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# British Eagle (bicycle company)
**British Eagle** was a cycle manufacturer, initially based in Mochdre near Newtown, Powys, that previously closed in the mid-1990s. At some point it received financial support from the Development Board for Rural Wales. UK Companies house shows British Eagle Cycles Limited was dissolved on 5 July 1994. A similarly named \"British Eagle Cycle Company Limited\" was registered in Peterborough on 11 July 1989 and dissolved on 29 June 2004. It seems to have been associated with Falcon Cycles and Coventry Eagle. Recently in 2020 \"British Eagle\" registered with Brothers Bike Co INDIA.
Professional cyclist Barry Hoban was the company\'s marketing manager.
A touring frame, named Touristique, made from 531ST Reynolds steel with Shimano 500LX groupset including Biopace chainring appears the most remembered model.
The company may have also produced competition frames, the Campionissimo and Primavera.
The 1989 catalogue lists seven mountain-bikes: Volcanic, Fireball, Shadow, Summit, Inferno, Fuego, Capri; one tourer, the Touristique, and a road bike, Competition.
The brand name has more recently appeared on bikes sold by supermarkets. ASDA were criticised by cycling and mainstream press for displaying the bike set up with the front forks reversed.
The brand is now owned by MV Sports & Leisure, alongside a range of largely children-oriented branded sports toys. MV Sports is a subsidiary of Tandem Group, which also owns Dawes and Claud Butler under other subsidiaries
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# Kämpfelbach
**Kämpfelbach** is a municipality in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, 7 km away from the town of Pforzheim.
## Geography
The municipality of Kämpfelbach is located in the transition area between the Kraichgau and the northern Black Forest. This area also forms the transition area between \"Buntsandstein\" (colored sandstone) and limestone. The municipality is named after the stream \"Kämpfelbach\". It rises in Ispringen and ends with a total length of twelve miles in the Pfinz at Remchingen. His catchment area is 88 km^2^.
### Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
The Neighboring Communities of Kämpfelbach are Ispringen, Eisingen, Königsbach-Stein, Remchingen, Keltern and Pforzheim.
### Administrative structures {#administrative_structures}
The municipality of Kämpfelbach consists of the two villages Ersingen and Bilfingen.
## History
Grave mounds from the Hallstatt period can be found in the areas Rainwald, Ernstenfeld, Kühlloch and Bernel. These have been dated to 900-500 BC. Bilfingen was first mentioned in 1193, Ersingen in 1197. This was done in papal bulls whereby pope Celestine III. confirmed the possessions of the monastery of Frauenalb in Ersingen and Bilfingen. The names of the villages Ersingen and Bilfingen are of Alemannic origin. Around 260 AD, the Allamanni inhabited this area. They normally gave their settlements the name of their clan elders with the additional sylabble -ingen. Bilfingen is probably named after a Binolf and Ersingen after Ergeso.
### Common history of the villages Ersingen and Bilfingen {#common_history_of_the_villages_ersingen_and_bilfingen}
The two villages have more in common than one might suspect at first. The villages Ersingen and Bilfingen formed already in the Middle Ages a market cooperative and had a common administration. They differed from the surrounding villages not only in therms of Religion but had also different sovereigns.
### Black death {#black_death}
In 1357 232 inhabitants of Ersingen and Bilfingen died from the black death. The survivors took a vow and celebrate the \"Gelübdetag\" (day of vow) on an annual basis on 7 September. In 2007 the parishes celebrated the 650th \"Gelübdetag\".
### Religion
The history of the villages is closely connected with the monastery of Frauenalb. In 1248 the monastery of Frauenalb incorporates the church of Ersingen. Through further acquisitions starting from the year 1517, the monastery almost owned the whole district of Ersingen and Bilfingen. As the villages became the property of the monastery, the catholic faith was forced upon the communities. This changed in 1598 as the patronage of the monastery\'s possessions was passed on form the house of Baden-Baden to the house of Baden-Durlach. According to the principle *cuius regio, eius religio* the citizens had to convert to Calvinism. During this time, the monastery of Frauenalb was abolished. When the Margrave William of Baden-Baden in 1625 came into possession of the two villages, they became Catholic again. In 1631 the monastery of Frauenalb was rebuilt. From that year until secularisation in 1803, the two villages were again in possession of the monastery. The common history with the monastery of Frauenalb is the reason why the majority of the inhabitants of Kaempfelbach are catholic while all other surrounding villages are Protestant in majority.
### Foundation of the municipality of Kämpfelbach {#foundation_of_the_municipality_of_kämpfelbach}
During the merger of municipalities in Baden-Württemberg in the 1970s the citizens remembered their common history. On 1 July 1974 the independent villages Ersingen and Bilfingen merged to the municipality of Kämpfelbach.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 5,753 |
| 2001 6,164 |
| 2011 6,350 |
| 2021 6,356 |
+------------------------+
| 582 |
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| 0 |
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# Kämpfelbach
## Politics
### Municipal Council {#municipal_council}
The Municipal Council of Kämpfelbach consists of 18 councilors.
### Mayor
Udo Kleiner was elected as the mayor of Kämpfelbach on 23 October 2006.
### Coat of Arms {#coat_of_arms}
The Coat of Arms of the municipality of Kämpfelbach is in use since 1976. It shows an inclined bar in red color on a golden shield. Two lilies are shown on the red bar.
## Culture and places of interest {#culture_and_places_of_interest}
### Theatre
The association \"Mäddich-Bühne\" is performing plays in the regional idiom. The plays are written by the amateur artists themselves.
### Museum
The Association \"Heimatpflege und Kultur Kämpfelbach\" (preservation of tradition and culture in Kämpfelbach) renovated the attic of the old school building in Ersingen. The building has historical value since it was used as a storage for goods which had to be paid to the monastery of Frauenalb since 1500. Since October 2005 this place is used as a museum to show the history of the village and the region.
### Places of interest {#places_of_interest}
- The Mount of Olives sculptures in Ersingen represents the biblical passage in which Jesus prayed with his disciples on the eve of his crucifixion in the Garden of Gethsemane. The group picture was first mentioned in 1664. According to the style, this group of sculptures was created in the late Gothic period in 1500, the artist is unknown.
- \"Johanneskirche\" (St. John\'s Church) in Bilfingen
- Grave mounds from the Hallstatt period
- War Memorial Chapel at the end of Kirchgrundstr. in Bilfingen (built in 1936 by Roman August Burkhardt, a businessman from Durlach, \"in memory and blessing of my hometown Bilfingen\")
- Hiking trails in the municipality of Kämpfelbach, marked by the \"Hügelland\" hiking club.
### Scheibenschlagen (Traditional Disk Hitting) {#scheibenschlagen_traditional_disk_hitting}
Scheibenschlagen is an ancient Celtic tradition which takes place on Carnival Sunday and Carnical Monday in Ersingen. Hereby wooden disks (10 x 10 cm) are placed on hazelnut sticks and lightened in the fire. The disks are shot down the valley with the assistance of a launch ramp. Ersingen is the most northern village which performs that Alemannic custom. The ritual of \"Scheibenschlagen\" was first documented in 1090 as part of the Lorsch monastery burned down by a fire caused by the custom. The area name \"Scheibenplatz\" (Disk place) testifies the long tradition of traditional disk hitting in Ersingen since it was first mentioned in 1532 as \"schyblechten bletz\". The custom is Celtic by origin and is an ancient celebration of the Solstice. The glowing disc symbolizes the sun which was worshipped in the Celtic culture. The Inhabitants worshipped the sun due to increasing temperature and daylight periods in spring.
Before the hitting of the disk, the disk hitter receites the following verses in regional dialect „Scheibehut, Scheibehut, üwer Ägger und Rain, wem soll die Scheibe sei? Gaiht se links, gaiht se rechts, gaiht se meim Vadder ewe recht.\"
Interpretation: The term \"Scheibe\" (Disk) stands for the sun and the term \"hut\" (hat) for protection, thereby protection by the sun. The disk shall be dedicated to an individual (in this case the father, but it can also be the mother or the girlfriend). The disk which is flying above the valley should protect the dedicated individual.
After World War II, the \"Scheibenschlagen\" was temporarily banned. The Nazi regime abused that ancient tradition to celebrate Germanic Culture. During this time, the Disk hitting was organized by their youth wing Hitlerjugend. The Ersinger Carneval association reintroduced the tradition in 1956.
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Traffic
The Landesstraße 570 is built through Kämpfelbach. The Bundesstraße10 passes south of the municipality and connects to the Autobahn8. Kämpfelbach is connected to the railway line Karlsruhe - Stuttgart with stations in Ersingen and Bilfingen.
### Public institutions {#public_institutions}
- \"Kirchbergschule\" in Ersingen (Primary and Secondary School)
- Catholic Kindergarten St. Michael in Ersingen
- Gymnastic and celebration hall in Ersingen
- Public indoor swimming pool in Ersingen
- Primary School in Bilfingen
- Catholic Kindergarten in Bilfingen
- Libraries in Ersingen and Bilfingen
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# Kämpfelbach
## Personalities
- Balthasar Vielsack, also called „Schimmelisbalz\" was a citizen of Ersingen. After the fire of Moscow (1812) during the disastrous withdrawal of the troops of Napoleon, he hide the flag of Baden underneath his cloth and saved its honour.
### Honorary Citizens {#honorary_citizens}
- Johann Alexander Frey (23 November 1876 -- 24 February 1960) was mayor of Ersingen from 1919 to 1937. His period of service was dominated by the difficult years after WW1. He was forced to retire by the Nazis in 1937.
- Gustav Adolf Reiling (2 February 1899 -- 7 March 1973) was the author of the chronicle *Geschichte der ehemals frauenalbschen Dörfer Ersingen und Bilfingen*. He researched the History of the Surname Reiling back until the 16th century.
- H. H. Pfarrer Bernhard Geier (12 August 1911 -- 18 December 1981) was a catholic priest in Ersingen from 1950 until his death in 1981.
- Ernst Korb (7 December 1941) was mayor of Bilfingen at first and then from 1974 to 1998 the mayor of Kämpfelbach.
- H.H. Pfarrer Alois Weber (30 June 1928 -- 20 January 2009) was for more than 20 years the catholic priest of the parish Christ-König in Ersingen.
## Literature
- Rudolf Vögele: 1997 *Ersingen, unsere Heimat -- Ein Teil seiner Geschichte.* Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar, `{{ISBN|3-89570-292-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- Michael Mutschelknauß: *Bilfingen -- in Worten, Bildern und Zahlen.* Geiger-Verlag, Horb am Neckar 1994, `{{ISBN|3-89264-896-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- Gustav Adolf Reiling: *Geschichte der ehemals frauenalbischen Dörfer Ersingen und Bilfingen
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# Keltern
**Keltern** is a municipality in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
The oldest documentary records for the constituent towns of Keltern are from 827 or 830 for Dietenhausen, 919 for Ellmendingen, sometime in the 11th century for Dietlingen, 1219 for Weiler, and around 1300 for Niebelsbach.
The towns of Dietenhausen, Dietlingen, Ellmendingen, and Weiler were for most of their history part of Baden. They were assigned to Pforzheim\'s jurisdiction in 1803 when the state became the Grand Duchy of Baden. When the districts were shuffled in 1809, the four towns were assigned to the second Pforzheim Oberamt, and again remained under Pforzheim when the district was recreated as Landkreis Pforzheim on 25 June 1938. Niebelsbach was ceded on 17 October 1806 to the Kingdom of Württemberg, under whom it was assigned to Oberamt Neuenbürg until 1 October 1938, when it was reassigned to Calw. Dietenhausen was incorporated into Ellemendingen on 1 July 1971.
On 30 March 1972, all five townships were joined to form the municipality of Keltern, which 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform the Enz district on 1 January 1973.
In 1989, 22 ha of the Ellmendinger Roggenschleh were designated a Federally-protected nature reserve.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Keltern covers an area of 29.83 km2 in the Enz district, within the state of Baden-Württemberg and Federal Republic of Germany. It is located where the Black Forest transitions into the Kraichgau to its north; most of the municipality lies in the Bauschlotter Plateau, whose muschelkalk forms the latter\'s southern hills, while the buntsandstein under Weiler, towards the west of the municipality, forms the northern edge of the Black Forest. Keltern\'s primary watercourse is the Pfinz river, whose eastern tributaries flow in a rift parallel to the Upper Rhine Plain. The lowest elevation in the municipality, 172 m normalnull (NN), is along the Pfinz at the border with Remchingen while the highest elevation, 353 m NN, is found in the east.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 8,130 |
| 2001 8,969 |
| 2011 9,086 |
| 2021 9,032 |
+------------------------+
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Keltern\'s coat of arms was approved by the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 11 July 1973 and generally recalls the viticulture practiced in the municipal area since the 15th century. It is divided into three portions by a black Göpel (heraldry) that makes up the roof of its lowermost image, a wine press rendered in black and gold. The left section is silver and contains a cluster of blue grapes and the right section is blue and contains a white goblet. The wine press represents those of Dietlingen and Ellmendingen.
## Sports
Keltern\'s Speiterlinghalle is home to the Rutronik Stars Keltern, 2018 and 2021 champion of the 1. Damen-Basketball-Bundesliga
| 472 |
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# Kieselbronn
**Kieselbronn** is a municipality in the Enz district, in Baden-Württemberg.
## History
Kieselbronn was sold in 1368 to Maulbronn Monastery, which itself became a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg in 1504. The town was assigned to Oberamt Maulbronn in 1806, following German mediatization, but was ceded to the Grand Duchy of Baden in 1810 in the Baden-Württemberg Border Treaty of 1810. Kieselbronn was assigned to the Pforzheim district in 1819 and remained as such when Baden was reorganized in 1864 and on 25 June 1939. On 1 January 1973, was assigned to Enz district.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Kieselbronn is located in the Enz district, within the state of Baden-Württemberg and Federal Republic of Germany. The municipal area covers 8.63 km2. It is situated in the Kraichgau region, whose geology is made up largely of muschelkalk partially overlaid with loess, and sits above the Lettenkeuper Formation. The primary source of water in the municipal area is the Schlupfgraben, a tributary of the Enz that flows through the municipality from north to east. The center of the town of Kieselbronn is the highest point in the municipality at 369 m. The lowest elevation is 261 m at the border with the municipality of Mühlacker.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Kieselbronn\'s coat of arms depicts a golden duck\'s foot upon a field of red. The duck foot is a municipal motif that dates back to 1704 and began appearing on local boundary stones and seals at the end of the 18th century. The Baden State Archives gave the coat of arms its red and gold coloring in 1907 to match the coat of arms for the Grand Duchy of Baden
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# Königsbach-Stein
**Königsbach-Stein** is a municipality in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is located on Bertha Benz Memorial Route.
## History
Until German mediatization, the town of Stein was ruled by both the Margraviate of Baden and the Barons of Saint-André. After meditization, it was assigned to the *Amt* of Königsbach on 24 July 1813. On 25 May 1821, Stein was assigned to Bezirksamt Bretten and Königsbach to Bezirksamt Durlach. Stein was reassigned again to the district of Pforzheim in 1920 and was joined on 1 April 1924 by Königsbach. The two towns remained with Pforzheim until, with the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, they were assigned to the new Enz district. Stein and Königsbach merged to form Königsbach-Stein on 1 July 1974. On 20 June 1989, 39 ha of the Steiner Mittelberg, a local mountain, became the Beim Steiner Mittelberg Federally-protected nature reserve (*Naturschutzgebiet*).
Karl-Möller-Straße in Königsbach-Stein is named after author Karl Leopold von Möller.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Königsbach-Stein covers an area of 33.72 km2 of the Enz district, within the state of Baden-Württemberg and the Federal Republic of Germany. Physically, it is located at the southern end of Kraichgau, a hilly region formed by layers of Lower Muschelkalk and Middle Muschelkalk of the Bauschlotter Plateau. The primary watercourse within the municipal area is the Kämpfelbach. The lowest elevation in the municipality, 161 m Normalnull (NN), is found where the Kämpfelbach flows into Remchingen. The highest elevation, 333 m NN, is found at the Langenwald campsite.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 8,700 |
| 2001 9,791 |
| 2011 9,729 |
| 2021 10,179 |
+------------------------+
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Königsbach-Stein\'s municipal coat of arms were awarded by government of the Enz district on 16 November 1992. It is divided into four sections by quartering. In the top left quarter is a bend in red on a golden field, followed by a bust of a king upon a silver field in the top right. The bottom left quarter, a pair of silver calipers measures a stone on a blue field, and the final quarter is made up by a blue wavy bar on a silver field
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# Mönsheim
**Mönsheim** is a municipality in the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Mönsheim became a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg in the 16th century. The town was assigned to the district of Leonberg, then its Oberamt Leonberg on 18 March 1806, and finally to Landkreis Leonberg on 1 October 1938. When the Enz district was created by the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, Mönsheim was reassigned to it.
About 70 km of the lower Grenzbach in Mönsheim was placed under Federal protection as a *Naturschutzgebiet* in 1967.
Binder FBM, a jewellery manufacturer, has been based in Mönsheim since 1910.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Mönsheim covers 16.78 km2 of the Enz district, within the state of Baden-Württemberg, in the Federal Republic of Germany. Mönsheim is physically located on the Heckengäu, at the southwestern edge of the Neckar basin. The Heckengäu\'s table-like, karstified and forested muschelkalk hills describe much of Mönsheim\'s geography. The Grenzbach, a tributary of the Enz, is the main watercourse and marks its lowest elevation above sea level, 314 m Normalnull (NN) at the border with Wiernsheim. The highest elevation, 509 m NN, is found at the top of the Geißelberg.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 2.457 |
| 2001 2,699 |
| 2011 2,640 |
| 2021 2,965 |
+------------------------+
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Mönsheim\'s municipal coat of arms shows a white, crenelated tower with a pointed roof on a green three-crested hill upon a field of red. This pattern was created in 1930 on the advice of the Central State Archive Stuttgart and was informed by the earliest town coat of arms, dated to 1598. The fortified tower, a motif that has represented Mönsheim since the 19th century, is a reference to a nearby keep given to the town in the 15th century by Duke Eberhard I
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# Neuhausen (Enz)
**Neuhausen** is a municipality in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## Geography
Neuhausen is on the plateau between Nagold and Würm, also named *Biet* (from German *Gebiet* -- *area*), between 430 and 570 metres sea level.
### Geology
The municipality is mainly built on red sandstone. A part is built on lower and middle muschelkalk.
### Municipal area expansion {#municipal_area_expansion}
Neuhausen and its parts extend on an area of 2976 ha, thereof are 1647, so 55%, forest.
### Neighbour municipalities {#neighbour_municipalities}
Neighbour municipalities are: Bad Liebenzell, Pforzheim, Tiefenbronn, Unterreichenbach and Weil der Stadt.
### Local subdivisions {#local_subdivisions}
The municipality of Neuhausen consists of the former municipalities Hamberg, Neuhausen, Schellbronn and Steinegg. These municipalities consisted only of the just called villages. To the former municipality belong the village Neuhausen as well as the villages \"Monbachtal, Jugenderholungsheim\" (youth convalescent), partially to Bad Liebenzell in the district Calw, \"Monbachtal, Kurhotel\" also partially to Bad Liebenzell, Bahnstation Neuhausen and St Wendel (former army barracks). In the area of the former municipality Hamberg is the department Jagschloss Taulbronnen, what was mentioned in 1568 first.
### Climate
In most descriptions of villages of the *Biet* exists the phrase it is a landscape with harsh climate. The height plot is a case too where the location of the village is important. Who lives on an increase will live in a harsher climate as whose village is in a hollow.
## History
The so-called *Biet*-villages to them belong Neuhausen and its districts too were probably created as forest homestead villages. The first documentary evidence followed later: 1073 Schellbronn, 1150 Neuhausen and 1157 Steinegg. Hamberg was mentioned documentary in 1453 the first time, but it is probably Hamberg to have been created in the 11th century on initiative of a Stein von Rechtenstein. They were succeeded the *Freiherren von Gemmingen* (barons of Gemmingen).
### War, plague and other disasters {#war_plague_and_other_disasters}
The municipality was not spared by plague, war and other disasters like the other municipalities in Baden. Towards the end of World War II the villages were attacked by RAF several times. Several people died, both civilians and soldiers.
### Religions
Because the Freiherren von Gemmingen lived Roman Catholic after the Reformation, built the Biet to what belongs Neuhausen a Catholic enclave in Protestant area.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 4.597 |
| 2001 5.440 |
| 2011 5.229 |
| 2021 5.217 |
+------------------------+
## Spatial development of the municipality area {#spatial_development_of_the_municipality_area}
On 1 March 1973, the municipalities Hamberg, Neuhausen and Steinegg were united as the municipality Neuhausen. On 1 January 1975, the today\'s community Neuhausen was built new through the union with municipality Schellbronn
| 452 |
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| 0 |
10,036,140 |
# Alvin Goldfarb
**Alvin \"Al\" Goldfarb** is an American academic administrator who served as the tenth president of Western Illinois University from 2002 to 2011. From 1977 to 2002, he was on the faculty of the department of theatre at Illinois State University in Normal, where he was also chairman of the theatre department, dean of fine arts from 1988 to 1998, and provost and vice president for academic affairs from 1998.
## Education
Goldfarb earned a Bachelor of Arts in Theatre Arts and Mass Communication from Queens College, City University of New York. He then earned a Master of Arts in Theatre and Cinema from Hunter College and a Ph.D. in theater history from the City College of New York.
## Career
In 2006, Goldfarb announced that he was being treated for prostate cancer and that a complete recovery was expected. At the July 2009 meeting of the WIU board of trustees, Goldfarb officially announced his intention to retire on June 30, 2011. It was announced that President Goldfarb would be succeeded as president of the university by Western\'s
provost and vice president for academic affairs, Jack Thomas, who succeeded him on July 1, 2011.
At Illinois State University, Goldfarb was involved in establishing an internship program with the Steppenwolf Theatre Company and constructing new center for the performing arts.
Goldfarb has researched and written extensively on the arts and on the Holocaust, of which his parents are survivors. He co-edited and contributed to the book *Holocaust and Performance*.
With Rebecca Rovit, he co-edited the book *Theatrical performance during the Holocaust: texts, documents, memoirs* (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999. `{{ISBN|0-8018-6167-5}}`{=mediawiki}).
### Textbooks
He has written three widely used university textbooks on theater jointly with Edwin Wilson, a former Broadway theatre critic for *The Wall Street Journal*.
- *Living Theatre : A History*,
- 2nd edition. New York : McGraw-Hill, c1994. `{{ISBN|0-07-070733-2}}`{=mediawiki} (alk. paper)
- 3rd edition `{{ISBN|0-07-038469-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Anthology of Living Theater*,
- 1st edition, Boston: McGraw-Hill, c1998. `{{ISBN|0-07-070774-X}}`{=mediawiki}
- 2nd edition. Boston: McGraw-Hill, c2001. `{{ISBN|0-07-231729-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- 3rd edition
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# George B. Fitch
**George Bradley Fitch** (February 7, 1948 -- December 30, 2014) was a Chinese-born American business consultant and Republican politician. He served four consecutive terms as the mayor of Warrenton, Virginia, for a total of 16 years, before retiring in June 2014. He ran in the 2005 Republican primary for the governorship of Virginia, a race which he lost to Jerry Kilgore. Having long had ties to Jamaica, Fitch was one of the co-founders of the Jamaican Bobsled Team for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary. Determined to achieve what most dismissed as impossible, Fitch\'s success inspired the Disney film *Cool Runnings*. In 2007 he proposed that his town generate all of its energy from methane released from a nearby landfill. In 2010 he authored the book *A Pathway To Local Energy Independence*.
Fitch was born of a missionary family in Canton, China, during the Chinese Revolution. His father had served with the OSS behind the lines during the Japanese invasion and with Chenault\'s Flying Tigers. His grandfather George Ashmore Fitch, who came to China in 1906 to follow his father as a missionary, was serving as the head of Nanjing YMCA when the Japanese invaded. He joined the Nanking Safety Zone Committee and acted as its administrative director during the Rape of Nanking, documenting atrocities and appealing to the Japanese embassy to restore order. He later wrote a book entitled *My Eighty Years in China*.
After leaving China, Fitch was raised in India and Singapore, where he graduated from the Singapore American School. He attended the University of Singapore (now the National University of Singapore) for two years, and then returned to the U.S. He graduated with a B.A. in economics from the College of Wooster, Ohio and earned an MBA in International Business from George Washington University. Fitch worked for many years as a Foreign and Commercial Service Officer with the U.S. Department of Commerce. During the Reagan Administration, he was The Commerce Department\'s chief implementation official for The Caribbean Basin Initiative, travelling to almost every Caribbean and Caribbean Rim nation, meeting with Finance and Trade officials, and, occasionally, heads of State. He spoke several languages.
Fitch died of cancer on December 30, 2014, at Inova Fairfax Hospital in Falls Church, Virginia. He was 66
| 380 |
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| 0 |
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# Juan Vicente Villacorta
**Juan Vicente Villacorta Díaz** (22 January 1764 -- 1 November 1828) was a Central American politician. From 10 July 1823 to 15 March 1824, he was a member of the triumvirates that governed the Federal Republic of Central America. From 13 December 1824 to 1 November 1826, he was head of state of El Salvador while it was a state of the Federal Republic of Central America.
Villacorta was a member of the assembly that met in San Salvador in 1821. He was among the signers of the declaration of independence of Central America and a member of the constituent congress of the United Provinces of Central America in 1823. He formed part of the Supreme Executive Power of the Federation (the First and Second Triumvirates) in 1823--24.
Villacorta became chief of state of El Salvador on 13 December 1824. Mariano Prado was vice chief of state. Villacorta sent 500 troops to help federal President General Manuel José Arce suppress a rebellion in Nicaragua. On 20 April 1825, he introduced the *papel sellado*, the use of seals on official documents such as contracts, judicial decrees, deeds, etc. A tax was charged for the seals. The same month, he denounced the writings of the Archbishop of Guatemala, Fray Ramón Casaus y Torres, who argued against the recognition of Padre José Matías Delgado as archbishop of San Salvador. As a result, Federal president Arce admonished Casaus, and he suspended his attacks on Delgado.
In 1826 Villacorta approved a decree of the Legislature giving preference for entry into the military academy to sons of individuals who had died in defense of the fatherland in the years 1811, 1814, 1822 and 1823. In October 1826 he sent 300 troops to Guatemala to aid federal President Manuel José Arce. During his administration, *El Semanario Político Mercantil* was published in El Salvador.
On 1 November 1828, Villacorta died in Guatemala
| 318 |
Juan Vicente Villacorta
| 0 |
10,036,161 |
# Sougb language
**Sougb**, or **Sogh**, is a Papuan language of the East Bird\'s Head language family spoken in the east of the Bird\'s Head Peninsula to the east of Meyah and to the south of Manokwari, including the area of Soug Jaya District, Teluk Wondama Regency. It consists of four dialects and is spoken by around 12,000 people in all. The language is alternatively known as **Mantion**, or **Manikion**, an originally derogatory term used by the Biak people.
## Distribution
Locations:
- Pegunungan Arfak Regency
- Anggi District
- Manokwari Regency
- Manokwari Barat District (in Ayambori village) and Warmare District
- Manokwari Selatan Regency
- Dataran Isim District: Tubes and Duhugesa villages
- Manokwari Selatan Regency (Bohon dialect)
- Tahota District: Seimeba village
- Teluk Bintuni Regency (Raw dialect)
- Manimeri District: Atibo, Pasamai, and Botai villages
- Bintuni District: Bintuni village
- Teluk Wondama Regency (Wepu dialect)
- Sougb Jaya District: Kaprus, Siresi, Yarmatum, Reyob, and Nuspairo villages
- Rumberpon District: Iseren and Watitindau villages
## Phonology
### Consonants
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
------------- ----------- -------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------------------------------- -------
plain lab.
