recent Swedish Champions are Luleå HF, who won their second title in club history in 2025.
Before 1953, the Swedish champions were determined through a standalone tournament, the Swedish Ice Hockey Championship, where teams could submit their participation. In other words, the leagues were not connected with the Swedish Championship during this period. Between 1953 and 1955, the winner was decided through matches between the winners of Division 1 Norra and Division 1 Södra. From 1956 to 1965, the Swedish champions was the winner of a second round group stage following Division 1. In the years of 1966 and 1967 a play-off was played between Division 1 teams and the 1968 season saw a return to second round group stage. In the 1975--76 season, the Elitserien was started and from the last season with Division 1, 1974--75, playoffs for the top four teams decided the Swedish ice hockey champions. From 1987--88, eight teams have played the championships, and from 2013--14 ten teams. (The league was expanded from 10 to 12 teams in 1987--88, and from 12 to 14 teams in 2015--16
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# The Absolute Sound
***The Absolute Sound*** (**TAS**) is an American audiophile magazine which reviews high-end audio equipment, along with recordings and comments on various music-related subjects.
## History
*The Absolute Sound* was founded in 1973 by Harry Pearson, who was its editor-in-chief and publisher. In the early years, TAS was a quarterly, digest-sized magazine and accepted no advertisements. During the 1970s and 1980s, TAS (along with Stereophile) was influential in the audiophile industry. Pearson is credited as being the most important figure in the rise of High-End audio.
Until the mid- to late 1990s, Pearson owned and directed all rights to TAS. The magazine was published by Pearson Publishing Inc., which also published a sister high-end video review magazine published quarterly called *The Perfect Vision*. Pearson remained the chairman of its editorial advisory board until 2006 and regularly contributed a feature entitled HP\'s Workshop until his departure in 2012. The magazine is now published by NextScreen, LLC. of Round Rock, Texas
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# Enfilade (Xanadu)
**Enfilades** are a class of tree data structures invented by computer scientist Ted Nelson and used in Project Xanadu \"Green\" designs of the 1970s and 1980s. Enfilades allow quick editing, versioning, retrieval and inter-comparison operations in a large, cross-linked hypertext database. The Xanadu \"Gold\" design starting in the 1990s used a related data structure called the **Ent**.
## Structure and properties {#structure_and_properties}
Although the principles of enfilades can be applied to any tree data structure, the particular structure used in the Xanadu system was much like a B-Tree. What distinguishes enfilades is the use of **dsps** and **wids** in the indexing information within tree nodes.
Dsps are displacements, offsets or relative keys. A dsp is the difference in key between a containing node and that of a subtree or leaf. For instance, the leaf for a grid square in a map might have a certain longitude and latitude offset relative to the larger grid represented by the subtree the leaf is part of. The key of any leaf of an enfilade is found by combining all the dsps on the path down the tree to that leaf. Dsps can also be used for other context information that is imposed top-down on entire subtrees or ranges of content at once.
Wids are widths, ranges, or bounding boxes. A wid is relative to the key of a subtree or leaf, but specifies a range of addresses covering all items within the subtree. Wids identify the interesting parts of sparsely populated address spaces. In some enfilades, the wids of subtrees under a given node can overlap, and in any case, a search for data within a range of addresses must visit any subtrees whose wids intersect the search range. Wids are combined from the leaves of the tree, upward through all layers to the root (although they are maintained incrementally). Wids can also contain other summaries such as totals or maxima of data.
The relative nature of wids and dsps allows subtrees to be rearranged within an enfilade. By changing the dsp at the top of a subtree, the keys of all the data underneath are implicitly changed. Edit operations in enfilades are performed by \"cutting,\" or splitting the tree down relevant access paths, inserting, deleting or rearranging subtrees, and splicing the pieces back together. The cost of cutting and splicing operations is generally log-like in 1-D trees and between log-like and square-root-like in 2-D trees.
Subtrees can also be shared between trees, or be linked from multiple places within a tree. This makes the enfilade a fully persistent data structure with virtual copying and versioning of content. Each use of a subtree inherits a different context from the chain of dsps down to it. Changes to a copy create new nodes only along the cut paths, and leave the entire original in place. The overhead for a version is very small, a new version\'s tree is balanced and fast, and its storage cost is related only to changes from the original.
One-dimensional enfilades are intermediate between arrays\' direct addressability and linked lists\' ease of insertion, deletion and rearrangement. Multidimensional enfilades resemble loose, rearrangeable, versionable Quad trees, Oct trees or *k*-d trees.
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# Enfilade (Xanadu)
## Types of enfilades in Xanadu {#types_of_enfilades_in_xanadu}
The **Model-T** enfilade, used in Xanadu designs before 1979, is a data structure very much like the Rope. It stores linear sequences of characters, with easy insertion, deletion, rearrangement and versioning, but not with links or easy comparison between versions. Text is stored directly in the leaves of the enfilade.
Later Xanadu designs are more indirect: a growing pool of sharable content pieces, called the istream (invariant stream) is organized into the documents, links and versions---all with virtual addresses---that the users see and work on. A collection of enfilade types manages the bi-directional mapping between virtual and istream addresses. Tracing correspondences and links between documents is made possible by mapping from virtual, to invariant, and back to virtual addresses. Storing documents using shared content pieces that remember their identities and can trace back to all their appearances, is called Transclusion.
The **POOMfilade** (permutation of order matrix) is a 2D enfilade representing a Permutation matrix. This maps virtual position in a document to istream positions in the pooled content that the document is built from. The POOM starts out an identity matrix, then each edit to the document slices and rearranges horizontal strips of the map. The POOM can be queried in the V-\>I or I-\>V directions by searching in squat, wide address ranges or tall, narrow ones.
The **Spanfilade** collects the union of all spans of istream content used by a document or set of documents. Taking the intersection of span-sets from two documents or versions of a document speeds up the comparison of documents. This same mechanism is used to find links from or to a document.
The **Granfilade** organizes the storage of all this information on disks and a network of servers.
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# Enfilade (Xanadu)
## Trade secret until 1999 {#trade_secret_until_1999}
Enfilades (internal data structures) and istream addresses are not exposed to Xanadu\'s external interfaces. Enfilades were trade-secret information until the Xanadu code was made open-source in 1999, and were mentioned but not explained in some publications before that point.
Client-server communications in the Xanadu system use vstream addresses in a format called tumblers.
Hence the term Enfilade is not mentioned explicitly in the [FeBe](http://udanax.xanadu.com/green/febe/index.html) (Front end - Back end protocol) document, but is instead noted indirectly in [Xanalogical Structure](http://www.xanadu.com.au/ted/XUsurvey/xuDation.html) and several other documents. In the aforementioned document, it is noted that xu88 was based on \"General Enfilade Theory\".
## History
In 1972, xu72 introduced the concept of the Enfilade. This was called the \"Model T Enfilade\", and was used in a word-processing type interface. In 1976, xu76 implemented the \"tightly coupled enfilade\". In 1980, the xu80 system introduced the \"ent\", described as a versioning enfilade. In 1988, the xu88 system utilized the concept of \"General Enfilade Theory\" of Mark S. Miller, Stuart Greene and Roger Gregory, described as \"generating data management trees with an upwardly propagating search property and simultaneously a downwardly imposable structural property\". The xu88 also extended the concept of the Enfilade over a distributed network, introduced two-dimensional Enfilades, and implemented an algorithm for searching the entire docuverse for overlapping Enfilade spans. In 1992, xu92 implemented the modern concept of the ent
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# Guzmania lingulata
***Guzmania lingulata***, the **droophead tufted airplant** or **scarlet star**, is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, subfamily Tillandsioideae. This evergreen epiphytic perennial is native to rainforest habitats in Central America, northern and central South America and southern Mexico. The Latin word *lingulata* means \"tongue-shaped\". The foliage grows in a star-shaped basal rosette culminating in an orange and red bracted inflorescence. It is among the most commonly cultivated bromeliad types, with cultivars producing flowers in shades of maroon, red, orange, yellow or pink.
## Varieties
Four varieties are recognized:
- *Guzmania lingulata* var. *cardinalis* (André) Mez -- Colombia, Ecuador
- *Guzmania lingulata* var. *concolor* Proctor & Cedeño-Mald. -- Central America, West Indies, northern and central South America (Guianas and Colombia south to Bolivia), southern Mexico
- *Guzmania lingulata* var. *flammea* (L.B.Sm.) L.B.Sm. -- Colombia, Ecuador
- *Guzmania lingulata* var
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# Mark Professionals FC
**Mark Professionals** was a football (soccer) club from Liberia based in Monrovia. Their home stadium was the Antonette Tubman Stadium. They never won the Liberian Premier League (LPL) or the Liberian Cup in their history. The club dissolved at the end of the 2007 season
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# Josef Paldus
**Josef Paldus**, `{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|FRSC}}`{=mediawiki} (November 25, 1935 -- January 15, 2023) was a Czech-born Canadian theoretical chemist who was a Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Applied Mathematics at the University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Paldus became associate professor at the University of Waterloo after emigration to Canada from (former) Czechoslovakia in 1968. In 1975 he was promoted to full professor at this university, and he retired in 2001.
Paldus\' research was mainly in the field of quantum chemistry and especially in the mathematical aspects of it. He is known for his collaborative work with Jiří Čížek on coupled cluster theory. Paldus and Čížek adapted the many-body coupled cluster method to many-electron systems, thus making it a viable method in the study of the electronic correlation that occurs in atoms and molecules.
Other well-known work by Paldus is the Unitary Group Approach. This approach regards the computation of Hamiltonian matrix elements over *N*-electron spin eigenstates that appear in electronic correlation problems.
Paldus (co)authored over 330 scientific papers.
Paldus possessed several doctoral degrees: In 1961 he received a PhD in Physical Chemistry at the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. In 1995 he became DrSc at the Charles University in Prague. In June 2006 he became Dr.h.c. at the Comenius University in Bratislava and in June 2008 he was awarded the honorary degree *Docteur Honoris Causa* by the Université Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg, France.
Paldus died in Kitchener on January 15, 2023, at the age of 87.
Other honors received by Paldus are *inter alia*:
- 1981 Corresponding Member of the European Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters, Paris.
- 1983 Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.
- 1984 Member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
- 1985 Member of the New York Academy of Sciences.
- 1990 Member of the Board of Directors, International Society for Theoretical Chemical Physics.
- 1992 J. Heyrovský Gold Medal of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
- 1994 Gold Medal of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
- 1995 Honorary Member of The Learned Society of the Czech Republic.
- 2002 Fellow of the Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences.
- 2005 Gold Medal of Charles University.
- 2007 Honorary Medal *De Scientia et Humanitate Optime Meritis* of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
- 2010 Honorary Fellowship of the European Society of Computational Methods in Sciences and Engineering.
- 2013 Fellow of the American Institute of Physics
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# La Clochette
***La Clochette*** (The Little Bell) was a small spiritual magazine published monthly in French from 1901 to 1919 by a Catholic Church organization in Paris named *La Ligue de la Sainte-Messe* (The League of the Holy Mass). Father Esther Bouquerel (1855--1923) founded the organization and edited the magazine, which had approximately 8,000 subscribers. In December 1912, the magazine published the earliest known version of an anonymous prayer for peace, now widely but erroneously called the Prayer of Saint Francis
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# Route 21 (MTA Maryland)
**Route 21** was a bus route operated by the Maryland Transit Administration in Baltimore. The line ran from the Mondawmin Metro Subway Station to Fells Point, serving the corridors of Gilmor Street, Preston/Biddle Streets, and Caroline Street, and the communities of Sandtown-Winchester, Mt. Royal, and Butcher\'s Hill. The bus route was the successor to the **21 Preston Street--Caroline Street** and **Dolphin Street** streetcar lines.
On June 18, 2017, as a part of the BaltimoreLink network redesign, Route 21 was discontinued, and replaced by the CityLink Lime, CityLink Pink, and CityLink Navy routes.
## History
Route 21 was electrified in 1895 as a streetcar line along Preston and Caroline Streets. In 1938, the line was converted to a rubber tire bus service.
In 1957, the line was extended along Carey Street to the current loop at Cumberland and Carey Streets. The line did not have any routing changes until February 8, 2009, when it was extended north to the Mondawmin Metro Subway Station along Pennsylvania Avenue
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# List of geometrid genera: N
The very large moth family Geometridae contains genera beginning with A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, **N**, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y and Z
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# Serpent Mage (Greg Bear)
***Serpent Mage*** (`{{ISBN|0712616721}}`{=mediawiki}) is a fantasy novel published in 1986 by Greg Bear. , it is the sequel to *The Infinity Concerto*.
## Plot
Michael Perrin is now back home on Earth, living with his parents and continuing his training. Perrin has inherited Arno Waltiri\'s home and estate. Perrin moves in and begins to go through Waltiri\'s papers, where he finds a strange news story about bodies that were discovered in a nearby hotel. Perrin is contacted by a musical faculty member from UCLA, Kristine Pendeers. Pendeers is searching for *Infinity Concerto - Opus 45* with hopes that it has been left in Waltiri\'s estate, with the goal of completing Mahler\'s unfinished Symphony and performing the two pieces together. Perrin trains an apprentice Sidhe, and tries to arbitrate a peace between Sidhe and humans.
## Reviews
- Review by Faren Miller (1986) in Locus, #308 September 1986
- Review by Pascal J. Thomas (1986) in Fantasy Review, December 1986
- Review \[French\] by Pascal J. Thomas (1987) in A&A, #102
- Review by Thomas A. Easton \[as by Tom Easton\] (1987) in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, July 1987
- Review by Charles de Lint (1988) in Short Form, February 1988
- Review by Tom A
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# Thomas Karsten
**Herman Thomas Karsten** (22 April 1884, Amsterdam -- 1945, Cimahi) was a Dutch engineer who gave major contributions to architecture and town planning in Indonesia during Dutch colonial rule. Most significantly he integrated the practice of colonial urban environment with native elements; a radical approach to spatial planning for Indonesia at the time. He introduced a neighborhood plan for all ethnic groups in Semarang, built public markets in Yogyakarta and Surakarta, and a city square in the capital Batavia (now \'Jakarta\'). Between 1915 and 1941 he was given responsibility for planning 12 out of 19 municipalities in Java, 3 out of 9 towns in Sumatra and a town in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). He received official recognition from both the government through his appointment to the colony\'s major Town Planning Committee and by the academic community with his appointment to the position of Lecturer for Town Planning at the School of Engineering at Bandung. He died in an internment camp near Bandung in 1945 during the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies.
