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# Schlierbach (Göppingen)
**Schlierbach** is a municipality in the district of Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Schlierbach was a possession of the Duchy of Teck, whose territories were inherited by the County of Württemberg in 1381. Schlierbach fully came under Württemberg\'s control in 1439 with the purchase of all rights over the township. From 1485 on, it was assigned to the administrative district of Göppingen. Schlierbach grew substantially after World War II, especially by the end of the 1960s.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Schlierbach lies at the western edge of the district of Göppingen, along its border with the district of Esslingen am Neckar. Schlierbach is physically located on the Schlierbach Plateau, in the Foothills of the central Swabian Jura of the Swabian Jura. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 395 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 312 m NN.
## Politics
Schlierbach was a single borough, Schlierbach. There two abandoned villages located in its municipal area: Bolzhausen and Brühlmannshof. Schlierbach is in a Vereinbarte Verwaltungsgemeinschaft with the city of Eislingen.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Schlierbach\'s coat of arms displays a field of blue crossed by two yellow, wavy lines. At the top of the blazon is a yellow chief containing a Hirschstange, in black. The yellow lines are references to a local stream, the Schlierbach, and its tributaries, while the stag antler is a reference to Württemberg. This coat of arms was first awarded to Schlierbach by the post-World War II provisional Württemberg-Baden government on 21 January 1948 and was reapproved, and a municipal flag issued, by the Federal Ministry of the Interior on 18 December 1958.
## Transportation
Schlierbach is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by Bundesstraße 297. Local public transportation is provided by the Filsland Mobilitätsverbundes
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# John Masso
**Juan Antonio (John) Masso** (17 June 1932 -- 2003) was the second head of Opus Dei in Australia, succeeding Fr James Albrecht who established Opus Dei in Australia in 1963 and being followed by Fr George Rossman. Then Rev Inigo Martinez-Echevarria. His title was Regional Vicar of Opus Dei or counsellor of Opus Dei in Australia.
## Biography
John Masso was born in Barcelona on 17 June 1932, one of seven children. He studied Commerce at the University of Barcelona and during that time, asked to join Opus Dei, while continuing to support himself by working for a time in his father\'s business. Later, Fr John studied Canon Law at the University of Navarre and was ordained a priest in 1965.
Fr John showed transparency in his leadership as counsellor of Opus Dei in Australia. During the protests in the 1970s against Warrane College, Fr John approached the Sydney Morning Herald to show Opus Dei\'s side to the story. Eventually, calls for the closure of Warrane College were rejected by the University of New South Wales. The now well established not-for-profit social enterprise, continues to thrive. Further details, from time to time, are available on the contemporary ACNC website.
Some of the post World War II, 20th century Australian politics of affiliated residential colleges and their establishment arrangements can be found in sources such as the following 1960 Australian PM Transcript at page 10. Also at the following University Colleges Australia reference. In post Napoleonic, 19th-century New South Wales, Archbishop Polding arranged for Rev John Forrest DD to be appointed first Rector of St Johns residential college at Sydney University. During the early 20th Century Cardinal Moran invited the talented and learned Monsignor Hugh McDermott DD to work with him in Sydney. In the lead up to the second vatican council, Cardinal Gilroy spoke with Monsignor Josemaria Escriva DD, now Saint Josemaria, about establishing Warrane College and helping to spread the healthy message about responding to God\'s call to holiness in everyday life for the baptised ordinary faithful of the people of God. Monsignor Escriva had spent the summer of 1959 in London working with others on the beginnings of Netherhall House, an international Uni-student residence, later opened by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. Fr John made his personal contribution, over some 3 decades, to this grand ongoing challenge of civic life and leadership in Australia.
Fr John had many friends including non-Catholics, for example the Australian Presbyterian moderator, the Reverend Fred McKay. Whilst counsellor of Opus Dei, the message, spread from Sydney to Melbourne, Auckland, Hamilton Tasmania with activities in Perth, Brisbane, Canberra, Newcastle, Wollongong and many other places. Fr John was Regional Vicar of Opus Dei for Australia and New Zealand at the time of the 1983 Code of Canon Law reforms, that saw the formal commencement of the secular Personal Prelatures, under the governance of the Vatican\'s Congregation for Bishops. Fr John also had local carriage of the 1987 visit of the then Prelate of Opus Dei and the now Blessed Alvaro del Portillo DD, which among other events saw a large gathering of the people of god at the Clancy Auditorium at the University of NSW in January 1987. Fr John on 10 July 1991 travelled to wintery Armidale NSW, (via police escort from Tamworth due to bad weather at Armidale airport) to be in attendance for the consecration and installation service, of Kevin Michael Manning as the eighth Bishop of Armidale, preached at a good number of retreats and 26 June memorial services and helped with the inspiration of a good number of pioneering outreach initiatives. Fr John was made Monsignor by the Archdiocese of Sydney.
Fr John died in Pamplona, Spain, closer to his natural Masso family members who were associated with textile manufacturing and his early supernatural family members, many of whom were involved in establishing the University of Navarre; after passing by Argentina where he had a conference with the Prelate of Opus Dei, Bishop Javier Echevarria. Upon his death, a requiem Mass was celebrated in St Marys Cathedral by Cardinal George Pell including his predecessor as Archbishop of Sydney, Cardinal Edward Clancy, the Bishop of Lismore, Bishop Geoffrey Jarrett, the Bishop of Broken Bay, Bishop David Walker, Bishop David Cremin and Mons Masso\'s newly appointed successor, Fr George Rossman. The preacher at the Mass said that Fr John had no enemies. Cardinal Pell remarked, \"That\'s not the Opus Dei I know\". A twice yearly bulletin of routine news can be subscribed to online. (Fr John was mentioned in back issue Number 37).
In an interview with the Sydney Morning Herald, Fr. John was asked why, when such a command was basic to many Christian denominations and groupings, a special organisation was needed to promote the sanctity of everyday work. Fr John replied, \"Yes, you are right. But how many people do it?\".
Fr John\'s collaborators and friends have set up The Masso Foundation, to continue the work he tirelessly carried out during his life. Some details can be found on the ACNC website
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# Cork Junior A Hurling Championship
The **Cork Junior A Hurling Championship** (known for sponsorship reasons as the **Co-Op Superstores Cork Junior A Hurling Championship** and abbreviated to the **Cork JAHC**) is an annual hurling competition organised by the Cork County Board of the Gaelic Athletic Association and contested by the top-ranking junior clubs in the county of Cork in Ireland. It is the sixth tier overall in the entire Cork hurling championship system and is regarded as one of the toughest club competitions to win.
The Cork Junior Championship was introduced in 1895 as a countywide competition for teams deemed not eligible for the senior grade or second-string senior teams. At the time of its creation it was the second tier of Cork hurling.
In its current format, the Cork Junior A Championship begins in September following the completion of the seven Divisional Junior Championships. The 7 participating teams compete in a single-elimination tournament which culminates with the final match at Páirc Uí Rinn in October or November. The winner of the Cork Junior A Championship, as well as being presented with the John Quirke Cup, gains promotion to the Cork Premier Junior Hurling Championship.
The competition has been won by 72 teams, 29 of which have won it more than once. Carrigtwohill are the most successful team in the championships history, having won it 6 times. Tracton are the title holders, defeating Killavullen by 1--15 to 1--10 in the 2024 final.
## History
Officially known as the Cork Junior A Hurling Championship, it is regarded as one of the most hotly contested and most difficult to win of all the county championships. Established in 1895 as the \"seconds championship\", by the 1930s it developed along divisional lines due to the increased number of clubs participating.
The first championship took place in 1895 when Blackrock were crowned junior champions.
## Format
### Current format {#current_format}
**Quarter-finals:** Six of the seven divisional champions compete in this round. The seventh divisional champion receives a bye to the next round. Three teams qualify for the next round, joining the seventh divisional champion.
**Semi-finals:** The two semi-finals feature the three quarter-final-winning teams and the team that receives a bye. Two teams qualify for the next round.
**Final:** The two semi-final winners contest the final. The winning team are declared champions.
### 2017-2019
**First round:** The seven divisional champions are seeded and are drawn to play the seven divisional runners-up. Repeat pairings from divisional finals are avoided in this round. Six teams qualify for the next round with one team receiving a bye.
**Quarter-finals:** The three quarter-finals feature the six first round-winning teams. Three teams qualify for the next round.
**Semi-finals:** The two semi-finals feature the three quarter-final-winning teams and the team that receives a bye from the first round . Two teams qualify for the next round.
**Final:** The two semi-final winners contest the final. The winning team are declared champions.
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# Cork Junior A Hurling Championship
## Teams
### Qualification
Division Championship Qualifying teams
-------------- ------------------------------------------ ------------------
Avondhu North Cork Junior A Hurling Championship Champions
Carbery Carbery Junior A Hurling Championship Champions
Carrigdhoun South East Junior A Hurling Championship Champions
Duhallow Duhallow Junior A Hurling Championship Champions
Imokilly East Cork Junior A Hurling Championship Champions
Muskerry Mid Cork Junior A Hurling Championship Champions
Seandún Cork City Junior A Hurling Championship Champions
### 2024 Teams {#teams_1}
70 clubs will compete in the 2024 Cork Junior A Hurling Championship: eight teams from Duhallow, twelve teams from Avondhu, nine teams from Muskerry, thirteen teams from Carbery, ten teams from Seandún, ten teams from Carrigdhoun and eight teams from Imokilly.
Team Location Colours Division Divisional Titles Last Divisional Title Championship Titles Last Championship Title
------------------------------ --------------------- ------------------------- ------------- ------------------- ----------------------- --------------------- -------------------------
Araglen Araglen Green and white Avondhu 0 --- 0 ---
Ballinascarthy Ballinascarthy Red and white Carbery 7 2022 0 ---
Ballincollig Ballincollig Green and white Muskerry 5 1990 2 1963
Ballinhassig Ballinhassig Blue and white Carrigdhoun 29 2014 3 2002
Ballinora Ballinora Green and red Muskerry 10 2024 0 ---
Ballygarvan Ballygarvan Red and white Carrigdhoun 2 2004 1 2004
Ballyhea Ballyhea Black and white Avondhu 10 1976 3 1976
Ballyhooly Ballyhooly Blue and yellow Avondhu 0 --- 0 ---
Ballymartle Riverstick Green and gold Carrigdhoun 16 2021 3 1986
Bandon Bandon Yellow and white Carbery 13 2009 4 1999
Banteer Banteer Red and white Duhallow 8 2017 0 ---
Bantry Blues Bantry Blue and white Carbery 0 --- 0 ---
Belgooly Belgooly White and blue Carrigdhoun 1 2023 0 ---
Bishopstown Bishopstown Maroon and white Seandún 1 1977 0 ---
Blackrock Blackrock Green and yellow Seandún 7 2013 5 1947
Blarney Blarney Red and white Muskerry 13 1993 2 1993
Brian Dillons Montenotte Blue and white Seandún 10 2020 1 1938
Bride Rovers Rathcormac Green, white and yellow Imokilly 5 1998 1 1998
Carrigaline Carrigaline Blue and yellow Carrigdhoun 8 2003 0 ---
Carrignavar Carrignavar Red and green Imokilly 3 2023 0 ---
Carrigtwohill Carrigtwohill Blue and gold Imokilly 9 1994 6 1994
Castlemagner Castlemagner Black and amber Duhallow 5 2015 1 1954
Charleville Charleville Red and white Avondhu 9 2011 1 2011
Clonakilty Clonakilty Green and red Carbery 18 2023 0 ---
Cobh Cobh Yellow and green Imokilly 3 1985 5 1959
Courcey Rovers Ballinspittle Red and white Carrigdhoun 6 2019 1 2001
Clyda Rovers Mourneabbey Black and yellow Avondhu 3 2019 1 1989
Diarmuid Ó Mathúna\'s Castletown-Kinneigh Blue and gold Carbery 6 2024 0 ---
Dohenys Dunmanway Green and white Carbery 4 2013 0 ---
Donoughmore Donoughmore Black and white Muskerry 0 --- 0 ---
Dripsey Dripsey Red and blue Muskerry 1 2008 1 2008
Dromina Dromina Blue and yellow Avondhu 5 2017 1 2003
Dromtarriffe Rathcoole Red and white Duhallow 5 2024 0 ---
Éire Óg Ovens Red and white Muskerry 7 1977 2 1977
Fermoy Fermoy Black and amber Avondhu 8 2009 1 2009
Freemount Freemount Maroon and white Duhallow 6 2005 0 ---
Glen Rovers Blackpool Green, black and yellow Seandún 17 2008 2 1950
Grenagh Grenagh Blue and gold Muskerry 11 2013 1 2013
Harbour Rovers Glanworth Green and white Avondhu 4 2023 0 ---
Inniscarra Inniscarra Blue and white Muskerry 9 2020 1 1975
Kanturk Kanturk Green and white Duhallow 9 2003 1 1969
Kilbree Rossmore Blue and white Carbery 2 2018 0 ---
Kilbrin Kilbrin Blue and white Duhallow 11 2016 0 ---
Killavullen Killavullen Blue and white Avondhu 1 2024 0 ---
Killeagh Killeagh Green and white Imokilly 6 2024 1 1995
Kilmichael Kilmichael Blue and gold Muskerry 0 --- 0 ---
Kilshannig Glantane Blue and yellow Avondhu 1 2022 0 ---
Kinsale Kinsale Blue and white Carrigdhoun 7 2020 2 1933
Liscarroll-Churchtown Gaels Churchtown Green, white and yellow Avondhu 0 --- 0 ---
Midleton Midleton Black and white Imokilly 9 1990 4 1990
Millstreet Millstreet Green and yellow Duhallow 3 1963 0 ---
Na Piarsaigh Fair Hill Yellow and black Seandún 6 1997 1 1953
Newcestown Newcestown Red and yellow Carbery 9 2014 3 1992
Newmarket Newmarket Black and red Duhallow 16 2023 0 ---
Passage West Passage West Green and white Seandún 1 2021 2 1906
Randal Óg Dunmanway Yellow and green Carbery 0 --- 0 ---
Sarsfields Glanmire Blue, white and black Imokilly 4 2016 1 1937
Shamrocks Shanbally Green and white Carrigdhoun 5 2005 1 1904
Shanballymore Shanballymore Red and black Avondhu 5 1997 2 1942
St. Colum\'s Kealkill Black and orange Carbery 0 --- 0 ---
St. Finbarr\'s Togher Blue and yellow Seandún 12 2014 3 1956
St. Ita\'s Gortroe White and green Imokilly 1 2021 0 ---
St. James\'s Ardfield Green and gold Carbery 0 --- 0 ---
St Oliver Plunkett\'s Ahiohill Black and white Carbery 1 2011 0 ---
St Mary\'s Enniskean Black and gold Carbery 0 --- 0 ---
St. Vincent\'s Gurranabraher Green and white Seandún 3 1957 0 ---
Tracton Tracton Green and red Carrigdhoun 8 2024 2 1979
Valley Rovers Innishannon Green and white Carrigdhoun 10 2022 1 1988
White\'s Cross Ballinvriskig Green and white Seandún 0 --- 0 ---
Whitechurch Whitechurch Purple and yellow Seandún 1 2024 0 ---
## Trophy
The winning team is presented with the John Quirke Cup. Born in Milltown, County Kerry, Johnny Quirke (1911--1983) played hurling for Blackrock and was a member of the Cork senior hurling team for 14 years, during which time he won four successive All-Ireland Championships between 1941 and 1944. He served as a Cork selector for many years and was deeply involved at all levels with the Blackrock club.
