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# Dobel
**Dobel** is a municipality in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
Dobel became a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg in 1527 after purchasing rights to the town over the last two hundred years, and it was assigned to the district of Neuenbürg. That district was dissolved in 1938 and Dobel was reassigned to district of Calw. The town began a period of urban growth after World War II, particularly along its eastern edge. In the 1970s, there was some expansion further to the northeast, and the village of Lehensägmühle was ceded to Dobel from Bad Wildbad in 1971. Dobel became a health resort in 1984 and gained a clinic in 1987.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Dobel is located situated in the district of Calw, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Dobel lies at the northwest corner of the district, bordering the districts of Rastatt and the Enz. The municipal area is physically located in the Grinde area of the Black Forest, on a plateau between the valleys of the Enz and Alb rivers. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 882 m Normalnull (NN) at the top of the Rosskopf to a low of 405 m NN.
A portion of the Federally protected Eyach and Rotenbach valleys nature reserve is located in Dobel\'s municipal area.
## Politics
Dobel has one borough (*Ortseil*), Dobel, and two villages: Eyachmühle and Lehensägmühle. Dobel is in a municipal association with Bad Herrenalb.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Dobel\'s coat of arms shows the sun rising behind a green, three-pointed hill upon a field of blue. This pattern was created in 1939 and refers to the landscape of Dobel. The coat of arms was approved, and a municipal flag issued, by the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 25 January 1968.
## Transportation
Dobel is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by its local *Landesstraßen* und *Kreisstraßen*. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 337 |
Dobel
| 0 |
10,033,905 |
# Ebhausen
**Ebhausen** is a town in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
The municipality of Ebhausen was formed in 1975 by the merging of Ebhausen, Ebershardt, Rotfelden, and Wenden in 1975.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Ebhausen is located at the center of the district of Calw, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Ebhausen\'s municipal area lies in a transitional landscape between the Black Forest and the Heckengäu, though a portion of it falls in the Upper Gäu to the east. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 576 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 403 m NN.
A portion of the Federally protected Mindersbach valley nature reserve is located in Ebhausen\'s municipal area.
## Politics
Ebhausen has four boroughs -- Ebershardt, Ebhausen, Rotfelden, and Wenden, Ebhausen -- and three villages: Gärtenfeld, Schwarzenbachmühle, Ziegelhütte. Also in the municipal area are the industrial district of Wöllhausen and the abandoned villages of Berghäuser, Grashart, and Höfen.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Ebhausen\'s municipal coat of arms is divided *party per pale* into a yellow half, which contains a black woodcutting axe, on the left and a black half on the right. Both are crossed by a red line. Sans the axe, this was the coat of arms of the Houses of Wolthausen and Vogtsberg, who ruled over Ebhausen and Wenden as *vogts* respectively. The axe is lifted from the arms of a local noble, Wetzel von Ebhausen, and the tincture from the arms of Rotfelden. This coat of arms was awarded along with a municipal flag by the Calw district office on 10 February 1984.
## Transportation
Ebhausen is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by the Bundesstraße 28. The municipality was also connected by rail via the Nagold-Altensteig narrow gauge railway from 1981 until its shutdown in 1967. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 320 |
Ebhausen
| 0 |
10,033,912 |
# Egenhausen
**Egenhausen** is a municipality in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
The villages of Egenhausen, Kapf, and Ölmühle were sold to the Duchy of Württemberg by the Margraviate of Baden in 1603. The three were governed from Altensteig until 1811, when they were assigned to Oberamt Nagold. The Oberamt was dissolved in 1938 and Egenhausen, Kapf, and Ölmühle were subsequently assigned to the new Landkreis Calw. Egenhausen began a period of urban growth after World War II and had developed two new neighborhoods at its northern and western extremities by the mid-1960s.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Egenhausen is located at the south-western edge of the district of Calw, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It lies along the border with the district of Freudenstadt to the south and west. Egenhausen is located in a transitional landscape between the Black Forest, the Heckengäu, and the Upper Gäu. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 626 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 458 m NN.
Portions of the Federally protected Egenhäuser Kapf at Bömbachtal and Upper Gründel nature reserves are located in Egenhausen\'s municipal area.
## Politics
Egenhausen has one borough (*Ortsteil*), Egenhausen, and two villages: Kapf and Ölmühle. There is also an abandoned village, Sindelsteta, in the municipal area. Egenhausen is a member of the Altensteig Municipal Association with the city of Altensteig and the municipality of Simmersfeld.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Egenhausen\'s coat of arms portrays a thistle, in yellow a white flower and six yellow leaves, rooted to a field of red. The thistle is a reference to the flora of the Heckengäu. This coat of arms was awarded to Egenhausen by the Federal Ministry of the Interior alongside a municipal flag on 10 April 1969.
## Transportation
Egenhausen is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by Bundesstraße 28. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 326 |
Egenhausen
| 0 |
10,033,932 |
# Enzklösterle
**Enzklösterle** is a municipality in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Enzklösterle was first mentioned in a document from 1323 as \"Klösterlein ze der Entz\". It became a possession of the County of Württemberg between the years 1323 and 1345. In 1599, the Duke of Württemberg established a managed forest in Enzklösterle, which would have a lasting impact on the region\'s economy. In 1826, Enzklösterle, which had been an estate of Wildberg, was made an independent municipality and was assigned to Oberamt Neuenbürg. The village of Enztal was incorporated into Enzklösterle in 1935, forming the present boundaries of the municipality. Oberamt Neuenbürg was dissolved in 1938 and Enzklösterle was subsequently assigned to the district of Calw.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Enzklösterle is situated on the western edge of the district of Calw, along the border with the districts of Freudenstadt and Rastatt to the west. Enzklösterle is physically located in the valley of the Großen Enz, in the Northern Black Forest and Grinde regions. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 924 m Normalnull (NN) at the top of the Hirschkopf to a low of 563 m NN.
## Politics
Enzklösterle has one borough (*Ortsteil*), Enzklösterle, eight villages -- Gompelscheuer, Hetschelhof, Lappach, Mittelenztal, Petersmühle, Poppeltal, Rohnbuch, and Süßbächle -- and the industrial district of Enztal. The abandoned villages of Birkenäckerle, Boppelseehaus, Kaltbronn, and Zwickgabel are also located in the municipal area. Enzklösterle is in an Vereinbarte Verwaltungsgemeinschaft with the township of Bad Wildbad and the municipality of Höfen an der Enz.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Enzklösterle\'s coat of arms shows a yellow raft upon a blue, wavy bend dexter over a field of yellow. The raft is a reference to Enzklösterle\'s history of forestry, and the wavy bend the river Enz. This coat of arms was issued on 25 May 1950 by the provisional post-WWII Württemberg-Hohenzollern government.
## Transportation
Enzklösterle is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by Bundesstraße 294. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 344 |
Enzklösterle
| 0 |
10,033,937 |
# Gechingen
**Gechingen** is a town in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
Gechingen was first mentioned in 1110 as a fief of the County of Calw in a document outlining gifts made by local nobility to Hirsau Abbey. Lordship over Gechingen was inherited by the County Palatine of Tübingen, who sold the town to Herrenalb Abbey in 1308 or 1309. As a result of the Protestant Reformation, Herrenalb Abbey was secularized and its holdings seized by the Duchy of Württemberg, whose government assigned the town to the Pfleghof at Merklingen. In 1808, Gechingen was made a municipality and assigned to Oberamt Calw. That district was reformed in 1938 as Landkreis Calw, and Gechingen remained in its jurisdiction. Gechingen grew slowly in the years after World War II and not see significant urban growth until the 1960s.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Gechingen is located at the western edge of the district of Calw, along its border with the district of Böblingen. Gechingen is physically located in the Heckengäu and Schlehengäu regions of the Black Forest, within the greater region of the Upper Gäu. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 757 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 455 m NN.
A portion of the Federally protected Würm-Heckengäu nature reserve is located in Gechingen\'s municipal area.
## Politics
Gechingen has one borough (*Ortsteil*), Gechingen, and four villages: Berghöfe, Bergwald, Dachtgrubenhöfe, and Waldhof. Gechingen is a member of the Althengstett Municipal Association with the municipalities of Althengstett, Ostelsheim, and Simmozheim.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Gechingen\'s coat of arms displays a lion, in red, standing on a blue, three-pointed hill and facing to the left with a blue crosier in its forepaws, upon a field of yellow. This coat of arms was created with advice from the Central State Archive Stuttgart, as Gechingen did not have one and instead used the coat of arms of Württemberg in its seals. The lion upon the hill is taken from the arms of the Counts of Calw, while the crosier references Herrenalb Abbey. The Federal Ministry of the Interior awarded this coat of arms to Gechingen alongside a municipal flag on 18 July 1955.
## Transportation
Gechingen is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by its local *Kreisstraßen*, which connect to the Bundesautobahn 81 near Gärtringen, about 10 km outside of Gechingen\'s municipal area. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 412 |
Gechingen
| 0 |
10,033,941 |
# Höfen an der Enz
**Höfen** or **Höfen an der Enz** is a municipality in Calw district, in the region of Karlsruhe of Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Höfen is located on the River Enz at the northern edge of the Black Forest. It is located where street L 343 intersects with street B 294 (Gundelfingen - Bretten).
## Geography
Enztal is located in the northern Black Forest at an altitude of 360-712 meters, below the confluence of the big Enz and the small Enz. The community area is forested to 85%.
## History
The first recorded name of the place is \"zum Hof\" (locus dictus at *zum hofe* in a deed dated July 26, 1376), *zu den Höfen.* To Württemberg came Höfen together with Neuenbürg. Previously managed by a lawyer, the place became its own municipality administration unit (Schultheißenamt) and an independent municipality in the mid of the 19th century.
## Religions
Since the Reformation Höfen is Protestant coined; Roman Catholic believers are supervised by Bad Wildbad.
## Transportation
By the Enz Valley Railway (Pforzheim -Bad Wildbad), Höfen is today connected by the line S 6 of the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn to the national rail network. The town has two stops, \"Höfen an der Enz\" and \"Höfen an der Enz Nord\".
Höfen is situated on the road B294 (Bretten -Pforzheim- Freiburg), the nearest Autobahn is Pforzheim junction of the Bundesautobahn 8.
## Education
There is a primary school in Höfen. Older pupils are taught in the neighboring villages
| 246 |
Höfen an der Enz
| 0 |
10,033,950 |
# Oberreichenbach, Baden-Württemberg
**Oberreichenbach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈoːbɐˌʁaɪçn̩bax}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
The villages of Oberreichenbach and Oberkollbach were donated in 1303 by the House of Vaihingen to Hirsau Abbey. 300 years later, the nearby village of Igelsloch became a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg when it purchased the town of Bad Liebenzell. The village of Würzbach also became a possession of Württemberg when it acquired Zavelstein Castle in the early 14th century.
In 1807, Oberreichenbach and Oberkollbach were assigned by the government of the Kingdom of Württemberg to Oberamt Calw, and Igelsloch to Oberamt Neuenbürg in 1809. When these districts were dissolved in 1938, Oberreichenbach, Oberkollbach, Igelsloch, and Würzbach were all assigned to Landkreis Calw. With the exception of Oberkollbach, which grew substantially in the 1960s and 1970s, there was not much development in the modern municipal area after World War II.
In 1974, Oberkollbach and Igelsloch were merged into Oberreichenbach to form a new municipality that was further expanded on 1 January 1975 with Würzbach.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Oberreichenbach is situated in the district of Calw, in Baden-Württemberg, one of the 16 States of the Federal Republic of Germany. Oberreichenbach is physically located on the plateaus and in the valleys of the Enz and Nagold. Roughly half of its municipal area is in the Grinde to the west, while the other half is in the Black Forest to the east. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 728 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 460 m NN.
Portions of the Federally protected Hesel, Brand, and Kohl missen and Waldmoor-Torfstich nature reserves are located in Oberreichenbach\'s municipal area.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 2,645 |
| 2001 2,856 |
| 2011 2,799 |
| 2021 2,931 |
+------------------------+
## Politics
Oberreichenbach has four boroughs (*Ortsteile*), Igelsloch, Oberkollbach, Obrerreichenbach, and Würzbach, and four villages: Kunstmühle, Naislach, Siehdichfür, Unterkollbach. In addition, the minor administrative unit of Eberspiel and the abandoned village of Oberwürzbach are found in the municipal area. Oberreichenbach is in a Vereinbarte Verwaltungsgemeinschaft with the city of Calw.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Oberreichenbach\'s municipal coat of arms shows four green fir trees rooted to a field of yellow, above a blue, wavy fess and a checkboard pattern of five red squares and five yellow squares at the base of the blazon. This pattern is largely a combination of the coats of arms of Oberkollbach and Würzbach, as Oberreichenbach did not actually have a coat of arms. The wavy fess is a reference to the names Oberreichenbach, Oberkollbach, Würzbach, and Unterkollbach, as bach means \"stream\" in German. The four trees reference the Black Forest and references the name Igelsloch, derived from \"loh\", an old German word for \"forest\". The checkerboard pattern is taken from the arms of the Lords of Zavelstein. The municipal coat of arms was approved by the Calw district office on 5 September 1983.
## Transportation
Oberreichenbach is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by Bundesstraße 296. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 528 |
Oberreichenbach, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,033,965 |
# Rohrdorf, Baden-Württemberg
**Rohrdorf** is a municipality of the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Rohrdorf was ceded in 1303 *in commendam* by the County of Hohenberg to the Knights Hospitaller, who established a Commandery in the village that existed until 1806. Control of the town via patronage was a contest between the County of Württemberg and the Electoral Palatinate that began in 1363. Württemberg triumphed when in 1440 it purchased Wildberg from the Electoral Palatinate. Between 1363 and 1440, Rohrdorf was ruled by the House of Wöllhausen as *vogts* for the House of Württemberg. In 1738, the Duchy of Württemberg sold some of its rights over Rohrdorf and did not regain them until 1805. Rohrdorf was assigned to Oberamt Nagold, which was dissolved in 1938 and replaced by Landkreis Calw. Rohrdorf began a period of urban growth after World War II, expanding to north, east, and south. There was further development in the 1970s that added the Kämmerle industrial district.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Rohrdorf is situated in the district of Calw, in Baden-Württemberg, one of the 16 States of the Federal Republic of Germany. Rohrdorf is physically located in the Upper Gäu, a transitional landscape between the Heckengäu and the Northern Black Forest. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 576 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 403 m NN.
A portion of the Federally protected Staufen (Naturschutzgebiet) nature reserve is located in Rohrdorf\'s municipal area.
## Culture
The Knights Hospitaller built the Church of Saint John and two palaces in Rohrdorf over the 15th and 16th centuries.
## Politics
Rohrdorf has a single borough (*Ortsteil*), Rohrdorf, and the industrial district of Kämmerle. The municipality has been cited by the government of Baden-Württemberg as one of ten model municipalities in regard to rural development. Rohrdorf is in a Vereinbarte Verwaltungsgemeinschaft with the cities of Nagold and Haiterbach and the municipality of Ebhausen.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The coat of arms of Rohrdorf is divided *party per fess* into an upper, red section and a lower, white section. A white Maltese cross is housed in the upper field. The tincture is taken from the arms of the House of Hohenberg, and the Maltese cross from the Knights Hospitaller. This coat of arms first saw in use since 1913 but was not adopted officially until 1956.
## Transportation
Rohrdorf is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by Bundesstraße 28. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 421 |
Rohrdorf, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,033,975 |
# Rangeli Municipality
**Rangeli** is a Municipality and rural market town in Morang District in the Koshi Zone of south-eastern Nepal. This municipality was formed merging existing four villages i.e.Amgachhi, Babiabirta, Darbesa and Rangeli itself since May 2014.
At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 12,325 people living in 2463 individual households.
It is in the centre of a fertile agricultural region and there are numerous factories surrounding the town such as brick kilns and rice mills. Rangeli is linked by regular buses to the industrial city of Biratnagar.
Rangeli was once the district headquarters of Morang district, and was in the past a historically important trading town, although its role has declined over the last half a century with the growth of Biratnagar. Nevertheless, it remains an important market centre serving south-eastern Morang district.
The first recorded settlement in the region dates back to 7th century, when King Mung Mawrong Hang came to prominence in the historical terai lands of Limbuwan (present-day Sunsari, Morang and Jhapa area). He cleared much of the forest area in present-day Rangeli, east of Biratnagar, and built a town there. He named his Kingdom Morang after his name and rose to power.
## Wards
There are 9 wards in Rangeli, made up from wards of the former village development committees as follows:
New ward Included VDC / Municipality Population Area (sq. Km.)
---------- ----------------------------- ------------ ----------------
1 Babiyabirta (1¸2¸5-9) 6930 17.3
2 Babiyabirta (3¸4) 7696 22.12
3 Darvesha (4¸7¸9) 5192 17.14
4 Rangeli (3) 3368 7.48
5 Rangeli (6-8) 5203 11.14
6 Rangeli (2¸4) 5110 6.56
7 Rangeli (1¸5) 7054 3.38
8 Darvesha (1-3) 5122 10.38
9 Darvesha (5¸6¸8) 6338 16
| 283 |
Rangeli Municipality
| 0 |
10,033,978 |
# Simmersfeld
**Simmersfeld** is a town in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
The village of Aichhalden was acquired in 1345 by the County of Württemberg and was assigned to the district of Neuweiler, then to that of Calw in the early 16th century. Simmersfeld, Beuren, and Ettmannsweiler were manorial estates of the township of Altensteig, which became a possession of the now-Duchy of Württemberg in 1603 and made the seat of its own district. Fünfbronn came into Württemberger possession in the around 1464 after buying its independence from All Saints\' Abbey and was assigned to the district of Neuenbürg. In the first decade of the 19th century, the administrative structure of the newly created Kingdom of Württemberg was reformed and its districts recreated as Oberämter; Neuweiler was made an Oberamt in 1808, but then in 1810 dissolved, resulting in Simmersfeld, Beuren, and Ettmannsweiler being assigned to Oberamt Nagold. Fünfbronn was reassigned from Oberamt Neuenbürg in 1806 to Oberamt Calw, then to Oberamt Nagold in 1812. In the district reforms of 1938, Aichhalden, Beuren, Ettmannsweiler, Fünfbronn, and Simmersfeld were all brought together under Landkreis Calw. In 1975, they merged into a single municipality.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Simmersfeld is located at the south-western edge of the district of Calw, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It lies along the border with the district of Freudenstadt to the south and west. The municipal area lies within the greater Black Forest region, stretching from the upper valley of the Kleine Enz in the north to the Nagold in the south. A portion of Simmersfeld\'s area lies in the Grinde to the north. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 874 m Normalnull (NN), in the Enzwald, to a low of 465 m NN.
A portion of the federally protected Köllbach valley nature reserve is located in Simmersfeld\'s municipal area.
## Politics
Simmersfeld has five boroughs (*Ortsteile*) -- Aichhalden, Beuren, Ettmannsweiler, Fünfbronn, and Simmersfeld -- and two villages: Neumühle and Oberweiler. The abandoned village of Moosberg is also located in the municipal area.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The Simmersfeld municipal coat of arms displays a wood grouse, in yellow, upon a yellow branch above a crossed sword and axe, also yellow, upon a field of red. The axe and grouse reference the forested character of the municipality, and the sword to Simmersfeld\'s original name, \"Sigmaresfelt\". This pattern was first created in 1930 as the coat of arms of the village of Simmersfeld and was adopted as such in 1957. The symbology upon the blazon was deemed applicable to the whole municipality once it was formed in 1975 and was retained. The Calw district office approved it and issued a corresponding municipal flag on 5 May 1982.
## Transportation
Simmersfeld is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by its local *Landesstraßen* und *Kreisstraßen*. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 492 |
Simmersfeld
| 0 |
10,033,983 |
# Simmozheim
**Simmozheim** is a town in the district of Calw in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
From 1341 to 1442, Herrenalb Abbey slowly acquired title over Simmozheim. The Kingdom of Württemberg annexed the abbey in 1808 and Simmozheim was subsequently assigned to Oberamt Calw. That district was reorganized in 1938 as Landkreis Calw and Simmozheim remained in its jurisdiction. Simmozheim has grown substantially since World War II, primarily to its south, west, and east.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Simmozheim is found at the northeast edge of the district of Calw, along its border with the district of Böblingen. Simmozheim is physically located in the Schlehengäu region of the Heckengäu and the Upper Gäu. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 587 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 437 m NN.
Portions of the Federally protected Hörnle and Geißberg and Simmozheim forest nature reserves are located in Simmozheim\'s municipal area.
## Politics
Simmozheim has one borough (*Ortsteil*), Simmozheim, and one village, Büchelbronn. Simmozheim is in a municipal association with the municipalities of Althengstett, Gechingen, and Ostelsheim.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The coat of arms of Simmolzheim shows a lion, in yellow, standing and facing to the left with a crosier, in white, in its forepaws, below a white, six-pointed star, upon a field of red. The lion is a reference to the House of Vaihingen, who ruled the town before Württemberg, but it only appeared in municipal seals in the 19th century. The six-pointed star is taken from the Lords of Kröwelsau, minor feudal lords who governed Simmolzheim for the Counts of Vaihingen and later of Württemberg. The crosier is a reference to Herrenalb Abbey and first appeared in local seals in 1628. This coat of arms was in used as early as 1927 but was not adopted for official use until 1956. A corresponding municipal flag was issued to Simmozheim by the Calw district office on 29 September 1983.
## Transportation
Simmozheim is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by Bundesstraße 295. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw
| 353 |
Simmozheim
| 0 |
10,033,995 |
# Bergamottin
**Bergamottin** (**5-geranoxypsoralen**) is a natural furanocoumarin found in the pulp of pomelos and grapefruits. It is also found in the peel and pulp of the bergamot orange, from which it was first isolated and from which its name is derived.
## Chemistry
Bergamottin and dihydroxybergamottin are linear furanocoumarins functionalized with side chains derived from geraniol. They are inhibitors of some isoforms of the cytochrome P450 enzyme, in particular CYP3A4. This prevents oxidative metabolism of certain drugs by the enzyme, resulting in an elevated concentration of drug in the bloodstream.
Under normal circumstances, the grapefruit juice effect is considered to be a negative interaction, and patients are often warned not to consume grapefruit or its juice when taking medication. However, some current research is focused on the potential benefits of cytochrome P450 inhibition. Bergamottin, dihydroxybergamottin, or synthetic analogs may be developed as drugs that are targeted to increase the oral bioavailability of other drugs. Drugs that may have limited use because they are metabolized by CYP3A4 may become viable medications when taken with a CYP3A4 inhibitor because the dose required to achieve a necessary concentration in the blood would be lowered.
An example of the use of this effect in current medicines is the co-administration of ritonavir, a potent inhibitor of the CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 isoforms of cytochrome P450, with other antiretroviral drugs. Although ritonavir inhibits HIV replication in its own right, its use in these treatment regimens is to enhance the bioavailability of other agents through inhibition of the enzymes that metabolize them.
## Biosynthesis
Bergamottin is derived from components originating in the shikimate pathway. The biosynthesis of this compound starts with the formation of the demethylsuberosin (3) product, which is formed via the alkylation of the umbelliferone (2) compound. The alkylation of the umbelliferone is initiated with the use of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, more commonly known as DMAPP. The cyclization of an alkyl group occurs to form marmesin (4), which is done in the presence of NADPH and oxygen along with a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase catalyst. This process is then repeated twice more, first to remove the hydroxyisopropyl substituent from marmesin (4) to form psoralen (5), and then to add a hydroxyl group to form bergaptol (6). Bergaptol (6) is next methylated with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to form bergapten (7). The final step in this biosynthesis is the attachment of a GPP, or geranyl pyrophosphate, to the newly methylated bergapten (7) to form the target molecule bergamottin (8)
| 410 |
Bergamottin
| 0 |
10,034,003 |
# Biederbach
**Biederbach** is a municipality in the district of Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Biederbach
| 0 |
10,034,023 |
# Freiamt
**Freiamt** is a town in the district of Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
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# Jeannie Gunn
`{{Use Australian English|date=January 2017}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}`{=mediawiki} **Jeannie Gunn** `{{post-nominals|country=AUS|OBE}}`{=mediawiki} (pen name, **Mrs Aeneas Gunn**) (5 June 1870`{{spaced ndash}}`{=mediawiki}9 June 1961) was an Australian novelist, teacher and Returned and Services League of Australia (RSL) volunteer.
## Life
**Jeannie Taylor** was born in Carlton, Melbourne, the last of five children of Thomas Johnstone Taylor. Taylor was a Baptist minister who went into business and later worked on the Melbourne *Argus*. Matriculating through Melbourne University after being educated at home, she ran a school with her sisters between 1889 and 1896, after which she worked as a visiting teacher. On New Year\'s Eve 1901, she married the explorer, pastoralist and journalist Aeneas James Gunn, in the Presbyterian Church. Shortly after, in early 1902, they travelled to Darwin (then called Palmerston) and then to Elsey, an outlying cattle station on the Roper River, near the current town of Mataranka. After a year at the Elsey, Jeannie Gunn\'s husband died in March 1903 from complications of malaria and she returned to live in Melbourne.
In Melbourne, after being encouraged by friends, she began writing the books for which she would become famous. *The Little Black Princess: a True Tale of life in the Never-Never Land*, published in 1905 and revised in 1909, chronicled the childhood of an Indigenous Australian protagonist named Bett-Bett. Gunn\'s second book, *We of the Never Never* (1908), was styled as a novel but was actually a recounting of her time in the Northern Territory with only the names of people changed to obscure their identities. *We of the Never Never* sold more than 300,000 copies over thirty years, and was translated into German in the 1920s. In a 1931 poll by *The Herald* (Melbourne) its author was voted the third most popular Australian novelist after Marcus Clarke and Rolf Boldrewood. By 1990, over a million copies of the book had been sold.
During the First World War, Gunn became active in welfare work for Australian servicemen overseas. At the end of the conflict she began campaigning for the welfare of returned servicemen, liaising with government departments and becoming a patron of the Monbulk RSL, attending every event they organised over two decades. Although she never completed another novel, she did publish further stories about the characters from her previous works. In 1939, she was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.
Jeannie Gunn died at Hawthorn, in 1961. The memoirs of her work with the RSL, *My Boys: A Book of Remembrance*, was published in 2000.
## Significance of works {#significance_of_works}
*We of the Never Never* is regarded as being significant as a precursor of the 1930s landscape writers. Already in 1908, Australia was a significantly urbanised country. The book was seen to provide symbols of things that made Australia different from anywhere else, underwriting an Australian legend of life and achievement in the outback where \"men and a few women still lived heroic lives in rhythm with the gallop of a horse\" in \"forbidding faraway places\". In 1988 the book was referred to as a \"minor masterpiece of Australian letters\" by Penguin\'s *New Literary History of Australia*.
In 1991 Elsey Land Claim No 132 was lodged by the Northern Land Council covering all of the old Elsey cattle station, an area of 5304 km2 (2062 square miles). Judge Peter Gray, Aboriginal Land Commissioner, submitted his report on the Elsey claim to the Aboriginal Affairs Minister, John Herron, on 28 November 1997 and a copy to the Administrator of the Northern Territory. Justice Gray\'s report referenced Gunn\'s work in trying to establish who were genuine traditional owners of the land under question, and who were not
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# Gutach im Breisgau
**Gutach im Breisgau** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɡuːtax ʔɪm ˈbʁaɪsɡaʊ}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Gutach in the [[Breisgau]]}}`{=mediawiki}; Low Alemannic: *Guetich im Brisgau*) is a municipality in the district of Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# China Aviation Industry Corporation II
**China Aviation Industry Corporation II** (**AVIC II**) was a Chinese consortium of aircraft manufacturers. The consortium was created on July 1, 1999, by splitting the state-owned consortium China Aviation Industry Corporation (AVIC) into AVIC I and AVIC II. AVIC I was mainly focused on large planes, while AVIC II was mainly focused on smaller planes, such as trainers (JL-8, utility aircraft (licensed version of Cessna 208 Caravan), L-15, and CJ-6), small passenger airliners (Harbin Y-12), medium range transport aircraft (Y-8), and helicopters (Z-8, Z-9, WZ-10 and Z-11). On October 28, 2008, the companies officially consolidated back into one organization to more efficiently manage resources and avoid redundant projects.
## Subsidiaries
- Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation
- Harbin Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation
- Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation
- Shaanxi Aircraft Company
- [Shijiazhuang Aircraft Industry Co. Ltd](http://www.avicsaic
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# Malterdingen
**Malterdingen** is a town in the district of Emmendingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1950 1.840 |
| 1961 2.006 |
| 1970 2.195 |
| 1980 2.191 |
| 1990 2.369 |
| 2000 2.738 |
| 2010 3.017 |
| 2018 3
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# 1904 LSU Tigers football team
The **1904 LSU Tigers football team** represented Louisiana State University (LSU) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1904 college football season. Led by first-year head coach Dan A. Killian, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 3--4, with a mark of 1--2 in conference play
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# Sânmartin, Harghita
**Sânmartin** (*Csíkszentmárton*, Hungarian pronunciation: `{{convertIPA-hu|’|cs|í|k|sz|e|n|t|m|á|r|t|o|n|}}`{=mediawiki}, meaning \"St. Martin of Csík\") is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania.
The commune is composed of three villages: Ciucani (*Csíkcsekefalva*), Sânmartin, and Valea Uzului (*Uzvölgye*). Cozmeni (*Csíkkozmás*) along with the village of Lăzărești (*Lázárfalva*) have formed an independent commune since 2002.
## History
The villages belonged to the Székely seat of Csíkszék until the administrative reform of Transylvania in 1876, when they fell within Csík County in the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, they became part of Romania and fell within Ciuc County during the interwar period. In 1940, the second Vienna Award granted the Northern Transylvania to Hungary and the villages were held by Hungary until 1944. After Soviet occupation, the Romanian administration returned and the commune became officially part of Romania in 1947. Between 1952 and 1960, the commune fell within the Magyar Autonomous Region, between 1960 and 1968 the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. In 1968, the province was abolished, and since then, the commune has been part of Harghita County.
## Demographics
The commune has an absolute Hungarian Székely majority. According to the 2011 census, it had a population of 2,308; of those, 98.83% or 2,281 were Hungarians. At the 2021 census, Sânmartin had 2,227 inhabitants, 95.64% of which were Hungarians.
## Economy
The size of the arable land is 1109 ha, of which 526 ha are cultivated by the agricultural company Burgabotek MT. Pasture of an area of 474 ha belong to the commonages \'Csekefalva\' and \'Aklós\'; 1,295 ha of reaper is owned by individual farmers. The area of forest is 1,162 ha, of which 8 ha belong to individuals while the remaining parts belong to commonages.
Potato, grain - wheat, barley, rye - and sugar beet is grown by individual farmers and an agricultural association. Fodder is produced in private businesses, likewise, stock breeding is dealt with by individual farmers, cattle, swine, sheep, goats being kept in the village.
The most important branch of industrial activity is timber-industry, including logging and processing. Currently, four sawmills operate in the village and the production is exported to several European countries. The sawmills provide more than 100 jobs for locals
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# Reflections (Debby Boone album)
***Reflections*** is a retrospective by Debby Boone that collects songs from the four Christian music albums she recorded in the 1980s, released in 1989.
While this was a compilation album, it still charted at #33 on the Top Contemporary Christian charts.
The album was available in LP, CD and cassette formats via Lamb & Lion Records.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Sweet Adoration\"
- (from the 1980 album With My Song)
2. \"Morningstar\"
- (from the 1980 album With My Song)
3. \"Can You Reach My Friend\"
- (from the 1983 album Surrender)
4. \"O Holy One\"
- (from the 1983 album Surrender)
5. \"Keep the Flame Burning\"
- (from the 1983 album Surrender)
6. \"Baruch Hashem Adonai\"
7. \"Surrender\"
- (from the 1983 album Surrender)
8. \"The Heart of the Matter\"
- (from the 1985 album Choose Life)
9. \"When I Accepted You\"
- (from the 1985 album Choose Life)
10. \"To Every Generation\"
- (from the 1987 album Friends for Life)
11
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# Tracking (Scouting)
**Tracking** is an element of scouting that encompasses observation, stalking and the following of a trail. Unlike the form of tracking employed in hunting, tracking within the Scouting movement tends to focus on the tracking of people as well as animals. One form of training includes the laying a trail or following a trail laid by others. A trail is made up of a series of signs, largely comprising directions, which are laid on the ground.
## History
Tracking has been part of scouting and guiding since the beginning; it was the subject of several of Baden-Powell\'s campfire yarns. In the eleventh he wrote that \"One of the most important things that a Scout has to learn\... is to let nothing escape his attention\". He suggested several methods of learning observational skills, such as Kim\'s Game and other memory games. Following this, in yarn twelve, he wrote about spooring, relating to the tracking of people and animals. Scouts were encouraged to identify the difference between the tracks of different animals, as well as determining the age of the tracks and the pace of movement. It was in the thirteenth yarn that Baden-Powell introduced sign based tracking, where scouts were encouraged to deduce the location of a person or animal by following signs. The purpose of training scouts in tracking skills was to encourage observation and to make it possible for them to stalk animals for observation, or hunting as food.
The basic Tracking signs that all guides and scouts learn include \"This way\",\"No Entry or Danger\", \"Turn Left\", \"Turn Right\", \"Water Ahead\", \"Obstacle ahead\", Split Group\", Message \_ paces this way\" and of course \"Gone home\"
## Observation
Tracking also involves interpreting the calls and movements of animals to determine whether other people are nearby
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# Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
The **Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy** (**EERE**) is an office within the United States Department of Energy. Formed from other energy agencies after the 1973 energy crisis, EERE is led by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (Assistant Secretary), who is appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Alejandro Moreno currently leads the office as the Acting Assistant Secretary.
## Mission
EERE's mission is to drive the research, development, demonstration, and deployment of innovative technologies, systems, and practices that will:
- Help transition Americans to a 100% clean energy economy no later than 2050 and
- Ensure the clean energy economy benefits all Americans.
## History
EERE has been established from several previous agencies within the United States Executive branch following the 1973 energy crisis. It has foundations in the former agencies Federal Energy Administration, the Energy Research and Development Administration, the Energy Resource Council, and the Atomic Energy Commission, all established prior to the establishment of Department of Energy (DOE) in 1977 (`{{USStatute|95|91|91|565|1977|08|04}}`{=mediawiki}). The 1978 National Energy Act consolidated several of the former agencies into the DOE and created an office that focused on energy efficiency and renewable fuels. Since 1978, the office has been renamed several times to reflect its changing scope, including the following:
- The Office of Conservation and Solar Applications (CSA)
- The Office of Conservation and Solar Energy (CSE)
- The Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy (CRE)
The current name, the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, was adopted in 1993.
## Management and organization {#management_and_organization}
The Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy oversees EERE\'s three technology sectors:
- Renewable energy,
- Sustainable transportation
- Energy efficiency
Within these sectors are 11 technology offices and programs that support research, development, and outreach efforts \[EERE Organization Chart\]. EERE also includes corporate support functions such as the Office of Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary and the Office of Operations.