## Biography
Raised in a well-educated family, young Thomas Karsten developed progressive and liberal ideas. His father was a professor in philosophy and a university vice-chancellor, while his sister was the first woman in the Netherlands to study chemistry. Thomas Karsten enrolled at the Delft Polytechnische School (precursor of the Delft University of Technology) in the Netherlands and initially studied mechanical engineering, before changing to structural engineering following major institutional reforms to the school. Karsten was not among the leaders in his study, but he graduated from a faculty that had only produced between 3 and 10 graduates until 1920.
Karsten\'s hometown was Amsterdam and in the early 1920s, the city suffered major socio-economic problems. There was a highly segmented urban environment with extreme poverty, ethnic (particularly Jewish) segregation, and inequality. In 1908--1911, while Karsten was still a student, he was closely involved with the proponents of public housing reform in preparing a new housing project. Thomas Karsten\'s ideology towards social reform movements was developed during this time. He was a member of the *Socialistische Technische Vereeniging,* or Association of Socialist Engineers, and later he joined its sister organization in Java. He significantly contributed in a town planning report in the Netherlands, called *Volkshuisvesting in de Nieuwe Stad te Amsterdam* (1909) or \'Public Housing in the New City of Amsterdam\'. Members of this project were socialist reformists, architects and feminists.
To escape World War I in Europe, he moved to the Dutch East Indies (present day of Indonesia), which he saw as a neutral and a far distance place from the war. He went to Java on the invitation of Henri Maclaine Pont, a former fellow student, to assist Pont\'s architecture firm. Never trained as a town planner, Karsten envisaged the Indies-architectural elements with a town planning approach from scratch. His social vision guided him to reject colonial town planning but to shape colonial urban environment by including native elements. In the 1920s he committed himself to the Dutch East Indies saying Java was his \'home\' and that his growing antipathy towards \'Western civilization\' helped him to articulate his work. He married a Javanese woman.
By 1918, he had defined a set of principles for his town planning which saw him engaged as a consultant for major cities in the colony. He was a town planning consultant for Semarang (1916--20, 1936), Buitenzorg (now \'Bogor\') (1920--23), Madiun (1929), Malang (1930--35), Batavia (Jakarta) (1936--37), Magelang (1937--38), Bandung (1941), as well as Cirebon, Meester Cornelis (part of Jakarta which is known as Jatinegara), Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Purwokerto, Padang, Medan and Banjarmasin.
After long career working privately for municipal authorities, the government recognized Thomas Karsten by appointing him to official committees. First he was in the *Bouwbeperkingscommissie* (1930) (\'Building Works Committee\'), and later to the *Stadsvormingscommissie* (1934) (\'Town Planning Committee\'). In 1941, he was appointed to lecture at the School of Engineering at Bandung. During the Japanese occupation in Indonesia, Thomas Karsten was imprisoned at camp Baros in Cimahi near Bandung. He died at the camp in 1945.
His building projects included large two-storey homes with steeply pitched roofs for members for elite Dutch citizens, new palace pavilions that were both European and traditional Javanese for indigenous royalty, public market buildings in Yogyakarta and Surakarta, and grand headquarters for companies.
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# Thomas Karsten
## Town planning {#town_planning}
Several cities in Java and Sumatra underwent major renovation plans following the Dutch governments\' early twentieth century introduction of the Ethical Policy. A new Decentralisation Act (*Decentralitatiewet*) was enacted in 1903 that enabled local municipalities and regional governments to develop and to plan their own territory. Most northern coastal towns of Java had to deal with unrelenting population increases, and a subsequent huge demand for houses and infrastructures, sanitation, and other related development. Thomas Karsten saw himself as being at the right time with the town planning of Semarang in 1914 by working at Henry Maclaine\'s architecture firm.
In colonialism, all social components are expressed through the articulation of the \'form of difference\', and the colonial urban planning was precisely implemented by the order of relationship between various ethnically, racially and economically urban dwellers. Karsten rejected this idea and began to include more indigenous elements intertwined with those typical European elements. In 1917, he presented the \'New Candi\' plan, an extension plan of the Semarang\'s master plan to accommodate all ethnic groups according to their own habits. He produced a master plan for new suburbs in Batavia including the central city square.
In 1921, Thomas Karsten presented a paper of the Indies Town Planning at the Decentralisation Congress. The paper was seen of a new radical idea in which Karsten argued that a town planning is an activity of interconnected components (social, technology, etc.) that is needed to be addressed harmoniously. His idea for a methodological approach to create an organic town plan with a social dimension received much acclaim in the colony, as well as in the Netherlands.
Karsten\'s paper gave major influence in the government plan for public housing. Among them were the municipal guidelines for urban extension and housing (1926), municipal priority rights on land (1926) and the provision of up to 50% of subsidies and guidelines for *kampong* (villages) improvement projects (1928). In 1930, Thomas Karsten together with other prominent architects, politicians and bureaucrats in the colony was appointed by the government to the Town Planning Committee. The committee produced a draft of Town Planning Ordinance in 1938 for the town planning regulations to organise buildings and construction in accordance with social and geographical characteristics and their expected growth. The plan was put on hold because of World War II and was never realized after which the Dutch lost their control over Indonesia
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# Bruton High School
**Bruton High School** is a high school located north of Williamsburg in the unincorporated community of Lightfoot in York County, Virginia.
The school opened in 1976. It is part of the York County School Division, serving upper county citizens in Williamsburg. Athletic teams compete in the Virginia High School League\'s AA Bay Rivers District in Region I. Bruton houses the York County School of the Arts, the county\'s fine arts magnet program.
## Accreditation
Bruton High is fully accredited by the Virginia Department of Education and has been accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools since 1976.
## Feeder patterns {#feeder_patterns}
The following elementary schools feed into Bruton H.S.:
- Magruder Elementary School
- Waller Mill Elementary School
All students zoned to Queens Lake Middle School are zoned to Bruton High School
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# 2007 Casablanca bombings
The **2007 Casablanca bombings** refer to a series of suicide bombings in March and April 2007 in Casablanca, Morocco.
## March bombing {#march_bombing}
### March 11 {#march_11}
There was a suicide bombing on March 11, 2007, in Casablanca, Morocco. The suicide bombers came from the shanty towns of Sidi Moumen, a poor suburb of Casablanca.
The bombing occurred at 22 hours local time inside an internet cafe. Two men were trying to log into an extremist Islamist website before the owner asked them not to. The two men refused and shortly after, the owner closed the door and threatened to call the police. The bombers asked the owner to open the door and to let them go but he refused. One of the two individuals, 23-year-old Abdelfattah Raydi who was carrying an explosive load hidden under his clothing detonated the bomb, which killed him and injured his companion and three others including the owner. The companion, identified later as 18-year-old Youssef Khoudri escaped with an eye injury and left for a nearby hospital, where he was later captured by the authorities.
The Director of General Affairs of the Grand Casablanca, Mokhtar Bekkali Kacemi declared to the media that the bombers \"were probably getting ready to commit a criminal act\...they wanted to receive instructions via Internet to execute their attacks elsewhere.\"
According to *Assabah* newspaper the real target had been Casablanca\'s police and paramilitary headquarters as well as some tourist sites.
## April bombings {#april_bombings}
### April 10 {#april_10}
Following the March bombing, a major security operation against suspected Islamist militants resulted in three suspected suicide bombers blowing themselves up and a fourth being shot dead by police as he tried to detonate his device. One police officer died in one of the explosions. Officials said one of the three suspected militants who blew himself up during a police raid in Morocco is the brother of an internet cafe bomber.
### April 14 {#april_14}
An additional two suicide bombers blew themselves up in Casablanca on April 14. One woman passer-by was injured in the blasts, which happened near the US consulate and its cultural centre.
## Sentencing
In October 2008, Morocco sentenced 45 people to 2 to 30 years in prison for their roles in a plot to attack targets in Casablanca, a plot related to the 2007 bombings
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# Guarenas / Guatire Metro
**Guarenas / Guatire Metro** is a combined metro/light rail project of the Caracas Metro to connect the twin cities of the Guarenas-Guatire conurbation and intermediate communities to Caracas, Venezuela.
## Overview
The 2 billion dollar project aimed to accommodate 125,000 daily users consists of 2 distinct parts the urban metro line and suburban light rail line. Construction started on March 18, 2007 with a planned completion projected for late July 2012. The opening date was later changed to 2015 and then to 2016. `{{as of|2022|11}}`{=mediawiki}, there is no official opening date
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# Bob Wallis
**Robert Wallis** (3 June 1934 -- 10 January 1991) was a British jazz musician, who had a handful of chart success in the early 1960s, during the UK traditional jazz boom.
## Biography
Wallis was born in Bridlington, East Riding of Yorkshire. At an early age Wallis joined the local Salvation Army band with his friend, Keith Avison, who was to play trombone with Wallis for a number of years. By the age of twenty, Wallis discovered jazz and set up his own band in Bridlington, which also played in Hull. His influence as a trumpeter was Henry Red Allen. Wallis played predominately with the Storyville Jazz Band, although earlier and later in his career he played with other bands.
He went to Denmark for a short spell, and recorded a couple of records there as the vocalist with the \'Washboard Beaters\'. Once relocated to the UK, he went to London and played for a short time with Ken Colyer\'s Omega Brass, as well as joining Acker Bilk. These bands were recording mainly for the specialist 77 Records label.
Wallis joined up with Hugh Rainey\'s All Stars (Ginger Baker was their drummer at the time) and shortly afterwards the band changed its name to The Storyville Jazz Band, fronted by Wallis. In 1959 the band recorded an album for Top Rank Records, *Everybody Loves Saturday Night*. It peaked at No. 20 in the UK Albums Chart in June 1960. Two singles followed, and then the band moved to Pye Records, where they made three albums and a number of singles. Those singles included \"I\'m Shy Mary Ellen, I\'m Shy\" (1961) and \"Come Along Please\" (1962), which made No. 44 and No. 33 respectively in the UK Singles Chart. Wallis\' Band also appeared in two films, *It\'s Trad, Dad!* and *Two Left Feet*. At this time the band was made up of Wallis on trumpet, Keith \'Avo\' Avison (trombone), Doug Richford (clarinet), Pete Gresham (piano), Hugh Rainey (banjo and later guitar), Brian \'Drag\' Kirby (bass) and Kenny Buckner (drums).
For the third album, *The Wallis Collection*, Al Gay replaced Richford and, following an illness, Buckner left to be replaced by Alan Poston.
In 1963, Wallis and his band who had been television regulars, as well as having a summer season at the London Palladium, broke up. Wallis played with one or two other bands before moving to the Continent where he spent most of his remaining years, still playing with reconstituted versions of the Storyville Jazzmen (variously billed as Storyville Jazz Band). Occasionally these bands included former colleagues, such as Avison and Gresham. Poston was still playing with the band when it made its final recordings in the mid-1980s. Clarinettist Forrie Cairns was also with the band for much of this time.
In January 1963, the British music magazine, *NME* reported that the biggest trad jazz event to be staged in Britain had taken place at Alexandra Palace. The event included George Melly, Diz Disley, Acker Bilk, Chris Barber, Kenny Ball, Ken Colyer, Monty Sunshine, Alex Welsh, Bruce Turner, Mick Mulligan and Wallis.
Ultimately Wallis settled in Zurich, Switzerland, with a residency at the Casa Bar. He continued to make records for European record labels Storyville Records, WAM and Pebe.
In 1990, Wallis returned to England with his wife, Joyce, where he died in hospital in 1991, at the age of 56
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# Puran Tehsil
**Puran** (*پُورَن}}*) is a sub-division and tehsil of Shangla District in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The subdivision includes three tehsils viz: Puran itself, Martung and Makhuzai. Puran Sub-division comprises nine Union Councils
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# Franz Fiedler
**Franz Fiedler** (17 February 1885 -- 5 February 1956) was a German photographer.
## Biography
Fiedler was born in Prostějov in Moravia, Austria-Hungary. Fiedler was a student of Hugo Erfurth.
## Career
He was regarded as an eccentric during his apprenticeship in Plzeň, and worked in 1905 and again in 1912 with Rudof Dührkoop in Hamburg, and from 1908 to 1911 with Hugo Erfurth in Dresden.
At the 1911 world exhibition in Turin he won first prize and had another exhibition in Prague in 1913. He belonged to the circle of Jaroslav Hašek and Egon Erwin Kisch and in 1916 married Erna Hauswald in Dresden where he occupied a studio at Sedanstraße 7.
In 1919, he started using a 9x12 camera and, by 1924, adopted the Leica. In 1925, he exhibited at *Film und Foto* in Stuttgart.
Fiedler adopted a face image as his emblem and claimed expertise in photographing picturesque women.
His studio was bombed in 1945. He stored exhibition photos with family in Moravia. Post-1945, he authored photography books in East Germany. Anneliese Kretschmer was one of his students in Dortmund.
Fiedler died on 5 February 1956 in Dresden.
## Publications
- *\'Dresden in Bildern\', Aufnahmen von Franz Fiedler*, herausgegeben von Hans Wolfgang Singer, Wien, Leipzig, Verlag Dr. Hans Epstein, 1930 (\'Orbis urbium -- Schöne Städte in schönen Bildern\').
- Dufek, Antonín, *Franz Fiedler, Fotografie/Photographs/Fotografien* (Brno, Prague, 2005)
- *Franz Fiedler. Fotografie*. Technische Sammlungen der Stadt Dresden, Ausstellung 4.4.-3.6
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# Frizzled
**Frizzled** is a family of atypical G protein-coupled receptors that serve as receptors in the Wnt signaling pathway and other signaling pathways. When activated, Frizzled leads to activation of Dishevelled in the cytosol.
## Species distribution {#species_distribution}
Frizzled proteins and the genes that encode them have been identified in an array of animals, from sponges to humans.
## Function
Frizzled proteins also play key roles in governing cell polarity, embryonic development, formation of neural synapses, cell proliferation, and many other processes in developing and adult organisms. These processes occur as a result of one of three signaling pathways. These include the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway, Wnt/calcium pathway, and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Mutations in the human frizzled-4 receptor have been linked to familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, a rare disease affecting the retina at the back of the eye, and the vitreous, the clear fluid inside the eye.