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# Cork Junior A Hurling Championship
## Sponsorship
TSB Bank became the first title sponsor of the championship, serving in that capacity until 2005 when the *Evening Echo* signed a sponsorship deal. In 2020, Dairygold Co-Op Superstores were unveiled as the new title sponsor of the Cork Junior A Championship.
## Roll of Honour {#roll_of_honour}
### By club {#by_club}
\# Club Titles Runners-up Championships won Championship runner-up
---- ---------------------- -------- ------------ ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 Carrigtwohill 6 3 1896, 1915, 1941, 1948, 1966, 1994 1897, 1962, 1978
2 Cobh 5 4 1907, 1913, 1916, 1926, 1959 1911, 1912, 1923, 1985
Redmonds 5 3 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1909 1896, 1905, 1906
Blackrock 5 2 1895, 1901, 1910, 1931, 1947 1899, 1903
5 Midleton 4 2 1917, 1945, 1984, 1990 1908, 1925
Castlemartyr 4 2 1935, 1951, 1964, 2014 1947, 1963
Bandon 4 0 1929, 1949, 1971, 1999 ---
8 Cloughduv 3 12 1940, 1970, 2018 1910, 1922, 1938, 1948, 1951, 1953, 1956, 1964, 1967, 2009, 2010, 2015
Ballinhassig 3 5 1965, 1973, 2002 1954, 1971, 1995, 2000, 2014
Ballymartle 3 2 1952, 1958, 1986 1936, 1975
Cloyne 3 2 1939, 1961, 1987 1944, 1960
St. Finbarr\'s 3 1 1902, 1903, 1956 1900
Ballyhea 3 1 1930, 1955, 1976 1959
Newcestown 3 1 1972, 1980, 1992 1988
Tracton 3 0 1957, 1979, 2024 ---
16 Mayfield 2 6 1978, 2016 1934, 1935, 1939, 1941, 1969, 2011
Kilworth 2 4 1967, 2006 1961, 1980, 1993, 2005
Shanballymore 2 3 1908, 1942 1902, 1904, 1937
Glen Rovers 2 2 1924, 1950 1943, 1976
Ballincollig 2 2 1927, 1963 1987, 1990
Newtownshandrum 2 2 1946, 1969 1940, 1992
Passage 2 1 1905, 1906 1945
Kinsale 2 1 1918, 1933 1930
Castletownroche 2 1 1960, 1982 1979
Blarney 2 1 1936, 1993 1898
St. Catherine\'s 2 1 1983, 2017 1981
St. Anne\'s 2 0 1925, 1928 ---
Éire Óg 2 0 1962, 1977 ---
Nemo Rangers 2 0 2000, 2023 ---
30 Courcey Rovers 1 4 2001 1957, 1970, 1997, 1999
Brian Dillons 1 3 1938 1965, 2012, 2017
Aghabullogue 1 3 1991 1907, 1909, 1983
Charleville 1 3 2011 1974, 2001, 2007
Kilbrittain 1 2 1985 1927, 1984
Fr. O\'Neill\'s 1 2 2005 1996, 2002
Meelin 1 2 2010 1973, 1986
Grenagh 1 2 2013 1958, 2004
Rangers 1 1 1911 1914
Mallow 1 1 1914 1950
Doneraile 1 1 1919 1918
Lough Rovers 1 1 1932 1952
Sarsfield\'s 1 1 1937 2016
Kanturk 1 1 1969 1949
Inniscarra 1 1 1975 1968
Valley Rovers 1 1 1988 1966
Arigdeen Rangers 1 1 1996 2003
Barryroe 1 1 2007 1994
Kildorrery 1 1 2012 1972
Dungourney 1 1 2015 2006
Russell Rovers 1 1 2019 2018
Erin\'s Own 1 1 2022 1977
Shamrocks 1 0 1904 ---
Fr. O\'Leary Hall 1 0 1912 ---
Fr. Matthew Hall 1 0 1922 ---
Geraldines 1 0 1923 ---
Liscarroll 1 0 1934 ---
Oldcastletown 1 0 1943 ---
31st Battalion 1 0 1944 ---
Na Piarsaigh 1 0 1953 ---
Castlemagner 1 0 1954 ---
Watergrasshill 1 0 1974 ---
Milford 1 0 1981 ---
Clyda Rovers 1 0 1989 ---
Killeagh 1 0 1995 ---
Castlelyons 1 0 1997 ---
Bride Rovers 1 0 1998 ---
Dromina 1 0 2003 ---
Ballygarvan 1 0 2004 ---
Dripsey 1 0 2008 ---
Fermoy 1 0 2009 ---
Lisgoold 1 0 2020 ---
Ballygiblin 1 0 2021 ---
73 O\'Donovan Rossa 0 3 --- 1931, 1932, 1933
St Mary's 0 2 --- 1913, 1917
Harbour Rovers 0 2 --- 2020, 2023
Evergreen 0 1 --- 1895
Knockavilla 0 1 --- 1915
Funcheon Vale 0 1 --- 1916
Fairhill 0 1 --- 1919
Dohenys 0 1 --- 1924
College Rovers 0 1 --- 1926
Ballinacurra 0 1 --- 1928
Ballinora 0 1 --- 1929
Clonakilty 0 1 --- 1946
Delaney Rovers 0 1 --- 1982
Ballinascarthy 0 1 --- 1989
Aghada 0 1 --- 1991
Freemount 0 1 --- 1998
Diarmuid Ó Mathúnas 0 1 --- 2008
Kilbrin 0 1 --- 2013
Carrignavar 0 1 --- 2019
Dromtarriffe 0 1 --- 2021
Kilshannig 0 1 --- 2022
Killavullen 0 1 --- 2024
#### Notes
- No runners-up in championship: 1901, 1942 and 1945
### By division {#by_division}
\# Division Titles Runners-Up Total Most recent win
---- -------------- -------- ------------ ------- -----------------
1 Imokilly 34 23 57 2022
2 Seandún 31 26 57 2023
3 Avondhu 22 22 44 2021
4 Carrigdhoun 15 13 28 2024
5 Muskerry 13 22 35 2018
6 Carbery 10 13 23 2007
7 Duhallow 3 6 9 2010
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# Cork Junior A Hurling Championship
## List of Finals {#list_of_finals}
### List of Cork JAHC finals {#list_of_cork_jahc_finals}
rowspan=\"2\" style=\"background:red;color:white\" scope=\"col\" ! \|Year colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:red;color:white\" scope=\"col\" ! \|Winners colspan=\"2\" style=\"background:red;color:white\" class=\"unsortable\" scope=\"col\" ! \|Runners-up
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
style=\"background:red;color:white\" scope=\"col\" ! \|Club style=\"background:red;color:white\" scope=\"col\" ! \|Score style=\"background:red;color:white\" class=\"unsortable\" scope=\"col\" ! \|Club
2024 Tracton 1-15
2023 Nemo Rangers 1-14
2022 Erin\'s Own 0-16, 1-30 (aet)
2021 Ballygiblin 2--18
2020 Lisgoold 2--19
2019 Russell Rovers 1--17
2018 Cloughduv 2--12
2017 St. Catherine\'s 2--10, 0--13 (R)
2016 Mayfield 1--16
2015 Dungourney 1--16, 1--21 (R)
2014 Castlemartyr 0--18
2013 Grenagh 1--10
2012{{cite news \|url=<http://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/gaa/obrien-the-hero-as-kildorrery-stun-dillons-212956.html> \|title=O\'Brien the hero as Kildorrery stun Dillon\'s access-date=5 November 2012 \|work=Irish Examiner \|date= 5 November 2012}} Kildorrery
2011 Charleville 2--10
2010 Meelin 1--19
2009 Fermoy 1--14
2008 Dripsey 0--13
2007 Barryroe 2--19
2006 Kilworth 0--13
2005 Fr. O\'Neill\'s 0--15
2004 Ballygarvan 3-07
2003 Dromina 2--13
2002 Ballinhassig 2--12
2001 Courcey Rovers 3-09
2000 Nemo Rangers 2-08
1999 Bandon 0--11
1998 Bride Rovers 2--10
1997 Castlelyons 2-09
1996 Arigdeen Rangers 3-09
1995 Killeagh 3-09
1994 Carrigtwohill 0--12
1993 Blarney 2--10
1992 Newcestown 2--14
1991 Aghabullogue 1--12, 1--13 (R)
1990 Midleton 1--15
1989 Clyda Rovers 0--12, 0--11 (R)
1988 Valley Rovers 0--11
1987 Cloyne 6-08
1986 Ballymartle 3-08
1985 Kilbrittain 5-07
1984 Midleton 3--12
1983 St. Catherine\'s 1--13
1982 Castletownroche 5--18
1981 Milford 1--10
1980 Newcestown 1--12
1979 Tracton 4--12
1978 Mayfield 2-08
1977 Éire Óg 2-08
1976 Ballyhea 4--14
1975 Inniscarra 5-07
1974 Watergrasshill 3-08
1973 Ballinhassig 1-06
1972 Newcestown 2-07
1971 Bandon 3--12
1970 Cloughduv 3--15
1969 Kanturk 3-07
1968 Newtownshandrum 1-09
1967 Kilworth 3--11
1966 Carrigtwohill 7-06
1965 Ballinhassig 6-05
1964 Castlemartyr 4-05
1963 Ballincollig 4-08, 1--11 (R)
1962 Éire Óg 3-04
1961 Cloyne 3-07, 4--06 (R)
1960 Castletownroche 3-06
1959 Cobh 3-09
1958 Ballymartle 1-07, 8--10 (R)
1957 Tracton 4-05
1956 St. Finbarr\'s 4-08
1955 Ballyhea \*
1954 Castlemagner 3-08
1953 Na Piarsaigh 6-00
1952 Ballymartle 3-06, 2--10 (R)
1951 Castlemartyr 6-05
1950 Glen Rovers 4-06
1949 Bandon 7-03
1948 Carrigtwohill 6-05
1947 Blackrock 6-03
1946 Newtownshandrum 4-02, 6--03 (R)
1945 Midleton 3-06
1944 31st Battalion 5-05
1943 Oldcastletown 3-04
1942 Shanballymore \*
1941 Carrigtwohill 5-01
1940 Cloughduv 10-00
1939 Cloyne 6-05
1938 Brian Dillons 5-02
1937 Sarsfields 5-05
1936 Blarney 6-02
1935 Castlemartyr 1-03, 4--01, 2--01, 1--01 \*
1934 Liscarroll 2-04
1933 Kinsale 5-04
1932 Lough Rovers 5-04
1931 Blackrock 3-07
1930 Ballyhea 3-01
1929 Bandon 2-05
1928 St. Anne\'s 3-01
1927 Ballincollig 4-00
1926 Cobh 8-02
1925 St. Anne\'s 2-03
1924 Glen Rovers
1923 Geraldines 5-04
1922 Fr. Matthew Hall 3-01
1921 No Championship
1920 No Championship
1919 Doneraile 1-07
1918 Kinsale 4-01
1917 Midleton 5-03
1916 Cobh 9-01
1915 Carrigtwohill 1-02
1914 Mallow 9-03
1913 Cobh 1-03
1912 Fr. O\'Leary Hall 6-00
1911 Rangers 4-01
1910 Blackrock 10-04
1909 Redmonds 4--12
1908 Shanballymore 2--16
1907 Cobh 5--13
1906 Passage
1905 Passage
1904 Shamrocks 3-08
1903 St. Finbarr\'s 3--15
1902 St. Finbarr\'s
1901 Blackrock
1900 Redmonds
1899 Redmonds 6-01
1898 Redmonds
1897 Redmonds
1896 Carrigtwohill 7-02
1895 Blackrock
- 1955 Aghabullogue and Castlelyons disqualified after meeting in the semi-final
- 1942 Tracton and St. Finbarr\'s disqualified
- 1935 The second replay abandoned due to weather conditions fifteen minutes from the end. The third replay abandoned a few minutes from time. Both teams suspended for two months and the championship declared null and void
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# Wäschenbeuren
**Wäschenbeuren** is a town in the district of Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. `{{TOC limit|2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Geography
### Location
Wäschenbeuren is located on the edge of the Schurwald, at the Hohenstaufen, between the Filstal valley and the Remstal valley, some 10 kilometers northern of the district city of Göppingen.