Plosive voiceless (`{{IPA link|p}}`{=mediawiki}) (`{{IPA link|t}}`{=mediawiki})
voiced
Fricative
Nasal
Liquid \~ `{{IPA link|l}}`{=mediawiki}
Approximant (`{{IPA link|w}}`{=mediawiki}) (`{{IPA link|j}}`{=mediawiki})
- Stops /b, d/ are always voiced in word-initial and intervocalic positions, but are heard as voiceless \[p, t\] when in word-final positions.
- The lateral and trill sounds /l, r/ are only heard interchangeably, freely among speech.
- Glides \[j, w\] are heard as a result of /i, u/ within vowel sequences (such as /ei, ou, ai, au/).
- /ɡʷ/ is written as *gb*, and normally heard as `{{IPAblink|ɡʷ̚}}`{=mediawiki}. But it may also be heard as `{{IPAblink|ɡʷ}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{IPAblink|ɡ͡b|ɡ͡bʷ}}`{=mediawiki}, or `{{IPAblink|ɣ|ɣʷ}}`{=mediawiki} when in intervocalic positions.
- /n/ can be heard as a palatal `{{IPAblink|ɲ}}`{=mediawiki} when following /i/, and as a velar `{{IPAblink|ŋ}}`{=mediawiki} when preceding a velar stop.
- /h/ can be heard as `{{IPAblink|x}}`{=mediawiki} when in word-final position.
- /ɡ/ can also be heard as a voiced fricative `{{IPAblink|ɣ}}`{=mediawiki} in intervocalic positions.
### Vowels
Front Central Back
------ ------- --------- ------
High
Mid
Low
- /i/ can be heard as `{{IPAblink|ɪ}}`{=mediawiki} in unstressed syllables.
- /a/ can be heard as `{{IPAblink|ɐ}}`{=mediawiki} in closed syllables
| 366 |
Sougb language
| 0 |
10,036,163 |
# Neulingen
**Neulingen** is a municipality in the Enz district in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It was created on 1 January 1974 from the three independent villages of Bauschlott, Göbrichen, and Nußbaum. It is located on the Bertha Benz Memorial Route.
## History
Bauschlott and Göbrichen were long-time possessions of the Margraviate and later Grand Duchy of Baden, but Nußbaum belonged to first Herrenalb Abbey and then the Kingdom of Württemberg until being ceded to Baden by treaty on 17 October 1806. Upon annexation, Nußbaum joined the other two towns in the district of Stein. The three were reassigned on 25 May 1821 to the district of Pforzheim, which became Landkreis Pforzheim on 25 June 1939. On 1 January 1973, as part of the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, the Enz district was created and Bauschlott, Nußbaum, and Göbrichen were assigned to it. The next year, the three towns merged to form the municipality of Neulingen. The latter town changed its name to Neulingen, after a nearby village named neither Nidlingen or Neidlingen that had ceased to exist in the 14th century.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Neulingen covers 23.19 km2 of the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located entirely within the Kraichgau, specifically on the Bauschlotter Plateau, and so its geography is made up by the region\'s characteristic loess-coated, forested and karstified hills of muschelkalk. Elevation above sea level within the municipal area varies from a low of 232 m Normalnull (NN) to a high of 365 m NN.
### Nature reserves {#nature_reserves}
The Bauschlotter Schlosspark, Neulingen sinkholes, and Bauschlotter Au Federally-protected nature reserves are located within Neulingen\'s municipal area.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 5,116 |
| 2001 6,420 |
| 2011 6,559 |
| 2021 6,670 |
+------------------------+
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Neulingen\'s municipal coat of arms displays a field of red crossed by a diagonal gold bar, a reference to the House of Zähringen, who ruled the Margraviate and later Grand Duchy of Baden, though the tincture is inverted. The items on this pattern are references to the three towns that merged to form Neulingen. The two black diamonds inside the bar are from Nußbaum, while the golden \'G\' above it and the sester below it are from Göbrichen and Bauschlott respectively. The municipal coat of arms was approved by the Enz district office on 15 June 1984
| 411 |
Neulingen
| 0 |
10,036,194 |
# Ölbronn-Dürrn
**Ölbronn-Dürrn** is a municipality in the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Ölbronn was a property of Maulbronn Monastery until 1504, when it became a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg. Maulbronn\'s district, which Ölbronn was assigned to, was reorganized as Oberamt Maulbronn on 18 March 1806. When the Oberamt was dissolved on 1 October 1938, Ölbronn was reassigned to Landkreis Vaihingen.
Dürrn became a possession of the Margraviate of Baden in 1730 and was assigned to the Oberamt (Baden) of Pforzheim. The town remained in Pforzheim\'s jurisdiction through reorganizations in 1809, 1819, and on 1 October 1864, and again on 25 June 1939, when the district became Landkreis Pforzheim.
On 1 January 1973, as part of the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, Ölbronn and Dürrn were assigned to the newly created Enz district. The two townships merged into a single municipality, Ölbronn-Dürrn, on 1 July 1974.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Ölbronn-Dürrn covers 15.64 km2 of the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is physically located on the Stromberg, where its loess-covered keuper and muschelkalk hills meet the flat and dry Bauschlotter Plateau. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area varies from a low of 218 m Normalnull (NN) where the Salzach flows into Knittlingen, to a high of 369 m NN at the top of the Eichelberg.
The Alder, Metten and Gründelbach lowlands and Bauschlotter Au Federally-protected nature reserves are located in the municipal area.
On the municipal area of Ölbronn-Dürrn, there is a lake, which emits occasionally toxic gases. On December 20, 2020, these gases (mainly carbon monoxide) lead to the death of a man and a critical intoxication of his wife [1](https://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.lebloses-paar-bei-oelbronn-duerrn-gefunden-gase-aus-tuempel-fuehrten-womoeglich-zu-vergiftung-55-jaehriger-tot.dd5e72eb-b5ea-4bfb-9f52-29c0e3ddac76.html).
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Ölbronn-Dürrn\'s municipal coat of arms displays a black, four-spoked wheel and a red tower fort on a field of gold and above a green hill upon which is a golden acorn and oak leaf. The four-spoked wheel is from the coat of arms of Ölbronn, and has been a symbol associated with the town since 1895. The red tower has likewise been a symbol of Dürrn since the 19th century. The hill and oak leaf and acorn refer to the Eichelberg. The municipal pattern was approved by the Enz district office on 25 September 1985
| 387 |
Ölbronn-Dürrn
| 0 |
10,036,201 |
# Ötisheim
**Ötisheim**, known in local dialect as Aize, is a municipality in the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Ötisheim became a property of Maulbronn Monastery around 1177 and remained as such until it was finally and permanently dissolved in 1806. The district of Maulbronn was reorganized as Oberamt Maulbronn on 18 March 1806. Ötisheim remained under Maulbronn\'s jurisdiction until 1 October 1938, when it was reassigned to Landkreis Vaihingen. After World War II, it was able to grow substantially thanks its connection by rail. On 1 January 1973, as part of the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, Ötisheim was assigned to the newly created Enz district.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Ötisheim covers 14.26 km2 of the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, within the Federal Republic of Germany. Ötisheim is physically located where the flat and dry Bauschlotter Plateau, made up of keuper and layers of the Upper Muschelkalk, meets the Stromberg and its loess-coated muschelkalk and keuper hills. The primary watercourse is the Erlenbach, which flows south to southeast through the municipal area. The lowest elevation above sea level in the municipality, 226 m Normalnull (NN), is found where the Erlenbach forms the border with Mühlacker. The highest elevation, 322 m NN, is found at the top of the Sauberg.
The Alder, Metten and Gründelbach lowlands and Bauschlotter Au Federally-protected nature reserves are located in the municipal area.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Ötisheim\'s coat of arms displays a red crosier crossed by a green lizard upon a field of gold. The crosier is a reference to Maulbronn Monastery and the lizard, pronounced \"Aitsa\", is a reference to Ötisheim\'s name in the local dialect, Aize. This pattern and tincture date to 1514, and was approved on 28 September 1950. A variant of this pattern that was used until the 1930s, from a seal dated to 1529, shows just the lizard, placed onto a shield with a two-headed eagle
| 321 |
Ötisheim
| 0 |
10,036,205 |
# Sternenfels
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| 19 |
Sternenfels
| 0 |
10,036,209 |
# Tiefenbronn
**Tiefenbronn** is a municipality in the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
In 1806, Tiefenbronn became a possession of the Grand Duchy of Baden at the expense of the House of Gemmingen. It was first assigned to the district of Pforzheim in 1806 and remained in the larger city\'s jurisdiction until the Landkreis Pforzheim, created on 25 June 1939, was dissolved in 1972. On 1 January 1973, as part of 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, Tiefenbronn was assigned to the newly created Enz district.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Tiefenbronn covers 14.79 km2 of the Enzkreis, a district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on the edge of the Black Forest and the Upper Gäu. The buntsandstein of the Röt Formation, under the Black Forest, extends into the municipal area from the west as far east as the border with Heimsheim. North and south of the buntsandstein are the wooded and karstified hills of muschelkalk of the Heckengäu. The main watercourse is the Würm, a tributary of the Enz that flows through Tiefenbronn in several meanders. The lowest elevation above sea level, 325 m Normalnull (NN), is found where the Würm forms the border with Pforzheim. The highest elevation is 526 m NN, on the northern slope of the Büchelberg.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Tiefenbronn\'s coat of arms displays a golden well with the bucket drawn up on green ground upon a field of blue. The well\'s usage as a symbol of the town dates to 1721, but was not made official until 1966, when the municipal pattern and tincture were decided with the advice of the Karlsruhe General State Archives. This coat of arms was approved by the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 30 March 1966 again on 15 February 1979 by the Enz district office after the merging of Lehningen and Mühlhausen into Tiefenbronn in 1972
| 313 |
Tiefenbronn
| 0 |
10,036,211 |
# Wiernsheim
**Wiernsheim** is a municipality in the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Wiernsheim became a possession of Maulbronn Monastery in 1259 and was governed by the monastery\'s district office until 1806. When Maulbronn became a possession of the Duchy of Württemberg in 1504, Wiernsheim and the village of Iptingen also became part of the Duchy. The villages of Pinache and Serres were founded in 1699 by Waldensians fleeing persecution in Piedmont. On 18 March 1806, the administrative district of Maulbronn was reorganized into Oberamt Maulbronn, to which Wiernsheim and Iptingen were assigned. Iptingen was reassigned around 1842 to the jurisdiction of Vaihingen. It was joined on 1 October 1938 when the district of Maulbronn was dissolved and its constituents were assigned to the new Landkreis Vaihingen. On 1 January 1970, Wiernsheim incorporated Pinache. As part of 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, Wiernsheim, Iptingen, and Serres were assigned on 1 January 1973 to the newly created Enz district. The next year, Wiernsheim incorporated Iptingen and Serres.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Wiernsheim covers 24.62 km of the Enzkreis, a district of the state of Baden-Württemberg and the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located in the metropolitan areas of Karlsruhe and Pforzheim, along the southwestern edge of the Neckar basin. Wiernsheim is physically in the Heckengäu, a region characterized by wooded and karstified hills of muschelkalk. Elevation above sea level in municipal area ranges from a low of 274 m Normalnull (NN) on the Kreuzbach and a high of 464 m NN in the southwest.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Wiernsheims\' municipal coat of arms shows a golden crosier, wrapped in silver oak branches, upon a field of field framed on either side by five golden six-pointed stars. The crosier is a reference to Maulbronn, though the oak branches wrapped around it have no definite meaning. The stars were added around 1900 and are references to the Waldensian foundations at the villages of Pinache and Serres. The present pattern was devised in 1939 and its tincture in 1956. The Federal Ministry of the Interior approved both for official use by Wiernsheim on 12 December 1957
| 357 |
Wiernsheim
| 0 |
10,036,219 |
# Wimsheim
**Wimsheim** is a municipality in the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Wimsheim became a possession of Maulbronn Monastery in 1232. When the monastery was annexed by the Duchy of Württemberg, Wimsheim naturally became a possession of the Duke of Württemberg. The town continued to be governed from Maulbronn via an administrative district, made Oberamt Maulbronn on 18 March 1806, until the district\'s dissolution on 1 October 1938. As part of that reorganization, Wimsheim was assigned to Landkreis Leonberg. On 1 January 1973, this district too was dissolved by the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, and Wimsheim was again reassigned, this time to the newly created Enz district.
In 1941, 16 ha of land along Bundesautobahn 5 was made a protected landscape.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Wimsheim covers 8.06 km2 of the Enz district of Baden-Württemberg, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. Wimsheim is located in the metropolitan areas of Pforzheim and Karlsruhe and on the edge of the Black Forest, the Neckar basin, and the Heckengäu. The geology of the municipal area is made up of two distinct regions. The west is described by the Heckengäu\'s wooded and karstified muschelkalk hills, while the east is made up by Black Forest buntsandstein. Elevation above sea level in the municipality ranges from a low of 380 m Normalnull (NN) on the Grenzbach to a high of 296 m NN in the Brenntenhau.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Wimsheim\'s coat of arms shows a golden trammel hook above a six-pointed star upon a field of blue. The oldest coat of arms associated with Wimsheim comes from the 19th century and was used by the office of its sheriff. The tincture was decided around 1947
| 288 |
Wimsheim
| 0 |
10,036,224 |
# Wurmberg
**Wurmberg** is a municipality in the district of Enz in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
Wurmberg is located on the so-called Platte, a Karst mountain range in the northern Black Forest (Schwarzwald).
## Municipality
The municipality Wurmberg includes the districts Wurmberg and Neubärental. Wurmberg was a settlement of the Waldensians from Lucerne.
## History
Wurmberg was first mentioned in documents in 1221 as a chapel was built at that time. In the following period, the Maulbronn Monastery secured the rule of Wurmberg. The monastery of Wurmberg came into Württemberg in 1504 following the Bavarian-Palatine War of Succession. At the end of the 17th Century Waldensian Protestants forced to flee from Italy settled in Wurmberg. The establishment of the district of Neubärental in 1721 goes back to these religious refugees. An originating theologian of Bärenthal (Hohenzollern) who had converted with some families from Catholicism to Protestantism, had to leave his home in the southern German town of Bärenthal.
## Religion
In 1534, Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg enforced the Protestant Reformation in his Duchy of Württemberg. Waldensians immigrants had found refuge in Wurmberg-Lucerne. 40 people form Bärenthal in Hohenzollern had found refuge in Wurmberg-Neubärental.
### Population growth {#population_growth}
The population figures for the respective area of jurisdiction are estimates, census results (¹) or official updates of the State Statistical Office Baden-Württemberg (only primary residences ).
Year Population figures
---------------------- --------------------
1654 c\. 79
December 1, 1871¹ 1,126
December 1, 1880 ¹ 1,181
December 1, 1890 ¹ 1,258
December 1, 1900 ¹ 1,229
December 1, 1910 ¹ 1,213
June 16, 1925 ¹ 1,176
June 16, 1933 ¹ 1,193
May 17, 1939 ¹ 1,146
1946
September 13, 1950 ¹ 1,393
June 6, 1961 ¹ 1,571
May 27, 1970 ¹ 2,025
June 30, 1980 2,191
May 27, 1987 ¹ 2,241
December 31, 1990 2,519
December 31, 1995 2,620
December 31, 2000 2,826
December 31, 2005 2,904
December 31, 2010 3,014
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
The nearest railway station is Pforzheim main station, located about 10 km west of Wurmberg. Even closer to the breakpoint is Niefern on the route Pforzheim Mühlacker. Bus lines 739, 761, 763 and 769 of the Verkehrsverbund Pforzheim-Enzkreis connect Wurmberg with Pforzheim.
## Education
Wurmberg has its own primary school
| 372 |
Wurmberg
| 0 |
10,036,238 |
# Ieud
**Ieud** (*Jód*, *Yoid* or *Jood*) is a commune in Maramureș County, Maramureș, Romania. The commune is situated in the central part of Maramureș County, on the banks of the Ieudișor, a tributary of the Iza River. It is composed of a single village, Ieud.
## History
The commune was first mentioned in 1391 in a manuscript called the Codicele de la Ieud. This was found in Ieud\'s Church of the Nativity of the Mother of God. The church is the oldest of eight Wooden Churches of Maramureș that are listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site
| 99 |
Ieud
| 0 |
10,036,241 |
# Aichwald
**Aichwald** is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
Aichwald consists of the formerly independent municipalities Aichelberg, Aichschieß and Schanbach. For former municipality Aichelberg Aichelberg the village belongs (2355 inhabitants, as at 31 July 2010). For former municipality Aichschieß the village Aichschieß include (1 580 inhabitants) and the hamlet Krummhardt (759 inhabitants) and the proofs of former village Egli Weiler. For former municipality Schanbach the village Schanbach include (2639 inhabitants) and the place Lobenrot (242 inhabitants).
## Partnerships
Aichwald maintains friendly links to the city of Böhlen (district of Leipzig in Saxony) and to the market town Finkenstein am Faaker See (in Carinthia, Austria).
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
## Transportation
Aichwald has no train station of its own, only Couch connections are available. Since 2009, the BürgerBus Aichwald links the towns of Schanbach, Aichelberg, Aichschieß, Krummhardt and Lobenrot. The BürgerBus runs twice in the morning and twice in the afternoon.
## Education
Aichwald has in the district Schanbach a basic and Werkrealschule and has field offices for primary classes in Aichelberg and Aichschieß. There are three municipal nursery schools in one town and a forest nursery in Aich Schießer forest. A music school currently serves approximately 400 students with a comprehensive teaching program. Furthermore, an independent in Aichwald Volkshochschule .
## Waste
The waste management company of the district Esslingen is responsible for disposing of the waste. There are separate collections for organic waste, household waste and paper. Packaging is collected under the Green Dot in the so-called yellow sacks. Bulky waste is picked up annually for free against the delivery of two vouchers or can be brought to a disposal station. At these disposal stations, electrical and metal scrap and other recyclable materials will be collected. Waste such as fluorescent lamps and coatings are collected as hazardous waste.
| 311 |
Aichwald
| 0 |
10,036,241 |
# Aichwald
## Attractions
The breeding Häusle in Aichschieß Aichwald has an impressive number of architectural and cultural monuments that bear witness to centuries of history. In addition to the scenic location, these monuments mainly contribute to the charm of the Schurwald community. Since Aichschieß was not along the main axes of transportation, its center is particularly well preserved (half-timbered houses around the church). In the forest below Schanbach are the remains of a small find medieval castle . Particularly outstanding are the four historical church buildings. There is a former pilgrimage church in Aichelberg, today located halfway through an open field above the village (murals from the mid-15th century, crucifix 17th century, baroque images of the former gallery). The Church in Krummhardt is one of the most charming village churches in the district of Esslingen (amenities rural baroque style). In Schanbach is a church with a late medieval choir tower. In Aichschieß is the village church St. Gereon and St. Margaretha (crucifix from the Ulm School in 1500, the interior murals dating from around 1330, which are among the oldest in the region, also other murals from the period around 1500. The stained glass windows of the three windows in the choir are from the glass artist Renate Gross from Gilching (Bavaria), the Taufdeckel by Karl Ulrich Nuss and other works of art). On the site of the former school building is located the so-called breeding homeowners, a tiny cell in which not only criminals were imprisoned, but also where unmarried mothers had to spend fourteen days on bread and water, after they had been exhorted from the pulpit (reprimanded)
| 271 |
Aichwald
| 1 |
10,036,247 |
# Altbach
**Altbach** (Swabian: *Albach*) is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg. It belongs to the Stuttgart Region. (until 1992 *Region Mittlerer Neckar*) and the European Metropolitan Region Stuttgart.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Altbach lies on the southern slope of the Schurwald into the valley of the Neckar between Plochingen upstream and Esslingen am Neckar downstream. The old Neckar runs through the municipal area, which reaches to the right bank of the present course of the river, in an arc on the right bank, above which lie the residential areas crossed by the Altbach towards the Old arm, while on the flat river island between the runs there are mostly industrial areas of the Neckar valley.
The district is rich in springs, and so the community can cover 45% of its drinking water needs from its own wells.
### Municipal division {#municipal_division}
No other places belong to the community of Altbach except the village of Altbach.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
Adjacent communities are in turn the cities Esslingen am Neckar in the west and north, Plochingen in the east and the community Deizisau in the south. All towns belong to the district of Esslingen.
### Area distribution {#area_distribution}
ImageSize = width:500 height:150 PlotArea = width:90% height:66% bottom:25% left:5% DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:100 Legend = columns:2 columnwidth:250 left:12% top:95% TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:0
1. The formatting blanks in the Colors-section are in fact figure spaces (U+2007)
Colors =
` id:Gesa value:white legend: 335_ha_Total_area`\
` id:Wald value:teal legend: 46_ha_=_13,7_%_Forest`\
` id:Land value:yelloworange legend: 110_ha_=_33,0_%_Agriculture`\
` id:Wass value:brightblue legend: 13_ha_=_3,8_%_Water`\
` id:Erho value:green legend: 12_ha_=_3,5_%_Recreational`\
` id:Geba value:red legend: 114_ha_=_34,1_%_Constructed_and_Open`\
` id:Verk value:tan1 legend: 35_ha_=_10,4_%_Traffic`\
` id:Sons value:purple legend: 5_ha_=_1,5_%_Others`
PlotData =
`from:00.0 till:13.7 color:Wald`\
`from:13.7 till:46.7 color:Land`\
`from:46.7 till:50.5 color:Wass`\
`from:50.5 till:54.0 color:Erho`\
`from:54.0 till:88.1 color:Geba`\
`from:88.1 till:98.5 color:Verk`\
`from:98.5 till:100.0 color:Sons`
According to data from Statistical State Office, status 2014.
| 321 |
Altbach
| 0 |
10,036,247 |
# Altbach
## History
### Until the 19th century {#until_the_19th_century}
Finds of row cemeteries and the early documentary mention indicate an early medieval foundation of the settlement. Altbach was first mentioned 783 in the Lorsch Codex. In the 13th century the Counts of Aichelberg acquired the village, but sold it piece by piece to the Kloster Adelberg. With the Reformation (1535), the state sovereignty arrived Württemberg, Altbach remained part of the Monastery Office Adelberg.. From 1806 Altbach belonged to the Oberamt Eßlingen in the Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1819 Altbach was separated from the neighbouring Zell, today a district of Esslingen, and has existed as an independent community since then. In 1846 Altbach was connected to the railway network of the Württemberg Railway with its own railway station, thus creating the conditions for the industrialisation.
### From the 20th century {#from_the_20th_century}
In 1904 Altbach was connected to the electricity grid, followed one year later by the construction of a water pipeline. Between 1922 and 1923 the parish separated ecclesiastically from its mother village Zell and had a parish vestry until 1931. During World War II about 10 to 12 houses were damaged and two civilians were killed. In 1984 Altbach celebrated its 1200th anniversary. From 1999 to 15 December 2000 the new development area *Egertenäcker* was built.
### Population development {#population_development}
The population figures are census results (¹) or official updates of the Land Statistical Office (only main residences).
Stichtag Einwohnerzahl
---------------------- ---------------
1\. December 1871¹ 572
1\. December 1900¹ 828
17\. May 1939¹ 1.662
13\. September 1950¹ 2.579
6\. Juny 1961¹ 4.168
27\. May 1970¹ 4.917
25\. May 1987¹ 5.559
31\. December 1995 5.586
31\. December 2000 5.551
31\. December 2005 5.740
31\. December 2010 5.840
31\. December 2015 6.043
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# Altbach
## Politics
### City council {#city_council}
The municipal council in Altbach has 18 members. The municipal elections on 26 May 2019 led to the following final result. The local council consists of the elected honorary local councillors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
+---------------------------------------+:-------------------------------------------:+:-----------:+:--------:+------------+
| **Parties and electoral communities** | | **%\ | **Seats\ | **%\ |
| | | 2019** | 2019** | 2014** |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| FW | Unabhängige Wählervereinigung Altbach e.V. | 40,60 | 7 | 39,13 |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| CDU | Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands | 29,12 | 5 | 32,19 |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| SPD | Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands | 30,28 | 6 | 28,68 |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| | | | | |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| **total** | | **100,0** | **18** | **100,0** |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+------------+
| **Voter participation** | | **57,79 %** | | **48,1 %** |
+---------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+------------+
### Mayors
- 1819--1830: Johann Georg Reyer
- 1830--1857: Georg Friedrich Barth
- 1857--1889: Michael Frick
- 1890--1896: Johannes Hermann
- 1896--1901: Heinrich Utz
- 1901--1945: Louis Friedrich Raith
- 1945--1946: Albert Schloz
- 1946--1948: Willy Burgenmeister
- 1948--1966: Wilhelm Römer
- 1966--2001: Walter Stetter
- 2002--2017: Wolfgang Benignus
- since 1. January 2018: Martin Funk
In December 2017 the mayor of Ohmden, Martin Funk, was elected to succeed Wolfgang Benignus, who is retiring due to age. Funk received 38.08% of the votes in the second ballot.
### Crest
Blazoning: in red an upwardly curved silver (white) diagonal bar
The coat of arms was originally held by the local nobility of Altbach. The flag colours are white-red. The coat of arms and flag colours were awarded to the municipality by the state government in 1954.
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# Altbach
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Traffic
Altbach is connected to the B 10 (Stuttgart-Ulm) and in rail transport with the Filstalbahn and the S-Bahn line S1 to the VVS.
On December 19, 2006, the world\'s first people mover that crosses railway tracks was put into operation in Altbach.
### Education
Altbach has a primary school, four kindergartens and a local library.
### Altbach/Deizisau power station {#altbachdeizisau_power_station}
The Altbach/Deizisau power plant is operated by EnBW and is considered one of the most modern German coal-fired power plants. It is located on an island in the Neckar river and half of it is in the neighbouring municipality of Deizisau, which is why the full name is also *Kraftwerk Altbach/Deizisau*. The two chimneys are higher than the *Schurwaldhöhen* and the Filder and therefore visible from afar.
Since 1899, the Neckar has been used for energy generation by one of the largest hydroelectric power plants in Württemberg at that time. The buildings were demolished in 1998 and converted into a park.
### Waste disposal {#waste_disposal}
The waste management company of the district of Esslingen is responsible for waste disposal. There are separate collections for organic waste, household waste and paper. Packaging is collected within the framework of the Green Dot in so-called Yellow Sacks. Bulky waste will be collected free of charge against submission of one of two vouchers per year or can be taken to a disposal station. Waste electrical and metal scrap and other recyclable materials can also be handed in at the disposal stations. For hazardous waste such as fluorescent lamps and paints there are special collections of problematic materials.
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Community hall {#community_hall}
Altbach has a community hall in which theatres, concerts, honours, festivals and other events of the Altbach cultural series are regularly held. The hall is not only made available to Altbach residents.
### Old town hall {#old_town_hall}
The Old Town Hall was originally a hunting lodge in the former game park of Hohengehren. The hunting lodge was acquired by Altbach in 1839, dismantled and rebuilt as a town hall in the same year.
### Christ Church {#christ_church}
The *Christuskirche* was built between 1959 and 1960 according to plans by Hans Seytter and was consecrated on 24 July 1960. The church was decorated with works of art by Helmuth Uhrig. The Christ figure on the wall, the baptismal font and the window of St. Michael are by his hand.
### Ulrich Church {#ulrich_church}
1353 an Ulrich chapel is documented in Altbach, it got its name from the patron saint Ulrich of the monastery Adelberg. In 1514, 1599 and 1748 it was extended and rebuilt, in 1736 it received a new tower. In 1817 a sacristy was added, in the 1920s the interior was thoroughly renovated twice; the church, located on the market place, was leased to the bourgeois community, underwent an interior and exterior renovation in 1978-1980 and now offers space for cultural purposes.