EERE develops initiatives and programs and provides funding to advance clean energy technologies and integration strategies. EERE oversees the management and operation of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and provides funding to 12 of the U.S. Department of Energy's national laboratories:
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Idaho National Laboratory
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- National Energy Technology Laboratory
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Savannah River National Laboratory
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# Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
## EERE technology sectors {#eere_technology_sectors}
### Sustainable transportation sector {#sustainable_transportation_sector}
- The **Vehicle Technologies Office** supports the research, development, and deployment of efficient transportation technologies such as plug-in electric vehicles, batteries, electric drive technologies, advanced combustion engines, lightweight materials, and alternative fuels, including natural gas and propane.
- The **Bioenergy Technologies Office** supports research, development, and deployment projects for advanced biofuels.
- The **Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office** conducts research, development, and deployment in hydrogen and fuel cell technologies.
### Renewable energy sector {#renewable_energy_sector}
- The **Solar Energy Technologies Office**, also known as the SunShot Initiative, funds cooperative research, development, demonstration, and deployment projects by private companies, universities, state and local governments, nonprofit organizations, and national laboratories. It focuses on photovoltaics, concentrating solar power, soft costs (the non-hardware costs of solar), commercializing technologies, and integrating solar with the grid.
- The **Geothermal Technologies Office** supports research and development for geothermal technologies.
- The **Wind Energy Technologies Office** conducts research and development activities in land-based and offshore wind power and works with national laboratories, universities, laboratories, and industries.
- The **Water Power Technologies Office** researches, tests, evaluates, and develops hydropower and hydrokinetic energy technologies.
### Energy efficiency sector {#energy_efficiency_sector}
- The **Building Technologies Office** supports research, development, and deployment activities to reduce energy use in U.S. buildings. The office\'s long-term objective is to reduce the energy use intensity of homes and commercial buildings by 50% or more.
- The **Federal Energy Management Program** seeks methods and technology to reduce energy use and increase the use of renewable energy at federal agencies.
- The **Advanced Manufacturing Office** works with industry, small business, universities, and other stakeholders and supports research into energy-efficient technologies for industries.
The **Weatherization and Intergovernmental Programs Office** is one of the primary forums for helping state and local governments implement cost-effective and productive energy systems for American homes, communities, businesses, and industries. The program\'s mission is to enable strategic investments in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and innovative practices across the U.S. by a wide range of government, community and business stakeholders, in partnership with state and local organizations and community-based nonprofits. WIP is made up of two programs focused on state and local governments and two teams that develop and deliver targeted technical assistance and strategic initiatives to state and local governments.
- The State Energy Program (SEP) provides funding and technical assistance to states, territories, and the District of Columbia to enhance energy security, advance state-led energy initiatives, and maximize the benefits of decreasing energy waste. SEP emphasizes each state\'s key role as the decision maker and administrator for program activities within the state that are tailored to their unique resources, delivery capacity, and energy goals.
- The Weatherization Assistance Program (WAP) reduces energy costs for low-income households by increasing the energy efficiency of their homes, while ensuring their health and safety. The program provides funding to states and territories for locally-run weatherization services to approximately 35,000 homes every year. States contract with community action agencies, non-profits, and local governments that use in-house employees and private contractors to deliver services to low-income families. WAP has served more than 7 million families since program inception in 1976.
- The Partnerships and Technical Assistance Team (P&TA) serves as the nexus of state and local governments to catalyze lead-by-example programs by developing tools and solutions to barriers facing state and local governments; convening and creating peer exchanges to showcase public-sector leadership and effective public-private partnerships; and providing information from leading technical experts. P&TA cultivates diverse partnerships and provides technical assistance through initiatives that include the Better Buildings Challenge, Better Communities Alliance, and Better Buildings Accelerators.
- The Strategic and Interagency Initiatives team leads inter-organizational initiatives that provide states and local governments technical assistance to help underserved communities have access to more energy choices. DOE\'s Clean Energy for Low Income Communities Accelerator and Remote Alaskan Communities Energy Efficiency Competition initiatives demonstrate replicable, scalable models that address barriers to energy efficiency and renewable energy access in low and moderate income communities.
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# Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
## Public outreach {#public_outreach}
EERE manages the Energy Saver website that promotes energy-efficient technologies for heating, cooling, and weatherizing buildings and lists tips for saving electricity and fuel.
The Office of EERE sponsors several activities aimed at public outreach and engagement in energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies.
### Academic competitions {#academic_competitions}
The Solar Decathlon is a competition held every other year where collegiate teams design, build, and operate solar-powered houses. The competition winner is the team that best blends affordability, consumer appeal, and design with optimal energy production and maximum efficiency. These homes are judged in 10 contests.
In the EcoCAR 3 challenge, 16 university teams redesign a Chevrolet Camaro to reduce its environmental impact without reducing its performance. It is sponsored by DOE and General Motors and managed by Argonne National Laboratory.
The Race to Zero Student Design Competition teaches college students about the building science field by challenging them to design zero energy ready homes.
In the BioenergizeME Infographic Challenge, students in grades 9-12 use technology to research, interpret, apply, and then design an infographic that responds to one of four cross-curricular bioenergy topics.
The Collegiate Wind Competition is a contest where college teams are judged by their ability to design a wind turbine based on market research, develop a business plan to market the product, build and test the turbine against set requirements, and demonstrate knowledge of siting constraints and location challenges for product installation.
In partnership with the Center for Advanced Energy Studies and the Idaho National Laboratory, the Geothermal Technologies Offices hosts a competition for high school and university teams. Teams of two to three members research data, interpret information, and design an infographic that tells a compelling story about the future of geothermal energy.
The Hydrogen Student Design Contest \"challenges undergraduate and graduate students worldwide to apply design, engineering, economic, environmental science, business and marketing skills to the hydrogen and fuel cell industries.\"
### Other competitions {#other_competitions}
In the Georgetown University Energy Prize competition, cities and counties with populations between 5,000 and 250,000 compete for a multi-year \$5 million prize for demonstrating energy use reduction over a two-year period.
The Cleantech University Prize provides competitive funding for business development and commercialization training to clean energy entrepreneurs.
The Wave Energy Prize is aims to increase the number of organizations involved in wave energy converter technology development. In 2016, 92 registered teams competed not only for the \$1.5 million prize, but for opportunities at seed funding and access to testing facilities, experts in the field, and an online \"marketplace\" that connected teams, investors, and contributors
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# Douglas Walter
**Douglas William Walter**, DMA is Professor of Percussion at the University of Colorado Boulder College of Music, and was the first marimba and vibraphone artist to win a First Prize in the Concert Artists Guild Competition in NYC.
He has performed over 350 solo recitals and concerts in forty states, Canada, Brazil and nine countries in Europe, in addition to international conventions of the Percussive Arts Society, International Association for Jazz Education and The National Association for Music Education.
## Orchestral experience {#orchestral_experience}
Walter has performed with the Dallas Symphony Orchestra, Fort Worth Symphony Orchestra, Oregon Symphony Orchestra, Santa Fe Opera Orchestra, Colorado Ballet Orchestra, and Philadelphia Orchestra. He is Principal with the Boulder Philharmonic Orchestra, and Sunriver Music Festival Orchestras. He has performed as a member of the percussion section of the Colorado Ballet Orchestra for 26 years. He played with the Colorado Music Festival for 16 years, 10 as Principal Percussionist. He toured for 30 years with the Westminster Brass until they disbanded in March 2019.
## Jazz experience {#jazz_experience}
As a jazz musician he has recorded (on drum set and vibes) with Michael Pagàn, the University of North Texas College of Music One O\'Clock Lab Band, the Modest Jazz Trio, the Lawless Percussion and Jazz Ensemble, The CU Jazz Asylum Faculty Quintet, the DAD Trio, Rim of the Well (with Steve Mullins), and the Doug Walter Vibraphone Trio.
## Education
Walter holds three undergraduate degrees: a Dual Bachelor of Music (BM) in Music Education and Music Theory from North Texas State University, summa cum laude, and a Bachelor of Arts (BA) in French from the University of Colorado, summa cum laude. He further holds two master\'s degrees, a Master of Music (MM) in Orchestral Conducting and a Master of Music in Percussion Performance, both from the University of Michigan. Walter also holds a doctoral level degree, a Doctor of Musical Arts (DMA) in Percussion Performance from Temple University (1984).
## Compositions and endorsements {#compositions_and_endorsements}
Walter\'s compositions are published by Dutch Music Partners, Matrix Publishing, and Alfred.
His compositions or arrangements include:
- The Trout -- Franz Schubert (arr. Walter) Mallet Instrument Duet
- Amazing Grace: Marimba Solo
- Ypres, published by Dutch Music Partners.
He endorses Encore Mallets where he has a signature line of marimba and vibraphone mallets. He also endorses Sabian Cymbals and Yamaha Mallet Instruments.
## Students
Walter\'s notable students include Dr. Chris Hanning, Past President of the Percussive Arts Society, DCI percussion arranger/instructor and award winning band director Ray Ulibarri, orchestral percussionist and member of Caixa Trio Amy Smith, Director of Percusson Studies at Idaho State University Thom Hasenpflug, orchestral percussionist Stephen Bott, instructional author and drummer Ryan Alexander Bloom, Chair of the Music Department at the University of Wisconsin-Superior Brett Jones, University of Colorado lecturer Carl Dixon, Royal Hawaiian Band percussionist Allan Ward, orchestral percussionist Jennie Doris, Hope College lecturer Mark Lopez, award winning percussion instructor and Rocky Mountain Percussion Association Hall of Famer Kathy Marvin, and Auburn University professor of percussion and associate director of bands Doug Rosener
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# Arctowski Peninsula
The **Arctowski Peninsula** (64 45 S 62 25 W name=Arctowski Peninsula) is a peninsula, 15 nmi long in a north-south direction, lying between Andvord Bay and Wilhelmina Bay on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica.
## Location
The Arctowski Peninsula is on the Danco Coast on the west of the Antarctic Peninsula. It extends in a north-northwest direction from the Forbidden Plateau to the south into the Gerlache Strait to the north. Wilhelmina Bay is to the east. Across the Gerlache Strait the end of the peninsula faces the Solvay Mountains on Brabant Island to the north, and the Osterrieth Range on Anvers Island to the northwest. Rongé Island is west of the northwest side of the peninsula. The Laussedat Heights on the southwest side of the peninsula look over Andvord Bay to the west. The peninsula extends southeast to a line defined by Arago Glacier, which flows south into Henryk Cove, and Woodbury Glacier, which flows north into Piccard Cove.
Northern features include Cape Anna, Mount Fourcade, Orne Harbour, Spigot Peak, Selvick Cove, Zeiss Needle, Sable Pinnacles (Noire Rock) and Henryk Peak. Central features include Wild Spur, Henryk Glacier, Pulfrich Peak, Hubl Peak and Stolze Peak. Southern features include Porro Bluff, Orel Ice Fring, Laussedat Heights, Deville Glacier, Scheimpflug Nunatak, Fliess Glacier (flowing into Neko Harbour) and The Downfall.
## Geology
On the west coast of the Arctowski Peninsula, and the islands lying to the west, there are three main groups of exposed rocks. Permian(?) -- Triassic metasediments of the Trinity Peninsula Group, Early Cretaceous lavas, agglomerates and tuffs of the Antarctic Peninsula Volcanic Group, and Mid-Cretaceous adamellite, granite, granodiorite, diorite, tonalite and gabbro plutons of the Andean Intrusive Suite. There are also basic and acid hypabyssal dykes that may date to the Late Cretaceous.
## Discovery and name {#discovery_and_name}
The Arctowski Peninsula was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (BelgAE), 1897--99, under Adrien de Gerlache. The name, for Henryk Arctowski of that expedition, was suggested by the United States Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for this previously unnamed feature.
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# Arctowski Peninsula
## Northern features {#northern_features}
Northern features include, from north to south:
### Anna Cove {#anna_cove}
. A cove immediately east of Cape Anna at the north end of Arctowski Peninsula. Charted by the BelgAE on January 30, 1898, and named in association with Cape Anna.
### Mount Fourcade {#mount_fourcade}
. Mountain standing 2 nmi southwest of Cape Anna. Charted by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897-99. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for H.G. Fourcade, South African surveyor who designed the stereogoniometer and gave it practical application for plotting photogrammetric surveys in about 1900.
### Orne Harbor {#orne_harbor}
. Cove 1 nmi wide, indenting the west coast of Graham Land 2 nmi southwest of Cape Anna. Discovered by the BelgAE under Gerlache in 1898. The name Orne Harbor was probably in use by Norwegian whalers, because it was used by Scottish geologist David Ferguson following his geologic reconnaissance of this area aboard the whaler *Hanka* in 1913.
### Spigot Peak {#spigot_peak}
64 38 S 62 34 W. A conspicuous black peak 285 m high, marking the south side of the entrance to Orne Harbor. Shown on an Argentine government chart of 1950. The name, given by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1956, is descriptive of the appearance of the feature; a spigot is a wooden peg.
### Lagarrigue Cove {#lagarrigue_cove}
. A small cove south of Spigot Peak, Errera Channel, on the Danco Cast. The name was proposed by the Argentine navy and was approved by the Argentine geographical coordinating commission in 1956 to replace the provisional name \"Puerto Lote.\| Named in memory of a navy cook with the Argentine Antarctic Expedition of 1947-48 who perished in a crevasse accident in the vicinity. Called \"**Selvick Cove**\" by the United Kingdom.
### Sophie Rocks {#sophie_rocks}
64 39 00 S 62 33 00 W. A small group of land rocks, midway between Spigot Peak and Zeiss Needle \[Mount Dedo\], overlooking Selvick Cove to the W, and Orne Harbour to the E, Arctowski Peninsula. First seen and named by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition 1898, the name Roches Sophie was shown on Lecointe map 1899. However Frederick Albert Cook M.D. a member of the same expedition used the name Sophie Rocks, and it was decided to name this feature Sophie Rocks to retain the use of the name in this area.
### Mount Dedo {#mount_dedo}
. Conspicuous needle-like peak, 695 m high, standing south of Orne Harbor on the west coast of Graham Land. Charted by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897--99. The name appears on an Argentine government chart of 1954 and is descriptive, \"dedo\" meaning finger in Spanish. Called \"**Zeiss Needle**\" by the United Kingdom.
### Vidbol Glacier {#vidbol_glacier}
. A 5.5 km long and 1.5 km wide glacier on Arctowski Peninsula draining the north slopes of Pulfrich Peak. Flowing northwestwards west of Henryk Peak and east of Mount Dedo to enter Gerlache Strait at Orne Harbour. Named after the Vidbol River in Northwestern Bulgaria.
### Noire Rock {#noire_rock}
. A dark pinnacle rock 1.5 nmi southwest of Mount Dedo. Charted and descriptively named (*noire* means black) by the BelgAE under Gerlache in 1898.
### Henryk Peak {#henryk_peak}
. A prominent peak in the northern part of the main ridge of Arctowski Peninsula. Named after Henryk Arctowski, member of the 1897-1899 Belgian Antarctic Expedition.
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# Arctowski Peninsula
## Central features {#central_features}
Central features include, from north to south:
### Pulfrich Peak {#pulfrich_peak}
. A peak near the east part of Wild Spur on Arctowski Peninsula, on the west coast of Graham Land. Mapped by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Carl Pulfrich (1858-1927), \"father of stereophotogrammetry,\|who independently developed a stereocomparator in 1901 and developed the principle of the \"floating mark\|established by Franz Stolze.
### Wild Spur {#wild_spur}
. Spur extending from Pulfrich Peak to the west side of Arctowski Peninsula. Shown on an Argentine government chart of 1957. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Heinrich Wild (1833-1902), Swiss instrument designer responsible for the autograph, first used about 1924 for stereosurvey from ground stations and later adapted for air survey.
### Henryk Glacier {#henryk_glacier}
64 42 00 S 62 30 00 W. A glacier on the Arctowski Peninsula with a noteworthy cirque at the head. It flows southwest between Wild Spur and Hübl Peak into Errera Channel. Named in association with the peninsula after Henryk Arctowski by the Polish Antarctic Expedition, about 1993.
### Stolze Peak {#stolze_peak}
. Peak on Arctowski Peninsula near the head of Beaupré Cove. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Franz Stolze, a German scientist who in 1881 suggested improvements in methods of air photography and, in 1892, first established the principle of the \"floating mark\|used in stereophotogrammetry, later developed by Pulfrich.
### Hübl Peak {#hübl_peak}
. A peak west of Stolze Peak on Arctowski Peninsula. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Arthur Freiherr von Hübl (1853-1932), Austrian surveyor, head of the topographic section of the Militargeographische Institut, Vienna, who in 1894 designed a stereocomparator which was developed independently by Doctor Carl Pulfrich in 1901.
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# Arctowski Peninsula
## Southern features {#southern_features}
Southern features include,
### Wheatstone Glacier {#wheatstone_glacier}
64 44 S 62 31 W. A glacier on the west coast of Graham Land. It enters Errera Channel east of Danco Island. Charted by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897-99. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Sir Charles Wheatstone (1802-75), English scientist and inventor who designed the first mirror stereoscope in 1832.
### Birdsend Bluff {#birdsend_bluff}
. Rocky bluff at the south side of the mouth of Wheatstone Glacier. First roughly surveyed by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897-99. The name originated when two members of the FIDS were camped immediately below this bluff in May 1956 and a fall of rock from the bluff flattened a bird outside their tent.
### Porro Bluff {#porro_bluff}
. Bluff lying south of Birdsend Bluff and overlooking Errera Channel. Shown on an Argentine government chart of 1950. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Ignazio Porro (1795-1875), Italian engineer who in 1851 invented a prism combination, important in the development of stereo-plotting instruments.
### Orel Ice Fringe {#orel_ice_fringe}
. A strip of coastal ice bordering the south side of Errera Channel between Beneden Head and Porro Bluff. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Eduard von Orel (1877-1941), Austrian surveyor who in 1905 designed the first stereoautograph for plotting maps directly from horizontal photographs.
### Deville Glacier {#deville_glacier}
. Glacier flowing along the south side of Laussedat Heights into Andvord Bay. The glacier is shown on an Argentine government chart of 1952. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Edouard G. Deville (1849-1924), Surveyor General of Canada, 1885-1924, who introduced and developed photogrammetric methods of survey in Canada from 1888 onward.
### Scheimpflug Nunatak {#scheimpflug_nunatak}
. Nunatak in the mouth of Deville Glacier on Arctowski Peninsula. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Theodor Scheimpflug (1865-1911), Austrian pioneer of aerophotogrammetry.
### Laussedat Heights {#laussedat_heights}
. A series of elevations extending eastward for 8 nmi in the southwest part of Arctowski Peninsula. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Aimé Laussedat (1819-1907), French military engineer, the \"father of photogrammetry,\" who pioneered the application of photography to survey from about 1851 onward.
### Nadjakov Glacier {#nadjakov_glacier}
. A 5.5 km long and 2 km wide glacier on Arctowski Peninsula draining north-northeastwards to enter the head of Beaupré Cove east of Stolze Peak. Named after the Bulgarian physicist Georgi Nadjakov (1897-1981) who discovered the photoelectret state essential to modern photocopying.
### The Downfall {#the_downfall}
. A mountain (c. 1,500 m high) between the heads of Arago Glacier and Woodbury Glacier. Mapped by the FIDS from photos taken by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd. in 1956-57. So named by the UK-APC in 1960 because the feature marked the end of the route from Orel Ice Fringe by which members of the FIDS at Danco Island station had hoped in 1956 to reach Forbidden Plateau. A very steep drop on the east side of the summit precludes further progress
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# 1905 LSU Tigers football team
The **1905 LSU Tigers football team** represented Louisiana State University (LSU) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1905 college football season. Led by second-year head coach Dan A. Killian, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 3--0, with a mark of 2--0 in conference play
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# 1906 LSU Tigers football team
The **1906 LSU Tigers football team** represented Louisiana State University (LSU) as a member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) during the 1906 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Dan A. Killian, the Tigers compiled an overall record of 2--2--2, with a mark of 0--2--1 in conference play
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# 1907 LSU Tigers football team
The **1907 LSU Tigers football team** represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1907 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football season. The season was the first year under coach Edgar Wingard. It was also the first year at LSU for star player, Doc Fenton.
## Before the season {#before_the_season}
Fenton, who was from Scranton, Pennsylvania, had been heavily recruited by Wingard to play at LSU.
## Schedule
## Game summaries {#game_summaries}
### Louisiana Industrial {#louisiana_industrial}
The Tigers opened the season at State Field, by beating Louisiana Industrial, 28--0. A highlight of that game was a 90-yard touchdown run by Doc Fenton. It was Louisiana Industrial\'s only loss on the season.
### Texas and Texas A&M {#texas_and_texas_am}
This win was followed by losses on the road at Texas and Texas A&M. After these losses, LSU went on to win 4 straight games.
### Howard
The Tigers romped over Howard 57--0.
### Arkansas
The 17--12 win over Arkansas was the school\'s first over the school.
### Alabama
That 4 game winning streak was broken by a loss to Alabama. In the contest against Alabama, LSU led for most of the game because of two safeties. Alabama scored late in the game from an 85-yard punt return to win the game 6--4.
### Baylor
LSU\'s next game resulted in a win over Baylor.
### Bacardi Bowl {#bacardi_bowl}
Their last game of the season was in an appearance at the Bacardi Bowl. This was LSU\'s first bowl game, and the first time any U.S. football team played in a foreign country.
This game, played in Cuba against the University of Havana resulted in a 56--0 victory for LSU
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# 2003–04 Segunda División
**The 2003--04 Segunda División** season saw 22 teams participate in the second flight Spanish league. The teams that were promoted to La Liga were Levante UD, Getafe CF, and CD Numancia. The teams that were relegated to Segunda División B were CD Leganés, UD Las Palmas, Rayo Vallecano, and Algeciras CF.
## Teams
Team Home city Stadium Capacity
------------------------ ------------------------ --------------------------- ----------
Alavés\* Vitoria-Gasteiz Mendizorrotza 19,840
Algeciras\*\* Algeciras Nuevo Mirador 7,200
Almería Almería Juan Rojas 13,468
Cádiz\*\* Cádiz Ramón de Carranza 23,000
Ciudad de Murcia\*\* Murcia La Condomina 17,000
Córdoba Córdoba Nuevo Arcángel 21,822
Eibar Eibar Ipurua 5,000
Elche Elche Martínez Valero 36,017
Getafe Getafe Coliseum Alfonso Pérez 17,393
Las Palmas Las Palmas Gran Canaria 32,400
Leganés Leganés Butarque 8,138
Levante Valencia Ciutat de València 26,354
Málaga B\*\* Málaga La Rosaleda 28,963
Numancia Soria Los Pajaritos 8,261
Polideportivo Ejido El Ejido Santo Domingo 7,870
Rayo Vallecano\* Madrid Teresa Rivero 14,708
Recreativo de Huelva\* Huelva Nuevo Colombino 21,670
Salamanca Villares de la Reina Helmántico 17,341
Sporting de Gijón Gijón El Molinón 25,885
Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife Heliodoro Rodríguez López 22,824
Terrassa Terrassa Olímpic de Terrassa 11,500
Xerez Jerez de la Frontera Chapín 20,523
(\*) Relegated from La Liga.
(\*\*) Promoted from Segunda División B.
### Teams by Autonomous Community {#teams_by_autonomous_community}
Autonomous community Number of teams Teams
--- ---------------------- ----------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 8 Algeciras, Almería, Cádiz, Córdoba, Málaga B, Poli Ejido, Recreativo, Xerez
2 3 Getafe, Leganés, Rayo Vallecano
3 2 Alavés, Eibar
2 Las Palmas, Tenerife
2 Numancia, Salamanca
2 Elche, Levante
7 1 Sporting
1 Terrassa
1 Ciudad de Murcia
## Final table {#final_table}
{{#invoke:sports table\|main\|style=WDL \|res_col_header=PR \|show_limit=5
\|team1=LEV\|name_LEV=Levante \|team2=GET\|name_GET=Getafe \|team3=NUM\|name_NUM=Numancia \|team4=ALA\|name_ALA=Alavés \|team5=RSG\|name_RSG=Sporting Gijón \|team6=REC\|name_REC=Recreativo \|team7=CÁD\|name_CÁD=Cádiz \|team8=TEN\|name_TEN=Tenerife \|team9=XER\|name_XER=Xerez \|team10=EIB\|name_EIB=Eibar \|team11=SAL\|name_SAL=Salamanca \|team12=TER\|name_TER=Terrassa \|team13=ALM\|name_ALM=Almería \|team14=ELC\|name_ELC=Elche \|team15=MÁB\|name_MÁB=Málaga B \|team16=CÓR\|name_CÓR=Córdoba \|team17=CMU\|name_CMU=Ciudad de Murcia \|team18=EJI\|name_EJI=Poli Ejido \|team19=LEG\|name_LEG=Leganés \|team20=LPA\|name_LPA=Las Palmas \|team21=RAY\|name_RAY=Rayo Vallecano \|team22=ALG\|name_ALG=Algeciras \|win_LEV=22\|draw_LEV=13\|loss_LEV=7\|gf_LEV=59\|ga_LEV=33\|status_LEV=C,P \|win_GET=20\|draw_GET=16\|loss_GET=6\|gf_GET=55\|ga_GET=38\|status_GET=P \|win_NUM=22\|draw_NUM=10\|loss_NUM=10\|gf_NUM=60\|ga_NUM=30\|status_NUM=P \|win_ALA=20\|draw_ALA=14\|loss_ALA=8\|gf_ALA=48\|ga_ALA=32 \|win_RSG=20\|draw_RSG=10\|loss_RSG=12\|gf_RSG=58\|ga_RSG=40 \|win_REC=14\|draw_REC=20\|loss_REC=8\|gf_REC=45\|ga_REC=34 \|win_CÁD=17\|draw_CÁD=10\|loss_CÁD=15\|gf_CÁD=52\|ga_CÁD=47 \|win_TEN=11\|draw_TEN=21\|loss_TEN=10\|gf_TEN=40\|ga_TEN=40 \|win_XER=12\|draw_XER=18\|loss_XER=12\|gf_XER=47\|ga_XER=49 \|win_EIB=12\|draw_EIB=16\|loss_EIB=14\|gf_EIB=44\|ga_EIB=39 \|win_SAL=10\|draw_SAL=21\|loss_SAL=11\|gf_SAL=47\|ga_SAL=44 \|win_TER=12\|draw_TER=14\|loss_TER=16\|gf_TER=45\|ga_TER=50 \|win_ALM=11\|draw_ALM=17\|loss_ALM=14\|gf_ALM=45\|ga_ALM=49 \|win_ELC=13\|draw_ELC=11\|loss_ELC=18\|gf_ELC=50\|ga_ELC=63 \|win_MÁB=11\|draw_MÁB=16\|loss_MÁB=15\|gf_MÁB=46\|ga_MÁB=56 \|win_CÓR=11\|draw_CÓR=16\|loss_CÓR=15\|gf_CÓR=37\|ga_CÓR=42 \|win_CMU=11\|draw_CMU=16\|loss_CMU=15\|gf_CMU=51\|ga_CMU=63 \|win_EJI=12\|draw_EJI=13\|loss_EJI=17\|gf_EJI=29\|ga_EJI=40 \|win_LEG=9\|draw_LEG=19\|loss_LEG=14\|gf_LEG=36\|ga_LEG=47\|status_LEG=R \|win_LPA=10\|draw_LPA=14\|loss_LPA=18\|gf_LPA=46\|ga_LPA=68\|status_LPA=R \|win_RAY=11\|draw_RAY=10\|loss_RAY=21\|gf_RAY=45\|ga_RAY=63\|status_RAY=R \|win_ALG=6\|draw_ALG=15\|loss_ALG=21\|gf_ALG=39\|ga_ALG=57\|status_ALG=R \|hth_NUM=NUM 0-0 GET; GET 2-1 NUM \|hth_GET=NUM \|hth_XER=XER 0-0 TEN; TEN 2-1 XER \|hth_TEN=XER \|hth_TER=TER: 8 pts; ALM: 5 pts; ELC: 2 pts \|hth_ALM=TER\|hth_ELC=TER \|hth_MÁB=MálB: 11 pts; CÓR: 9 pts; CMU: 8 pts; EJI: 3 pts \|hth_CÓR=MÁB\|hth_CMU=MÁB\|hth_EJI=MÁB \|col_P=green1\|text_P=Promotion to La Liga \|result1=P\|result2=P\|result3=P \|col_R=red1\|text_R=Relegation to Segunda División B \|result19=R\|result20=R\|result21=R\|result22=R \|update=complete
\|class_rules=1st points; 2nd head-to-head points; 3rd head-to-head goal difference; 4th head-to-head goals scored; 5th goal difference; 6th number of goals scored; 7th Fair-play points \|source=[LFP - Liga Adelante](http://www.lfp.es/?tabid=113&Controltype=clas&idDivision=2&idTemporada=109&idJornada=42) }}
## Results
{{#invoke:Sports results\|main \|update=complete \|start_date=30 August 2003 \|source=[BDFutbol](https://www.bdfutbol.com/t/t2003-042a
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# Sânsimion
**Sânsimion** (*Csíkszentsimon* or colloquially *Szentsimon*, `{{convertIPA-hu|cs|í|k|sz|e|n|s|i|m|o|n}}`{=mediawiki}, meaning \"St. Simon of Csík\") is a commune in Harghita County, Romania. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania.
## Component villages {#component_villages}
The commune is composed of two villages:
In Romanian In Hungarian
------------- ----------------
Cetățuia Csatószeg
Sânsimion Csíkszentsimon
## History
The settlements were historically part of the Székely Land area of Transylvania.
Between 1762 and 1851, the village provided recruits for the 3rd Company of the First Székely Infantry Regiment.
They belonged administratively to Csíkszék district until the administrative reform of Transylvania in 1876, when they fell within Csík County in the Kingdom of Hungary. After the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, they became part of Romania and fell within Ciuc County during the interwar period. In 1940, the second Vienna Award granted the Northern Transylvania to Hungary and the villages were held by Hungary until 1944. After Soviet occupation, the Romanian administration returned and they became officially part of Romania in 1947. Between 1952 and 1960, the commune fell within the Magyar Autonomous Region, between 1960 and 1968 the Mureș-Magyar Autonomous Region. In 1968, the province was abolished, and since then, the commune has been part of Harghita County.
## Demographics
The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 3,429 of which 98.48% or 3,377 are Hungarian
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# Federal Financial Supervisory Authority
The **Federal Financial Supervisory Authority** (*Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleistungsaufsicht*), better known by its abbreviation **BaFin**, is Germany\'s integrated financial regulatory authority. Since 2014, it has been Germany\'s national competent authority within European Banking Supervision. It is an independent federal institution with headquarters in Bonn and Frankfurt and falls under the supervision of the Federal Ministry of Finance. BaFin supervises about 2,700 banks, 800 financial services institutions, and over 700 insurance undertakings.
## History
### 1930s beginnings {#s_beginnings}
Prudential banking supervision in Germany essentially started as a consequence of the banking crisis of 1931, prior to which the only supervised credit institutions were the public savings banks. On `{{date|1931/09/19}}`{=mediawiki}, a decree established the office of *Reichskommissar für das Bankgewerbe* (`{{lit|Imperial Commissioner for Banking}}`{=mediawiki}), for which Chancellor Heinrich Brüning appointed Friedrich Ernst (Banker){{!Friedrich Ernst\|de\|Friedrich Ernst (Bankier)}}. In 1934, this was transformed into the *Aufsichtsamt für das Kreditwesen*, by new comprehensive banking legislation (*\[\[Kreditwesengesetz\]\]* of `{{date|1931/12/05}}`{=mediawiki}). Initially the Reichsbank was associated with the supervisory process through a newly established Supervisory Office, but that role was transferred to the Economics Minister (*links=no*) upon a legislative revision in 1939, and the *Aufsichtsamt für das Kreditwesen* itself was dissolved in 1944 with its duties taken over by the economics ministry.
### *Bundesaufsichtsamt für das Kreditwesen* {#bundesaufsichtsamt_für_das_kreditwesen}
After World War II, banking supervision was devolved in West Germany to the Länder, until a national banking supervisor was re-established in 1962 as the Bundesaufsichtsamt für das Kreditwesen (known as BAK or BAKred), located in West Berlin, which again cooperated closely with the Deutsche Bundesbank. BAKred relocated from Berlin to Bonn in 1999.
### Creation of BaFin and early development {#creation_of_bafin_and_early_development}
BaFin was formed on 1 May 2002 by the merger of the *Bundesaufsichtsamt für das Kreditwesen*, the Federal Insurance Supervisory Office (*de}}* or BAV, est. 1952 in West Berlin and relocated to Bonn in 2000), and the Federal Supervisory Office for Securities Trading (*de}}* or BAWe, est. 1995 in Frankfurt). This was achieved under the Financial Services and integration Act (*Gesetz über die integrierte Finanzaufsicht*, known as FinDAG) enacted on 22 April 2002. The aim was to create one integrated financial regulator that covered all financial markets. Thus, uniform national supervision of banks, credit institutions, insurance companies, financial service companies, brokers and stock exchanges would be achieved, providing transparency and manageability and to make sure all financial activity was regulated.
In 2003 changes to the *Kreditwesengesetz* (KWG) gave BaFin further responsibility to monitor the creditworthiness of financial institutions and to collect detailed information from those institutions. The aim was to increase customer protection and the reputation of the financial system. It shares responsibility here with the Bundesbank. As of 2015, BaFin is in transition, after major responsibilities for banking supervision shifted to the purview of the European Central Bank in November 2014.
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# Federal Financial Supervisory Authority
## History
### 2008 financial crisis and aftermath {#financial_crisis_and_aftermath}
On 19 September 2008, in response to threats from the 2008 financial crisis and following measures taking by the United States, BaFin banned short selling on eleven German finance stocks. These were Aareal Bank, Allianz, AMB Generali, Commerzbank AG, Deutsche Bank, *italic=no*, Deutsche Postbank, Hannover Re, Hypo Real Estate, MLP AG and Munich Re. The ban expired on the 31 January 2010 and was not renewed at that time.
On 19 May 2010, in response to the euro area crisis, BaFin banned naked short selling of credit default swaps on euro-area government bonds until 31 March 2011. At the same time they re-introduced a ban on naked short selling of the previous 10 banks and insurers companies.
In 2019, BaFin banned short-selling in response to accusations of accounting fraud in Wirecard. Following the allegations, BaFin itself came under scrutiny the following year. In November 2020, the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) published the results of its review which assessed the events leading to the collapse of Wirecard and the supervisory response by BaFin. This review identifies a number of deficiencies, inefficiencies and legal and procedural impediments relating to the following areas: the independence of BaFin from issuers and government; market monitoring by both BaFin and the Financial Reporting Enforcement Panel (FREP); examination procedures of FREP; and the effectiveness of the supervisory system in the area of financial reporting. In April 2021, German prosecutors in Frankfurt announced the opening of a criminal investigation into BaFin\'s supervision of Wirecard.