### Towns and Municipalities of the Neighborhood {#towns_and_municipalities_of_the_neighborhood}
In the North, the municipality borders the towns of Lorch and Schwäbisch Gmünd, district of Ostalbkreis, at the East and in the South, it borders to the district city of Göppingen and in the West, it borders to Birenbach and Börtlingen.
### Organization of the Municipality {#organization_of_the_municipality}
The rural community of W£aschenbeuren so as the villages of Krettenhof, Linderbronn and Wäscherhof belong to the municipality of Wäschenbeuren, so do the farm Beutenmühle and the single houses Schützenhof (also to Birenbach), the tile manufacture and furthermore, the abandoned village of Holzweiler.
## History
**Evolution of the population**
Inhabitants of the municipality since 1837 :
Date 1837 1907 17 May 1939 13 September 1950 27 May 1970 31 December 1983 31 December 2005
------------- ------- ------- ------------- ------------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------------
Inhabitants 1,243 1,469 1,764 1,988 2,584 2,738 3,952
## Policy
**Coat of Arms**
The coat of arms is a \'talking one\', showing a laundress on a red-white-green background. It was given to the municipality on April 14, 1491.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
**Transportation** Wäschenbeuren is located on the primary road 297, from Göppingen to Lorch. Several ùotor-bus lines connect the municipality to neighboring cities and municipalities :
**Line 11 :** Göppingen -- Bartenbach -- Rechberghausen -- Birenbach -- Wäschenbeuren -- Schwäbisch Gmünd
**Line 11a :** Göppingen -- Bartenbach -- Rechberghausen -- Birenbach -- Wäschenbeuren -- Maitis
**line 12 :** Göppingen -- Faurndau -- Rechberghausen -- Birenbach -- Wäschenbeuren -- Maitis -- Lenglingen -- Schwäbisch Gmünd
The motor-busses of the company Omnibusverkehr Göppingen circulate from 5 AM to 11 PM, at a rate of approx. one an hour and more often during main business time. There are less opportunities towards Lorch and Schwäbisch Gmünd. Railroad connections are located at the station Bahnhof Göttingen for the Fils Valley Railway Stuttgart - Ulm, and in Lorch or Lorch-Waldhausen, for the Remsbahn railway Stuttgart - Aalen. The former \'Hohenstaufen\' railway Hohenstaufenbahn, well known in the last decades as the \'Josefle\' - the little Joseph - rolling from Schwäbisch Gmünd to Göppingen, was stopped operating by 1984.
## Formation
With the *Stauferschule*, Wäschenbeurer has an Elementary school and a General school (Hauptschule)including a Werkrealschule, a specific sort of a general school in Baden Württemberg, with a tenth school-year for volunteers. Other leading schools are available in the surrounding vicinities : Realschule at Rechberghausen and colleges at Göppingen and Lorch, very well connected through public transportation means.
## Other landmarks {#other_landmarks}
- The 2006 completed nursing home is located in the center of the vicinity. It is administrated by the Foundation Stiftung Haus Lindenhof. It is named Cardinal Walter Kasper who lived here in the old schoolhouse during his youth, from 1938 to 1946.
- Next to the Catholic Church, you can find the home for the catholic youth : Katholische junge Gemeinde of Wäschenbeuren. Beyond some movies evenings or feasts, that home is the main meeting point of the local youth.
- The municipality hall is called \'Bürenhalle\'. It was completed by 2002 and is located abreast to the *Stauferschule*.
## Education and culture {#education_and_culture}
### Museums
The castle named Schloss Wäscherburg is located in the area called Wäscherhof. It shelters an interesting collection on the subject : History of the House of Hohenstaufen.
### Buildings
Near the castle Wäscherburg, you find the Catholic Church with its interesting nave, so as the former railroad station, nowadays fitted up as a kinder garden; both are worth a visit. In the center, you may also have a look at the **Amtshaus** - the administration hall. On the Burren in the North of the locality, you will find the remnants of a middle-age flatland castle (Niederungsburg)
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# Wäschenbeuren
## Notable inhabitants {#notable_inhabitants}
- Johannes von Kuhn (1806--1887), Catholic theologian, born in Wäschenbeuren
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# Wangen (Göppingen)
**Wangen** is a village and municipality in the district of Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg, southern Germany. It lies on the edge of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region.
## Geography
Wangen lies on a hill above the Fils Valley, on the edge of the Schurwald and around five kilometres from the county town of Göppingen. The edges of the municipal area border Adelberg to the north, Börtlingen and Rechberghausen to the east, Göppingen to the south, Uhingen to the west and the town of Schorndorf in the neighbouring district of Rems-Murr-Kreis.
The municipality of Wangen includes the formerly independent municipality of Oberwälden, and is composed of the villages of Wangen and Oberwälden. The hamlet of Niederwälden has now been subsumed into the village of Wangen.
## History
The village was first recorded in writing in 1274, when Friedrich von Staufeneck sold all his estates in Wangen and Oberwälden to the Abbey of Adelberg. From 1327, the village belonged administratively to the Württemberg State of the Holy Roman Empire, but the majority of property in the village remained under the ownership of the Abbey.
In 1806, the Degenfeld family\'s fiefdom of Rechberghausen and the *Klosteramt* (an administrative division centering on the estates of a dissolved monastery) of Adelberg were abolished and the lands transferred to the new *Oberamt* of Göppingen, which in 1934 was renamed as a *Kreis*, and in 1938 as an enlarged *Landkreis*. In 1935, the hamlet of Niederwälden was transferred from the municipality of Holzhausen to that of Wangen. As part of administrative reforms in Baden-Württemberg, the formerly independent municipality of Oberwälden was incorporated into Wangen on 1 July 1971.
### Religion
Wangen was first designated as a parish in 1511, having previously belonged to the parish of Göppingen. In 1557, as part of the Reformation, a Protestant parish was established in the village, and since then there has been no Catholic parish there, Catholics instead attending the parish of Rechberghausen. In addition to this, there is also a small United Methodist community in Wangen.
### Population
Datum Einwohner
------------------- -----------
1837 849
1907 1073
17 May 1939 1233
13 September 1950 1863
27 May 1970 2759
31 December 1983 2976
31 December 2005 3213
31 December 2010 3165
30 September 2020 3236
## Politics
### Heraldry
Blazon: *Per fess Or and vert, chief an attire sable*
The green of the village\'s arms represents the surrounding meadows, while the gold represents the profitable wheat fields, and the antler is for the village\'s affiliation to the House of Württemberg. The coat of arms was adopted in 1930, and officially granted by the Interior Ministry on 3 July 1959.
### Partnerships
The municipality of Wangen has a limited partnership with the French *Region de Routot*, to which the municipalities of Bouquetot, Brestot, Étréville, Eturqueraye, Hauville, La Haye Aubree, Le Landin, Rougemontier and Routot belong. The rural community of around 5,500 people lies in Normandy. The partnership was established on 1 May 1992, and since then there has been an annual meeting of representatives of the communities.
### Council
There have traditionally been no parties or factions in the municipal council of Wangen. It is not possible under the electoral rules to put forward a list containing more candidates than there are seats available. The candidates therefore traditionally put forward to lists - *Free Voters* and *Independent Voters\' Association* - in order to be able to carry out a proper election.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
There is one primary school in the village, while higher schools are available in neighbouring towns and villages. The village also contains three nursery schools, two community nurseries and a Catholic nursery.
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# Wangen (Göppingen)
## Culture and sightseeing {#culture_and_sightseeing}
### Music
The *Musikverein Wangen e. V.* (Wangen Musical Society) was established in 1951 and runs a concert band. The society plays an active role in the life of the community through its work in both spiritual and secular events. The society is also heavily involved in youth work through its youth bands.
### Architecture
In the village of Oberwälden is the *Nikolauskirche* (Church of St. Nicholas), the choir room of which contains some precious frescos
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# Zell unter Aichelberg
**Zell unter Aichelberg** is a municipality in the district of Göppingen in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Between Stuttgart and Ulm, on the western edge of the district Göppingen, lies the municipality of Zell unter Aichelberg close to the Swabian Jura surrounded by the still numerous existing orchards.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
The neighboring municipalities are: Hattenhofen, Göppingen-Bezgenriet, Bad Boll, Aichelberg, Ohmden and Holzmaden. (Number 1-4 district of Göppingen, Holzmaden and Ohmden district of Esslingen)
## Geology
Fossils from the Black Jurassic Jura can be seen in the *Urweltmuseum* in Holzmaden. The community is part of the 1979 excavation formed reserve fossils Holzmaden. North of the partial local Pliensbach flows the eponymous Pliensbach which joins the Butzbach. This flows in Uhingen in the Fils. Other, smaller watercourses, are the Giesbach and the Zellerbach.
The Pliensbachian age of the Early Jurassic is named after the hamlet of Pliensbach in the municipality.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
The municipality consists of the village Zell unter Aichelberg, the hamlet Pliensbach and the homestead Erlenwasen.
### Space division {#space_division}
- 639 ha total area
- 67 ha = 10.5% forest area
- 397 ha = 62.1% farm land area
- 6 ha = 1.0% water area
- 5 ha = 0.8% recreation area
- 103 ha = 16.1% building area
- 56 ha = 8.8% transportation area
- 4 ha = 0.6% other area
According to data from Statistical office Baden-Württemberg, 2014.
## History
- 1108: First mention of the place as Castellum Cella (controversial). Other sources mention as first mention the entry map of *Cella near Kirchheim* in a gift book from 1140 from the Reichenbach Priory (Baden-Württemberg) in the Black Forest.
- 1466 Zell falls to Göppingen and so became temporarily in the possession of the Dukes of Bavaria.
- 1475: Zell belongs to Württemberg again.
- September 1519: In the conflicts between Ulrich, Duke of Württemberg and the Swabian League, the place was heavily affected. Troops of the Swabian League devastated 57 buildings in Zell 57 and 14 in Pliensbach.
- 1628: The plague reaches Zell
- 1810: Reorganization: Zell is allocated to Oberamt Kirchheim.
- July 1878: Separation of Aichelberg
- April 1, 1933: Eckwälden is separated and combined with the municipality Boll.
- 1938: Zell falls to the administrative district Göppingen.
- 2008: Zell celebrates its 900 anniversary.
## Religions
Around two-thirds of the population are evangelical, about one third is Catholic.
## Population
The population 1837-2010:
- Date Population
- 1837 721
- 1907 970
- May 17, 1939 661
- September 13, 1950 1,007
- May 27, 1970 1,434
- December 31, 1983 2,176
- December 31, 2005 2,973
- December 31, 2010 3,028
## Mayor
- 1938--1945: C.E. Hoyler
- 1945--1948: Various Temporary Administrators
- 1948--1955: P. H. Flechtner
- 1955--1987: Gerhard Schwegler
- 1987--2019: Werner Link
- since 2019: Christopher Flink
## Crest
The blazon of the municipal coat of arms of Zell unter Aichelberg is: Under golden, with a horizontal black deer rack occupied shield main in red an armored golden left-arm. Emblem and flag were presented on February 19, 1959, by the Stuttgart Ministry of the Interior. The flag colors of the place are yellow-red.
## Partnership
Since 1997, there is a partnership with the municipality Friedersdorf from Saxony-Anhalt.
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# Zell unter Aichelberg
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
Facilities such as the community hall, the fire station, the primary and secondary school and the cemetery are centrally located.
### Transportation
To the local road network the municipality is connected by street 1214/1215 and the Kreisstraße 1421. The Autobahn exit Aichelberg at the Bundesautobahn 8 is 3 km from the municipality center.
### Established businesses {#established_businesses}
The Margarete Ostheimer company manufactures handmade wooden figures and animals that are sold worldwide.
## Education
The primary and secondary school Zell unter Aichelberg has around 300 students and 20 teachers.
## Buildings
In the center is the Martin church with frescoes dating back to 1400. The namesake of the church is Martin of Tours. The present church is in its essential parts from the year 1386. By numerous efforts of the municipality and the population, Zell achieved 1994 the first place in the competition *Our village is beautiful*. A therefrom arisen Landmark is the Schäferbrunnen located in the town center opposite the town hall. In the town hall there is a permanent exhibition of paintings of the painter Margret Hofheinz-Döring, who lived in Zell from 1974 to 1993.
## Natural monuments {#natural_monuments}
Southwest of the municipality is located parallel to the country road L1214 a perry pears trail. The 500 m long path was built in the years 1998 to 2003, and shows various most pear varieties.
## Sports
The TSG Zell - founded in 1949 - is the biggest club with about 600 members and includes the departments singing, gymnastics, fistball, chess and football. The table tennis club Zell unter Aichelberg (TTV Zell) has some 180 members.
## Regular events {#regular_events}
The most important festivals include the Fischerfest held in the Pliensbach district and in July the fountain party. The each November held Remember our Youth Festival, an indoor rock festival with regularly over 600 visitors and performances by international bands and artists.
## People from the town {#people_from_the_town}
- Leonhard Dürr (died 1538 in Roggenburg), abbot in Adelberg monastery.
- Friedrich Benjamin Osiander (1759-1822), physician, pioneer in the field of surgical obstetrics.
## Personalities who have worked locally {#personalities_who_have_worked_locally}
- Margret Hofheinz-Döring, (1910-1994), painter and artist, lived from 1974 to 1993 in Zell unter Aichelberg. She was honored in 1990 by planting a lime tree.