## Sports and recreation {#sports_and_recreation}
In Altbach are over 20 clubs with a wide range of activities, including the gymnastics club, the cycling club, the sports club, the tennis club (together with Esslingen-Zell) and the table tennis club. The clubs work together to organise a varied children\'s holiday programme with the support of the municipality and the parishes.
## Settled companies {#settled_companies}
- Decoma (Germany) GmbH, a subsidiary of Magna Holding, produces plastic parts for the automotive industry
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# Altbach
## Regular events {#regular_events}
- The village festival takes place every year on the penultimate weekend before the summer holidays begin.
- The Christmas market takes place every year on the second Saturday in December.
- Every second year a night procession of the Altbach Fools takes place in Altbach.
- Every year, usually in May, the *Altbacher Volksradfahren* takes place, which is organized by the Altbach Cycling Club. The local clubs provide the participants.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Serdar Tasci, former footballer of VfB Stuttgart, playing for FC Bayern München since January 2016, started his career at SC Altbach
- Steffen Wagner, Olympic judo contestant, London, 2012; started his judo career at TV Altbach
## Literature
- Otto Wurster: *Eßlinger Heimatbuch für Stadt und Umgebung.* Eßlingen 1931. Darin: Altbach (S. 267 f.).
- *Der Landkreis Esslingen* -- Hrsg. vom Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg i. V. mit dem Landkreis Esslingen, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2009, `{{ISBN|978-3-7995-0842-1}}`{=mediawiki}, Band 1, Seiten 274--284
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# 2006 CAF Confederation Cup
The **2006 CAF Confederation Cup** was the third edition of the CAF Confederation Cup. It started with the preliminary round (home-and away ties) that was played in February and March 2006. Étoile Sahel of Tunisia beat FAR Rabat of Morocco in the final. The final was marred by a skirmish when FAR Rabat attacked the referee and his linesman after having a late goal ruled out.
## Pre Cup Events {#pre_cup_events}
Before the cup, Morocco and South Africa offered to host the cup. Due to the uncertainty of hosting the cup in African terrain where there were ongoing conflicts at the time they did not host the cup.
## Qualifying rounds {#qualifying_rounds}
### Preliminary round {#preliminary_round}
1st legs played 17--19 February 2006 and 2nd legs played 3--5 March 2006.
\|} ^1^ ASC Entente and Bakau United FC withdrew.\
^2^ The tie between Ferroviário da Beira and Élan Club was played over one leg only by mutual consent.\
^3^ Moro United were drawn against the representatives of Zimbabwe, but the Zimbabwean FA were unable to send a team as their cup winners and league runners-up, Masvingo United, were suspended from CAF competition.
### First round {#first_round}
1st legs played 17--19 March 2006 and 2nd legs played 31 March -2 April 2006.
\|} ^1^ TP Mazembe was disqualified for showing up late for the 1st leg due to transportation problems.
### Second round {#second_round}
1st legs played 21--23 April 2006 and 2nd legs played 5--7 May 2006.
\|}
### Play-off round {#play_off_round}
The 8 winners of the round of 16 play the losers of the round of 16 of the Champions League for 8 places in the group stage.\
1st legs played 14-July 16, 2006 and 2nd legs played 28-July 30, 2006.
\|}
## Group stage {#group_stage}
The Group Stage matches were played between August and October 2006.
Key to colours in group tables
------------------------------------
Group winners advance to the final
### Group A {#group_a}
{{#section-h:2006 CAF Confederation Cup group stage\|Group A}}
### Group B {#group_b}
{{#section-h:2006 CAF Confederation Cup group stage\|Group B}}
## Knockout stage {#knockout_stage}
### Final
The 1st leg was played on November 18 and the 2nd leg on December 2.
*Étoile du Sahel won on away goal after 1--1 on aggregate
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# Altdorf, Esslingen
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# All-Pro Basketball
***All-Pro Basketball**\'\', known as***Zenbei!! Pro Basketball**\'\' in Japan, is a basketball video-game developed by Aicom and published by Vic Tokai for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It is played using two teams of five players on a full-length basketball court, and a roster of eight different fictional teams.
## Gameplay
There are four modes of gameplay. One-player, which pits the player in a solo match against a computer opponent. Two-player, which is a co-op match against a computer opponent. Versus, which is a two player mode that pits the players against each other. And finally, Watch, which allows the player to watch a computer-controlled match. The court is displayed in a vertical fashion, from a top-down perspective, revealing only half of the court at a time. If the ball travels past the half-court line, the screen goes black temporarily and changes over to the other half of the court (which looks identical, save for the color of the floorboards). This is done to alert the player that they have travelled to a different side of the court. When a player attempts a slam dunk, gameplay will pause and cut to a detailed animation of the maneuver.
## Teams
- *New York Slicks* (New York Knicks)
- *Chicago Zephyrs* (Chicago Bulls)
- *Boston Redcoats* (Boston Celtics)
- *Los Angeles Breakers* (Los Angeles Lakers)
- *Dallas Stallions* (Dallas Mavericks)
- *Phoenix Wings* (Phoenix Suns)
- *Seattle Sonics* (Seattle SuperSonics)
- *San Francisco Bayriders* (Golden State Warriors)
## Reception
Stan Stepanic of Game Freaks 365 rated this as the second best basketball title on the NES, citing reasons such as its innovative usage of a vertically scrolling court and a well-programmed, computer-AI defense. His score in its gameplay category was nearly a perfect 10. He states: \"It\'s definitely worth a look for even the casual NES gamer, and I assure you if you take the time to learn it\'s intricacies, you\'ll be happy in the end\"
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# Altenriet
**Altenriet** is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg. It belongs to the region Stuttgart. (until 1992 *Region Mittlerer Neckar*) and the European Metropolitan Region Stuttgart. The municipality belongs to the Neckartenzlingen municipal administration association.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Altenriet lies in a scenic area. The village, which is naturally part of the Schönbuch, is almost up to the steep drop towards the Neckar valley and offers a free view of the Swabian Alb.
### Structure
No other places belong to the community except the village of Altenriet. A 31 hectare large, uninhabited exclave belongs to the municipal territory. It is four kilometres away from the centre of the village and is situated in the Schaichtal on Markung Walddorfhäslach.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
Neighbouring communities are in the north Schlaitdorf, in the east and south Neckartenzlingen. (both county Esslingen) and in the west Walddorfhäslach (District of Reutlingen).
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
Altenriet was first mentioned in documents around 1100 as the name of the local noble family, the name is derived from the word \"Ried\" for swamp. In the 13th century the lords of Riet built a castle in the area of the present Protestant churchyard. Later, the \"Castle Neuenriet\" was built outside the village, the \"Castle Altenriet\" fell into disrepair already in the 15th century. Probably (Alten)Riet reached Württemberg between 1254 and 1265. In 1446 *Altenryet* is mentioned in writing.
### Administrative affiliation {#administrative_affiliation}
With the formation of the Oberämter, the Oberamt Tübingen came first, but was already in 1842 to the Oberamt Nürtingen. Via the administrative district Nürtingen the village came to the administrative district Esslingen in 1973.
### Religions
Altenriet is since the Reformation evangelical, even today there is only an evangelical congregation in the village. The parish, which has about 1,100 members (as of 2006), meets for worship in the St. Ulrich Church. Catholic Christians are spiritually supported from Neckartenzlingen.
### Population development {#population_development}
The population figures are estimates, census results (¹) or official updates of the Land Statistical Office of Baden-Württemberg:
+------------------------+------------------------+
| Year Population | Year Population |
| ------- ------------ | ------- ------------ |
| 1600 ca. 200 | 1987¹ 1,445 |
| 1654 ca. 92 | 1991 1,460 |
| 1802¹ 376 | 1995 1,542 |
| 1861¹ 404 | 2005 1,855 |
| 1900¹ 420 | 2010 1,933 |
| 1939¹ 427 | 2015 1,904 |
| 1946¹ 618 | |
| 1961¹ 639 | |
| 1970¹ 916 | |
| | |
+------------------------+------------------------+
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# Altenriet
## Politics
### Mayor
Since the 19th century, the head of the village bore the designation \"Schultheiss\" (mayor), and on December 1, 1930, in Württemberg the official designation Schultheiss was replaced by Bürgermeister (mayor).
- ?-1845: Matthäus Friedrich Oßwald
- 1845-1853: Jauß
- 1853-1874: Johann Gottlieb Armbruster
- 1874-1915: Matthäus Friedrich Armbruster
- 1915-1918: Gottlieb Bernhardt, acting
- 1919-1945: August Armbruster
- 1945-1966: Emil Neuscheler, provisionally appointed on 28 April 1945 and confirmed in office in 1946.
- 1966-2002: Herbert Jirosch
- since 2002: Bernd Müller
### City council {#city_council}
The local council in Altenriet has 10 members. The local elections in Baden-Wuerttemberg 2019 led to the following final result. The municipal council consists of the elected honorary municipal councillors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
+---------------------+:--------------------------------------------------:+:-----------:+:--------:+-------------+
| **Parties** | | **%\ | **Seats\ | **%\ |
| | | 2019** | 2019** | 2014** |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+-------------+
| FWG | mitdenken-mitgestalten -- Freie Wählergemeinschaft | 36,70 | 4 | 44,56 |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+-------------+
| AListe | Altenrieter Liste | 42,96 | 4 | 43,31 |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+-------------+
| ZA | Zukunft Altenriet, Unabhängige Bürger und SPD | 20,34 | 2 | 12,13 |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+-------------+
| | | | | |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+-------------+
| **gesamt** | | **100,0** | **10** | **100,0** |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+-------------+
| **Wahlbeteiligung** | | **74,37 %** | | **64,29 %** |
+---------------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+-------------+
### Crest
Official blazoning: Under a blue shield head, in it two fallen golden pretzels, in gold a jumping up, red-tinged black bracke (hunting dog).
The *Heimatbuch des Kreises Nürtingen* (1953) describes the coat of arms as follows *The coat of arms adopted in 1931 shows under a blue shield head with two golden pretzels in golden field a jumping black male dog.*
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# Altenriet
## Culture and sights {#culture_and_sights}
### Music
The oldest association in Altenriet is the *Liederkranz*, founded in 1888. It is divided into a male choir and since 2011 into a choir project with the mixed choir (\"*aufgehorcht*\").
### Buildings
The village originally belonged to the Neckartenzlingen. A branch church was first mentioned in 1365. From 1468 it is attested to St. Catherine and Ulrich. From 1648 Altenriet was supplied from Schlaitdorf. Today\'s parish church was built in the 16th century, probably in 1538, and after the Reformation it was equipped with a west and north gallery in the nave, an organ gallery in the choir and pulpit south of the choir arch with a wooden sacristy in front of it and was renovated in 1737. A total renovation with removal of these fixtures and complete renewal of the roof was carried out in 1957--1958. In addition to a new west gallery, pulpit and altar, stained glass windows were installed in three choir windows according to the design of Rudolf Yelin der Jüngere (centre: Baptism of Jesus, Jesus at Court, Cross, Resurrection; side windows with evangelists, on the left flight to Egypt and healing of the blind, on the right Mary and Martha, discipleship).
### Monuments of nature {#monuments_of_nature}
South of the village there are old sandstone quarries, which have now been abandoned and overgrown. Today they are a natural monument.
### Sports clubs {#sports_clubs}
In Altenriet there is the TSV Altenriet (*Turn- und Sportverein Altenriet*). Some of its soccer teams in youth games form a sports community with the SpVgg. Germania Schlaitdorf due to lack of players. The tennis club TV Altenriet, founded in 1976, and since 2013 the riding club RV Altenriet, founded in 2013.
### Regular events {#regular_events}
- One week before Easter the traditional Brezelmarkt, known for over 340 years, takes place here. According to a legend about the Castle Neuenriet, the Brezel was invented here. The highlight is a parade on Palm Sunday with traditional carriages, which represent the legend about the invention of the pretzel at Castle Neuenriet.
- On the last weekend in September the TSV Altenriet invites to its slaughter festival.
- Every two years the local clubs and the volunteer fire brigade together with the community organize the Gässlefest.
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# Altenriet
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Resident companies {#resident_companies}
In the 19th and 20th centuries, the sandstone quarry and a spinning mill were the most important economic factors. Sandstone quarrying was stopped in 1936. Today there are only small commercial enterprises as well as a furniture store in Altenriet.
### Traffic
Altenriet is served by the VVS with bus route 75, bus route 188 and bus route 189. There are four bus stops in the local area. The B 27 from Tübingen to Stuttgart is about 4 km away near Walddorfhäslach. Via this road the airport Stuttgart and the federal motorway 8 can be reached in about 20 minutes.
Altenriet has no train station, the nearest train stations are in Nürtingen and Metzingen.
### Pumped storage tank {#pumped_storage_tank}
In Altenriet in 1914/1915 a pumped storage basin was built by the former cotton spinning mill Gminder to pump water from the Neckar River from Neckartenzlingen and to drive a turbine in the Neckartenzlingen hydroelectric power station. This pumped storage power plant was the first of its kind in Europe. After the demolition of the pumped storage basin in 1998, a residential area was created on the former site.
### Education
Altenriet has two kindergartens and one primary school. After elementary school the pupils usually attend the secondary schools in the Neckartenzlingen School Centre or the Gustav-Werner-Community School in Walddorfhäslach. Since September 2003 there is also a free primary school. (Schulwerkstatt e.V., Free School for Living Learning) in private sponsorship. The school fulfils the education and training plan of the state of Baden-Württemberg and teaches according to Montessori pedagogy.
### Media
The official notification body is the Official Gazette of the Neckartenzlingen Municipal Administration Association. The daily newspaper Nürtinger Zeitung reports on local daily events.
### Public institutions {#public_institutions}
The Volunteer Fire Brigade Altenriet is responsible for fire fighting and for assistance in public emergencies in the local area. It consists of an active department, a youth fire brigade and an old age unit.
### Waste disposal {#waste_disposal}
The waste management company of the district of Esslingen is responsible for waste disposal. There are separate collections for organic waste, household waste and paper. Packaging is collected within the framework of the Green Dot in so-called Yellow Sacks. Bulky waste will be collected free of charge against submission of one of two vouchers per year or can be taken to a disposal station. Waste electrical and metal scrap and other recyclable materials can also be handed in at the disposal stations. For hazardous waste such as fluorescent lamps and paints there are special collections of problematic materials.
### Water supply {#water_supply}
The municipality of Altenriet is a member of the Ammertal-Schönbuchgroup water supply association. This association supplies the community with water from Lake Constance.
## Personalities
### Honorary citizen {#honorary_citizen}
On 2 December 2011, former mayor Herbert Jirosch was awarded honorary citizenship for his life\'s work in local politics as well as in social, cultural and economic matters.
### Personalities who have worked locally {#personalities_who_have_worked_locally}
- Dominic Maroh (\* 1987), soccer player, born in Nürtingen, grew up in Altenriet
- Konstantin Hert (\* 1986), operator of the YouTube channel freekickerz, grew up and lives in Altenriet
## Literature
- Hans Schwenkel: *Heimatbuch des Kreises Nürtingen.* Band 2. Würzburg 1953, S. 93--107.
- *Der Landkreis Esslingen.* -- Hrsg. vom Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg i. V
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# Latino Orsini
**Latino Orsini** (1411 -- 11 August 1477) was an Italian Cardinal.
## Life
Of the Roman branch of the Orsini family, he was the fourth child of Carlo and Paola Gironima Orsini. He entered the ranks of the Roman clergy as a youth, became subdeacon, and as early as 10 March 1438, was raised to the Episcopal See of Conza in Southern Italy. Transferred from this see to that of Trani (Southern Italy) in 1439, he remained archbishop of Trani after his elevation to the cardinalate by Pope Nicholas V on 20 December 1448.
In 1450, the Archbishopric of Urbino was conferred upon him, which made it possible for him to take up his residence in Rome, the See of Trani being given to his brother, Giovanni Orsini, Abbot of Farfa. He rebuilt San Salvatore in Lauro as a chapel for a monastery he established next door, and in which he installed the Canons Regular of San Giorgio in Alga. In February 1459, as papal legate acting for Pope Pius II, he crowned Ferdinand I of Naples at Barletta Cathedral.
Pope Sixtus IV, for whose election in 1471 Cardinal Latino had worked energetically, named him Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, granted him in 1472 the Archdiocese of Taranto, which he governed by proxy, and, in addition, placed him at the head of the government of the Papal States. He was also appointed commander-in-chief of the papal fleet in the war against the Turks.
In the last years of his life he became deeply religious, though he had been worldly in his youth, leaving a natural son named Paul, whom, with the consent of the pope, he made heir of his vast possessions
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# 51st World Science Fiction Convention
The **51st World Science Fiction Convention** (Worldcon), also known as **ConFrancisco**, was held on 2--6 September 1993 at the ANA Hotel, Parc Fifty Five, and Nikko Hotels and the Moscone Convention Center in San Francisco, California, United States.
The supporting organization was San Francisco Science Fiction Conventions, Inc. The chairman was David W. Clark.
## Participants
Attendance was 6,602, out of 7,725 paid memberships.
### Guests of Honor {#guests_of_honor}
The Guests of Honor were called \"Honored Guests\".
- Larry Niven
- Alicia Austin
- Tom Digby
- Jan Howard Finder
- Mark Twain (Dead GoH; \"channeled\" by Jon DeCles)
- Guy Gavriel Kay (toastmaster)
At this convention, as one of the \"Honored Guests\", Larry Niven was carried around the convention in a sedan chair by his fans while wearing a crown.
## Awards
{{#section:Worldcon\|Awards}}
### 1993 Hugo Awards {#hugo_awards}
- Best Novel:
- *A Fire Upon the Deep* by Vernor Vinge
- and *Doomsday Book* by Connie Willis (tie)
- Best Novella: \"Barnacle Bill the Spacer\" by Lucius Shepard
- Best Novelette: \"The Nutcracker Coup\" by Janet Kagan
- Best Short Story: \"Even the Queen\" by Connie Willis
- Best Non-Fiction Book: *A Wealth of Fable: An Informal History of Science Fiction in the 1950s* by Harry Warner, Jr.
- Best Dramatic Presentation: \"The Inner Light\" (*Star Trek: The Next Generation* episode)
- Best Professional Editor: Gardner Dozois
- Best Professional Artist: Don Maitz
- Best Original Artwork: *Dinotopia* by James Gurney
- Best Semiprozine: *Science Fiction Chronicle*, edited by Andrew I. Porter
- Best Fanzine: *Mimosa*, edited by Dick Lynch & Nicki Lynch
- Best Fan Writer: Dave Langford
- Best Fan Artist: Peggy Ranson
### Other awards {#other_awards}
- Special Award: Takumi Shibano
- John W
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# Baltmannsweiler
*Baltmannsweiler* is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg. It belongs to the Region Stuttgart. (until 1992 *Region Mittlerer Neckar*) and the European Metropolitan Region Stuttgart.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
The densely wooded municipal area Baltmannsweiler lies at about 290 to 465 meters in virgin forest. The center of the name-giving suburb is about four and a half kilometers northeast of Plochingen as the crow flies and about ten kilometers east of the center of the district town Esslingen am Neckar. The two villages of the community are situated in a common clearing island on a mountain ridge, which is drained by the *Reichenbach* at the edge of the community and by the *Lützelbach* at its south-western edge to the Fils as well as in the west and north-west from the upper reaches of the *Schweizerbach* to the Rems.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
Adjoining communities are in turn the town Weinstadt in the northwest, the community Winterbach in the north and northeast, both in the Rems-Murr-Kreis. In the east is the community Lichtenwald, in the south the community Reichenbach an der Fils, in the southwest the town Plochingen, in the west on only a short section the county town Esslingen am Neckar and in the west the community Aichwald; the last five belong all to the own District Esslingen.
### Area usage {#area_usage}
ImageSize = width:600 height:150 PlotArea = width:90% height:66% bottom:25% left:5% DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:100 Legend = columns:2 columnwidth:250 left:12% top:95% TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:0
1. The formatting blanks in the Colors-section are in fact figure spaces (U+2007)
Colors =
` id:Gesa value:white legend: 1854_ha_Total_area`\
` id:Wald value:teal legend:1259_ha_=_67.9_%_Forest`\
` id:Land value:yelloworange legend: 425_ha_=_22.9_%_Agriculture`\
` id:Wass value:brightblue legend: 4_ha_=_0.2_%_Water`\
` id:Erho value:green legend: 10_ha_=_0.5_%_Relaxation`\
` id:Geba value:red legend: 97_ha_=_5.2_%_Buildings`\
` id:Verk value:tan1 legend: 57_ha_=_3.0_%_Traffic`\
` id:Sons value:purple legend: 3_ha_=_0.2_%_Other`
PlotData =
`from:00.0 till:67.9 color:Wald`\
`from:67.9 till:90.8 color:Land`\
`from:90.8 till:91.0 color:Wass`\
`from:91.0 till:91.5 color:Erho`\
`from:91.5 till:96.7 color:Geba`\
`from:96.7 till:99.7 color:Verk`\
`from:99.7 till:99.9 color:Sons`
## Religion
At the end of 1998, the municipality had 1275 inhabitants who were Roman Catholic and 2998 inhabitants who were Protestant.
## History
### Baltmannsweiler
Baltmannsweiler was first documented in 1299. The village originally belonged to the Zähringern and then came to Württemberg. There it was assigned to the Amt, later Oberamt Schorndorf from 1381 on. Since 1938 Baltmannsweiler belongs to the district of Esslingen. The autochthonen Inhabitants of the village today used name for the village is \"Baltemore\".
### Development of population {#development_of_population}
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
| Year Population¹ | Year Population¹ | Year Population¹ |
| ------ ------------- | ------ ------------- | ------ ------------- |
| 1871 1310 | 1939 1333 | 1990 5307 |
| 1880 1335 | 1950 1963 | 1995 5425 |
| 1890 1191 | 1961 2688 | 2000 5520 |
| 1900 1171 | 1970 3944 | 2005 5552 |
| 1910 1184 | 1975 4599 | 2010 5554 |
| 1925 1230 | 1980 5143 | 2015 5646 |
| 1933 1274 | 1985 5206 | |
| | | |
+------------------------+------------------------+------------------------+
¹Statistical Office of the State of Baden-Württemberg; until 1970 census results, from 1975 onwards updates on 31 December of each year.
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Resident companies {#resident_companies}
The Hohengehren district is home to *Schneider Verlag*, a specialist book publisher.
### Education
- Baltmannsweiler primary school with eight classes, in which about 160 pupils are taught
- Primary school Hohengehren with seven classes, in which about 130 children are taught
Baltmannsweiler also has four kindergartens.
- The municipality of Baltmannsweiler also runs its own adult education centre.
### Waste disposal {#waste_disposal}
The waste management company of the district of Esslingen is responsible for waste disposal.
| 623 |
Baltmannsweiler
| 0 |
10,036,297 |
# Baltmannsweiler
## Culture and sights {#culture_and_sights}
Every year, the municipality of Baltmannsweiler organises five to eight cultural events such as cabaret and theatre, concerts and mobile cinema in the cultural centre Baltmannsweiler. The cultural centre has a foyer with a bar, where there is room for celebrations with up to 120 people. In addition there is a large hall for 300 to 500 people.
The hunting lodge Hohengehren stood in the former game park until 1839. This was acquired by the municipality Altbach, rebuilt there as town hall and used in this function until 1975
| 96 |
Baltmannsweiler
| 1 |
10,036,306 |
# Bempflingen
**Bempflingen** is a municipality in the district Esslingen in the Erms valley in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Region Stuttgart and the European Metropolitan Region Stuttgart.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
The municipal territory of Bempflingen covers a short section of the river valley of the Erms in the west and extends eastwards almost to the course of the Autmut river. The *Eduard-Mörike-Hiking trail* and the *Ermstal fruit cycle path*. South of the Reiner forest in direction Altdorf (*Bempflinger Höhe*) you can see the panorama of the Swabian Alb from the Hohenzollern over the Jusi to the three imperial mountains.
### Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
Adjoining communities are in turn Neckartenzlingen in the northwest, Altdorf in the north, Großbettlingen with a small settlement free exclave also in the north and with the main area in the northeast, all in district Esslingen; Grafenberg in the southeast, Riederich in the south as well as Reutlingen in the southwest, these in district Reutlingen.
### Community Structure {#community_structure}
Bempflingen consists of the two districts Bempflingen and Kleinbettlingen (*Small bettlingen*).
### Area usage {#area_usage}
ImageSize = width:600 height:150 PlotArea = width:90% height:66% bottom:25% left:5% DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:100 Legend = columns:2 columnwidth:250 left:12% top:95% TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:0
1. The formatting blanks in the Colors-section are in fact figure spaces (U+2007)
Colors =
` id:Gesa value:white legend: 627_ha Total_area`\
` id:Wald value:teal legend: 103_ha = 16,5_% Forest`\
` id:Land value:yelloworange legend: 368_ha = 58,6_% Agriculture`\
` id:Wass value:brightblue legend: 4_ha = 0,6_% Water`\
` id:Erho value:green legend: 9_ha = 1,4_% Relaxation`\
` id:Geba value:red legend: 82_ha = 13,1_% Buildings`\
` id:Verk value:tan1 legend: 58_ha = 9,2_% Traffic`\
` id:Sons value:purple legend: 4_ha = 0,6_% Other_areas`
PlotData =
`from:00.0 till:16.5 color:Wald`\
`from:16.5 till:75.1 color:Land`\
`from:75.1 till:75.7 color:Wass`\
`from:75.7 till:77.1 color:Erho`\
`from:77.1 till:90.2 color:Geba`\
`from:90.2 till:99.4 color:Verk`\
`from:99.4 till:100.0 color:Sons`
According to data from Statistical State Office, status 2014.
| 322 |
Bempflingen
| 0 |
10,036,306 |
# Bempflingen
## History
### Bempflingen
Bempflingen was probably founded in the 5th century by Alemanni. This can also be concluded from the place name, which is probably connected with the first name *Beonfil*. At the place where the Alemannic row cemetery was found, a Roman manor house had previously stood.
Bempflingen was first mentioned in 1090, when the counts Kuno von Wülflingen and Liutold von Achalm and their nephew, count Werner von Grüningen signed the so-called *Bempflinger Contract* in *Biemphelingin* to settle the estate and especially to secure their foundation for Zwiefalten Monastery. At that time Bempflingen still belonged to the county Achalm.
Since the early 14th century the settlement belonged to the *Kaib family*. Later the village was sold and inherited by the Lords of Baustetten and the Lords of Mansberg. In 1448 Württemberg acquired the Baustettischen and in 1465 also the Mansberg part of the village. In 1639 Bempflingen and the Pfandschaft Achalm came under Austrian rule for ten years, but with the Peace of Westphalia came back to Württemberg. After the administrative reorganization at the beginning of the 19th century Bempflingen came to the *Oberamt Urach*, later to the Landkreis Nürtingen. The administrative reorganization of 1973 led to the affiliation to the administrative district Esslingen.
### Religions
Bempflingen is since the Reformation protestant. But there is also a small catholic parish. The today\'s *evangelical parish Bempflingen* comprises the main village and the suburb Kleinbettlingen and belongs to the church district Bad Urach-Münsingen of the evangelical regional church in Württemberg.