In December 2021, BaFin fined Deutsche Bank 8.66 million euros (\$9.77 million) for controls related to the Euribor interest rate, the first fine imposed under a 2018 regulation that seeks to prevent manipulation of Euribor.
In May 2022, the Federal Ministry of Finance gave BaFin more leeway and independence in conducting its work. According to new cooperation principles between the two authorities, BaFin is to only inform the ministry in critical cases, for example when a large corporation is involved or if there is an impact on financial markets stability.
In August 2022, BaFin fined Bank of America 5.1 million euros (\$5.28 million) for delays in reporting voting rights notifications.
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# Federal Financial Supervisory Authority
## Operations
The main task of BaFin is the supervision of banks, insurance companies, and the trading of securities and ensure the viability, integrity, and stability of the German financial system. On the supply side, it pays attention to the solvency of banks, insurance companies, and financial institutions. For investors, bank customers, and the insured it ensures confidence in the financial markets and the companies operating therein.
BaFin is run by a Board consisting of the president and four executive directors for securities, banking supervision, insurance supervision and cross-functional areas and internal administration. In addition to these divisions, the so-called \"operational pillars\", there are a number of departments that have cross-organizational or perform administrative tasks, such as \"risk modeling\", \"money laundering\" and \"international responsibilities\".
BaFin employs roughly 2,530 at its two offices and is fully funded by fees and levies of the supervised institutions and companies and so is independent of the federal budget. The levy amounts depend on the scope and authorization of total assets. An appeal to the Constitutional Court regarding the unconstitutionality of this (forced) levy in 2009 was rejected as unfounded. In the opinion of the court, the levy is \'intended to strengthen investor confidence and the soundness and integrity of these companies. These are a necessary condition for a functioning financial framework\'.
As of December 2014, BaFin regulated approximately 1,780 banks, 676 financial services institutions, 573 insurance companies, 31 pension funds, 6,000 domestic investment funds and 260 investment companies.
### Accounts supervision {#accounts_supervision}
To maintain the integrity and stability of the financial system and combat money laundering BaFin is obliged, under the Banking Act, to run a centralized computer system that stores information on all accounts and their account holders. This information must be provided to BaFin by all financial institutions in Germany.
### Banking
The Banking Act (KWG) is the legal basis for banking supervision by BaFin. It monitors compliance with the rules and guidelines of the Banking Act relating to credit and financial institutions.
The establishment of new banks in Germany is subject to a compulsory license subject to law, BaFin, as the competent authority, approves such licenses. It takes into account the management, minimum capital requirements, reliability, solid leadership, and the sustainability of the business when approving licenses.
In particular, the financial condition of solvency and liquidity, including having appropriate risk control - and management systems as described in the MaRisk-circulaire.
Financial institutions must provide BaFin with:
- the financial statements and audit reports
- the banks and financial service Kurzbilanzen
- monthly reports on wholesale and retail loans
- regularly demonstrations their compliance with the liquidity and solvency regulation
All information will be assessed and evaluated in close cooperation with the Deutsche Bundesbank. In addition, BaFin may order special tests, which are also carried out by members of the Bundesbank on the spot.
The Banking Law provides BaFin an extensive arsenal of sanctions including criminal sanctions, ranging from written warnings of fines to withdrawal of banking license.
### Insurance
Similar to bank supervision, the Insurance Supervision Law (VAG) requires insurance companies to receive and maintain their business with the approval of BaFin, and the conditions are similar to those of banking supervision. BaFin supervises insurance companies (including pension and burial funds), holding companies, security, and pension funds. This excludes insurers that operate in only one province.
The supervisor shall include the monitoring of security assets and solvency to ensure that insurance contracts can be met.
### Securities
BaFin is required to ensure the functioning of the German markets for securities and derivatives in accordance with the Securities Trading Act (WpHG). This includes in particular the prevention of insider trading and other market abuses such as price and market manipulation.
As part of this BaFin collects information on all securities traded as well as disclosures from listed companies from all market participants. This information is used to detect insider trading, price, and market manipulation. In particular, the buying and selling of shares by company management in the same company is monitored closely (Directors Dealings). BaFin also ensures market transparency by supervising reporting rules and disclosure requirements and makes sure these are followed.
BaFin enforcement powers range from the issuing of subpoenas and questioning people, suspending or prohibition trading in financial instruments up to being able to forward cases to the public prosecutor.
Since 2002, under the *Securities Acquisition and Takeover Act* (*Wertpapiererwerbs- und Übernahmegesetz, WpÜG*), it also deals with monopoly issues during mergers and acquisitions.
BaFin acts as the central depository for prospectus, however, BaFin only checks basic information and does not check for the accuracy and creditworthiness of the issuer.
### The role of the BaFin in law enforcement {#the_role_of_the_bafin_in_law_enforcement}
BaFin is in effect a law enforcement agency and can initiate legal action. It has the right, when it discovers a crime or even the suspicion of a crime, in particular insider trading, market manipulation, illegal operation of banking, financial fraud, or incitement to establish stock exchange speculation, to forward them to law enforcement authorities. BaFin also has the power to remove the top leaders of a bank, suspend shareholders\' voting rights or appoint an outside supervisor to oversee management.
In the past, BaFin has hardly ever made use of its enforcement powers and typically resolved issues discreetly with any bank. Notably, the agency appointed special representatives with executive authority to help to run the European arm of VTB Bank (2022) and the German unit of Ziraat Bank (2022).
In 2016, BaFin opened a new office dedicated to corporate whistleblowers, aiming to encourage more business insiders to expose wrongdoing. The new office centralizes the collection of details from whistleblowers and follows a special protocol to ensure identities are kept secret. It can also be contacted anonymously under the procedure.
In March 2025, BaFin issued a supervisory notice addressing the risks of circumvention transactions in the context of anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing. These are transactions deliberately structured to bypass legal, regulatory, or contractual obligations - often by obscuring the true origin of funds or misrepresenting the parties involved. The document emphasized that financial institutions must apply enhanced due diligence measures when dealing with transactions that may obscure the economic background or geographical origin of funds. Notably, BaFin noted Iran-related transactions as a particular area of concern, given the potential for such dealings to bypass international sanctions regimes. This focus is informed in part by findings of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which has repeatedly cited Iran for systemic deficiencies in countering money laundering and the financing of terrorism. Iran is the only country specifically mentioned in the notice, and the central message is a call for heightened scrutiny and oversight of transactions potentially linked to Iranian trade.
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# Federal Financial Supervisory Authority
## Leadership
### Presidents of BAKred {#presidents_of_bakred}
- Heinz Kalkstein, 1962--1968
- Günter Dürre, 1968--1975
- , 1975--1984
- Wolfgang Kuntze, 1984--1994
- Wolfgang Artopoeus, 1994--2000
- , 2000--2002
### Presidents of BaFin {#presidents_of_bafin}
- Jochen Sanio, 2002-2011
- Elke König, 2012-2014
- , 2015-2021
- Mark Branson, since August 2021
## Controversy
Soon after its establishment, there were signs that there were serious shortcomings within the internal structure of BaFin. An examination by the German Federal Court of Audit (Bundesrechnungshof) in Koblenz noted in March 2004 that the internal control system of authority is insufficient.
In 2006, the Federal Court revealed the embezzlement of more than 4 million euro by Michael Raumann, the former head of information technology at BaFin, for which he was indicted and convicted by the Bonn district court. In the sentencing notes the court criticized BaFin for its \"nonexistent\" internal controls.
In September 2006 a report by PricewaterhouseCoopers and BaFin internal audit found that the requirements of the federal government to prevent corruption had not been implemented.
### BaFin list of default risk of German banks {#bafin_list_of_default_risk_of_german_banks}
In April 2009 an internal BaFin list containing the volume of loans and securities \"from troubled business\" and banks was leaked to the newspaper Sueddeutsche Zeitung. The internal paper estimated the volume of debt to be 816 billion euros. This confidential information was seen as potentially damaging to the creditworthiness of the banks and their sustainability and was seen as a serious breach by BaFin.
Shortly after the publication of the information, BaFin asked the Munich public prosecutor\'s to raise a criminal complaint against persons unknown on suspicion of breach of statutory duty of confidentiality.
BaFin created a working group together with the Federal Lawyer\'s Chamber, Assessor accountant, notaries, tax advisers and public accountants. The main objective of this group is to define \"indications of possible money laundering activities\" in connection with the work of the professions represented in this group. Furthermore, the Federal Chamber is in the process of establishing special Guidelines for its members, particularly in the interpretation of the Money Laundering Act.
### Wirecard
Accusations of suspect accounting at Wirecard were levelled in 2008, 2015 and 2016 and 2019. Each time Wirecard alleged market manipulation, sparking investigations by BaFin which defended the company. Wirecard wound up in 2020 and its CEO was arrested, sparking criticism of BaFin itself. The Federal Ministry of Finance later disclosed that one fifth of BaFin staff had engaged in some kind of investment activity in 2019 and 2020, with an increasing interest in Wirecard in the months ahead of its collapse. Only in September 2020, BaFin banned its staff from trading shares and other securities of the companies that it oversees
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# Jimador
A **jimador** is a type of farmer who harvests agave plants, which are harvested primarily for the production of mezcal, sotol and tequila. This task requires the skill of identifying ripe agave, which ripens in between 5 and 35 years, depending on the agave species. Unripe agave can have a bitter or overly sweet taste, ruining the distilled spirits made from them. The primary tool of a jimador is the coa de jima or simply coa. This is a flat-bladed knife at the end of a long pole that resembles a hoe. The coa is used to first remove the flower from the agave, which causes the central pineapple (or piña) to swell. Later, the piña is harvested, using the same tool to cut off all of the external leaves of the plant, leaving only the pulpy center which is then chopped and cooked in preparation for the mezcal or tequila production
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# 1909 LSU Tigers football team
The **1909 LSU Tigers football team** represented the LSU Tigers of Louisiana State University during the 1909 college football season. The LSU team posted a 6--2 record, losing to Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (SIAA) champion Sewanee and to an undefeated Arkansas. Notable victories include those over Mississippi and Alabama.
John W. Mayhew, a former halfback at Brown, took over as coach for former Vanderbilt lineman Joe Pritchard midway through the season. College Football Hall of Fame inductee Doc Fenton started at quarterback.
## Schedule
## Game summaries {#game_summaries}
### Jackson Barracks {#jackson_barracks}
The season opened with a 70--0 win over Jackson Barracks of New Orleans.
### Ole Miss {#ole_miss}
In a hard-fought game, the Tigers beat the Ole Miss team, 10--0.
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Hillman (left tackle), Ryan (left guard), Stovall (center), Thomas (right guard), Pollock (right tackle), Seip (right end), Allbright (quarterback), R. F. Stovall (left halfback), McCullam (right halfback), Gill (fullback).
### Mississippi A&M {#mississippi_am}
In the third week of play, LSU swamped Mississippi A&M 15--0.
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Hillman (left tackle), Falcon (left guard), Stovall (center), Thomas (right guard), Pollock (right tackle), Seip (right end), Fenton (quarterback), R. F. Stovall (left halfback), McCullam (right halfback), Gill (fullback).
### Sewanee
**Sources:** `{{AFB game box end}}`{=mediawiki} LSU lost to SIAA champion Sewanee in New Orleans 15--6. According to Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin, Sewanee won due to better punting. Sewanee scored with an Aubrey Lanier touchdown and Moise drop kick in the first half. LSU scored when, after blocking a punt, Robert L. Stovall recovered the ball for a touchdown. Soon after, President William Howard Taft showed up to the game for about ten minutes. Sewanee added another touchdown.
The starting lineup was Williams (left end), Faulkenberry (left tackle), Cheape (left guard), Juhan (center), Cox (right guard), Moise (right tackle), Gillem (right end), Brown (quarterback), Myers (left halfback), Lanier (right halfback), Hawkins (fullback).
### Louisiana Industrial {#louisiana_industrial}
On a Thursday, LSU beat Louisiana Industrial, 23--0, giving the team its only loss on the season.
### Arkansas
**Sources:** `{{AFB game box end}}`{=mediawiki} The Tigers were powerless to stop the favored Arkansas Razorbacks in a 16--0 loss. The game was characterized by several offsides penalties on both sides.
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Hillman (left tackle), Drew (left guard), R. F. Stovall (center), Thomas (right guard), Seip (right tackle), R. L. Stovall (right end), Fenton (quarterback), Gill (left halfback), McCullum (right halfback), Tilley (fullback).
### Transylvania
LSU defeated Transylvania 32--0, scoring at will in the second half.
### Alabama
John Seip starred in the 12--6 victory over Alabama. \"The consensus of opinion was that Alabama would have won but for Pratt\'s absence.\"
The starting lineup was Hall (left end), Seip (left tackle), Thomas (left guard), Stovall (center), Drew (right guard), Hillman (tackle), R. Stovall (right end), Gill (quarterback), Howell (left halfback), McCollum (right halfback), Ryan (fullback).
## Postseason
Fenton was selected All-Southern by John Heisman. End John Seip was selected such by Grantland Rice.
## Roster
No. Player Position Height Weight Hometown High School
----- ------------------- ------------- -------- -------- ------------------------- -------------
\- John Albright quarterback \- 135 \- \-
\- S. W. Brannon halfback \- 160 \- \-
\- Harmon Drew guard \- 175 Minden, Louisiana \-
\- Doc Fenton quarterback 5\'9\" 165 Scranton, Pennsylvania Scranton
\- Reuben Gill fullback \- 165 \- \-
\- J. O. Hall end \- 165 \- \-
\- Willie Hillman center \- 175 Minden, Louisiana Minden
\- Levi Himes \- \- \- \- \-
\- Roland Howell halfback \- 160 \- \-
\- Andrew McCollam halfback \- 160 \- \-
\- Phillips end \- 155 \- \-
\- William Pollack guard \- 180 \- \-
\- Warren Ryan halfback \- 180 \- \-
\- John Seip end 6\'1\" 185 Allentown, Pennsylvania \-
\- Robert L. Stovall center \- 135 Dodson, Louisiana \-
\- Rowson Stovall end \- 140 \- \-
\- Arthur Thomas tackle \- 175 \- \-
\- L. R
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# The Global Fund for Children
**Global Fund for Children** (**GFC**) is a Washington, DC--based nonprofit organization whose mission is to transform the lives of the world\'s most vulnerable children. GFC pursues this mission by making small grants to innovative community-based organizations that provide services and programs for children that government and large aid organizations often do not reach.
## History
Global Fund for Children was established in 1994 and made its first grants with the royalties from its children\'s book publishing venture. Since then, GFC\'s grantmaking capacity has grown dramatically. To date, GFC has awarded over \$40 million in grants to more than 600 organizations in 80 countries, serving more than 9 million children worldwide.
In 2003, the fund became one of the early sponsors of solar-powered floating schools in Bangladesh. The project has been recognized as one of the most innovative educational projects in the world.
In 2006, GFC, American Jewish World Service, EMPower-The Emerging Markets Foundation, Firelight Foundation, Global Fund for Women and Mama Cash joined forces with the Nike Foundation to establish the Grassroots Girls Initiative (GGI). GGI was the first donor consortium devoted exclusively to grassroots solutions for adolescent girls.
In 2007, GFC launched its Under-8 Initiative (U8), a pledge to invest \$10 million over five years in groups working with children under the age of eight in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The initiative was sponsored by the Clinton Foundation as part of the Clinton Global Initiative. Within the first year of operation it reached an estimated 47,000 children in 19 countries and awarded a total of \$487,300 in grants.
In 2008, Global Fund for Children was selected as a winner of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation\'s Digital Media and Learning Competition. GFC\'s project, \"Using Digital Technology to Extend Grassroots Knowledge\", works to enable the organization to share and promote the knowledge and best practices of its grantee partners.
In 2012, the *Financial Times* selected Global Fund for Children as its Seasonal Appeal winner. GFC was profiled in a series of online and print articles from November 2012 through January 2013 and as a result raised \$4.89 million for GFC programs.
In 2018, GFC launched an anti-trafficking cohort in partnership with a Canadian conglomerate. The approach is to place early stage bets on high-potential social entrepreneurs with an ultimate goal of creating scalable and contextual solutions to prevent trafficking at the root.
Other GFC strategic partnerships include Goldman Sachs, Credit Suisse, Johnson & Johnson, Howard G. Buffett Foundation, Oak Foundation, GoodWeave, Feizy Rugs, and Tea Collection.
## Approach
Global Fund for Children uses a venture philanthropy approach to address issues affecting extremely vulnerable populations of children, including trafficked children, refugees, and child laborers.
GFC strategically invests in grassroots organizations and helps them to grow and become sustainable resources in their communities. The organization intentionally scouts out and supports small, emerging nonprofits that do not have other sources of funding---in 2013, GFC was the first US-based institutional funder for 83% of its new grantees. On average, GFC\'s grantee partners grow threefold in size and reach during their partnership with GFC, expanding their capacity to reach more children in need.
In a 2014 survey of GFC grantee partners, 91% of respondents agreed that GFC stands apart from other funders because GFC contributes to its partners\' long-term sustainability.
## Children\'s books {#childrens_books}
Global Fund for Children books aim to integrate children\'s perspectives and inspire young readers to explore diverse cultures and global understanding. The GFC book collection includes more than 30 full-color books for children from infancy to adolescence. Proceeds from book purchases help support GFC programs.
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# The Global Fund for Children
## Films
Global Fund for Children has invested in two documentary films:
*War Child*, a 2008 documentary about former Sudanese child soldier Emmanuel Jal, won the audience choice award at the Tribeca film festival.
*Journey of a Red Fridge* tells the story of Hari Rai, a child porter who carries a red Coca-Cola refrigerator through the Himalayan mountains. Filmed by Lunam Docs, a Serbian independent documentary production duo -- Lucian and Natasa Muntean -- who specialize in telling the stories of child laborers
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# Walter Lyon (politician)
**Walter Lyon** (April 27, 1853 -- March 21, 1933) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the sixth lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania as a Republican from 1895 to 1899.
Lyon was born in Shaler Township, Pennsylvania. He was educated at the Wakeam Academy and was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1876. In 1889, he was appointed as United States District Attorney for the Western District of Pennsylvania. He resigned from this position in 1893 to run for Pennsylvania State Senate; he served in this body for one term until his election as Lieutenant Governor. After leaving politics, he founded the Pittsburgh law firm of Lyon, Hunter & Burke. He later retired to Sewickley, Pennsylvania
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# Kent Hill
**Kent Angelo Hill** (born March 7, 1957) is an American former professional footalll player who was an offensive lineman for nine seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily for the Los Angeles Rams. He played college football for the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets and was selected in the first round of the 1979 NFL draft. He was named to five Pro Bowls in the NFL.
Following retirement from professional football, Hill was director of student athlete development at Georgia Tech from 1989 to 1998. In later years he was a corporate personnel development consultant
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# Belfast West (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency)
**Belfast West** was a borough constituency of the Parliament of Northern Ireland from 1921 to 1929. It returned four MPs, using proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
## Boundaries
Belfast West was created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and contained the Court, Falls, St Anne\'s, St George\'s, Smithfield and Woodvale wards of the County Borough of Belfast. The House of Commons (Method of Voting and Redistribution of Seats) Act (Northern Ireland) 1929 divided the constituency into four constituencies elected under first past the post: Belfast Central, Belfast Falls, Belfast St Anne\'s and Belfast Woodvale.
## Second Dáil {#second_dáil}
In May 1921, Dáil Éireann, the parliament of the self-declared Irish Republic run by Sinn Féin, passed a resolution declaring that elections to the House of Commons of Northern Ireland and the House of Commons of Southern Ireland would be used as the election for the Second Dáil. All those elected were on the roll of the Second Dáil, but as no Sinn Féin MP was elected for Belfast West, it was not represented there.
## Politics
Belfast West was a predominantly Unionist area with some pockets of Nationalist strength, electing three Unionists and one Nationalist in 1921 and one Unionist, one Independent Unionist, one Nationalist and one Labour Party member in 1925.
## Members of Parliament {#members_of_parliament}
+----------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+
| Election | MP\ | | MP\ | |
| | (Party) | | (Party) | |
+==========+=========+======================+=========+===================+
| 1921 | | William J. Twaddell\ | | Robert John Lynn\ |
| | | (UUP) | | (UUP) |
+----------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+
| 1923 by | | Philip James Woods\ | | |
| | | Independent Unionist | | |
+----------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+
| 1925 | | | | |
+----------+---------+----------------------+---------+-------------------+
## Election results {#election_results}
Devlin did not take his seat.
Twaddell was assassinated on 22 May 1922:
Devlin did not take his seat
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# Khandbari Municipality
**Khandbari** is the district headquarters of Sankhuwasabha District in Koshi Province of north-eastern Nepal.
## Demographics
At the time of the 2011 Nepal census, Khandbari Municipality had a population of 31,534. Of these, 68.7% spoke Nepali, 5.5% Lohorung, 4.1% Tamang, 3.5% Sherpa, 3.1% Rai, 2.9% Kulung, 2.8% Magar, 2.1% Newar, 1.7% Gurung, 0.8% Yamphu, 0.4% Thulung, 0.3% Khaling, 0.3% Koi, 0.3% Limbu, 0.3% Maithili, 0.2% Bantawa, 0.2% Bhujel, 0.2% Chamling, 0.2% Dumi, 0.2% Kulung, 0.2% Majhi, 0.2% Mewahang, 0.2% Nachhiring, 0.2% Yakkha, 0.1% Bahing, 0.1% Bote, 0.1% Lhomi, 0.1% Sampang, 0.1% Tharu and 0.8% other languages as their first language.
In terms of ethnicity/caste, 19.4% were Chhetri, 18.2% Rai, 9.1% Newar, 7.9% Hill Brahmin, 7.5% Gurung, 7.2% Kami, 6.9% Tamang, 5.3% Magar, 3.1% Sherpa, 2.9% Damai/Dholi, 2.8% Kumal, 1.9% Sarki, 1.3% Kulung, 0.8% Limbu, 0.7% Bhote, 0.7% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 0.6% Gharti/Bhujel, 0.5% Lohorung, 0.5% Majhi, 0.3% Yakkha, 0.2% Thakuri, 0.1% Badi, 0.1% Bote, 0.1% Chamling, 0.1% Ghale, 0.1% Hajjam/Thakur, 0.1% Khaling, 0.1% Khawas, 0.1% Lhomi, 0.1% Marwadi, 0.1% Mewahang Bala, 0.1% Musalman, 0.1% Pattharkatta/Kushwadiya, 0.1% Samgpang, 0.1% Tharu, 0.1% Yadav, 0.1% Yamphu and 0.6% others.
In terms of religion, 62.3% were Hindu, 20.8% Buddhist, 14.5% Kirati, 1.4% Christian, 0.3% Prakriti, 0.1% Jain, 0.1% Muslim and 0.5% others.
In terms of literacy, 73.8% could read and write, 2.6% could only read and 23.6% could neither read nor write.
## The area {#the_area}
A road connects Khandbari directly south to Biratnagar and the Terai. Khandbari will be soon connected with Kimmathanka and Tibet. Khandbari is fastest growing city and most developed among Hilly Region. It has established itself as a trading center for people of sankhuwasabha and some parts of Bhojpur districts.
Khandbari\'s reputed schools include Himalayan Higher secondary school ,Barun Secondary English School, Surya Higher Secondary Boarding School, Bagishwari Secondary School, Makalu English Boarding School and Sunshine English Secondary Boarding School.
Arun III Hydropower project is located nearby. Arun III Hydropower project is one of the major subjects that really matters to the residents.
About 3 km north from Khandbari lies another small bazaar known as Manebhanjyang which is an emerging business centre peak in the world.
A road has already been constructed that connects Khandbari directly to Biratnagar. Its border districts are Bhojpur, Solukhumbu, Taplejung, Terhathum and Dhankuta. The change in the political situation in the country has given much hope for the residents of the district for its rapid development.
The hospital in Khandbari is described as \"comparatively well-equipped\", and has received patients from surrounding areas arriving on foot or road and by chartered helicopters.
Khandbari is the main departure point for trekking to Mount Makalu (8463 meters), 5th highest peak in the world and Makalu Barun National Park.Arun valley which is the deepest valley in the world is located here with an elevation of 435 m from sea level.It is also famous among tourists because it is home to more than 800 different species of butterflies and over 650 species of birds. Among them one can also see spiny Babbler which is a species of bird only found in middle hills of Nepal.
People can reach Khandbari by road and air transport.There are number of public Buses connecting khandbari with Dharan which is around 6 hours drive and also there are direct buses from Kathmandu to khandbari. Air transport is provided through Tumlingtar Airport, which lies on the bank of Arun river. Every day, there are flights from Kathmandu and Biratnagar. The main town of khandbari is 13 km from the airport and can be reached by jeep, auto and van in around 20 minutes.
## Media
To promote local culture, Khandbari has five FM radio stations:
- Guransh FM 107.5 MHz
- Sunkhari FM 91.4 MHz
- Naya abhiyan FM 99.00 MHz
- Khadbari FM 105
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# Kemy Agustien
**Germaine Hesus** \"**Kemy**\" **Agustien** (born 20 August 1986) is a Curaçaoan professional footballer who plays as a central midfielder for `{{English football updater|Alvechur}}`{=mediawiki} club Alvechurch.
He previously played for Willem II, AZ Alkmaar, Roda JC and RKC Waalwijk, for Birmingham City, Crystal Palace, Swansea City and Brighton & Hove Albion in English football, for Danish club Vendsyssel FF, for Scottish club Hamilton Academical. and for Global Cebu in the Philippines. An adaptable player, capable of playing anywhere in midfield, his preferred position is as one of two central midfielders.
## Club career {#club_career}
Born in Willemstad, Netherlands Antilles, Agustien began his career in the youth system of Dutch club Willem II. He played two seasons in that club\'s first team in the Eredivisie, and appeared twice in the 2005--06 UEFA Cup. He signed for AZ in 2006, and was loaned to Roda JC for the 2006--07 season to gain more experience.
Agustien joined English Championship club Birmingham City in July 2008 on a season loan, with an option to make the deal permanent at the end of the 2008--09 season for a fee of €2 million. He made his first-team debut in the League Cup defeat at Southampton on 26 August 2008, and played his first match in the Football League four days later in a 1--1 draw at Norwich City. Having missed pre-season training because of a hernia operation, he did not adapt immediately to the pace and physicality of English football. He played 20 games in all competitions, but the second half of his season was dogged by injury. Birmingham manager Alex McLeish \"couldn\'t commit \[himself\] to bringing him in for the money asked\", so Agustien returned to AZ when his contract expired on 26 May 2009.
After his return to AZ, he was loaned to RKC Waalwijk, newly promoted to the Eredivisie, for the 2009--10 season. At the end of that season, he was released by AZ.
Agustien went on trial to Polish Ekstraklasa side Wisła Kraków in July 2010. Later he joined Swansea City of the English Championship on trial, but sustained an injury in a pre-season match which delayed his signing. After passing what was described as a \"tough\" medical, Agustien signed a two-year contract with the Welsh club in October. He made his debut two weeks later, coming on for Andrea Orlandi after 69 minutes as Swansea beat Leicester City 2--0.
By February 2011, Agustien was anxious for regular first-team football, and suggested that there had been interest from clubs in taking him on loan, but manager Brendan Rodgers considered him part of the Swansea squad. Agustien signed on loan for Crystal Palace on 8 March for the rest of the season. He made his debut against Barnsley in a 2--1 victory for Palace.
He made his Premier League debut for the newly promoted Swansea in a 4--0 loss against Manchester City, but suffered a hamstring injury in September, and was restricted to one brief substitute appearance in the next three months. In the 1--1 draw with Queens Park Rangers at the end of December, Agustien started in central midfield, but following an injury to Àngel Rangel he spent the second half at right back, a position he had never played before; he was named man of the match:
Ankle surgery in early March revealed further problems that kept Agustien out for the remainder of the season. Rodgers confirmed that Agustien would be offered a contract extension despite his injuries, and in May he signed a new two-year deal with Swansea. In the 2012--13 season was a big change for Swansea City, with change of management and new players. For Agustien, his injuries continued to haunt him, having missed five matches, due to an ankle injury.
Ahead of the 2013--14 season, Agustien, along with Alan Tate, Luke Moore and Leroy Lita, was left out of the squad for the pre-season tour, which led their future uncertain. During July 2013, Agustien transferred to Championship club Brighton & Hove Albion signing a two-year contract, however the deal was delayed for a number of days whilst awaiting international clearance which was finally completed on 1 August. Agustien made his debut for Brighton during a pre-season friendly game against Norwich City which finished 1--1. He made 14 appearances in all competitions in his first season, but only 3 in his second, which was disrupted by injury. He was released when his contract expired at the end of the 2014--15 season.
On 25 September 2015, it was announced that Agustien had signed a contract with the Danish 1st Division side Vendsyssel FF until the end of the year. Wearing number 13, the player was struck by injuries and his contract was not extended when it expired on 1 January 2016.
In March 2016 he signed for Scottish club Hamilton Academical. In May 2016 it was announced that he would leave Hamilton at the end of the 2015--16 season.
Agustien returned to Dutch football for 2016--17, signing a one-year contract with Eerste Divisie club FC Dordrecht. He was released by the club on 15 November 2016. Following his release from the club, Agustien signed with Filipino club Global F.C., playing in the Philippines Football League.
Agustien signed for English National League North club Nuneaton Borough on 27 June 2018, but left again by mutual consent before the season started. He played for Halesowen Town of the Southern League on a non-contract basis, then trained with and appeared as an over-age player for Birmingham City\'s under-23 team, before joining National League club Barrow on 15 November on a short-term contract. He scored twice from 11 appearances in all competitions, and then left the club when a contract extension could not be agreed.
On 21 March 2019, Agustien signed for another National League club, Wrexham, until the end of the season. He made three appearances before being released when his contract expired. He signed for Bradford (Park Avenue) of the National League North in late September 2019, and went straight into the starting eleven for their visit to Brackley Town. He was substituted after 57 minutes with his team down to ten men and losing 5--0; the final score was 8--0.
On 30 January 2020 he signed for Mickleover Sports.
On 12 October 2022, Agustien returned to the National League North when he signed for Kettering Town.
On 2 December 2022, Agustien joined Southern League Premier Division Central side Hednesford Town. In June 2023, he joined Northern Premier League Premier Division club Matlock Town, leaving the club in September 2023. He subsequently joined Southern League Premier Division Central club Alvechurch.
## International career {#international_career}
At international level, he was a member of the Netherlands under-20 squad for the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, where he played in two of the group-stage matches. He played for the Dutch Olympic squad that reached the final of the 2006 Toulon Tournament; Agustien converted his penalty as his team lost in a penalty shootout. He played again, and scored, at the 2007 edition, and also played for the under-21 team, including two appearances in qualifying matches for the 2009 European under-21 championships. Named in the Netherlands\' preliminary 37-man squad for the 2008 Olympics, he was not selected for Beijing.
In 2014, Agustien decided to represent his country of birth, receiving his first call-up for the Curaçao senior team ahead of the 2014 Caribbean Cup in Jamaica. He was however forced to withdraw from the final squad for the tournament due to injury, having yet to make his debut for the national team. He made his debut for Curaçao 6 June 2015 in a friendly match against Trinidad and Tobago which ended in a 1--0 win at home.
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# Kemy Agustien
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Agustien revealed he almost died from a serious car accident after his car flipped twice following a loss of control. In April 2013, Agustien was banned from driving for 12 months and picked up 39 points.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Club
Club Season League National cup
------------------------ ---------- ------------------------------------------ ------ ------- -------------- -------
Division Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Willem II 2004--05 Eredivisie 21 1 5 1
2005--06 Eredivisie 34 2 1 0
Total 55 3 6 1
AZ 2006--07 Eredivisie 0 0 0 0
2007--08 Eredivisie 25 2 0 0
2008--09 Eredivisie 0 0 0 0
2009--10 Eredivisie 0 0 0 0
Total 25 2 0 0
Roda JC (loan) 2006--07 Eredivisie 31 2 4 1
Birmingham City (loan) 2008--09 Championship 18 0 1 0
RKC Waalwijk (loan) 2009--10 Eredivisie 19 1 0 0
Swansea City 2010--11 Championship 8 0 2 0
2011--12 Premier League 13 0 2 0
2012--13 Premier League 18 0 2 0
Total 39 0 6 0
Crystal Palace (loan) 2010--11 Championship 8 0 0 0
Brighton & Hove Albion 2013--14 Championship 11 0 2 0
2014--15 Championship 2 0 0 0
Total 13 0 2 0
Vendsyssel FF 2015--16 1\
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# Relational art
**Relational art** or **relational aesthetics** is a mode or tendency in fine art practice that emerged under various names in the 1990s. In 1998 French art critic Nicolas Bourriaud defined esthétique relationnelle (relational aesthetics) as \"a set of artistic practices which take as their theoretical and practical point of departure the whole of human relations and their social context, rather than an independent and private space.\" The artist can be more accurately viewed as the \"catalyst\" in relational art, rather than an author at the center. While helpfully moving aesthetics beyond the sole concerns of the individual into a larger social sphere, relational art as Bourriaud defines it stays within the human realm, reflecting a humanist value system rooted in modernism. This sets relational art and aesthetics in contrast to its immediate predecessor, Brooklyn Immersionism, a posthumanist art movement which began in the late 1980s and involved dozens of creative groups in a sustained and transformative relationship with a living urban ecosystem. Both systems aesthetics shared some of the features of social practice art and all three had roots in the process art of the 1970s and \"web of life\" philosophies of Native Americans.
## Etymology
One of the first attempts to analyze and categorize art from the 1990s, the term relational art was developed by Nicolas Bourriaud in 1998 in his book *Esthétique relationnelle* (*Relational Aesthetics*). The term was first used in 1996, in the catalogue for the exhibition *Traffic* curated by Bourriaud at CAPC musée d\'art contemporain de Bordeaux. *Traffic* included the artists that Bourriaud would continue to refer to throughout the 1990s, such as Henry Bond, Vanessa Beecroft, Maurizio Cattelan, Dominique Gonzalez-Foerster, Liam Gillick, Christine Hill, Carsten Höller, Pierre Huyghe, Miltos Manetas, Jorge Pardo, Philippe Parreno, Gabriel Orozco, Jason Rhoades, Douglas Gordon and Rirkrit Tiravanija. The exhibition took its title and inspiration from Jacques Tati\'s film *Trafic* (1971), in which Tati\'s protagonist is a Parisian automobile designer preparing a new model for an international auto show. In a *denouement* that became a fundamental relational aesthetics strategy, particularly for Tiravanija, Tati\'s entire film is about the designer\'s journey to the auto show at which he arrives just in time for the show to close.