## Literature
- Theiss, Konrad: *Der Kreis Göppingen.* Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1978, `{{ISBN|3-8062-0374-1}}`{=mediawiki}.
- Binder, Adolf: *Geschichte und Geschichten aus Zell am Aichelberg
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# Brierdene
**Brierdene** or **Brier Dene** is a small valley through which the Brierdene Burn flows down to its mouth at Whitley Bay. The valley was partly occupied by a coal mine in the past of which very little is now visible. Part of the valley is now the Brierdene Community Green Space and the Brierdene Wildlife Site. The site is now home to more than 1000 identified organisms and includes an ecologically diverse meadow and is a designated Site of Nature Conservation Importance. Much of work of transforming the valley into a wildlife refuge was undertaken by a voluntary group - the Friends of Brierdene. This work earned them a Queens Award for Voluntary Service.
The name Brierdene was also used for a railway station built in 1914 but which was never brought into use.
In April 2016 a new housing development at Backworth was started and adopted the name of Brierdene
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# Strategy Challenges Collection
***Strategy Challenges Collection*** is a two-game series of educational video games created by Edmark. The first game, initially released as ***Strategy Games of the World*** and later re-released as ***Strategy Challenges Collection 1**\'\', was released in 1995. A sequel was released in 1997 entitled***Strategy Challenges Collection 2: In the Wild**\'\'.
## Gameplay
The games each feature three strategy games that the user can play against the computer or another user. In the first game, they are Nine men\'s morris, Gomoku, and Mancala. In *2*, these games are Tablut, Jungle (called \"Jungle Chess\" in the program) and Surakarta.
Each game has three levels and provides the user with the ability to decide whether a computer opponent will play offensively or defensively. There are six computer opponent characters (two for each of the three levels) and each always plays either offensively or defensively, but each of them appear on a different level in each game. If one plays another user instead of the computer, the leveling will not have any effect on gameplay.
## Reception
*Strategy Challenges Collection II* was a finalist for the Computer Game Developers Conference\'s 1996 \"Best Educational Game\" Spotlight Award, but lost the prize to *Freddi Fish 2*
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# Random Acts of Intimacy
***Random Acts of Intimacy*** is the debut album by Scottish rock band, Sucioperro, released on 12 June 2006 by Captains of Industry.
## Overview
\"The Crushing Of The Little People\" was featured on the \"*Kerrang! New Breed*\" double album compilation.
Three singles were released from the album - free \'taster\' download \"Wolf Carnival\"; \"Dialog On The 2\" and \"The Drop\" were released on CD and were accompanied by two b-sides each. \"Grace & Out Of Me\" was later released as a free download to coincide with the band\'s tour with Surrey rockers Reuben - with the accompanying music video directed by Reuben\'s Jamie Lenman.
The artwork was the first collaboration between Stewart Chown (who would later go on to become the band\'s bassist) and Glasgow-based photographer Gordon Burniston.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
- All words and music by Reid, except \"Dialog on the 2\", words by Reid/Logg.
## B-sides {#b_sides}
- Conversation With A Wasp
- The Altruist
- Dead Leaf Echo
- The Ruins
## Videos
- [Dialog On The 2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=98z6jWA5ZNM&feature=channel_page) - Shot by David Rossi, edited by Ian White
- [Grace And Out Of Me](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnfcgpOYdyc&feature=channel_page) - Directed by Jamie Lenman
Note: These videos were uploaded to YouTube by Sucioperro
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# Königsbronn
**Königsbronn** is a municipality in the district of Heidenheim in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Königsbronn (Koenigsbronn) as an administrative community also includes the villages of Itzelberg, Ochsenberg and Zang. It lies in the Brenz valley within the hills of the Swabian Jura, a landscape shaped by karst (limestone). A spring near the town center is the source of the Brenz, a tributary of the Danube.
## Geographical location {#geographical_location}
The Brenz pot Königsbronn lies at the eastern end of the Swabian Jura, the so-called Ostalb. The main town is like the suburb in Itzelberg Brenztal while the higher-lying suburb Zang on the west of the valley Albuch and Ochsenberg lying on the Härtsfeld east of the valley. In Königsbronn springs the Brenz, which opens at Lauingen into the Danube. North of the village on the border with neighboring city Oberkochen runs the European watershed separating the drainage areas towards the Rhine and the North Sea from the drainage area to the Danube and Black Sea. Geologically Königsbronn marked by the karst landscape of the Swabian Alb, on the limestone cliffs and caves and springs in the porous limestone (Jura) are characteristic.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
The municipality Königsbronn with the formerly independent municipalities Itzelberg, Ochsenberg and Zang includes eleven villages, hamlets, farms and houses. The municipality area of Königsbronn (31 December 1970) included the courtyards Brenzelhof, Seegartenhof, Stürzelhof, Zahnberg, Ziegelhütte and Birkach and the dialed villages Baumgarten, Spichtsol, Springen, Steinhürn, Utzemannsweiler, Wichartsberge and Herwartstein. To Ochsenberg and Zang then belonged only each the eponymous village, to Zang the dialed villages Kerbenhof, Hermann Weiler and Strut.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 7,501 |
| 2001 7,539 |
| 2011 7,050 |
| 2021 7,064 |
+------------------------+
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# Königsbronn
## History
There is some evidence that the area was first populated in the Stone Age.
The foundations of a castle of the early Middle Ages possibly erected around 1000 AD on the site of an even earlier castle, of robber-knights, as it is being told can be found on the rock Herwartstein overlooking the valley, which was allegedly destroyed by the son of the emperor of Holy Roman Empire of medieval Germany.
Below, in the valley, a hamlet called \"Springen\" was formed.
In 1303, a monastery was founded (and allegedly erected with stones from the destroyed castle) for Cistercian monks. It was to become one of the most influential and wealthiest monasteries in Southern Germany. The place was renamed \"Königsbronn\" which means \"Kings\'s Spring\".
In 1552, the monastery and village that had grown next to it were destroyed and a year later the area became Protestant (Lutheran). When the village was supposed to turn catholic again in 1629, the population rebelled and stayed Protestant.
The monastery had been a centre of pre-industrial-age metallurgy and in 1366 had been granted the right to mine and process iron ore from Emperor Charles IV., only one year after he had given it erroneously to a local count. The monks then started what became later the industrial company with the longest historic tradition in Germany, the Schwäbische Hüttenwerke GmbH. 1651 a furnace was lit and smelting didn\'t stop until 1908, when it had ceased to be profitable. However, the business was successfully shifted to finished products, especially to calender rolls for the paper industry, which made Königsbronn and SHW famous. Two out of three state of the art calender rolls in modern paper machines worldwide have been poured in the Königsbronn foundry, which today is a part of SHW Casting Technologies GmbH, a group of foundries specialized on heavy and highly precise castings.
The small but splendid rococo-style (or late baroque) town hall was erected in 1765 and gives a hint of the proud spirits of the town at the time.
In 1864, Königsbronn got railway access (Brenz Railway). The railway line has been refurbished from 2003 to September 2007 to modern standards.
On 8 November 1939, a bomb placed by Georg Elser, who had spent much of his life in Königsbronn, detonated in Munich and missed its target Hitler only by a few minutes.
## Recent history and present {#recent_history_and_present}
After the war, many some small industrial companies in the wider area had to close, but some grew to become very successful, e.g. Voith in Heidenheim. Others moved in, e.g. Zeiss in the neighbouring town of Oberkochen. Industry has switched from heavy to high-tech and the second sector of the economy remains by far the most important, whereas climate and soil have never made agriculture too attractive in this region.
## Community partnerships {#community_partnerships}
Since 1978 there is a partnership with Reißeck in Austria.
## Transport
Königsbronn is tethered by the Brenz Railway Aalen-Ulm to the national rail network. Departs every hour of the Regional Express (Crailsheim-) Ellwangen-Aalen-Ulm; additionally operate daily some regional trains and a single InterRegio Express. Some of the trains also stop at the breakpoint Itzelberg.
## Educational institutions {#educational_institutions}
The Georg-Elser-school is a primary, secondary and high school with \"Primary field offices\" in Itzelberg and Zang and Eichhalde primary school. In addition, in Königsbronn the \"School of Forestry Königsbronn\" \[4\] is located.
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# Königsbronn
## Leisure and sports facilities {#leisure_and_sports_facilities}
The biggest sports club in Königsbronn is the SVH (sports club Herwartstein) 05 Königsbronn. Approximately 1,000 members operate in 9 departments. Since 2005, the football section of the SVH has a lawn and an artificial pitch. The Tennis Club Königsbronn is located in the district Waldsiedlung and operates during the summer season eight clay courts and a clubhouse hosted. In winter, two indoor courts are available. With favorable snow conditions of the district Zang invites his Zanger trail a cross-country skiing. The ski club (SCK) also operates the Weikersberg ski lift, including a ski school. There is also a cross-country floodlit begins. In addition, the club has a ski jump facility above the town hall.
## Concerts
Every year on Memorial Day the school chapel of the Musikverein Königsbronn plays their annual concert. The concert takes place alternately in the church, the Marienkirche and the Hammerschmiede instead.
## Theater
Every summer the theater recorded playgroup Königsbronn the Freilichtbühne am Brenz origin on the Rathausvorplatz.
## Museums
- Torbogenmuseum
- Georg Elser Memorial / Museum
## Buildings
- Georg Elser memorial
- The town hall was built in 1765 in the Rococo style.
```{=html}
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- An interesting industrial monument is the former, designed by Johann Georg Blezinger Hammerschmiede on Brenz origin (now a small hydroelectric power plant).
- A memorial recalls the Königsbronn Georg Elser and his failed assassination attempt on Adolf Hitler on 8 November 1939. 2010 has been revealed at the station a Georg-Elser statue.
- Monastery Königsbronn: Some buildings of the former 1553 resolved Cistercian monastery are still preserved, including the abbey church, which, however, instead of the destroyed original church only from the year 1565 comes and today is the Protestant parish church.
## Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Johann Georg Blezinger (1717--1795), restaurateur and entrepreneur
- Gottlieb Benjamin Wolf (1780-unknown), Württemberg Oberamtmann
- Karl von Cleß (1794--1874), theologian, classical scholar
- Paul Reusch (1868--1956), industrialist
## Other personalities {#other_personalities}
- Georg Elser (1903--1945), resistance fighter/Hitler assassin, went here to school and worked there as a carpenter.
- Otto Neubrand (born 1911 in Herbrechtingen, died 1975 in Königsbronn), painter, lived and worked in Königsbronn.
- Daniel Maichel (1693--1752), abbot of Königsbronn
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# Nattheim
**Nattheim** is a municipality in the district of Heidenheim in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. The town hall is located in the middle of the city, and is situated at the intersection of the city church building and pharmacy. Nattheim has 4 grocery stores (Lidl, Rewe, Netto & Norma), Sonderpreis hardware store, as well as Rossman and Ernstings Family.
Home of \"Nattheimer\" brand beer and is largely a farming community with a few industrial companies.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 5.807 |
| 2001 6
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# Steinheim am Albuch
**Steinheim am Albuch** is a municipality in the district of Heidenheim in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. Steinheim is known for its meteorite crater
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# Karl Kassulke
**Karl Otto Kassulke** (March 20, 1941 -- October 27, 2008) was an American professional football player.
Kassulke graduated from Drake, where he starred as a safety. He played 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), all with the Minnesota Vikings. Kassulke started in Super Bowl IV, where he and teammate Earsell Mackbee missed a tackle on Otis Taylor on the final touchdown of the game, late in the third quarter. The next season, he was selected to the Pro Bowl.
On July 24, 1973, Kassulke suffered a motorcycle accident on the way to training camp that left him paralyzed from the waist down.
After his playing career, Kassulke worked with Wings Outreach, a Christian Ministry to the disabled.
Kassulke was immortalized in NFL lore by NFL Films\' official highlight film for Super Bowl IV. Kansas City Chiefs coach Hank Stram, who was wired for sound by NFL Films executive producer Ed Sabol, noted the confusion in the Vikings\' defense due to the Chiefs\' shifting offense and quipped, \"Kassulke was running around there like it was a Chinese fire drill\"
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# Lavigne
**Lavigne** (*la vigne*) is a French surname meaning literally \"the vine\" or \"the vineyard\". Notable people with the surname include:
- Antoine Joseph Lavigne (1816--1886), French oboist
- Ariane Lavigne (born 1984), Canadian snowboarder
- Avril Lavigne (born 1984), Canadian Grammy Award--nominated rock singer
- Brad Lavigne, Canadian political and corporate communications strategist
- Charles Lavigne (1840--1913), Roman Catholic bishop
- J
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# Abraham von Franckenberg
**Abraham von Franckenberg** (24 June 1593 -- 25 June 1652) was a German mystic, author, poet and hymn-writer.
## Life
Abraham von Franckenberg was born in 1593 into an old Silesian noble family in Ludwigsdorf bei Oels. He attended the Gymnasium in Brieg and the University of Leipzig and looked set to become a lawyer; however, he abandoned his studies in 1617 and was drawn to more ascetic and mystical ideas. By 1622, he was familiar with the works of Jakob Böhme, and he met the mystic in person the following year. Franckenberg would continue to revere Böhme even after the latter\'s death in 1624, and was a friend to several of Böhme\'s other followers, such as the Liegnitz physician Balthasar Walther.
He inherited the family estate in Ludwigsdorf in 1623, but passed it on to his brother Balthasar in exchange for the right to keep a few small rooms in the family home. He lived a very reclusive life and rarely ventured forth from this room -- only in 1634 to attend to those suffering from plague, and in 1640 to challenge the rhetoric of Georg Seidel, a Lutheran preacher from Oels whom Franckenberg regarded as intolerant.