### Population development {#population_development}
+--------------------------------------+
| Year Population |
| --------------------- ------------ |
| 1602 326 |
| 1\. Dezember 1871 985 |
| 1\. Dezember 1900 1.032 |
| 17\. Mai 1939 1.233 |
| 13\. September 1950 1.865 |
| 6\. Juni 1961 2.184 |
| 27\. Mai 1970 2.657 |
| 25\. Mai 1987 3.100 |
| 31\. Dezember 1995 3.146 |
| 31\. Dezember 2000 3.220 |
| 31\. Dezember 2005 3.363 |
| 31\. Dezember 2010 3.348 |
| 31\. Dezember 2015 3.474 |
+--------------------------------------+
| 343 |
Bempflingen
| 1 |
10,036,306 |
# Bempflingen
## Politics
### Mayors
- 1875--1909: Christian Seybold
- 1909--1927: Gottlob Doster
- 1927--1946: Otto Helber
- 1946: Gotthilf Hahn (Amtsverweser)
- 1946: Friedrich Frank (Amtsverweser)
- 1946--1966: Erwin Albrecht Reich
- 1966--1994: Helmut Kölle
- 1994--2010: Berndt Heidrich
- seit Februar 2010: Bernd Welser
In the mayoral election on 8 November 2009, Bernd Welser was elected in the first ballot with 87.72% as successor to the incumbent mayor. The voter turnout was 66.29%.
### City council {#city_council}
In Bempflingen the local council is elected according to the procedure of the false partial place election. Thereby the number of local councils can change due to overhanging mandatee. The local council in Bempflingen has 14 members after the last election (2014: 15). The municipal elections on 26 May 2019 led to the following final result. The local council consists of the elected honorary local councillors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
+---------------------------------------+:----------------------------------------------------------:+:----------:+:--------:+------------+
| **Parties and electoral communities** | | **%\ | **Seats\ | **%\ |
| | | 2019** | 2019** | 2014** |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+------------+
| FWV | Freie Wählervereinigung Bempflingen | 50,24 | 7 | 50,03 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+------------+
| SPD/UB | Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands/Unabhängige Bürger | 36,00 | 5 | 44,15 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+------------+
| Bürgerliste | Bürgerliste Bempflingen | 13,76 | 2 | 5,82 |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+------------+
| | | | | |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+------------+
| **total** | | **100,0** | **14** | **100,0** |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+------------+
| **Voter participation** | | **62,3 %** | | **54,5 %** |
+---------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------+------------+----------+------------+
### Crest
Blazoning: Under a double row of silver (white) and black chased shield head in blue a silver (white) diagonal bar, covered with three red arrowheads.
The coat of arms, with the blue shield and the silver slanting beam covered with three red arrowheads, refers to the former lords of the village, the lords of Baustetten, who owned three quarters of the village in the 15th century. The lords of Mannsberg, who also owned Bempflingen, are represented by the checkerboard pattern in the coat of arms.
The municipal flag has the colours red and white (red and silver). Flag and coat of arms were awarded to the municipality by the Ministry of the Interior in 1957.
| 375 |
Bempflingen
| 2 |
10,036,306 |
# Bempflingen
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Traffic
Bempflingen is reached by the railway line Plochingen-Tübingen (Stuttgart-Horb am Neckar) to the supra-regional rail network. There are regional trains running at least every hour in the direction of Tübingen and Plochingen. During rush hour there is a stop of the Regionalexpresses Tübingen-Stuttgart, apart from that there is no more connection to Stuttgart without changing trains.
Coming from Nürtingen, Bempflingen is the last stop for which the VVS tariff applies. Until 2008 a DB ticket was still necessary to continue the journey to Metzingen; on January 1, 2009, Bempflingen was integrated into the naldo tariff, so that only a naldo ticket is necessary to continue the journey to Tübingen.
### Education
In Bempflingen there is the *Grundschule* \"Auf Mauern\" (*On walls*), the visit of secondary schools is possible in Neckartenzlingen, Metzingen or Nürtingen. There are also three kindergartens in Bempflingen, two of them (Hanflandweg and Auf Mauern) are located in the main village and one in Kleinbettlingen.
### Buildings
- The foundation walls of today\'s \"Bempflinger Mühle\" date back to 1659 and the Erms Canal was built for the mill, which was first documented in 1391.
- The evangelic *Stephanuschurch* was built at the end of the 13th century as a replacement of an older predecessor building in late Romanesque style, of which the north wall and the lower part of the tower are still preserved in the present building. The nave was built in 1827 by the Stuttgart building surveyor Christian Friedrich Roth as Hall church in the *Kameralamtsstil* with a pulpit altar wall and a three-sided gallery. Chief building officer Christian Friedrich von Leins raised the tower in 1869 in neo-Romanesque style. Architect Heinz Klatte arranged an interior renovation in 1954. Two bells from the years 1468 and 1514 are preserved.
- The schoolhouse was newly built in 1773.
### Supply and disposal {#supply_and_disposal}
#### Power supply {#power_supply}
The electricity grid in the community is operated by FairNetz GmbH.
#### Gas supply {#gas_supply}
The natural gas network is operated by *FairEnergie GmbH*, a subsidiary of *Stadtwerke Reutlingen GmbH* and EnBW.
#### Water supply {#water_supply}
The first public water supply was built in 1909. Today, the entire municipal area of Bempflingen and Kleinbettlingen is supplied with pure water from Lake Constance.
#### Sewage disposal {#sewage_disposal}
The *Zweckverband Abwasserreinigung Bempflingen-Riederich* operates a sewage treatment plant for the sewage disposal of the communities Bempflingen and Riederich.
#### Waste disposal {#waste_disposal}
The waste management company of the district of Esslingen is responsible for waste disposal. There are separate collections for organic waste, household waste and paper
| 433 |
Bempflingen
| 3 |
10,036,314 |
# Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
The **Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs** is a federally recognized Native American tribe made of three tribes who put together a confederation. They live on and govern the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in the U.S. state of Oregon.
## Tribes
The confederation consists of three tribes of the Pacific Northwest:
- The Sahaptin-speaking Tenino people, divided into four subtribes: Upper and Lower Deschutes (the Tygh and the Wyam), the Dalles Tenino, and the Dock-Spus (John Day);
- Two bands (The Dalles a.k.a. the Ki-gal-twal-la, and Dog River) of Wasco Indians who spoke a dialect of Upper Chinook;
- The Northern Paiutes, who speak an offshoot of the Uto-Aztecan language family related to Shoshonean.
### Wasco
#### Language
The Wasco language, known as *Kiksht*, has been passed down through generations of Warm Spring Tribe members. There is a concerted effort underway to try to preserve the ancestral language of the Wasco people, through educational programs and language repositories. The United States Governmental policy of assimilation (1790--1920) nearly erased this language. The young tribe members that attended governmental educational facilities were only permitted to speak English, and were forbidden to speak in their native tongue.
The loss of tribal elder Gladys Thompson in 2012 -- who was the last fully fluent speaker of Kiksht -- has caused the language to become nearly extinct. Language preservation efforts include the Central Oregon Community College 100‑level course in the Kiksht Native Language. The instructor for this course, Ms. Valerie Switzler, was the 2016 recipient of the Linguistic Society of America\'s Excellence in Community Linguistics Award. The Endangered Languages Archive at SOAS University of London has preserved recordings of conversational Kiksht.
### Warm Springs {#warm_springs}
#### Bands
These bands are split into different places but are the part of the same tribe. The bands of the Warm Springs tribe consists of Tenino, the Lower Deschutes, also called Wyam, the John-Day or Dock-Spus, and finally the Upper Deschutes or Tygh.
#### Language {#language_1}
The Warm Springs band spoke a language called Sahaptin. Today there are only about 50 people who speak it fluently and none of them are under fifty years old.
### Paiute
#### Paiute history {#paiute_history}
The Northern Paiutes had dominated South Eastern Oregon, Southern Idaho, Northern and Southern Nevada, and Northern California, with parts of Montana, and Utah.
#### Language {#language_2}
The Northern Paiutes\' language is an Uto-Aztecan language called Numu, which had around 1600 speakers in 1999. It is closely related to the Mono language.
| 418 |
Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
| 0 |
10,036,314 |
# Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
## History
### Cultural origins {#cultural_origins}
Before becoming the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs the three tribes; Wasco, Warm Springs, and Paiute, lived along the Columbia River and Cascade Mountains. They all spoke different languages and had their own customs. The Warm Springs and Wasco tribes traded and conversed frequently, whereas the Paiute\'s language was so foreign to the other tribes that it prevented frequent contact.
### Arrival of settlers from the U.S. {#arrival_of_settlers_from_the_u.s.}
In 1800, immigrants from the east first started to arrive, by 1852 around 12,000 settlers crossed the tribes\' territories each year. The Warm springs and Wasco signed a treaty with Joel Palmer in 1855 after dealing with their traditional ways of life being disrupted by the settlers for many years. By signing the treaty the Wasco and Warm Springs tribes relinquished 10 million acres of land to the United States and kept 640,000 acres for their own use.
The first people from the Paiute tribe to arrive on reservation were the 38 Paiutes that were forced to move onto the Warm Springs Reservation from the Yakama Reservation in 1879. Soon more arrived and they eventually became a permanent part of the Warm Springs Reservation.
### Establishment of a confederation at Warm Springs {#establishment_of_a_confederation_at_warm_springs}
The Confederated Tribes adopted a constitution in 1938, after the construction of Bonneville Dam flooded the major fishing site at Cascades Rapids. Upon receiving a \$4 million settlement in compensation for the 1957 flooding of Celilo Falls by the construction of The Dalles Dam, the Tribes used part of the sum to build the Kah-Nee-Ta resort, which opened in 1964.
### Political action {#political_action}
In 2001, members of the Confederated Tribes persuaded the Oregon Legislative Assembly to pass a bill mandating that the word *squaw* be changed in numerous place names
| 304 |
Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
| 1 |
10,036,318 |
# Bissingen an der Teck
**Bissingen** (Swabian: *Bissenge*) is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Bissingen lies at the foot of the Swabian Jura, the district Ochsenwang on the Alb plateau. The municipality covers an altitude of 384 m on the border with Kirchheim unter Teck-Nabern to 830 m in \"Brucker Hölzle\", which is at the same time the highest point of Stuttgart (region).
## Outline
The municipality Bissingen an der Teck consists of the town core and the village Ochsenwang.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
Adjacent municipalities are Kirchheim unter Teck in the north, Weilheim an der Teck in the east, Neidlingen in the southeast, Lenningen in the south, Owen in the West and Dettingen unter Teck in the northwest (all Esslingen district).
## History
As one of the first places in the district of Esslingen, Bissingen is documented in the year 769. It is mentioned in the written tradition of the Lorsch Codex. From the 11th century to the mid-12th century, Bissingen belonged to the House of Zähringen, then to the Duckes of Teck. The place came to Württemberg in 1326. Bissingen belonged to Oberamt Kirchheim, this became in 1938 the district of Nürtingen. In the course of the district reform of 1973, Bissingen was adjoined to the district of Esslingen. On the eastern edge are the remains of the Wasserburg (water castle\] Bissingen.
## Incorporations
On January 1, 1975, Ochsenwang was incorporated to Bissingen.
## Demographics
The number of inhabitants are obtained from census results (¹) or from official extrapolations by the statistical office of Stuttgart.
Date Inhabitants
---------------------- -------------
December 3, 1834 ¹ 1,871
December 1, 1871 ¹ 1,685
December 1, 1900 ¹ 1,602
May 17, 1939 ¹ 1,542
September 13, 1950 ¹ 2,078
June 6, 1961 ¹ 2,173
May 27, 1970 ¹ 2,583
May 25, 1987 ¹ 3,271
December 31, 1995 3,476
December 31, 2000 3,691
December 31, 2005 3,659
December 31, 2010 3,523
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
### Museums
In Ochsenwang is the Mörike House Ochsenwang, where Eduard Mörike lived in 1832.
## Music
Bissingen has a music club for brass bands, divided into youth and master chapel. Bissingen has adjacent to this a glee club. The MGV (Männergesangsverein) is divided into a children\'s choir (the \"Kibize\"), a mixed chorus (\"Fresh Wind\") and a men\'s choir.
## Orchards as formative landscape {#orchards_as_formative_landscape}
Bissingen is surrounded by extensive orchards. In order to maintain these habitats, the Horticultural Association Bissingen takes care of old tree stocks to ensure that landscape and varieties are preserved for future generations. This is done through the support of community-owned orchards and the establishment of a mother garden with old varieties.
## Natural monuments {#natural_monuments}
The \"Randecker Maar\" in the district Ochsenwang is a former volcanic vent of the Swabian volcano
| 470 |
Bissingen an der Teck
| 0 |
10,036,332 |
# Afon Cefni
**Afon Cefni** is one of the major rivers on the island of Anglesey, Wales. It is 16.9 km long. Its source is near to the village of Capel Coch, before flowing through Bodffordd and into Llyn Cefni in the centre of the island. It continues to run south through the county town of Llangefni. Just north of the A55 the river turns and flows south-west. It passes through the flatlands of the Malltraeth Marshes, where the river course was altered in 1824, creating a canal-like straight stretch. This part of the river and the surrounding marshes, part of which is a RSPB reserve, are frequented by a variety of wetland birds which in their turn are preyed on by falcons, hawks and harriers. A cycle trail follows the straightened course of the river as it flows through the marshes.
Finally it flows under a bridge carrying the North Wales Coast Railway Line at Malltraeth Sands in the south-west of the island and into the Irish Sea. The viaduct is described as \"noble\" and has nineteen arches. An embankment carries the A4080 across the estuary at the village of Malltraeth, half a mile below the railway bridge. Another RSPB reserve is to be found in the estuary here, Newbourough Warren. Malltraeth Pool at the north end of the estuary is a place visited by many waterbirds during their spring and autumn migrations, and other wildfowl and waders are to be seen on the estuary all winter. Newborough Forest on the southern shore is used by large numbers of ravens as a winter roost, and a peninsula and a rocky islet in the estuary are a breeding ground for shags and cormorants.
Migration of fish and eels is effectively blocked by the dam at the Cefni water treatment works, holding back the Cefni reservoir. Attempts to prompt the installation of a fish pass have proven unsuccessful to date.
There was a ship named after the river built in Glasgow in 1890 by a company based in Menai Bridge.
There is currently a tug named *Afon Cefni*, operated by Holyhead Towing. It can be tracked on Ship AIS websites
| 359 |
Afon Cefni
| 0 |
10,036,338 |
# Dettingen unter Teck
**Dettingen unter Teck** (`{{IPA|de|ˈdɛtɪŋən ʔʊntɐ ˈtɛk}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Dettingen under [[Teckberg|Teck]]}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
Dettingen is located 40 km southeast of Stuttgart and 4 km south of Kirchheim unter Teck at an elevation of between 329 and 520 metres. 463 hectares (c. 30%) of the municipal area is forested.
The village lies at the foot of the Teckberg (775 m), hence the second part of its name.
## History
Dettingen 1683/1685 in Kieserschen forest stock book The Lauter valley show evidence of settlement from ancient times. The Lautertal Limes, a Roman border fortification known colloquially as the *Sybillenspur*, runs through the middle of the valley and the village. South of today\'s village lies the Roman fort of Dettingen unter Teck.
Dettingen was first mentioned around 1100. Unusually, there is a high number of castles and noble family seats on its territory - no less than six. None of the castles has survived; they were all demolished in the early Middle Ages. The resident noble families had the majority of manorial rights on the Dettingen estates. Suzerainty over Dettingen was exercised by the House of Württemberg from as early as 1381; in 1415 brought the Württembergs gave rights to the local lords.
Dettingen\'s vintners were active during the German Peasants\' War of 1525. During the Thirty Years\' War the village was badly damaged, its population was reduced by war and plague to around one third. In the early 17th century, the village had around 1300 inhabitants, in 1654 there were just 511. The settlement was slow to recover; the Napoleonic wars of the 17th century dealing it another setback. In 1715, 160 farmsteads were uninhabited and 300 acres of fields and vineyards lay fallow. In 1803, Dettingen had about 1800 inhabitants. In 1939, the Schempp-Hirth aerodrome was commandeered by the Luftwaffe as a military airfield. It was relatively small, however, and therefore not used by the air force. At the end of the Second World War, Dettingen was hit hard, 20 April 1945 was its fateful day. Days before German troops had sought and found refuge in Dettingen during their retreat to the Swabian Jura. The barns and cellars were full of German soldiers when, around 4 pm, Allied fighter-bombers began a systematic bombardment of the village. Explosive and incendiary bombs were dropped, quickly burning down 69 houses and setting 39 barns ablaze. The church, the town hall, the Schlössle, the old school, the kindergarten and fire station were destroyed by fire, the cattle burned in their cowsheds. Ten local residents and 13 soldiers died. One day later, the Americans invaded and occupied the village.
Until 1938, Dettingen belonged to Oberamt Kirchheim, then to the county of Nürtingen and from 1973 to the county of Esslingen.
## Demographics
The number of inhabitants are estimates, census results (¹) or official extrapolations of statistica office Stuttgart. Year Population
- 1654: ca. 511
- 1700: ca. 1.000
- 3 December 1834: ¹ 2.192
- 1 December 1871: ¹ 1.907
- 1 December 1900: ¹ 2.048
- 17 May 1939: ¹ 2.366
- 13 September 1950: ¹ 3.131
- 6 June 1961: ¹ 3.616
- 27 May 1970: ¹ 4.047
- 25 May 1987: ¹ 5.055
- 31 December 1995: 5.355
- 31 December 2000: 5.438
- 31 December 2005: 5.642
- 31 December 2010: 5.698
| 565 |
Dettingen unter Teck
| 0 |
10,036,338 |
# Dettingen unter Teck
## Local council {#local_council}
The local council in Dettingen has 14 members. Communal elections in Baden-Württemberg 25 May 2014 had the following official results. The local council are the elected voluntary members and the mayor as president. The mayor has one vote.
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th colspan="2"><p>Political parties and community voters</p></th>
<th><p>%<br />
2014</p></th>
<th><p>Seats<br />
2014</p></th>
<th><p>%<br />
2009</p></th>
<th><p>Seats<br />
2009 <!--</p></th>
<th><p>{{Wahldiagramm</p></th>
<th><p>LAND = DE</p></th>
<th><p>TITEL = communal elections 2014</p></th>
<th><p>TITEL2 = </p></th>
<th><p>JAHRALT = 2009</p></th>
<th><p>JAHRNEU = 2014</p></th>
<th><p>GUV = ja</p></th>
<th><p>PARTEI1 = CDU/FWV</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNIS1 = 32.90</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNISALT1 = 30.20</p></th>
<th><p>FARBE1 = 000000</p></th>
<th><p>PARTEI2 = Free voters</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNIS2 = 28.58</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNISALT2 = 42.60</p></th>
<th><p>PARTEI3 = SPD</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNIS3 = 19.50</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNISALT3 = 27.20</p></th>
<th><p>PARTEI4 = DBL</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNIS4 = 19.17</p></th>
<th><p>ERGEBNISALT4 = 0.0</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>CDU/FWV</p></td>
<td><p>Christian Democratic Union of Germany/Free voters</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>32,90</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>30,20</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>FWG</p></td>
<td><p>Free voters Baden-Württemberg</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>28,58</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>4</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>42,60</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>6</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>SPD</p></td>
<td><p>Social Democratic Party of Germany</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>19,35</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>27,20</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>4</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>DBL</p></td>
<td><p>Dettinger citizen list</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>19,17</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>0,0</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>0</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Total</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>100,0</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>14</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>100,0</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>14</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Poll</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><strong>51.98 %</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><strong>57.50 %</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
| 397 |
Dettingen unter Teck
| 1 |
10,036,338 |
# Dettingen unter Teck
## Mayors
- 1932--1945: Wilhelm Faßnacht
- 1945--1948: Gottlieb Lauxmann
- 1948--1957: Julius Mahle
- 1957--1972: Richard Käser
- 1972--1996: Günter Fischer
- Since 1996: Rainer Haußmann
On 4 March 2012, Rainer Haußmann was re-elected for a third period.
## Traffic
The Teck Railway runs since 1899 from Wendlingen, Kirchheim, Dettingen, Owen to Oberlenningen (about 20 kilometers). The Royal Württemberg State Railways built the - now restored and used elsewhere - station building as a unit station type IIa. The station can be found in 1:87 as a model on many model railroads, including name, incidentally, also at the largest model railway in the world in miniature wonderland in Hamburg. \[6\] 2009, Teck Railway was electrified to Kirchheim and has since been on the S-Bahn Stuttgart traveled, the more distance over Dettingen after Oberlenningen is per direction per hour from a regional train operates. Dettingen belongs to the district of Esslingen the Transport and Tariff Association Stuttgart and is the Tarifwabe Kirchheim / Teck.
## Notable people from Dettingen {#notable_people_from_dettingen}
- Albert Pflüger (1879--1965), Politician (SPD), Member of Landtag
## Literature
(in German)
- Hans Schwenkel: *Heimatbuch des Kreises Nürtingen* (Band 2). Würzburg 1953, S. 177--206.
- *Der Landkreis Esslingen*. Herausgegeben vom Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg i. V. mit dem Landkreis Esslingen, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2009, `{{ISBN|978-3-7995-0842-1}}`{=mediawiki}, Band 1, Seite 403.
- Albert Schüle: *Heimatbuch der Gemeinde Dettingen unter Teck*. Herausgegeben von der Gemeinde Dettingen unter Teck, Gottlieb & Osswald, Kirchheim 1981.
- Karl Buck: *Luftfahrt an der Teck -- Geschichte und Geschichten zur Fliegerei im Land an der Teck 1928--1958; Gleit-, Segel- und Motorflug. Fluggelände und Privatlandeplatz, Segelflugschule, Flugzeugbau.* Buck, Ulm 2008, `{{ISBN|978-3-00-023757-7}}`{=mediawiki}
| 277 |
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| 2 |
10,036,346 |
# Erkenbrechtsweiler
**Erkenbrechtsweiler** is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
It lies within the area of the Celtic Heidengraben.
Erkenbrechtsweiler is the only municipality in the district of Esslingen, whose denunciation lies fully on the Jura plateau.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
Erkenbrechtsweiler includes the village Erkenbrechtsweiler and the place Burrenhof. In the north of the municipality in the hallway \"Burg\" is a living space disposed likely from Frankish times.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
Adjacent community are Neuffen in the West, Beuren in the northwest, Owen in the north, Lenningen in the East (all Esslingen district), Grabenstetten and Hülben the south (both district Reutlingen).
## History
A grave mound from the Bronze Age proves that already in the Bronze Age people lived in the district. Remains from the Hallstatt culture period have been found. Erkenbrechtsweiler was first documented in 1284 as \"Hergenbolswiler\" or \"Erggenboltswilaer\" when Berthold from Neuffen rendered the place to the Bishopric of Speyer. In 1301 the place was sold together with the reign Neuffen to the Counts of Württemberg. The place came in 1938 to the newly formed district Nürtingen and in 1973 to the district of Esslingen.
## Religions
Since the Reformation Erkenbrechtsweiler is dominated Protestant. The parish includes the municipality Erkenbrechtsweiler and since 2004 also the district Hochwang of the municipality Lenningen. It has about 1,700 members (as of 2005).
In addition, there is now a New Apostolic Church. Roman Catholic Christians, however have to go to church service in Lenningen-Hochwang.
## Population Development {#population_development}
The population figures are census results (¹) or official updates the State Statistical Office (only primary residences). Deadline Population
- December 3, 1834 ¹ 538
- December 1, 1871 ¹ 686
- December 1, 1900 ¹ 789
- May 17, 1939 ¹ 957
- September 13, 1950 ¹ 1,246
- 6 June 1961 ¹ 1,314
- May 27, 1970 ¹ 1,446
- May 25, 1987 ¹ 1,831
- December 31, 1995 2,012
- December 31, 2000 2,173
- December 31, 2005 2,133
## Politics
## Council
The council in Erkenbrechtsweiler has 10 members. The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
## Crest
Official Blazon : \". About a golden (yellow), with a horizontal black deer rack occupied sign foot a green mountain with silver (white) Pinnacle, behind the rising red sun\". The stag rod has the affiliation to Württemberg towards which also marked with this symbol in the coat of arms. The mountain with the rock represents the location on the escarpment. The coat of arms was awarded to Erkenbrechtsweiler by decision of the Provincial Government from 20 September 1954.
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Transportation
Erkenbrechtsweiler is located in the Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart. The bus lines 172 and 179 connect the municipality with the nearest railway stations, namely Lenningen to the Teck Railway to Kirchheim (Teck) and Neuffen to the Nürtingen-Neuffen railway to Nürtingen.
### Education
In Erkenbrechtsweiler there is a primary school with a branch office in Hochwang. There is also a kindergarten.
## Natural monuments {#natural_monuments}
The *Heidengraben*, a Celtic oppidum (a heavily fortified city), was built around 100 BC. It is situated on a peninsula-like plateau between the Erms - and Lauter valley and has a total of about 16 square kilometers, the largest facility of its kind in Central Europe. North of Erkenbrechtsweiler is a reconstructed target. Towards the south, the oppidum was secured by two walls, one of which is south of Grabenstetten still well preserved. An archaeological trail with information panels describes the system for the visitors. The biotope Molach lies above a Volcanic pipe of the only in the upper Miocene active volcano ( Swabian volcano ). The Maar-like kettle of Molach is one of the rarities of the Jura. Very many other wet places or ponds (Hülen) led to the settlement.
## Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Friedrich von Römer (1794--1864), politician, member of the Frankfurt National Assembly, Member of Parliament (Württemberg), Württembergian Minister of Justice (1848--49)
- Karin Roth (born 1949), politician (SPD), Member of Parliament, Parliamentary State Secretary at the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (2005--2009), Senator for Labour, Health and Social Affairs of Hamburg (1998--2001).
| 716 |
Erkenbrechtsweiler
| 0 |
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# Erkenbrechtsweiler
## Personalities who have worked locally {#personalities_who_have_worked_locally}
- August Laemmle (1876--1962), Swabian dialect poet, worked as an elementary school teacher in Erkenbrechtsweiler.
## Literature
- Hans Schwenkel: *Heimatbuch des Kreises Nürtingen.* Band 2. Würzburg 1953, S. 207--222.
- Adolf Schicketanz: *Die Chronik von Erkenbrechtsweiler.* Erkenbrechtsweiler 1961.
- *Der Landkreis Esslingen*. Hrsg. vom Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg i. V. mit dem Landkreis Esslingen, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2009, `{{ISBN|978-3-7995-0842-1}}`{=mediawiki}, Band 1, Seiten 418--428.
- Gemeinde Erkenbrechtsweiler (Hrsg.): *Erkenbrechtsweiler: Erkenbodswiler (1359), Erkenboltzwyler (1475) ;* *Bilder erzählen unsere Geschichte.* Geiger-Verlag, Horb 2009
| 89 |
Erkenbrechtsweiler
| 1 |
10,036,351 |
# On the Record (book)
***On the Record: Over 150 of the most talented people in music share the secrets of their success*** (2004) is a book written by entertainment manager Guy Oseary and published in 2004 by Penguin Books.
The book features in-depth interviews with more than 150 music recording artists, record executives, A&R executives, label chiefs, songwriters, and record producers. Oseary spoke with performers like James Brown and Bono, asking them a similar set of questions about their experiences in music. In writing the book, Oseary also offered a personal reflection on how to succeed in the music industry
| 101 |
On the Record (book)
| 0 |
10,036,356 |
# Frickenhausen
**Frickenhausen** is a town in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
For the first time the municipality was called in the early 14th century *Frickenhusen*. The main source of income was the growing of wine. However, epidemics, war and bad harvests made the income volatile, so many people worked from mid-18th century on linen weaving, spinning and flax.
Today\'s Protestant church was built in 1500 as a late Gothic village church.
## Religion
Since the Reformation Frickenhausen is predominantly Protestant. Today there is a Protestant church in each of the three municipal parts. In the center there is also a Roman Catholic church and since several years a New Apostolic congregation.
## Districts
### Tischardt
The municipality Tischardt was incorporated on April 15, 1972 to the municipality Frickenhausen. The coat of arms was adopted in 1923, it shows in a blue shield a silver table, behind are three silver trees.