The frizzled (fz) locus of Drosophila coordinates the cytoskeletons of epidermal cells, producing a parallel array of cuticular hairs and bristles. In fz mutants, the orientation of individual hairs with respect both to their neighbours and to the organism as a whole is altered. In the wild-type wing, all hairs point towards the distal tip.
In the developing wing, Fz has 2 functions: it is required for the proximal-distal transmission of an intracellular polarity signal; and it is required for cells to respond to the polarity signal. Fz produces an mRNA that encodes an integral membrane protein with 7 putative transmembrane (TM) domains. This protein should contain both extracellular and cytoplasmic domains, which could function in the transmission and interpretation of polarity information. This signature is usually found downstream of the Fz domain (`{{InterPro|IPR000024}}`{=mediawiki})
## Cysteine-rich domain {#cysteine_rich_domain}
Frizzled proteins include cysteine-rich domain that is conserved in diverse proteins, including several receptor tyrosine kinases. In *Drosophila melanogaster*, members of the Frizzled family of tissue-polarity genes encode proteins that appear to function as cell-surface receptors for Wnts. The Frizzled genes belong to the seven transmembrane class of receptors (7TMR) and have in their extracellular region a cysteine-rich domain that has been implicated as the Wnt binding domain. Sequence similarity between the cysteine-rich domain of Frizzled and several receptor tyrosine kinases, which have roles in development, include the muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK), the neuronal-specific kinase (NSK2), and ROR1 and ROR2. The structure of this domain is known and is composed mainly of alpha helices. This domain contains ten conserved cysteines that form five disulphide bridges.
## Group members {#group_members}
The following is a list of the ten known human frizzled receptors:
- Frizzled-1 (`{{Gene|FZD1}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-2 (`{{Gene|FZD2}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-3 (`{{Gene|FZD3}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-4 (`{{Gene|FZD4}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-5 (`{{Gene|FZD5}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-6 (`{{Gene|FZD6}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-7 (`{{Gene|FZD7}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-8 (`{{Gene|FZD8}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-9 (`{{Gene|FZD9}}`{=mediawiki})
- Frizzled-10 (`{{Gene|FZD10}}`{=mediawiki})
## As a drug target {#as_a_drug_target}
Vantictumab is a monoclonal antibody against five frizzled receptors that is under development for the treatment of cancer
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# Bruce Boniface
**Bruce Boniface**, better known by his surname, **Boniface** (born 5 June 1981) is a singer-songwriter, vocal arranger and record producer best known for his Top 40 hit \"Cheeky\", which peaked at number 25 on the UK Singles Chart. The track remained in the chart for three weeks.
## Biography
He was born in Seychelles and started his music career at the age of 3. He had one Christmas and two studio albums by the age of 5. Boniface and his family moved to England when he was 6 years old. After a short break at age 13, Boniface resumed developing his musical skills and dancing techniques. Among his influences are Michael Jackson, Boyz II Men, Babyface, Lionel Richie and Usher.
In 2002 he reached No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart with a single entitled \"Cheeky\". He later toured with Destiny\'s Child in the UK and across Europe in 2002 and 2003.
He was signed to Virgin Records in July 2006
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# Quadtrine Hill
**Quadtrine Victavian Hill** (born November 18, 1982) is a former American football fullback. He was originally signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent in 2006. He played college football at the University of Miami.
## Early life {#early_life}
Hill was an All-State tailback at Piper High School in Sunrise, Florida. As a senior in 2001, he rushed for 1,356 yards and 20 touchdowns, averaging more than seven yards per carry. He was also noted to be an outstanding student with a 4.3 grade-point average.
## College career {#college_career}
Hill attended the University of Miami, where he played in 48 games over four seasons from 2002 to 2005, rushing 40 times for 253 yards and catching 56 passes for 414 yards and two touchdowns. He was described as a straight-line runner with excellent speed, and a receiving threat out of the backfield.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Hill was originally signed by the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent on May 4, 2006, but was released six weeks later. He then spent three days with the Chicago Bears in August 2006, and was later signed to the New England Patriots practice squad on January 3, 2007, but was waived the following August. On August 7, 2007, the Chicago Bears claimed Hill off waivers, but then assigned him \"waived/injured\" status on August 26, 2007. On September 1, 2007, Hill was placed on the team\'s injured reserve list. He was waived once again on November 28.
## Boxing
Hill has embarked on a boxing career, working with South Florida entrepreneur Kris Lawrence. Lawrence operates a training program for novice boxers, concentrating specifically on developing athletes culled from other sports such as American football.\
Hill won his debut match on February 16, 2010, at Seminole Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Hollywood, Florida against Vashawn Tomlin by first-round knockout.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He is the son of the former late Los Angeles Rams (1979--80) and Miami Dolphins (1981--84) running back Eddie Hill, who died in 2025
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# Deutschland sucht den Superstar season 4
The fourth season of *Deutschland sucht den Superstar* was aired on German channel RTL from February to May 2007. Mark Medlock, the season\'s winner, was awarded a contract with Sony BMG. The judges in this season were Dieter Bohlen, Heinz Henn, Anja Lukaseder. It was hosted by Marco Schreyl and Tooske Ragas. The viewers chose the contestant\'s fates as they were able to call for their favorite contestant. The voting results were published on 7 May. The winner got a 10-year contract and €100,000. Twenty percent went to the winner\'s manager who was chosen by the creators.
## Finalists
(Ages stated at time of contest)
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Contestant | Age | Hometown | Voted off | Liveshow theme |
+================+=====+=====================+==========================+========================================+
| Mark Medlock | 28 | Offenbach | Winner | Grand Finale |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Martin Stosch | 16 | Postau | 21 April 2007/5 May 2007 | Hits of the 70s/Dedicated to\...\ |
| | | | | Grand Finale |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Lisa Bund | 18 | Hattersheim am Main | 28 April 2007 | Judge\'s Choice |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Max Buskohl | 18 | Berlin | *Withdrew* | |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | 16 | Winsen | 14 April 2007 | The Greatest Divas and Heroes of Music |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Thomas Enns | 24 | Cologne | 7 April 2007 | Big Band |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Francisca Urio | 25 | Berlin | 31 March 2007 | Today\'s Hits |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Julia Falke | 18 | Fürstenzell | 17 March 2007 | Power of Love |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Jonathan Enns | 19 | Cologne | 10 March 2007 | The Greatest Hits of the 80s and 90s |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Laura Martin | 27 | Neu-Isenburg | 24 February 2007 | The Greatest Hits of All Time |
+----------------+-----+---------------------+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
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# Deutschland sucht den Superstar season 4
## Controversies
Contestant Lisa Bund caused a controversy on 10 March when the headline of the German tabloid newspaper *Bild* read that she fought with bullying, and harassment by some of the other contestants. On 14 March, *Bild Online* reported about a loud argument between Bund and former contestant Tristan Iser, which happened to have also been filmed by a mobile phone camera. Bund stated in an online diary entry that she felt the video was \"like a bad horror movie\".
On 22 April, *Bild* announced that contestant Max Buskohl quit the competition due to RTL\'s rejection of his request to let his school band Empty Trash get a recording contract alongside him. Viewers had wondered about judge Dieter Bohlen\'s uncharacteristic behavior when he gave an extremely critical review of Buskohl\'s performance on 21 April. Buskohl is alleged to have said that Bohlen was antisocial, which explains Bohlen\'s negative reaction.
Contestant Martin Stosch, who was eliminated on 21 April, remained as a contestant despite being voted off the week prior, replacing Buskohl. However, Buskohl\'s father Carl Carlton told *Spiegel Online* that his son already made his decision to leave on 19 April but waited until Sunday to make his announcement at request of RTL.
Judges Dieter Bohlen and Heinz Henn had started a quarrel with each other during the show. On 14 April\'s show, Henn made it clear that he did not agree with contestant Mark Medlock\'s song choices. Bohlen, a staunch supporter of Medlock, began imitating Henn during his review of Lisa Bund\'s performance. Henn later stated that he thought it was \"in bad taste, in bad style and disrespectful towards the contestants\".
On 24 April, German entertainer Stefan Raab announced a performance by Buskohl set for 25 April at his show *TV total* which at that time aired on RTL\'s rival television channel ProSieben. RTL pronounced against a performance by Buskohl and his band Empty Trash on *TV total* the next day. So during his show on 25 and 26 April, Raab publicly instigated a protest demonstration set for Saturday\'s *Deutschland sucht den Superstar* show and was said to have obtained about 120 tickets. However the show eventually went off without any disturbance.
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# Deutschland sucht den Superstar season 4
## Top 20 {#top_20}
### 1st Top 20 Show (Boys) {#st_top_20_show_boys}
: Original airdate: 7 February 2007
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+===================+===================================================+==================+
| Dennis Haberlach | *When You Say Nothing at All* (Ronan Keating) | 12,81% (3/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Arcangelo Vigneri | *I Believe I Can Fly* (R. Kelly) | 3,01% (7/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lindsay Stebe | *Father And Son* (Cat Stevens) | 2,35% (8/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Martin Stosch | align=\"left\|*Home* (Michael Bublé) | 12,11% (4/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Aleksan Cetinkaya | align=\"left\|*Now and Forever* (Richard Marx) | 1,78% (9/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Max Buskohl | align=\"left\|*Bad Day* (Daniel Powter) | 7,94% (5/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Jonathan Enns | *Hero* (Enrique Iglesias) | 5,86% (6/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Thomas Enns | *Circle of Life* (Elton John) | 12,89% (2/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | *Easy* (Lionel Richie) | **41,25%** (1/9) |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Roman Lob | *ordered by medical professionals to not perform* | *0,0%* |
+-------------------+---------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom four:** Jonathan Enns, Aleksan Cetinkaya, Arcangelo Vigneri, Lindsay Stebe
- **Eliminated:** Aleksan Cetinkaya and Lindsay Stebe
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Aleksan Cetinkaya and Lindsay Stebe (Bohlen, Lukaseder, Henn)
### 2nd Top 20 Show (Girls) {#nd_top_20_show_girls}
: Original airdate: 10 February 2007
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+==================+===================================================+====================+
| Laura Martin | *Against All Odds* (Mariah Carey) | 4,85% (6/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Nebiha Celenler | *Durch die Nacht* (Silbermond) | 2,24% (9/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Prisilla Harris | *Ain\'t Nobody* (Chaka Khan) | 3,65% (7/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Sarah Jahncke | align=\"left\|*Glaub an mich* (Yvonne Catterfeld) | 6,66% (5/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Madeleine Boly | align=\"left\|*Unfaithful* (Rihanna) | 0,96% (10/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Julia Falke | align=\"left\|*Family Portrait* (Pink) | 7,40% (4/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Dominika Mrugala | *Dieses Leben* (Juli) | 3,39% (8/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | *Don\'t Speak* (No Doubt) | 12,87% (3/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Francisca Urio | *Without You* (Mariah Carey) | 19,46% (2/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
| Lisa Bund | *Hurt* (Christina Aguilera) | **38,52%** (1/10) |
+------------------+---------------------------------------------------+--------------------+
- **Bottom five:** Julia Falke, Dominika Mrugala, Madeleine Boly, Sarah Jahncke, Nebiha Celenler
- **Eliminated:** Nebiha Celenler, Madeleine Boly, Dominika Mrugala
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Nebiha Celenler, Madeleine Boly, Dominika Mrugala (Bohlen, Lukaseder, Henn)
### 3rd Top 20 Show (Boys) {#rd_top_20_show_boys}
: Original airdate: 15 February 2007
- Tristan Iser is there for Roman Lob, who withdrew due to illness. Eventually, Lob was asked back for the season 5 theme shows, but declined due to his studies.