Tired of this and other confrontations, and mindful of the fact that events of the Thirty Years\' War were moving in the direction of Silesia, Franckenberg moved to Danzig via Breslau in 1641, where he lodged until 1649 with the astronomer Johannes Hevelius, who introduced him to Copernican astronomy. He spent the winter of 1642-43 in Holland, where he had several works by Böhme published.
He returned home to Ludwigsdorf in 1649 and, the following year, met Daniel Czepko. He was to read Czepko\'s *Monodisticha* in 1652 and wrote two dedicatory poems for it. Around the same time, he met and began to influence Angelus Silesius. He died on 25 June 1652 and is buried in Oels; his gravestone is covered with as yet undeciphered mystical symbols.
## Works
His works show ideas drawn from many sources: from the Kabbalah, Paracelsian alchemy, medieval mysticism, the medieval \'heretics\' of the Reformation, Spanish sixteenth-century Quietism, Lutheran mysticism and Pansophism. The works themselves are a mixture of ascetic-mystical treatises, such as *Schlussreden der Wahrheit* (1625), *Mir nach!* and *Vita veterum sapientium* (both 1637); others, such as *Jordanssteine* (1636) challenge orthodox Lutheranism or, as in *Oculus siderius*, discuss astronomical questions. He had a reputation as an insightful teacher, and the crux of his teachings was the unity with God based on the denial of all things worldly and of the self; particular emphasis was placed on the significance of Christ for the attainment of salvation. Like Jakob Böhme, he juxtaposed the Fall of Lucifer and Adam with attaining his salvation. *Grundlicher und wahrhafter Bericht von dem Leben und dem Abschied des in Gott selig ruhenden Jacob Boehmes*.
## *Raphael*
Perhaps Franckenberg\'s most famous work - and certainly his most unusual - is *Raphael, Oder Arzt-Engel*, first published posthumously in Amsterdam 1676.
The Hebrew name \'Raphael\' means \'God has healed\'. The archangel Raphael has traditionally been linked with healing and restoration, and it is clear that Franckenberg, in subtitling his manuscript *Arzt-Engel* (\'doctor-angel\', a play on *Erzengel*, \'archangel\'), is aware of this fact and wishes to make it clear to his readers. The work, ostensibly a medical tract, draws on both Paracelsian alchemy and Böhmian mysticism. There is also evidence pointing to Franckenberg\'s interest in the Kabbalah and of links with Rosicrucianism and the ideas of Joachim of Fiore
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# The Capstan Shafts
**The Capstan Shafts** is the musical project of American lo-fi artist Dean Wells. He has been releasing material under the Capstan Shafts name since 1999, through various indie labels such as Yellow Mica, Asaurus and Abandoned Love Records. Most of his albums are very cheap (four or five dollars) or even free.
His songs are typically short, ranging in length from 45 seconds to 2 minutes, and feature a full-band sound of guitars, bass and drums, all of which are played by Wells himself. Every Capstan Shafts release to date has been recorded at home, giving the music a fuzzy lo-fi sound similar to bands such as Guided By Voices and The Mountain Goats.
Despite a prolific output of recorded material (his total output amounts to ten EPs and seven full-length albums), Wells has only performed live three times. His recent album *Her Versus The Sad Cold Eventually* has led to an upsurge in media interest surrounding The Capstan Shafts; the album was given four very favorable reviews on music-news site Pitchfork Media by Matt LeMay of Get Him Eat Him.
## Appearances
Dean Wells has also released a song as Vergel Tears, and has three albums under his own name.
On May 2, 2008, Wells opened for The Ruby Suns and Menomena at Middlebury College in Middlebury, VT. His temporary drummer, never having played live, returned from the bar just in time as Dean was about to be forced to start without him.
In 2010 the Capstan Shafts regrouped as a 5 piece band before playing shows across the U.S. east coast. Festivals dates at SXSW and CMJ followed before the band released their first studio LP \"Revelation Skirts\" for Rainbow Quartz Records.
Recently,`{{When|date=August 2024}}`{=mediawiki} National Public Radio chose the Capstan Shafts as one of \"5 Artists You Should Have Known in 2010\"
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# Rhapsodomancy
**Rhapsodomancy** is an ancient form of divination performed by choosing through some method a specific passage or poem from which to ascertain information.
There were various methods for practicing rhapsodomancy. Sometimes, individuals would write several verses or sentences from a poet on multiple pieces of wood, paper, or similar material, shake them together in an urn, and pick one at random. Sometimes, they cast dice on a table that was covered with verses; the one on which the die landed was said to contain the prediction.
In ancient Rome, the method of sortes involved opening a book and choosing some verse at first sight. This method was particularly called the *sortes Praenestinae*; and afterwards, according to the poet who was used, such as *sortes Homerica* or *sortes Virgilianae*.
## Commonly used texts {#commonly_used_texts}
### I Ching {#i_ching}
One of the most commonly used texts used to perform rhapsodomancy was the I Ching. In the 11th century, before the text was used primarily as a philosophical treatise, random chance was used to determine which texts would be selected. In the earliest of versions, turtle shells were \'read\' to select texts. In later practices of this divination, coins were tossed to select passages and texts, but this soon evolved into a more convoluted practice using milfoil stalks.
Su Hsun, in his contemporary account, stated that:
> \[H\]e took the milfoil. But in order to get an odd or even bunch in milfoil stalks, the person himself has to divide the entire bunch of stalks in two\...Then we count the stalks by fours and comprehend that we count by fours; the remainder we take between our fingers and know that what is left is either one or two or three or four, and that we selected them. This is from man. But dividing all the stalks in two parts, we do not know \[earlier\] how many stalks are in each of them. This is from Heaven.
It has been suggested`{{According to whom|date=November 2014}}`{=mediawiki} that the evolution and convolution of the method of divination was a result of scryers attempting to add legitimacy to their work.
Uniquely amongst texts regarding methods of divination, in the *Shu Ching (Book of History* or *Book of Documents*), it is suggested that the person seeking guidance reflect on what has been suggested, rather than take it at face value. It is thought that this flexibility of interpretation, as well as the suggestion that there is a moral obligation to deliberate on the findings of the scryer, that led to rhapsodomancy falling out of favour with the I Ching.
### Sibylline Books {#sibylline_books}
The sibylline books, thought to have written around the 6th century BC, were used by Greek Oracles throughout the time. After these texts were burned, along with the Temple of Jupiter, in 83 BC, another collection was compiled, though that too was burned in 405 AD.
The texts were used for divination in a primitive form of bibliomancy, which came much later. Though loosely described as books, the second compilation was likely written on loose leaves, or thin wood, which could then be shuffled, with texts drawn at random. It is known that the texts were mostly composed of Greek hexameter, but Cicero claimed some of the verses were in hieroglyphs or acrostic code.
The divinations were well known as vague and obscure proclamations. Virgil incorporated his wariness of the prophecies into *The Aeneid*, where Helenus warns Aeneas of the unreliability of their words.
## Transition to bibliomancy {#transition_to_bibliomancy}
Bibliomancy, another text-based form of divination, was first officially recorded in 1693 AD, and was mainly concerned with the Bible, rather than any variety of poetic texts. However, in their official recounting of the murder of Archbishop Sharp, the church attributes one participant\'s motivation to rhapsodomancy.
In the biography of evangelist George Whitefield, a note is made of the fact that a message was sent to him by contemporary John Wesley, regarding his voyages across the Atlantic. When communicating with Whitefield, Wesley presented him with a passage pulled, after prayer, out of lots, which read; \'Let Him Return to London\'
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# Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story
***Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story*** is a musical in two acts written by Alan Janes, and featuring the music of Buddy Holly. It opened at the Plymouth Theatre Royal in September 1989 before It transferred to the Victoria Palace Theatre on 12 October 1989. An early example of the jukebox musical, *Buddy* ran in London\'s West End for over 12 years, playing 5,140 performances. Janes took over the producing of the show himself in 2004, and *Buddy* has been on tour extensively in the UK since then, having played Broadway, five U.S. National Tours and numerous other productions around the world. The show was nominated for an Olivier Award for Best Musical.
## Development
A late-night fan-based conversation in a bar of the Montcalm Hotel in London\'s West End in 1988, between the theatrical agent Laurie Mansfield, film producer Greg Smith and writer/producer Janes, about rock and roll musician Buddy Holly, led Janes to develop and write Buddy. A year later, supported by Paul McCartney, who owned the copyright to Buddy Holly\'s music, the show was produced at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, before its transfer to London\'s Victoria Palace.
## Productions
### Original production {#original_production}
Alan Janes worked with originating director Rob Bettinson, and originating musical director Paul Jury, to present the show for a three/week pre-London engagement in August 1989 at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, with Paul Hipp as Buddy Holly. The first shows were beset by technical problems, but audiences were enthusiastic.
### West End productions {#west_end_productions}
*Buddy* transferred to the Victoria Palace Theatre and opened on 12 October 1989. Structural engineers were called to the theatre to make sure the dress circle could take the weight as the structure bounced with the audience as they danced. Buddy transferred to the Novello Theatre, completing a total of 12 and a half years and 5,140 performances at the two theatres. In 2007, Janes brought the show back to the West End at the Duchess Theatre, where it played for a further 634 performances. The 50th Anniversary of Holly\'s death was celebrated on 3 February with a special performance incorporating several new numbers for that one night. The role of Buddy Holly was equally shared by Dean Elliott and Matthew Wycliffe, who played the role in the 2007 UK touring company. Ritchie Valens was played by Puerto Rican actor Miguel Angel, and J.P. Richardson (The Big Bopper) by actor Lee Ormsby. The 50th Anniversary Tour played concurrently across the UK and starred Oliver Seymour-Marsh and Glen Joseph as Buddy, with Chris Redmond and Dan Graham as the Crickets.
### UK national tours {#uk_national_tours}
A UK national tour of *Buddy* began in June 1991 at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth. This was the first West End production to tour the UK while still playing in the West End; it set a record of 243 weeks of continuous touring, or 4 years 35 weeks on the road. Buddy has continued to tour frequently in the UK.
### Broadway production/US national tours {#broadway_productionus_national_tours}
After a Toronto try-out and 15 previews, the Broadway production, also starring Hipp, opened on November 4, 1990, at the Shubert Theatre, where it ran for 225 performances. Jill Hennessy played a number of roles, including Holly\'s wife Maria Elena. The show has toured extensively throughout the US, starting with a 53-week tour in November 1991, and with the 5th tour finishing in March 2016.
### International and touring productions {#international_and_touring_productions}
*Buddy* has been staged in more than 17 countries, including Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, UK and USA. Over 25 million people have seen the show worldwide. In Australia, the show\'s first tour played Sydney\'s Theatre Royal for 36 weeks before continuing throughout Australia for a further 60 weeks. The second Australian tour in 2009 ran for 39 weeks.
In Germany, the Stage Theatre in Hamburg was built on land next to the river Elbe specifically for Buddy, where the show played for seven years between 1994 and 2001.
## Characters
- Buddy Holly
- Hipockets Duncan
- Joe B. Mauldin
- Jerry Allison
- Norman Petty
- Vi Petty
- Tommy Allsup, the \'fourth Cricket\'
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Maria Elena Santiago
- The Big Bopper
- Ritchie Valens
- Dion DiMucci
- Niki Sullivan
- Shirley, Peggy Sue, Mary Lou Sokoloff, Maria Elena\'s Aunt, Clear Lake MC, Decca Producer, Cindy, Murray Deutch, Jack Daw, Performers at the Apollo, DJs, sound engineers, session musicians, Hayriders, etc.
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# Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story
## Synopsis
### Act I {#act_i}
The action takes place in Lubbock, Texas; Clovis, New Mexico; New York City and Clear Lake, Iowa; between January 1956 and February 1959.
With the support of local Lubbock Texas radio DJ, Hipockets Duncan, Buddy and his two friends form a Country & Western band -- Buddy Holly & the Crickets -- and begin to carve out a career in music. After a difficult start at Decca Records in Nashville, they sign a contract with up-and-coming, innovative record producer Norman Petty who is based in Clovis, New Mexico. Within hours, Buddy Holly & the Crickets start to churn out hits from the recording studio built in Norman\'s backyard, among them \"That\'ll Be The Day\", which will rocket up the charts to number one in a matter of weeks. Buddy Holly & the Crickets are suddenly the hottest act in the country and out on national tour.
Buddy and his band go to New York where they perform at the Apollo Theater making history as the first white band to perform there.
### Act II {#act_ii}
While recording in New York, Buddy proposes to Maria Elena Santiago, the Puerto Rican receptionist of his music publisher after a courtship of all of five hours. Newly married and ambitious, he shifts focus to New York and a rift develops between him and the Crickets. After a declaration of home truths during a recording session, the band split and Buddy unexpectedly finds himself having to pursue a solo career.
Buddy joins *The Winter Dance Party* of 1959, a bus tour through the Midwest quenching the teenage thirst for the \"new music called Rock \'n\' Roll\" The tour is hard work, the weather conditions appalling and the performers are alternating between sleeping in the luggage racks and dropping into hospital to be treated for frostbite.
The story ends on February 3, 1959, after a rocking concert with the \"Big Bopper\" J.P. Richardson and Ritchie Valens at the Surf Ballroom in Clear Lake, Iowa. Buddy makes the fateful decision to break his promise to his pregnant wife not to fly, as he and the other two headliners board a small plane and take off into the night destined for their next show. During a snow storm, in the dead of night, the plane crashes and spares no survivors.