### Linsenhofen
Linsenhofen came on January 1, 1975, by incorporation to Frickenhausen. Linsenhofen was first mentioned in 1137 in the *Zwiefalter Chronik.* The coat of arms can be detected since 1778. On a seal two men are seen, holding a grape between them standing.
## Personalities
- Erich Scherer, mayor 1948-1986
- Ludwig König, longtime councilor
- Marianne Ellinger, longtime councilor 1971--2001, deputy mayor 1981-2001
### Personalities who have worked locally {#personalities_who_have_worked_locally}
- Dieter Auch (born 1941), politician (SPD), former member of parliament, lives in the district Linsenhofen
- Carla Bregenzer (born 1946), politician (SPD), former member of Landtag, lives in Frickenhausen
- Marvin Plattenhardt (born 1992), professional football player for Hertha BSC, grew up in Frickenhausen
## Literature
- Schwenkel, Hans: *Heimatbuch des Kreises Nürtingen.* Band 2. Würzburg 1953, S. 223--243.
- Lorenz, Sönke, Schmauder, Andreas (Hrsg.): *Frickenhausen, Tischardt, Linsenhofen -- Aus neun Jahrhunderten Ortsgeschichte.* Gemeinde Frickenhausen 2000, `{{ISBN|3-00-006828-7}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Löffelad, Peter: Die Flurnamen der Gemeinde Frickenhausen. PL-Verlag, Spraitbach 2010, `{{ISBN|978-3-9813258-7-4}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Der Landkreis Esslingen.* - Hrsg. vom Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg in Verbindung mit dem Landkreis Esslingen, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2009, `{{ISBN|978-3-7995-0842-1}}`{=mediawiki}, Band 1, pages 546--561
| 343 |
Frickenhausen
| 0 |
10,036,362 |
# Großbettlingen
**Großbettlingen** is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Großbettlingen is about 5 km from Nürtingen. Unlike many small, German villages, Großbettlingen is not administered with any other villages
| 36 |
Großbettlingen
| 0 |
10,036,369 |
# Hochdorf, Esslingen
**Hochdorf** is a municipality in the district of Esslingen, Baden-Württemberg, in southern Germany. The mayors are Roland Erhardt (1986 -- 31 March 2009) and Gerhart Kuttler (since 1 April 2009).
Hochdorf is situated about 30 km southeast of Stuttgart in the northwestern foothills of the Swabian Jura and just south of the Schurwald. The municipality extends between Plochingen (west) and Kirchheim unter Teck (south) in the valley of the Talbach, shortly before it converges with the Fils.
## Geography
### Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
Adjacent municipalities are Ebersbach (Göppingen district) in the east, Notzingen in the south, Wernau in the west, Plochingen in the northwest and Reichenbach an der Fils in the north (all Esslingen district).
### Municipal Division {#municipal_division}
Hochdorf consists of the village of Hochdorf, the Ziegelhof house, and the deserted village of Hinterburg.
## History
Hochdorf was first mentioned in 1189 but probably originated in the 5th century. Until 1454, the place was owned by various monasteries, then it belonged to Württemberg. Within Württemberg, Hochdorf first belonged to Oberamt Kirchheim and, since 1485, to Oberamt Göppingen. In 1842, Kirchheim was reincorporated, where the city remained until the reorganization of the districts in 1938. Since then, Hochdorf has belonged to the district of Esslingen.
## Religions
Since the Reformation, Hochdorf is predominantly Protestant coined.
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Education
Since the 1970s, there has been only one primary school in Hochdorf, the Breitwiesenschule. Secondary schools are attended in neighboring towns. Additionally, there are three kindergartens and a forest kindergarten in the municipality. The Kinderhaus am Talbach and the forest kindergarten \"Die Waldmäuse\" are operated by the Protestant Church. The \"Albert-Schweitzer-Kinderhaus\" is under the auspices of the Catholic Church. The Kinderhaus \"Im Hof\" is managed by the municipality of Hochdorf and exclusively offers full-day places. The children\'s and youth library has a collection of 4000 media.
### Natural Monuments {#natural_monuments}
In the territory of Hochdorf, there is one individual and eleven area natural monuments:
- Linden group (three winter linden trees)
- Kreuzeiche (fallen victim to the Lothar storm in 1999)
- An abandoned Angulaten sandstone quarry
- The Talbach with the mill canal
- Various field hedges and field trees
### Regular Events {#regular_events}
The community of Hochdorf regularly organizes various events, including:
- Martini Market
- Multi-day Music Association Festival
- Farmers\' Market
- Cider Festival
- Festival of Lights
- Fire Department Festival
- Equestrian Tournament
- Maypole Installation
- Indoor Carnival & Twilight Parade
- Summer Camp
- Children\'s Bible Week
### Natural monuments {#natural_monuments_1}
- Linde Group (three Tilia cordata)
- Kreuzeiche (victim of the 1999 hurricane Lothar)
- the Talbach (valley stream) with the Mühlkanal (mill channel)
### Regular events {#regular_events_1}
- Martini market
- Music club festival (several days)
- Farmer\'s market
- Festival of lights
- Fire department festival
- Riding festival
## Freeman
- Heinrich Traub, former mayor
## Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Gottlieb Fischer (1867--1926), Member of Parliament
## Personalities who were active in Hochdorf {#personalities_who_were_active_in_hochdorf}
- Hans Blickensdörfer (1923--1997), sports journalist and writer, lived in Hochdorf
- Rüdiger Kauf (born 1975), professional football player for VfB Stuttgart and Arminia Bielefeld played in his youth with TV Hochdorf
- Siegmar Mosdorf, (born 1952), politician (SPD), Member of Parliament (1990--2002) and Parliamentary Secretary to the Federal Minister of Economics and Technology (1998--2002), co-founder and longtime head of the community foundation Hochdorf
- Susanne Weber-Mosdorf, (born 1953), politician (SPD), Deputy Director General of the World Health Organization (2006--2011), co-founder of the Community Foundation Hochdorf, lives in Hochdorf
## Literature
- Erich Roos: *Dorf-Chronik Hochdorf 1900--1950.* Geiger, Horb 2001, `{{ISBN|3-89570-733-3}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Gemeinde Hochdorf (Hrsg.), Christof Drüppel: *Hochdorf -- Geschichte einer Gemeinde im Albvorland.* Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1989.
- Gemeinde Hochdorf (Hrsg.): *Hochdorf in Bildern -- Vorgestern, Gestern und Heute.* Geiger, Horb 1982.
- *Der Landkreis Esslingen* (Band 2). Hrsg. vom Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg i. V. mit dem Landkreis Esslingen, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2009, `{{ISBN|978-3-7995-0842-1}}`{=mediawiki}, Seite 17
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| 0 |
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# Kohlberg, Baden-Württemberg
**Kohlberg** is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
Kohlberg is located on the edge of Swabian Jura at an elevation of 357 --.
## Municipality
Beside the village of Kohlberg there are no other villages, farms or houses within the municipality.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
The following towns and municipalities, which belong to the district of Esslingen and to the district of Reutlingen¹, share borders with the municipality of Kohlberg, starting clockwise in the north: Frickenhausen, Neuffen, Metzingen¹ and Grafenberg¹.
## History
Traces of a settlement in the area of Kohlberg go far back to the time before the birth of Christ. Jurassic chert tools, which had been manufactured in the Neolithic Age (about 3000 to 2000 BC), were found in the field area \"Mittlerer Wasen\". The tools found suggest that some the inhabitants of Kohlberg area were pastoralists and some were hunter-gatherers. This also applies to the Hallstatt period (800-400 BC), derived from some grave mounds in the upper Autmut valley.
In the following years significant disputes happened around a farm in Kohlberg. These took almost warlike forms in the 15th century, when Emperor Frederick III gave the farm in Kohlberg to Vice Chancellor Ulrich Welzli, who was born in Göppingen, as a hereditary fief. Only the totally unexpected death of Ulrich Welzli made a peaceful solution possible.
Based on an out-of-court deal between the Zwiefalten Abbey and the Ulrich Welzli\'s brother, who would have inherited the farm, the Rottweil court decided that it should be returned to Zwiefalten Abbey under the following obligation: Zwiefalten Abbey had to pay 1,000 florins to Welzli and had to pay him 100 guilders per year for the rest of his life. In 1467 Frederick III declared that the farm belonged again to the abbey and that it was not any longer af fief. As a consequence, the Abbey got back all its previous rights. Zwiefalten Abbey lent the farm in 1520 to some feudal peasants in Neuhausen an der Erms. Also in 1520, Kohlberg became an independent parish, after it had previously been filial community of Neuffen. The rights of the aristocrats and the Abbey were transferred to Württemberg after the Reformation.
Linen weaving was confirmed to be in place since the 17th century. However, the inhabitants focussed predominantly on agriculture until the middle of the 20th century, and even today there orchards and vineyards, which had been set up in the feudal time by the Zwiefalten Abbey, are well kept.
In Württemberg Kohlberg belonged first to Oberamt Neuffen. 1806 it came to Oberamt Nürtingen and 1938 to district Nürtingen. In the period of World War II the municipality was spared from airstrikes. On 23 April 1945 Kohlberg was occupied by the Americans and French soldiers, and the border between the sectors ran initially straight through the parish. It was later moved, so that the whole parish was in the American sector. With the administration reform 1973, the site was integrated into the district of Esslingen.
## Mayors
- 1924-1945: Eugen Schäfer
- 1945: Hermann Schaich
- 1945-1948: Richard Arnold
- 1948-1956: Eugen Schäfer
- 1956-1993: Rolf Winkler
- 1993-2008: Frank Buss
- 2008-2016: Klaus Roller
- since 2016: Rainer Taigel
## Crest
Blazon: In the upper part of a divided blade are two silver (white) lilies side by side, and below in silver (white) a blue branch with blue grapes and two blue leaves.
This is an indication for the winemaking history of Kohlberg. The town flag has the colors white and blue. The coat of arms was awarded in 1952 by the state government, the flag in 1973 by the Ministry of Interior.
| 614 |
Kohlberg, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,036,385 |
# Kohlberg, Baden-Württemberg
## Culture and Attractions {#culture_and_attractions}
### Fruit and Wine {#fruit_and_wine}
- Kohlberg is located on the Württemberg wine road with many attractions.
- Regularly scheduled village festivals are the Cherry Festival and the Kohlberg Wine Festival.
### Buildings
- Winepress, built in 1579
### Natural Monuments {#natural_monuments}
- The Jusi is 673 m high. From there hikers have a wonderful panorama view over Swabia
| 67 |
Kohlberg, Baden-Württemberg
| 1 |
10,036,386 |
# John J. Cove
**John James Cove** (19 September 1941 - 7 June 2014) was a Canadian anthropologist known for his work with the Gitksan First Nation of northern British Columbia. He was a Professor of anthropology and sociology at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
As recounted in the introduction to his book *Shattered Images* (1987), he was led to examine the oral traditions and cosmology of the Tsimshianic-speaking peoples---the Tsimshian, Gitksan, and Nisga\'a---in 1973 when work on a computer simulation of the traditional Northwest Coast salmon harvest led him to search mythological references to famine. Around the same time, he became influenced by the structuralist approaches of Claude Lévi-Strauss and, through the help of George F. MacDonald, began an intensive study of the Tsimshianic narratives collected by Marius Barbeau and William Beynon.
In 1978 he attempted to begin a sabbatical year of fieldwork with the Gitksan, ostensibly studying the relationship between mythology and masks. The Gitksan-Carrier Tribal Council refused him permission to do fieldwork, on grounds of irrelevancy and lack of community control, until a compromise was reached between Cove and the director of the Gitksan land-claims office, Neil J. Sterritt, whereby Cove returned his grant money and worked *for* the Tribal Council studying \"pre-contact relations with nature.\"
Eventually, he worked for eight years for the Gitksan and Wet\'suwet\'en (\"Carrier\") in research that eventually led to the *Delgamuukw vs. the Queen* land-claims case.
Cove also created a catalogue of the Barbeau-Beynon files and co-edited, with MacDonald, a selection of narratives collected by Barbeau and Beynon
| 257 |
John J. Cove
| 0 |
10,036,407 |
# Lenningen
**Lenningen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈlɛnɪŋən}}`{=mediawiki}; *Lẽnnenge*) is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Neighbour communities {#neighbour_communities}
Those are in the east Wiesensteig (district of Göppingen), in the south Römerstein and Grabenstetten (both district of Reutlingen), in the west Erkenbrechtsweiler, in the northwest Owen and in the north Bissingen an der Teck and Neidlingen (all district of Esslingen).
## Transportation
Teckbahn from Wendlingen am Neckar via Kirchheim unter Teck ends in Obelenningen. The Königlich Württembergischen Staats-Eisenbahnen built the stations in Unter- and Oberlenningen 1899 as unity stations. Nowadays the per hour circulating Regionalbahnen of DB Regio in the area of Lenningen stop at three stations: Oberlenningen, Unterlenningen and Brucken.
Parallel to Teckbahn in Lenningen runs A-road Bundesstraße 465 Biberach--Kirchheim. On this road you can reach five miles away junction Kircheim-east of A 8 Stuttgart--München.
## Notable people from Lenningen {#notable_people_from_lenningen}
- Adolf Scheufelen (1864--1941), engineer and entrepreneur
- Karl-Erhard Scheufelen (1903--1992), entrepreneur
- Klaus-Heinrich Scheufelen (1913--2008), engineer, entrepreneur and politician
- Klaus Eduard Scheufelen (b. 30 October 1913 -- 26 January 2008), engineer, materials scientist with Operation Paperclip, corporate executive and CDU politician
- Karl Scheufelen (1823--1902), founder of paper factory Scheufelen
- Julius von Jan (1897--1964), parson and resistance fighter against nazism, became 1935 parson in Oberlenningen
Image:Oberlenningen Bahnhof.jpg\|Oberlenningen, station Image:Scheufelengrab 2.jpg\|Oberlenningen, cemetery
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1970 7,667 |
| 1987 7,978 |
| 2011 8,015 |
+------------------------+
## Districts
### Brucken
Brucken was first mentioned 1123 and was incorporated into Unterlenningen 1939. Brucken has 1026 inhabitants (Stand 31. Dezember 2012).
### Gutenberg
In 1285 Gutenberg was first mentioned. It received the rights of a town during Thirty Years\' War the place lost so many people, they lost town rights. Gutenberg nowadays has 676 inhabitants (Stand 31. Dezember 2012).
### Hochwang
After world War II many refugees came to the Lenningen valley from former Eastern German regions. First they came in houses of residents. Because ground is small in the valley, in 1951 the managers of papermill Scheufele thought we need buildings for these people and workers. So the idea was born to build houses on the Swabian Alb. Work started with building a road, more than 100 people worked for 30 months. The road was opened 1954. Building the houses started in September 1952, till 1971 184 houses with 312 apartments, 62 garages were built. The total cost was 9,2 Mio. DM (4,7 Mio€. ). At this time the population of Hochwang was 1/3 residents and 2/3 refugees. Nowadays 681 people live in Hochwang (Stand 31. Dezember 2012).
### Oberlenningen
Around 1100 Oberlenningen was first mentonned Oberlenningen has 2.507 inhabitants (Stand 31. Dezember 2012)
### Schlattstall
Schlattstall was first mentioned 1384. Since 1. January 1971 it belongs to Oberlenningen. In Schlattstall live today 168 people (Stand 31. Dezember 2012).
### Schopfloch
Schopfloch was first mentioned in 1152. In the Thirty Years\' War, the place was so destroyed that the number of inhabitants fell from 100 to 40. As of 31 December 2012, Schopfloch has 683 inhabitants.
### Unterlenningen
Unterlenningen was a unit with Oberlenningen. They separated 1353, reunion was 1975 in Unterlenningen live 2.223 Menschen (Stand 31. Dezember 2012).
Brucken, Unterlenningen, Lenningen, Andreas Kieser
| 541 |
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| 0 |
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# Lichtenwald
Lichtenwald is a municipality located in the Schurwald forest in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Situated on the state road L1151 between Reichenbach an der Fils (4 km) and Schorndorf (7 km). It belongs to the Stuttgart Region (until 1992 the Central Neckar Region) and the European metropolitan region of Stuttgart.
## Geography
### Geographic Location {#geographic_location}
The district of Hegenlohe lies on the wooded eastern slope (also called Heuberg by locals) of the Reichenbach valley and, like Thomashardt situated on the high ridge, is surrounded by the mixed forests of the Schurwald. The municipal area ranges from 342 to 480 meters in elevation.
On the high trail (a hiking path from the community center to the nature house), one has a panoramic view of the Swabian Alb and areas in front of it on a clear day. There is a view of about 50 km to the southwest, and about 30 km to the east.
### Municipal Division {#municipal_division}
Lichtenwald consists of the two districts of Hegenlohe and Thomashardt, which emerged from the two formerly independent municipalities of the same names from which the municipality of Lichtenwald was formed. The Hegenlohe district includes the village of Hegenlohe and the residential areas of Bannmühle and Ölmühle as well as the deserted village of Ritzenweiler. The Thomashardt district includes the village of Thomashardt. Approximately 66% of the municipal area consists of forest. `{{wide image|LichtenwaldPanorama.jpg|1800px|360° panorama at the Hegenlohe water reservoir, Höhenweg}}`{=mediawiki}
### Neighboring Municipalities {#neighboring_municipalities}
To the west, Thomashardt borders the also elevated municipality of Baltmannsweiler with its districts of Baltmannsweiler and Hohengehren on the Schurwald heights. To the south is the neighboring valley town of Reichenbach an der Fils. Again on the Schurwald heights lie the eastern neighboring towns of Büchenbronn (part of Ebersbach an der Fils) and Baiereck (part of Uhingen), as well as the northern neighboring towns of Schlichten (part of Schorndorf), and the northwestern villages of Manolzweiler and Engelberg (both part of Winterbach).
### Climate
The climate in Lichtenwald is somewhat harsher than in the Fils valley. During the day, there can be a temperature difference of 1-3 degrees Celsius compared to the valley. This decreases in the evening, and in summer a reversal of the effect can be observed, as the warm air rises from the valley after sunset. In general, it is windier in Lichtenwald than in the valley, as the town is located on a mountain ridge. In winter, snow lies more often and for longer periods, as on the entire Schurwald, compared to the Fils, Neckar or Rems valleys. Due to the elevated location and (almost) unobstructed views to the west and east, Lichtenwald can take nearly full advantage of potential sunshine duration.
### Geology
The geological structure of Lichtenwald follows the pattern also found in most of the remaining Schurwald region.
The Lichtenwald ridge consists of a very narrow zone (20-25 meters) of Black Jurassic or (lower) Lias alpha. This in turn is composed of a layer of weathered products such as dark loam, clay and sand, with the light gray Angulatensandstone underneath and even deeper (but no longer visible, as hidden under scree) the Psilonotenton. The Lias soils are, apart from their stony edges, good arable soils.
The further layers belong to the Keuper. Below the Lias alpha layer begins a 2-3 meters thick layer of Rhaetian (dark clayey-marly, but difficult to recognize). The clayey Knollenmergel joins as a 20-30 meters thick layer next to the Rhaetian and can be immediately identified as a 50-300 meters wide, undulating meadowland between the fields above and the forest edge below.
The Knollenmergel does not provide a good foundation and tends to swell when wet, which can lead to landslides. Typical consequences of ground movements are the many trees growing at an angle or with a kink in the lower part of the trunk towards the light, which is also referred to as crutch growth or saber growth.
The lowest layer of the Schurwald consists of Stubensandstein (Middle Keuper) with a layer thickness of 90-100 meters. This formation consists largely of sandstone banks into which numerous streams have cut.
### Tectonics
The geological layers in the Schurwald generally dip from the northwest to the southeast by about 0.5-1°. Furthermore, today\'s Fils valley in the Reichenbach-Plochingen area represents a fault zone. Due to the sinking of the zone, in Reichenbach, Stubensandstein layers lie 50-70 meters lower than north of the fault line. The tensions have not yet subsided, which explains the tectonic earthquake of August 1940, whose epicenter was about 10 km below Hegenlohe (although it did not cause any damage, it was still felt throughout the Schurwald).
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| 0 |
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# Lichtenwald
## History
### Lichtenwald from 1971 {#lichtenwald_from_1971}
The municipality of Lichtenwald was formed on 1 January 1971 through the voluntary merger of the previously independent municipalities of Hegenlohe and Thomashardt. In a citizen\'s vote on 13 December 1970, more than 90% of voters, with a high turnout, voted in favor of the merger.
The name Lichtenwald is derived from \"lichten Wald\" (light forest), a term that appeared as early as 1555 in old forestry ledger books of the Schorndorf forestry office in reference to the municipalities of Hegenlohe and Thomashardt. The components of the town names, Lohe and Hardt, also trace back to the concepts of pasture forest and light forest. The inspiring idea for the name ultimately came from long-established citizen Karl Roos from Thomashardt. Other rejected suggestions included: Hegenhardt, Thomaslohe, Schlichtenwald, Hohenlau, Schurdorf, Langgehren and Langrain.
Since the 1990s, several public construction projects have taken place in Lichtenwald. After the town hall and village square in Thomashardt were initially redesigned, the water tower in Thomashardt was artistically designed in 1996, for which over 55,000 German marks were raised through donations from individuals, benefit events and sponsors from the business community. In 1998, the youth center near the elementary school was inaugurated, followed by the completion of the community center in October 2000, which houses the volunteer fire department, the municipal works yard and a community hall for clubs and cultural events. A new sports field was built in 2003. In 2012, a new multipurpose hall (community and sports hall) was added. The old sports and community hall was demolished in 2012 as it was in dire need of renovation, far too small, and no longer met today\'s requirements for such a building.
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 2,570 |
| 2001 2,561 |
| 2011 2,424 |
| 2021 2,676 |
+------------------------+
### Hegenlohe
The first documented mention of Hegenlohe was on 26 April 1173, under the name Haginilo, when the Antipope Callixtus III confirmed the properties of the St. Blasien Monastery (Southern Black Forest) in Hegenlohe. Until 1364, the Dukes of Teck held the feudal lordship. Later, the feudal lordship over Hegenlohe was transferred to the Counts of Württemberg, who in turn enfeoffed it to the Esslinger family Holdermann among others. In 1457, the lordship reverted back to the Württembergs, who then assigned the town to the district office of Schorndorf. The municipality has belonged to the Esslingen district since the regional reform of 1938. Until 1379, the settlement of Ritzisweiler, mentioned around 1140, existed on Hegenlohe\'s municipal area. Another settlement called Witzenweiler existed until before the Thirty Years\' War.
Thomashardt and Hegenlohe always formed a unified parish community. Around 1700, the municipality of Hegenlohe began introducing its own school instruction; previously, school-age children (only boys) had to attend classes in Thomashardt and Hohengehren.
### Holy Cross Church {#holy_cross_church}
An ecclesia (rather a chapel) was first documented in 1173. The present sacristy was built after 1200, with the ribbed groin vaulting inserted much later. The Protestant parish church of the Holy Cross, which sits on a rocky hilltop spur, was likely completed in 1479, although the interior underwent several changes over the centuries, most recently in 1955. The stone altar table probably dates back to the first chapel, while on the north wall there is a Gothic baptismal niche and in the flat-ceilinged nave, again on the north wall, a late Gothic sacrament niche from 1479. The wooden altar crucifix was carved around 1520 by an unknown hand and restored in 1955. An organ was likely already present around 1700, while the current one dates from 1835.
The church tower is 29 meters high, resting on both sides on a strong, freestanding medieval oak construction, with the upper two floors and tower roof completely rebuilt in 1809. The first large church bell from 1501, cast by the Esslingen bell founder Sydler and weighing almost 300 kg, had to be recast in 1949 due to a crack. Previously it was confiscated during World War II and transported to Esslingen, but returned in 1947. A small bell was last recast in 1832, melted down in 1917 during World War I and replaced by a new one in 1922. A third bell, the baptismal bell, was acquired in 1949. The bells ring in E-G-A (large bell - small bell - baptismal bell).
### Thomashardt
Thomashardt first is first documented on 18 November 1324 under the name Dagemanshart. Until 1333, part of the town was owned by the Counts of Aichelberg, while another part was owned by the Dukes of Teck until 1367. Later, the Counts of Württemberg held the respective rights. The third part of the village belonged to Adelberg Monastery from 1268 onwards, which transferred its feudal rights to Württemberg in 1362. The monastery itself exercised its territorial lordship until 1535. Since 1453, the municipality belonged to the Schorndorf district office (or Oberamt Schorndorf from 1758 to 1934, then Kreis Schorndorf from 1934 to 1938), and since 1938 to the Esslingen district.
Until 1966, Thomashardt had neither a parish nor a church building. The Resurrection Church was built in 1965/66. The educational sector developed earlier than in Hegenlohe, with a school building constructed in 1812 that was also used as a town hall.
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# Lichtenwald
## History
### Shared History Before 1971 {#shared_history_before_1971}
Even before 1971, there were many commonalities between Thomashardt and Hegenlohe. Between 1560 and 1819, both municipalities belonged to the Schlichten Forest Court, and in 1819 they even formed a united municipality with Schlichten and Baiereck, based in Thomashardt. After Baiereck and Schlichten left the association, the two remaining municipalities separated on 29 September 1825, regaining their independence. Historically, the towns were part of old Württemberg for centuries, then part of the Kingdom of Württemberg from 1806 to 1918, and afterwards part of the Free People\'s State of Württemberg. In 1945, the towns fell into the American occupation zone and thus became part of the newly founded state of Württemberg-Baden, which merged into the present state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952. Even before reuniting in 1971, Thomashardt and Hegenlohe joined together in a school association. In 1962, a school building was constructed on the municipal border, which today houses the elementary school.
### Lichtenwald from 1971 {#lichtenwald_from_1971_1}
The population grew from 1,351 in 1971 to 2,572 residents in 2004, with 1,360 people in the Hegenlohe district and 1,212 in the Thomashardt district. As of March 31, 2015, according to the official population statistics of the municipal administration, 2,559 people lived in Lichtenwald (Hegenlohe: 1,424 residents, Thomashardt: 1,132 residents). As a result of the strong population growth, new residential areas had to be created and many new streets with supply and disposal lines built. In 1999/2000, the mixed-use and (limited) commercial area Ummerles Häule III was developed in Hegenlohe. In 2004/2005, the Hohenrain/Gassenäcker residential area in Hegenlohe was developed. In the fall of 2013, the development of the Thomashardt-Ost construction area in the district of the same name was completed with a roundabout at the northern entrance to the town, comprising separate residential and commercial areas.
### Hegenlohe {#hegenlohe_1}
From the 17th to the 19th century, the town developed very slowly. Reasons for this include the geographic location as well as devastating wars. The population grew from 40 residents after the Thirty Years\' War to about 80 in 1702. In the 19th century, the number of inhabitants fluctuated between 278 and 371. Due to refugees after World War II, the population jumped by 30% to 411 people (from 316 in 1939). By 1961, the municipality had grown by 14% to 475 residents.
### Thomashardt {#thomashardt_1}
Thomashardt has always had more residents than Hegenlohe, although the percentage fluctuations were in line with Hegenlohe. In the 19th century, the municipality had between 309 and 414 inhabitants. After the end of World War II, the population grew by 32% to 433 people (from 327 in 1939). Until 1961, the population increased by 20% to 545.
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# Lichtenwald
## Politics
### Coat of Arms {#coat_of_arms}
Official blazon: \"In gold (yellow) over a green triple mount a red beechnut slanting downwards to the left on a green stalk with a green leaf pointing diagonally upwards to the left, crossed with a red oak acorn slanting downwards on a green stalk with a green leaf pointing diagonally upwards.\"
The new coat of arms could only be used from 13 December 1971 (almost a year after the founding of Lichtenwald). A previously announced competition in the municipality did not produce any usable results for the coat of arms, but important suggestions came from the Archives Directorate in Stuttgart. Regarding the interpretation of the coat of arms, the authority states: \"The coat of arms contains simplified components of the two former town coats of arms that became extinct with the merger. These components, an oak leaf with acorn for Hegenlohe and a beech leaf with beechnut for Thomashardt, are connected in the manner of a diagonal quatrefoil and are intended to point to the achieved unity of the two municipal parts. At the same time, this motif derived from the Schurwald flora can be associated with the new municipal name. The green triple mount in the new coat of arms, as in the two previous ones, commemorates the topographical location of the municipality in the Schurwald area.\"
### Mayor
Ferdinand Rentschler was re-elected in February 2019 with 70.54% of the vote.