### Relational aesthetics {#relational_aesthetics}
Bourriaud wishes to approach art in a way that ceases \"to take shelter behind Sixties art history\", and instead seeks to offer different criteria by which to analyse the often opaque and open-ended works of art of the 1990s. To achieve this, Bourriaud imports the language of the 1990s internet boom, using terminology such as user-friendliness, interactivity and DIY (do-it-yourself). In his 2002 book *Postproduction: Culture as Screenplay: How Art Reprograms the World*, Bourriaud describes \"relational aesthetics\" as works that take as their point of departure the changing mental space opened by the internet. The interactive, communal expression afforded by the emergence of the World Wide Web can be seen in many ways to echo older, indigenous notions of webs and environmental engagement. Relational art, Social Practices, Process Art and Immersionism are all indebted to Native American insights into the larger web of nature, as Chief Seattle (Si\'ahl) makes clear from a speech in 1854:
: \"All things are connected like the blood that unites us all. Humanity did not weave the web of life, we are merely a strand in it. Whatever we do to the web, we do to ourselves.\"
### Relational art {#relational_art}
Bourriaud explores the notion of relational aesthetics through examples of what he calls relational art. According to Bourriaud, relational art encompasses \"a set of artistic practices which take as their theoretical and practical point of departure the whole of human relations and their social context, rather than an independent and private space.\" The artwork creates a social environment in which people come together to participate in a shared activity. Bourriaud claims \"the role of artworks is no longer to form imaginary and utopian realities, but to actually be ways of living and models of action within the existing real, whatever scale chosen by the artist.\"
Robert Stam, the head of new media and film studies at New York University, coined a term for the shared activity group: witnessing publics. Witnessing publics are \"that loose collection of individuals, constituted by and through the media, acting as observers of injustices that might otherwise go unreported or unanswered.\" The meaning of relational art is created when arts perception is altered while leaving the original artifact intact.
In relational art, the audience is envisaged as a community. Rather than the artwork being an encounter between a viewer and an object, relational art produces encounters between people. Through these encounters, meaning is elaborated *collectively*, rather than in the space of individual consumption.
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# Relational art
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Writer and director Ben Lewis has suggested that relational art is a new \"ism\", analogous to art movements of earlier periods such as impressionism, expressionism and cubism. As a systems aesthetic emerging at the turn of the 21st century, it parallels Brooklyn Immersionism which began a few years earlier and has been described by the arts historian, Cisco Bradley in 2023 as \"the next stage of evolution of the New York art scene.\" In that immersion and relationships are deeply related processes, an eco-social zeitgeist in the arts can be said to have emerged out of both movements.
In \"Antagonism and Relational Aesthetics\", published in 2004 in *October*, Claire Bishop describes the aesthetic of Palais de Tokyo as a \"laboratory\", the \"curatorial modus operandi\" of art produced in the 1990s. Bishop writes, \"An effect of this insistent promotion of these ideas as artists-as-designer, function over contemplation, and open-endedness over aesthetic resolution is often ultimately to enhance the status of the curator, who gains credit for stage-managing the overall laboratory experience. As Hal Foster warned in the mid-1990s, \'the institution may overshadow the work that it otherwise highlights: it becomes the spectacle, it collects the cultural capital, and the director-curator becomes the star.\'\" Bishop identifies Bourriaud\'s book as an important first step in identifying tendencies in the art of the 1990s but also writes in the same essay that such work "seems to derive from a creative misreading of poststructuralist theory: rather than the interpretations of a work of art being open to continual reassessment, the work of art itself is argued to be in perpetual flux." Bishop also asks, \"if relational art produces human relations, then the next logical question to ask is what *types* of relations are being produced, for whom, and why?\" She continues that \"the relations set up by relational aesthetics are not intrinsically democratic, as Bourriaud suggests, since they rest too comfortably within an ideal of subjectivity as whole and of community as immanent togetherness.\"
In \"Traffic Control\", published one year later in *Artforum*, artist and critic Joe Scanlan goes one step further in ascribing to relational aesthetics a palpable peer pressure. Scanlan writes, \"Firsthand experience has convinced me that relational aesthetics has more to do with peer pressure than collective action or egalitarianism, which would suggest that one of the best ways to control human behavior is to practice relational aesthetics.\"
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# Relational art
## Exhibitions
In 2002, Bourriaud curated an exhibition at the San Francisco Art Institute, *Touch: Relational Art from the 1990s to Now*, \"an exploration of the interactive works of a new generation of artists.\" Exhibited artists included Angela Bulloch, Liam Gillick, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Jens Haaning, Philippe Parreno, Gillian Wearing and Andrea Zittel. Critic Chris Cobb suggests that Bourriaud\'s \"snapshot\" of 1990s art is a confirmation of the term (and idea) of relational art, while illustrating \"different forms of social interaction as art that deal fundamentally with issues regarding public and private space.\"
In 2008, Guggenheim Museum curator Nancy Spector organized an exhibition with most of the artists associated with Relational Aesthetics, but the term itself was shelved in favor of calling the show *Theanyspacewhatever*. The exhibition included stalwarts Bulloch, Gillick, Gonzalez-Foerster, Höller, Huyghe, and Tiravanija, along with loosely affiliated artists Maurizio Cattelan, Douglas Gordon, Jorge Pardo, and Andrea Zittel.
The LUMA Foundation has presented many artists associated with Relational Aesthetics
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# Seven Seas Marine Life Park
**Seven Seas Marine Life Park** was a marine mammal park, and animal theme park built and owned by the city of Arlington, Texas, United States. It opened in March 1972, but ended up closing in 1976 after losing millions of dollars.
## History
Plans to build the park were made as early as 1971, with costs estimating around \$6.7 million. In April 1971, a landscaping project proposal passed, funding a local landscaping company \$7,702 to provide 195,000 square feet of Bermuda grass for the park, and \$3,121 to prune 1,000 trees growing there. It was 70% complete in early April.
During construction in 1970, several marine life fossils aged at around 100 million years were found at the site.
The park opened on March 18, 1972. The 35 acre site was located in north Arlington off Interstate 30 near Six Flags Over Texas and adjacent to Arlington Stadium.
The park lost almost half a million dollars in 1972, 1973 and 1974 and after the 1975 season, the animals were sold. The park reopened for the 1976 season as Hawaii Kai. The attendance for that season was at an all-time low and the city council of Arlington voted to close the park because it did not generate enough revenue to both pay its operating expenses and pay off the bonded indebtedness.
The property is now the site of the Arlington Sheraton Hotel and several buildings on the property date back to the park. In addition, there is a remaining piece from the Japan garden, a very nice, large bridged Pagoda still exists outside the hotels court pool area.
## Sections
- Arctic Ocean
- Caribbean Sea
- Indian Ocean
- Mediterranean Sea
- Sea of Cortez
- Sea of Japan
- South Seas
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# Seven Seas Marine Life Park
## Notable animals {#notable_animals}
- Newtka (also spelled Nootka) the killer whale: A 6000 lb and 18 ft female orca that resided in the park\'s largest animal performance stadium. This arena went by many names including Indian Ocean Pool, Killer Whale Stadium, and 7-eleven Killer Whale Stadium. Trained by Larry Lawrence, Newtka lived in the park during all four years of operation and was considered the main attraction. After the 1975 season she was sold for \$125,000 to Marineland and Game Farm Canada, joining their current orca Kandu.
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- Dolphin Show: Jannie, Rodney, Debbie are three of the twelve bottle-nosed dolphins resided at the park during its four years of operation. They all averaged about seven feet long and lived in the Mediterranean Sea Stadium. Their shows changed from season to season, but their most notable act was the Dolphin University Show.
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- Pancho the Elephant Seal: The 2500 lb male was known as a crowd pleaser. He was so popular that he received five write-in votes during the 1973 mayoral race against Mayor Vandergriff, who was also very fond of the sea mammal. Even with his popularity, his show tended to come and go due to his temperamental nature. The show only went on if he was in the mood. There was at one point another (younger) elephant seal named Cisco that would stand in for Pancho.
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- Sea-lion Circus: Over fourteen Californian sea lions lived and performed within the park, rotating between the shows and the feeding pools.
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- Penguin Troop: It was originally planned for these birds to learn how to roller skate, but this dream never seemed to come to pass. This, however, didn\'t deter the public from coming to see these small birds perform in the \"Sea of Cortez Arena\" with their trainers. Many of the birds were Rockhopper Penguins with the exception of one Magellanic Penguin.
Other animals that resided in the park also include a chimpanzee, three harbor seals, otters, a rescued caiman croc, two Himalayan black bears, at least seven sharks, a sea turtle named Tom, flamingos, macaws, toucans, ducks, geese and thousands of koi and goldfish
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# Mike Fanning (American football)
**Michael LaVern Fanning** (February 2, 1953 -- October 30, 2022) was an American professional football player who was a defensive tackle for ten seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish, earning first-team All-American honors in 1974. He started in Super Bowl XIV for the Los Angeles Rams.
## College career {#college_career}
Fanning was born in Mount Clemens, Michigan. At the University of Notre Dame, he accounted for 164 tackles. He was a starter for the Fighting Irish at defensive tackle in 1973 and 1974, and was a 1974 first-team All-America selection by the Walter Camp Foundation, *The Sporting News*, Newspaper Enterprise Association, and *Time*. He was a second-team selection by the Associated Press. In his years at Notre Dame, he shared the practice field with Rudy Ruettiger, whose saga was made into a Hollywood film, *Rudy*.
Notre Dame ranked second in the nation in total defense in 1973 and the Irish claimed the national championship with an 11--0 record. In 1974, the defense ranked first in the nation, allowing only 195.2 yards per game and were ranked sixth in the nation in the final AP poll.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Fanning was selected in the first round (9th selection) of the 1975 NFL draft by the Los Angeles Rams. He was touted to be the successor to Merlin Olsen, who was entering his 14th season in 1975. As a rookie, Fanning broke his leg, and saw limited action after returning midseason. In 1976, in spot duty for Olsen, he recorded four sacks.
Fanning took over as the starter at left tackle in 1979 after an injury to Cody Jones. Fanning had eight sacks in 1979 and ten sacks in 1980. He led the Rams in sacks in the strike-shortened 1982 season with five.
Prior to the 1983 season, Fanning was traded to the Detroit Lions. He played one season with the Lions and was signed as a free agent by the Seattle Seahawks in 1984. He had seven sacks in 1984 as a pass-rush specialist for the Seahawks.
## Later life {#later_life}
In 2009, Fanning joined the University of Tulsa athletic department, where he worked for 14 years. He initially worked with group ticket sales, before serving as the special assistant for administration and operations until his death.
Fanning died on October 30, 2022, at the age of 69
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# Pen, India
**Pen** (Marathi pronunciation: \[peːɳ\]) is a town and taluka in Raigad district of Indian state of Maharashtra. It is well known for world class Ganesh idols. It is the geographical and cultural center of Raigad district. Pen is also known for Salt cultivation by Aagri and Koli community.
## History
The name of Pen is derived from the term \"पेणे\" or \"Pene\", which means \"a place to rest\". Although no one is certain about the origin of Pen.
Due to its location, Pen developed as a port city (the present-day Antora port was commonly referred as \"Pen Port\"), with trade links as far as Egypt. It had a prosperous marketplace where the exchange of goods to and from Deccan took place.
The Kolaba District Gazettee gives Pen\'s history as follows `{{cquote|In historical times Pen was under rule of the [[Shilahara|Silaharas]] of [[Thane district#Origin of name|Shri Sthanak (Thana)]] from 9th to the 12th Century and subsequently it passed under the control of the Yadavas. When [[Shaista Khan|Shayastakhan]] was sent against [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj|Sivaji]], a detachment of the [[Mughal Empire|Moghal]] army had been kept at Pen but it was subsequently routed by him. [[Parvatibai]], the wife of [[Sadashivrao Bhau|Sadasivrav Bhau]], the hero of [[Battle of Panipat (1761)|Panipat]]. In 1819 the easy communication with Bombay and with the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] by the [[Bhor Ghat|Bor pass]] made Pen an important centre. Its chief prosperity lay in its salt beds. There was a considerable export of rice to [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. A number of carved stones about the town appear to belong to an unusually large temple of about the thirteenth or fourteenth century.<ref name="Pengazettee"/>}}`{=mediawiki}
During the period of Shilahar kings, many temples of goddesses were built, including Jagdumba of Vashi. In the period of Chalukyas, grand temples of Shiva, like Rameshwar (रामेश्वर), Pataneshwar (पाटणेश्वर), Goteshwar (गोटेश्वर) and Vyaghreshwar (व्याघ्रेश्वर) were constructed
Vyagreshwar Temple Was built by Shri Senapati Prataprao Gujar. Ordered by Shri Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj in Pen Swary and later worshipped by Langi\'s of Pen as it is their clan deity.
Very Old Temple of Lord Shiva located in the Jungle of Wagreshwar in Mahal Mirya Donger
In Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj era, Shayistekhan\'s raid on Deccan led to major fights in Pen between Moghals and Marathas. Initially the Moghal army led by Sardar Taherkhan occupied Pen\'s fort of Mahalmeera and looted surrounding villages, which included desecration of the grand temple of Goteshwar. Shivaji\'s army fought back. They defeated Kartalabkhan in nearby Umbarkhind and officer Balakhi, near Ratangad. Mahalmeera was also taken back on 27 February 1662 and the following day, after a valiant struggle, Pen\'s Bastion (presently, the site of Tehsil office) was secured by Shivaji\'s army. In this conquest, Sardar Vaghoji Tupe fought against an equally skillful Moghal officer but at the crucial moment, Tupe dealt a decisive blow which killed the officer and ensured Maratha victory. Vaghoji was also critically injured and died soon afterwards. Shivaji Maharaj visited Pen on two occasions, on 6 August 1668 and 11 May 1674.
## Geography
Pen town is located at 18°40\' N, 73°05\' E, on the outskirts of Mumbai Metropolitan Region. It gained prominence in ancient times due to its location on trade routes to Deccan, proximity to Mumbai and Pune and its central position in the Raigad district. It lies on the bank of Bhogavati creek about 16 km from its mouth. Pen county has a total area of 199.6 sq. miles and the area of the town Pen is 6.75 sq.miles.
## Demographics
The Pen Municipal Council has population of 37,852 of which 19,257 are males while 18,595 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 3910 which is 10.33% of total population of Pen (M Cl). In Pen Municipal Council, Female Sex Ratio is of 966 against state average of 929. Moreover, Child Sex Ratio in Pen is around 911 compared to Maharashtra state average of 894. Literacy rate of Pen city is 91.40% higher than state average of 82.34%. In Pen, Male literacy is around 93.91% while female literacy rate is 88.82%.[\[chk\]](http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/4176-pen-raigarh-maharashtra.html) Traditionally, Pen city was populated by Aagri, Brahmins and merchant\'s community as it was center of culture, education and trade. But now,`{{when|date=November 2019}}`{=mediawiki} the city of Pen has become an amalgam of several castes and religions. In the olden days,`{{when|date=November 2019}}`{=mediawiki} Pen was recognised primarily as a Chitpavan Brahmin dominated village, but today`{{when|date=November 2019}}`{=mediawiki} all Pen tehsil is dominated by Aagri Community. Agri community dwells in flatlands of Pen West, Hinterlands of Pen South-East are sparsely populated by tribal Katkari and Thakurs. Pen has a small Jewish community, the Bene Israel. The community has a synagogue the Beth-Ha-Elohim. Population of Pen city is 1,76,681 as per 2001 census.
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# Pen, India
## Development and Economy {#development_and_economy}
People in the Pen city are employed in various sectors such as trade/business, education, banking, industries, services, papad making (women\'s co-operatives) and most importantly, idol making! Most villagers are dependent for livelihood on Paddy farming in monsoon. Various vegetables are also grown as by-products, especially in eastern part of the county.
The industrial belt in the western part of the county is causing a major problem of pollution in surrounding rural areas, creating health problems and reducing crop yields. Reliance Industries was promoting a Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone, located around the town. A study conducted by *Citizen\'s Research Collective on SEZ* has called the Maha Mumbai Special Economic Zone a Special Exploitation Zone Land owners resisted the purchase of their land for the purpose and following a historic referendum on the issue, SEZ was cancelled. Land prices are soaring and economy is growing rapidly but there are some serious concerns about uneven and unjust development.
- **Ganesh Idols** Pen is known for its Ganesh Idols which are used widely for the \"Ganesh Festival\". Many of Ganesh Idols in Mumbai are brought from Pen. There are multiple lanes \[termed as \"Ali\"\] which consist only of such Idol Making craftsmen. Going through these lanes one can see the whole process of developing Ganesh Idols. Number of Ganesh Idols are now even exported to the Marathi population in the US.
- **Papad business** Women in Pen are occupied in the domestic business of preparing \" पोहे\" or \"Pohe\" (flattened rice) and papad. Significance of Papad business is that this business is women dominated business. number of women workers are significantly high. There are hardly any male worker working in the Papad business. Moreover, owner of these papad business are women. There has been betterment in this business in past few years and they have introduced varieties of Papads. Today, there are approximately 72 to 75 types of papad that they manufacture. types of papad includes Tikali papad, Miragunda papad, Poha Papad, Rice Papad, Nachani Papad Fenugreek Papad etc. This business is on such high peak that they distribute papad not only in India but they export papads out of India.
- **Salt Production** Due to unique geological features of Western part of Pen County (Vashi Subdivision), Pen has been for centuries hub of salt making industry dominated by Aagri koli community while Brahmin people are also involved. .
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# Pen, India
## Education
From historic times, city of Pen was center of education and culture in konkan region. In fact, Lokmanya Tilak used to call it \"कोकणचे पुणे\"(Pune of Konkan) due to progressive mindset of Penkars and their love of knowledge. There were at least two school of Vedas(वेदशाळा) in Datar Ali area of Pen city, one of them in Sahasrabuddhe family. Pundits from all over Maharashtra used to come to Pen to make copies of rare ancient books(पोथी). Sages of Pen especially Bhave, were so superior intellectually, that they defeated sages who accompanied Shankarachrya of Kashi, in debates on Religious studies during his 1883 visit.
English language instructions came to Pen in the late 19th century in the form of primary English classes started by Christian missionaries. This school moved to Alibag with the shifting of the district headquarters there. The Pen Municipal council started five classes, and subsequently Vinayak Narayan Manohar started the remaining two classes, naming them *Pen Candidate Classes*.The Jewish community who lived in the Pen village adopted the last name of them as \"पेणकर\" or \"Penkar\" and it is still being continued wherever the decedents of their people settle, even in USA,Canada and Israel. Plague caused this school to be closed. This English-Marathi school was later revived in the first decade of the 20th century. Balkrishna Shankar Karandikar started an industrial training school around this time; the Kokan Vidyalaya, which was later closed as a result of his arrest for involvement in Jackson\'s shooting at Nasik in 1909. On 10 April 1910 the Pen Education society was formed, Pen Private High School was started, in Shankar Khanderao Phanse\'s bungalow (now the Maternity Hospital), from where it shifted in October 1912, to its present premises at the foot of *Peer Dongri*. Pen has a grand public library: The Mahatma Gandhi Vachanalay or \"महात्मा गांधी वाचनालय\"
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# Abdullah Ensour
**Abdullah Ensour** (`{{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Abdullah Ensour from Jordan pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg|ˈ|ɑː|b|d|ə|l|ə|_|ɛ|n|ˈ|s|ʊər}}`{=mediawiki} `{{respell|AHB|də|lə|_|en|SOOR}}`{=mediawiki}; *عبد الله النسور* *`{{Transliteration|ar|DIN|ʿAbd Allāh an-Nasūr}}`{=mediawiki}*; born 20 January 1939) is a Jordanian economist who served as the 40th prime minister of Jordan between October 2012 and May 2016. A veteran politician, he has held various cabinet positions in Jordanian government in addition to being prime minister.
## Early life {#early_life}
Ensour was born in Salt. He studied at the American University of Beirut where he obtained his bachelor\'s degree in statistics. He then continued to get his master\'s degree in institutions management, at the University of Michigan in the United States. He also obtained his PhD in planning at the Pantheon-Sorbonne University
## Positions held, current and previous {#positions_held_current_and_previous}
### Senatorial posts {#senatorial_posts}
\- Member of the Senate Council 1997--2009 2008--2010 2016--2020 2022--Present
Committees:
- Member of the Finance Committee.
- Member of the Foreign Affairs Committee.
\- Member of the House of Representatives 1989--1993 1993--1995 2010--2012
Committees:
- Chairman of the Finance and Economic Committee.
- Member of the Foreign Affairs Committee.
- Member of the Committee on Education and Higher Education.
### Ministerial positions {#ministerial_positions}
- Minister of Planning.
- Minister of Education.
- Minister of Foreign Affairs.
- Minister of Industry and Trade.
- Minister of Higher Education.
- Minister of Administrative Development.
- Media Minister.
- Deputy Prime Minister.
- Prime Minister and Minister of Defense.
### Experiences and memberships, current and previous councils {#experiences_and_memberships_current_and_previous_councils}
- Director general of the Budget Department.
- The Ministry of Finance Secretary General.
- Director general of the Income Tax Department.
- Governor of Jordan at the World Bank.
- Deputy Governor of Jordan at the International Monetary Fund.
- Jordan\'s permanent delegate to UNESCO.
- Chairman of the Jordanian-French Business Club Management.
- Member of the Royal Commission National Ajenda.
- Chairman of the Royal Commission to strengthen national integrity system.
- The official spokesman and a member of the Royal Commission for Jordan First.
- Chairman of the Higher Education Council.
- Chairman of the board of trustees of the University of Jordan Zaitouna.
- Vice Chairman of the board of trustees of the University of Science and Technology.
- Vice Chairman of the board of trustees of the Balqa Applied University.
- Vice Chairman of the board of trustees of the Hashemite University.
- Member of the board of trustees of the University of Jordan.
- Member of the board of rights in the University of Jordan.
- Administrative and financial director of the Royal Scientific Society.
- Member of the National Commission for Development Planning.
- Chairman of the Supreme Council for the fight against illiteracy.
- Chairman of the cement company.
- Vice chairman of the phosphate company.
- Vice chairman of the Iraqi Jordanian Land Transport Company.
- Member of the board of management of Bank of Jordan.
- Member of the Council of Arab African International Bank.
- Member of the Council of Arab Company for Investment Management.
- Member of the board of directors of Aqaba Railway.
- Member of the board of Royal Jordanian Management.
- Member of the board of Jordan Investment Corporation management.
- Member of the board of management the authority of the port of Aqaba.
- Member of the board of Jordan Enterprise Manager for the development of economic projects.
- Board member of Emaar Salt Foundation.
- Board member of the Noor Al Hussein Foundation.
- Board member of the Queen Alia Fund Management.
- Chairman of the newspaper *Voice of the People*.
- Chairman of the board of directors Haya Cultural Center.
- Chairman of the graduates of French universities Club.
- Member of the board graduates of American universities Club.
- Teacher and director in the Ministry of Education.
## Career
Ensour was first elected as a deputy to the Jordanian Parliament in 1989, 1992, and finally in 2010. His first ministerial post was as Minister of Planning in 1984. He then became Minister of Planning again in 1985; he also served as Minister of Education (1989); Minister of Foreign Affairs (1991); Minister of Industry and Trade (1993); Minister of Higher Education (1996); Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Administrative Development (1997); and deputy prime minister and Minister of Information (1998). He also served in the parliament in the lower house of representatives from 1989 to 2001.
Ensour was also governor of Jordan to the World Bank, deputy of Jordan to the International Monetary Fund and deputy permanent delegate to UNESCO; he sits on a number of boards including the Arab African Bank, Nuackchott (President); the University of Jordan (vice-president); and the French Universities\' Graduates in Jordan (Honorary President).
In October 2012, he was appointed as prime minister by King Abdullah II, replacing Fayez Tarawneh. After general elections in January 2013, King Abdullah reappointed Ensour as prime minister on 9 March 2013. His second cabinet was sworn in on 30 March 2013. His term ended on 29 May 2016.
Ensour is a member of Prague Society for International Cooperation, a respected NGO whose main goals are networking and the development of a new generation of responsible, well-informed leaders and thinkers.
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# Abdullah Ensour
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Ensour married twice. His first wife, Hala Khleifat, from whom he has three children with, died in 2015. Ensour\'s second marriage was to Ibtissam Hiary, from whom he has 5 children.
## Honours and awards {#honours_and_awards}
- Supreme Order of the Renaissance, Wissam Al Nahda, Grand Cordon, وسام النهضة عالي الشأن / Jordan
- Order of the Star, Wisam al-Kawkab, Grand Cordon, وسام الكوكب الأردن من الدرجة الأولى / Jordan
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# Time on My Hands (John Scofield album)
***Time on My Hands*** is a studio album by jazz musician John Scofield. Featuring tenor saxophonist Joe Lovano, veteran bassist Charlie Haden and drummer Jack DeJohnette. It was the first of seven studio albums Scofield released on Blue Note Records from 1990-1999. It was also the first of Scofield\'s records to feature Lovano, who went on to record several more quartet albums and tour with Scofield in the early 1990s.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All compositions written by John Scofield
1. \"Wabash III\" -- 6:20
2. \"Since You Asked\" -- 6:10
3. \"So Sue Me\" -- 5:58
4. \"Let\'s Say We Did\" -- 4:22
5. \"Flower Power\" -- 4:57
6. \"Stranger to the Light\" -- 7:27
7. \"Nocturnal Mission\" -- 4:13
8. \"Farmacology\" -- 6:40
9. \"Time and Tide\" -- 5:48 (CD only)
10. \"Be Hear Now\" -- 6:50 (CD only)
11
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# Red-and-yellow barbet
The **red-and-yellow barbet** (***Trachyphonus erythrocephalus***) is a species of African barbet found in eastern Africa. Males have distinctive black (spotted white), red, and yellow plumage; females and juveniles are similar, but less brightly colored. The species lives in broken terrain and nests and roosts in burrows. Omnivorous, the species feeds on seeds, fruit, and invertebrates. Where not hunted, they are tame, but their feathers are used by certain tribes, such as the Maasai.
## Description
Red-and-yellow barbet adult males have distinctive plumage made up black with spotted white, red and yellow. It has a black forehead and crown with a slight crest. The nape is orange and red with black spots. The side of the neck is red, going into yellow. The back is mostly black with white spots. The tail is a blackish brown with up to eight cream spots forming bars. The under side of the tail is yellow with black bars. The chin and throat are yellow, and there is a black patch at the centre of the throat. The throat is bordered by areas with more orange areas. The breast is orange to red-orange, becoming more yellow at the sides, with a dark band with white spots crossing through the middle. The lower breast and belly are yellow. The wings are black with brown wing feathers. All feathers on the wing have white spots, giving a spotted or banded appearance. The long beak is typically red. The skin around the eyes is a dark grey or black, while the eyes themselves can be a yellow brown, a dark brown, a red brown or a shade in between. The legs are a blue-grey, and the feet are the same colour.
The female is similar to the male, but is, overall, much duller, with less red and orange, and more yellow and white. Specifically, females lack the throat patch, and typically lack the crown. Young birds are also duller- they typically have less red and orange, as with the female. The spots on the back are less white, and all blacks are more brown. The eyes are typically grey.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The nominate subspecies, *T. e. erythrocephalus*, is found from central Kenya to north-east Tanzania. *T. e. versicolor* is found in southeast South Sudan, northeast Uganda, southwest Ethiopia and north Kenya. *T. e. shelleyi* is found in Somalia and eastern Ethiopia.
The species avoids both very open areas and areas of dense woodland, instead preferring broken terrain such as riverbeds and cliffs or termite mounds. It nests and roosts in tunnels, and forages on or close to the ground.
## Diet
Red-and-yellow barbets are omnivores, feeding on seeds, fruit, and invertebrates.
## Gallery
Image:Red-and-yellow Barbet RWD2.jpg\|The back is mostly black with white spots. Image:Red-and-yellow Barbet 1.JPG\|At Birdworld, Farnham Barbudo cabecirrojo (Trachyphonus erythrocephalus), parque nacional Serengueti, Tanzania, 2024-05-26, DD 68.jpg\|At Serengueti, Tanzania Barbudo cabecirrojo (Trachyphonus erythrocephalus), parque nacional de Tarangire, Tanzania, 2024-05-25, DD 83.jpg\|At Tarangire, Tanzania Image:Photo of Red-and-yellow barbet
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# Polar Bear Peak
**Polar Bear Peak** is a 6614 ft mountain in the U.S. state of Alaska, located in Chugach State Park. Situated in the Chugach Mountains, it lies at the head of South Fork Eagle River, 5 mi ESE of Eagle Lake, and 22 mi ESE of downtown Anchorage. The peak was named in 1963 by members of the Mountaineering Club of Alaska because a snow patch on its north face resembles a Polar bear skin.
## Terrain
Beginning at approximately 1000 ft., Polar Bear Peak becomes a predominantly alpine zone, characterized by exposed rock, extremely scant vegetation, a variety of lichens, and snow pack (including year-round snowfields and glaciers).
## Wildlife
Like many Alaskan mountains, Polar Bear Peak may be frequented by rock ptarmigan, Dall sheep, mountain goats, and other alpine animals. Despite the lack of vegetation, a variety of insects thrive at high elevations throughout Alaska. Overhead, one may spot a hawk or eagle
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# John P. S. Gobin
**John Peter Shindel Gobin** (January 21, 1837 -- May 1, 1910) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as an officer in the Union Army during the Civil War, as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 17th district from 1885 to 1898 and as the seventh lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania.
Cited for valor multiple times during the Civil War, Gobin was promoted repeatedly, becoming the final commanding officer of the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment, which was the only regiment from Pennsylvania to serve during the Union\'s 1864 Red River Campaign across Louisiana.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Gobin was born in Sunbury, Pennsylvania on January 21, 1837, the oldest of four children of Samuel and Susanna Gobin Shindel. He was educated locally and became an apprentice at the *Sunbury American* newspaper, where he was trained as a printer. He then read law with M. L. Shindel and John K. Clement, the father of Charles M. Clement, with whom Gobin later served in the National Guard. Gobin was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began to practice in Sunbury.
## Civil War {#civil_war}
In 1861, Gobin enlisted for the American Civil War and was commissioned a first lieutenant in Company F of the 11th Pennsylvania Infantry. After the unit\'s three-month term of service expired Gobin organized Company C of the 47th Pennsylvania Infantry, which he commanded as a captain.
The 47th Pennsylvania served throughout the rest of the war, primarily in Florida, South Carolina and Virginia, and Gobin rose through the ranks to become the regiment\'s colonel and commander. Major General Philip H. Sheridan rewarded Gobin for his performance at the Battle of Pocotaligo in South Carolina by recommending him for the brevet rank of brigadier general.
On July 6, 1866, U.S. President Andrew Johnson nominated Gobin for appointment to the grade of brevet brigadier general of volunteers, to rank from March 13, 1865, and the United States Senate confirmed the appointment on July 23, 1866. Near the end of the war he commanded 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, XIX Corps. After the surrender of the Confederacy, Gobin served as a Provost Marshal in South Carolina and Georgia until he was mustered out of the service on January 9, 1866.
## Post-Civil War {#post_civil_war}
After the war Gobin moved to Lebanon, Pennsylvania and resumed the practice of law. He was also active in the Grand Army of the Republic and the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States. From 1897 to 1898 he was the G.A.R.\'s national commander.
In addition to practicing law, Gobin was active in several businesses, including the local gas lighting company, the First National Bank of Lebanon, the City Mutual Fire Insurance Company and the Cornwall & Lebanon Railroad.
Gobin also carried out several civic responsibilities, including member of the board of trustees of Pennsylvania\'s Soldiers\' and Sailors\' Home, member of the board of commissioners of the Soldiers\' Orphans Home, and member of the board of commissioners of the Gettysburg Monument Association.
## Political career {#political_career}
A Republican, Gobin was elected to the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 17th district in 1884 and served from 1885 to 1899. He was the body\'s President pro tempore from 1891 through 1893.
In 1898 Gobin was elected lieutenant governor, and he served from 1899 to 1903.
## Continued military service {#continued_military_service}
In 1870 Gobin returned to military service as a member of the Pennsylvania Army National Guard, commanding a company in Lebanon called the Coleman Guards with the rank of captain. In 1874 he was named commander of the 8th Regiment with the rank of colonel. In 1885 he was promoted to brigadier general as commander of the 3rd Brigade.
In 1898 Gobin was appointed to command his brigade when it was federalized for the Spanish--American War. He led his brigade during mobilization and training near Augusta, Georgia, but resigned in order to run for lieutenant governor, and returned to National Guard service in Pennsylvania.
In 1906 he was promoted to major general as commander of the Pennsylvania National Guard Division, succeeding Charles Miller. He commanded the division until he retired in 1907, and was succeeded by John A. Wiley.
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# John P. S. Gobin
## Additional activities {#additional_activities}
Gobin was also a member of the Freemasons, Knights Templar, and Odd Fellows. He served as Grand Master of the Grand Encampment of Knights Templar in North America from 1889 to 1892.
## Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
Gobin died in Lebanon on May 1, 1910. He was interred at Mt. Lebanon Cemetery in Lebanon, Pennsylvania
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10,034,399 |
# Darkhad dialect
**Darkhad** (also \"Darkhat\") is a dialect in-between Central Mongolian and Oirat still variously seen as closer to Oirat or as a dialect of Khalkha Mongolian with some Oirat features. However, it seems to have substantially assimilated to the Khalkha dialect since it first was described by Sanžeev, and some classificational differences seem to be due to what historical (or even ideal) state got classified. *Ethnologue* reports a population of `{{sigfig|23,700|2}}`{=mediawiki} without providing a date. Speakers live mainly in the west of Lake Khövsgöl in the sums Bayanzürkh, Ulaan-Uul and Rinchinlkhümbe in the Khövsgöl Province of Mongolia.
## Phonology
In contrast to Oirat, it has `{{IPA|/o/}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|/u/}}`{=mediawiki} and a diphthongized equivalent of \*ai. However, monophthongized reflexes of \*ai can be encountered and more so in older language material, so it can be assumed that `{{IPA|*ai > ɛː > ɛe}}`{=mediawiki} due to Khalkha influence. Somewhat similar developments can be observed for other vowels, but as at least `{{IPA|/n/}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|/l/}}`{=mediawiki} can get palatalized, it is problematic whether palatalized consonants or fronted vowels have to be considered as phonemes. It patterns with the Oirat dialects of the Mongolian state in that it retains \*ŋn and sometimes has \*b \> `{{IPA|/m/}}`{=mediawiki}. It doesn\'t have the Khalkh `{{IPA|/ʊ/}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|/u/}}`{=mediawiki} in non-first syllables, as these merged with `{{IPA|/ɔ/}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{IPA|/o/}}`{=mediawiki}.