## Scenes
### Act 1 {#act_1}
- Grand Bowl, Lubbock, Texas
- A Lubbock diner
- Decca Recording Studios, Nashville
- KDAV Radio Studio, Lubbock
- NorVaJak Studios, Clovis, New Mexico
- Apollo Theatre, Harlem, New York
### Act 2 {#act_2}
- Music Publisher\'s Office, New York
- Central Park, New York
- NorVaJak Studios, Clovis
- Buddy & Maria Elena\'s Apartment, New York
- Backstage Surf Ballroom, Clear Lake, Iowa
- Clear Lake Concert
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# Buddy: The Buddy Holly Story
## Song list {#song_list}
### Act I {#act_i_1}
- \"Rose of Texas\" (music and lyrics by Paul Jury)
- \"Flower of My Heart\" (music and lyrics by Paul Jury)
- \"Rip It Up (UK version)\" (music and lyrics by Robert Blackwell and John Marascalco) /\"Ready Teddy (U.S. version)\" (music and lyrics by Robert Blackwell and John Marascalco)
- \"Changing All Those Changes\" (music and lyrics by Buddy Holly)
- \"That\'ll Be The Day\" (music and lyrics by Norman Petty, Jerry Allison, and Buddy Holly)
- \"Brown Eyed Handsome Man\" (music and lyrics by Chuck Berry)
- \"Everyday\" (music and lyrics by Charles Hardin (Buddy Holly) and Norman Petty)
- \"Shout\" (UK tour) (music and lyrics by Kelly Isley, Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley)
- \"Good Time (U.S. version)\" (music and lyrics by Paul Jury)
- \"Party\" (music and lyrics by Paul Jury)
- \"Not Fade Away\" (music and lyrics by Charles Hardin and Norman Petty)
- Peggy Sue (music and lyrics by Norman Petty, Jerry Allison, and Buddy Holly)
- \"Words of Love\" (music and lyrics by Buddy Holly)
Act II
- \"Think It Over\" (music and lyrics by Jerry Allison, Norman Petty, and Buddy Holly)
- \"True Love Ways\" (music and lyrics by Norman Petty and Buddy Holly)
- \"Star Spangled Banner\"
- \"Why Do Fools Fall in Love\" (music and lyrics by Frankie Lymon and Morris Levy)
- \"Chantilly Lace\" (music and lyrics by J. P. Richardson)
- \"Maybe Baby\" (music and lyrics by Norman Petty and Buddy Holly)
- \"Peggy Sue Got Married\" (music and lyrics by Buddy Holly)
- \"Heartbeat\" (music and lyrics by Norman Petty and Bob Montgomery)
- \"La Bamba\" (traditional, adapted by Ritchie Valens)
- \"Raining in My Heart\" (music and lyrics by Felice Bryant and Boudleaux Bryant)
- \"It Doesn\'t Matter Anymore\" (music and lyrics by Paul Anka)
- \"Rave On!\" (music and lyrics by Norman Petty and Bill Tilghman)
- \"Johnny B. Goode\" (music and lyrics by Chuck Berry)
- \"Oh, Boy!\"
## Cast list {#cast_list}
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| scope\"col\" \| Character | scope\"col\" \| Original West End Cast | scope\"col\" \| Broadway |
+===========================+========================================+==========================+
| Buddy Holly | Paul Hipp | |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| The Big Bopper | Gareth Marks | David Mucci |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Ritche Valens | Enzo Squillino Jr. | Philip Anthony |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| 4th Cricket | Billy Geraghty | Ken Triwush |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Joe B. Mauldin | David Howarth | Bobby Prochaska |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Jerry Allison | David Bardsley | Russ Jolly |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Hipockets Duncan | Vincent Marzello | Fred Sanders |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Norman Petty | Ron Emslie | Kurt Ziskie |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Maria Elena Santiago | Laurence Bouvard | Jill Hennessy |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Vi Petty | Lorna Lee | Jo Lynn Burks |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Apollo Main Man | Trevor Michael Georges | Demo Cates |
+---------------------------+----------------------------------------+--------------------------+
| Apollo Singer | Shenton Dixon | Jerome Smith, Jr
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# Association theory
**Association theory** (also **aggregate theory**) is a theory first advanced by chemist Thomas Graham in 1861 to describe the molecular structure of colloidal substances such as cellulose and starch, now understood to be polymers. Association theory postulates that such materials are solely composed of a collection of smaller molecules bound together by an unknown force. Graham termed these materials colloids. Prior to the development of macromolecular theory by Hermann Staudinger in the 1920s, which stated that individual polymers are composed of chains of covalently bonded monomers, association theory remained the most prevalent model of polymer structure in the scientific community.
Importantly, although polymers consist of long chains of covalently linked molecules, the individual polymer chains can often still associate and undergo phase transitions and phase separation to form colloids, liquid crystals, solid crystals, or aggregates. For biopolymers, association leads to formation of biomolecular condensates, micelles and other examples of molecular self-assembly
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# Abstatt
**Abstatt** (`{{IPA|de|ˈapʃtat|lang|De-Abstatt.oga}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
Abstatt is situated in the south of the district of Heilbronn at the Schozach river. Heilbronn is about 10 km to the northwest.
### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
Neighbouring towns and villages of Abstatt are (clockwise from the west): Ilsfeld, Untergruppenbach, *Lauffen am Neckar* (exclave town forest Etzlenswenden) and *Beilstein*, which all belong to the district of Heilbronn. Abstatt has combined with Beilstein, Ilsfeld and Untergruppenbach to form a joint association of administrations called *Schozach-Bottwartal*.
### Municipal structure {#municipal_structure}
There are no further villages belonging to Abstatt, but there are two hamlets called Happenbach and Vohenlohe.
## History
Abstatt was first mentioned documentary in 1293. In 1510 Abstatt came to Württemberg. The villages Happenbach and Vohenlohe were even administrated by Abstatt since the 18th century. In 1938 the municipality came to the district of Heilbronn which was founded this year.
Until the World War II the municipality was characterized agri-culturally, later it developed into a residential area nearby Heilbronn.
## Politics
### District council {#district_council}
Following the municipal election of 13 June 2004, the district council of Abstatt has 14 seats. The election result is as follows:
party amount +/- seats +/-
-------------- -------- -------- ------- ------
CDU 46.9% (+5.3) 7 (=)
*FW Abstatt* 28.7% (−9.8) 4 (−2)
SPD 24.4% (+4.5) 3 (=)
The mayor is also a member of the district council and its chairman.
### Arms and flag {#arms_and_flag}
Blazon: *Within a split sign in front in red a golden abbot stick, in the background in gold a red lion.* The municipal flag is red and white.
A seal of Abstatt from 1628 belonging to the Löwenstein County, contains the arms of Löwenstein: a lion. In 1907 the municipality asked for a new arms suggestion from the archive direction of Württemberg. Then the direction suggested the today\'s seal. Since it first was rejected as the conventional seal the direction made a second suggestion. However, the municipality decided to take the previous suggestion. The flag was given by the district of Heilbronn on September 5, 1980.
### Twin municipality {#twin_municipality}
There\'s a relationship with Léhon in the French Département Côtes-d\'Armor.
## Culture and sights {#culture_and_sights}
### Museums
Abstatt has a native museum at its disposal.
### Notable buildings {#notable_buildings}
- The *Wildeck Castle* near Vohenlohe was built in the 12th century and contains a wine-growing school today.
- The Protestant parish church *St. Stephan* was built in 1766 in rococo style upon the remnants of an older Gothic construction.
Abstatt Evangelische Kirche 20070502.jpg\|Protestant church Abstatt Rathaus 20070502.jpg\|town hall
- In Happenbach there\'s the renovated historical school house containing the today\'s citizen\'s forum. An old baking house reminds on this old rural infrastructure. Besides there\'s a village square with a fountain.
Happenbach-buergerbuero.jpg\|citizen\'s forum, old school house Happenbach-backhaus-milchhaus.jpg\|baking house Happenbach-brunnen.jpg\|fountain at the village square
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Wine
Abstatt is a wine-growing village whose area belongs to the Schozach valley in the wine-growing area Württemberg. There\'s a varietal named after a part of the municipality called Happenbach.
### Transport
Abstatt is situated on the A 81 between the exits for *Ilsfeld* and *Heilbronn/Untergruppenbach*.
### Local businesses {#local_businesses}
Since 2004 the Robert Bosch GmbH is represented by a development area employing 5,800 people (October 2019). There\'s also the subsidiary company *Bosch Engineering GmbH*. Abstatt is the main site of the SAP system house *Steeb Anwendungssysteme GmbH* belonging to SAP AG. Steeb cares about the middle classes in SAP.
The international record label Massacre Records is also in Abstatt.
### Media
The *Heilbronner Stimme* informs about happenings in Abstatt within its edition SO, South-East.
### Public institutions {#public_institutions}
Around the Wildeck Castle the Staatliche Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt für Wein- und Obstbau Weinsberg carries on ecological viticulture.
### Education
Abstatt has a primary school including the municipal library at its disposal
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# Elizabeth Storm
**Elizabeth Storm** (born **Elizabeth Jennifer Storm** on November 29, 1958) is an American actress. She is an actress, known for Desperate Housewives (2004).
## Career
Storm is known for portraying Katherine Barrett on the soap opera *Passions* from 2000 to 2003. She also appeared as Hollis Costillo on the soap opera *Santa Barbara* in 1989 and Janice Barnes in *Days of Our Lives* from 1987 to 1988. Storm later portrayed Janie Peterson on the primetime soap opera *Desperate Housewives*. She has also guest starred in numerous television series, including *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation*, *Six Feet Under*, *Without a Trace*, *The King of Queens*, and *Matlock*.
## Filmography
### Film
Year Title Role Notes
------ ---------------------- ------- -------
2002 *Out of These Rooms* Betty
### Television
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ---------------------------------- ------------------------ -----------------------------------------------
1985 *Highway to Heaven* Lane Kensington 2 episodes
1985 *CBS Schoolbreak Special* Diane Episode: \"The War Between the Classes\"
1987--1988 *Days of Our Lives* Janice Barnes 40 episodes
1989 *Matlock* Secretary Episode: \"The Starlet\"
1989 *Santa Barbara* Hollis Castillo 10 episodes
1990 *Shannon\'s Deal* Polly Episode: \"Custody\"
1991 *Silk Stalkings* Linda Kirkland Episode: \"In the Name of Love\"
1991 *Civil Wars* Carolyn Martin Episode: \"A Long, Fat Frontal Presentation\"
1993 *Bodies of Evidence* Joanne Cole Episode: \"Whispers of the Dead\"
1993 *SeaQuest DSV* Claire Episode: \"Bad Water\"
1994 *Alien Nation: Dark Horizon* Slave Mother Television film
1998 *Maggie* Reporter Episode: \"Ballad of Maggie Day\"
1998 *Party of Five* Woman / Mother Episode: \"Tender Age\"
1999 *The King of Queens* Marion Douglas Episode: \"Hungry Man\"
2000 *The Geena Davis Show* Nicole Episode: \"What I Like About You\"
2000--2003 *Passions* Katherine Crane 5 episodes
2002 *Push, Nevada* Jim\'s Mother Episode: \"The Letter of the Law\"
2003 *The Agency* Travel Agency Worker Episode: \"The Isolated Incident\"
2004 *Without a Trace* Brandee Case\'s Mother Episode: \"Wannabe\"
2004 *The Guardian* Rachel Gossett Episode: \"The Vote\"
2004, 2005 *Desperate Housewives* Janie Peterson 2 episodes
2005 *CSI: Crime Scene Investigation* Mrs. Jones Episode: \"4x4\"
2005 *Six Feet Under* Andrea\'s Friend Episode: \"A Coat of White Primer\"
2005 *The Young and the Restless* Leslie Stanton Episode #1
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# Cleebronn
**Cleebronn** (`{{IPA|de|kleːˈbʁɔn|lang|Cleebronn.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
Cleebronn is in the Zabergäu in the south of the district of Heilbronn, directly in the north of the Stromberg mountain with an elevation of 220 to. The landscape is characterised by wine-growing. The symbol of the municipality and the whole Zabergäu is the Michaelsberg, which has an elevation of 394 m.
### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
Neighbouring towns of Cleebronn are (clockwise from the west): Güglingen, Brackenheim (both in the district of Heilbronn), Bönnigheim and Sachsenheim (both in the district of Ludwigsburg). Cleebronn has combined with Brackenheim to form a joint association.
### Municipal structure {#municipal_structure}
Cleebronn includes the villages of Treffentrill and Katharinenplaisir.
## History
The first documented mention of Cleebronn was in 1279 as *Kleberen*. In the 13th century there were some possessions of the Principality of Mainz around the Michaelsberg being rented to Cleebronn\'s Lords of Magenheim.
In the 14th century, Württemberg acquired around two-thirds of the village as *Württembergisch Cleebronn*. The other third stayed in the possession of the principality as *Mainzisch Cleebronn*. In 1785 Württemberg acquired this last third, but stayed independent. These municipalities which independent until 1843 were called *Alt-Cleebronn* and *Neu-Cleebronn* until 1811. These two remaining parts were not united with the rest until January 1, 1844.
Cleebronn has a Protestant parish.
## Politics
### District council {#district_council}
The district council of Cleebronn has 12 seats.
The mayor is also a member of the district council and its chairman.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
- Sigismund Koelle (1820-1902), missionary and linguistic researcher
- Carl Krauch (1853-1934), chemist
## Gallery
Image:Cleebronn-rathaus1736-web.jpg\|town hall Image:Cleebronn-backhaus1930-web.jpg\|*Backhaus* of 1930 Image:Cleebronn-kelter1907-web.jpg\|wine-press of 1907 Image:20060903 Michaelsberg Michaelskirche Alterraum
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# Ellhofen
**Ellhofen** (`{{IPA|de|ɛlˈhoːfn̩|lang|Ellhofen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany
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# Millennium Aviation
**Millennium Aviation** is a passenger Charter airline, operating business jets, based in Reading, Pennsylvania. It is also a fixed-base operator (FBO) at the Reading Regional Airport
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# Flein
**Flein** (`{{IPA|de|flaɪn|lang|Flein.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
Flein is situated in the south of the district of Heilbronn and directly borders on to Heilbronn in the south.
### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
Neighbouring towns and municipalities of Flein are (clockwise from north-west): *Heilbronn* (Stadtkreis), Untergruppenbach and Talheim (both in the district of Heilbronn). Flein has combined with Talheim to form a joint association of administrations.
## Population
- 1648: 250
- 1800: 800
- 1900: 1,600
- 2005: 6,535
## Politics
### District council {#district_council}
Elections in 2014:
- Free voters: 8 seats
- CDU/Bürgerliste: 5 seats
- SPD: 5 seats
No difference to year 2009.
The mayor is also a member of the district council and its chairman.
### Mayor
On June 24, 2007, there were mayoral elections; the incumbent, Jürgen Schmid did not stand for re-election after 16 years in office. Since there was no absolute majority after the first election a run off was necessary. On July 15, 2007. Alexander Krüger was elected as mayor for an eight-year term with 63.9% of the votes. He started on August 15, 2007.
### Coat of arms and flag {#coat_of_arms_and_flag}
The colours of the coats of arms were laid down in 1938 by the head archive of Württemberg. In the same year, the Nazi NSDAP party Heilbronn suggested to accept another arms without a religious meaning. The archive direction suggested a blazon containing an arms *In a split sign in blue a head of a lion, behind in gold a blue grape with two vine leaves*. However, in June 1939 the NSDAP stated that it was of minor importance and not to hurry the change. So Flein remained with its previous coat of arms and confirmed this decision in 1956. This decision was confirmed on January 11, 1957, by the ministry of the interior of Baden-Württemberg. In the same year local artist Hans Epple created a drawing used by the municipality today (see illustration)
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# Edlandsvatnet
**Edlandsvatnet** is a lake in the municipality of Gjesdal in Rogaland county, Norway. The 2.11 km2 lake lies just south of the large village of Ålgård, immediately southwest of the lake Limavatnet. The European route E39 highway runs along the northern shore of the lake. The lake empties into the river Figgjoelva on the northwestern end of the lake. The lake has many brown trout in it
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# United National Independence Party (Nigeria)
The **United National Independence Party** (**UNIP**) was a Nigerian political party formed in the mid-1950s. It was made up of a group of N.C.N.C members who were opposed to some of the policies of Nnamdi Azikiwe and had formed the National Independence Party. In 1954, the National Independence Party merged with Alvan Ikoku\'s United National Party to form the United National Independence Party.
The party was one of the few prominent and fairly popular groups that emerged to challenge Azikiwe and N.C.N.C in the Eastern region of Nigeria. Before the formation of UNIP, the Eastern Region was free from political competition, unlike its counterparts in the West and North, which had formidable foes to contend with
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# Gemmingen
**Gemmingen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɡɛmɪŋən|lang|Gemmingen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}; South Franconian: *Gemminge*) is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany
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# Hardthausen am Kocher
**Hardthausen am Kocher** is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany.
## Geography
### Location
Hardthausen lies in the east of the county of Heilbronn in the lower Kocher valley on the southern edge of the Harthausen Forest
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# Ilsfeld
**Ilsfeld** is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, on the outer edge of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region. In addition to the village of Ilsfeld proper, it includes the formerly independent settlements of Auenstein and Schozach and some hamlets. Formerly predominantly agricultural, it has become more commercially oriented since an autobahn exit was built in the 1950s. The village of Ilsfeld was largely destroyed by a fire in 1904, and was rebuilt with public buildings in a rustic Württemberg style with Jugendstil elements.
## Geography
Ilsfeld is located in the south of the district of Heilbronn, in and around the valley of the Schozach near the point where the Gruppenbach flows into it. Parts of the town fall within two natural areas: Schwäbisch-Fränkische Waldberge (Swabian-Franconian Wooded Mountains) and Neckarbecken (Neckar Basin).
The town is bordered by (clockwise from the south): Großbottwar (in the district of Ludwigsburg), Neckarwestheim, Lauffen am Neckar, Talheim, Untergruppenbach, Abstatt and Beilstein (all in the district of Heilbronn). It is the seat of the *Gemeindeverwaltungsverband* (local government association) of Schozach-Bottwartal, whose other members are Abstatt, Beilstein and Untergruppenbach.
Ilsfeld proper, Auenstein and Schozach are sections of the town; the first also includes the hamlet of Wüstenhausen, the settlements of Landturm and Untere Mühle and the neighborhood of Engelsberghöfe, and Auenstein also includes two hamlets, Abstetterhof and Helfenberg. Ilsfeld proper also formerly included the no longer extant settlements of Beuren, Bustatt or Boestat, Gendach, Froßbach and Seetham, and Auenstein formerly included Finkenbach (now part of Helfenberg) and Kapfenhardt.
## History
### Frankish court site {#frankish_court_site}
The territory of Ilsfeld has been settled almost without interruption since the Mesolithic and Neolithic. After the Franks expanded into the area, five ancient Alemannic settlements were subsumed in a royal court location that is the basis of the present-day town. At the former settlement of Gendach, on the Schozach near Ilsfeld, there was a small motte and bailey castle, no traces of which remain.
### Border territory of Württemberg {#border_territory_of_württemberg}
In 1368 Ilsfeld became the property of Württemberg; by about 1460 it had become a fief of the Vogt or reeve of Lauffen am Neckar. It was a border territory; to the north, Talheim had become the property of the Teutonic Knights, and beyond that lay for example Flein, which belonged to the Imperial City of Heilbronn, Stettenfels Castle, property of the Electorate of the Palatinate, and the County of Löwenstein. In 1450, during Count Ulrich V\'s war against 30 Swabian Imperial Cities, Ilsfeld was attacked by Heilsbronn forces; the village was laid waste, with 40 people killed and 300 head of livestock removed.
In 1456 the *Württembergischer Landgraben* (Württemberg Ditch) was created as a border fortification running north of Ilsfeld, with a defensive tower, the *Landturm*, north of the hamlet of Wüstenhausen. In 1460 the Battle of Wüstenhausen took place there, with Duke Ulrich defeating the forces of Frederick the Victorious, Elector Palatine. The many battles in the 15th century are probably why Ilsfeld was surrounded by a high wall with ten towers.
Ilsfeld suffered greatly in the wars of the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1519, Duke William IV of Bavaria quartered his army there; during the Thirty Years\' War there were outbreaks of plague in 1626 and 1634 and Imperial troops were quartered there in 1638/39; and in 1645 it was plundered by French, Hessian and Weimar troops. During the war the population shrank from about 1,200 to barely 100, and years after the war ended, many fields and vineyards were still abandoned. Despite a large number of settlers from Austria and Switzerland, it took approximately a century for the settlement to recover. During that time there were further quarterings of troops and required contributions. Between 1672 and 1675, Brandenburg troops were several times quartered in Ilsfeld. In 1693, during the War of the Palatine Succession, French troops used it as a base to attack Heilbronn.
### Rural district of Württemberg {#rural_district_of_württemberg}
In the 18th century, there was again peace and modest growth in Ilsfeld. After the Napoleonic Wars, following which the entire surrounding area became Württemberg territory, and after a territorial reorganization of the Duchy, Ilsfeld belonged to the *Oberamt* of Bietigheim beginning in 1808, and then to the *Oberamt* of Besigheim beginning in 1810. The settlement slowly grew beyond its medieval borders, first west and east along the main street. By 1832, the town gates no longer existed. In 1844, for the first time, the number of inhabitants officially exceeded 2,000. However, poverty was ever-present until well into the 19th century. There were famines in 1816, 1831 and 1841, and between 1810 and 1890, 651 residents emigrated, mostly to America but also to Africa (the Cape Colony) and Russia (the Caucasus).
Between 1889 and 1891, a road was built connecting Ilsfeld to the administrative center of Besigheim, and in November 1899 a segment of the Bottwar Valley Railway was inaugurated; the following year, this was extended from Ilsfeld to Heilbronn South. The Royal Württemberg State Railways built the station at Ilsfeld as a unified station of Type IIIa. The railroad caused Ilsfeld to develop in the early 20th century from a purely rural settlement to a bedroom community for Heilbronn, where more than 200 residents were soon working, mostly in factories such as the Ackermann plying mill, the Knorr soup factory, the Bruckmann silverware factory and the Flammer soap factory. After an electricity generating plant was built in Pleidelsheim around 1907, Ilsfeld was electrified by 1914.
### 1904 fire
On August 4, 1904, approximately 420 dam2 of the town burned; 130 buildings were destroyed, including the town hall, the school, the church and 77 barns. One person was killed and 706 left homeless. The losses were assessed at 1,392,696 Reichsmarks. The fire was caused by a portable stove that children were using to bake apples and that tipped over. Firefighting efforts were considerably hindered by the different hose couplings used by Württemberg firefighting units. The fire shocked the whole of Germany; during the following days King William II visited the town, as did more than 40,000 of the curious.
By August 8, the Württemberg Ministerial Division of Road and Water Construction had organized a rebuilding committee led by *Oberbaurat* Richard Leibbrand, which began by erecting a temporary barracks encampment to house the homeless over the winter. A new town plan was then drawn up: when the town was rebuilt, the main street (still the center of the town and called *König-Wilhelm-Straße* since 1906) was widened by 11 m by not rebuilding on the slope leading up to the church and instead supporting the hillside with a retaining wall, the *Planmauer*, which was extended by about 100 m. The major public buildings (town hall, church, school, teacher\'s and minister\'s residences, and the Dorastift kindergarten) were designed by the architects Paul Schmohl and Georg Stähelin in a traditional Swabian style with Jugendstil elements. By 1906, rebuilding was largely complete.
Ilsfeld remained primarily rural in character until World War II; industry failed to gain a foothold, primarily because of a lack of infrastructure. In 1935 there were 335 agricultural concerns, mainly smallholdings, employing 40--60% of the residents, and 120 small businesses with a total of 220 employees. A planned post bus connection to Lauffen am Neckar, which would have enabled residents to work at the cement works, failed to materialize in 1929.
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# Ilsfeld
## History
### Third Reich {#third_reich}
Hugo Heinrich, elected *Schultheiß* in 1916 (his title became *Bürgermeister*, mayor, in 1932) became a member of the Nazi Party in 1934 and remained in office throughout the Third Reich; he petitioned to retire for reasons of ill health in 1937 but was unable to obtain the necessary medical certification. From 1939 on, he was also mayor of Schozach under a joint arrangement.
Construction began in 1935 on the Reichsautobahn segment between Heilbronn and Stuttgart, now Bundesautobahn 81, which passes through the southeastern part of Ilsfeld. When the *Oberamt* of Besigheim was dissolved in 1938, unlike most other localities within it, Ilsfeld became part of the district of Heilbronn.
During the war, Ilsfeld was at first largely spared by air raids, although surrounding localities were heavily affected beginning in 1941. After Heilbronn was bombed on December 4, 1944, approximately 600 people fled to Ilsfeld, which was already full of refugees and expellees. In the final days of the war, on April 14 and 16, 1945, Ilsfeld itself became a bombing target; about 50 buildings were destroyed and several people were killed. The town was occupied by American troops on April 20. Refugees caused the number of inhabitants to swell from 1,999 in 1939 to 2,164 at the end of 1945.
### Post-war {#post_war}
After Hugo Heinrich retired in 1947, two temporary mayors were appointed, followed in 1947/48 by Gottlob Frank, who had previously acted as the mayor\'s deputy. In 1948 Eugen Härle was elected to the position; he served until 1974, from 1954 to 1972, when it was annexed by Ilsfeld, once again also as mayor of Schozach.
The autobahn was not returned to service until 1950. At first Ilsfeld only had one-way access for military vehicles; in 1956 an exit was built, and in 1968--74, two rest stops. The railroad was closed in 1967; together with the proximity of the autobahn exit, this meant increasing traffic problems in the villages of Ilsfeld and Auenstein. Auenstein was helped with a bypass in the 1990s.
In 1950, what is now the town of Ilsfeld had 571 farms employing 1,151 people, and 217 commercial businesses employing 448. Since the 1950s, an influx of business and industry has caused considerable development in the area, with processing soon replacing agriculture as the primary source of employment. The business district of Ilsfeld proper extends from the center of the town east to the autobahn exit, and starting with the 1952 *Kernersiedlung*, large new residential developments have appeared to the east, north, and south. The other centers within the town have also experienced both residential and commercial development. In 1987, there were 58 farms employing 203 people, and 332 commercial businesses employing 2,029. Numerous foreigners migrated to the area to work beginning in the early 1960s; in 1987, of approximately 6,200 residents, about 550 were non-Germans.
In February 1970, a large section of the Planmauer collapsed; renovation lasted until 1974, and plans were made at the same time for renewal of the now aged village centre, which was carried out in the 1980s. This involved demolition and replacement of numerous old residential buildings that had survived the 1904 fire and restoration of buildings erected after the fire.
### Annexations
Ilsfeld annexed Schozach on July 1, 1971. On December 31, 1973, Ilsfeld and Auenstein (including Abstetterhof and Helfenberg) were combined to form the new town of Ilsfeld.
## Governance
### Town council {#town_council}
In an election on June 7, 2009, the town council was reduced from 22 to 20 seats. The mayor is also a member and presides.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The blazon of the coat of arms of Ilsfeld is: On a field of silver, a black stag\'s antler (the Württemberg heraldic emblem) over a rooted green tree. The town flag is green and white.