### Municipal Council {#municipal_council}
The municipal council in Lichtenwald has 12 members. The last municipal elections were held on 26 May 2019. The municipal council consists of the elected volunteer municipal councillors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor has a vote in the municipal council.
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# Lichtenwald
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### History {#history_1}
Until the beginning of the 20th century, agriculture and forestry constituted the main sources of income for the residents of both municipalities, and charcoal burning also took place. Craftsmen met local needs. The two mills in the Reichenbach valley were the largest commercial operations for centuries - one was the feudal mill for grains, the other was the oil mill, later used as a bone mill and today as a sawmill.
Since 1930, employment in agriculture has continuously declined. Most residents now commute to work in the cities (in 1987, 79.6% of the 1,172 employed people from Lichtenwald worked in cities in the Neckar and Fils valleys). The number of residential buildings in Hegenlohe increased by 150% between 1945 and 1969. Due to improved income conditions and the resulting increase in tax revenue, infrastructure such as water supply and sewerage could be significantly improved and expanded in the 1950s. The expansion of hiking trails also greatly promoted opportunities for local recreation. Thus, present-day Lichtenwald transformed from two farming villages into a lively residential community.
### Current Situation {#current_situation}
The businesses located in Lichtenwald offer around 130 jobs, with the municipality being the largest employer. Lichtenwald is therefore primarily a residential and commuter town. With the development of the Thomashardt-Ost area with a commercial section, they hope to create additional local jobs and thus to increase business tax revenues. About 50% of the available commercial building plots have already been sold, and will soon be developed. A few large-scale and part-time agricultural operations cultivate the approximately 286 hectares of arable land.
Since the completion of the \"Thomashardt-Ost\" commercial area, there are shopping opportunities in the town again. In early May 2014, a supermarket with 840 sqare meters of retail space, a beverage store, and a bakery branch with a standing cafe opened there. Fresh fruit, vegetables, sausages and milk can be purchased from local farmers.
In the 1990s, each district still had a \"mom-and-pop\" store, but they had to close due to being uneconomical. Two bank branches (Volksbank and KSK Esslingen-Nürtingen) also closed.
### Election Results {#election_results}
The municipality of Lichtenwald has always been able to record a very good voter turnout in recent elections. In the 2005 federal election, Lichtenwald had the sixth highest voter turnout of all municipalities in Baden-Württemberg at 87.78%.
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# Lichtenwald
## Culture and Sights {#culture_and_sights}
Despite its rather modest size, Lichtenwald has a cultural program. In 2003 there were around 8,000 visitors, more than half from outside the town. The local artists decisively shape the cultural program as well as the municipal image. The water tower is the best example of this, causing a sensation far beyond the district with its ceramic tile mosaic. The cultural program stands under a different motto each year, with the themes in 2004 revolving around Eduard Mörike and EU enlargement. For example, in June 2004 there was an international intarsia exhibition with artists from France, Poland, the Czech Republic and Russia.
Well-known artists from and in the town include actor Ernst Specht, pianist Martin Pillwein, his wife and artist Carmen Pillwein, intarsia artist Eberhard Scheihing, the artist couple Angie and René Heinze, pianist Gunhilde Cramer, soprano Constanze Seitz, baritone Walter Grupp, artist Dieter Meyer-Jacobi, sculptor Bertram Seitz, and juggler Andreas Wittig.
### Adult Education Center Lichtenwald {#adult_education_center_lichtenwald}
Due to the precarious financial situation of the municipality, the Lichtenwald Adult Education Center successfully separated from the Esslingen Adult Education Center association in 2003/04 and is now integrated into the municipal administration. Financially, the material costs are covered, but not the personnel costs. The Adult Education Center in Lichtenwald is not just about teaching, but also integrates a complete cultural program and a children\'s program. In the first semester, around 3,000 people participated in the program, many from the Waiblingen, Göppingen and Esslingen areas.
### Sights and Natural Monuments {#sights_and_natural_monuments}
In Hegenlohe, the Protestant parish church was completed in 1479 with the parsonage, rectory barn and neighboring bakehouse. An attraction in Thomashardt is the newly designed village square with the town hall as part of the village renovation, as well as the artistically designed water tower with an accessible platform and a magnificent distant view of the Swabian Alb from Hohenstaufen to Hohenzollern. At the upper part of the tower, the local artist couple Heinze has installed a colorful ceramic tile mosaic in the shape of a water droplet.
Several individual trees or tree groups in Lichtenwald are considered natural monuments. These include the village linden tree next to the church in Hegenlohe, planted around 1800, which is 20 meters tall with a circumference of 3.2 meters. Due to lack of stability caused by an almost completely hollow trunk, this tree had to be cut down in spring 2012. A new linden tree was planted in the same spot. Another natural monument is the Schönbrücklesoak about 800 meters east of Hegenlohe in the forest, which is over 330 years old, 45 meters high and has a circumference of 4.3 meters. There is also a linden tree avenue near Thomashardt with 38 trees, about 30 meters tall and 170 years old.
### Events
Regular annual major events in Lichtenwald include the theater performances by the theater division of TSV Lichtenwald in January in the community hall. There is also a Lichtenwald Half Marathon, which has about 1,000 participants and guests is by far the largest event in Lichtenwald. Furthermore, the Lichtenwald Adult Education Center (see above) organizes numerous lectures. The various clubs (Edelweiss Hiking Club, church choir, singing club, etc.) also contribute to community life with annual festivals
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# Neckartenzlingen
**Neckartenzlingen** is a town in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
It is located 10 km north of Reutlingen, and 25 km south of Stuttgart
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# Neidlingen
**Neidlingen** (Swabian: *Neidlenge*) is a municipality in the district of Esslingen, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
In 1807, Neidlingen, formerly a possession of the Kingdom of Bavaria, was assigned to the district of Wiesensteig in the Kingdom of Württemberg. The town was reassigned in 1810 to Oberamt Kirchheim.
### Nazi Germany and World War II {#nazi_germany_and_world_war_ii}
The Nazi Party was a political non-entity in Neidlingen until the federal elections of 1930, but only secured local plurality in the 1932 state election. A local Nazi Party affiliate was formed that year under Wilhelm Aysslinger, the party district manager. In the March 1933 German federal election, the Nazis received 80.6% of the vote in Nedilingen, and that May three Nazis were elected to the six-member municipal council. Oberamt Kirchheim was dissolved in 1938 and Neidlingen was assigned to Landkreis Nürtingen.
29 forced laborers from Poland, Russia, and Ukraine arrived at Neidlingen in 1941 to work on local farms. The US Army occupied the town on 21 April 1945 after a short fight with units of the German Army and German-aligned Russian Liberation Army.
### After World War II {#after_world_war_ii}
Neidlingen experienced a period of industrial growth in the 1950s. In 1973, following 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform of Baden-Württemberg, the town was assigned to the district of Esslingen.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Neidlingen covers 12.60 km2 of the Esslingen district of Baden-Württemberg, a state of the Federal Republic of Germany. It is located 26 km from the district capital, Esslingen am Neckar, on the district\'s south-east tip and along the border with the district of Göppingen. Inside Esslingen\'s district, Neidlingen shares a border with Weilheim an der Teck, Bissingen an der Teck and Lenningen. The municipality is physically located along the northern edge of the Foothills of the middle Swabian Jura of the Swabian Jura, and stretches form the heights of the upper valley of the Lindach to the albtrauf of the Fils. 46% of the municipal area is covered in forest. Another 45% is used for agriculture, primarily for orchards. Its boundaries generally decided by the lay of the albtrauf, which sits atop the Brown and White Jurassic formations.
Neidlingen itself is sits upon the confluence of the Lindach and the Seebach, above the Eisensandstein Formation. The Lindach and its valley begins to the southwest of the town in a plateau of the Jura that averages an elevation above sea level of 760 m Normalnull (NN). The highest elevation in the municipality, 800 m NN, is found here in the Drittelwald. The Lindach valley continues through Neidlingen to the northwest, widening until being narrowed by the Erkenberg and the Burz. Upon these limestone bluffs are juniper groves and sheep pastures that have been placed under Federal protection as the Unter dem Burz and Erkenbergwasen nature reserves. Beyond this, the Lindach continues and marks the lowest elevation above sea level in the municipal area, 423 m NN. The slopes of the valley are formed by the Opalinuston Formation. Near the Erkenberg and the Burz are springs that turn the edges of the Linbach\'s basin into marshland that have been named a Wasserschutzgebiet and was connected to the Baden-Württemberg State Water Supply in 2002.
Neidlingen is east of the Randecker Maar (a former volcanic vent) and is part of the Swabian Alps Biosphere Reserve.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 1.722 |
| 2001 1.916 |
| 2011 1.800 |
| 2021 1.799 |
+------------------------+
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Neidlingen
| 0 |
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# Neidlingen
## Politics
Neidlingen has one borough (*Ortsteil*), Neidlingen. There are five abandoned villages in its municipal area: Heimenstein, Lichtenstein, Merkenberg, Reußenstein, and Windeck.
Klaus Däschler has been mayor of Neidlingen since 2014. In 2021 Jürgen Ebler was elected mayor.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Neidlingen\'s municipal coat of arms has its field divided party per *fess* into an upper, white section containing a green oak branch and a lower, green section with a large, white \"N\". This pattern dates to 1669, though the \"N\" first appeared in an earlier coat of arms from 1616. The oak branch was, from 1930 to 1953, replaced with a tree flanked by two saplings. The tincture was decided in 1953, and on 15 June 1953, the coat of arms was approved for official use by the provisional Württemberg-Baden government. The Federal Ministry of the Interior reapproved the coat of arms on 16 August 1973.
## Transportation
The L1200 runs through the center of Neidlingen
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# Oberboihingen
**Oberboihingen** (Swabian: *Bõẽnga*) is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
It is located 20 km southeast of Stuttgart on the railway line between Stuttgart and Tübingen.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 4,765 |
| 2001 5,481 |
| 2011 5,328 |
| 2021 5,616 |
+------------------------+
## Curiosities
At the station, there was the last hand-operated level crossing in Baden-Württemberg
| 80 |
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| 0 |
10,036,431 |
# Ohmden
**Ohmden** is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
Neighboring municipalities are starting from North clockwise: Schlierbach, Hattenhofen, Zell unter Aichelberg, all district Göppingen and Holzmaden and Kirchheim unter Teck, both in the district of Esslingen.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
The municipality includes the village of Ohmden and the courtyards Lindenhof and Talhof.
## History
Ohmden is the first time documented under the name \"Amindon\" in 1125 in San Rotulus Petrinus, a parchment of the monastery of the Abbey of Saint Peter in the Black Forest. It describes a barter transaction in which Conrad I, Duke of Zähringen assigned the place to the monastery. Later, the village fell to the monastery Adelberg. Ecclesiastical it belonged to Kirchheim unter Teck. Since 1938 Ohmden belonged to the district Nürtingen, and since 1973 to the district of Esslingen.
## Religions
Since the Reformation Ohmden is Protestant coined. To date, the majority of citizens are Protestant. However, there is since 2002 the Catholic Community Centre St. Markus, where regular Catholic services take place. St. Markus is affiliated with the Church St. Ulrich in Kirchheim unter Teck.
## Mayor
- 1952--1986 Walter Kröner
- 1987--2010 Manfred Merkle
- 2010--2018 Martin Funk
- since 2018 Barbara Born
## Crest
The coat of arms shows Ohmden in black a six-pointed star with a horseshoe on a yellow shield. What is certain is that the star was a different area to crest with a horseshoe symbol that repeatedly returned to Württemberg, introduced only to distinguish and has no historical significance. The current coat of arms was awarded on 11 December 1973 by the Ministry of the Interior of Baden-Württemberg.
## Education
Ohmden has its own primary school. Older students have to go to the neighboring towns to attend secondary schools.
## Buildings
Especially worth seeing is the Protestant Church of St. Cosmas and Damian from the 17th century. It contains four altar wings pictures of Thomas Schick, that show scenes from the life of the two Saints Cosmas and Damian and are built around 1500.
## Fossil site {#fossil_site}
Fossils can be found at the Museum of Natural History Hauff in Holzmaden. Ohmdenosaurus is named after the municipality.
## Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
Karl Scheufelen (1823--1902), entrepreneur, and founder of Scheufelen paper mill in Lenningen.
## Literature
- Hans Schwenkel: *Heimatbuch des Kreises Nürtingen.* Band 2. Würzburg 1953, S. 992--1005.
- *Der Landkreis Esslingen.* Hrsg. vom Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg i.V. mit dem Landkreis Esslingen. Band 2, Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Ostfildern 2009, `{{ISBN|978-3-7995-0842-1}}`{=mediawiki}, S. 325.
- Walter Kröner: *Ohmdener Schicksale - 1920 bis 1950
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# Peter Mosely
**Peter Michael Mosely** (born June 6, 1980) is an American rock musician. He is one of the two guitarists and vocalists and the pianist for the American punk rock band Inspection 12, as well as the former bassist for the American rock band Yellowcard.
## Music career {#music_career}
### Inspection 12 (1995-2004; 2007-present) {#inspection_12_1995_2004_2007_present}
In December 1995, Mosely was added as the 5th member in Inspection 12 as second guitar and vocals. His first show with the band was at a friend\'s backyard birthday party. Because he did not know any of their songs, he only played the cover section consisting of songs by NOFX and Weezer. The band went on to record six full length independent albums, and although being a relatively successful local band, Mosely recalls feeling like outcasts because of their preppy clothes and unorthodox style of punk rock, explaining that \"Whenever we\'d play a show like Good Riddance or AFI, it would always be a real tough crowd. I used to hear it all the time about us being rich kids.\" The band went on a hiatus in 1999 when singer Dan McLintock joined fellow musician Ryan Key to audition for the Tooth & Nail band Craig\'s Brother. Ryan soon returned home and joined local band Yellowcard, and a year later Dan also returned, with a proposal from Fat Wreck Chords record label owner Fat Mike to record some new material for consideration for Fat Wreck Chords subsidiary Honest Don\'s Records. Guitarist James Trimble was by then studying in Tennessee to become an obstetrician so Ryan was asked to help with the recording of their *Home* EP. Yellowcards violinist Sean Mackin was also featured on strings. After the recording their record label debut album *In Recovery* in December 2000, drummer Scott Shad died after going into diabetic shock while driving his car, but the band persevered and drafted lifelong friend of the band Tim Grisnik as a drummer. They went on a U.S. tour and later returned to the studio to record their second album for Honest Don\'s, *Get Rad*. However, after eight months of recording songs, Honest Don\'s president reportedly told them, \"*My label doesn\'t put out this kind of music. And I don\'t even know what to call it.*\" They were dropped from the record label and bought their recorded material back to finish the album themselves. The band would go on to release its newest album in 11 years, *Redefine*, in December 2014. The album features the return of original lead vocalist, Rob Reid, to the band.
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# Peter Mosely
## Music career {#music_career}
### Yellowcard (2002-03; 2004-07) {#yellowcard_2002_03_2004_07}
Mosely joined Yellowcard on July 20, 2002, after their first bassist Warren Cooke left the band for personal reasons.
Mosely was simultaneously assisting Yellowcard with writing and recording bass guitar for their Capitol Records debut *Ocean Avenue* but announced that he left on February 15, 2003. Unwilling to join the band, Yellowcard recruited the bassist Alex Lewis instead. Shortly after the completion of *Get Rad*, Mosely changed his mind and asked if he could join the band as their permanent bassist. Because Mosely had been an integral part of the writing for Ocean Avenue and had been friends with most of the band\'s members since high school, Lewis was asked to leave and Mosely became a full-time band member again on March 1, 2004. His first appearance since his return to the band was on Tonight Show with Jay Leno on March 3, 2004.
In 2005, the band members went on their separate ways for a while to create new material for their next album, Mosely moved to New York City with Key while the others moved to Los Angeles. The band reregrouped in LA in the spring 2005 to begin pre-production of their new album.
In April, lead guitarist Ben Harper stated in an interview with MTV News that he was finished with writing the guitar tracks for the album and that he was leaving the band. He was replaced by Ryan Mendez from the band Staring Back. The album *Lights and Sounds* was released in January 2006, the album\'s theme centers around the band\'s negative feelings towards Los Angeles and time of production made the broke away from its pop punk sound to a more alternative rock album. The album peaked at number five on the U.S. Billboard 200, The title track, \"Lights and Sounds\", was the first single, released a week before the album. It peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks.
October 16, 2006, the band re-entered the studio to begin pre-production on their next album. *Paper Walls* was released in the U.S. on July 17, 2007, the album debuted at number 13 on the U.S. Billboard 200 selling about 40,000 copies in its first week. The band spent the rest of the year promoting their new album nonstop from the point of its release while touring with Linkin Park and Blue October
On October 17, 2007, Mosely announced that he had decided to leave the band \"to pursue other endeavors\" and noted that he \"will continue to support Yellowcard.\" He returned to his home in Jacksonville to pursue academia and take a hiatus from performing music.
### This Legend (2016) {#this_legend_2016}
On December 19, 2016, the band announced that Mosely would join their lineup as their bassist. They played at Jack Rabbits in Jacksonville, FL on December 23, 2016.
## Other interests {#other_interests}
Mosely is currently a triple major in music at Jacksonville University obtaining degrees in Music Business (B.S.), Commercial Music (B.A.) and Music Composition (B.M.). He performs regularly with the university ensembles including the choir, orchestra and jazz combos. In July 2012, he joined the newly formed Americana/Folk group [Canary in the Coalmine](http://canaryinthecoalminemusic.com), taking up duties on upright bass, vocals, keyboards, and percussion. The band is preparing for a release of their full-length record in 2015. The yet-to-be-titled album was produced, recorded and engineered by Matt Grondin at [the Parlor Recording Studio](http://www.theparlorstudio.com) in New Orleans, LA. Canary has been a recurring guest artist at the annual Spirit of the Suwannee Music Park festivals Magnoliafest and [Springfest](https://web.archive.org/web/20110511134702/http://suwanneespringfest.com/). In between the acts, he has been working and the writing for a new Inspection 12 full-length album and has performed as a solo singer/songwriter with a string quartet under the name Peter Michael
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# Beatrice Schenk de Regniers
**Beatrice Schenk de Regniers** (August 16, 1914---March 1, 2000) was an American writer of children\'s picture books.
Beatrice Schenk de Regniers was born in Lafayette, Indiana, and studied social work administration at the University of Chicago, earning her M.Ed. in 1941. During the 1940s she worked in the US and in a Yugoslav refugee camp on the Sinai Peninsula.
During the 1950s she was a free-lance writer of nonfiction, humor, short stories, and columns, as well as children\'s books. Her first book was *The Giant Story*, a picture book illustrated by Maurice Sendak, published by Harper in 1953.
From 1961 she worked at Scholastic, Inc. as the founding editor of its \"Lucky Book Club\", four days weekly with Monday reserved for her own writing. She retired twenty years later.
She wrote over fifty books, ten of which were published under the pseudonym of **Tamara Kitt**, including *The Adventures of Silly Billy* (1961), and *The Boy Who Fooled the Giant* (1963).
Illustrator Beni Montresor won the annual Caldecott Medal for *May I Bring a Friend?*, published by Atheneum Books in 1964.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- *The Giant Story* (1953), illus. Maurice Sendak
- *A Little House of Your Own* (1954) --- autobiography
- *What Can You Do with a Shoe?* (1955), illus. Maurice Sendak; recolored 1997
Cats Cats Cats Cats Cats Illustrated by Bill Sokol
- *The Snow Party* (1959; `{{ISBN|0-394-91647-6}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The Little Girl and her Mother* (1963; OCLC Number: 62439179)
- *May I Bring a Friend?* (1964; `{{ISBN|0-689-71353-3}}`{=mediawiki}), illus. Beni Montresor
- *How Joe the Bear and Sam the Mouse Got Together* (1965), illus. Brinton Turkle; (1990), illus. Bernice Myers
- *Red Riding Hood: Retold in Verse for Boys and Girls to Read Themselves* (1972), illus. Edward Gorey
- *Laura\'s Story* (`{{ISBN|0-689-30677-6}}`{=mediawiki}), illus. Jack Kent
- *Penny* (Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Books, 1987), illus. Betsy Lewin
- *Sing a Song of Popcorn: Every Child\'s Book of Poems* (1988; `{{ISBN|0-340-49078-0}}`{=mediawiki}), illus
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# Childhood studies
**Childhood studies** or **children\'s studies** (**CS**) is a multidisciplinary field that seeks to understand the experience of childhood, both historically and in the contemporary world. CS views childhood as a complex social phenomenon with an emphasis on children\'s agency as social actors, and acknowledges that childhood is socially constructed as the concept of childhood is not universal. CS draws on scholarship in the social sciences (specifically anthropology, economics, history, and sociology), the humanities (especially literature, religion, philosophy, and the fine arts), and the behavioral sciences (with an emphasis on psychology).
## History
### Founding
The interdisciplinary field of children\'s studies was founded at Brooklyn College of The City University of New York in the fall of 1991. Its aim was to promote a unified approach to the study of children and youth across the arts, humanities, natural sciences, social sciences, medicine, and law. This new concept emphasized an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach to studying children aged 0 to 18 years old. The concept of CS was introduced and coined in contradistinction to the Child Study Movement initiated by Stanley Hall at the turn of the 20th century, which focuses on child psychology and development.
After Brooklyn College initiated this field in 1991, other academic institutions established children\'s studies programs, and in subsequent years the concept of childhood studies and the field of children\'s studies emerged. Today there are children\'s studies and childhood studies programs at numerous academic institutions worldwide.
### Academic growth, interdisciplinary subfields {#academic_growth_interdisciplinary_subfields}
In the 1990s, Northumbria University was one of the first to offer a degree in childhood studies in the UK. Rutgers University-Camden developed the first Childhood Studies Department in the United States to award degrees from BA through Ph.D. This is a multi-disciplinary department in which Ph.D. students study a range of methodologies to explore cultural constructions of childhood. In the United States, there are now dozens of children/childhood \"modules\", minors, or concentrations available within degree programs. There are also BA and master\'s programs across the globe.
Rutgers University-Camden also operates The Center for Children\'s and Childhood Studies, the Rutgers University Press Book Series in Childhood Studies, and The Exploring Childhood Studies listserve, an online community of over 1500 academics and practitioners studying children and childhood in every discipline and around the world. The Children\'s Studies Center for Research, Policy, and Public Service was established at Brooklyn College in 1997. In 2011, the title of the children\'s studies program at Brooklyn College was officially changed to \"Children and Youth Studies\". *Childhood,* a major international journal in the field, was established in 1993. The *Palgrave Handbook of Childhood Studies,* edited by Jens Qvortrup, William Corsaro, and Michael-Sebastian Honig was published in 2009.
York University in Canada quotes Lenzer in its proposal for a new degree program in Children\'s Studies, writing \"In a special issue of The Lion and the Unicorn in 2001, Gertrud Lenzer, co-founder and Director of the Children\'s Studies Program and Children\'s Studies Center at Brooklyn College, provides a brief history of, and rationale for, the emerging field of children\'s studies. According to Lenzer, before the 1990s, most disciplines in the arts and sciences failed to \"provide a special focus on children\"; indeed, advertisers and politicians \"discovered\" childhood before scholars did. Only during the past two decades, Lenzer argues, has \"an increasing number of disciplines in the arts and sciences. . . begun to manifest an interest in children and youth. In the humanities, these growing subfields include children\'s literature, the history of childhood, and the philosophy of children.\" However, Lenzer suggests, even \"the recent sharpening focus on children and youth in the humanities, social sciences, and international law\" limited the efficacy of studies of children and childhood because \"the intellectual division of labor in children-related scholarship across the disciplines was largely adding new subspecialties of and within the disciplines themselves.\"
By contrast, Lenzer emphasizes the need for holistic, interdisciplinary---indeed, humanities-based---approaches to children\'s studies: `{{nowrap|"... [C]hildren}}`{=mediawiki} are not fully characterized by psychological developmental processes, nor \... by any single perspective. \... `{{nowrap|[C]hildren}}`{=mediawiki} also exist \... as individuals, as a social and cultural class, and as a historical generation.\" York\'s children\'s studies program adopts many goals Lenzer proposes for this emerging area \"as a genuinely interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary new field of study. By bringing carefully chosen knowledge of children from different studies to bear upon the class or category of children to students in a Liberal Arts course of learning, we hope that a more holistic understanding of children and childhood should emerge, which in the end will represent more than simply the sum of its parts. \... Children\'s Studies \... makes the ontological claim that children must be viewed in their fullness as human beings.\" The importance of this field of study was underscored in March 2005, at the \"Off to See the Wizard: Quests and Memory in Children\'s Literature\" conference, when Roni Natov, author of Poetics of Childhood (2002), suggested that \"interdisciplinary childhood studies\" would transform future understandings of children and children\'s literature.\"
### International childhood studies {#international_childhood_studies}
The emerging field of \"international childhood studies\" is a notable new development in the field of childhood studies. International childhood studies are interested in how global and international structures and processes shape children\'s lives and the cultures of childhood. Birkbeck College offers MSc and Ph.D. studies in international childhood studies in the Department of Geography, Environment, and Development Studies, reflecting the strong interest of this field in the intersections between childhood and international development. Karen Wells writes in Childhood in a Global Perspective (Polity 2009) that \'global processes and structures -- especially the increasing influence of international law and international NGOs are reshaping childhood\' (2009:1).
Further developments in this area include the launch in 2011 of a new journal, Global Studies of Childhood, and a two-year ESRC seminar series, Violence and Childhood: international perspectives (www.internationalchildhoodstudies.org). Other important developments include the establishment of the research Section \"Sociology of Children and Youth\" in the American Sociological Association and the thematic group on \"Sociology of Childhood\" in the International Sociological Association. For the \"Sociology of Children and Youth\" section, William Corsaro and Jeylan Mortimer were the first recipients of the Distinguished Career Awards and Viviana Zelizer and Jens Qvortrup were the first recipients of the Distinguished Career Service Awards
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# Schlaitdorf
**Schlaitdorf** is a town in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany
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# Craig Madden
**Craig Anthony Madden** (born 25 September 1958) is an English former professional footballer who played as a striker and made more than 400 appearances in the Football League.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
After playing for Northern Nomads, Madden began his professional career at Bury in 1977. He spent nine years at Gigg Lane, making almost 300 league appearances and scoring 129 goals. He still holds the record for the most goals (42) in a season (1981-82) and remains the clubs\' all-time record goalscorer.
A short spell at West Brom followed, before he joined Blackpool, then under the guidance of Sam Ellis, in February 1987. At Bloomfield Road he began to fall prey to niggling injuries, and each time he dropped out of the team it became more difficult for him to break back in. On 11 November 1989, he opened the scoring in Blackpool\'s home League game against Brentford after just eighteen seconds, which was only seven seconds outside Bill Slater\'s all-time record for the club. Midway through that disastrous 1989-90 season for Blackpool, Jimmy Mullen allowed him to move to non-league Fleetwood Town, where he found his scoring touch again and continued to enjoy the game.