## Verbal system {#verbal_system}
Person inflections as in Oirat or Buryat are getting lost, but used to be present. There are both voluntatives (irrespective of number) in --ja/-ji as in Khalkha and --su for first person singular as in Oirat and Buryat, e.g. `{{IPA|/ɡaldat͡ʃixa̯ja̯/}}`{=mediawiki} 'let's burn it' and `{{IPA|ɔrsu}}`{=mediawiki} \'I shall enter\', but the latter form is rare. The benedictive --kti is actively used as holds for Buryat, e.g. `{{IPA|/taː bide̯ nertæ jawd͡ʒi̯ bɛekti/}}`{=mediawiki} 'Please, come with us'. Next to the normal concessive in --g/-k 's/he may', there is also a concessive -`{{IPA|/ɡalda̯/}}`{=mediawiki} that marks an order to a third person. The other, fairly unremarkable modal verbal suffixes are the imperative, prescriptive, optative and dubitative. The inventory of indicative finite verbal suffixes contains the usual reflexes of Written Mongolian ⟨-nam⟩, ⟨-luγ-a⟩, ⟨-ǰuqui⟩ and ⟨-ba⟩, the last one being rare as usual. There is a fifth suffix, `{{IPA|/-t͡ʃɔ/}}`{=mediawiki} (possibly from ⟨-ǰu orkiǰuqui⟩), probably expressing some kind of perfect aspect meaning, that is peculiar to Darkhad, e.g. `{{IPA|/jawult͡ʃɔ/}}`{=mediawiki} 'has sent'. The participles are the same as in Common Mongolic. However, a thorough analysis of the function of these items in contrast to each other has not been conducted. The converbs are not very particular, but the earliest texts of Darkhad still have a conditional `{{IPA|/-wa̯s/}}`{=mediawiki} (as in Buryat and Middle Mongolian) next to `{{IPA|/-wa̯l/}}`{=mediawiki}. Furthermore, it used to be possible to negative them with reflexes of ⟨ügei⟩ as in Buryat. Instead of ⟨-maγča⟩ 'as soon as', ⟨-nsar⟩ is used.
## Nominal system {#nominal_system}
The case system is the same as in Khalkha, and Oirat plurals like --mud are absent. The pronouns are the same as Khalkha, but a paradigm of the first person plural exclusive without nominative is attested for the old stages of Darkhat (as would hold for Khalkha in the 1930s and still holds for Oirat)
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# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
The following is a **list of works by Clark Ashton Smith**. \_\_TOC\_\_
## Short fiction {#short_fiction}
Title Date published 1st published in Anthologized in Fictional setting Notes Online versions
-------------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Overland Monthly* (Vol 84, #4) *The Abominations of Yondo* [1](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/2/the-abominations-of-yondo)
*Wonder Stories* *Other Dimensions* [2](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/4/an-adventure-in-futurity)
*Wonder Stories Quarterly* (Summer) *Other Dimensions* The Alcyone also titled \"A Captivity in Serpens\"
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Averoigne [abridged version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/12/the-beast-of-averoigne-%28abridged%29) [original published version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/11/the-beast-of-averoigne)
*Wonder Stories* *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith: A Vintage from Atlantis* sequel to The City of the Singing Flame, later merged with it
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Zothique [3](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/15/the-black-abbot-of-puthuum)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* [4](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/21/the-chain-of-aforgomon)
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Zothique [5](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/22/the-charnel-god)
Checkmate *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* non-fantastic fiction, written in 1930 [6](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/23/checkmate)
*Wonder Stories* *Out of Space and Time* [7](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/26/the-city-of-the-singing-flame)
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Averoigne [8](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/27/the-colossus-of-ylourgne)
*Stirring Science Stories* *Lost Worlds* Hyperborea written in 1933 [9](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/28/the-coming-of-the-white-worm) [abridged version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/29/the-coming-of-the-white-worm-%28abridged%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* non-fantastic fiction, written in 1930 [10](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/31/a-copy-of-burns)
*Thrilling Wonder Stories* *The Abominations of Yondo* [11](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/35/the-dark-age)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Zothique [12](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/212/the-dark-eidolon)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* written in 1961 [13](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/36/the-dart-of-rasasfa)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Zothique [14](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/38/the-death-of-ilalotha)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Poseidonis [15](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/39/the-death-of-malygris)
Astounding Stories *Lost Worlds* [16](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/41/the-demon-of-the-flower)
*The Double Shadow and Other Fantasies* *The Abominations of Yondo* [17](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/44/the-devotee-of-evil) [unpublished synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/43/%5Ethe-devotee-of-evil%5E-%5Bthe-manichaean%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Wonder Stories* *Other Dimensions* [18](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/45/the-dimension-of-chance)
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Averoigne [19](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/47/the-disinterment-of-venus) [unpublished synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/46/the-disinterment-of-venus-%28synopsis%29)
Strange Tales *Lost Worlds* Hyperborea [20](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/50/the-door-to-saturn)
Double Cosmos *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* written in 1934-1940 [21](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/51/double-cosmos)
*The Double Shadow and Other Fantasies* *Out of Space and Time* Poseidonis [22](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/53/the-double-shadow) [unpublished synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/54/the-double-shadow-%28synopsis%29)
*Wonder Stories* *The Abominations of Yondo* Aihai (Mars) [23](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/55/the-dweller-in-the-gulf)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Zothique [24](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/61/the-empire-of-the-necromancers)
*Weird Tales* *The Abominations of Yondo* Averoigne [25](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/62/the-enchantress-of-sylaire)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Averoigne [26](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/63/the-end-of-the-story)
*The Fantasy Fan* *The Abominations of Yondo* [27](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/65/the-epiphany-of-death)
*Wonder Stories* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* [28](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/66/the-eternal-world)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* non-fantastic fiction, written in 1925 [29](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/69/the-expert-lover)
*Lost Worlds: The Journal of Clark Ashton Smith Studies #1* *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith: The Door To Saturn* written in 1930
Live Stories (vol 36) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* non-fantastic fiction [30](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/71/the-flirt)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Xiccarph [31](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/73/the-flower-women)
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Zothique [32](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/76/the-garden-of-adompha)
Genius Loci *Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* [33](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/78/genius-loci)
*The Fantasy Fan* *Other Dimensions* [34](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/80/the-ghoul)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* written in 1931 [35](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/85/%5Ea-good-embalmer%5E-%5Bthe-undertakers%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* [36](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/86/the-gorgon)
*Thrilling Wonder Stories* *Tales of Science and Sorcery* [37](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/88/the-great-god-awto)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Averoigne [38](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/91/the-holiness-of-azédarac)
Strange Tales *Lost Worlds* [39](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/93/the-hunters-from-beyond)
*Weird Tales* *The Abominations of Yondo* Hyperborea [40](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/96/the-ice-demon)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* [41](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/97/the-immeasurable-horror)
Science Fiction Series (#16) *Tales of Science and Sorcery* [42](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/98/the-immortals-of-mercury)
*Wonder Stories* *Other Dimensions* [43](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/107/the-invisible-city)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Zothique [44](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/108/the-isle-of-the-torturers)
Oriental Stories (Fall) *Other Dimensions* [45](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/109/the-justice-of-the-elephant)
The Magic Carpet *Other Dimensions* [46](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/110/the-kiss-of-zoraida)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Zothique [47](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/111/the-last-hieroglyph)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Poseidonis [48](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/112/the-last-incantation)
*Wonder Stories* *Lost Worlds* also titled \"Flight into Super-Time\" [49](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/113/the-letter-from-mohaun-los)
*Wonder Stories* *Lost Worlds* also titled \"The Secret of the Cairn\" [50](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/115/the-light-from-beyond)
*Weird Tales* *Tales of Science and Sorcery* Averoigne [51](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/121/the-maker-of-gargoyles)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* Averoigne [52](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/213/the-mandrakes)
Marooned in Andromeda *Wonder Stories* *Other Dimensions* The Alcyone [53](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/125/marooned-in-andromeda)
Master of the Asteroid *Wonder Stories* *Tales of Science and Sorcery* also titled \"The God of the Asteroid\" [54](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/127/master-of-the-asteroid)
*Weird Tales* *The Abominations of Yondo* Zothique [55](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/128/the-master-of-the-crabs)
*The Double Shadow and Other Fantasies* *Lost Worlds* Xiccarph alternate version published in *Weird Tales* Oct 1938 as \"The Maze of Maâl Dweb\" [56](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/129/the-maze-of-the-enchanter) [57](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/130/the-maze-of-maâl-dweb)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* written in 1929 [58](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/134/the-metamorphosis-of-earth)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* also titled \"A Prophecy of Monsters\" [59](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/138/the-monster-of-the-prophecy)
Monsters in the Night The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction *Other Dimensions* [60](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/139/monsters-in-the-night)
Morthylla *Weird Tales* *Tales of Science and Sorcery* Zothique [61](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/142/morthylla)
Mother of Toads *Weird Tales* *Tales of Science and Sorcery* Averoigne [62](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/143/mother-of-toads) [original published version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/144/mother-of-toads-%28abridged%29)
Murder in the Fourth Dimension Amazing Detective Tales *Tales of Science and Sorcery* [63](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/146/murder-in-the-fourth-dimension)
The Magazine of Horror (#33) *The Abominations of Yondo* [64](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/150/the-nameless-offspring)
Necromancy in Naat *Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Zothique [65](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/151/necromancy-in-naat)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* [66](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/152/the-necromantic-tale)
Nemesis of the Unfinished *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* written in 1947 [67](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/153/nemesis-of-the-unfinished)
*The Double Shadow and Other Fantasies* *Out of Space and Time* Averoigne [68](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/155/a-night-in-malnéant)
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* [69](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/156/the-ninth-skeleton)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* Lemuria written in 1930 [70](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/158/an-offering-to-the-moon)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* non-fantastic fiction, written in 1930 [71](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/161/the-parrot)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* non-fantastic fiction, written in 1923 [72](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/162/the-perfect-woman)
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* [73](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/163/the-phantoms-of-the-fire)
Phoenix Time to Come (Farrar, Straus & Young) *Other Dimensions* [74](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/164/phoenix)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* also titled \"The Doom of Antarion\" [75](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/167/the-planet-of-the-dead)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* non-fantastic fiction, written in 1923 [76](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/168/a-platonic-entanglement)
Amazing Stories *Lost Worlds* [77](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/169/the-plutonian-drug)
*The Fantasy Fan* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* [78](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/172/the-primal-city)
*Red World of Polaris* *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith: The Door To Saturn* The Alcyone written in 1930 [79](https://www.baen.com/Chapters/9781597803632/9781597803632___4.htm)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Averoigne [80](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/181/a-rendezvous-in-averoigne)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* [81](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/182/the-resurrection-of-the-rattlesnake)
Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror *Out of Space and Time* was the basis for Rod Serling\'s Night Gallery 29, (1972) [82](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/183/the-return-of-the-sorcerer) [variant ending](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/256/the-return-of-the-sorcerer-%28variant-conclusion%29)
The Arkham Sampler *Tales of Science and Sorcery* written in 1930 [83](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/185/the-root-of-ampoi)
Sadastor *Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* [84](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/186/sadastor)
*La Paree Stories* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Averoigne [85](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/214/the-satyr) [alternative ending](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/255/the-satyr-%28variant-conclusion%29)
Schizoid Creator Fantasy Fiction *Tales of Science and Sorcery* [86](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/188/schizoid-creator)
Strange Tales of Mystery and Terror *Out of Space and Time* [87](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/189/the-second-interment)
*Weird Tales* *Tales of Science and Sorcery* [88](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/191/the-seed-from-the-sepulchre)
Seedling of Mars *Wonder Stories Quarterly* (Fall) V3 #1 *Tales of Science and Sorcery* [89](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/190/seedling-of-mars)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Hyperborea note: a geis or geas is a curse in Celtic mythology [90](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/192/the-seven-geases)
Something New 10 Story Book (V23 #6) *Other Dimensions* non-fantastic fiction [91](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/196/something-new)
*Wonder Stories* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* [92](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/200/a-star-change)
Strange Shadows The Year\'s Best Fantasy Stories (11) Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith three drafts exist, the third with the title \"I Am Your Shadow\", written in 1938-1941 [93](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/202/strange-shadows-%7C-i-am-your-shadow)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* [](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/203/the-supernumerary-corpse) [synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/204/the-supernumerary-corpse-%28synopsis%29)
Symposium of the Gorgon Fantastic Universe Science Fiction (V10 #4) *Tales of Science and Sorcery* [94](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/206/symposium-of-the-gorgon)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Hyperborea [95](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/208/the-tale-of-satampra-zeiros)
*The Fantasy Fan* *Other Dimensions* also titled \"The Kingdom of the Worm\" [96](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/209/the-tale-of-sir-john-maundeville)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Hyperborea [97](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/210/the-testament-of-athammaus) [unpublished synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/211/the-testament-of-athammaus-%28synopsis%29)
Saturn Science Fiction and Fantasy (V1 #5) *Tales of Science and Sorcery* Hyperborea [98](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/215/the-theft-of-the-thirty-nine-girdles)
Leaves (Summer) *The Abominations of Yondo* a fragment by William Beckford completed by Smith [99](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/217/the-third-episode-of-vathek)
Thirteen Phantasms Fantasy Magazine *Other Dimensions* written in 1929 [100](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/218/thirteen-phantasms)
Told in the Desert Over the Edge : Stories to Freeze Your Blood *Other Dimensions* written in 1930 [101](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/219/told-in-the-desert)
*Weird Tales* *Tales of Science and Sorcery* Zothique [102](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/220/the-tomb-spawn)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* [103](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/222/the-treader-of-the-dust)
Ubbo-Sathla *Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Hyperborea see Clark Ashton Smith deities [104](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/224/ubbo-sathla) [unpublished synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/225/ubbo-sathla-%28synopsis%29)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Lemuria [105](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/226/the-uncharted-isle)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Aihai (Mars) [106](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/231/the-vaults-of-yoh-vombis) [abridged version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/229/the-vaults-of-yoh-vombis-%28abridged%29) [unpublished synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/230/the-vaults-of-%5Eyoh-vombis%5E-%5Babomi%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Weird Tales* *Other Dimensions* [107](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/232/the-venus-of-azombeii)
*Weird Tales* *The Abominations of Yondo* Poseidonis [](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/234/a-vintage-from-atlantis) [unpublished synopsis](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/235/a-%5Evintage%5E-%5Bjar%5D-from-atlantis-%28synopsis%29)
*The Double Shadow and Other Fantasies* *The Abominations of Yondo* Zothique alternate version published in *Weird Tales* Sep 1947 as \"The Quest of the Gazolba\" [108](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/238/the-voyage-of-king-euvoran) [109](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/177/quest-of-the-gazolba)
*Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Poseidonis [110](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/237/a-voyage-to-sfanomoë)
Vulthoom *Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Aihai (Mars) also exists as a synopsis. see Clark Ashton Smith deities. [111](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/239/vulthoom) [synopsis version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/240/%5Evulthoom%5E-%5Bbeach-combers-of-mars%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Weird Tales* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* Zothique [112](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/241/the-weaver-in-the-vault)
*Weird Tales* *Out of Space and Time* Hyperborea also exists as a synopsis [113](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/243/the-weird-of-avoosl-wuthoqquan) [synopsis version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/242/the-weird-of-%5Eavoosal%5E-%5Boosal%5D-%5Boothal%5D-%5Bzoon%5D-wuthoqquan-%28synopsis%29)
The White Sybil *The Abominations of Yondo* Hyperborea [114](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/245/the-white-sybil)
*The Double Shadow and Other Fantasies* *Genius Loci and Other Tales* [115](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/246/the-willow-landscape)
*Weird Tales* *The Abominations of Yondo* Zothique [116](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/248/the-witchcraft-of-ulua)
Xeethra *Weird Tales* *Lost Worlds* Zothique [117](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/250/xeethra)
: Short fiction by Clark Ashton Smith
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Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
| 0 |
10,034,405 |
# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
## Short fiction {#short_fiction}
### Fragments
Title Date published 1st published in Anthologized in Fictional setting Notes Online versions
---------------------------- ---------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Across the Time-Stream *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis for what would become \"The Eternal World\" [118](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/3/%5Eacross-the-time-stream%5E-%5Bthe-eternal-world%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [119](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/5/the-after-men-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [120](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/6/the-arm-from-the-fig-tree-%28synopsis%29)
Ascharia *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis and a fragment [121](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/7/ascharia-%28synopsis-and-fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [122](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/8/the-atmospheric-entity-%28synopsis%29)
Between Two Worlds *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [123](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/13/between-two-worlds-%28synopsis%29)
Beyond the Rose-Arbor *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [124](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/14/beyond-the-rose-arbor-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [125](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/16/a-bottle-on-the-%5Eorinoco%5E-%5Bamazon%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [126](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/18/the-%5Eburial-place%5E-%5Binterment%5D-of-the-unknown-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [127](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/20/the-cairn-%28new-ending%29)
Chincharrero *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [128](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/24/chincharrero-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [129](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/30/the-conquest-of-mercury-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [130](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/32/the-cosmic-sequel-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [131](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/33/the-crabs-of-iribos-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [132](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/34/%5Ethe-cypress%5E-%5Bthe-baobab%5D-%28synopsis%29)
Dead Assassins *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [133](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/37/dead-assassins-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [134](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/40/the-demon-%5Efrom%5E-%5Bof%5D-alphard-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [135](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/42/the-destination-of-gideon-balcoth-%28synopsis%29)
Djinn without A Bottle *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [136](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/48/djinn-without-a-bottle-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [137](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/49/the-dome-in-the-ice-%28synopsis%29)
The Black Book of Clark Ashton Smith Averoigne a fragment [138](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/nonfiction/37/the-black-book-of-clark-ashton-smith#t49)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [139](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/52/the-double-dream-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [140](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/56/the-eggs-from-saturn-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [141](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/57/the-%5Eelder%5E%5Bother%5D-manor-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [142](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/58/the-embassy-to-tiirath-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [143](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/64/the-entity-of-the-sands-%28synopsis%29)
Eviction by Night *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [144](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/67/eviction-by-night-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [145](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/68/%5Ean-excursion-in-time%5E-%5Bthe-time-traveller%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Zothique a one-sentence plot synopsis [146](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/70/the-feet-of-sidaiva-%28synopsis%29)
From A Lost World *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [147](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/74/from-a-lost-world-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [148](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/75/the-galley-from-atlantis-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Averoigne a synopsis [149](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/77/%5Bthe-gargoyle-of-vyones%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [150](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/81/%5Ethe-ghoul-from-mercury%5E-the-corposant%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [151](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/82/a-gift-from-the-beloved-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [152](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/83/the-god-of-the-asteroid-%28synopsis%29)
Gossip *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [153](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/87/gossip)
Hecate *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [154](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/90/hecate-%28synopsis%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Hyperborea a fragment, written in 1933 [155](http://eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/92/the-house-of-haon-dor-%28fragment%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Hyperborea a synopsis [156](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/94/the-hyperborean-city-%28synopsis%29)
I Am A Witch *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [157](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/95/i-am-a-witch-%28synopsis%29)
In A Hashish-Dream *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [158](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/89/%5Ein-a-hashish-dream%5E-%5Ba-tale-of-hashish-land%5D-%28fragment%29)
In the Book of Vergama *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [159](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/100/in-the-book-of-vergama)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment, longest incomplete story [160](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/101/the-infernal-star-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [161](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/102/the-inverse-avatar-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [162](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/105/the-invisible-devourer-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [163](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/106/the-invisible-satellite-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [164](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/116/the-lord-of-lunacy-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [165](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/117/the-lunar-brain-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [166](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/118/the-lunar-path-%28synopsis%29)
Maker of Prodigies *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [167](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/122/maker-of-prodigies-%28synopsis%29)
Mandor\'s Enemy *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Zothique a fragment [168](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/124/mandor%27s-enemy-%28fragment%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment and a synopsis [169](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/126/the-master-of-destruction-%28synopsis-and-fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [170](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/131/the-mechanical-murder-%28synopsis%29)
Men of the Macrocosm *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [171](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/132/men-of-the-macrocosm-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [172](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/133/the-menace-of-the-dust-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [173](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/135/the-minotaur%27s-brother-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [174](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/136/a-misadventure-of-don-juan-%28synopsis%29)
Mnemoka *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [175](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/137/mnemoka-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [176](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/140/the-moon-spectre-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [177](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/141/the-moraine-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [178](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/145/the-mummy-case-of-hammen-tha-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis and a fragment [179](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/147/the-music-of-death-%28synopsis-and-fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [180](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/148/the-mysterious-poison-%28synopsis%29)
Neria *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [181](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/154/neria-%28synopsis%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* The Alcyone a synopsis and a fragment [182](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/157/the-ocean-world-of-alioth-%28synopsis-and-fragment%29)
Offspring of the Grave *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [183](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/159/offspring-of-the-grave-%28synopsis%29)
The Black Book of Clark Ashton Smith Averoigne a fragment [184](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/nonfiction/37/the-black-book-of-clark-ashton-smith#t48)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [185](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/160/the-other-entity-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [186](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/165/the-pilgrim-of-eternity-%28synopsis%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [187](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/170/the-point-of-the-jest-%28fragment%29)
Poseidon *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [188](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/171/poseidon-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [189](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/174/prisoners-of-the-black-dimension-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [190](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/175/the-protean-people-%28synopsis%29)
Queen of the Sabbat *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Averoigne a synopsis [191](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/176/queen-of-the-sabbat-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a two-sentence synopsis [192](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/179/the-re-union-%28synopsis%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [193](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/180/the-rebirth-of-the-flame-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [194](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/184/the-river-of-mystery-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [195](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/187/the-scarab-%28synopsis%29)
Shapes of Adamant *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Zothique a fragment [196](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/193/shapes-of-adamant-%28fragment%29)
Slaves of the Black Pillar *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis and fragment, also titled \"The Drug from Algol\" [197](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/194/%5Eslaves-of-the-black-pillar%5E-%5Bthe-drug-from-algol%5D-%28synopsis-and-fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a one-sentence synopsis [198](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/195/a-sojourn-in-mercury-%28synopsis%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Averoigne a fragment, also titled \"The Tower of Istarelle\" [199](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/197/the-sorceress-of-averoigne-%7C-the-tower-of-istarelle-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [200](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/198/%5Ethe-spectral-tarn%5E-%5Bthe-lake%5D-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [201](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/207/a-tale-of-gnydron-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [202](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/216/the-thing-from-the-antarctic-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [203](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/221/the-transformation-of-athanor-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [204](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/223/the-trilithon-%28synopsis%29)
Unquiet Boundary *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [205](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/227/unquiet-boundary-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [206](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/bibliography/writings/short-stories/990/the-vapor-from-the-void-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [207](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/233/the-vestibule-of-the-past-%28synopsis%29)
Vizaphmal in Ophiuchus *Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [208](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/236/vizaphmal-in-ophiuchus-%28synopsis%29)
*Untold Tales of Clark Ashton Smith* (*Crypt of Cthulhu*, #27) *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* Averoigne a synopsis [209](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/244/%5Ethe-werewolf-of-averoigne%5E-%5Bthe-loup-garou%5D-%28synopsis%29)
Wingless Phoenix *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a fragment [210](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/247/wingless-phoenix-%28fragment%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [211](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/249/the-world-maker-%28synopsis%29)
*Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith* a synopsis [212](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/251/the-youngest-vampire-%28synopsis%29)
: Unfinished short fiction (including fragments and synopses) by Clark Ashton Smith
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Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
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10,034,405 |
# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
## Short fiction {#short_fiction}
### Collections
- *The Double Shadow and Other Fantasies* (Auburn Journal, 1933)
- *Out of Space and Time* (Arkham House, 1942)
- *Lost Worlds* (Arkham House, 1944)
- *Genius Loci and Other Tales* (Arkham House, 1948)
- *The Abominations of Yondo* (Arkham House, 1960)
- *Tales of Science and Sorcery* (Arkham House, 1964)
- *Other Dimensions* (Arkham House, 1970)
- *Zothique* (Ballantine Books, 1970)
- *Hyperborea* (Ballantine Books, 1971)
- *Xiccarph* (Ballantine Books, 1972)
- *Poseidonis* (Ballantine Books, 1973)
- *A Rendezvous in Averoigne* (Arkham House, 1988)
- *Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays* (Greenwood Press, 1989)
- *The Emperor of Dreams* (Gollancz, 2002)
- *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* (Hippocampus Press, 2004)
- *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith, Vol. 1: The End of the Story* (Night Shade Books, 2006)
- *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith, Vol. 2: The Door to Saturn* (Night Shade Books, 2007)
- *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith, Vol. 3: A Vintage from Atlantis* (Night Shade Books, 2007)
- *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith, Vol. 4: The Door to Saturn* (Night Shade Books, 2008)
- *The Collected Fantasies of Clark Ashton Smith, Vol. 5: The Door to Saturn* (Night Shade Books, 2009)
- *The Miscellaneous Writings of Clark Ashton Smith* (Night Shade Books, 2011)
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Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
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10,034,405 |
# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
## Prose poems {#prose_poems}
Title Date written/published 1st published in Anthologized in Fictional setting First line Notes Online versions
----------------------------------------------- ------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry The desert of Soom is said to lie at the world\'s unchartable extreme, between the lands that are little known and those that are scarcely... also titled \"The Desolation of Soom\" and \"The Horror of Soom\" [213](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/1/the-abomination-of-desolation)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry In a land where weirdness and mystery had strongly leagued themselves with eternal desolation, the lake was out-poured at an undiscoverable date of elder aeons,... [214](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/2/the-black-lake)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry My dreams are like a caravan that departed long ago, with tumult of intrepid banners and spears, and the clamour of bugles and brave, adventurous... [215](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/3/the-caravan)
Chinoiserie (Clark Ashton Smith)\|Chinoiserie The Abominations of Yondo (1960) The Abominations of Yondo, Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Ling Yang, the poet, sits all day in his hut among the willows by the river-side, and dreams of the Lady Moy. Spring and the... [216](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/4/chinoiserie)
Arkham Sampler (Winter) V1 #1, (1948) Selected Poems, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry The city is surrounded with ramparts like a mountain-range... a prose version of \"The City of Destruction\", after Smith\'s unfinished poem of that name; a fragment [217](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/5/the-city-of-destruction)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Scene: The catacombs of the ancient city of Oomal. A new corpse has been deposited alongside a skeleton, which, from its mouldiness and worm-picked appearance,... [218](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/6/the-corpse-and-the-skeleton)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Raptly as one who would divine the perilous eyes of Sleep, and the dreams and mysteries which lurk therein, I sought to fathom the gulf-enclosing... [219](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/7/the-crystals)
Grotesques and Fantastiques: A Selection of Previously Unpublished Drawings and Poems (1973) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry (1988), Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith (1989) O Fairest, O dearest, to what shall I liken thy days? Methinks are as precious gems, as pearls and amethysts, which, from a broken string,... [220](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/8/the-days)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Of the Demon who standeth or walketh always with me at my left hand, I asked: Hast thou seen Beauty? Her that meseemeth was the... [221](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/10/the-demon%2C-the-angel%2C-and-beauty)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry In the quest of her whom I had lost, I came at length to the shores of Lethe, under the vault of an immense, empty,... [222](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/12/a-dream-of-lethe)