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+===================+========================================================+==================+
| Max Buskohl | *Sweet Home Alabama* (Lynyrd Skynyrd) | 9,24% (5/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Dennis Haberlach | *Every Breath You Take* (The Police) | 8,59% (6/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Arcangelo Vigneri | *Senza una donna* (Zucchero) | 7,26% (7/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Thomas Enns | align=\"left\|*Still Got the Blues* (Gary Moore) | 9,66% (4/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Tristan Iser | align=\"left\|*Can\'t Wait Until Tonight* (Max Mutzke) | 0,93% (8/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Jonathan Enns | align=\"left\|*Breathe Easy* (Blue) | 10,69% (3/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | *Ain\'t No Sunshine* (Bill Withers) | **33,23%** (1/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Martin Stosch | *Mandy* (Westlife) | 20,40% (2/8) |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | | |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom five:** Jonathan Enns, Arcangelo Vigneri, Tristan Iser, Martin Stosch, Dennis Haberlach
- **Eliminated:** Dennis Haberlash, Arcangelo Vigneri, Tristan Iser
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Jonathan Enns, Martin Stosch, Tristan Iser (Bohlen, Lukaseder, Henn)
### 4th Top 20 Show (Girls) {#th_top_20_show_girls}
: Original airdate: 17 February 2007
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+==================+==============================================================+==================+
| Julia Falke | *Like The Way I Do* (Melissa Etheridge) | 7,53% (4/7) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Laura Martin | *Have I Told You Lately* (Rod Stewart) | 4,06% (5/7) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | *Don\'t Know Why* (Norah Jones) | 20,87% (3/7) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Priscilla Harris | align=\"left\|*What\'s Love Got to Do With It* (Tina Turner) | 2,32% (7/7) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Sarah Jahncke | align=\"left\|*I Turn to You* (Christina Aguilera) | 3,84% (6/7) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | align=\"left\|*A Woman\'s Worth* (Alicia Keys) | **31,33%** (1/7) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Francisca Urio | *Get Here* (Oleta Adams) | 30,05% (2/7) |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | | |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | | |
+------------------+--------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom four:** Sarah Jahncke, Laura Martin, Priscilla Harris, Julia Falke
- **Eliminated:** Sarah Jahncke and Priscilla Harris
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Sarah Jahncke and Priscilla Harris (Bohlen, Lukaseder, Henn)
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# Deutschland sucht den Superstar season 4
## Finals
### 1st Theme Show: \"Die größten Hits aller Zeiten\" (Greatest Hits of All Time) {#st_theme_show_die_größten_hits_aller_zeiten_greatest_hits_of_all_time}
: Original airdate: 24 February 2007
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+================+=============================================================+===================+
| Martin Stosch | *Tears in Heaven* (Eric Clapton) | 7,59% (5/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Julia Falke | *What\'s Up* (4 Non Blondes) | 3,90% (9/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Thomas Enns | *Iris* (Goo Goo Dolls) | 6,20% (6/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Laura Martin | align=\"left\|*Don\'t Wanna Lose You* (Gloria Estefan) | 2,45% (10/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Max Buskohl | align=\"left\|*Fly Away* (Lenny Kravitz) | 6,00% (7/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | align=\"left\|*I\'m Like a Bird* (Nelly Furtado) | 7,62% (4/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Jonathan Enns | *Angels* (Robbie Williams) | 4,16% (8/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Francisca Urio | *Lady Marmalade* (Christina Aguilera, Pink, Mýa, Lil\' Kim) | 15,00% (3/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Mark Medlock | *Hello* (Lionel Richie) | **25,85%** (1/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
| Lisa Bund | *Because of You* (Kelly Clarkson) | 21,24% (2/10) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------+
- **Bottom four:** Laura Martin, Julia Falke, Jonathan Enns, Martin Stosch
- **Eliminated:** Laura Martin
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Laura Martin (Bohlen), Jonathan Enns (Henn, Lukaseder)
### 2nd Theme Show: \"Die größten Hits der 80er und 90er\" (Greatest Hits of the 80s and 90s) {#nd_theme_show_die_größten_hits_der_80er_und_90er_greatest_hits_of_the_80s_and_90s}
: Original airdate: 10 March 2007
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+================+========================================================+==================+
| Thomas Enns | *Died in Your Arms Tonight* (Cutting Crew) | 5,96% (8/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Martin Stosch | *Love Is All Around* (Wet Wet Wet) | 7,69% (7/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Francisca Urio | *Licence to Kill* (Gladys Knight) | 10,51% (4/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Jonathan Enns | align=\"left\| *Truly Madly Deeply* (Savage Garden) | 4,03% (9/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Max Buskohl | align=\"left\| *Gimme All Your Lovin* (ZZ Top) | 8,92% (5/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | align=\"left\|*Greatest Love of All* (Whitney Houston) | 11,79% (3/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Julia Falke | *Total Eclipse of the Heart* (Bonnie Tyler) | 8,52% (6/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | *Nothing Compares 2 U* (Sinéad O\'Connor) | 11,80% (2/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | *Unchain My Heart* (Joe Cocker) | **30,77%** (1/9) |
+----------------+--------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom four:** Thomas Enns, Martin Stosch, Max Buskohl, Jonathan Enns
- **Eliminated:** Jonathan Enns
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Julia Falke (Lukaseder, Bohlen), Jonathan Enns (Henn)
### 3rd Theme Show: \"Power of Love\" {#rd_theme_show_power_of_love}
: Original airdate: 17 March
On 19 March 2007 a CD featuring all of the songs from the show and an additional version of *If You Don\'t Know Me By Now* by Simply Red sung by all contestants was released.
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+================+=============================================================+==================+
| Martin Stosch | *If Tomorrow Never Comes* (Ronan Keating) | 9,24% (6/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | *True Colors* (Cyndi Lauper) | 6,83% (7/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Julia Falke | *Angel* (Sarah McLachlan) | 5,24% (8/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Max Buskohl | align=\"left\| *Here Without You* (3 Doors Down) | 14,33% (3/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | align=\"left\| *Endless Love* (Lionel Richie) | **30,43%** (1/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Thomas Enns | align=\"left\|*I Want to Know What Love Is* (Foreigner) | 9,34% (5/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Francisca Urio | *If I Ain\'t Got You* (Alicia Keys) | 9,59% (4/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | *(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman* (Aretha Franklin) | 14,99% (2/8) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom four:** Lauren Talbot, Julia Falke, Martin Stosch, Thomas Enns
- **Eliminated:** Julia Falke
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Julia Falke (Bohlen, Henn, Lukaseder)
### 4th Theme Show: \"Hits von heute\" (Today\'s Hits) {#th_theme_show_hits_von_heute_todays_hits}
: Original airdate: 31 March 2007
For the first time in the history of *Deutschland sucht den Superstar* the show aired at the same time as \"Wetten, dass..?\" (one of the most successful TV shows in Europe) on the public channel ZDF.
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+================+=================================================+==================+
| Max Buskohl | *This Love* (Maroon 5) | 11,75% (3/7) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | *Nobody Knows* (Pink) | 11,74% (4/7) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Martin Stosch | *Upside Down* (Jack Johnson) | 10,61% (6/7) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | align=\"left\| *Too Lost in You* (Sugababes) | 12,38% (2/7) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Thomas Enns | align=\"left\| *Hero* (Chad Kroeger) | 11,42% (5/7) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Francisca Urio | align=\"left\| *Beautiful* (Christina Aguilera) | 10,46% (7/7) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | *You Give Me Something* (James Morrison) | **31,64%** (1/7) |
+----------------+-------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom four:** Martin Stosch, Lauren Talbot, Thomas Enns, Francisca Urio
- **Eliminated:** Francisca Urio
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Lauren Talbot (Bohlen, Henn, Lukaseder)
Beside the show\'s contestants another casting candidate was eventually given the chance to perform on stage namely Menderes Bagcı who had come to every season\'s casting audition never getting an admission ticket for the casting call-back. He performed *Beat It* by Michael Jackson on stage.
The viewers\' decision in this episode came as a complete surprise, as Urio, who was eliminated this time, ranked among this season\'s best and most favored contestants. Before the decision, jury member Dieter Bohlen ironically predicted Urio\'s elimination in what he thought was an April fool hoax. Subsequently, he and his co-judges watched the decision with dismay and shock written all over their faces.
### 5th Theme Show: \"Big Band\" {#th_theme_show_big_band}
: Original airdate: 7 April 2007
This was the first theme show to be co-hosted by female host Tooske Ragas along with Marco Schreyl in this season of *Deutschland sucht den Superstar*. Ragas gave birth to her daughter and was not able to present the first four theme shows.
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+===============+===================================================================+==================+
| Martin Stosch | *Night and Day* (Frank Sinatra) | 10,30% (5/6) |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Thomas Enns | *You Are the Sunshine of My Life* (Frank Sinatra) | 8,70% (6/6) |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Max Buskohl | *Hit the Road Jack* (Ray Charles) | 17,78% (2/6) |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | align=\"left\| *Summertime* (Ella Fitzgerald) | 12,65% (4/6) |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | align=\"left\| *Unforgettable* (Nat King Cole) | **34,62%** (1/6) |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | align=\"left\| *What a Diff\'rence a Day Made* (Dinah Washington) | 15,95% (3/6) |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom four:** Thomas Enns, Martin Stosch, Lauren Talbot, Lisa Bund
- **Eliminated:** Thomas Enns
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Thomas Enns (Bohlen, Henn, Lukaseder)
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# Deutschland sucht den Superstar season 4
## Finals
### 6th Theme Show: \"Die größten Diven und Helden der Musik\" (Greatest Divas and Heroes of Music) {#th_theme_show_die_größten_diven_und_helden_der_musik_greatest_divas_and_heroes_of_music}
: Original airdate: 14 April 2007
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+===============+================================================================+==================+
| Max Buskohl | align=\"left\|*I Was Made for Lovin\' You* (Kiss) | 19,88% (2/5) |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Suspicious Minds* (Elvis Presley) | |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lauren Talbot | align=\"left\|*Secret* (Madonna) | 9,03% (5/5) |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Fields of Gold* (Sting) | |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | align=\"left\|*I Heard It Through the Grapevine* (Marvin Gaye) | **36,06%** (1/5) |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Three Times a Lady* (Lionel Richie) | |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Martin Stosch | align=\"left\|*Crazy Little Thing Called Love* (Queen) | 15,36% (4/5) |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*She\'s the One* (Robbie Williams) | |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | align=\"left\|*Who Knew* (Pink) | 19,67% (3/5) |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Flugzeuge im Bauch* (Herbert Grönemeyer) | |
+---------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom three:** Martin Stosch, Max Buskohl, Lauren Talbot
- **Eliminated:** Lauren Talbot
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Mark Medlock (Henn), Lauren Talbot (Bohlen), Martin Stosch (Lukaseder)
Once again Menderes Bagcı was given the permission to perform on stage. This time he chose *Bad* by Michael Jackson.
### 7th Theme Show: \"Hits der 70er / Dedicated to...\" (Hits of the 70s / Dedicated to...) {#th_theme_show_hits_der_70er_dedicated_to_hits_of_the_70s_dedicated_to}
: Original airdate: 21 April 2007
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+===============+==========================================================================+==================+
| Martin Stosch | align=\"left\|*You to Me Are Everything* (The Real Thing) | 15,43% (4/4) |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Und wenn ein Lied* (Söhne Mannheims) | |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Max Buskohl | align=\"left\|*All Right Now* (Free) | 19,80% (2/4) |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*When You Were Young* (The Killers) | |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | align=\"left\|*It\'s Raining Men* (The Weather Girls) | 16,63% (3/4) |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Das Beste* (Silbermond) | |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | align=\"left\|*You\'re the First, the Last, My Everything* (Barry White) | **48,13%** (1/4) |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Stand by Me* (Ben E. King) | |
+---------------+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom three:** Max Buskohl, Martin Stosch, Lisa Bund
- **Eliminated:** Martin Stosch
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Martin Stosch (Henn, Lukaseder, Bohlen)
On 22 April, *Bild* newspaper announced that contestant Max Buskohl was dismissed by RTL Television afterwards. (See Controversies.)
### 8th Theme Show: \"Songs der Jury\" (Judges\' Choice) {#th_theme_show_songs_der_jury_judges_choice}
: Original airdate: 28 April 2007
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+===============+===================================================================+==================+
| Martin Stosch | align=\"left\|*Rockin\' All Over the World* (Status Quo)\ | 22,27% (2/3) |
| | ... chosen by Heinz Henn | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Sunday Morning* (Maroon 5)\ | |
| | ... chosen by Anja Lukaseder | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*I Swear* (All-4-One)\ | |
| | ... chosen by Dieter Bohlen | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Lisa Bund | align=\"left\| *Baby Love* (Mother\'s Finest)\ | 18,73% (3/3) |
| | ... chosen by Heinz Henn | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Geile Zeit* (Juli)\ | |
| | ... chosen by Anja Lukaseder | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*There You\'ll Be* (Faith Hill)\ | |
| | ... chosen by Dieter Bohlen | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| Mark Medlock | align=\"left\|*You Can Leave Your Hat On* (Joe Cocker)\ | **59,00%** (1/3) |
| | ... chosen by Heinz Henn | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*My Girl* (The Temptations)\ | |
| | ... chosen by Anja Lukaseder | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
| | align=\"left\|*(Sittin\' on) the Dock of the Bay* (Otis Redding)\ | |
| | ... chosen by Dieter Bohlen | |
+---------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+
- **Bottom three:** Lisa Bund, Martin Stosch, Mark Medlock
- **Eliminated:** Lisa Bund
- **Judges\' forecasts:** Martin Stosch (Bohlen, Lukaseder, Henn)
### 9th Theme Show: Final {#th_theme_show_final}
: Original airdate: 5 May 2007
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
| Contestant | Song (Artist) | Percentage/\ |
| | | calls |
+==================+==========================================================+==============+
| Martin Stosch | align=\"left\|*Life Is a Rollercoaster* (Ronan Keating) | 21,98%\ |
| | | (2/2) |
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Crazy Little Thing Called Love* (Queen) | |
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
| | *I Can Reach Heaven from Here* (Martin Stosch) | |
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
| **Mark Medlock** | align=\"left\|*What a Wonderful World* (Louis Armstrong) | **78,02%**\ |
| | | (1/2) |
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Easy* (The Commodores) | |
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
| | align=\"left\|*Now or Never* (Mark Medlock) | |
+------------------+----------------------------------------------------------+--------------+
The two finalists performed Elton John\'s and George Michael\'s *Don\'t Let the Sun Go Down on Me* together on stage.
- **Winner:** Mark Medlock
- **Runner-up:** Martin Stosch
- **Judges\' forecasts of who would win:** Mark Medlock (Lukaseder, Bohlen), irresolute (Henn)
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# Deutschland sucht den Superstar season 4
## Top 10 candidates {#top_10_candidates}
### Mark Medlock {#mark_medlock}
Mark Medlock, born on 9 July 1978 in Frankfurt, was the winner of the 4th season. His father Lauria immigrated from Georgia, United States, and was a gospel singer. Medlock is openly gay. Prior to his participation of *Deutschland sucht den Superstar*, he worked as a nurse. thumbnail\|upright=0.6\|Mark Medlock
### Martin Stosch {#martin_stosch}
Martin Stosch was born on 30 July 1990 in Landshut. He was the youngest male contestant of the show. Being voted out in the seventh theme show, he returned as a replacement for Max Buskohl, who quit the contest by his own will after having serious disagreements with jury member Dieter Bohlen.
### Lisa Bund {#lisa_bund}
Lisa Bund was born 31 May 1988 in Frankfurt. He received a lot of promotional support by the German media. She later signed a recording contract and released her first single \"Learn to Love You\" on 31 August 2007.
### Max Buskohl {#max_buskohl}
Max Buskohl is from Berlin. He auditioned for DSDS because he lost a bet. He was part of a band called Empty Trash. He stated in an interview with *Der Spiegel* that he left DSDS voluntarily, while RTL claims they threw out Max. He was considered a heartthrob on the show with his \"super-slim\" body and being `{{height|m=1.95|precision=0}}`{=mediawiki} tall.
### Lauren Talbot {#lauren_talbot}
Lauren Talbot was born on 15 March 1990 in Hanover. She was the youngest female contestant in season 4.
### Francisca Urio {#francisca_urio}
Francisca Urio, born on 6 February 1981 in Meiningen, is an only child to a German mother and a Tanzanian father.
### Julia Falke {#julia_falke}
Julia Falke was born on 21 June 1988 in Schärding, Austria.