Madden maintained his connection with Blackpool, becoming the community officer at Bloomfield Road in April 1991. \"I am delighted to have landed the job here at Bloomfield Road,\" he said at the time. \"I am looking forward to getting out and about and meeting people from different groups of the community. My immediate aims are to settle in and carry on with the same activities as before --- but hopefully there will be some new ideas too, including two new summer schools for the children\'s holidays in the summer.\" He was succeeded in the position by his former Bury and Blackpool teammate Derek Spence.
## Management
In 2001, Madden became caretaker manager of Stockport County after the dismissal of Andy Kilner. He is still at the club coaching Stockport\'s youth team having also helped with the first team in the past.
In June 2010 Madden was appointed assistant manager at newly promoted Fleetwood Town, alongside Micky Mellon.
Following Micky Mellon\'s departure in December 2012 he became youth team manager
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# Unterensingen
**Unterensingen** (Swabian: *Ondorẽseng*) is a municipality in the district of Esslingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
It is located 19 km southeast of Stuttgart
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# Wolfschlugen
**Wolfschlugen** is a town in the district of Esslingen in the Filder Plain in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## History
Wolfschlugen was first mentioned in documents on April 2, 1318 when a local named Benz from Kirchheim unter Teck sold some products of his farm in Wolfschlugen. It is however commonly assumed that people have settled there long before. A strong indication is provided by the close presence of the Waldhauser Schloss, an old Latin estate in a forest nearby Wolfschlugen.
- 1380 the town became official by a declaration of Eberhard II, Count of Württemberg.
- 1603 the Protestant church was reconstructed and obtained the shape which still can be seen today.
- 1608/09 construction of the town hall by the builders Michel Knell and Jerg Mercklin.
- 1776 construction of the first school.
- 1866 foundation of the voluntary fire department.
- 1899 first telegraph office.
- 1903 foundation of the music society.
- 1906 first telephone connection.
- 1914 first electrical lights on the streets.
- 1938 Wolfschlugen became a member of the district of Nürtingen.
- 1970 dedication of the festival hall and the sports field.
- 1973 the district of Nürtingen ceased to exist and the municipality Wolfschlugen was absorbed into the district of Esslingen.
- 1993 dedication of the new sports hall.
## Demographics
### Number of residents {#number_of_residents}
The numbers of inhabitants are census results (¹) or official data from statistical office, Stuttgart.
+-------------------------------------------------+
| Date Number of residents |
| ----------------------- --------------------- |
| 3\. December 1834 ¹ 1.206 |
| 1\. December 1871 ¹ 1.281 |
| 1\. December 1900 ¹ 1.407 |
| 17\. May 1939 ¹ 1.762 |
| 13\. September 1950 ¹ 2.239 |
| 6\. June 1961 ¹ 2.689 |
| 27\. May 1970 ¹ 3.547 |
| 25\. May 1987 ¹ 5.212 |
| 31\. December 1995 5.710 |
| 31\. December 2000 6.082 |
| 31\. December 2005 6.264 |
| 31\. December 2010 6.309 |
| 31\. December 2015 6
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# Fergal mac Máele Dúin
**Fergal mac Máele Dúin** (died 11 December 722) was High King of Ireland. Fergal belonged to the Cenél nEógain sept of the northern Uí Néill. He was the son of Máel Dúin mac Máele Fithrich (died 681), a King of Ailech, and great-grandson of the high king Áed Uaridnach (died 612). He belonged to the Cenél maic Ercae branch of the Cenél nEógain and was King of Ailech from 700 to 722.
As King of Ailech Fergal participated in a victory over the men of Connacht in 707 where their king Indrechtach mac Dúnchado was slain. This was in revenge for the defeat and death of the high king Loingsech mac Óengusso in 703 at the Battle of Corann. Loingsech\'s son Fergal mac Loingsig was one of the participants.
Fergal became High King in 710, on the death of Congal Cendmagair of the Cenél Conaill. He ruled from 710 to 722.
The Cenél nEógain were expanding eastwards into Airgialla territory. In 711 Fergal mac Máele Dúin fought the Battle of Sliab Fuait (in the Fews, modern County Armagh) where the king of Uí Méith, Tnúthach son of Mochloinges, and Cú Raí mac Áedo of the Fir Cúl sept of the Síl nÁedo Sláine of Brega were slain. Hostility to the Síl nÁedo Sláine was evidenced by the expulsion of Fogartach mac Néill (died 724) from the kingship of Brega in 714 who went into exile in Britain. This appears to be the work of Fergalin in conjunction with Murchad Midi (died 715) the King of Uisnech of Clann Cholmáin and Murchad may have been Fergal\'s deputy ruler in the south.
Fogartach\'s uncle Conall Grant (died 718) killed Murchad the following year and Fogartach returned in 716. In 717 Fogartach caused some manner of disturbance at the Óenach Tailten---an annual Uí Néill gathering held at Teltown---where two men were killed. Then in 718 Conall Grant won a victory over a coalition of southern Ui Neill kings at the Battle of Cenannas (near Kells) as part of the internal feuds of the Síl nÁedo Sláine. In frustration, Fergal intervened and had Conall killed two months later. This seems to have settled affairs among the southern Uí Néill.
In 719 Fergal began to impose his authority on Leinster and harrying expeditions are recorded. In 721 Cathal mac Finguine, king of Munster (died 742) and Murchad mac Brain Mut (died 727), king of Leinster attacked the lands of the southern Uí Néill and ravaged the plain of Brega. Later that year, Fergal retaliated against Leinster; he invaded and ravaged until the cattle-tribute was accepted and took hostages from the Laigin. A truce was made with Cathal as well. The Leinstermen broke the truce however, and Fergal retaliated by invading again in 722 with a large hosting of both northern and southern Uí Néill forces and their Airgíalla allies. However, on 11 December 722 Fergal and numerous nobles of the Uí Néill were slain at the disastrous Battle of Allen (modern County Kildare) by the Leinstermen. The battle was preserved in the 10th century saga *Cath Almaine*.
According to the saga *Fáistine Fergaile meic Máele Dúin* (\"Fergal mac Máele Dúin\'s Prophecy\") his son Áed Allán was born by a daughter of the high king Congal Cendmagair in an illicit union while the mother of his son Niall Frossach was of the Ciannachta. Both his sons Áed Allán and Niall Frossach were both later High Kings. Fergal was succeeded as High King by Fogartach mac Néill of the Síl nÁedo Sláine sept of the southern Uí Néill. His son Áed Allán succeeded him as King of Ailech and chief of the Cenél nEógain
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# Sarah Bagley
**Sarah George Bagley** (April 19, 1806`{{dubious|date=April 2023}}`{=mediawiki} -- January 15, 1889) was an American labor leader in New England during the 1840s; an advocate of shorter workdays for factory operatives and mechanics, she campaigned to make ten hours of labor per day the maximum in Massachusetts.
Her activities in support of the mill workers in Lowell, Massachusetts, put her in contact with a broader network of reformers in areas of women\'s rights, communitarianism, abolition, peace, prison reform, and health reform. Bagley and her coworkers became involved with middle-class reform activities, demonstrating the ways in which working people embraced this reform impulse as they transformed and critiqued some of its key elements. Her activities within the labor movement reveal many of the tensions that underlay relations between male and female working people as well as the constraints of gender that female activists had to overcome.
## Early life {#early_life}
Sarah George Bagley was born April 19, 1806, in Candia, New Hampshire, to Rhoda (née Witham) and Nathan Bagley, both members of large New England families. Nathan and Rhoda farmed, sold land, and owned a small mill to support their family. She had two brothers, Thomas and Henry, and one sister, Mary Jane.
## Adult life {#adult_life}
### Textile work {#textile_work}
In 1837, at the age of 31, Bagley first appeared in Lowell, Massachusetts, working at the Hamilton Mills. She worked initially as a weaver and then as a dresser, and by 1840 she had saved enough money to make a deposit on the house which her parents and siblings were living in. Bagley was dissatisfied with working conditions however and published one of her first pieces of writing, "Pleasures of Factory Life", in an 1840 issue of the *Lowell Offering*, a literary magazine written, edited, and published by working women. These \"pleasures\", she wrote, were like angels\' visits: \"few and far between.\"
In late November 1842, 70 weavers at the Middlesex Mills walked off their jobs, protesting the newly introduced requirement to tend two looms instead of one. The workers were fired and blacklisted, and shortly afterwards, Bagley left the Hamilton Mills and went to work for Middlesex (some historians has described this action as \"strike breaking\"). Between 1842 and 1844, over 1,000 textile workers left Lowell as a result of wage cuts and stretch-outs due to an economic recession. In March 1844, under improved economic conditions, the textile corporations raised the wages of male -- but not female -- textile workers to the 1842 levels.
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# Sarah Bagley
## Adult life {#adult_life}
### Labor activism {#labor_activism}
In December 1844, Bagley along with five other women met in Anti-Slavery Hall in downtown Lowell and formed the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association. Its aim was to improve health conditions and lobby for a ten-hour day; at that time, women worked from 12 to 14 hours a day in the Lowell textile mills. As president, Bagley saw the LFLRA grow to nearly 600 members, with branches in Waltham, Fall River, Manchester, Dover and Nashua.
With the encouragement and assistance of French feminist and Fourierist Angelique Perrine LePetit Martin (mother of American painter Lilly Martin Spencer), the LFLRA purchased a printing press and published their own labor newspaper, *The Voice of Industry,* for which Bagley frequently contributed articles and edited a women\'s column.
In 1845, Bagley and the LFLRA members gathered names of textile workers on petitions sent to the Massachusetts Legislature, demanding a ten-hour workday. As a result of dozens of petitions totalling over 2,100 signatures, a state legislature held hearings to investigate the conditions of labor in the manufacturing corporations. Bagley and others testified to the long hours and unhealthy working conditions in the mills. The committee, led by Representative William Schouler, reported that the legislature did not have the power to determine hours of work and that the ten-hour day must be decided between the corporations and the textile worker. In response, they campaigned to defeat Representative Schouler in the next election.
Bagley and the LFLRA continued sending petitions to the state legislature for a ten-hour day; they gathered over 10,000 names from throughout Massachusetts, more than 2,000 of which were from working women and men of Lowell. Again hearings were held to investigate working conditions, and again the Massachusetts Legislature refused to take action. However, labor and political pressure on the Lowell textile corporations was so great that in 1847 the mills shortened the workday by 30 minutes. As the labor reform movement persisted the Lowell textile companies again reduced the hours of labor to eleven in 1853 and ten in 1874.
Bagley was also involved with other social justice movements. She supported the peace movement, which was developing as the Mexican--American War unfolded. She collected 146 signatures from Lowell and submitted a petition to Congress calling for an international tribunal to adjudicate disputes and therefore end the need for warfare. Bagley also supported electoral reform. In 1845, she invited Thomas Dorr to speak in the town; Dorr had previously led a group of property-less Rhode Islanders in protest against the state\'s voting laws, which required voters to own property. As a result of interactions with Angelique Martin, Bagley also became interested in women\'s rights and organised a series of lectures on the topic.
In June 1846, Bagley was removed as editor of the *Voice of Industry* and later fired as contributing writer. She later wrote to Angelique Martin about why she thought she was dismissed. She described the newspaper as having become \"quite conservative.\" Bagley complained that the new editor, \"found fault with my communications and I would not remain on the committee of publication with him for editor. He does not want a female department \[because\] it would conflict with the opinions of the mushroom aristocracy that he seeks to favor, and beside it would not be dignified.\"
In February 1847, only two years after Samuel Morse\'s first successful demonstration of the electric telegraph, the New York and Boston Magnetic Telegraph Company opened an office in Lowell, Bagley was hired as telegrapher. Early in 1847, Bagley was contracted to run the magnetic telegraph office in Springfield, Massachusetts. She was unhappy to discover she earned only three-quarters as much as the man she replaced, writing to a friend of her growing commitment to human equality and the rights of women.
### Later years {#later_years}
A year later, Bagley returned to Lowell, working for the Hamilton Mills and living with one of her brothers. While based in Lowell, she traveled throughout New England, writing about health care, working conditions, prison reform, and women\'s rights. In 1849, she moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where she worked with the Quakers as the executive secretary of the Rosine Home, providing a safe place for prostitutes and disadvantaged young women. While in Philadelphia, Bagley met James Durno (1795--1871), a native of Aberdeen, Scotland; they married on November 13, 1850.
In 1851, Sarah and James Durno moved to Albany, New York, and began their practice as homeopathic physicians. At that time, homeopathic health care was a new field of medicine, which used herbs and medicines rather than the traditional procedures performed by doctors at the time -- bleeding patients, or "purging" the body through vomiting. Their practice specialized in providing medical care for women and children. The price of their services was "to the rich, one dollar -- to the poor gratis \[free\]". The Durnos began manufacturing herbal medicines and Durno Catarrh Snuff. By 1867, the couple had moved their manufacturing company to New York and lived in a large brick house in Brooklyn Heights. On June 22, 1871, James Durno died in Brooklyn, Kings County (not yet part of New York City), aged 76, and was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery. On January 15, 1889, Sarah Bagley died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, aged 82, and was buried in Lloyd Bowers Hoppin Family Lot in Laurel Hill Cemetery. Sarah Bagley and James Durno had no children.
There is no known documented image of Sarah Bagley. The article and images about Sarah Bagley on the New England Historical Society website has many errors, in addition, there are no footnotes and no credit lines
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# Betzweiler-Wälde
**Betzweiler-Wälde** is a former municipality, now part of Loßburg, in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Eutingen im Gäu
**Eutingen** (Swabian: *Eudinge*) is a municipality in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany
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# Sookie Stackhouse
**Sookie Stackhouse** is a fictional character and protagonist of *The Southern Vampire Mysteries* book series, written by Charlaine Harris. In HBO\'s television adaptation, *True Blood*, Sookie is portrayed by Anna Paquin.
## Creation and casting {#creation_and_casting}
Sookie was created by Charlaine Harris. Harris stated that she decided to \"shake up my writing style by trying something new\". The author said that to do this she would include \"all the elements I loved: mystery, the supernatural, bloody adventure, and a dash of romance. And since people had told me for years that I had a great sense of humor, I thought it would be interesting to try to include that in the book, too\". Harris went on to establish the protagonist of the series. When naming the character Harris decided to use her grandmother\'s best friend\'s name because \"it was a fine old Southern nickname, I thought it would do well for my heroine. And \"Stackhouse\" just flowed right after it\". Sookie, Sooky, Sukie, Sukey, Sook etc. are historical Southern U.S. regional nicknames for Susannah or Susan (Hebrew, \"Lily\").
Young Sookie was present in a couple episodes, with multiple actresses playing the character\'s younger self, including actress Lily Bigham. Harris wanted to \"write from the point of view of a human\". To make Sookie more interesting as Harris would have \"to live with Sookie\" while writing, she decided to have the character start a relationship with a vampire as an introduction to a foreign world. Harris then decided she would have to establish a reason \"sensible Sookie\" would \"do such a crazy thing\" which led to her giving Sookie the power of telepathy. In an interview Harris stated that making Sookie telepathic is \"the worst thing I could think of to do to anybody\". She explained this further saying, \"it would just be absolutely horrible to know what people really thought about you.\" Harris felt that there are \"definitely elements of Sookie in me---or, more correctly, there are elements of me in her. \[\...\] I wish I were as brave as she is!\" Harris said that when writing for Sookie it is, \"second nature to me to step into Sookie\'s skin\".
Anna Paquin was cast in the HBO television adaptation *True Blood*, with her casting being announced on 26 February 2007. In September 2011, Harris said that although some characters in the series were portrayed in the television adaptation as she intended, Sookie is not, saying: \"Anna \[Paquin\] has never been the way I think of as Sookie. I think she does a great job, but she\'s just not my Sookie\".
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# Sookie Stackhouse
## Appearances
### Literature
#### *Dead Until Dark* {#dead_until_dark}
Sookie is a telepathic waitress working in Merlotte\'s Bar and Grill in Bon Temps, Louisiana. She and her brother, Jason, were raised by their grandmother, Adele Stackhouse, after their parents were killed in a car accident. As a child, Sookie was molested by her great-uncle, Bartlett Hale.
She meets and falls in love with Bill Compton, a vampire to whom she is attracted partly because she cannot read his mind. Sookie saves Bill from Denise and Mack Rattray who intend to drain their victim\'s blood for use as a narcotic. Sookie is later attacked by the Rattrays but Bill saves Sookie and kills her attackers.
Jason and Bill both become suspects in a series of murders, due to the presence of fang marks on the victims and to their previous relationships with Jason. After Jason is arrested, Sookie visits a vampire bar, Fangtasia, in an attempt to discover if any vampires knew the victims. Sookie meets vampire sheriff Eric Northman, who discovers her telepathy. Sookie uses this ability to help Eric discover that vampire Long Shadow has been embezzling from Fangtasia. A confrontation ensues and Eric saves Sookie\'s life by staking Long Shadow when he attacks her. Sookie discovers her Gran, Adele, has been murdered. Bill leaves to improve his position in the vampire hierarchy. Sookie discovers that her boss, Sam, is a shape-shifter. While Bill is gone, Sookie discovers that the murderer is her brother\'s friend Rene Lenier. He almost kills her, but she fights back and manages to get the better of him. Sookie almost kills him with a shovel. Bill returns and is promoted to area investigator, working under Eric.
#### *Living Dead in Dallas* {#living_dead_in_dallas}
Sookie is later attacked by a maenad and is treated by Dr Ludwig as instructed by Eric. Eric then sends Sookie to Dallas to search for a missing vampire. Sookie goes to the Fellowship of the Sun church where the Dallas vampires believe the missing vampire to be. The Dallas vampire\'s associate Hugo accompanies Sookie, who discovers that he is a traitor. Eric is injured while protecting Sookie when trying to escape the church. Eric then tricks Sookie into ingesting his blood so that he will be connected to her. Sookie returns to Bon Temps after arguing with Bill but the pair later reconcile.
#### *Club Dead* {#club_dead}
Bill goes missing after traveling to Mississippi and Eric suspects that Lorena, who made Bill a vampire, is to blame. Sookie travels to Mississippi to use her telepathy to try to locate Bill. Sookie is escorted by Alcide Herveaux (a werewolf) to a vampire bar where she learns that Bill is being held captive and that vampire king Russell Edgington may be involved. While attempting to prevent one of Russell\'s employees from being staked, Sookie herself is injured. While receiving medical treatment at Russell\'s mansion, Sookie learns that Bill is being tortured in the pool house. Sookie kills Lorena and saves Bill and as the escape, Sookie locks herself in the back of a truck with him as Alcide and Tara drive the truck. Deprived of blood, Bill drinks from Sookie. When Alcide pulls over to pee on the side of the road, Tara finds Sookie nearly dead. Tara throws Bill out to leave him in the sun and Tara and Alcide take Sookie to a hospital where they discover she does not have a blood type. She is in a coma. Tara calls Jason and both Jason and Lafayette go to the hospital to sit with Sookie. Bill comes into the room and Jason allows Bill to add his blood to her IV. Sookie awakes in shock. Sookie is driven home by Eric. On the way back to Bon Temps two people raid a gas station while looking for Sookie and Eric. At Sookie\'s house Eric and Sookie are attacked by several werewolves who are then killed. Sookie ends her relationship with Bill.
#### *Dead to the World* {#dead_to_the_world}
Sookie finds Eric, who has had his memory wiped. She is persuaded by Eric\'s second in command, Pam Ravenscroft, to allow him to live with her. Sookie learns that a witch coven is believed responsible for Eric\'s memory loss. Jason goes missing. Sookie has sex with Eric and falls in love with him. Bill shoots the witch responsible for Eric's memory loss and Pam's curse(resulting in it being broken). Sookie uses her fae powers on Eric causing him to get his memory back. Jason has been kidnapped and held in Hotshot by Crystal and Coot, who tried to turn him into a werepanther. Alcide\'s jealous girlfriend, Debbie Pelt, breaks into Sookie\'s house and tries to shoot her but Eric takes the bullet before Sookie shoots Debbie.
#### *Dead as a Doornail* {#dead_as_a_doornail}
Sookie learns several were-animals and shape-shifters have been shot and injured, including Sam. Sookie gets a replacement Bartender, Charles Twining, from Eric. Jason is blamed by Calvin Norris, leader of Hotshot, for the shootings. Sookie\'s house is set on fire but Sookie is rescued by her fairy godmother, Claudine Crane. A dead man is found outside and is blamed for the fire. Sookie is shot. While trying with Sam to track down the shooter, Sookie is confronted by Merlotte\'s employee Sweetie Des Arts who reveals herself as the shooter and then also shoots Tray Dawson, a werewolf protecting Sookie sent by Calvin, before being shot dead by Andy Bellefleur. Charles attacks Sookie and reveals that he was sent by Longshadow\'s maker to hurt Eric by taking something that he loves. Charles had shot Sam so that Sookie must find a replacement bartender and had set her house on fire before framing an innocent man. Sookie learns her friend Tara Thornton is being forced into a relationship with Mickey. Eric helps free Tara of Mickey but in exchange Sookie tells Eric about what happened when he had amnesia including their relationship and her killing of Debbie.
#### *Definitely Dead* {#definitely_dead}
Sookie begins dating Quinn and is attacked by werewolves while on a date with Quinn. Sookie learns that her vampire cousin, Hadley Delahoussaye, has been murdered. Hadley\'s landlord, witch Amelia Broadway, had put Hadley\'s apartment under a spell but when the spell is broken Sookie and Amelia are attacked by newly turned vampire Jake Purifoy who does not rise due to Amelia\'s spell. Sookie and Amelia are taken to the hospital where Bill, while being pressured by Eric, reveals that he had been asked to move to Bon Temps to learn more about Sookie\'s telepathy. Sookie tells the vampire Queen of Louisiana, Sophie-Anne Leclerq that Amelia plans to magically reconstruct the time of Jake\'s turning, which Sophie-Anne watches the witches perform. Sophie-Anne tells Sookie that she has fairy blood which attracts supernaturals. Sophie-Anne asks Sookie to look through Hadley\'s apartment to locate a missing diamond bracelet once given to the queen by her husband; the discovery that this bracelet is missing would mean political disaster for Sophie-Anne. A group of Werewolves kidnaps Sookie and takes her to the Pelt family. With help from Eric, Sookie is able to resolve her differences with the Pelts. Sookie and Quinn attend the party Sophie-Anne and her husband, Peter Threadgill, throw in celebration of their new union. Peter attempts to take over Louisiana and in the violence, Quinn is injured. Peter is ultimately killed and Sookie then returns to Bon Temps.
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# Sookie Stackhouse
## Appearances
### Literature
#### *All Together Dead* {#all_together_dead}
Sookie agrees for the benefit of Sophie-Anne to listen to the thoughts of humans at The Summit, attended by powerful vampires. Sophie-Anne is accused of killing her husband, though Sookie knows that she is innocent. Sookie discovers a bomb planted outside of the Louisiana suite and warns Sophie-Anne. At Sophie-Anne\'s trial Sookie helps to prove that Sophie-Anne\'s accusers are being manipulated. Sophie-Anne\'s child, Andre Paul, forces Sookie to exchange blood with him to try to tie Sookie to Sophie-Anne. Eric exchanges blood with Sookie to prevent Sookie being tied to Andre. This exchange with Eric causes Sookie to become more closely bonded to Eric. Sookie and fellow telepath Barry Horowitz, who met previously in Dallas, learn that multiple bombs have been planted in the hotel by the Fellowship of the Sun. Sookie and Barry help to get some humans and vampires free before the bombs detonate. Sookie and Barry discover that if they hold hands their telepathy is magnified and by doing this they help find humans buried in the rubble. Sookie finds Andre alive but Quinn stakes him to stop his intentions to use Sookie. Sophie-Anne escapes but loses her legs. Sookie rescues Eric, Pam and Bill.
#### *From Dead to Worse* {#from_dead_to_worse}
Sookie learns that boyfriend Quinn is missing. Sookie also finds that she is part fairy after having discovered that her grandmother had had two children with a half-fairy. While her grandfather is dead, her great-grandfather Niall Brigant, who is a fairy prince, wants to meet her. Sookie discovers that a pack of werewolves has begun killing the Shreveport pack and is entangled in a brief war between the two, with the Shreveport pack winning and Alcide its leader. Felipe de Castro, vampire king of Nevada, kills Sophie-Anne and all of the vampire sheriffs of Louisiana except Eric, who surrenders. Sookie learns that her blood bond with Eric allows her to detect his feelings and to know his location. Quinn has become Felipe\'s prisoner in exchange for his help in recapturing Quinn\'s mother, who has escaped from a were sanatorium. Sookie reunites with Eric. Jason\'s wife, Crystal Norris, is unfaithful to him so, as werepanther tradition dictates, Crystal\'s uncle Calvin must have his hand broken by Sookie. Sookie stops speaking to Jason. Sookie rescues Felipe, Eric and Sam from Sigebert. Sookie visits Hadley\'s son, Hunter Savoy and discovers that he is a telepath.
#### *Dead and Gone* {#dead_and_gone}
The Louisiana town of Bon Temps---along with the rest of the world---is about to be rocked with some big supernatural news: like the vampires before them, the Were people---humans with the ability to change into animals---are about to reveal themselves to humanity. Telepathic barmaid Sookie Stackhouse is apprehensive about the revelation, given the way some people in the small town revile anyone with extraordinary powers, including Sookie herself. While the initial announcement seems to go over smoothly with most people, tragedy strikes when Sookie\'s sister-in-law, a werepanther, is found murdered and nailed up on a cross. Jason is the prime suspect, but Sookie has even bigger problems to deal with when she learns that a vicious fairy prince is determined to kill her.
#### *Dead in the Family* {#dead_in_the_family}
Eric\'s maker, Appius Livius Ocella, arrives, bringing his other vampire child Alexei Romanov with him. Bill, who sustained silver poisoning while rescuing Sookie, refuses to ask any of Lorena\'s other vampire children for help so that his health will continue to worsen. Victor Madden who wants Eric, Bill and Pam dead, sends assassins after Sookie, Pam and Bill, but the villains are unsuccessful. Claudine\'s triplet, Claude claims to be suffering from the lack of fairy company after being locked out of the fairy homeland and so begins living with Sookie. Claude identifies that Niall\'s son, Dermot, and another fairy have been on Sookie\'s land recently. Sookie contacts Judith Varamon, Lorena\'s vampire daughter, who heals Bill. Sookie discovers that the unknown fairy previously on her property is Claudine\'s unborn child\'s father, Colman. Colman had planned to kill Sookie but decides that he wants her arrested instead. Alexei kills humans uncontrollably before he tries to kill Eric and Pam. Eric kills Alexei; Colman kills Appius; Eric kills Colman. Sookie and Claude free Dermot from a spell under which he had gone mad.
#### *Dead Reckoning* {#dead_reckoning}
Sookie asks Amelia to break her blood bond with Eric, which she does. Sookie learns Mr. Cataliades, having given Sookie\'s grandmother and grandfather some of his blood, is responsible for her telepathic abilities. Sookie sells some furniture to an antiques store where the owner, Donald Calloway, finds a secret compartment containing a letter from her grandmother and an object called a Cluviel Dor. Sookie\'s grandmother explains that the Cluviel Dor is a magical fairy love object which allows the possessor one wish and that it is now Sookie\'s. Sandra Pelt, Debbie\'s sister, hires people to kill Sookie, but they fail to do so. She then holds Sam and girlfriend Jannalyn Hopper at gunpoint, forcing them to take her to Sookie\'s house. Sookie shoots Sandra before Jannalyn kills her. Sookie, Eric and Pam plot to kill Victor and they succeed.