Ennui (In) Selected Poems (1971) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry In the alcove whose curtains are cloth-of-gold, and whose pillars are fluted sapphire, reclines the emperor Chan, on his couch of ebony set with opals... [223](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/13/ennui-%28in%29)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry In a basin of porphyry, at the summit of a pillar of serpentine, the thing has existed from primeval time, in the garden of the... [224](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/14/the-flower-devil)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry The child Natha lived with his father and mother in a little house not far from the verge of the great jungle. Every day he... [225](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/15/the-forbidden-forest)
From the Crypts of Memory Bohemia V2 #3, (Apr 1917), Ebony and Crystal, Auburn Journal (1922) Out of Space and Time, Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Aeons of aeons ago, in an epoch whose marvelous worlds have crumbled, and whose mighty suns are less than shadow, I dwelt in a star... two versions [226](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/17/from-the-crypts-of-memory) [227](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/18/from-the-crypts-of-memory-%28text-taken-from-original-manuscripts%29)
Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry (1988) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry, Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith I returned on a winter day to the mountain stream, upon whose banks we roamed so long ago when the rich azaleas leaned above it... [228](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/19/the-frozen-waterfall)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry I know a garden of flowers-flowers lovely and marvellous and multiform as the orchids of far, exotic worlds-as the flowers of manifold petal, whose colours... [229](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/21/the-garden-and-the-tomb)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry In the temple of the city of Morm, which lies between the desert and the sea, are two images of thegod Amanon,- a bronze image... unfinished [230](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/22/the-image-of-bronze-and-the-image-of-iron)
Images (Clark Ashton Smith)\|Images Ebony and Crystal (1922), Auburn Journal, (19 Jul 1923) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Thy tears are not as mine: Thou weepest as a green fountain among palms and roses, with lightly falling drops that bedew the flowery turf.... [231](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/23/images)
In Cocaigne Ebony and Crystal (1922), Auburn Journal, (19 Jul 1923) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry It was a windless afternoon of April, beneath skies that were tender as the smile of love, when we went forth, you and I, to... [232](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/24/in-cocaigne)
Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry (1988) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry, Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith It lies with in a land that is only seen by the sun and the moon and the horizon-questing stars. The sky-wrestled mountains, like sentries... [233](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/47/the-lake-of-enchanted-silence)
Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry (1988) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry, Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith It is a land of fruitful palms and flowering myrtles, with winds that are gentle as the sighs of woman, and pearling fountains delicious as... [234](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/25/the-land-of-fruitful-palms) [untitled fragment](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/51/%5Buntitled%5D)
Ebony and Crystal (1922), Laughing Horse #6, (1923) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry I kiss thy hands-thy hands. whose fingers are delicate and the pale as the petals of the white lotus. [235](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/26/the-litany-of-the-seven-kisses)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry I stood with my beloved in the lotus pool, when the moon was round as the great ivory breast of a Titaness, and the flowers... [236](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/27/the-lotus-and-the-moon)
Bohemia V2 #1, (1 Feb 1917), Ebony and Crystal, Auburn Journal (1922), Phantagraph V4 #2, (Dec 1935) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Ringed with a bronze horizon, which, at a point immensely remote, seems welded with the blue brilliance of a sky of steel, they oppose the... [237](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/28/the-memnons-of-the-night)
The Abominations of Yondo (1960) The Abominations of Yondo, Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry From the nethermost profound of slumber, from a gulf beyond the sun and stars that illume the Lethean shoals and the vague lands of somnolent... [238](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/29/the-mirror-in-the-hall-of-ebony)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry The world has a thousand poisons, thin or potent, honey-like or nauseous, quick or languid, corrosive and deadly, or captious and deceptive and narcotic. There... [239](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/30/the-mithridate)
The Mortuary, Roy A. Squires (1971) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry, Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith I sought the cloister of the dead, when, fallen athwart the funereal glooms of yew and cypress, the sunset wrought a phantom flush upon the... [240](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/31/the-mortuary)
Poseidonis (1973) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Poseidonis Will you not join me in Atlantis, where we will go down through streets of blue and yellow marble to the wharves of orichalch, and... also titled \"From a Letter\" [241](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/32/the-muse-of-atlantis) [version \"from a letter\"](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/16/from-a-letter)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Hyperborea Too far away is her wan and mortal face, and too remote are the snows of her lethal breast, for mine eyes to behold them... [242](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/33/the-muse-of-hyperborea)
Narcissus (Clark Ashton Smith)\|Narcissus Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Splenetic, pale Narcissus, in the green dead depth of some rotting pool: thou seest thine image drown and re-emmerge, beneath the shifting iridescence of corruption,... [243](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/34/narcissus)
Offering (Clark Ashton Smith)\|Offering Grotesques and Fantastiques: A Selection of Previously Unpublished Drawings and Poems (1973) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry, Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith Hast thou desired to love wherein the fervor of the mountain flames of autumn is mingled with all the tenderness of half-unfolded... [244](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/35/offering)
Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry (1988) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry, Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith An osprey who had sighted a plump turbot glided to the surface of the waves; and at that very same moment a... [245](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/36/the-osprey-and-the-shark)
The Fantasy Fan V2 #4, (Dec 1934), Acolyte (Summer) V1 #4, (1943) The Abominations of Yondo, Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry In all the lands of Illarion, from mountain-valleys rimmed with unmelting snow, to the great cliffs of sand whose reflex darkens a sleepy, tepid sea,... [246](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/37/the-passing-of-aphrodite)
Acolyte (Winter) V1 #2, (1945) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Go not too often among ruins, said the Daemon in one of his\... two versions [247](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/39/the-peril-that-lurks-among-ruins-%28text-taken-from-a-later-manuscript%29) [248](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/38/the-peril-that-lurks-among-ruins-%28text-taken-from-original-manuscript%29)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry I have dreamt of an unknown land-a land remote in ulterior time, and alien space not ascertainable; the desert of a long-completed past, upon which... [249](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/40/a-phantasy)
Preference (Clark Ashton Smith)\|Preference Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry (1988) Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry, Strange Shadows: The Uncollected Fiction and Essays of Clark Ashton Smith I would rather look upon thy face than upon the gardens of Atlantis, in the setting of a hyacinthine sun than necromancers have summoned.I would... [250](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/41/preference)
Smart Set V61 #1, (Feb 1920), Ebony and Crystal, Auburn Journal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry From her balcony of pearl, the princess Almeena, clad in a gown of irisated silk, with her long and sable locks unbound, gazes toward the... [251](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/42/the-princess-almeena)
Remoteness (Clark Ashton Smith)\|Remoteness Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry There are days when all the beauty of the world is dim and strange; when the sunlight about me seems to fall on a land... [252](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/43/remoteness)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Out of Space and Time, Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry There were many shadows in the palace of Augusthes, About the silver throne that had blackened beneath the invisible passing of ages, they fell from... [253](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/44/the-shadows)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry I saw a statue, carven I knew not of what substance, nor with what form or feature, because of the manifold draper of black which... [254](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/45/the-statue-of-silence)
California Poets (1932) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry I saw the declivous latter sunlight fall and glitter upon the sepulchre of one whose immomentous name was holden awhile from Oblivion by the deeply-trenched... [255](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/46/the-sun-and-the-sepulchre)
To the Daemon Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Tell me many tales, O benign maleficent daemon, but tell me none that I have ever heard or have even dreamt of otherwise than obscurely... [256](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/48/to-the-daemon)
Poems in Prose (1965) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Nasiphra the philosopher had sought through many years and in many lands for the fabled touch-stone, which was said to reveal the true nature of... [257](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/49/the-touch-stone)
Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Stranger, where goest thou, in the sad raiment of a pilgrim, with shattered sandals retaining the dustand mire of so many devious ways? With thy... [258](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/50/the-traveller)
Vignettes (Clark Ashton Smith)\|Vignettes Ebony and Crystal (1922) Poems in Prose, Nostalgia of the Unknown: The Complete Prose Poetry Surely, beyond the mountains there is peace-beyond the mountains that lie so blue and still at the world\'s extreme. Such ancient calm, such infinite quietude... [259](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/53/vignettes)
: Prose Poems by Clark Ashton Smith
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10,034,405 |
# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
## Juvenilia
Title Date published 1st published in Anthologized in Notes Online versions
-------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*The Miscellaneous Writings of Clark Ashton Smith* *The Miscellaneous Writings of Clark Ashton Smith* written in 1905 [260](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/265/the-bronze-image)
*The Black Diamonds* *The Black Diamonds* novel, written in 1907 [261](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/265/the-bronze-image)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [262](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/265/the-bronze-image)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* a fragment [263](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/273/the-emerald-eye-%28fragment%29)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [264](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/259/the-emir%27s-captive)
Fakhreddin (short story)\|Fakhreddin *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [265](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/260/fakhreddin)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [266](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/266/the-fulfilled-prophecy)
*Overland Monthly* *Other Dimensions* [267](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/79/the-ghost-of-mohammed-din)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* a fragment [268](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/272/the-guardian-of-the-temple-%28fragment%29)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [269](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/267/the-haunted-chamber)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [270](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/262/the-haunted-gong)
*Other Dimensions* [271](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/119/the-mahout)
*Overland Monthly* *Other Dimensions* also published as \"The Malay Creese\" [272](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/263/the-malay-creese) [273](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/123/the-malay-krise)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* 2 fragments [fragment I](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/270/the-opal-of-delhi-%5Bi%5D-%28fragment%29) [fragment II](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/271/the-opal-of-delhi-%5Bii%5D-%28fragment%29)
Prince Alcouz and the Magician *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [274](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/261/prince-alcorez-and-the-magician) [2nd version](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/173/prince-alcouz-and-the-magician)
*Other Dimensions* [275](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/178/the-raja-and-the-tiger)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* first published as a fragment, complete text published in *The Miscellaneous Writings of Clark Ashton Smith* [276](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/274/%5Buntitled%5D-%28fragment%29)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [277](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/264/the-shah%27s-messenger)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* [278](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/205/the-sword-of-zagan)
When the Earth Trembled *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* a fragment [279](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/268/when-the-earth-trembled-%28fragment%29)
*The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* *The Sword of Zagan And Other Writings* a fragment [280](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/short-stories/269/oriental-tales%3A-the-yogi%27s-ring-%28fragment%29)
: Juvenilia by Clark Ashton Smith
## Plays
- *The Dead will Cuckold You*: A Drama in Six Acts (in verse). Written in 1951. First published in 1989. [281](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/9/the-dead-will-cuckold-you)
- *The Fugitives*: a fragment. Written on September 17, 1922. Published in 1989. [282](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/20/the-fugitives-%28play%29)
- *Venus And The Priest*: a fragment. Published in 1989. [283](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/52/%5Evenus%5E%5Baphrodite%5D-and-the-priest)
## Lyrics
- *The Dream Bridge*: Music by Henry Cowell, words by Clark Ashton Smith. Written c. 1920. [284](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/54/the-dream-bridge)
- *Impression*: Music by Joseph W. Grant, words by Clark Ashton Smith. [285](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/56/impression-%28music%29)
- *White Death*: Music by Henry Cowell, words by Clark Ashton Smith. Written in Sept 1915. [286](http://www.eldritchdark.com/writings/prose-poetry-plays/55/white-death)
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10,034,405 |
# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
## Poetry
Poems (including translations) by Clark Ashton Smith:
- Abandoned Plum-Orchard (1958)
- Abel et Caïn (CXLIV. Abel et Caïn)
- The Absence of the Muse (Oct 1921)
- The Abyss Triumphant (3 Aug 1912)
- Adjuration (1976)
- Adventure (14 Feb 1924)
- The Adviser (XCI. L'Avertisseur)
- After Armageddon (1927)
- Aftermath of Mining Days (1971)
- Afterwards (16 Aug 1923)
- The Albatross (II. L'Albatros)
- Alchemy of Sorrow (LXXXII. Alchimie de la douleur) (1925)
- Alexandrines (1918)
- Alexandrins
- Alienage (5 Jul 1923)
- \"All is Dross that is not Helena\" (1971)
- Allégorie (CXXXIX. Allégorie)
- Almost Anything (1958)
- Alphonse Louis Marie de Lamartine (Alphonse Louis Marie de Lamartine)
- Las Alquerjas Perdidas (1964)
- Alternative (1958)
- Amado Nervo (Amado Nervo)
- Amithaine (21 Oct 1950)
- Amor (1962)
- Amor Aeternalis (1961)
- Amor Autumnalis (1977)
- Amor Hesternalis (1962)
- The Ancient Quest (1975)
- Anodyne of Autumn (1971)
- Antepast (1922)
- Anterior Life (XII. La Vie Antérieure) (1948)
- Anteros (1958)
- Antony and Cleopatra (Antoine et Cléopâtre)
- Apologia (16 Oct 1924)
- Apostrophe (1971)
- Arabesque (1922)
- Ariettes Oubliées IX (Ariettes Oubliées IX) (1971)
- Artemis (1922)
- Artemis (Artémis)
- Ashes of Sunset (1922)
- At Sunrise (1922)
- Atlantis (1912)
- Attar of the Past (1958)
- Au Bord du Léthé (1971)
- August (1923)
- The Autumn Lake (1971)
- Autumn Orchards (15 Nov 1923)
- Autumnal (1922)
- Autumn\'s Pall
- Ave Atque Vale (1918)
- Averoigne (1951)
- Averoigne (manuscript)
- Averted Malefice (1912)
- Avowal (1971)
- Bacchante (1939)
- The Balance (1912)
- The Balcony (1925)
- The Balcony (XXXVII. Le Balcon)
- The Barrel of Hate (LXXV. Le Tonneau de la haine)
- The Barrier (13 Sep 1923)
- Basin in Boulder (1971)
- The Beacons (VI. Les Phares)
- Beatrice (CXL. La Béatrice) (1971)
- Le Beau Navire (LIII. Le Beau Navire)
- Beauty (XVIII. La Beauté) (1 Mar 1925)
- Beauty Implacable (1922)
- Bed of Mint (1971)
- Bedouin Song
- Before Dawn (1962)
- Before Sunrise
- Belated Love (1918)
- Benares
- Bénédiction (I. Bénédiction)
- Berries of the Deadly Nightshade (1971)
- Beyond the Door (1975)
- Beyond the Great Wall (21 Dec 1919)
- Les Bijoux (I. Les Bijoux)
- Bird of Long Ago (1971)
- The Black Panther (La Panthère noire)
- The Blind (CXVI. Les Aveugles)
- The Blindness of Orion (1948)
- Bond (1962)
- La Bonne Chanson (La Bonne Chanson)
- Borderland (1971)
- Boys Rob A Yellow-Hammer\'s Nest (1971)
- Boys Telling Bawdy Tales (1971)
- Brumal (1 Nov 1923)
- Builder of Deserted Hearth (1971)
- The Burden of the Suns (1977)
- The Burning-Ghauts At Benares (1975)
- But Grant, O Venus (1971)
- The Butterfly (1912)
- By the River (20 Sep 1923)
- Calendar (1971)
- Calenture (1951)
- The Call of the Wind (1970)
- Le Calumet de Paix (LXXXV. Le Calumet de paix)
- Cambion (1951)
- Canticle (1971)
- The Castle of Dreams (1975)
- The Cat (XXXV. Le Chat)
- A Catch (2 Oct 1924)
- The Cats (LXVIII. Les Chats)
- Cats in Winter Sunlight (1958)
- Cattle Salute the Psychopomp (1971)
- Causerie (7 May 1925)
- Causerie (LVI. Causerie)
- The Centaur (1958)
- Chainless Captive (1971)
- Chance (14 Jun 1923)
- Change (12 Jul 1923)
- Chanson d\'après-midi (LIX. Chanson d'après-midi)
- Chansonette (1971)
- Chant of Autumn (1922)
- Chant to Sirius (1912)
- Une Charogne (XXX. Une Charogne)
- Chastisement of Pride (XVII. Châtiment de l'orgueil)
- Le Chat (LII. Le Chat)
- The Cherry-Snows (1912)
- The Chevelure (XXIV. La Chevelure)
- The Chimera (1971)
- A Chinese Fable
- The City in the Desert (1922)
- The City of Destruction (A Fragment) (1989)
- The City of the Titans (1915)
- Classic Epigram (1971)
- Classic Reminiscence (1971)
- Cleopatra (1922)
- La Cloche fêlée (LXXVI. La Cloche fêlée)
- The Clock (CVII. L'Horloge)
- The Cloud-Islands (1912)
- Cloudland (1970)
- The Clouds
- Coldness (1922)
- Companionship
- Concupiscence (1971)
- Confession (XLVI. Confession)
- Connaissance (26 Jan 1929)
- Consolation (1925)
- Contemplation (CIV. Receuillement)
- Contradiction (17 May 1923)
- Copan (1912)
- Copyist (1971)
- The Coral Reef (Le Récif de corail)
- Correspondences (IV. Correspondances)
- Le Coucher du Soleil Romantique (C. Le Coucher du Soleil Romantique) (May 1926)
- The Cover (LXXXVII. Le Couvercle)
- Crepuscule (1922)
- Le Crépuscule du matin (CXXVII. Le Crépuscule du matin)
- Crimen Amoris (Crimen Amoris) (1971)
- Crows in Spring (1971)
- The Crucifixion of Eros (1918)
- Cumuli (1971)
- Cycles (4 Jun 1961)
- Cyclopean Fear
- Le Cygne (CXIII. Le Cygne)
- The Cypress (El ciprés) (1951)
- The Dance of Death (CXXI. Danse macabre)
- Dancer (1971)
- The Dark Chateau (1951)
- A Dead City (1912)
- Dead Love (1973)
- Death (1970)
- The Death of Lovers (CXLVI. La Mort des Amants) (30 Jul 1925)
- Decadence (1971)
- December (6 Dec 1923)
- Declining Moon (1971)
- Dedication \| to Carol
- Demogorgon
- The Denial of St Peter (XLIII. Le Reniement de Saint Pierre)
- The Departed City
- Departure (29 Nov 1923)
- Desert Dweller (13 Aug 1937)
- Desire of Vastness (1922)
- Desolation (1922)
- Destruction (CXXXIV. La Destruction)
- Dialogue (1943)
- Didus ineptus (1958)
- Disillusionment (1958)
- Dissidence (29 Nov 1923)
- Dissonance (15 Sep 1919)
- Do You Forget, Enchantress? (1950)
- La Dogaresse (La Dogaresse)
- Dolor of Dreams (30 Aug 1923)
- Dominion (1971)
- Dominium in Excelsis (1951)
- Don Juan aux Enfers (XV. Don Juan aux enfers)
- Don Juan Sings (10 May 1923)
- Don Quixote on Market Street (1951)
- ¿Donde Duermes, Eldorado? (1964)
- The Doom of America
- Dos Mitos Y Una Fabula (1964)
- Doubtful Skies (LI. Ciel Brouillé) (1925)
- The Dragon-Fly (1971)
- Dream Mystery (1915)
- A Dream of Beauty (12 Aug 1911)
- A Dream of Oblivion (1975)
- A Dream of the Abyss (Nov 1933)
- The Dream-Bridge (1912)
- The Dream-God\'s Realm (1975)
- Duality (Aug 1923)
- The Duel (XXXVI. Duellum)
- Ecclesiastes (L'Ecclésiaste) (1956)
- Echo of Memnon (1922)
- Ecstasy (1922)
- Eidolon (1922)
- El Cantar Del Los Seres Libres (1964)
- The Eldritch Dark (1912)
- Elevation (III. Elévation)
- Elysian Landscape (Paysage Elyséen) (1971)
- En Sourdine (En Sourdine) (1971)
- Enchanted Mirrors (1925)
- The End of Autumn (29 Nov 1923)
- The End of Supper
- Enigma (1925)
- Ennui (Thou) (Sep 1918)
- The Ennuye (15 Jan 1925)
- The Envoys (7 Jan 1926)
- Epigraph for a Condemned Book (CXXXIII. Epigraphe pour un livre condamné)
- Epitaph for An Astronomer (1971)
- Epitaph for the Earth
- Erato (1971)
- Eros of Ebony (1951)
- Estrangement (25 Sep 1924)
- The Eternal Snows (1970)
- Even in Slumber (1971)
- Evening Harmony (XLVIII. L'Harmonie du Soir) (1925)
- Evening Twilight (CXIX. Le Crépuscule du soir)
- The Evil Monk (IX. Le Mauvais Moine) (10 Dec 1925)
- Examination at Midnight (LXXXIX. L'Examen de minuit) (1925)
- Exchange (7 Jun 1923)
- The Exhibitionists (Les Montreurs)
- The Exile (1922)
- Exorcism (17 Jan 1929)
- Exotic Memory (1971)
- Exotic Perfume (XXIII. Parfum Exotique) (1925)
- Exotique (1918)
- The Eyes of Bertha (XCVI. Les Yeux de Berthe)
- A Fable (1971)
- Fairy-Lanterns (1912)
- Fallen Grape-Leaf (1971)
- The Fanes of Dawn (1976)
- Fantaisie d\'antan (Dec 1929)
- Une Fantôme (XXXIX. Un Fantôme)
- Farewell to Eros (Jun 1938)
- The Faun (Le Faune) (1971)
- Fawn-Lilies (1973)
- Feast of St. Anthony (1958)
- February (1971)
- Felo-de-se of the Parasite (1971)
- Femmes damnées (CXXXVI. Femmes Damnées)
- Femmes damnées: Delphine et Hippolyte (V. Femmes damnées: Delphine et Hippolyte)
- Fence And Wall (1958)
- Field Behind the Abattoir (1971)
- La Fin de la journée (CXLIX. La Fin de la journée)
- Finis (1912)
- Fire of Snow (Jul 1915)
- Le Flacon (XLIX. Le Flacon)
- Le Flambeau Vivant (XLIV. Le Flambeau Vivant)
- Flamingoes (Nov 1919)
- The Flight of Azrael (1952)
- Flight of the Yellow-Hammer (1971)
- Flora (1971)
- The Flower-Pot (Le Pot de fleurs)
- Foggy Night (1971)
- For An Antique Lyre (1962)
- For the Dance of Death (1971)
- Forgetfulness (Jun 1919)
- Forgotten Sorrow (2 Aug 1923)
- La Forteresse (1971)
- The Fountain (XCVII. Le Jet d'eau)
- The Fountain of Blood (CXXXVIII. La Fontaine de san) (1925)
- Fragment (1949)
- A Fragment (1922)
- Franciscæ meæ laudes (LXII. Franciscæ meæ laudes)
- From Arcady (1971)
- From the Persian
- The Fugitives (1912)
- The Funeral Urn (23 Aug 1923)
- Future Meeting (1971)
- Future Pastoral (1962)
- The Game (CXX. Le Jeu)
- The Garden of Dreams (1973)
- Garden of Priapus (1971)
- Geese in the Spring Night (1958)
- The Ghost of theseus (1971)
- The Ghoul And the Seraph (1922)
- The Giantess (XX. La Géante) (1925)
- Girl of Six (1971)
- Give Me Your Lips
- Goats And Manzanita-Boughs (1971)
- Golden Verses (Vers dorés)
- Gopher-Hole in Orchard (1971)
- Le Goût du néant (LXXXII. Le Goût du néant)
- Grammar-School Vixen (1971)
- Une Gravure fantastique (LXXIII. Une Gravure Fantastique)
- Grecian Yesterday (1971)
- Green (Green)
- Growth of Lichen (1958)
- Le Guignon (XI. Le Guignon)
- The Gulf (CII. Le Gouffre)
- H.P.L. (1959)
- The Harbor of Dead Years
- The Harbour of the Past (1977)
- The Harlot of the World (27 Mar 1915)
- Harmony (1976)
- Harvest Evening (1958)
- The Hashish Eater -or- the Apocalypse of Evil (20 Feb 1920)
- Haunting (1922)
- Hearth on Old Cabin-Site (1971)
- Heliogabalus (1971)
- Hellenic Sequel (1951)
- The Heron (1971)
- Hesperian Fall (1951)
- The Hidden Paradise (1922)
- High Mountain Juniper (1971)
- High Surf (1951)
- High Surf : Monterey Bay (1976)
- The Hill of Dionysus (5 Nov 1942)
- The Hill-Top (1971)
- The Hope of the infinite (1922)
- The Horizon
- The Horologe (1963)
- The Howlers (Les Hurleurs)
- Humors of Love (1962)
- A Hunter Meets the Martichoras (1958)
- Hymn (XCIV. Hymne)
- Hymn to Beauty (XXII. Hymne à la Beauté) (1925)
- I Dream
- The Ideal (XVIII. L'Idéal) (1925)
- If Winter Remain (1971)
- Il Bacio (Il Bacio)
- Illumination (1962)
- Illusion
- Image (1922)
- Imagination
- Immortelle (18 Dec 1924)
- The Impassible (L'Impassible)
- Impression (1922)
- Improbable Dream (1971)
- In Alexandria (1971)
- In Lemuria (Aug 1921)
- In November (Dec 1919)
- In Saturn (Feb 1919)
- In Slumber (Aug 1934)
- In the Desert (1971)
- In the Ultimate Valleys (1970)
- In the Wind (Jul 1915)
- In Thessaly (24 May 1935)
- Incognita (1925)
- The Incubus of Time (1963)
- Indian Acorn-Mortar (1971)
- Indian Summer (1971)
- Ineffability (1971)
- Inferno (24 Apr 1918)
- The Infinite Quest (1922)
- Inheritance (1922)
- Interim (13 Nov 1941)
- Interrogation (1925)
- Invocation (Rimas LII)
- The Irremediable (CVI. L'Irrémédiable) (1925)
- The Irreparable (LV. L\'Irréparable) (1973)
- The Irreparable (LV. L\'Irréparable) (Can)
- La Isla Del Naufrago (1964)
- The Isle of Saturn (1951)
- January Willow (1971)
- Jungle Twilight (1932)
- The Kingdom of Shadows (1922)
- The Knoll (1962)
- The Lake (Le Lac)
- L\'Ame du vin (CXXVIII. L'Ame du vin)
- Lament for Vixeela (1996)
- The Lament of Icarus (CIII. Les Plaintes d'un Icare)
- Lament of the Stars (1912)
- Lamia (24 Jan 1940)
- L\'Amour Supreme (1973)
- The Land of Evil Stars (1922)
- The Last Apricot (1958)
- The Last Goddess (1971)
- The Last Night (1912)
- The Last Oblivion (7 Feb 1924)
- Late November Evening (1971)
- Late Pear-Pruner (1958)
- Laus Mortis (Sep 1921)
- Lawn-Mower (1976)
- Lemurienne (20 Dec 1923)
- L\'Ennemi (X. L'Ennemi)
- Lesbos (IV. Lesbos)
- L\'Espoir Du Néant (1971)
- Lethe (From) (1971)
- Lethe (I) (1912)
- Lethe (II. Le Léthé) (1971)
- L\'Héautontimorouménos (CV. L'Héautontimorouménos)
- L\'Homme et la Mer (XIV. L'Homme et la Mer)
- Lichens (1971)
- The Limniad (1971)
- L\'Imprévu (LXXXVIII. L'Imprévu)
- Lines on A Picture (1971)
- L\'Invitation au Voyage (LIV. L'Invitation au Voyage)
- Litany to Satan (CXLV. Les Litanies de Satan)
- A Live-Oak Leaf (6 Oct 1911)
- Lo Ignoto (1964)
- Lola de Valence (CX. Lola de Valence)
- Los Poetas (1964)
- Loss (1925)
- Love And Death (1971)
- Love and the Cranium (CXLII. L'Amour et le crâne)
- Love in Dreams (1971)
- Love Is Not Yours, Love Is Not Mine (1922)
- Love Malevolent (1922)
- The Love of Falsehood (CXXII. L'Amour du mensonge)
- The Love-Potion (3 May 1923)
- Luminary (Luminar)
- Luna Aeternalis (1912)
- Lunar Mystery (1915)
- La Lune offensée (CXI. La Lune Offensée)
- The Mad Wind (1912)
- A Une Madone (LVIII. A une Madone)
- A Madrigal (1976)
- Madrigal (1971)
- Madrigal of Evanescence (1971)
- Madrigal of Memory (1971)
- Madrigal of Sorrow (XC. Madrigal triste)
- Malediction (1951)
- La Mare (1971)
- Les Marées (1971)
- Une Martyre (CXXXV. Une Martyre)
- Le Masque (XXI. Le Masque)
- The Masque of Forsaken Gods (1912)
- Maya (1925)
- The Maze of Sleep (1912)
- The Meaning (1912)
- Medusa (17 May 1911)
- The Medusa of Despair (20 Dec 1913)
- The Medusa of the Skies (1912)
- A Meeting (3 Jan 1924)
- The Melancholy Pool (1922)
- Memnon At Midnight (1918)
- Memoria Roja (1964)
- Memorial (1963)
| 2,331 |
Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
| 5 |
10,034,405 |
# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
## Poetry
```{=html}
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```
- A Une Mendiante rousse (CXII. A une Mendiante rousse)
- The Messengers (21 May 1911)
- The Metamorphoses of the Vampire (VI. Les Métamorphoses du Vampire) (1958)
- Metaphor (7 Jun 1923)
- Midnight Beach (5 Sep 1943)
- The Mime of Sleep (1971)
- Minatory (1925)
- The Ministers of Law (1918)
- Mirage (1922)
- Le Miroir Des Blanches Fleurs (1971)
- Mirrors (1922)
- The Mirrors of Beauty (1922)
- Mists and Rains (CXXV. Brumes et pluies) (19 Nov 1925)
- Mithridates (1958)
- Mœsta et errabunda (LXIV. Moesta et errabunda) (1925)
- Moly (1950)
- Moments (1971)
- The Monacle (1958)
- Moon-Dawn (Aug 1923)
- Moonlight (Ambitious)
- Moonlight (Claire de lune) (1971)
- The Moonlight Desert
- Morning on An Eastern Sea (1970)
- The Morning Pool (1912)
- Mors (24 Apr 1918)
- La Mort des Amants (1971)
- La Mort des artistes (CXLVIII. La Mort des artistes)
- La Mort des pauvres (CXLVII. La Mort des pauvres)
- Le Mort Joyeux
- Le Mort Joyeux (LXXIV. Le Mort Joyeux)
- The Motes (1922)
- Mountain Trail (1971)
- The Mummy (Jun 1919)
- Mummy of the Flower (1971)
- La Muse vénale (VIII. La Muse vénale) (1925)
- Mushroom-Gatherers (1971)
- La Musique (LXXI. La Musique) (1925)
- \[Myrtil and Palemone\] (Myrtil et Palémone)
- Mystery (1971)
- Nada (1957)
- The Nameless Wraith (1948)
- Namelessness
- Necromancy (Jan 1934)
- Nemea (Némée)
- The Nemesis of Suns (1912)
- Neptune
- The Nereid (12 Jan 1913)
- Nero (1912)
- Nevermore (1971)
- The Nevermore-To-Be (1971)
- Night (Noche)
- Night (The) (1970)
- Night (Twilight)
- The Night Forest (1912)
- Night of Miletus (1971)
- Nightfall (1924)
- Nightmare (1922)
- Nightmare of the Lilliputian (1958)
- The Nightmare Tarn (Nov 1929)
- Nirvana (1912)
- \'No more the pine\'
- No Stranger Dream (1958)
- Nocturnal Pines (1971)
- Nocturne (Sep 1912)
- Nocturne: Grant Avenue (1962)
- The Noon of the Seasons (1970)
- \"Not Altogether Sleep\" (1951)
- Not Theirs the Cypress-Arch (1951)
- November (1971)
- November Twilight (1922)
- Nuns Walking in the Orchard (1971)
- Nyctalops (Oct 1929)
- The Nymph (1971)
- Golden-Tongued Romance (1951)
- Oblivion (L'Oubli) (1951)
- Obsession (LXXXI. Obsession) (1925)
- October (May 1935)
- Ode (O) (3 Dec 1925)
- Ode (Your)
- Ode on Imagination (1912)
- Ode to Light (1974)
- Ode to Matter (1970)
- Ode to Music (1912)
- Ode to Peace
- Ode to the Abyss (3 May 1911)
- Odysseus in Eternity (1971)
- Old Hydraulic Diggings (1971)
- Old Limestone Kiln (1971)
- An Old theme (1971)
- The Old Water-Wheel (1951)
- Omniety (1944)
- On a Broken Statue (Sur un Marbre brisé)
- On A Chinese Vase (1971)
- On Re-Reading Baudelaire (13 Dec 1923)
- On \"Tasso in Prison\" by Eugène Delacroix (CI. Sur Le Tasse en Prison d'Eugène Delacroix)
- On the Canyon-Side (27 Sep 1923)
- On the Mount of Stone (1971)
- One Evening (1971)
- Only to One Returned (1958)
- The Orchid of Beauty (1922)
- Ougabalys (15 Sep 1929)
- The Outer Land (26 May 1935)
- Outlanders (Jul 1937)
- The Owls (LXIX. Les Hiboux) (1 Oct 1925)
- Paean (1962)
- The Pagan (1958)
- A Pagan\'s Prayer (LXXXVI. La Prière d'un païen)
- The Pageant of Music (1970)
- The Palace of Jewels (1970)
- Palms (Apr 1920)
- Paphnutius (1958)
- A Parisian Dream (CXXVI. Rêve parisien) (1925)
- Parnassus À La Mode (1958)
- Passing of An Elder God (1958)
- Pastel (Pastel)
- Paysage (CVIII. Paysage)
- Un Paysage Paîen (1971)
- Perseus And Medusa (1958)
- Les Petites Vieilles (CXV. Les Petites Vieilles)
- Phallus Impudica (1971)
- A Phantasy of Twilight (1975)
- The Phantom (LXV. Le Revenant) (1971)
- Philtre (1958)
- The Phoenix (1958)
- Picture by Piero Di Cosimo (1971)
- Pine Needles (1912)
- La Pipe (LXX. La Pipe)
- Plague from the Abatoir \[sic\] (1971)
- Plaisir d\'Amour (Plaisir d'Amour)
- Plum-Flowers (Mar 1924)
- Poet in A Barroom (1971)
- The Poet Talks with the Biographers (1951)
- Poets in Hades (1971)
- The Poison (L. Le Poison) (1971)
- Pool At Lobos (1971)
- Poplars (1973)
- The Possessed (XXXVIII. Le Possédé)
- Postlude (1962)
- The Potion of Dreams (1975)
- Pour Chercher Du Nouveau (1949)
- The Power of Eld (1970)
- A Prayer (1971)
- A Precept (1922)
- Preface (Preface)
- The Price (1912)
- Prisoner in Vain (1971)
- De Profundis clamavi (XXXI. De profundis clamavi) (1971)
- The Prophet Speaks (Sep 1938)
- Psalm (1922)
- Psalm (From - Ebony And Crystal)
- A Psalm to the Best Beloved (1922)
- Psalm to the Desert (1915)
- The Pursuer (Nov 1957)
- Query (1925)
- Quest (1922)
- Quiddity (1958)
- La Rançon (XCVIII. La Rançon)
- The Rebel (XCV. Le Rebelle)
- Reclamation (1973)
- Recompense (1922)
- Refuge (1971)
- The Refuge of Beauty (1918)
- Reigning Empress (1971)
- Remember Thee
- Remembered Light (Dec 1912)
- Remembrance (17 Jan 1924)
- The Remorse of the Dead (XXXIV. Remords Posthume) (Apr 1925)
- Requiescat (1922)
- Requiescat in Pace (M.L.M.) (May 1920)
- Resurrection (Jul 1947)
- The Retribution (1912)
- Retrospect And Forecast (1912)
- The Return of Hyperion (1912)
- La Rêve d\'un curieux (CL. Le Rêve d'un curieux)
- Rêve Parisian
- Revenant (Jul 1933)
- Reverie in August (1962)
- Réversibilité (XLV. Réversibilité)
- Rhythm (Ritmo)
- Ripe Mulberries
- The River of Life
- River-Canyon (1971)
- Rosa Mystica (1922)
- Rubaiyat of Saiyed
- Rustic Life (Vida aldeana)
- Said the Dreamer (1958)
- The Samurai (Le Samouraï)
- Sandalwood (1937)
- Satan Unrepentant (Oct 1912)
- Satiety (A) (1971)
- Satiety (Dear) (1922)
- Saturn (1912)
- Saturnian Cinema (1976)
- The Saturnienne (Dec 1925)
- School-Room Pastime (1971)
- The Sciapod (1958)
- Sea Cycle (1962)
- The Sea-Gods (21 Jun 1923)
- Sea-Memory (1971)
- The Secret (19 Apr 1923)
- Secret Love (1958)
- Sed non Satiata (XXVII. Sed non Satiata) (1949)
- Sed non Satiata (XXVII. Sed non Satiata) (O)
- Seeker (1951)
- Seer of the Cycles (1976)
- Selenique (26 Jul 1923)
- Semblance (12 Apr 1923)
- Semper Eadem (XLI. Semper Eadem) (1925)
- Les Sept Vieillards (CXIV. Les Sept Vieillards)
- September (11 Sep 1929)
- Sepulture (Oct 1918)
- Sépulture (LXXII. Sépulture)
- Le Serpent qui danse (XXIX. Le Serpent qui Danse)
- Sestet (1971)
- A Setting Sun (Soleil couchant)
- Shadow of Nightmare (1912)
- The Shadow of the Unattained
- Shadows (12 Sep 1929)
- Ye Shall Return (1951)
- Shapes in the Sunset (1951)
- The Sick Muse (VII. La Muse Malade) (1925)
- A Sierran Sunrise (1970)
- The Sierras (Sep 1910)
- Siesta (Sieste)
- Silent Hour (1962)
- Sinbad, It Was Not Well to Brag (1951)
- Sisina (LX. Sisina)
- Slaughter-House in Spring
- Slaughter-House Pasture (1971)
- The Sleep of the Cayman (El sueño del caimán)
- The Sleep of the Condor (1971)
- The Sleep of the Condor (Le Sommeil du condor)
- Snake, Owl, Cat or Hawk (1971)
- The Snow-Blossoms (1912)
- Snowfall on Acacia (1971)
- Soliloquy in An Ebon tower (1951)
- Solution (1922)
- Solvet Seclum (Solvet seclum)
- Some Blind Eidolon (23 Mar 1942)
- Someone (1971)
- Somnus (1971)
- Song (\[Chanson\])
- Song (I) (1922)
- Song (Rappelle-toi)
- Song (Vagrant) (31 May 1923)
- Song At Evenfall (1930)
- A Song from Hell (1975)
- Song from Les Uns et Les Autres (\[Song from\] Les Uns et les autres)
- Song of Autumn (LVII. Chant d'automne) (1958)
- The Song of Aviol (5 Apr 1923)
- The Song of Cartha (3 May 1923)
- The Song of A Comet (1912)
- A Song of Dreams (1912)
- Song of Sappho\'s Arabian Daughter (Feb 1919)
- The Song of Songs (El Cantar de los Cantares)
- Song of the Necromancer (1937)
- The Song of the Stars (1912)
- The Song of the Worlds (1975)
- Song to Oblivion (1912)
- Sonnet (Bois sacré)
- Sonnet (Empress) (1962)
- Sonnet (Green) (1962)
- Sonnet (How) (1971)
- Sonnet d\'automne (LXVI. Sonnet d'automne)
- Sonnet for the Psychoanalysts (1951)
- The Sorcerer to His Love (16 Nov 1941)
- The Sorrow of the Winds (Dec 1912)
- The Soul of the Sea (1912)
- Souvenance (1976)
- The Sower (Rimas LX)
- The Sparrow\'s Nest (1958)
- Spectral Life (1971)
- Sphinx And Medusa (1975)
- The Sphinx of the infinite (1973)
- The Spiritual Dawn (XLVII. L'Aube Spirituelle) (1925)
- Spleen (LXXIX. Spleen)
- Spleen (LXXVII. Spleen)
- Spleen (LXXVIII. Spleen)
- Spleen (LXXX. Spleen) (Feb 1926)
- Spleen (Spleen)
- Spring Nunnery (1971)
- The Stained Window (Vitrail)
- The Star-Treader (Oct 1911)
- Storm\'s End (1971)
- Stormy Afterglow (1971)
- Strange Girl (1971)
- Strangeness (3 Oct 1916)
- The Stylite (1951)
- Sufficiency (1971)
- Suggestion (1973)
- The Summer Moon (1912)
- The Sun (CIX. Le Soleil)
- The Suns And the Void (1974)
- A Sunset (As) (1912)
- A Sunset (Far)
- Sunset Over Farm-Land (1971)
- Supplication (1962)
- Surrealist Sonnet (1951)
- Symbols (1922)
- Sympathetic Horror (LXXXIII. Horreur sympathique) (1925)
- The Tartarus of the Suns (1970)
- The Tears of Lilith (26 Apr 1917)
- Temporality (13 Apr 1928)
- The Temptation
- Tempus (1971)
- \"That Last infirmity\" (1971)
- \"That Motley Drama\" (1958)
- Thebaid (1958)
- The Thralls of Circe Climb Parnassus (1971)
- The Throne of Winter (1976)
- Tin Can on the Mountain-Top (1971)
- Tired Gardener (1958)
- The Titans in Tartarus (1974)
- The Titans Triumphant
- To a Creole Lady (LXIII. A une Dame créole)
- To a Malabaress (XCII. A une Malabaraise)
- To a Northern Venus
- To a Passer-by (CXVII. A une Passante)
- To a Woman (A une femme)
- To Antares (25 Aug 1927)
- To Beauty (1971)
- To George Sterling (Deep) (1970)
- To George Sterling (High) (1910)
- To George Sterling (His) (1970)
- To George Sterling (What) (1970)
- To George Sterling: A Valediction (Dec 1926)
- To Her Who Is Too Gay (III. A celle qui est trop gaie)
- To Howard Phillips Lovecraft (31 Mar 1937)
- To A Mariposa Lily (1976)
- To Nora May French (I) (Jul 1920)
- To Nora May French (II) (1971)
- To Omar Khayyam (13 Dec 1919)
- To One Absent (1962)
- To the Beloved (1922)
- To the Chimera (1922)
- To the Daemon of Sublimity (1963)
- To the Darkness (1912)
- To the Morning Star (1976)
- To the Nightshade (1970)
- To the Sun (1912)
- To Theodore de Banville (XVI. A Théodore de Banville)
- To Whom It May Concern (1971)
- The Toiling Skeleton (CXVIII. Le Squelette laboureur)
- Tolometh (1958)
- Touch (1971)
- Tout entière (XLII. Tout Entière)
- Town Lights (1971)
- Transcendence (1922)
- Transmutation (31 Jan 1924)
- Travelling Gypsies (XIII. Bohémiens en Voyage)
- Triple Aspect (1922)
- Tristan to Iseult (1971)
- Tristesses de la lune (LXVII. Tristesses de la lune)
- Trope (1971)
- Tryst At Lobos (1971)
- Twilight (Crépuscule)
- The Twilight of the Gods (1951)
- Twilight on the Snow (1922)
- Twilight Song (1962)
- The Twilight Woods (1976)
- The Two Kind Sisters (CXXXVII. Les Deux Bonnes Soeurs) (1971)
- Two Myths And A Fable (1951)
- The Unfinished Quest (1977)
- Unicorn (1958)
- Union (1922)
- The Unmerciful Mistress (1977)
- The Unremembered (1912)
- \[Untitled\] (Love)
- Untold Arabian Fable (1958)
- Uriel
- A Valediction (9 Aug 1923)
- The Vampire (XXXII. Le Vampire)
- Vaticinations (1971)
- Venus (1971)
- Vers pour le portrait d\'Honoré Daumier (LXI. Vers pour le portrait d'Honoré Daumier)
- Very Far from Here (XCIX. Bien loin d'ici)
- Une Vie Spectrale (1971)
- A Vision of Lucifer (1922)
- The Voice (XCIII. La Voix) (1971)
- The Voice in the Pines
- The Voice of Silence (1970)
- The Voyage (CLI. Le Voyage)
- Un Voyage à Cythère (CXLI. Un Voyage à Cythère)
- Un Voyage à Cythère (CXLI. Un Voyage à Cythère) (My)
- Vultures Come to the Ambarvalia (1971)
- The Waning Moon (1976)
- Warning (3 Mar 1928)
- Water-Fight (1971)
- Water-Hemlock (1971)
- We Shall Meet (I) (26 Apr 1923)
- We Shall Meet (II)
- Weavings (1970)
- What One Hears on the Mountain (Ce qu'on entend sur la montagne)
- The Wheel of Omphale (Le Rouet d'Omphale) (1971)
- Where? (Rimas XXXVIII) (1958)
- The Whisper of the Worm (1971)
- White Death (1912)
- Willow-Cutting in Autumn (1958)
- The Wind And the Moon (1912)
- Wind-Ripples (6 Oct 1911)
- The Wind-Threnody (1977)
- Windows At Lamplighting Time (1971)
- The Winds (1912)
- The Wine of Lovers (CXXXII. Le Vin des Amants) (1925)
- Wine of Summer (1971)
- The Wine of the Assassin (CXXX. Le Vin de l'assassin)
- The Wine of the Rag-Pickers (CXXIX. Le Vin de chiffonniers)
- The Wine of the Solitary (CXXXI. Le Vin du solitaire)
- The Wingless Archangels (28 Jun 1923)
- Wings of Perfume (1976)
- Winter Midnight (II) (1976)
- Winter Moonlight (I) (1922)
- Winter Moonlight (The) (1922)
- Witch Dance (1941)
- The Witch in the Graveyard (1922)
- The Witch with Eyes of Amber (1923)
- Wizard\'s Love (1962)
- Wizard\'s Love (Latter manuscript version)
- A Woman at Prayer (Celle qui prie)
- The World
- The World Rolls On (Rimas I (Libro de los gorriones))
- The Years Restored (1975)
- Yerba Buena (1962)
- You Are Not Beautiful (20 Dec 1923)
- Zothique (1951)
- Zuleika: An Oriental Song
- \(CXXIII\)
- \(CXXIV\)
- \(V\)
- \(XL\)
- \(XLIII\)
- \(XXV\)
- \(XXVI\)
- \(XXVIII\)
- \(XXXIII\)
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# Clark Ashton Smith bibliography
## Poetry
### Collections {#collections_1}
- *The Star-Treader and Other Poems* (A.M
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# Breslau, Ontario
**Breslau** (ˈbɹɛzlɑː) is a community located within the township of Woolwich, part of the Waterloo Regional Municipality in Ontario Canada. Separated from the city of Kitchener by the Grand River, Breslau takes its name from the German name for the city of Wrocław, Poland.