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# Deutschland sucht den Superstar season 4
## Elimination chart {#elimination_chart}
----------------- -------- ------ -------- -------- --------
Did not perform Female Male Top 20 Top 10 Winner
----------------- -------- ------ -------- -------- --------
: **Legend**
+---------+------------+------------+-----------+----------+------------+-----------------+
| Safe | Most votes | Safe First | Safe Last | Withdrew | Eliminated | Did not perform |
+---------+------------+------------+-----------+----------+------------+-----------------+
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| *Stage:* | | **Semi** |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| *Week:* | | 2/8 |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| Place | Contestant | Result |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **1** | **Mark Medlock** | style=\"background:lightgreen;\|**1st**\ |
| | | 41,25% |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **2** | **Martin Stosch** | **4th**\ |
| | | 12,11% |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **3** | **Lisa Bund** | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **4** | **Max Buskohl** | **5th**\ |
| | | 9,24% |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **5** | **Lauren Talbot** | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **6** | **Thomas Enns** | **2nd**\ |
| | | 12,89% |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **7** | **Franziska Urio** | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **8** | **Julia Falke** | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **9** | **Jonathan Enns** | **6th**\ |
| | | 5,86% |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **10** | **Laura Martin** | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **11-15** | Sarah Jahncke | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Priscilla Harris | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Dennis Haberlach | **3rd**\ |
| | | 12,81% |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Arcangelo Vigneri | **7th**\ |
| | | 3,01% |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Tristan Iser | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| **16-20** | Dominika Mrugala | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Nebiha Celenler | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Madeleine Boly | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Lindsay Stebe | **Elim** |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | Aleksan Celtinkaya | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
| | | |
+-----------+--------------------+------------------------------------------+
**Note**:
- Bottom 3/4 indicates that the contestant was \'saved\' last. The Bottom Group results are based on published results after the show that determined the number of percentages for each contestant. This may or may not indicate his or her actual vote rank.
- Martin Stosch brought back when Max Buskohl withdrew from the competition.
- Roman Lob withdrew from the competition due to illness in the second Top 20 show and was replaced by Tristan Iser
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# Colcom Foods
**Colcom Foods Limited** is a long established meat-processing company in Zimbabwe. Products under the Colcom brand include: fresh pork, hams, bacons, fresh and cooked sausages, pies, cooked cold meat, and polonies. It also has Colcom country style boerewors, Colcom chipolata sausages, Colcom park lion chops, and Colcom boneless rib burgers. Colcom is Zimbabwe\'s leading pork producer, with a joint venture (Associated Meat Packers (AMP)) producing beef products. Colcom Foods is part of the Colcom Holdings Group, which in turn is majority owned by Innscor Africa. Both Innscor and Colcom are listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange. In 2017 Innscor announced its intention to delist Colcom and offered to exchange Colcom shares belonging to minority shareholders for Innscor shares. Colcoms was above prior comparable period on increased volumes traded and 34 percent growth in pigs delivered. In the period under review, additional delivery of pigs allowed volume growth in corcasses and fresh pork.
## History
Colcom\'s origins are in a farmer-owned cooperative established in late 1943 in Southern Rhodesia to assist with the marketing of their pigs. The then Cold Storage Commission acted as their agents until 1961, when the Cooperative\'s first processing factory was built on the present site in Harare. In 1993 Colcom was successfully floated on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and became a publicly quoted company. Colcom supplies wholesalers and retailers nationwide and operates its own and franchised outlets, including a Training Centre at "The Colcom Kitchen".
## Products
Colcom produces fresh pork, fresh and smoked ribs, ham, bacon, fresh and cooked sausages, pies, cold meats, polony and canned meats. In 2015 it reduced the size of its flagship product, the Colcom pork pie, leading to accusations from customers that the quality of the product had deteriorated. Colcom\'s parent company, Innscor, claimed in 2018 that Zimbabweans ate over 109,000 Colcom pork pies every day
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# Trevor Brennan
**Trevor Brennan** (born 29 September 1973) is an Irish former rugby union player. He played for Barnhall, Bective Rangers, St Marys College RFC, Leinster, Stade Toulousain and Ireland, being capped 13 times. He played either in the second row or as a flanker. In 2007 he attacked a fan and was banned for life, later reduced to five years.
## Career
Born in Leixlip, Ireland, Brennan began his career with Barnhall. He captained St Mary\'s College RFC to their first AIB League title in 2000.
Brennan made his debut for the senior Ireland team in a 13-37 defeat against South Africa on 13 June 1998 and went on to make 13 test appearances, including the 1999 Rugby World Cup. During this tournament that Brennan\'s abrasive image was tested, after a fight with Australia\'s Toutai Kefu, who was aided by two teammates who held Brennan\'s arms back.
After leaving Leinster for Stade Toulousain, Brennan fell out of favour with the Irish national team. He subsequently went on to play in three consecutive European Cup finals as part of the Stade Toulousain team, with two wins (Perpignan 2003, Stade Français 2005) and one defeat (against Wasps 2004).
## Ban and retirement {#ban_and_retirement}
During a Toulouse v Ulster match at the Stade Ernest Wallon on 21 January 2007, Brennan jumped into a section of the crowd housing Ulster supporters and struck a male spectator. Brennan alleged afterwards that abuse towards his apparent \"watered-down pints\" in his Toulouse bar triggered his action. His uncle took this further alleging sectarian abuse had taken place, a claim initially supported by the club before swiftly being retracted. In their investigation of the incident European Rugby found no such abuse took place. They found that Brennan was being baited over the standard of the bar he co-owns in Toulouse.
Brennan announced his retirement on 3 March 2007, before the result of the disciplinary process. For his attack he was banned for life from playing rugby, fined £17,000 and ordered to pay £3,000 compensation to Bamford.
In June 2007, the ban was reduced to a 5-year suspension following an appeal. It was held that the life ban was \'disproportionate\' to the offence. Bamford\'s recollection of events was recorded in the Independent Appeal Committee Decision\'s statement.
Following his retirement, Brennan and his family have remained in Toulouse, where he owns an Irish bar. He coached the Toulouse Crabos B under 18 team. Brennan has had occasional columns, written by Gerry Thornley, published in the *Irish Times*, and has appeared on television as a rugby commentator. After his retirement, he began operating a rugby tours company.
In 2007, Brennan\'s autobiography *Heart and Soul*, ghost-written by Gerry Thornley, won the William Hill Irish Sports Book of the Year.
In 2008, Ireland rugby fitness coach Mike McGurn and Brennan were part of the Ireland International rules football coaching staff in the International rules series against Australia. Both Brennan and McGurn played Gaelic football in their youth and were invited by the Irish manager Seán Boylan and the GAA to give their expertise from rugby in the game which is a mix of Aussie Rules and Gaelic football.
As of 2023, his sons Daniel Brennan (rugby){{!Daniel\|fr\|Daniel Brennan (rugby à XV)}} (born 1998) and Joshua (born 2001) were both playing in the Top 14 and had represented France at youth levels
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# Nuevo Mundo Television
**Nuevo Mundo Televisión** (NMTV) was a Canadian Category B Spanish language specialty channel owned by NMTV Inc. Nuevo Mundo Televisión broadcast general entertainment and lifestyle programming including news, television dramas, talk shows, and music.
## History
In April 2005, Claire Bourgeois, a co-founder of NMTV, was granted approval from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to launch a television channel called *NuevoMundo Television (NMTV)*, described as being *\"wholly devoted to reflecting the lifestyles and the needs of the Hispanic community of Canada, including programming dedicated to youth.\"*
The channel launched on March 13, 2007 as **Nuevo Mundo Televisión** initially on Vidéotron, later expanding to other television service providers. It was billed as Canada\'s first all-Spanish language television channel. It is available on Bell Fibe TV and was previously available on Rogers Cable.
In October 2012, the channel re-launched with a new look and new programming. In addition, a partnership was announced with US-based Spanish channel SOiTV, the agreement includes the acquisition of programming from SOiTV.
On February 21, 2013, Nuevo Mundo TV re-launched on Bell Fibe TV, available to subscribers in Quebec & Ontario, as part of the \'better\' package.
On May 15 a new group of investors came in, and named Peter Jaimes as the President of the company.
It ceased its activities on December 1 of 2015, without any formal announcement
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# Crawford Square
**Crawford Square** is a New Urbanist apartment and townhome community located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
## Location
The development is part of the larger Hill District neighborhood of Pittsburgh and is directly adjacent to Downtown Pittsburgh. Its boundaries are generally Crawford Street to the west, Centre Avenue to the south, Roberts Street to the east, and Webster Avenue to the north. The Hill District\'s famed Wylie Avenue runs through the development.
## Brief history {#brief_history}
The location which is now \"Crawford Square\" was an elevated slope about one mile (1.6 km) east of the original city of Pittsburgh. In 1800, only 1565 people lived in Pittsburgh. Separate annexations occurred in 1837, 1847, 1868, 1874, and 1906. In 1900, 321,616 residents were counted, including a group of Jews who had constructed the first synagogue (now demolished and replaced) near Elm Street. At that time, a local term for the large general area was \"Jews Hill.\" Despite that name, other sorts of people lived there, including Italians, African Americans, Russians, and more.
The number of Jews who had established businesses within the large general area that was at one time called \"Jews Hill\" by other residents of the city of Pittsburgh has declined by at least 90 percent, but a paltry number of Jews still exists there. The place that is now called \"Crawford Square\" is centrally located within the large general area formerly called \"Jews Hill\" by earlier residents of the city of Pittsburgh. Today there is very little physical evidence of the former Jewish presence in the neighborhood as Jewish businesses and synagogues have been replaced over time.
By the early 20th century the Hill District\'s Jewish presence became less prominent as the neighborhood became a hub for African-American culture. More than 24,000 \"negro\" immigrants arrived from 1850 to 1900 and concentrated in the Hill District. By the 1920s and 30s it was known for its eclectic jazz clubs and speakeasies, often covered in the pages of the *Pittsburgh Courier* by writers like Frank E. Bolden.
Although the Hill District was known for its rich culture and diversity of residents (Jews and other ethnic groups remained a fixture of the neighborhood), Pittsburgh authorities began to see its density, proximity to downtown, and high proportion of African Americans as reason to target the district for \"slum clearance.\" As early as 1914, the Hill District\'s African --American and immigrant groups were being condemned for their \"moral vice.\" The verbal and written condemnation of such African-American-dominated neighborhoods was a common occurrence as a post-industrial response to changing demographics and deteriorating urban environments in North American cities. This type of rhetoric was used to strategically discriminate against neighborhoods like the Hill District. According to reports on the Hill District, African-American girls and women from the South populated the worst of the Pittsburgh brothels---the \"alley houses of the Hill District.\". Later, increasing attention was given to housing conditions in the area. In 1946, the fledgling Pittsburgh Housing Authority published a report on \"Negro housing needs,\" condemning the propensity of African American communities for overcrowding and calling for further assistance to this underserved population. Although the report claims \"Large scale demolition \[...\] was largely finished in Pittsburgh by 1940,\"the Hill District was to see an ambitious clearance project that would displace 8000 Hill District residents between 1956 and 1960.
100 acres, 1300 buildings, and 413 businesses were wiped away by demolition in the \"revitalization\" project for the Hill. Rather than bringing housing projects to the area to replace those that were demolished, the clearings made way for commercial and cultural projects. The first and only of these was the city\'s Civic Arena, which opened in 1961 to house the Civic Light Opera. Community opposition, financial constraints, and local leaders' decisions led to a halt in development of the cleared land. In 1968, race riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. caused further disinvestment in the Hill District.
` The cleared land languished for decades and became what could be described as an urban wasteland— the vacant lots became overgrown with only a few scattered structures remaining. Meanwhile, the Hill District steadily deteriorated and lost population. In the late 1980s progress in reconstructing the area was finally made. Pittsburgh's Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) acquired the derelict land and, with the participation of the Hill Community Development Corporation—the Hill District's newly formed community group—succeeded in initiating the development process for the area.`\
The new project, \"Crawford Square,\" was constructed in three phases: Phase I in 1993, Phase II in 1995, and Phase III in 2000. It received funding from federal, state and local sources including the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), the Pennsylvania Housing Finance Agency (PHCA), local banks and foundations, and the URA itself. The URA first called upon the mixed income real-estate developer McCormack Baron Salazar to lead development. McCormack Baron then contracted Urban Design Associates---an urban design/architectural firm based in Pittsburgh---who provided the project\'s architectural vision and master plan. The Urban Design Associates utilized many public focus group meetings with residents, community leaders, and stake holders to help formulate the Crawford Square design. Finally, the URA also enlisted other architectural firms who designed additional buildings for the final phases of the project.
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# Crawford Square
## New Urbanist Design {#new_urbanist_design}
Although Crawford Square was explicitly planned as a New Urbanist community, several key aspects of its design seem to contradict the goals of New Urbanism. The principles of New Urbanism call for higher densities, mixed uses, pedestrian accessibility, public transit, and the protection of natural environments---all in contrast to the sprawling suburbs of the American landscape. Crawford Square\'s deliberate accommodation of the automobile, lack of public transit, and non-integrated land use (all residential) are the most outstanding failures of Crawford Square to uphold New Urbanism; however, other features are more consistent with New Urbanism. The development\'s housing architecture and design were based on the local history and the topography of area (modifications were made to the structures based on the steep grade). The housing was designed after the traditional housing of the same area, but the Crawford Square landscape is quite visually distinct from the adjacent older streetscapes of the Hill District.
Crawford Square achieves mixed-use of land by incorporating public parks and community spaces, but it contains no commercial activity at all. There are no stores or commercial properties found in the Crawford Square project. On the other hand, it respects the desire for public space and encourages pedestrianism by offering wide sidewalks, off-street parking, and parks within walking distance. Next, the design of Crawford Square reinforces safety and security by including a lighting system. It also was specifically design to exclude any semi-private or \"no-man\'s-land\" spaces that were characteristic of mid-century housing projects and criticized strongly by notable authors such as Jane Jacobs. Perhaps because of the inclusion of safety features crime statistics from 2003, three years after the project was completed, show an encouraging trend. In a composite of violent crimes, Crawford Square falls just below the Pittsburgh average (Pittsburgh: 5.85 crimes /100 persons, Crawford-Roberts: 5.73/100) and significantly below the adjacent Middle Hill (at 8.07/100).
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# Crawford Square
## Housing Types {#housing_types}
Crawford Square is a mix of rental and for-sale apartments, townhomes and single-family homes. The development occupies 18 acre that contain 350 rental units, 71 for-sale units, three public parks, a community pool, and a community center. The housing types are mixed consisting of townhouses and low-rise apartment buildings for single- to multi-family use. Parking is included for every unit, located behind the buildings in gated, enclosed lots. Green space and sidewalks are ample. Other features are that one-half all rental units are subsidized (and indistinct from non-subsidized units) and that all rental units and community spaces are maintained by the company McCormack Baron.