#### *Deadlocked*
Sookie struggles with what to do with the Cluviel Dor. Niall visits Sookie before taking Claude with him to discover who cursed Dermot. Felipe visits Eric to investigate the disappearance of Victor. At the gathering, Sookie arrives to discover Eric feeding from a woman, Kym Rowe, who is soon found dead on Eric\'s lawn. Eric\'s employee, Mustapha Khan is gone when the police arrive. Mustapha visits Sookie where she learns that his friend Warren is being held captive. Freyda, the Oklahoma vampire Queen, plans to make Eric her consort. Donald arrives at Sookie\'s house demanding that she give him the contents of the furniture she has sold him and then he pulls a knife on her. Mr. Cataliades kills him and informs Sookie that others know of the Cluviel Dor. Bill and Sookie retrieve Colton, whom Felipe has kidnapped, as he was present when Victor was killed. Four werewolves tell Sookie that they will take her to Alcide to identify Warren\'s body. Mustapha arrives and saves her from the creatures when she realizes that they intend to hurt her. Sookie learns that Jannalyn, who has held Warren captive, had told Mustapha to let Kym into Eric\'s house. Sookie, Mustapha and Alcide find and save Warren. Claude reveals that he had enlisted Jannalyn to find a werewolf to whom he would then give fairy blood, thus making them irresistible to Eric. Claude hoped that if Sookie were unhappy Niall would be drawn away from Faery. Jannalyn is tried by the Shreveport pack and she fights to the death with Mustapha. Sookie realizes Jannalyn is edging towards Alcide, whom Sookie warns. Alcide moves out of the way and Jannalyn kills Sam. Jannalyn herself is then killed. Sookie uses the Cluviel Dor to resurrect Sam.
#### *Dead Ever After* {#dead_ever_after}
Eric progresses with his marriage plans. Sam, Sookie\'s friend and now co-owner of Merlotte\'s, is having a hard time dealing with having been suddenly brought back to life. Arlene has been freed from prison and asks Sookie for her job back. Arlene\'s body is later found, and Sookie is arrested for her murder.
To help her with these issues, Sookie is visited by Desmond Cataliades, Diantha, Barry Horowitz and Amelia Broadway and Bob. Sookie stops by Merlotte\'s and ends up having sex with Sam for the first time. Sookie tells Sam they must take it slow. She wants to be sure he\'s not a rebound relationship. Sookie, Sam, Jason and Michele go to Stomping Sally\'s to dance. Sookie is kidnapped by Johan Glassport, Steve Newlin and Claude Crane. Sookie manages to escape and runs from her kidnappers into the safety of a large group of people from Stomping Sally\'s, who have chased behind the van in an effort to save Sookie. Claude smashes Steve Newlin\'s head, who confesses that he and Johan killed Arlene. Johan and Claude are shot dead.
After Jason and Michele get married, Sam drives Sookie home and wants to spend the night. Sookie hopes she and Sam will be still together by Christmas but, if they aren\'t, she\'ll know that she will be okay with it.
## In other media {#in_other_media}
The rapper Snoop Dogg, a fan of the tv-show, made a song called \"Oh Sookie\", inspired by the character
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# Grömbach
**Grömbach** is a municipality in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany
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# List of Kilkenny senior hurling team captains
This article lists players who have captained the Kilkenny county hurling team in the Leinster Senior Hurling Championship and the All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. The captain is chosen from the club that has won the Kilkenny Senior Hurling Championship. `{{Incomplete list|date=August 2008}}`{=mediawiki}
## List of captains {#list_of_captains}
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| **\#** | **Year** | **Player** | **Club** | **National titles** | **Provincial titles** | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2025 | John Donnelly | Thomastown | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2024 | Paddy Deegan | O\'Loughlin Gaels | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2023 | Eoin Cody | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2022 | Richie Reid | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2021 | Adrian Mullen | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2020 | Colin Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2019 | T. J. Reid | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2018 | Cillian Buckley | Dicksboro | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2017 | Mark Bergin | O\'Loughlin Gaels | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2016 | Shane Prendergast | Clara | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2015 | Joey Holden | Ballyhale Shamrocks | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2014 | Lester Ryan | Clara | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2013 | Colin Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2012 | Eoin Larkin | James Stephens | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2011 | Brian Hogan | O\'Loughlin Gaels | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2010 | T. J. Reid^1^\ | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2009 | Michael Fennelly^2^\ | Ballyhale Shamrocks | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2008 | James \'Cha\' Fitzpatrick | Ballyhale Shamrocks | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2007 | Henry Shefflin | Ballyhale Shamrocks | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2006 | Jackie Tyrell | James Stephens | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2005 | Peter Barry | James Stephens | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2004 | Martin Comerford | O\'Loughlin Gaels | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2003 | D.J. Carey | Young Irelands | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | | Charlie Carter | Young Irelands | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2002 | Andy Comerford | O\'Loughlin Gaels | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2001 | Denis Byrne | Graigue-Ballycallan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 2000 | Willie O\'Connor | Glenmore | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1999 | Denis Byrne | Graigue-Ballycallan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1998 | Tom Hickey | Dunnamaggin | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1997 | D.J. Carey | Young Irelands | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1996 | Michael Phelan | Glenmore | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1995 | Bill Hennessy | Tullaroan | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1994 | Michael Walsh | Dicksboro | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1993 | Eddie O\'Connor | Glenmore | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1992 | Liam Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1991 | Christy Heffernan | Glenmore | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | | 1990 | Seán Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1989 | Kevin Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1988 | Liam Walsh | Glenmore | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1987 | Paddy Prendergast | Clara | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1986 | Frank Holohan | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1985 | Kieran Brennan | Conahy Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1984 | Liam Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1983 | Liam Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1982 | Brian Cody | James Stephens | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1981 | Maurice Mason | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1980 | Richie Reid | Ballyhale Shamrocks | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1979 | Ger Fennelly | Ballyhale Shamrocks | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1978 | Ger Henderson | Fenians | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1977 | Liam \'Chunky\' O\'Brien | James Stephens | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1976 | Phil \'Fan\' Larkin | James Stephens | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1975 | Billy Fitzpatrick | Fenians | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1974 | Nicky Orr | Fenians | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1973 | Pat Delaney | Fenians | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1972 | Noel Skehan | Bennettsbridge | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1971 | Pat Henderson | Fenians | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1970 | Mick Crotty | James Stephens | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1969 | Eddie Keher | Rower-Inistioge | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1968 | Jim Bennett | Bennettsbridge | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1967 | Jim Treacy | Bennettsbridge | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1966 | Jim Lynch | Mooncoin | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1965 | Paddy Moran | Bennettsbridge | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1964 | Seán Buckley | St. Lachtain\'s | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1963 | Séamus Cleere | Bennettsbridge | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1962 | Alfie Hickey | St. Lachtain\'s | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1961 | Séamus Cleere | Bennettsbridge | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1960 | Mickey Kelly | Bennettsbridge | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1959 | Seán Clohessy | Tullaroan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1958 | Mick Kenny | John Locke\'s | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1957 | Mickey Kelly | Bennettsbridge | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1956 | Paddy Buggy | Bennettsbridge | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1955 | Paddy Buggy | Slieverue | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1954 | Dan Kennedy | Bennettsbridge | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1953 | Johnny McGovern | Bennettsbridge | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1952 | | Carrickshock | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1951 | | Dicksboro | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1950 | Mick Kenny | Graigue | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1949 | Paddy Malone | Tullaroan | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1948 | | Éire Óg | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1947 | Dan Kennedy | Thomastown | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1946 | Jack Mulcahy | Éire Óg | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1945 | Peter Blanchfield | Éire Óg | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1944 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1943 | Jimmy Walsh | Carrickshock | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1942 | Jimmy Walsh | Carrickshock | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1941 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1940 | Jim Langton | Éire Óg | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1939 | Jimmy Walsh | Carrickshock | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1938 | Paddy Larkin | James Stephens | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1937 | Jack Duggan | Mooncoin | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1936 | Paddy Larkin | James Stephens | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1935 | Lory Meagher | Tullaroan | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1934 | Lory Meagher | Tullaroan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1933 | Eddie Doyle | Mooncoin | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1932 | Jimmy Walsh | Carrickshock | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1931 | Lory Meagher | Tullaroan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1930 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1929 | Wattie Dunphy | Mooncoin | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1928 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1927 | John Roberts | Dicksboro | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1926 | Dick Grace | Tullaroan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1925 | Dick Grace | Tullaroan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1924 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1923 | Wattie Dunphy | Mooncoin | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1922 | Wattie Dunphy | Mooncoin | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1921 | Dick Grace | Tullaroan | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1920 | Dick Grace | Tullaroan | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1919 | Dick Grace | Tullaroan | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1918 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1917 | Sim Walton | Tullaroan | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1916 | Sim Walton | Tullaroan | | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1915 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1914 | Dick \'Drug\' Walsh | Mooncoin | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1913 | Dick \'Drug\' Walsh | Mooncoin | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1912 | Sim Walton | Tullaroan | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1911 | Sim Walton | Tullaroan | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1910 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1909 | Dick \'Drug\' Walsh | Mooncoin | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1908 | | | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1907 | Dick \'Drug\' Walsh | Mooncoin | All-Ireland Hurling Final winning captain | Leinster Hurling Final winning captain | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1906 | Dick \'Drug\' Walsh | Mooncoin | | | |
+--------+----------+---------------------------+---------------------+-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------+---+
| | 1905 | D.J
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List of Kilkenny senior hurling team captains
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10,036,596 |
# Loßburg
**Loßburg** is a municipality in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 7,099 |
| 2001 7,948 |
| 2011 7,464 |
| 2021 7,604 |
+------------------------+
## Geography
### Kinzig
The source of the Kinzig is located on the Gemarkung of Loßburg.
### Municipal Structure {#municipal_structure}
The town of Loßburg consists of the eight districts Loßburg, Betzweiler, Lombach, Schömberg, Sterneck, Wälde, Wittendorf and 24-Höfe a district consisting of several hamlets and homesteads.
## Politics
### Municipal council {#municipal_council}
The municipal council consists of the elected council members and the mayor as chair of the committee.
Result of the last election on 26 May 2019.
------------------ ---------------------- ----------- -- ------------------
**Partei/Liste** **percent of votes** **Seats** 2014
Freie Wähler 66,2 % 12 63,1 %, 12 Sitze
CDU 14,6 % 3 18,7 %, 3 Sitze
Grüne Liste 14,3 % 2 -- --
SPD 4,9 % 1 18,2 %, 3 Sitze
*voter turnout* *65,6 %* *49,2 %*
------------------ ---------------------- ----------- -- ------------------
### Mayor
Christoph Enderle was elected 2013 as mayor of Loßburg. His predecessor was Thilo Schreiber.
### Crest
Blazon: \"On blue background a green hill and a silver tower. Above the tower is the white letter *L*.\"
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
Loßburg is twinned with Anse (France), Harta (Hungary), and Hammerbrücke (Saxony)
| 230 |
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| 0 |
10,036,597 |
# Rafael Tesser
**Rafael Luiz Baüml Tesser** (born 16 May 1981), better known as **Tesser**, is a Brazilian footballer who plays as defender.
## Career
He began his professional career playing with Tarmandaré in 2000. From 2001 to 2004, he was at Coritiba at Série A. In January 2005, he signed a one-year contract with Atlético Mineiro at Série A. He then played for Joinville and Ituano at Série B.
In January 2007, transfer window he joined Italian Serie B team U.S. Lecce . He then joined Taranto Sport. Tesser was on a tryout at Serbian Red Star Belgrade which was managed by his former coach at US Lecce, Zdenek Zeman, but he did not pass tryout at Serbian Red Star Belgrade. Then he was signed by Italian Lega Pro side Benevento.
In March 2009, he signed a contract until the end of season with Marcílio Dias at Série C.
In August 2009, he rejoined Joinville
| 156 |
Rafael Tesser
| 0 |
10,036,598 |
# ESPY (film)
is a 1974 film based on a story by Sakyo Komatsu. The film was directed by Jun Fukuda from a screenplay by Ei Ogawa. It stars Hiroshi Fujioka, Masao Kusakari, Kaoru Yumi, Tomisaburo Wakayama and Eiji Okada.
## Plot
The International Psychic Power Group is a covert organization financed by the United Nations. Made up of clairvoyant supermen under the guise of the International Pollution Research Center, they wage a private war against enemies that threaten world peace and the total annihilation of the human race. With hostility between the East and West reaching a boiling point, four Eastern European delegates are assassinated aboard the Milan-Geneva International Express on their way to the United Nations for the Mediation Committee of International Dispute. The Baltonian Prime Minister is the next to be targeted for termination. A ruthless psychic assassin named Goro hunts down the psychokinetic saviors, themselves marked for death by an anti-ESPY group led by the insidious and superhuman Ulrov, who plans to destroy mankind by initiating World War III.
## Cast
- Hiroshi Fujioka as Yoshio Tamura
- Kaoru Yumi as Maria Harada
- Masao Kusakari as Jiro Miki
- Yuzo Kayama as Hojo
- Tomisaburo Wakayama as Ulrov
- Luna Takamura as Julietta
- Hatsuo Yamaya as Ball
- Jimmy Shaw as Godonov
- Willie Dorsey as Abdullah
- Katsumasa Uchida as Gorou Tatsumi
- Steve Green as the Prime Minister of Baltonia
- Andrew Hughes as P.B.
- Eiji Okada as Salabad
- Gorō Mutsumi as Teraoka
- Ralph Jesser as Anti-ESPY A
- Germal Liner as Anti-ESPY B
- Franz Gruber as Anti-ESPY C
- Bart Johanson as Anti-ESPY D
- Robert Dunham as Airline captain
## Release
*ESPY* was released theatrically in Japan on 28 December 1974, where it was distributed by Toho. It was released in the United States by Toho International with English subtitles and a 94-minute running time in 1975. It was released to home video with the on-screen title *E.S.P./SPY* with a 1984 English-language dub for television syndication by UPA of America and with an 86-minute running time by Paramount/Gateway in 1994
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ESPY (film)
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10,036,600 |
# Pfalzgrafenweiler
**Pfalzgrafenweiler** (Swabian: *Pfalzgrofeweiler*) is a municipality in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
The Counts of Tübingen had a large castle located at Pfalzgrafenweiler in the 13th and 14th centuries. Between 1972 and 1975, the municipalities of Bösingen, Durrweiler, Edelweiler, Herzogsweiler, and Kälberbronn were added to Pfalzgrafenweiler
| 52 |
Pfalzgrafenweiler
| 0 |
10,036,608 |
# Waldachtal
**Waldachtal** is a municipality in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
Fischertechnik GmbH, a manufacturer of construction toys, is based here
| 26 |
Waldachtal
| 0 |
10,036,617 |
# Wörnersberg
**Wörnersberg** (`{{IPA|de|ˈvœʁnɐsˌbɛʁk}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Freudenstadt in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
Wörnersberg is located about 18 kilometers from the county town of Freudenstadt, nestled between meadows and woods in the central Black Forest in 600 to 700 meters above sea level. Approximately 56% of the district is forested.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
The municipality Wörnersberg includes the village Wörnersberg and the house Reesenmühle.
## History
Wörnersberg was first documented in 1364, in 1487 a church was built. The Duchy of Württemberg acquired 1614 \"semi Wörnersberg with all righteousness\". The division did not last long, because already in 1625 bought Württemberg also the other half of the village with five farmers and a half day laborers.
## Religions
Wörnersberg had indeed a church, but no priest. The pastor was supported from the parish Grömbach. Wörnersberg had to give him a horse and after the service a meal. The Protestant church community Wörnersberg has a former pilgrimage church (Our Lady) with Romanesque and Gothic elements and is part of the church district Nagold.
## Population Development {#population_development}
With an average age of 36 years Wörnersberg was the end of 2010, the municipality with the youngest average population in Baden Württemberg. 2011 Wörnersberg lost that position on Riedhausen in district Ravensburg
| 216 |
Wörnersberg
| 0 |
10,036,640 |
# Aichelberg
**Aichelberg** (`{{IPA|de|ˈaɪçl̩bɛʁk}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
Aichelberg is between Stuttgart and Ulm at the *Albaufstieg*, the slope of the Swabian Jura in 357--615 meters altitude. Characteristic of the location are the Aichelberg (564 m above sea level) and the Turmberg (609 m above sea level).
## Geology
The northern and western part of the district lies on Black Jurassic, the other part on Brown Jurassic. Numerous fossils have been found mainly in the construction of the motorway. They can be seen at the Museum of Natural History Hauff in the neighboring community Holzmaden. The community is part of the in 1979 formed excavation reserve.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
Neighboring municipalities are: Bad Boll, Zell unter Aichelberg and Gruibingen, all in the district of Göppingen, as well as Ohmden, Holzmaden and Weilheim an der Teck in the district of Esslingen.
## History
Aichelberg was already in ancient times a settlement site. Thus, a Roman brick distillery and tableware shards from the 3rd century were found in November 2012 in excavations prior to the construction of the Wendlingen--Ulm high-speed railway near the A 8.
Around 1220 a castle was built by the Counts of Aichelberg. 1330 the castle and village of Aichelberg went to the Counts of Kirchheim. The Counts of Aichelberg sold Aichelberg in 1334 to the House of Württemberg under Ulrich III. 1519 Aichelberg was almost completely destroyed by soldiers of the Swabian League. 13 houses were burned. In 1525 during the German Peasants\' War, the castle was burned down.
In 1810 Aichelberg came to Oberamt Kirchheim unter Teck. On 19 May 1876 Aichelberg became an independent municipality. In the course of the administration reform 1938 Aichelberg came to the Göppingen district.
### Number of inhabitants {#number_of_inhabitants}
Date Number of inhabitants
------------------- -----------------------
1837 303
1907 330
17 May 1939 289
13 September 1950 460
27 May 1970 688
31 December 1983 867
31 December 1990 884
31 December 2000 1.194
31 December 2005 1.231
31 December 2010 1.294
## Council
The council of Aichelberg has eight members. It was elected at the municipal elections on 7 June 2009. The turnout was 54.7%, which was 4.1 percentage points lower than in the local elections in 2004.
## Mayor
The mayor of Aichelberg is Heike Schwarz, elected in October 2021.
## Crest
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms of Aichelberg is as follows: In red above a silver (white) trimount three (2:1) rising silver acorns.
White-red are the colors of the Counts of Aichelberg. A green acorn on a silver background represented the community in 1949. The current coat of arms was introduced on 25 January 1958, to distinguish Aichelberg from the then existing homonymous municipality in the district of Esslingen, which is now part of Aichwald.
## Transportation
See also Drackensteiner Hang
The Bundesautobahn 8 passes the municipality Aichelberg with the exit Aichelberg. The slope of the Aichelberg has been used for the construction of the motorway in the Third Reich for the Albaufstieg, overcoming the about 380 meters of altitude in the northern edge of the Alb. The valley floor is about half the height between foothills and plateau. The rise could be divided into two parts, the Aichelberg and the Drackensteiner Hang.
The climb beside the Aichelberg was mastered originally by a long, curved bridge, the Aichelberg-Viaduct. In expanding the range 1985-1990 this bridge was completely removed and replaced by a three-lane ascent. The noise and dust of the expansion, which was at the time the largest highway construction project in Europe, affected the inhabitants of Aichelberg for several years.
## Education
In Aichelberg there is a kindergarten but no school. Aichelberg\'s pupils go to the primary school in the neighboring municipality Zell unter Aichelberg.
| 630 |
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| 0 |
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# Aichelberg
## Literature
- Gemeinde Aichelberg, Sportverein Aichelberg: *100 Jahre selbstständige Gemeinde Aichelberg.* Aichelberg 1976.
- Jens Glasser, Thomas Buchtzik: *Bau und Geschichte der Reichsautobahn am Albaufstieg.* Arnstadt 2008.
- Heinz-Günther Grüneklee. \"Zeitgenössische Berichte aus der Parochie Aichelberg (Schurward) von 1804 bis 1921\"
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# Lifetouch
**Lifetouch Inc.** is an American-based photography company headquartered in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. Its Canadian operations is based in Winnipeg, Manitoba and the company also has facilities in Nevada, Indiana, and Ohio.
It was founded as **National School Studios** (**NSS**) in 1936 by Eldon Rothgeb and R. Bruce Reinecker and incorporated in March 1948. A subsidiary of Redwood City, California-based Shutterfly Inc., the company provides photography for families, schools, and places of worship; has over 22,000 employees; and operates in all 50 states as well as in Canada. Through **Lifetouch Media Productions**, video support is provided to internal and external customers.
Company photography labs are located throughout the United States and Canada.
## Business units {#business_units}
Business units under the corporate umbrella include:
- **Lifetouch National School Studios Inc.** provides student photography from preschool to high school graduation, sports, prom and dance, and yearbooks.
- **Lifetouch Preschool Portraits Inc.** provides infant and toddler photography.
- **Lifetouch Portrait Studios Inc.** is represented in the retail market by some 800 photographic studios, including JCPenney Portraits, Cilento Photography, and Lifetouch Business Portraits.
- **Lifetouch Services Inc.** produces high-quality yearbooks and memory books.
Defunct business units:
- **Lifetouch Church Directories and Portraits Inc.** was an on-site family photography business for faith communities and other organizations, providing portraiture and printed directories.
## Company history {#company_history}
### Company beginnings, 1936--1949 {#company_beginnings_19361949}
Two traveling salesmen, Eldon Rothgeb (1916 -- 1972) and R. Bruce Reinecker (1910 -- 1987), had worked together for a couple of years for a school photography studio in Kansas City, Missouri. In 1936, in the midst of the Great Depression, they raised \$500 and initiated their plan to open their own school photography company, setting up business as *National School Studios* (NSS), \"School Photography of Distinction\", in Minneapolis, Minnesota. They chose the Upper Midwest to launch their business, a predominantly rural area with fewer professional photographers and thus potential for greater opportunity.
By 1939, the NSS had more than a dozen salesmen selling to schools---Reinecker in charge of production and Rothgeb supervising sales---and introduced its first new products, the 3x5 enlargement and 3x5 display folder, neither of which had ever been offered by a school photography company.
Unusually for the era, salesmen for NSS were paid employees of the company rather than independent contractors.
Following World War II in 1945, the founders mortgaged their personal property and stretched the company\'s credit line to offer approximately 80% of their salesmen (returning veterans) no-interest financing for cars and down payments to buy homes. This drove the company into the red and the bank canceled its line of credit. Nonetheless, by 1946, NSS was one of the largest school photography firms in the country.
That same year, NSS moved to a new plant in Minneapolis and began using the first continuous processing equipment in the industry, eliminating hand-processing. The system was adapted from the U.S. Government\'s \"V-mail\" system, which printed from a continuous roll of paper, and eliminated the slower single-cut sheets. The new equipment enabled them to add hand-tinted and sepia-tone prints to the product line, which stimulated sales. In 1948, 5x7 enlargements were introduced, the first in the market. By 1949, the sales force was at work in all 48 states.
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Lifetouch
| 0 |
10,036,642 |
# Lifetouch
## Company history {#company_history}
### Expansion and transition to employee stock ownership, 1950--1979 {#expansion_and_transition_to_employee_stock_ownership_19501979}
In the early 1950s, Stanley Merz of the Photo Control Company in Minneapolis, began development of the National School Studios' Model 10 camera, and in 1952, NSS opened its first plant outside of Minneapolis in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. During that same year, Eastman Kodak developed a new negative process and new photographic paper that streamlined color photo development. With the help of Kodak, NSS developed the school photography industry\'s first cluster lens printer, making it possible to print multiple photos from a single exposure. NSS was the first to offer full-color (hand-colored) school photos starting in 1956. Package printing and the Model 10 camera, a replacement for the original box camera, were introduced in 1957, the chief advantage of which was a separate film magazine, better lighting control, and better film metering. The company\'s first color print processor was installed in 1958.
During the next decade, the Model 10 evolved into the Photo Control Model 5 camera, which remained the industry standard for the next 20 years.
By the 1960s, the National School Studios\' markets had expanded to include all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Canada. New offices and production facilities were built in Bloomington, Minnesota in 1968. That same year, the 8x10 school portrait was introduced to the school photography market, becoming vital to NSS' success in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Upon the sudden death of founder Eldon Rothgeb in 1972, Richard P. Erickson, a NSS territory manager, was named vice president of sales and marketing to develop plans for consistent growth and profitability. Erickson integrated the company\'s first two acquisition in 1973 and 1974, respectively---Universal Publications, based in Kansas City, Missouri, a company specializing in school yearbooks; and Prestige Portraits, based in Muncie, Indiana, specializing in senior portraiture. NSS also released \"Select-A-Pack\" in 1974, offering a choice of three different school photo packages rather than one.
Erickson was appointed executive vice president in 1976 when Reinecker transitioned to become less active in day-to-day company operations. Paul Harmel, who joined NSS in 1977 as controller, introduced long-range financial plans that moved the company forward, further propelled by Reinecker\'s decision to reward his employees with an Employee Stock Ownership Trust (ESOT), in 1977. The ESOT was unusual in that it gave employees 100% ownership of the company and transferred ownership without requiring contributions from individual employees.
### Rebranding to \"Lifetouch\", 1980--1989 {#rebranding_to_lifetouch_19801989}
The National School Studios introduced a prototype of its Micro-Z camera at the July 1980 sales meeting, a system that Richard Erickson had brainstormed with the company\'s chief design engineer, Tal Hopson, for handling NSS' information and sales volume. Despite innovations, photographers were reluctant to accept it after using the Model 5 for 15 years. Redesigned four times in five years, Erickson was committed to making the camera work. The major advantage was that data could be applied to negatives in barcode, which Micro-Z printers recognized, automatically printing the correct photo package. It became the camera of choice in 1982. A key component of the company\'s success was its ongoing dedication to the design and construction of its own cameras.
Erickson was named president of NSS in November 1980. As part of a new corporate development program, Kinderfoto International, a studio photography company, was acquired in 1983, which pushed NSS into retail marketing and promotion.
On August 1, 1984, Erickson announced a new name for the corporation---*Lifetouch*---saying that the new logo in script \"looks like we're signing our work.\" Business units, each with separate identities, were rebranded: NSS became *Lifetouch National School Studios*; Kinderfoto became *Lifetouch Portrait Studios*; Prestige Portraits became *Lifetouch Senior Portraits* (now Prestige Portraits); and Universal Publications became *Lifetouch Publishing* (now Lifetouch Services).
In 1986, Lifetouch celebrated its 50th anniversary with sales of nearly 200 million photos annually. Richard Erickson became chairman of the board and CEO of Lifetouch and Paul Harmel was named executive vice president and chief operating officer of Lifetouch National School Studios in 1987.
The late 1980s were marked by numerous acquisitions for Lifetouch: National Video Recollections of St. Paul, Minnesota was purchased in 1988; followed by Enterprise School Photos, Inc., a school picture and yearbook vendor in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1989. Lifetouch then initiated acquisition of School Pictures Inc. and Portrait World.
### Acquisitions and expansion, 1990--1999 {#acquisitions_and_expansion_19901999}
Next in line was Max Ward-Delmar, the leading supplier on the East Coast of undergraduate and senior portrait services, which was purchased in 1990, giving Lifetouch an office and lab in Chesapeake, Virginia. Portrait Industries Corporation, a division of Max Ward-Delmar, gave Lifetouch a stronger presence in the preschool photography market. Portrait Industries, Inc. a company based in Mobile, Alabama, that specialized in preschool photography with national accounts such as Kindercare, La Petite, and Childtime, was acquired in the 1990s.
In May 1995, United Photographic Industries, a church directory and commercial printing business in Galion, Ohio, was purchased. The following year, Lifetouch celebrated its 60th anniversary and broke ground for Phase I of a new Lifetouch corporate campus in Eden Prairie, Minnesota. Phase II was completed in 2004.
Olan Mills\' school division, based in Chattanooga, Tennessee, was acquired in 1999, as was a major competitor in school photography, T.D. Brown, of Cranston, Rhode Island, which had been in business since 1929. The Richard P. Erickson Scholarship was initiated in 1998 to honor Erickson\'s decades of service to the company and to benefit the children and grandchildren of Lifetouch employees.
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Lifetouch
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