It is located at the junction of Highway 7 and Waterloo Regional Road 17. This routing, although recently bypassed, is the main route between Kitchener and the nearby Region of Waterloo International Airport, located south of the settled area. It is also close to the city of Guelph.
## History
The first settlers to the area now called Breslau arrived in 1806, mostly German Mennonite families from Pennsylvania. Settlers included John Brech, Daniel Erb and John Cressman. In the 1820s, members of the Cressman Mennonite Church began congregating in the homes of the early settlers. in 1834, the first meeting house in Waterloo County (built by Benjamin Eby in 1813) was donated to the Breslau congregation and moved to the settlement. In 1850, Joseph Erb built a dam, a sawmill and a grist mill. The village was named after Breslau, the German name for the city of Wrocław, Poland. Breslau was, at the time, the capital city of the Province of Silesia in the Kingdom of Prussia.
A post office was established in 1857 and began receiving mail on a daily basis. By 1864, the settlement had several tradesmen including two blacksmiths, a cooper, wagon maker, a cabinet maker and two mills.
## Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Breslau had a population of 5,053 living in 1,582 of its 1,635 total private dwellings, a change of `{{percentage|{{#expr:5053-3778}}`{=mediawiki}\|3778\|1}} from its 2016 population of 3,778. With a land area of 5.44 km2, it had a population density of `{{Pop density|5053|5.44|km2|sqmi|prec=1}}`{=mediawiki} in 2021
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# Bad check restitution program
A **bad check restitution program** (BCRP) is a program in the United States that works to retrieve funds from bad check writers in order to repay moneys owed to the recipients of the checks. In other words, these are debt collection operations. Many of these programs are operated by private companies that add fees that may exceed \$200, regardless of the amount of the check. They call these operations \"bad check enforcement,\" or \"bad check restitution,\" or \"bad check diversion.\" Sometime, these programs are actually run in house by real prosecutors. The private companies send check writers letters which state basically, that to avoid being prosecuted, the check writer may enroll in an expensive diversion program. In most instances, the prosecution threats are false and made only to coerce payment of high fees.
In the US very few states have laws that specifically permit district attorneys to allow private collection agencies to collect checks in the district attorney\'s name. About half of all U.S. states offer some type of Bad Check Restitution Program, and these services vary in many ways. Some accept non-sufficient funds (NSF), and closed account checks while others may accept stopped payment checks and markers. It will also be noted that most have time limits (checks may need to be less than 90 or 180 days old and most need to be at least 30 days old and have had to have notice to check maker that the check has been returned unpaid with a demand for payment in a specified time). Some will not accept checks that were written under certain circumstances, including a post-dated check, one that the check writer asked the recipient to hold, or one that was written as an extension of credit.
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# Bad check restitution program
## Methods
A Bad Check Diversion Program generally pursues the bad check writer by stating (typically from the local District Attorney\'s office) that the check writer has committed a criminal act, and is subject to prosecution. The check writer is told that s/he may avoid prosecution by meeting the guidelines of the program, which generally include the payment of all monies owed to the victim, a program fee, and in some jurisdictions, participation in a course designed to improve the check writer\'s habits.
Typically, the letters are sent to the check writer without a prosecutor ever having reviewed any evidence or considered whether the check writer committed a crime. These are highly automated operations in which large retailers and collection agencies transmit masses of computer data directly to the private company that is trying to collect the check, using the prosecutor\'s name and authority. Generally, enrollment in the program is not an admission of guilt to a crime, and will not result in criminal charges being filed or a criminal record. The check writer is told that if s/he successfully completes all program requirements, the case against him/her dismissed without any possibility of arrest, criminal charges or a record thereafter.
Bad Check Restitution Programs compete directly with private collection agencies. They claim that they can recover more successfully than private collection agencies, because they have \"the power of the DA brand.\" They help businesses recover hundreds of thousands of dollars each year throughout the United States. Most Prosecutor offices try to make these programs free to taxpayers (i.e. bad check collection is funded by fees paid by bad check writers).
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# Bad check restitution program
## Criticism of BCRPs {#criticism_of_bcrps}
According to law enforcement agencies and district attorneys, BCRPs are diversion programs operated by the county, state, or other jurisdiction that are responsible for collecting funds owed to victims. They claim the purpose is to recover the losses of the victims.
Many consumer advocates oppose the actions of BCRPs, particularly those operated by private, for-profit companies, stating that bad check writing is not a crime unless the check writer actually intended to defraud the recipient. The writer of the bad check is told that the use of the program is optional, but is falsely threatened that the options are to participate, or risk going to jail. The writer is usually informed within the letter that entering the program is not necessary, and it is permissible to stand trial, even though no charges have been, or are likely to be filed.
Sometimes the program is handled internally by the law enforcement agency itself, which often generates a substantial portion of its overall budget from the check fees that it collects. In many cases, the law enforcement agency signs up with a private collection agency. The private company essentially pays the law enforcement agency a small portion of the fees it collects in exchange for permission to send demand letters on official law enforcement agency letterhead and to threaten to prosecute check writers who do not pay up to \$200 in fees, plus the check itself. This is when, in most instances, there is no criminal case to dismiss, and no law enforcement official has reviewed the check writer\'s file to even determine if there is/was evidence of a crime.
These programs have been criticized in news journals across the country as being unfair, unethical, predatory and possibly illegal. In 2013 in Massachusetts, the prosecutors who used these programs suspended their operations when questions were raised in a Boston Globe investigation. In November 2014, the American Bar Association issued a Formal Opinion, finding that it was unethical for prosecutors to allow these companies to use prosecutor letterhead, because it was \"abusive\" to convey \"the impression that the machinery of the criminal justice system has been mobilized\" against the consumer, who is led to believe that he or she may face jail time unless the collector gets paid.
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# Bad check restitution program
## Lawsuits against BCRPs {#lawsuits_against_bcrps}
In most states, it is not a crime to write a check that does not clear, unless at the time the check is written, the check writer knows that it will not clear, and is intending to defraud the merchant. Criminal intent may be determined by circumstantial evidence, such as an established pattern of writing bad checks and not paying them, or writing a series of checks on a closed account. The check writer\'s explanation for why the check did not clear must be considered in deciding whether there was criminal intent.
A number of lawsuits have been filed challenging the legality of these programs. In a lawsuit in Iowa, the check diversion company agreed to refund money to class members. A federal court in Michigan ruled that the private company was violating the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act by using district attorney letterhead and falsely threatening consumers with arrest. A federal court in Sacramento, California ruled that the person who ran the private company violated the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and California law by charging unlawful fees, pretending to be the district attorney\'s office and making false threats to have check writers arrested., and later awarded about \$750,000 in damages. A federal court in San Jose, California ruled that the two individuals that made millions from the company they owned had violated both the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and the California Unfair Competition Law by charging fees for a diversion class and imposing other fees, by impersonating the district attorney\'s office in their communications with check writers, and by falsely claiming that check writers who did not pay those fees would be prosecuted. After a trial in which both the plaintiffs and defendants complained about the verdict, the judge in the case vacated the parties later settled for an undisclosed sum. In another California case, the federal court in San Francisco approved a \$3,250,000 settlement. In 2014, a new lawsuit was filed against in Washington, alleging violations of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act and the Washington Consumer Protection Act. In December 2014, consumers filed a lawsuit against Corrective Solutions in California. Then, in March 2015, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau filed a lawsuit against National Corrective Group, Inc. and related entities, and obtained a consent order prohibiting these companies from masquerading as the prosecutor and making phony prosecution threats
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# Robert S. Murphy
**Robert S. Murphy** (October 18, 1861 -- June 24, 1912) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the ninth lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1907 to 1911. A Republican, Murphy was born in Louisville, New York, but spent most of his childhood in the area of Portland, Maine, where his father, Francis Murphy, was a temperance evangelist.
Murphy attended Hedding College and the Pennington School and in 1880 moved to Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He was admitted to the Cambria County bar in 1881 and practiced law alongside his brother. Murphy successfully ran as a Republican for Cambria County District Attorney in 1892, despite the overwhelming Democratic majority in terms of party registration. He was reelected in 1895 but defeated in 1898. He returned to the practice of law and became a key figure in the Pennsylvania Republican Party, giving a fiery speech nominating John P. Elkin for governor at the Pennsylvania Republican convention of 1892 and serving as a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1900. His political career culminated in his election as lieutenant governor in 1906 as running mate of Edwin Sydney Stuart. He served one four-year term in office.
Murphy died suddenly of apoplexy at his home in Overbrook, Pittsburgh, at the age of 51
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# Ward Plummer
**Earl Ward Plummer** (October 30, 1940 -- July 23, 2020) was an American physicist. His main contributions were in surface physics of metals. Plummer was a professor of physics at Louisiana State University, University of Pennsylvania and the University of Tennessee - Knoxville.
## Biography
Plummer received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Lewis & Clark College in 1962 and completed his Ph.D. degree in physics at Cornell University in 1967, working with Prof. Thor Rhodin. His thesis work was on atomic binding of 5-d transition-metal atoms using Field ion microscope (FIM).
Plummer accepted a National Research Council Postdoctoral Fellowship at the National Bureau of Standards (now called The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)) in the fall of 1967 working with Russ Young, and he stayed as a staff scientist until the fall of 1973. His work included field electron emission and photoemission studies of surfaces. NIST selected his 1969 paper \"Resonance Tunneling of Field-Emitted Electrons Through Adsorbates on Metal Surfaces\", co-authored with J. W. Gadzuk and R. D. Young, for inclusion in the agency\'s centennial collection of its top 100 articles of the 20th century. This paper reported the first-ever single electron spectroscopy work in which electronic energy levels of atoms at the surface of a metal were observed.
In 1973, Plummer accepted a position in the Physics Department at the University of Pennsylvania where his work mainly focused on angle-resolved photoemission, momentum-resolved inelastic electron scattering and nonlinear optical response from surfaces. In 1988, he was appointed the William Smith Professor of Physics and in 1990 became the director of the NSF-funded Materials Research Laboratory (Laboratory for Research on Structure of Matter).
In January 1993, Plummer moved to a joint position at The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. His research interests shifted to the study on an atomic scale of phase transitions in reduced dimensionality and surfaces of highly correlated electron systems such as transition-metal oxides. His primary research tool was variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. In 2000, Plummer became the director of the Tennessee Advanced Materials Laboratory, a state-funded Center of Excellence.
Plummer served on many national and international committees both to review existing scientific programs and to identify future directions for science and technology. Recent examples include: Chair of DOE-sponsored Workshop on \"Soft X-Ray Science in the Next Millennium: The Future of Photon-In/Photon-Out Experiments, Pikeville, Tennessee, March 15--18, 2000, and Chair of DOE-BESAC (Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee) subpanel for the evaluation of the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory and the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) Manuel Lujan Jr. Neutron Scattering Center. He also was a member of the DOE-Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee, 2001--2004.
He was the author of more than 400 refereed papers and included in the list of the 1,000 Most Cited Physicists, a list compiled by the Institute for Scientific Information which is based on papers published between 1981 and 1997. But what Plummer was proudest of in his long and distinguished career was the mentoring of promising young scientists. This included advising or co-advising Ph.D. theses of 40 graduate students, hosting \~25 postdoctoral fellows, and assisting many young scientists in advancing their careers. He died in Baton Rouge on July 23, 2020.
## Awards and honors {#awards_and_honors}
- 1968 Wayne B. Nottingham Prize
- 1983 Davisson-Germer Prize in Atomic or Surface Physics from the American Physical Society for \"\-\--the innovative application of electron spectroscopies.\"
- 1986 Guggenheim Fellowship
- 2001 Medard W. Welch Award by the American Vacuum Society. The citation reads, \"For the development of novel instrumentation, its use to illuminate new concepts in the surface physics of metals, and the mentoring of promising young scientists.\"
- 2006 - Elected to National Academy of Sciences
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- 2014 - Elected to American Academy of Arts and Sciences
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- 2017 - International Science and Technology Cooperation Award of the People\'s Republic of China
- 2017 - LSU Boyd Professor
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# Ward Plummer
## Academic genealogy {#academic_genealogy}
Ward Plummer was a student of Thor Rhodin\...
- Thor Rhodin was a student of Hugh Scott Taylor.
- Taylor was a student of Frederick George Donnan and Henry Bassett \[Ref.1\].
- Donnan was trained by Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald.
- Ostwald\'s adviser was Carl Schmidt.
- who was a student of Justus von Liebig.
- Bassett was trained by Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger.
- Baeyer was a student of Robert Bunsen and Friedrich August Kekulé.
- Bunsen was a student of Friedrich Stromeyer.
- Kekulé was a student of Heinrich Will.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
-
-
-
- Allyn, C. L., Gustafsson, T., Plummer E. W
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# Catenary ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring *R* is **catenary** if for any pair of prime ideals *p*, *q*, any two strictly increasing chains
: *p* = *p*~0~ ⊂ *p*~1~ ⊂ \... ⊂ *p*~*n*~ = *q*
of prime ideals are contained in maximal strictly increasing chains from *p* to *q* of the same (finite) length. In a geometric situation, in which the dimension of an algebraic variety attached to a prime ideal will decrease as the prime ideal becomes bigger, the length of such a chain *n* is usually the difference in dimensions.
A ring is called **universally catenary** if all finitely generated algebras over it are catenary rings.
The word \'catenary\' is derived from the Latin word *catena*, which means \"chain\".
There is the following chain of inclusions. `{{Commutative local ring classes}}`{=mediawiki}
## Dimension formula {#dimension_formula}
Suppose that *A* is a Noetherian domain and *B* is a domain containing *A* that is finitely generated over *A*. If *P* is a prime ideal of *B* and *p* its intersection with *A*, then
$$\text{height}(P)\le \text{height}(p)+ \text{tr.deg.}_A(B) - \text{tr.deg.}_{\kappa(p)}(\kappa(P)).$$ The **dimension formula for universally catenary rings** says that equality holds if *A* is universally catenary. Here κ(*P*) is the residue field of *P* and tr.deg. means the transcendence degree (of quotient fields). In fact, when *A* is not universally catenary, but $B=A[x_1,\dots,x_n]$, then equality also holds.
## Examples
Almost all Noetherian rings that appear in algebraic geometry are universally catenary. In particular the following rings are universally catenary:
- Complete Noetherian local rings
- Dedekind domains (and fields)
- Cohen-Macaulay rings (and regular local rings)
- Any localization of a universally catenary ring
- Any finitely generated algebra over a universally catenary ring.
### A ring that is catenary but not universally catenary {#a_ring_that_is_catenary_but_not_universally_catenary}
It is delicate to construct examples of Noetherian rings that are not universally catenary. The first example was found by `{{harvs|txt|first=Masayoshi |last=Nagata|authorlink=Masayoshi Nagata|year1=1956|year2=1962|loc2= page 203 example 2}}`{=mediawiki}, who found a 2-dimensional Noetherian local domain that is catenary but not universally catenary.
Nagata\'s example is as follows. Choose a field *k* and a formal power series *z*=Σ~*i*\>0~*a*~*i*~*x*^*i*^ in the ring *S* of formal power series in *x* over *k* such that *z* and *x* are algebraically independent.
Define *z*~1~ = *z* and *z*~*i*+1~=*z*~*i*~/x--*a*~*i*~.
Let *R* be the (non-Noetherian) ring generated by *x* and all the elements *z*~*i*~.
Let *m* be the ideal (*x*), and let *n* be the ideal generated by *x*--1 and all the elements *z*~*i*~. These are both maximal ideals of *R*, with residue fields isomorphic to *k*. The local ring *R*~*m*~ is a regular local ring of dimension 1 (the proof of this uses the fact that *z* and *x* are algebraically independent) and the local ring *R*~*n*~ is a regular Noetherian local ring of dimension 2.
Let *B* be the localization of *R* with respect to all elements not in either *m* or *n*. Then *B* is a 2-dimensional Noetherian semi-local ring with 2 maximal ideals, *mB* (of height 1) and *nB* (of height 2).
Let *I* be the Jacobson radical of *B*, and let *A* = *k*+*I*. The ring *A* is a local domain of dimension 2 with maximal ideal *I*, so is catenary because all 2-dimensional local domains are catenary. The ring *A* is Noetherian because *B* is Noetherian and is a finite *A*-module. However *A* is not universally catenary, because if it were then the ideal *mB* of *B* would have the same height as *mB*∩*A* by the dimension formula for universally catenary rings, but the latter ideal has height equal to dim(*A*)=2.
Nagata\'s example is also a quasi-excellent ring, so gives an example of a quasi-excellent ring that is not an excellent ring
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# Toco
**Toco** is the most northeasterly village on the island of Trinidad in Trinidad and Tobago. The island of Tobago is 35 km to the northeast, making Toco the closest point in Trinidad to the sister island. The name Toco was ascribed to the area by its early Amerindian inhabitants. The meaning of the name is uncertain.
Punta Galera (now Galera Point) is one of the sights of Toco. Galera is a slight corruption of the word \"galea\", the name originally given to the southeastern point, Galeota Point, by Christopher Columbus. The name was accidentally given to this point as well. The name stuck and it remains a popular tourist destination. The Galera Point Lighthouse in Toco was built in 1897 and today is surrounded by a park and picnic area.
## History
Not much activity took place in Toco after the Spanish colonized Trinidad in 1531 until 1631, when Sir Henry Colt and English forces entered the territory without the knowledge of the Spanish. In 1637, the British were expelled by the Dutch, who had formed an alliance with the Amerindians in the area and were, not too long after, expelled by the Spanish.
One hundred years later, Capuchin priests from Spain came to convert the Amerindians to Roman Catholicism. The mission village in Toco was named Mission Village and existed even after the British came. There was another mission near Cumana and was adjoined to the mission in Toco by way of the Anglais Road.
The French also had a big part to play in the history of Toco. They flocked to the region a few years after 1783, when the Cedula of Population came into effect encouraging French islanders immigration into Trinidad. In an attempt to seal off the northeast and the eastern areas, the six parcels of land (the Toco area) were sold. Some of these settlers included the D\'Godets, the Moniques, the Ponnes, the Trailles, the Narcises and the Rotans.
Unlike many other areas in Trinidad and Tobago, the land in Toco was not suitable for extensive sugarcane cultivation. Thus, by 1797, there was only one sugar mill in the entire district. However, the land was quite suitable for cotton production. In 1797, there were as many as 59 cotton mills and the population during that period consisted of 159 African slaves, 62 \"free\" blacks, 28 French settlers and 155 Amerindians who supposedly lived on the missions. Amerindians (Caribs) also lived in other areas of Toco and Cumana during that period.
There were no roads connecting Toco with the rest of the island. So, in 1818, Toco benefited from the round island steamer service started by Governor Ralph Woodford to accommodate the trade in cocoa and other goods.
In 1830, the Catholic Church made Toco a parish and dedicated the newly built Our Lady of the Assumption Church at Mission Village to it. The Capuchins had established the first church in the area.
In 1849, Lord Harris was responsible for creating ward boundaries. Toco was also one of the earliest villages to receive schools under the ward system as early as 1862. Despite the supposed functionality of the ward system, residents of the area had refused to pay ward rates for developmental purposes and so by 1852, approximately 64 Toco estates were put up for sale. This and other factors could have contributed to the sparse population of the area.
However, by 1881, the population of Toco grew due to the popularity of the cocoa and coffee industry and the influx of workers from Tobago. In fact, at one point in time, Toco was mainly populated by people from the island of Tobago.
By 1930, the first road into Toco linking it with Sangre Grande was built ending the dependence on the round island ferry service and the influx of people from Tobago into the area.
Today, Toco remains sparsely populated, although the numbers have grown since the olden days. In 1980, census reports indicate that the population was about 1311. The villagers of Toco are often very friendly. With its serene atmosphere and picturesque beaches, Toco remains one of the most popular surfing and vacationing spots in Trinidad and Tobago though it is not celebrated as much as other parts of Trinidad such as Maracas and Las Cuevas. In Toco, there are several coconut estates some of which still remain. Toco is considered to be a fishing village. Locals can get an education at Toco Secondary formerly Toco Composite, Toco Roman Catholic School and Toco Anglican School.
## Politics
For elections to the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago, the village is part of the Toco/Sangre Grande parliamentary constituency
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# Hangin' with the Homeboys
***Hangin\' with the Homeboys*** is a 1991 American coming-of-age comedy-drama film directed by Joseph Vasquez. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 1991, where it won the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award. It was released by New Line Cinema on April 5, 1991.
## Plot
Tom, Willie, Johnny, and Vinny are four friends who grew up together in the Bronx. Tom aspires to be an actor and sells magazine subscriptions over the phone to pay the rent. Johnny, the youngest of the group, works in a supermarket; though he\'s been encouraged to go to college, he\'s afraid to take the first step---filling out an application for a scholarship. Vinny is a smooth-talking ladies\' man who hides his Puerto Rican heritage behind the lie that he\'s Italian. Willie is unemployed and unemployable, convinced that he\'s oppressed by racial prejudice.
On a Friday night, the friends go out for a \"guys\' night\" in Manhattan and suffer various disasters, (Tom wrecks his car, Willie gets the guys thrown out of a party) most of which they bring on themselves. During their night out, their relationships with one another become strained as the events lead to conflict between them.
## Cast
- Mario Joyner plays Tom, an aspiring actor who works as a telemarketer while waiting for his big break (The closest he got to making it was playing a waiter in Rain Man, but his part was cut). His girlfriend cancels their date for the night, so he goes out with his friends, and later finds out she is out with another man. At the end of the movie, he reveals that he is weary of his friends and their destructive and derisive behavior between themselves. He is especially angry at Willie and Vinny, who manipulate him into paying for them because they are unemployed, but constantly criticize and make fun of him.
- Doug E. Doug plays Willie, an angry unemployed bum who embraces the Black Power movement, but is genuinely devoted to his best friend Johnny. He has a tenuous friendship with Vinny and a passing friendship with Tom (which disintegrates when Tom calls him on his mooching). He is hypocritical, calling Tom a failure even though he is comparable to a bum, and describing a black female he encounters towards the end of the film as an Uncle Tom because she \"dresses white\", but he is not a member of any political organization and does not even vote.
- Nestor Serrano plays Fernando (aka Vinny), a philandering Puerto Rican who is ashamed of his heritage and pretends to be Italian, much to Johnny\'s horror. He later has to confront this fact when a police officer asks him about his nationality. The oldest of the four, he is cynical and verbally abusive to virtually everyone. He is a sex-hound who tries to talk to every pretty girl he sees. He is both amused at and contemptuous of Johnny\'s naivete and has a strained interaction with him because he sees him as a sad individual who would depress everybody in the gang, especially him. Vinny is unemployed, but is supported by the generosity of his many girlfriends. Hypocritically, he openly derides Willie\'s lack of employment.
- John Leguizamo plays Johnny, the youngest of the group, who is idealistic and naive. Also Puerto Rican, Johnny is very proud of his heritage, unlike Vinny. He works at a grocery store, but has an opportunity for a scholarship. Romantically naive and having a rather chivalrous ideal towards love, he is infuriated to find Vinny dancing suggestively with Daria, the girl he has a secret crush on. The last straw comes when Vinny selfishly demands an apology for \"ruining his night\". Instead, Johnny punches him on the jaw and knocks him unconscious. At the end of the movie, the disastrous night makes him decide to go for the scholarship and start a new chapter in his life, away from his \"friends\".
- Mary B. Ward as Luna
## Reception
*Hangin' with the Homeboys* received largely positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a rating of 93% from 41 reviews.
Jonathan Rosenbaum of the *Chicago Reader* called it \"a beautiful film\" and *Variety* commented the film \"is infused with an aggressive and engaging street energy and plenty of humor\". Jay Boyar of the *Orlando Sentinel* said \"this semiautobiographical production has an exuberance that recalls such other coming-of-age movies as *American Graffiti* and *Diner*\". Though Boyar said the film gets \"slightly preachy at the end...Director Vasquez treats the people in his movie sympathetically, but with an edge of irony that makes most of what happens humorous.\" Dave Kehr of the *Chicago Tribune* wrote the film \"transcends its drive-in title to become a compelling Cassavetes-like study of male friendship.\" Owen Gleiberman of *Entertainment Weekly* wrote, \"the actors fill out their roles, especially Leguizamo, who gives Johnny a furtive, soulful complexity. He lends an emotional credence to the film's message, which is that you have to help yourself --- not because some phony \'go for it\' triumph awaits, but because if you don't no one else will.\"
### Accolades
The film won the prize for Audience Award at the Deauville American Film Festival. It was also nominated for several awards at the 7th Independent Spirit Awards, including Best Director and Best Screenplay for Vasquez, Best Male Lead for Doug E. Doug, Best Supporting Female for Mary B. Ward, and Best Film Music for David Chackler and Joel Sill.
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# Hangin' with the Homeboys
## Soundtrack
1. \"The Power (Homeboys Mix)\" - Snap
2. \"Rock Bottom\" - 2 in a Room
3. \"Dance All Night (House Mix)\" - Poison Clan
4. \"Swingin\'\" - Prince Akeem
5. \"Ticket to Heaven\" - The Knowledge featuring Kenny Bobien
6. \"Do You Believe\" - Beat Goes Bang
7. \"Pretty Girls\" - Stevie B
8. \"Games\" - Trinere
9. \"We Want Some Pussy\" - The 2 Live Crew
10. \"Vacate the Premises\" - The 2awk
11. \"What Is Black\" - Billy Box
12. \"Hangin\' With the Homeboys and Dr
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# Meg Bussert
**Meg Bussert** (born October 21, 1949) is an American actress, singer and a university professor.
## Early life {#early_life}
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Bussert received her BA degree from Purchase College and her MAT from Manhattanville College.
## Career
Bussert made her Broadway debut in the 1973 revival of *Irene* as the Debutante. She was the standby for Lettie and Hope Langdon in *Something\'s Afoot* in 1976.
Her big break came in 1980 when she was cast in two revivals: *The Music Man* (with Dick Van Dyke) as Marian Paroo, and *Brigadoon* (with Martin Vidnovic) as Fiona MacLaren. She won the Theatre World Award for her performance in both, and a Tony Award nomination as Best Actress in a Musical for the latter. This revival of *The Music Man* closed after just 21 performances.
Bussert appeared as Guinevere opposite Richard Harris as King Arthur in a national tour and 1981 Broadway revival of *Camelot*. The production was taped for broadcast by HBO and she was nominated for a CableACE Award. In 2005 she was the standby for the character of Florence Foster Jenkins in the Broadway production of *Souvenir*.
Bussert\'s regional theatre credits include *The Music Man*, *South Pacific* (US tour, 1985 as Nellie),*Phantom* (at the Westchester Broadway Theater in 1992), *Damn Yankees*, *The Most Happy Fella*, and *Cabaret*. In 2010, she performed in *The Sound of Music* at the Ogunquit Playhouse as Mother Abbess. She had previously performed this role at the Paper Mill Playhouse in 2003.
She performs in concerts, recitals, and cabarets. In 2013 she performed in a concert performance at the Laurie Beechman Theatre (New York City), titled \"Two Legit to Quit: a Riff-Free Evening\".
She has appeared in opera and operettas, including concert performances of *The New Moon* and *The Firefly* at the Town Hall, Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera's *The Student Prince* and the Mirvish's North American tour of *H.M.S. Pinafore*. She appeared in the Portland Opera production of *Lucy\'s Lapses* in 1990.
Bussert presently is a full-time associate professor in Vocal Performance teaching Acting and Music Theatre Studies at New York University, in the Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development
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# Louis Arthur Watres
**Louis Arthur Watres** (April 21, 1851 -- June 28, 1937) was an American politician from Pennsylvania who served as a Republican member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 20th district from 1883 to 1890 and as the fifth lieutenant governor of Pennsylvania from 1891 to 1895.
## Biography
Watres was born on April 21, 1851, in Jessup, Pennsylvania (known as the borough of Winton at the time) to Lewis S. Watres, a pioneer developer of the Lackawanna Valley. He later moved with his family to Scranton, Pennsylvania.
In 1877, he joined the Pennsylvania National Guard as a private. He served as captain of Company A of the 13th Regiment, Colonel of the 11th Regiment, judge advocate of the Division Staff, general inspector of rifle practice on the staff of Governor James A. Beaver and as commander of the 13th Regiment after the unit returned from duty in the Spanish-American War. He became the first president of the Pennsylvania National Guard and served in that capacity for two years. He was a member of the Armory Board of Pennsylvania and a key sponsor for the construction of the 109th Regiment Armory in Scranton, Pennsylvania.
He studied law and was admitted to the Lackawanna County bar in 1878. Watres served as the solicitor for Lackawanna County government from 1881 to 1890. He served as a member of the Pennsylvania State Senate for the 20th district from 1883 to 1890. He was a member of the Judiciary General and Appropriations committees. He served as Lieutenant Governor from 1891 to 1895.
He was a successful businessman and worked as president of the Scranton Passenger Railway Company, the County Savings Bank, the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, the Economy Light, Heat and Power Company, the Pittston Slate Company and the Boulevard Company. He was a partner in the development of the Springbrook Water Company. He was the owner of the Mansfield Water Company and promoted the construction of the Wilsonville Dam on Wallenpaupack Creek which created Lake Wallenpaupack.
He purchased the *Scranton Truth* newspaper in 1908 and *The Scranton-Tribune Republican* in 1915. He merged the two newspapers and continued working as editor until 1934 when he sold it to Frank D. Schroth.
In 1913, Watres purchased 15,000 acres along the Wallenpaupack Creek for \$15,000. The land purchase included Lacawac, the estate previously owned by Congressman William Connell, which Watres used as a summer home.
From 1916 through 1917, he served as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, Free and Accepted Masons. From 1934 to 1937 Watres served as the Executive Officer of the Order of DeMolay in Pennsylvania, later serving as Grand Master of the International Supreme Council of the Order of DeMolay in 1936--1937. He was a key member of the committee established to construct the George Washington Masonic National Memorial in Alexandria, Virginia.
## Legacy
In 1925, Lafayette College conferred the honorary degree of LL.D to Watres.
He died on July 28, 1937.
The 109th Regiment Armory in Scranton, Pennsylvania, is known as the \"Watres Armory\".
His second son, Laurence Hawley Watres, became a U.S. Representative for Pennsylvania\'s 11th congressional district
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# John Samuel Rowell
**John Samuel Rowell** (April 1, 1825 -- October 21, 1907) was an American agricultural inventor and pioneer manufacturer. Born in Springwater, New York, and living his adult life in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, he held more than 40 patents for farm machinery and agricultural implement improvements, including the patent on the cultivator tooth. He is the great grandfather of Theodore H. Rowell, noted Minnesota pharmaceutical inventor, entrepreneur, and founder of Rowell Laboratories, Inc. Rowell was obsessed with the idea of improving the old methods of soil cultivation. His inventive genius and perseverance enabled him to make his dreams become a reality and become a benefactor to mankind.
## Early life {#early_life}
At the age of 15, he went to work for his brother George Rowell in Goshen, Indiana, who owned a plow foundry and blacksmith\'s shop, and learned the trade of plow making. John Rowell saved his money and at the age of 18, traded his earthly possessions for plow castings, borrowed some carpenters tools and axes, went into the timber, and by himself, chopped down the trees, hewed and scored the sills and framework and constructed his first foundry and factory. He then began turning out cast iron plows from his new foundry. The endeavors of an 18‑year‑old to build a foundry created some interest in the surrounding countryside. He conducted this business for about 3 years and saved \$1,500.