## Racially diverse residents {#racially_diverse_residents}
There are about 375 units of housing in Crawford Square, inhabited by people of various ethnic mixes. It is perhaps the most ethnically and socially diverse new housing development in the city of Pittsburgh. The 2000 U.S. census reveals that while the adjacent section of the Hill District, Middle Hill, is at 97% African American, Crawford-Roberts is slightly more integrated, at 87% African American. While it may be suggested that this is an indication of gentrification, household income figures show that Crawford Roberts actually has a higher proportion of residents at the lowest income bracket than Middle Hill.
## Buildings demolished prior to construction {#buildings_demolished_prior_to_construction}
Crawford Square replaced some noteworthy local establishments which had at one time fulfilled the needs or desires of people who lived in the city. Visitors to the city also patronized some of the establishments. All of the buildings have been obliterated and turned into dust.
- St. Joseph\'s House of Hospitality, founded by the Catholic Radical Alliance, provided a home for men who were in need. The organization has been relocated to 1635 Bedford Avenue, nearby.
- The Vann Hotel was a flimsy 19th-century building located proximally to Webster Avenue. It served as a home to poor colored men. Mr. Vann was a Negro.
- The *Hurricane* was a popular place located on Centre Avenue. Music lovers gathered at the *Hurricane* which was owned by a woman named \"Birdie.\" About ten city blocks further to the east stood the Crawford Grill, a more elite establishment.
- *Lou\'s Ringside Bar* on Centre Avenue was a tavern that was well furnished and well attended by its patrons. It was an early establishment which could have been described as being a sports bar. A building called \"Williams Square\" has been constructed on the site. That structure may not be a part of \"Crawford Square.\"
- *Stokes\' Tavern* and a grocery store were above on Wylie Avenue at the level part of the street.
- A small church had existed on Arthur Street near Wylie Avenue.
- In the 1970s, a man sold live chickens from a storeroom in the lower part of Wylie Avenue between Crawford Street and Protectory Place.
- Located on the corner of Wylie Avenue and Protectory Place, the *Foreside Inn* (a tavern) was among the last establishments to serve its customers. It was conducting business as late as the early 1990s.
Other establishments such as small stores and taverns with apartments above them existed on Centre Avenue and on nearby streets. Residential homes were located on some of the streets, but only a handful of them still exist next to the new homes on Roberts Street
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# Reynolds and Eleanor Morse
**Albert Reynolds Morse** (October 20, 1914 -- August 15, 2000) was an American businessman and philanthropist. His wife, **Eleanor Reese Morse** (October 21, 1912 -- July 1, 2010) was also an American philanthropist. They founded the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Reynolds Morse was born in Denver, Colorado to Bradish P. and Anna Morse. His father ran the specialist mining and machinery concern, Morse Brothers Machinery Company. His mother was the daughter of pioneer Albert Eugene Reynolds.
Reynolds Morse graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Colorado at Boulder. He then took an MBA at the Harvard Business School. For a decade after his MBA, Reynolds worked in industry before starting his own firm, Injection Molders Supply Company in 1949.
Reese Morse was the daughter of Cleveland pharmaceuticals manufacturer George Reese. After graduating from the Hathaway Brown School, she earned a bachelor\'s degree in music from Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida in 1937. She was initiated into the Florida Gamma chapter of Pi Beta Phi chapter at Rollins College.
## Occupational life {#occupational_life}
Reynolds Morse had many business, writing and collecting interests in addition to the collection of Salvador Dalí\'s paintings which he and Reese Morse built up and to running Injection Molders Supply Company. For instance, he published \"Injection Molding News\"; added to the rock collection of the Denver Natural History Museum where he was a trustee, and he collected George Elbert Burr manuscript materials which he donated to the Denver Public Library.
Reynolds Morse also authored *George Elbert Burr: Etcher of the American West* and published an anthology of his own, which he called *Some Fifty Unprofessional Poems*, as well as *Gold Links Tailings* in memory of his maternal grandfather. Reynolds Morse collected and wrote about the works of M. P. Shiel. Reynolds\' *The Works of M. P. Shiel* was published in 1948; he later turned this work into a four-tome set and added *The Quest for Redonda and The New King*. In 1989 Reynolds donated his Shiel collection to Olin Library at Rollins College.
The Morses\' diligent collecting and their friendship with Gala and Salvador Dalí produced a valuable art collection that is now housed in the Salvador Dalí Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida. The Salvador Dalí Museum is said to be the world\'s most comprehensive collection of Dalí\'s works.
The year of their marriage the Morses began their long friendship with Dalí and on March 21, 1943, acquired their first Dalí work, *Daddy Longlegs of the Evening - Hope!*; early in April 1943 they acquired *The Archaeological Reminiscence of Millet\'s \"Angelus\"*. Over time, becoming patrons of Dalí, the Morses acquired works by Dalí which they found both captivating and intriguing. Their absorption by the artist\'s work led Reynolds to author numerous studies of Dalí and his *œuvre* and Eleanor to translate from French to English numerous books about Dalí and his *œuvre*. In 1969, the Morses purchased *The Hallucinogenic Toreador*, before it was completed.
From 1971 to 1980, the Morses\' considerable Dalí collection was on show in Beachwood, Ohio at the Salvador Dalí Museum, which was established there in a wing of their business premises. During that time the collection grew and required larger accommodation.
The Morses began the search for a new, permanent home for their collection. After seeing an article in the *Wall Street Journal*, \"U.S. Art World Dillydallies over Dalí\", St. Petersburg attorney James W. Martin persuaded local leaders to approach the Morses to choose St. Petersburg. With the financial support of the City of St. Petersburg and the State of Florida, the collection was housed in the Salvador Dalí Museum, formerly a warehouse on the waterfront, which opened in March 1982. A new, larger and more storm-secure museum near the current one, opened in 1-11-11 (at 11:11 am).
> \"Sharing their knowledge and understanding of Salvador Dalí and his art has been a lifelong mission for this dedicated couple.\"
## Personal life {#personal_life}
The Morses married in 1943. They had one son, Brad.
Reynolds Morse died on August 15, 2000, in Seminole, Florida, after a long illness. He was 85.
Reese Morse died on July 1, 2010, in St. Petersburg, Florida, of natural causes. She was 97
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# Ken Breitenbach
**Kenneth Breitenbach** (January 9, 1955 --- April 28, 2017) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He was drafted in the second round, 35th overall, of the 1975 NHL Amateur Draft by the Buffalo Sabres. In his National Hockey League career, which lasted from 1976 to 1979, Breitenbach played in 68 games, all with Buffalo, scoring one goal and adding thirteen assists. He died of cancer in 2017 at the age of 62.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ---------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1971--72 Welland Sabres SOJHL 34 6
1972--73 St. Catharines Black Hawks OHA 37 1
1973--74 St. Catharines Black Hawks OHA 68 4
1974--75 St
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# UPEDU
The **UPEDU** or **Unified Process for Education** is a software development process specialized for education, developed by Pierre-N. Robillard (École Polytechnique de Montréal), Philippe Kruchten (Rational Software) and Patrick d\'Astous (École Polytechnique de Montréal).
UPEDU is a customization of the IBM Rational Unified Process (or *RUP*) and therefore inherits the most prominent properties of RUP, such as:
- It is iterative and an implementation of the spiral model
- The process is divided in time into four phases; the inception, elaboration, construction and transition phases, each of which consists of one or more milestones. For each phase, the set of artifacts (work products) and the work flow are defined by the process.
- The activities are categorized into disciplines, to clarify the required expertise and categorize the activities.
To help implementing the UPEDU in educational purposes, the authors have put a website online that provides most of the information that students need to use the process in their project.
## Disciplines
The disciplines in UPEDU in comparison to RUP are more aimed towards getting familiar with the unifying process and teaching the effect of using and adapting the process. Therefore, the RUP model has been simplified on some points, and the Nusiness modeling discipline, the Deployment discipline and the Environment discipline have been left out of the process.
## Known uses {#known_uses}
- The Dutch University of Groningen and the Swedish Linnaeus University offer students a collaborative course called *ISEP* (*International Software Engineering Project*) in which UPEDU is heavily used.
- The École Polytechnique de Montréal, alma mater of Robillard, features a course focused on software project management using UPEDU as a teaching tool
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# Nan'yō Kōhatsu
The `{{nihongo||南洋興発株式会社|'''Nan'yō Kōhatsu [[kabushiki gaisha]]'''|abbreviated to '''Nankō''' or '''NKKK'''}}`{=mediawiki}, also known the **South Seas Development Company**, was a Japanese strategic development company which aimed to promote economic development and Japanese political interests in Micronesia and Southeast Asia.
## 1921 founding
Founded in 1921 by Haruji Matsue to exploit the new mandated territory of Micronesia, Nanko received substantial support from the colonial administration and capital from the `{{nihongo|[[Oriental Development Company]]|東洋拓殖株式會社|Tōyō Takushoku K.K.}}`{=mediawiki}. The company was promoted as the \"*Mantetsu* of the South\" in hopes that it would be as successful and as profitable as the South Manchuria Railway Company.
## Growth (1920s--1930s) {#growth_1920s1930s}
Matsue was a fervent supporter of the *Nanshin-ron* doctrine, which advocated Japanese territorial expansion and colonization of the islands of Oceania and eventually the European-held territories of the Indonesian archipelago. Building on the resources of the defunct *Nan\'yō Shokusan*, Matsue was able to build a substantial empire supported by the sugar industry during the 1920s and 1930s. In addition to sponsoring the immigration of over 5,000 workers from Okinawa and northern Japan to the Mariana Islands, and clearing over 3,000 hectares for plantations, the company also built a sugar refinery, alcohol distillation plant, ice place and a railroad. Sugar cane became the primary industry of Saipan and by the mid-1930s the company exported over twelve million yen of sugar to mainland Japan.
In from the late 1920s and early 1930s, *Nan\'yō Kōhatsu* developed a wide range of activities in British, Dutch and Australian territories in Southeast Asia, especially in Sulawesi and in New Guinea. The company bought out local Japanese copra plantations and fish processing plants, and established a shipping company. The company also established a cotton plantation in Manokwari on the northern coast of Dutch East Indies New Guinea, which also included an air field. By the late 1930s, the company employed over 50,000 people.
From its base in Palau, *Nan\'yō Kōhatsu* sent small ships to Dili as early as 1934 in an effort to break the monopoly of Dutch shipping on trade with Portuguese Timor. However, in the summer of 1936, the company reached a secret agreement with the Imperial Japanese Navy to establish more of a foothold in Portuguese Timor, and with Navy funding, the company formed a joint venture in 1937 with the primary plantation company of Portuguese Timor, Sociedade Agrícola Pátria e Trabalho. The joint-venture effectively controlled imports and exports from Portuguese Timor, and by 1940 it was 48% controlled by *Nan\'yō Kōhatsu*. The company also bought out many small private operations in the eastern part of the Indonesian archipelago, and formed numerous joint ventures with native entrepreneurs.
As international tensions increased in the late 1930s, and following the outbreak of war in Europe, the extension of Japanese interests represented by the *Nan\'yō Kōhatsu* greatly concerned the British, Dutch and Australian authorities. Although Portugal and its colonies were neutral throughout the war, the Japanese interest in Timor led to the Allied invasion and occupation of Portuguese Timor in late 1941.
## Later years and abolition (1940--1945) {#later_years_and_abolition_19401945}
Matsue resigned as president in 1940, and was succeeded by Tokuichi Kuribayashi, an entrepreneur who had established several pearl fisheries in Southeast Asia and on the coast of Western Australia.
During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies, *Nan\'yō Kōhatsu* continued to expand its operations, and received several projects from the Imperial Japanese Navy to assist in the administration of the occupied territories. In Sulawesi, for example, the company was responsible for the overseeing the collection and distribution of rice.
However, during the Pacific War, many of the company\'s facilities were destroyed by various battles, and some 10,000 company employees were killed. Kuribayashi negotiated with the Navy and with various insurance companies for compensation, which he partially received; however, *Nan\'yō Kōhatsu* was abolished after the surrender of Japan by order of the Allied occupation authorities
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# Priors Hardwick
**Priors Hardwick** is a village and civil parish in the Stratford district of Warwickshire, England. The population of the civil parish as taken at the 2011 census was 172. The name derives from the fact that it was originally a manor belonging to the Priors of Coventry.
## History
The oldest houses in the village are centred on the village green, with The Butcher\'s Arms dated as 1562, although some sources place it back as far as 1375.
The proximity to the drover\'s road known as the Welsh Road influenced the village and the naming of local landmarks. The cattle drovers used to water their animals at a pond outside the village, which resulted in it being named *Cowpool*. This is unusual, since locally, such waterholes were named *pits*, rather than the Welsh-derived name *pool* (pwyll). *London End* in the village, and various buildings with *welsh* in their name also derive from the closeness of the road.
The original settlement is on the government\'s list of Scheduled Ancient Monuments with most of the village being enclosed in a Conservation Area.
In 1831 the area of the parish was 1600 acre, which was reduced to 1535 acre some time between 1881 and 1891 In 1836 the village became part of the Southam Poor Law Union which ran a workhouse in Southam. Until 1974, the parish belonged to the Southam Rural District.
### Population
According to census information the population figures have been:
- in 1831 there were 69 males aged over 20
- Total Population
Year Total Population Males Females
------ ------------------ ------- ---------
1801 228 110 118
1811 252 120 132
1821 263 132 131
1831 296 153 143
1841 280 138 142
1851 303 159 144
1861 323 182 141
1871 335 190 145
1881 280 141 139
1891 267 131 136
1901 225 115 110
1911 193 89 104
1921 177 88 89
1931 142 72 70
1951 151 72 79
1961 143 73 70
1971 162 n/a n/a
### Agriculture
In an 1801 survey the agricultural output of the parish was:
Crop Area (acre) Percent
----------------- ------------- ---------
Wheat 32 40%
Barley and Oats 26 33%
Potatoes 2 3%
Peas and Beans 19 24%
Turnips or Rape 0 0
Rye 0 0
Other 0 0
### Occupations
In an 1831 study the following occupations were categorised:
Occupation Persons Percent
--------------------------------- --------- ---------
Farmers employing Labourers 9 13%
Farmers not employing Labourers 1 1%
Agricultural Labourers 39 58%
Manufacturing 0 0%
Retail and Handicrafts 14 20%
Capitalists, Professionals 1 1%
Labourers (non-agricultural) 2 3%
Servants 3 4%
Other 0 0
## Population {#population_1}
According to the 2001 census, the parish consists of 79 households with a population of 167 (80 males and 87 females). Of the 79 households, 63 were owner-occupied, 4 were rented from the council, and 12 were rented from a private landlord. 11 households had no car or van, 27 had one car or van, 23 had two and 18 had three or more. the mean population age was 43.88 and the median was 46. The average distance travelled to a fixed place of work was 24.25 km.