## The JS Rowell Manufacturing Company {#the_js_rowell_manufacturing_company}
In 1855, he purchased a small building and foundry for \$400 on Mill Street, later named Rowell Street, in Beaver Dam, Wisc., which he used to make plows to sell to the local trade. Upon purchasing, he moved his family to the small apartment upstairs. In 1860 he built and patented the first successful \"broad case seeder\" ever put on the market. In 1861, he built a combination seeder-cultivator with a \"Slip Tooth\" to prevent breakage when hitting rocks while cultivating, which he patented; this was to guarantee his success.
He incorporated the company in 1888 with \$100,000 in capital stock, of which \$40,000 in cash was contributed by JS Rowell and the remaining \$60,000, shown on the previous company\'s books at cost or good will, were contributed by the owners via the assets from the previous unincorporated JS Rowell Manufacturing Company, although the assets had a market value of nearly twice that amount. The company manufactured 26 different kinds of machines at this time. JS Rowell held 25% interest in the company, with each of his sons Samuel W. and Theodore B. each owning 25%, nephew Ira 12.5% and the remaining 12.5% divided up among his grandchildren. By 1900 Rowell, and sons Samuel and Theodore, were each receiving an annual salary of \$3,000. Management salaries from 1868 to 1904 totaled approximately \$125,000. Rowell owned the land the company sat on and collected an annual rent of \$1,000. From 1888 to 1904, the factory had manufactured and sold 9,900 machines. Annual Net Profitability ran consistently at 15-16%.
By 1888, Rowell was receiving royalties from the company of \$1 per machine in which one of his patents were used. Numerous companies in the seeder cultivator industry were also paying a higher royalty for using Rowell patents including the Van Brunt Seeder Manufactory in Horicon, Wisconsin, which was later purchased in 1912 by a firm that would be acquired by John Deere. Rowell also invented the \"Force Feed\" for grain drills, harrows, hay rakes, fanning mills, and Tiger Threshing machines. Sales of these machines were throughout the Midwest, Canada, Germany, South America, Russia, to which many Rowell Tiger Threshers were sold, and South Africa. He has built up one of the largest manufactories of the state, and gained for himself a comfortable fortune, with the factory employing more than 200 employees. Among the assets of the firm were 6 pedigreed trotting horses, including Badger Girl a champion trotter. The book value of these horses was placed at \$4,200 in 1889, with their market value being higher. One large distributor was the Northwestern Implement Company in St. Paul, Minnesota, which was acting agent for the firm for Minnesota, the Dakotas, and Montana to sell Rowell seeders, hay rakes, grain drills, and threshing machinery. Total orders accepted, shipped, and settled from this one distributor for 1887 was \$72,822.47.
Rowell was vigilant in defending his patents, even fighting patent infringements all the way to the US Supreme Court. In *Rowell v. Lindsay*, 113 US 97 (1885), Rowell and his brother Ira filed with the court to restrain the infringement of reissued letters patent No. 2,909, dated March 31, 1868, one of only 5 or 6 patent cases ever heard by the court. The court found that the defendants had not used every element of the Rowell Patent and therefore dismissed the plaintiff\'s case.
## Politics
Rowell served as mayor of Beaver Dam for 2 terms first in 1868 and later in 1886, and as alderman for 2 terms. He also had an unsuccessful run for the US House of Representatives for Wisconsin US Congressional District 2 on Nov. 7, 1882, in which he lost by 1,801 votes to Daniel H. Sumner (a Democrat).
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# John Samuel Rowell
## Career and accomplishments {#career_and_accomplishments}
The name John S. Rowell, founder and president of the J. S. Rowell Manufacturing Company, makers of the Tiger Seeders and Grain Drills, hay rakes, and cultivators, holds a high place in the list of inventors of practical agricultural implements. Like a number of men of his time, he achieved success in the agricultural implement world with no opportunity other than those produced by his own efforts. In addition to founding the JS Rowell Manufacturing Company, he was also one of the 1881 incorporators and a director of the Beaver Dam Cotton Mills, as a founding incorporator and director of the Beaver Dam Malleable Iron Works which grew to titanic proportions, Beaver Dam Electric Light Company, and president of the Old National Bank in Beaver Dam from 1896 until his death in 1907.
Rowell died of gangrene at his home in Beaver Dam on October 21, 1907.
When Rowell died, the mayor of Beaver Dam, M. J. Jacobs, proclaimed, "For over sixty years \[Rowell\] has been an upright, enterprising, industrious, patriotic, public spirited and continuous resident of our city, and at all times prominently identified with its industrial development and business life. Furthermore, Mayor Jacobs requested "...that all business places, manufacturing concerns, and official places of business be closed during the afternoon of his funeral on Wednesday, October 23, 1907 from 1 until 4:30 o'clock, and that the city flag during all of said be displayed at half mast, and that all our citizens who can conveniently do so, attend the funeral of one of the most worthy and esteemed citizens who has ever resided in our midst."
## Patents
- Improvements in Water Wheels, No. 23,611 dated April 12, 1859
- Improvement in Seeding Machines, No. 36,672 dated October 14, 1862;
- Improvement in Cultivators, No. 56,102 dated July 3, 1866
- New and Improved Cultivator, No. 2,909 dated March 31, 1868
- Cultivator Tooth, No. 232,850 dated October 5, 1880;
- Cultivator Tooth, No. 10,076 dated April 4, 1882;
- Seeder or Cultivator Tooth, No. 256,922 dated April 25, 1882.
- patent No
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# Mikael Backlund
**Mikael Backlund** (born 17 March 1989) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre and captain of the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Backlund was a first round selection, 24th overall, of the Flames in the 2007 NHL entry draft, and made his NHL debut in 2008--09. He played junior hockey for VIK Västerås HK in the J20 SuperElit and the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He was a member of Kelowna\'s WHL championship team in 2009.
Internationally, Backlund has represented Sweden on several occasions---he was a member of two silver medal-winning teams at the World Junior Championship, and has won a bronze, silver and gold medals with the Swedes at the World Championship.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Västerås HK {#västerås_hk}
Backlund began his junior hockey career with the VIK Västerås HK organization in the J20 SuperElit, Sweden\'s premier junior league. His impressive two-way play earned him the opportunity to play for Västerås\' senior team in the second-tier HockeyAllsvenskan as a 16-year-old. In his debut on 2 November 2005, during an away game against Växjö Lakers, Backlund scored a goal in the first period of a 4--0 win and was selected as the player of the game for his team. He tallied four points in his 12 games in HockeyAllsvenskan during the 2005--06 season. That same season, Backlund was dominant in the 2006 TV-pucken, a national under-17 tournament in Sweden played among districts. Leading the tournament in goal- and point-scoring, he was selected as the most valuable player and given the Sven Tumba Award as best forward in the tournament.
Backlund played another two seasons for Västerås HK, splitting time in the J20 SuperElit and HockeyAllsvenskan. During this time, he was selected in the first round, 24th overall, by the Calgary Flames in the 2007 NHL entry draft. Scouts had ranked him second amongst European skaters. Following the 2007--08 season, Backlund signed an entry-level contract with the Flames. He impressed during the rookie camp but was not as successful during the main training camp, and started the 2008--09 season playing on loan for Västerås back in HockeyAllsvenskan. After his success in the 2009 World Junior Championships, he returned to Calgary and made his NHL debut on 8 January 2009, in a 5--2 win against the New York Islanders. Soon thereafter, the Flames assigned him to the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL) for the remainder of the 2008--09 season. Competing for the Rockets in the 2009 WHL playoffs, Backlund tied teammate Jamie Benn for the League lead with 13 goals in 19 games as Kelowna defeated the Calgary Hitmen in the final to win the Ed Chynoweth Cup.
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# Mikael Backlund
## Playing career {#playing_career}
### Calgary Flames {#calgary_flames}
Backlund began the 2009--10 season with the Flames\' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Abbotsford Heat. On 26 January 2010, he was called up to play on the NHL squad, and scored his first NHL goal on 28 January against the Phoenix Coyotes. He split the season between the AHL and NHL, scoring 32 points in 54 games in Abbotsford, and ten points in 23 games with Calgary. Though he spent most of the 2010--11 season in Calgary, Backlund struggled offensively early, and after scoring just eight points in his first 32 games, was sat out of six consecutive games as a healthy scratch before being sent to Abbotsford on a brief conditioning stint. He appeared in 73 games for the Flames, scoring ten goals and 25 points.
Injuries plagued Backlund throughout 2011--12. He was expected to centre the Flames\' top line between Jarome Iginla and Alex Tanguay, but suffered a broken finger in training camp that twice required surgery to repair and caused him to miss the first six weeks of the season. He then suffered a shoulder injury in a mid-February game while attempting to confront a Vancouver Canucks player he felt had injured a teammate. The injury ended his season, and in 41 games, he scored only 11 points.
Following the season, the Flames re-signed Backlund to a new contract for the 2012--13 season, a one-year deal worth US\$725,000. However, with the season\'s start delayed by a labour dispute, Backlund returned to Sweden for the balance of the lockout. He re-joined Västerås and appeared in 23 games for the team, scoring 12 goals and 30 points before returning to North America after a new deal between the NHL and its players was reached. His performance with Västerås provided a confidence boost for Backlund, who said that he wanted to return to Calgary and \"show everybody I can play way better.\" Backlund enjoyed a solid NHL season upon coming back to Calgary, missing 16 games but still managing to post one point every two games on average for the first time in his career. His eight goals and sixteen points were eighth and tenth on a rebuilding Flames team which badly missed the playoffs.
In July 2013, the Flames signed Backlund to a two-year, \$3 million contract extension. That season, he recorded the best totals of his career in every offensive category, finishing third on the Flames in goals (18) and fourth in points (39). While the team around him regressed to the worst finish in team history, Backlund asserted himself as one of its top offensive threats.
In 2014--15, Backlund faltered slightly, suffering through injuries and trade rumours; however, the Flames surprisingly skyrocketed up the standings en route to their first playoff berth in six years. Backlund\'s 10 goals and 27 points were just 11th and 12th on the Flames, but he only played 52 games in the regular season. He continued struggling into the playoffs, only recording 1 goal and 1 assist in 11 games played. However, the one goal Backlund scored was an important one, as it came in overtime of Game 3 of the Flames\' second-round series against the Anaheim Ducks to give Calgary their first win past the first round in 13 years.
On 20 June 2015, Backlund signed a three-year, \$10.725 million contract extension with Calgary. Put on a line with free-agent acquisition Michael Frolík, Backlund enjoyed his most productive year yet in 2015--16, passing the 20-goal and 40-point plateaus for the first time in his career. His final totals were 21 goals and 26 assists for 47 points. While contributing significantly in the offensive zone, Backlund also established himself as a defensive catalyst, forming a tag-team on the penalty kill with Frolík; together, the two of them combined for five short-handed goals in the season. Backlund finished first on the team in the plus/minus column, sporting a +10.
Backlund kept improving in 2016--17, turning into one of the NHL\'s premier two-way players. At the discretion of new head coach Glen Gulutzan, rookie Matthew Tkachuk was slotted in on the left side of Backlund and Frolík, forming a line dubbed by fans and media as the \"3M Line\". Matthew, Mikael and Michael formed one of the most potent lines in the NHL in 2016--17, combining for 145 points, the most of any Flames line. Contributing the most offense to that line was Backlund, who once again eclipsed his career-highs by posting 22 goals and 53 points, good for second and third on the Flames. He also played well past the regular season, posting a goal and two assists in four playoff games. However, it was Backlund\'s defensive work that began to receive recognition around the NHL in 2016--17, as he finished fourth in voting for the Frank J. Selke Trophy, awarded each year to the NHL\'s best defensive forward.
On 16 February 2018, Backlund signed a six-year contract extension with the Flames.
On 27 September 2023, Backlund signed a two-year contract extension with the Flames, and was named the 21st captain in franchise history.
## International play {#international_play}
Backlund played for Sweden at the 2006 World U18 Championships, scoring one goal in three games. In 2007, he led Sweden to a U18 bronze medal when he scored a natural hat-trick in an 8--3 win over Canada in the bronze medal game. He led the tournament in goal-scoring with six goals in six games.
Backlund was a member of the Swedish junior team that won back-to-back silver medals in the 2008 and 2009 World Junior Championships, losing to Canada in both instances. He scored the game-winning goal in overtime in the 2008 semi-final against Russia. The next year, he recorded a two-goal game in the semi-final against Slovakia.
After being eliminated in the second round of the AHL playoffs in 2010, Backlund was invited to play for Sweden\'s men\'s team at the World Championships, accepting the offer.
Despite being left off the initial roster, Backlund was invited to the 2016 World Cup of Hockey as a replacement for injured Henrik Zetterberg on 1 September. Backlund is the captain of the Swedish team, and helped to win the gold at the World Championships in 2018.
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# Mikael Backlund
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Backlund is charitably active in both Calgary and Sweden. In Calgary, he is a spokesman for both the Special Olympics and the Kid\'s Cancer Care Foundation. Since 2013, he has donated \$150 to the latter charity for each NHL point he records. He has also listed the ALS Society of Alberta has his charity of choice, and in partnership with KPMG, donates \$200 for every point he earns. In Sweden, Backlund participated in the Ride for Hope bicycle race and raised \$27,000 for charity. The Flames recognized his charitable efforts by naming him the 2014 recipient of the Ralph T. Scurfield Humanitarian Award.
Backlund married his fiancée Frida Engström in Sweden on 11 August 2018. Together, the couple have a daughter and a son. He is the nephew of former professional footballer Gary Sundgren and the cousin of professional footballer Daniel Sundgren.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ----------------- ----------- ------- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
2004--05 Västerås HK J18 Allsv 14 5
2005--06 Västerås HK J20 25 15
2005--06 Västerås HK Allsv 12 2
2006--07 Västerås HK J18 Allsv 2 2
2006--07 Västerås HK J20 7 5
2006--07 Västerås HK Allsv 18 1
2007--08 Västerås HK J20 9 7
2007--08 Västerås HK Allsv 37 9
2008--09 Västerås HK J20 2 3
2008--09 Västerås HK Allsv 17 4
2008--09 Calgary Flames NHL 1 0
2008--09 Kelowna Rockets WHL 28 12
2009--10 Abbotsford Heat AHL 54 15
2009--10 Calgary Flames NHL 23 1
2010--11 Calgary Flames NHL 73 10
2010--11 Abbotsford Heat AHL 1 0
2011--12 Calgary Flames NHL 41 4
2012--13 Västerås HK Allsv 23 12
2012--13 Calgary Flames NHL 32 8
2013--14 Calgary Flames NHL 76 18
2014--15 Calgary Flames NHL 52 10
2015--16 Calgary Flames NHL 82 21
2016--17 Calgary Flames NHL 81 22
2017--18 Calgary Flames NHL 82 14
2018--19 Calgary Flames NHL 77 21
2019--20 Calgary Flames NHL 70 16
2020--21 Calgary Flames NHL 54 9
2021--22 Calgary Flames NHL 82 12
2022--23 Calgary Flames NHL 82 19
2023--24 Calgary Flames NHL 82 15
2024--25 Calgary Flames NHL 76 15
NHL totals 1,066 215
### International
Year Team Event Result GP G A Pts PIM
--------------- -------- ------- -------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
2006 Sweden U18 6th 3 1 0 1 0
2007 Sweden U18 6 6 1 7 6
2008 Sweden WJC 6 3 4 7 10
2009 Sweden WJC 6 5 2 7 6
2010 Sweden WC 6 0 1 1 2
2011 Sweden WC 9 3 2 5 2
2014 Sweden WC 10 5 3 8 29
2016 Sweden WC 6th 8 3 1 4 4
2016 Sweden WCH SF 2 0 0 0 0
2018 Sweden WC 10 2 7 9 6
Junior totals 21 15 7 22 22
Senior totals 45 13 14 27 43
## Awards and honours {#awards_and_honours}
Award Year
--------------------------------------- ---------- --
TV-pucken
Most Valuable Player Award 2006
Sven Tumba Award 2006
NHL
King Clancy Memorial Trophy 2023
Calgary Flames
Ralph T
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# KBOI-FM
**KBOI-FM** (93.1 MHz) is a commercial radio station licensed to New Plymouth, Idaho, and broadcasting to the Boise metropolitan area. KBOI-FM and sister station KBOI 670 AM simulcast a news/talk format branded as \"News Talk KBOI\", under the ownership of Cumulus Media.
Studios and offices are on Bannock Street in Downtown Boise. KBOI-FM shares a tower with KBOI-TV in Robie Creek
## Programming
Weekdays begin with an news and information show, *Kasper and Chris* (Mike Kasper and Chris Walton). The KBOI morning newscaster is station news director Rick Worthington. KBOI\'s afternoon drive time slot is hosted Nate Shelman, who also serves as the station\'s program director. In middays and nights, the station features nationally syndicated conservative talk shows, including Mark Levin, Guy Benson, Vince Coglianese, Will Cain, *Red Eye Radio* and *America in the Morning*. Most hours begin with world and national news from ABC News Radio.
Weekends on KBOI-AM-FM include shows on money, real estate, home improvement, technology, law and gardening, as well as religious and paid brokered programming. Syndicated shows include *Bill Handel on the Law,* *Rich DeMuro on Tech*, *Fox Across America with Jimmy Failla*, *The Ben Ferguson Show* and *Sunday Nights with Bill Cunningham*. The stations broadcast NFL football as an affiliate of the Seattle Seahawks. `{{nowrap|radio network.<ref name=wwrnet>{{cite web|url=https://www.seahawks.com/game-day/broadcasting/radio/ |publisher=Seattle Seahawks |title=Seahawks Radio Network Affiliates|access-date=September 23, 2018}}</ref>}}`{=mediawiki}
## History
### Country (1982-1990) {#country_1982_1990}
The station signed on the air on `{{start date and age|1982|3|17}}`{=mediawiki}. KIZN was the FM counterpart to KTOX 730 AM (now silent). The two stations were owned by Constant Communications and they simulcast a talk radio format. The studios were on West Franklin Street.
The simulcast only lasted a few months until the studios for the FM station were ready. At that point, KIZN broke away from the simulcast and began airing a country music format. The call sign was pronounced \"Kissin\'\".
### Adult contemporary (1990--1991) {#adult_contemporary_19901991}
In April 1990,*Kissin\' 93* moved over to 92.3 FM on dial. It was the former frequency for CHR/Top 40 station (previously branded as *92 Kiss FM* under the previous call letters KIYS). The shift left Boise without a true Top 40/CHR radio station. Future competitor *KF95* (94.9 KFXD-FM) had no interest in playing music by rhythmic and hip-hop artists due to low population of African-Americans in the Treasure Valley at the time. In its place came KZMG *Magic 93* with an adult contemporary format.
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# KBOI-FM
## History
### Top 40 (1991--2011) {#top_40_19912011}
#### Magic 93.1 {#magic_93.1}
In 1991, the station became changed to a CHR/Top 40 format as *Magic 93.1*, targeting younger listeners in the Boise market. It went head to head with KF95. After a rough initial launch, the station eventually took down heritage rival KF95 to become the dominant AC/AAA station throughout the decade. The station made headlines when popular KFXD jock Evan \"The Hitman\" (Evan McIntyre) abruptly bailed on his shift and called in to Magic to announce that he was \"leaving the towers of Amity Road behind\".
Magic\'s popularity began a steady decline after 105.9 KCIX raided Magic\'s talent roster. That resulted in the loss of several personalities, including PD and morning show host Mike Kasper and co-host Kate McGwire. While KCIX\'s attempt to take over the Top-40 market fell short, the damage from losing the morning show proved costly. A laundry list of morning show experiments and frequent talent turnover did little to solve the problem.
When 103.3 KSAS-FM was launched in 2000, Magic 93.1 and KSAS-FM immediately began a head-to-head match-up, and the two stations see-sawed back and forth in the ratings. In the beginning, KSAS featured talent voicetracked from other markets, while KZMG adopted a live and local approach. However, when KSAS turned to more local stunts and events, KZMG got knocked down to third place as it turned to syndication.
#### 93-1 Hit Music Now {#hit_music_now}
On October 5, 2009, KZMG dropped the heritage \"Magic\" name and reverted to the slogan \"93.1 Hit Music Now\". But it still kept its existing Top 40/CHR format. The logo and branding was similar to CBS Radio\'s KAMP-FM (from Los Angeles), WNOW-FM (from New York City), WVMV (from Detroit) and Beasley Broadcasting\'s KFRH (from Las Vegas). The new imaging also featured shorter DJ interruptions and a playlist adjustment to better compete with KSAS.
Despite the change, the rise of another rival, 101.1 KWYD, changed the dynamics of the Boise Top-40 wars. It became evident that Boise could not support three Top-40 stations. This, along with corresponding advances in digital music storage technology such as iPods and the Internet, essentially doomed KZMG, and talk of a format flip soon intensified.
### Sports talk (2011--2021) {#sports_talk_20112021}
After an 18th-place finish in the ratings, the widely rumored change to sports radio was executed. At 3:00 pm on January 26, 2011, Citadel Broadcasting began simulcasting 1350 KTIK on 93.1, and imaged itself as \"93.1 The Ticket\". Longtime DJ Matt \"MJ\" Johnson announced a Super Bowl contest, and played \"Bye Bye Bye\" by NSync as the final song on 93.1 Hit Music Now. The new format debuted with \"Idaho Sports Talk\" with Jeff Caves and Mike Prater, who interviewed Johnson.
Minor league sports broadcasts such as the Boise Hawks and the Idaho Steelheads would not be heard on the FM frequency; instead it would broadcast either ESPN Radio or Westwood One programming. On February 2, 2011, the call letters changed to KTIK-FM. Citadel merged with Cumulus Media on September 16, 2011.
In late 2012, Cumulus Media announced that it would drop ESPN Radio from 47 of its stations nationwide. KTIK-AM-FM affiliated with the newly launched CBS Sports Radio. The move officially took effect on January 2, 2013.
### News/talk (2021--present) {#newstalk_2021present}
On November 26, 2021, Cumulus Media announced that the station would drop its simulcast with 1350 AM on January 3, 2022. A new translator, K237HA 95.3 in Nampa, would become the new FM home for KTIK\'s programming.
The 93.1 frequency then changed its call letters from KTIK-FM to KBOI-FM. The FM station began simulcasting news/talk-formatted KBOI (670 AM)
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# Henry of Marcy
**Henry of Marcy**, or Henry de Marsiac, (c. 1136 -- 1 January 1189) was a Cistercian abbot, first of Hautecombe in Savoy (1160--1177), and then of Clairvaux, from 1177 until 1179. He was created Cardinal Bishop of Albano by Pope Alexander III at the Third Lateran Council in 1179.
Henry was an important figure in the fight against the late-12th-century movements of Catharism and Waldensianism and was prominent at the Third Lateran Council. He supported the use of force to suppress heresy and a strong alliance between secular and ecclesiastic authority in the use of force.
## Early life {#early_life}
Henry, the son of noble but by no means royal parents, was named after his birthplace, *Castro Marsiaco*, or the Château de Marcy, near Cluny in Burgundy. He joined the Cistercian order in 1155 or 1156, becoming a monk at Clairvaux, under Abbot Robert, the second abbot of Clairvaux (August 1153 to April 1157). Four years after his profession as a monk, he was sent as the first abbot of the daughter house of Hautecombe in Savoy.
Following the murder of Abbot Gerard of Clairvaux by one of his own monks, Henry was elected seventh Abbot of Clairvaux in 1177. Shortly thereafter, in the same or the next year, having been ordered to preach the crusade, Abbot Henry was able to persuade the abbey\'s principal patron, Henry I, Count of Champagne, to take the crusader\'s cross, which he did around Christmas (1177?). He announced his achievement with great pleasure to Pope Alexander III, who had for many years been at odds with Count Henry.
In September 1177, Count Raymond V of Toulouse sent a letter to the Cistercian General Chapter, which was meeting at Citeux under the presidency of Abbot Alexander, for a mission to help him deal with the heresy of Catharism which was rampant in his domains and growing bolder. He remarks that he had already asked the king of France to take part in his action. He was wielding the temporal sword, since the spiritual sword had no effect. He asked for their advice and their prayers.
Dismayed at the advance of the Albigensian (Cathar) heresy in Aquitaine and Languedoc, King Henry II of England and King Louis VII of France decided to organize a mission to preach the true faith to the heretics. The leaders, who were expected to preach personally, were Cardinal Peter of S. Crisogono, the papal legate, the archbishop of Bourges, Archbishop Pons d\'Arsac of Narbonne, Bishop Reginald of Bath and Wells, Bishop Jean des Bellesmains of Poitiers, Abbot Henry of Clairvaux, and many other ecclesiastics. The two kings also appointed Raymond V of Toulouse, the vicount of Turenne, and Raymond of Castro Novo to assist the cardinal and his associates. In a decree condemning certain heretics, Cardinal Petrus, the papal legate, remarked that the noblemen had been sent to rescue the bishop of Albi who was being held in the territory of Vicount Roger of Béziers on his order. They were accompanied by Bishop Reginald fitz Jocelin of Bath and Wells and Abbot Henry of Marcy, whose mission, as assigned by the papal legate, was, according to Henry himself, to get Vicount Roger to release the bishop of Albi and eliminate heretical opinions in the entire territory. The party arrived at Castres, the residence of the vicount\'s family, and, when Roger refused to comply, they excommunicated him. The mission, however, did not succeed in liberating the bishop of Albi, controlling Vicount Roger, or converting the schismatics of Béziers or Castres.
After his return from Toulouse, Henry attended the general synod of the Cistercian Order, and then hastened to Clairvaux.
Abbot Henry presided over the transfer of the remains of Bernard of Clairvaux from his tomb to a newly constructed monument, erected at the orders of Henry.
In 1178, on the death of Bishop Bertrand, Henry was elected bishop of Toulouse, but he wrote to Pope Alexander, begging to be released from the honor. He remarked that he was looking forward to seeing the pope face to face at the coming general council. Peter of Celle also wrote the pope a letter, stating more forthrightly the reasons why Henry wished to decline the bishopric.
Through the influence of Abbot Henry, King Henry II of England presented the abbey of Clairvaux with a new lead roof for the abbey church.
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# Henry of Marcy
## Cardinal and papal legate {#cardinal_and_papal_legate}
Abbot Henry attended Pope Alexander\'s Third Lateran Council, whose first session took place in the Lateran Basilica on 5 March 1179. On 11 March, Henry was appointed Bishop of Albano. He was consecrated a bishop by Alexander III personally on the Sunday after Easter, 6 May 1179, in the church of S. Maria called Narcissae. His earliest subscription as a cardinal to a papal document, a privilege granted to the canons of the cathedral of Concordia, came on 4 May 1179. His latest subscription for Pope Alexander took place on 8 December 1179. From 1180 to the Fall of 1182, he was in France, serving as papal legate against the Albigensian heretics.
In 1180, the legate Cardinal Henry of Marcy presided over a synod held at Limoges, dealing with a conflict between two churches in the diocese of Bordeaux, which had persisted through much of the 12th century. He held another synod at Nôtre Dame de Puy on 15 September 1181. Since Pope Alexander died in Rome on 30 August 1181, Cardinal Henry did not attend the election of his successor, Pope Lucius III (Ubaldo Allucingoli), on 1 September 1181.
In 1181, the legate Henry, in association with Jean de Montlaur, the bishop of Maguelonne (later Montpellier), and Bernard, the bishop of Béziers (Biterrensis), deposed Pons d\'Arsac, the bishop of Narbonne, as well as three archdeacons and the sacristan of the cathedral chapter. The reasons for the deposition are unknown. The action was appealed to Rome, but, on 16 May 1183, Pope Lucius affirmed the decision of the bishops, evidently considering their reasons sufficient, and ordered the cathedral chapter of Narbonne to obey Henry\'s injunctions.
At Bazas, he held a synod on 24 November 1181. He held a synod at Limoges on 28 February 1182. He was in Poitiers on 1 April 1182, where he signed a document.
On 19 May 1182, Cardinal Henry, the Papal legate, was in Paris, and, with Bishop Maurice de Sully, consecrated the high altar of the newly completed choir of Notre-Dame de Paris.
He was back in Italy by 23 November 1182, when he began subscribing documents for Pope Lucius at Velletri, where the papal court was living in exile from Rome.
### Suppression of the Cathars {#suppression_of_the_cathars}
In September 1177, Raymond V of Toulouse made a request to the Cistercian General Chapter for a legatine mission to help him deal with the heresy of Catharism which was rampant in his domains. On 13 September 1177, the Cistercian General Chapter decided to send Henry to Languedoc at the head of a papal legation which included Peter of Pavia, Cardinal Priest of S. Crisogono; Jean des Bellesmains, Bishop of Poitiers; Pons d\'Arsac, Archbishop of Narbonne; and Gerard, Archbishop of Bourges. Roger of Howden may have accompanied him, as he is the source for the only account of the mission and he includes Henry\'s letter summarising their accomplishments. On the other hand, he also relied heavily on the letters between Henry and Pietro di San Chrysogono.
Henry encountered Peter Waldo in 1180, extracting from him a profession of orthodox Catholic faith.
Henry returned to the Languedoc in 1181 and led a military attack on Roger\'s town of Lavaur, which Roger\'s wife Adelaide immediately surrendered to him without giving a fight. Henry then went on to depose Pons d\'Arsac from his see for being \"useless and reprehensible.\" The 1181 expedition received mention in Gaufred de Vigeois and the *Chronicon Clarevallensis* besides Roger of Howden\'s *Chronicon*.
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# Henry of Marcy
## Preaching the crusade {#preaching_the_crusade}
Towards the end of his life, Cardinal Henry sought the papal crown. In October 1187, when the papal court had reached Ferrara, he became a candidate to succeed Pope Urban III. He had two competitors in the election, Paolo Scolari and Alberto di Morra. In a dramatic speech, Henry withdrew from the competition, announcing that he wanted to preach the crusade, and Alberto di Morra was elected.
He subscribed for the new pope, Gregory VIII, from 31 October 1187 to 13 November 1187. At that point he was appointed papal legate to France, to attempt to arrange a peace between Philip II and Henry II. He travelled to Flanders, to Count Philip, so as not to favor either king with private conversations. He preached the Third Crusade, and was in Liège in March 1188.
He did a great deal to mediate between the leaders of the Crusade before his death at Arras, bringing Henry II of England and Philip II of France to reconcile, as well as healing the rift between the Emperor Frederick I and Philip I, Archbishop of Cologne. It was at the *Tag Gottes* (\"God\'s Day\") held in Mainz on 27 March 1188 that he induced Frederick to join the Crusade. His letter to the notables of the German kingdom about the event is preserved.
He died in Flanders in July, and was buried at Arras. The Cistercians celebrate his day on 14 July. The \"Chronicon Clarevallense\", however, states that he died on 1 January. He is considered beatified.
Among his surviving works, his letters (*Epistolae*) and his *De peregrinante civitate Dei* are published in the *Patrologia Latina*. They are individually analyzed and commented upon in the *Histoire litteraire de la France* Volume XIV
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# The New York Researcher
***The New York Researcher*** is a quarterly newsletter published by The New York Genealogical and Biographical Society (NYGBS). Since 1990, it has been mailed to all NYGBS members and also to libraries that subscribe to *The New York Genealogical and Biographical Record*. The *Researcher* carries reports on the Society\'s activities and news of other current events relevant to genealogy in New York State. Previous to the Winter 2004 issue, the newsletter was titled *The NYG&B Newsletter*.
The Genealogical Exchange is the queries section of the *Researcher*. Each member of the Society may have their queries published in this section; up to 50 words per issue free, and 51 to 100 words for \$5, with a limit of 100 words per issue. Non-members may also have their queries published for a fee of \$5 for 50 words or \$10 for 100 words. All queries are also posted to the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society\'s [official website](http://newyorkfamilyhistory.org/modules.php?name=Reviews).
The feature articles of the *Researcher* have made it a particularly useful research tool for New York genealogists. These articles cover topics such as descriptions of sources for New York genealogy, such as probate records, church records, census records, descriptions of holdings of other New York State libraries and record repositories, \"How to\" articles on New York genealogical research, both statewide and for particular counties or cities, religious or ethnic groups, or time periods, lists of accounts of New York families \"hidden\" in multi-family works, manuscript collections, and periodicals, articles on New York families published in other periodicals, past and present.
The *Researcher* is edited by Lauren Maehrlein, NYGBS Director of Education. Back issues are available, along with an every-name index to volumes 1-6 (1990-1995), through the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society
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# Thalassiodracon
***Thalassiodracon*** (tha-LAS-ee-o-DRAY-kon) is an extinct genus of plesiosauroid from the Pliosauridae that was alive during the Late Triassic-Early Jurassic (Rhaetian-Hettangian) and is known exclusively from the Lower Lias of England. The type and only species, is *Thalassiodracon* (*Plesiosaurus*) *hawkinsii* (Owen, 1838).
## Discovery and naming {#discovery_and_naming}
thumb\|left\|Sculpture in Crystal Palace Park *Thalassiodracon hawkinsii* is known from a number of complete skeletons (lectotype: NHMUK PV OR 2018) acquired by the fossil collector Thomas Hawkins in Somerset, England during the early 1830s, before 1834. Hawkins, an eccentric Pre-Adamite who had his fossils heavily restored and illustrated by distinguished artists in expensive editions to propagate his ideas, named these *Plesiosaurus triotarsostinus* in 1834 and *Hezatarostinus* in 1840 but these names are generally disregarded. In *Memoirs of Icthyosaurii and Plesiosaurii* (1835) and *The Book of the Great Sea Dragons* (1840), Hawkins published his own illustrations after reconstructing the fossils he had obtained. Some of Hawkins original notes are being stored at the Natural History Museum in London. It was named as *Plesiosaurus Hawkinsii* in 1838 by Richard Owen and it was made the type species of the genus *Thalassiodracon* in 1996 by Storrs & Taylor.
The original fossil, designated as NHMUK PV OR 2018 was bought by Hawkins in the 1830s, and is currently on display at the Natural History Museum in London, England. A cast of the holotype fossil was created in 1862 by Henry Augustus Ward. This replica was catalogued as LDUCZ-X227 by Ray Lankester and is also located in London, at the Grant Museum of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy. Another cast of *Thalassiodracon hawkinsi* is being displayed at the Geological Museum of Trinity College in Dublin, Ireland. Three fossils found in Somerset, England originally identified as *Thalassiodracon* were redescribed as another small plesiosaur, *Stratesaurus taylori*. According to the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, there is a total of 31 fossil occurrences of *Thalassiodracon hawkinsii,* all located in the United Kingdom.
The genus name *Thalassiodracon* means \"sea dragon\", while the specific name *hawkinsii* honours Hawkins.
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