## Landmarks
The major business in the village is [The Butcher\'s Arms](http://www.thebutchersarms.com), originally a pub, now a Portuguese restaurant. The Anglican parish church of St Mary is a Grade II\* listed building, with parts dating from the 12th century. It is part of [the Bridges Group](http://www.thebridgesgroup.org.uk) of Parishes
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# List of fictional city-states in literature
This is a **list of fictional city-states in literature**. A city-state is a sovereign state that consists of a city and its dependent territories. They have been an important aspect of human society, and historically included famous cities like Athens, Carthage, Rome, and the Italian city-states of the Renaissance. Correspondingly in literature, there are numerous examples of fictional city-states.
## A-I {#a_i}
- **Academy City**, also known as Gakuen Toshi, is a landlocked sovereign city-state within the Tokyo Metropolitan Area. It is the main setting of the Japanese light novel series *A Certain Magical Index* and *A Certain Scientific Railgun*.
- **Amber**, a castle and city in *The Chronicles of Amber*, a series by Roger Zelazny.
- **Ankh-Morpork**, which features prominently in the *Discworld* series by Terry Pratchett.
- **Aramanth**, a city where personal freedoms do not exist and success depends solely on performance in compulsory examinations, in the *Wind on Fire* trilogy by William Nicholson.
- **Besźel**, one of the eponymous twinned city-states in China Miéville\'s novel *The City & the City*.
- **Braavos**, **Pentos**, and other Free Cities from the *A Song of Ice and Fire* book series by George R. R. Martin.
- **Caprona**, a sovereign city-state in the world of the *Chronicles of Chrestomanci* series by Diana Wynne Jones. It is the setting for *The Magicians of Caprona*.
- **Cities in Flight** by James Blish are Earth cities which though the invention of the Spindizzy are able to take off into space, leaving an impoverished Earth behind, and wander the galaxy as independent \"okie\" cities.
- **Columbia** (*Bioshock: Infinite*)
- **Cynosure** (*First Comics* multiverse)
- **Diaspar** in *The City and the Stars* by Arthur C. Clarke
- **Duchy of Grand Fenwick** in *The Mouse that Roared* by Leonard Wibberley
- *Dungeons & Dragons* campaigns
- **Free City of Greyhawk**
- **Menzoberranzan** (*Forgotten Realms*)
- **Neverwinter** (*Forgotten Realms*)
- **Sigil** (*Planescape*)
- **Waterdeep** (*Forgotten Realms*)
- **Kharé**, **Port Blacksand** (*Fighting Fantasy* series by Steve Jackson)
- **Esgaroth** (Laketown), **Lonely Mountain** (*The Hobbit* by J.R.R. Tolkien)
- **Hav** (*Last Letters from Hav* by Jan Morris, 1985)
## J-R {#j_r}
- Jonathanland, the fictional city of Mason Ewing Corp\'s universe, featuring Baby Madison, Eli Tilmann,\...
- Judge Dredd comic book series
- **Brit-Cit**
- **Ciudad Baranquilla**
- **Hondo City**
- **Mega-City One**
- **Mega-City Two**
- **Lys** in *The City and the Stars* by Arthur C. Clarke
- **New Crobuzon** (Books by China Miéville)
- **New New York** (The novel *Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?* by Philip K. Dick, *Worlds* trilogy by Joe Haldeman)
- **Neustern**, autonomous coastal city state invented in the paintings of artist Gary Farrelly.
- **Solymbria**, **Boaktis**, **Tarxia**, **Zolon**, **Ir**, **Metouro**, **Govannion**, **Alissar**, **Xylar**, **Othomae**, **Kortoli**, and **Vindium** (all sharing a common language and culture but jealous of their independence and greatly differing in their systems of government; also, **Iraz** -- a distant, non-Novarian city state in the same world, with a different language and culture *Novarian* series by L. Sprague de Camp:
- **Orsenna** (fictional city in *The Opposing Shore* by Julien Gracq)
- **Opar** (\"Lost\" city in the African jungles, in the *Tarzan* books of Edgar Rice Burroughs, its ancient days of glory described in prequel series by Philip José Farmer)
- **Pseudopolis**, city-state on the Sto Plains in the *Discworld* series.
- *The Riftwar Cycle* by Raymond E. Feist
- **The Free Cities of Natal** on the continent of Triagia on Midkemia
- **Krondor**, a principality
## S-Z {#s_z}
- Actual Sitka, AK, US with a fictional population in the millions and the host of a 1977 world fair, in Michael Chabon\'s alternate history detective novel \"*The Yiddish Policemen\'s Union\"*
- *The Begum\'s Fortune* by Jules Verne
- **Stahlstadt** (Steel City), a totalitarian German-speaking city-state
- **Ville-France**, a utopian French-speaking city-state
- **Superbia** (mobile city-state in the DC Comics universe)
- **Three Portlands**, an extradimensional city-state accessible via portals in Portland, Oregon, Portland, Maine, and the Isle of Portland (SCP Foundation website)
- **Ul Qoma**, one of the eponymous twinned city-states in China Miéville\'s novel *The City & the City*
- **Umbar** (from *The Lord of the Rings* by J.R.R. Tolkien)
- The **Vesani Republic** from *The Folding Knife* by K.J
| 707 |
List of fictional city-states in literature
| 0 |
10,033,263 |
# Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus
**Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus** (fl. 198`{{spnd}}`{=mediawiki}194 BC) or Sextus Aelius Q.f. Paetus Catus (or \"the clever one\"), was a Roman Republican consul, elected in 198 BC. Today, he is best known for his interpretation of the laws of the Twelve Tables, which is known to us only through the praise of Cicero. Paetus Catus came from a prominent plebeian noble family; his father was a praetor, and his elder brother was another consul, Publius Aelius Paetus.
## Family
Sextus Aelius Paetus was apparently the younger surviving son of Quintus Aelius Paetus, a praetor who was one of the many Roman senators killed at Cannae in August 216 BC. Other members of the gens Aelia who rose to high office included Publius Aelius Paetus, who was consul in 337 BC, and Gaius Aelius Paetus, consul in 286 BC. `{{Unreliable source?|date=September 2021}}`{=mediawiki} Both earlier consuls may have been ancestors, or collateral kinsmen, but the connection is not mentioned by the Roman historian Livy.
Paetus\'s elder brother became Master of the Horse in 202, and consul in the following year. Other members of the family, including Publius\'s son, succeeded to the consulship in later years.
## Political career {#political_career}
Little is known of Paetus Catus\'s political career, or how he acquired the additional cognomen of \"Catus\". Livy mentions that he was curule aedile in 200 BC, when he imported grain from Africa.
According to an Oxford dictionary of Roman jurists, Paetus Catus\'s rapid rise from curule aedile to the consulship and censorship was not due to his father\'s death or his elder brother\'s successes, but his aptitude for the law. He was apparently nicknamed "catus" meaning "clever" or \"the clever one\" in recognition of his legal skills. Catus may have given up other aspects of his public career (he is not mentioned in any military action by Livy) to devote his time to the study of law. The Oxford dictionary believes that he may have been the first professional jurist in the history of Rome. (It is not clear if earlier jurists were not professional, or were part-timers, but a Roman paterfamilias of rank and status, or his grown sons, would be expected to defend his family\'s clients in legal matters. Perhaps the Punic war meant that too many such patrons were away from Rome, and unable to handle legal matters).
His brother Publius Aelius Paetus had been consul three years earlier in 201, and was elected censor 199. Publius\'s success may have helped Sextus to the consulship in 198, but he was overshadowed by his younger and eventually more famous patrician colleague, Titus Quinctius T.f. Flamininus, then aged only thirty.
Sextus did not distinguish himself militarily during his consulship, with all honours, including the Macedonian/Greek campaigns, going to his much younger colleague Flamininus. His own efforts in his assigned province were not marked with much success. However, he was still elected censor in 194 with Gaius Cornelius Cethegus, possibly out of respect for his skills as a jurist, possibly out of respect for his elder brother, a former censor.
## Paetus, the jurist {#paetus_the_jurist}
Aelius Paetus and his brother Publius were both apparently jurists. Sextus was author of a work, *Commentaria tripartita* or *tripertita*, which systematically set out each provision of the Twelve Tables, provided a commentary, and then discussed a relevant action-at-law for each provision. Another work called *Ius Aelianum* discussed actions-at-law only. The former work was praised by no less a judge than Cicero, and was evidently extant during the lifetime of his friend Titus Pomponius Atticus who refers to it. When the work disappeared is unknown
| 602 |
Sextus Aelius Paetus Catus
| 0 |
10,033,264 |
# Magnex Scientific
**The Magnex Scientific** was a company involved in the design and building of superconducting magnet systems. In 2004 Magnex was bought by Varian, Inc.
The Magnet Technology Centre is the new headquarters for magnet manufacturing for Varian, Inc and is situated on the Oxford Industrial Park, 3 mi north-west of the city of Oxford, England.
The purpose built manufacturing plant was opened in 2000, and has since grown in size to 90000 sqft. Part of this expansion is the new Varian European NMR demonstration facility. The factory is able to manufacture Varian\'s full range of on NMR and MRS magnet systems including the class leading ultra high-field 9.4 T 900 mm and 7.0 T 900 mm horizontal bore MRI magnets as well as high resolution 800 MHz NMR magnet systems.
## Magnex history {#magnex_history}
Since 1982 Magnex has grown to become the World Leader in NMR Magnet Technology. Below is a brief description of the last 25 successful years
**1982** Magnex Formed
**1983** First Whole Body 0.5 tesla MRI Magnet System produced for Elscint Ltd.
**1984** First Whole Body 2.0 tesla MRI/MRS Magnet System produced for Elscint Ltd.
**1985** Magnex moves to Abingdon Business Park
Magnex develops World\'s first 4.7 tesla 400 mm Horizontal Bore Magnet System for Bruker GmbH
**1986** Magnex develops the first Super Wide-Bore 400 MHz High Resolution Magnet System (400 MHz 104 mm)
**1987** Full range of Horizontal Bore Spectroscopy Magnet Systems developed (2.0-7.0 tesla, 20--40 cm bore)
**1988** Magnex develops the World\'s first compact 3.0 tesla 800 mm Shielded MRS Magnet System for Henry Ford Hospital Detroit
**1989** Magnex Inc established
Magnex develops 500 MHz High Resolution Magnet Systems
**1990** Magnex develops 600 MHz High Resolution Magnet Systems
**1991** Delivery and installation of Magnex\'s first 600 MHz 54 mm and 500 MHz 89 mm High Resolution Magnet Systems
**1992** Delivery and installation of the World\'s first 550 MHz Wide-Bore(89mm) High Resolution Magnet System
Delivery of Magnex\'s first compact 1.5 tesla MRI Magnet System
**1993** Magnex develops and install the World\'s first 9.4 tesla 310 mm Horizontal bore Spectroscopy Magnet System
Delivery and installation of the World\'s first 7.0 tesla 400 mm Horizontal Bore Spectroscopy Magnet System
Delivery of Magnex\'s first Compact Active Screen 0.5 tesla MRI Magnet System
**1994** Delivery and installation of the first Magnex/JMT 750 MHz 54 mm Magnet System at an Academic Institute (in conjunction with Bruker)
Delivery and installation by Magnex of the World\'s first Super-Wide Bore 500 MHz/125mm High Resolution Magnet System
Installation of the World\'s first dedicated fMRI Magnet System (3.0 teslas) at Pittsburgh with GE Medical Systems
**1995** Completion of the World\'s first Actively Shielded High Resolution Magnet Systems
Delivery of the World\'s first 750 MHz 62 mm Magnet System
Delivery of the World\'s first compact Shielded FTMS Magnet System
**1996** Delivery of the World\'s first Actively Shielded 600 MHz 52 mm Magnet System
**1997** Delivery of the World\'s first 800 MHz 52 mm Magnet System operating at 4.2 K
**1998** Delivery of the World\'s first ultra high field (8 T) clinical research magnet.
**1999** Delivery of the World\'s second ultra high field (7 T) clinical research magnet.
Delivery of Europe\'s highest field (4.7 T) clinical research magnet.
**2000** Delivery and installation of the world\'s first actively shielded 500 MHz 125 mm high resolution magnet system.
Delivery of the World\'s first 500 MHz 40 cm Horizontal bore Magnet System.
Sale of clinical business to GE Medical Systems.
**2001** Relocated to The Magnet Technology Centre, Yarnton UK
Demonstration of the World\'s first 7.0 tesla 600 mm Vertical Bore fMRI Magnet System
**2002** Installation of the company\'s 500th NMR/MRI Magnet System.
Completion of the World\'s first 12.0 tesla actively shielded FTMS Magnet System.
**2003** Installation of World\'s first actively shielded 600 MHz 89 mm bore magnet system.
Delivery of the world first 9.4 T 65 cm research magnet.
**2004** Delivery and installation of the world\'s first 800 MHz 89 mm Magnet System.
Varian, Inc. acquisition of Magnex Scientific.
**2005** Delivery of Premium Shielded 500 MHz and 600 MHz magnets
**2006** Introduction of 9.4/820 and 7T/680 actively shielded clinical MRI systems. European MR Application's lab opened in B4
**2007** Introduction of 16.4T/260 and 14.1/260 in-vivo MRS systems
**2008** Introduction of PremiumCOMPACT 800MHz NMR magnet. Shipment and commissioning of World's first 9
| 713 |
Magnex Scientific
| 0 |
10,033,266 |
# GWR 6959 Class 6960 Raveningham Hall
**6960 *Raveningham Hall*** is a Great Western Railway, 4-6-0 Modified Hall Class locomotive, built in March 1944 at Swindon Works to a design by Frederick Hawksworth. It is one of six of this class that survive in preservation. The locomotive is named after Raveningham Hall in Norfolk.
## Operation
Its first shed allocation was Old Oak Common with a transfer to Reading in September 1953, then to its last shed allocation Oxford in September 1963. The locomotive was withdrawn from service in June 1964 and sold to Woodham Brothers scrapyard in Barry, South Wales for cutting up.
## Preservation
6960 was saved for preservation and left the yard in October 1972 as the 26th departure from Barry having been acquired by David Edleston of Derby. It was eventually sold to Brian Thomas and moved to Steamtown Carnforth. Restored in 1975, the locomotive took part in the Stockton and Darlington Railway 150th Anniversary celebrations at Shildon.
In 1977 6960 moved to the Severn Valley Railway (SVR) where she ran with 4930 *Hagley Hall*\'s tender while her own was put behind 4930. In 1978 6960 became the first SVR-based locomotive to haul a rail tour on the main line.
Following a decision by the owner to sell the locomotive, 6960 left the SVR in late 1996, initially moving to the Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway. Sold to Jeremy Hosking, by 2008 it was at The Flour Mill workshops in the Forest of Dean receiving a thorough overhaul. It was based at the West Somerset Railway but due to newly imposed weight restrictions, was transferred back to the SVR in May 2019 in exchange for the lighter 7802 *Bradley Manor*. In November 2019 it was decided that 6960 would remain at the SVR. After its boiler certificate expired in July 2021, it moved to the One:One Collection in Margate for static display
| 314 |
GWR 6959 Class 6960 Raveningham Hall
| 0 |
10,033,285 |
# Henry Morton Dexter
Henry Dexter}} `{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2022}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Infobox person
|name = Henry Morton Dexter
|image = Henry Morton Dexter (1846–1910).png
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1846|07|12}}
|birth_place = [[Manchester, New Hampshire|Manchester]], New Hampshire
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1910|10|29|1846|07|12}}
|death_place = [[Edgartown, Massachusetts|Edgartown]], Massachusetts
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|nationality = American
|title =
|known_for =
|alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[Yale University]], 1867
* [[Andover Theological Seminary]], 1870
}}
|employer =
|occupation = Clergyman, historian, editor
|boards =
|spouse =
|children =
|parents = [[Henry Martyn Dexter]]
|signature = Signature of Henry Morton Dexter (1846–1910).png
}}`{=mediawiki} **Henry Morton Dexter** (1846--1910) was an American clergyman, historian, and editor.
## Life
Henry Morton Dexter was born in Manchester, New Hampshire on July 12, 1846, the son of Henry Martyn Dexter. He graduated from Yale University in 1867, where he was a member of Skull and Bones, and from Andover Theological Seminary in 1870, spent three years in travel, was ordained to the Congregational ministry, serving as pastor of the Union Church at Taunton, Massachusetts (1873--78). From 1878 to 1891, he was editor of *The Congregationalist*. During several visits to England and the Netherlands he made investigations particularly of the history of the Pilgrims and early American colonists, and he prominently promoted the erection of a memorial tablet to John Robinson at Leyden, Holland, in 1891. His work appeared in *New England Magazine*.
Dexter died in Edgartown, Massachusetts on October 29, 1910
| 245 |
Henry Morton Dexter
| 0 |
10,033,289 |
# Caracas Metrobus
The **Caracas Metrobus** is a public transit system in Venezuela. The bus network consists of 20 urban and 4 suburban routes which connect to the nearby cities of Los Teques, Guarenas, Guatire and San Antonio de Los Altos. At present, it consists of a fleet of 220 buses
| 51 |
Caracas Metrobus
| 0 |
10,033,319 |
# Mike Byers
**Michael Arthur Byers** (September 11, 1946 --- September 16, 2010) was a Canadian ice hockey right wing. He played in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers, Los Angeles Kings, and Buffalo Sabres between 1967 and 1972. He also played in the World Hockey Association for the Los Angeles Sharks, New England Whalers, and Cincinnati Stingers between 1972 and 1976.
In his NHL career, Byers played in 166 games, scoring 42 goals and 34 assists. He played in 263 WHA games, scoring 83 goals and adding 74 assists
| 95 |
Mike Byers
| 0 |
10,033,323 |
# Alleshausen
**Alleshausen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈaləsˌhaʊ̯zn̩}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Biberach in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## World Heritage Site {#world_heritage_site}
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
| 50 |
Alleshausen
| 0 |
10,033,329 |
# London Buses route 55
**London Buses route 55** is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Walthamstow bus station and Oxford Circus, it is operated by East London, a subsidiary of Stagecoach London.
## History
The route number 55 came from tram 55, replaced by trolleybus 555, which had run between Old Street and Hackney.
In 1990, the section of the route that linked Leyton and Oxford Circus was withdrawn. It was reinstated in 1997 after a campaign by Waltham Forest residents.
On 13 October 2001 conductors were reintroduced on route 55, using standard two door double deckers that were previously one person operated. The vehicles employed generally had bell pushes that would only ding once reducing the effectiveness of the second crew member. The trial was short lived and not extended to other routes.
Stagecoach London successfully retained route 55 with a new contract starting on 27 February 2010 and a further contract starting on 28 February 2015.
New Routemasters were introduced on 28 February 2015. The rear platform remains closed at all times except for when the bus is at bus stops. On 12 October 2019, route 55 was extended to Walthamstow bus station after the withdrawal of route 48.
In 2021, the maximum frequency of the service was reduced from 11 buses per hour to 9
| 225 |
London Buses route 55
| 0 |
10,033,333 |
# Three Sisters Islands (New York)
Three Sisters Islands}} 43.078081 N 79.066039 W display=title
The **Three Sisters Islands** are islands which lie off the south shoreline of Goat Island. The islands are part of Niagara Falls, New York.
Accessible from Goat Island, the Three Sisters Islands are located just beyond the Canada/U.S. border in Niagara Falls, New York. The islands are named after Celinda, Angelina, and Asenath Whitney (all three of whom are buried in Oakwood Cemetery in Niagara Falls, NY), daughters of General Parkhurst Whitney of Niagara Falls, New York. General Whitney (also buried in Oakwood Cemetery), was a prominent early settler of Niagara Falls, New York. The General moved to Niagara Falls, N.Y. in 1810 and is best known as the founder and operator of the Cataract House Hotel located near the upper rapids just above the falls. General Whitney\'s daughters are believed to be the first settlers to have trekked to the three small islands.
Before European settlers arrived in North America, Iroquois shamans made sacrifices of food and gifts on the islands and communed with He-No (Mighty Thunderer), the spirit who dwells in the mist-enshrouded cave at the base of the falls. Modern day psychics believe any one can hear the voices of the spirits if they listen carefully while visiting the Three Sisters Islands. Each island supports a variety of microhabitats and has its own floristic character. The Three Sisters Islands are connected by bridges, allowing pedestrians to walk to all three for grand views of the raging rapids in the Niagara River right before its descent over the Horseshoe Falls
| 266 |
Three Sisters Islands (New York)
| 0 |
10,033,351 |
# Applied Research in Patacriticism
The **Applied Research in Patacriticism** (**ARP**) was a digital humanities lab based at the University of Virginia founded and run by Jerome McGann and Johanna Drucker. ARP\'s open-source tools include Juxta, IVANHOE, and Collex. Collex is the social software and faceted browsing backbone of the NINES federation. ARP was funded by the Mellon Foundation.
## Projects
### IVANHOE
IVANHOE is an open source electronic role-playing game for educational use. It was developed by ARP at the University of Virginia. It is so named because Sir Walter Scott\'s novel, *Ivanhoe*, was used as the source text for the very first IVANHOE game. IVANHOE is notable as an example of the use of ludic or game-related techniques in higher education in the humanities.
### NINES
NINES is the **Networked Infrastructure for Nineteenth-century Electronic Scholarship**, a scholarly organization in British and American nineteenth-century studies supported by ARP, a software development group assembling a suite of critical and editorial tools for digital scholarship. It was founded in 2003 by Jerome McGann at the University of Virginia.
NINES serves as a clearinghouse for peer-reviewed digital resources, which can be collected, annotated, and re-used in online \"exhibits.\" It is powered by open-source Collex software.
In 2011, the NINES model was expanded to include a sister site in eighteenth-century studies, called 18thConnect.
### Collex
Collex is an open source social software and faceted browsing tool designed for digital humanities. It includes folksonomy features and is under construction at ARP. The first release of Collex is used in the NINES initiative, but it is a [generalizable tool](http://collex.org) that can be applied to other subject domains. Collex is an early example of a scholar-driven Library 2.0 initiative and, like NINES, was conceived as a response to economic problems in tenure and academic publishing.
### Juxta
Juxta is an open-source tool for performing bibliographical collations for scholarly use in textual criticism. It was developed by ARP at the University of Virginia under the direction of textual theorist Jerome McGann. The original application was a Java-based client [available for free download](http://www.juxtasoftware.org).
In October 2012, the Research and Development team at NINES released [Juxta Commons](http://juxtacommons.org), a fully online version of the software
| 365 |
Applied Research in Patacriticism
| 0 |
10,033,353 |
# Lo speziale
***Lo speziale*** (*The Apothecary*), Hob. 28/3, is a three-act opera buffa by Joseph Haydn, with a libretto by Carlo Goldoni.
A love triangle between the poor apprentice Mengone, the rich and assured dandy Volpino, and the local apothecary\'s ward, Grilletta, *Lo speziale* is a comedy of great warmth and ebullience.
*Lo speziale* prefigures Mozart. It opens with an aria complaining about an apprentice apothecary\'s job, much like Leporello\'s opening aria in *Don Giovanni*. The trouser role of Volpino reminds one of Cherubino in *Le nozze di Figaro* and the young lovers\' use of disguises will call *Così fan tutte* to mind.
The opera is scored for two flutes, two oboes, bassoon, two horns, strings, continuo.
## Performance history {#performance_history}
It was composed and first performed to popular and critical acclaim at Eszterháza in the autumn of 1768. It was performed twice more during Haydn\'s lifetime, on 21 and 22 March 1770.
The opera has probably been performed more than all of Haydn\'s other operas put together. A German edition (as *Der Apotheker*) was published in 1895.
## Roles
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| Role | Voice type | Premiere cast, 1768\ |
| | | Conductor: Joseph Haydn |
+====================================+=======================+=========================+
| Sempronio, *an old apothecary* | tenor | Carlo Friberth |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| Grilletta, *Sempronio\'s ward* | soprano | Maddalena Spangler |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| Mengone, *Sempronio\'s apprentice* | tenor | Leopoldo Dichtler |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| Volpino, *a young rich dandy* | soprano (en travesti) | Barbara Dichtler |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
| | | |
+------------------------------------+-----------------------+-------------------------+
: `{{sronly|Roles, voice types, premiere cast}}`{=mediawiki}
## Synopsis
An old man, Sempronio, is determined to marry a young woman, Grilletta, more for her money than for any other reason. Sempronio however has two rivals: his apprentice, Mengone, who has taken the job only to be near Grilletta, and Volpino, a young man about town.
Mengone has entered the service of the apothecary Sempronio, though he does not possess the slightest knowledge of chemistry. His love for Sempronio\'s ward Grilletta is the reason, and in the first scene he mixes drugs while making melancholy reflections on his lot, which has led him to a master who buries himself in his newspapers instead of attending to his business, and allowing his apprentices get on as best they may.
Sempronio relates that the plague is raging in Russia. The news that an old cousin of his has married his young ward is more interesting to him than all his drugs and pills; he intends to act likewise with Grilletta. This young lady has three suitors, one of whom, a rich young coxcomb, enters to order a drug. His real intention is to see Grilletta. He notices that Mengone loves her too, so he sends him out, in order to have Grilletta to himself. But she only mocks him, and on Mengone\'s return Volpino is forced to retire. Alone with Mengone, Grilletta encourages her timid lover, whom she likes, but just when he is about to take her hand Sempronio returns, furious to see them so intimate. He sends Mengone away to work and the young girl to her account books, while he buries himself once more in the papers.
Missing a map, he is obliged to leave the room: the young people take advantage of the situation, and when Sempronio, having lost his spectacles, goes to fetch them, Mengone grows bolder and kisses Grilletta. The old man returns at the supreme moment, and in a rage sends each to their room.
Mengone\'s effrontery emboldens Sempronio to marry Grilletta at once. He is however detained by Volpino, who comes to bribe him by an offer from the Sultan to go to Turkey as apothecary at court, war having broken out in that country. The wily young man insinuates that Sempronio will soon grow rich, and offers to give him 10,000 ducats at once, if he will give him Grilletta for his wife. Sempronio is quite willing to accept the Sultan\'s proposal, but not to cede Grilletta. So he sends Mengone away to fetch a notary, who is to marry him to his ward without delay. The maiden wracks her brains on how to rouse her timid lover to action.
Sempronio, hearing her sing sadly, suggests that she wants a husband and offers her his own worthy person. Grilletta accepts him, hoping to awaken Mengone\'s jealousy and rouse him to action. The notary comes, in whom Grilletta at once recognizes Volpino in disguise. He has hardly sat down, when a second notary enters, saying that he has been sent by Mengone and claiming his due. The latter is Mengone himself, and Sempronio, not recognizing the two, bids them sit down. He dictates the marriage contract, in which Grilletta is said to marry Sempronio by her own free will; the two false notaries distort every word of old Sempronio\'s, and each puts his own name instead of the guardian\'s. When the contract is written, Sempronio takes one copy, Grilletta the other and the whole fraud is discovered. Volpino vanishes, but Mengone promises Grilletta to do his best in order to win her.
In the last scene Sempronio receives a letter from Volpino, telling him that the Pasha is to come with a suite of Turks to buy all his medicines at a high price, and to appoint him solemnly as the Sultan\'s apothecary. Volpino indeed arrives, with his attendants, all disguised as Turks, but he is again recognized by Grilletta. He offers his gold, and seizes Grilletta\'s hand, to carry her off, but Sempronio interferes. Then the Turks begin to destroy all the pots and glasses and costly medicines, and when Sempronio objects, the false Pasha draws his dagger, but Mengone intervenes and induces the frightened old man to promise Grilletta to him, if he succeeds in saving him from the Turks. No sooner is the promise written and signed, than Grilletta tears off the Pasha\'s false beard and reveals Volpino, who retires baffled, while the false Turks drink the young couple\'s health at the cost of the two defeated suitors
| 1,009 |
Lo speziale
| 0 |
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