The tree is the ancient symbol of Ilsfeld, appearing on boundary markers since at least 1685. The stag\'s antler is the heraldic symbol of Württemberg. Official seals of Ilsfeld have combined the two since 1468 (the oldest known village seal and arms in Württemberg). The antler was originally to the right of the tree; the current arrangement was adopted in 1596. The colors are attested since the late 16th century. The arms were adopted by the unified town after the annexation of Auenstein, and were officially granted by the District of Heilbronn on January 24, 1978.
### Twinning
- Ottery St Mary, United Kingdom (Since 2003)
- Auenstein, Switzerland
- Moşna, Romania
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# Ilsfeld
## Annual market {#annual_market}
The annual *Ilsfelder Holzmarkt* market was described as an ancient tradition in 1521. It takes place on the last weekend in August; in the 1970s it developed into a peddlers\' market with a fun fair and events marquee.
## Transportation
Ilsfeld has an exit on Bundesautobahn 81 (Würzburg -- Stuttgart)..
Since March 1, 2008, with increased restrictions beginning January 1, 2012, Ilsfeld proper restricts traffic to non-polluting vehicles.
## Notable people {#notable_people}
### Honorary citizens {#honorary_citizens}
In 1906 the philologist Karl Vollmöller was one of several people the community council made honorary citizens for their help in rebuilding after the 1904 fire.
### Other notable people with connection to Ilsfeld {#other_notable_people_with_connection_to_ilsfeld}
- Adolf Würth, entrepreneur, born in Ilsfeld. Würth founded what today is known as Würth group. He is the father of Reinhold Würth, who frequently visited his grandparents in Ilsfeld as a child
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# FK Igalo 1929
**FK Igalo** is a Montenegrin professional football club based in Igalo, Herceg Novi municipality. The club was founded in 1929 and currently competes in the Montenegrin Second League.
## History
Founded as *Primorje* in 1929, FK Igalo is among the oldest football clubs at the territory of Herceg Novi municipality. Until the seventies, FK Igalo played at the lower-rank Fourth League -- South. First title of Fourth league champion, Igalo won in the 1975--76 season. That success gained them first-ever promotion to the Montenegrin Republic League, in which they spent most of the time until Montenegrin independence (2006).
In the 1987--88 season, FK Igalo won second place in the Republic League, with promotion to the newly established Yugoslav Third League. They competed only one season in Federal rank, and new success came during the 1995--96 season. That year, FK Igalo won the title of the Montenegrin Republic League champion, and gained first-ever promotion to the Second Yugoslav League. FK Igalo made that season double, with winning the Montenegrin Republic Cup. The team played one season in the Second League (1996--97), finished at the bottom of the table.
After independence, FK Igalo played as a member of the Montenegrin Third League until the 2010--11 season. That year, the club won the promotion to the Montenegrin Second League. Until now, FK Igalo became a standard member of the Second League, and biggest success in the club\'s history came at the 2014--15 season. After finished as a third-placed team in the Second League, FK Igalo played in the First League playoffs against FK Mornar. After losing 0--2 in the first match, FK Igalo surprisingly won the second match with the same result (2--0), but they lost chances for the First League promotion after penalties.
### Mimoza Cup {#mimoza_cup}
Since 1973, every February, FK Igalo is a host of traditional *Mimoza Cup*, which hosted a numerous popular teams as Budućnost, Hajduk, Partizan, Crvena zvezda, Željezničar, Luzern and others. It\'s the oldest football tournament on the Montenegrin seacoast. All games are played at Stadion Solila.
## Honours and achievements {#honours_and_achievements}
- **Montenegrin Cup -- 0**
- *runners-up (1):* 2017--18
- **Montenegrin Third League -- 2**
- *winners* **(2)**: 2010--11, 2019--20
- **Montenegrin Republic League -- 1**
- *winners* **(1)**: 1995--96
- **Montenegrin Fourth League -- 8**
- *winners* **(8)**: 1975--76, 1977--78, 1982--83, 1992--93, 1994--95, 1999--00, 2002--03, 2004--05
- **Montenegrin Republic Cup -- 1**
- *winners* **(1)**: 1995--96
## Players
### Current squad {#current_squad}
`{{Fs start}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=1|nat=MNE|name=[[Maksim Milović]]|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=2|nat=MNE|name=[[Nikola Kosać]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=3|nat=MNE|name=[[Vuk Matejić]]|pos=DF|other={{small|on loan from [[OFK Petrovac]]}}}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=4|nat=MNE|name=[[Boris Žujović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=5|nat=SRB|name=[[Mihailo Cmiljanović]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=6|nat=ARG|name=[[Nelson Cordoba]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} (captain) `{{Fs player|no=7|nat=MNE|name=[[Jovan Mirković]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=8|nat=MNE|name=[[Miloš Đurđević]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=9|nat=MNE|name=[[Ognjen Rolović]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=10|nat=MNE|name=[[Jovan Popović (Montenegrin footballer)|Jovan Popović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=11|nat=MNE|name=[[Boško Dujović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=12|nat=MNE|name=[[Božidar Matejić]]|pos=GK|other={{small|on loan from [[OFK Petrovac]]}}}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=14|nat=MNE|name=[[Vladimir Pavlović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=16|nat=MNE|name=[[Stefan Perović]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs mid}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=21|nat=MNE|name=[[Nihad Balić]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=22|nat=MNE|name=[[Jasmin Muhović]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=24|nat=MNE|name=[[Matija Stijepović]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=25|nat=MNE|name=[[Nikola Popović (Montenegrin footballer)|Nikola Popović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=30|nat=MNE|name=[[Lazar Žižić]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=31|nat=ALG|name=[[Yanis Beghdadi]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=32|nat=MNE|name=[[Miloš Mugoša]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=33|nat=MNE|name=[[Aleksandar Đukanović]]|pos=DF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=35|nat=MNE|name=[[Aldin Adžović]]|pos=MF}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=44|nat=MNE|name=[[Radoš Dubljević]]|pos=GK|other={{small|on loan from [[FK Sutjeska Nikšić|Sutjeska]]}}}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=77|nat=MNE|name=[[Stefan Čađenović]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=91|nat=MNE|name=[[Miloš Padrov]]|pos=GK}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=99|nat=COL|name=[[Faver Ramírez]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs player|no=|nat=TLS|name=[[Mouzinho (footballer)|Mouzinho]]|pos=FW}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Fs end}}`{=mediawiki}
### Notable players {#notable_players}
*For all former and current players with Wikipedia article, please see :Category:FK Igalo 1929 players.*
## Historical list of coaches {#historical_list_of_coaches}
- Igor Raičević (2021--)
- Marko Vidojević (2020--2021)
- Miodrag Radanović (2020)
- Krsto Perović (2019--2020)
- Dušan Jevrić (2017--2019)
- Brajan Nenezić (2006--2017)
- Marko Vidojević (2016)
- Rešad Pepić (2015)
- Igor Raičević (2015)
- Petar Gušić (2014--2015)
- Mladen Milinković (2014)
- Vladimir Gaćinović (2013)
- Mihailo Vujačić (2011--2013)
- Dejan Perović (2009--2011)
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# FK Igalo 1929
## Stadium
FK Igalo plays their home games at Stadion Solila. Until the middle of the nineties, football ground in Igalo was among amateur-pitches like neighbouring Stadion Opačica or Stadion Bijela. But, with FK Igalo promotion to the Second Yugoslav League, on old ground location was built new stadium with one terrace and numerous pitches around the main ground.\
During the winter months, because of good climate and accommodation, the stadium is used for exhibition matches, tournaments, trainings and preparations of many football teams from the region (Montenegro, Serbia, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia)
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# University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District
The **University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District** is a historic district located in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places since 1984, it includes a number of historic buildings that were constructed during the late 1800s and early 1900s, and represents the oldest extant section of the University of Minnesota campus. The general area was designed by landscape architect Horace W. S. Cleveland, who envisioned a park-like University. His plan, that he presented to the Board of Regents, went on to help form the Historic District. It is located directly to the north of the University\'s Northrop Mall Historic District.
## Eddy Hall, 1886 {#eddy_hall_1886}
: Architect: LeRoy Buffington
The oldest building within the district, as well as the oldest extant building on the Minneapolis campus. Originally built as the Mechanic Arts building, it was designed by Minneapolis architect LeRoy S. Buffington. Executed in the Queen Anne mode, the building is three stories in height on a high basement; a square tower at the northwest corner dominates the entry. It is constructed of red brick with red sandstone trim, and is essentially rectangular in plan. Dominant features include the multi-gabled roof, high double-hung windows, panels of patterned brick, and iron cresting with weather vane on the tower.
Erected at a cost of \$30,000 in 1886, the building received a \$10,000 addition in 1903. The building originally housed the Mathematics, Drawing, Civil-Municipal-Structural Engineering departments, as well as testing laboratories. The Mechanic Arts building was eventually renamed Eddy Hall in honor of Henry Turner Eddy, former professor of Engineering and Mathematics and later Dean of the Graduate School. In 2011, it closed its doors anticipating a renovation to fix several issues. The building was in a state of disrepair, the top floor was roped off due to structural concerns, and the annex already had to be demolished. The University asked the state for \$21,000,000 in funding, however, a bonding bill proposed by then governor Mark Dayton did not include money allocated for the project. The renovation was snubbed and Eddy Hall has remained vacant since.
## Music Education, 1888 (demolished 2010) {#music_education_1888_demolished_2010}
: Architect: Warren H. Hayes
Originally the Student Christian Association building. It once housed the Child Welfare and Music Education departments. In the 1940s, an expanded entryway was added. On July 8, 2009, as part of an effort to raze obsolete buildings on campus, the University of Minnesota Board of Regents moved to demolish the building. According to the Regents, the excessive cost of renovation was the main deterrent against any reuse option. Demolition commenced in May 2010 with an expected cost of \$432,000.
## Pillsbury Hall, 1889 {#pillsbury_hall_1889}
: Architects: LeRoy Buffington with Harvey Ellis
Originally known as Science Hall, it was renamed in honor of Governor John S. Pillsbury during construction. Harvey Ellis, Buffington\'s assistant, was responsible for the Richardsonian Romanesque details of the design. Though Ellis was inspired by the aesthetic of Henry Hobson Richardson, the building also contains elements of the Prairie School, Arts and Crafts, Gothic, and Victorian styles. The building is built with two different colors of sandstone. The buff-colored sandstone is from quarries near Banning State Park, while the red sandstone is from the Fond du Lac formation. The clay tile roof and copper eaves serve to protect the sandstone from the infiltration of water, and they also add to the appearance of the building. Reflecting its earthen architectural elements, the building housed the Newton Horace Winchell School of Earth Sciences until 2017. The building underwent a renovation and reopened in 2022, now home to the University\'s English department.
## Pattee Hall, 1889 {#pattee_hall_1889}
: Architect: J. Walter Stevens
Originally known as the Law Building and erected at a cost of \$30,000, it was the first building of the University of Minnesota Law School, itself founded in 1888. The Richardsonian Romanesque-style building was later named after William S. Pattee, the School\'s first dean, and doubled in capacity from a 1905 expansion. In 1921, the School\'s dean, Everett Fraser complained that the classrooms were inadequate and that the library space was too flammable, as seen with the prior burning of Old Main in 1904. The Law School then moved to the newly built Fraser Hall in 1928, and later to Mondale Hall. Pattee Hall was left empty until 1947, when it became the home to the University Elementary School, until its departure in 1965, leaving the building vacant once again. The Institute on Community Integration occupied the building from 1985 until they outgrew the building in 2021 and moved into the Masonic Institute for Brain Development on the St. Paul campus. The Department of American Indian Studies moved into Pattee Hall in the fall of 2024 following a refresh of the building. Various symbols of the Law School still exist throughout the structure.
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# University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District
## 216 Pillsbury Drive, 1890 {#pillsbury_drive_1890}
: Architects: LeRoy Buffington with Harvey Ellis
Originally built as a chemistry laboratory, until the department moved. In 1914, the building was converted into a gathering space for the men\'s student union, containing game rooms, a smoking room, and billiards rooms; overall being modeled after gentlemen\'s clubs. The student union left when Coffman Memorial Union opened in 1940, and the building was later renamed to Nicholson Hall, after Edward E. Nicholson, the Dean of Student Affairs from 1917 to 1941.
The building was rehabilitated with \$24 million of structural improvements and interior updates. While much of the building\'s Richardsonian Romanesque exterior was restored during the project, new Art Nouveau motifs were introduced throughout the interior. The building reopened to the public in January 2006 and is currently used for a number of classroom and administrative purposes, alongside housing the university's Cultural Studies & Comparative Literature Department and the Center for Jewish Studies.
In 2019, a University task force suggested removing Edward E. Nicholson\'s name from the building, due to his anti-Semitic beliefs, along with his efforts to suppress political speech and student activism. In 2024, the name \"Nicholson Hall\" ceased use, with the building now known by its address, 216 Pillsbury Drive, until a new name is selected.
## Wulling Hall, 1892 {#wulling_hall_1892}
: Architects: Allen Stem and Charles Reed
Originally built as Medical Hall, it contained the University\'s Medical School. In 1906, it was renamed as Millard Hall after the Medical School\'s first dean, Perry Millard, who passed away the same year. In 1912, the Medical School relocated and the College of Pharmacy took its place the next year. The building became known as Pharmacy Hall until being officially renamed as Wulling Hall in 1942, after the College\'s first dean, Frederick J. Wulling. The College of Pharmacy moved to Appleby Hall in 1960. Today, Wulling Hall houses some offices belonging to the College of Education and Human Development, specifically the Office of Teacher Education.
## Burton Hall, 1894 {#burton_hall_1894}
: Architects: LeRoy Buffington and Charles Sumner Sedgwick
Named in honor of University president Miriam Burton, it was the main library building on campus until Walter Library opened in 1924. Before Burton Hall was built, the library collection was housed in Old Main. A series of fires in Old Main convinced the Board of Regents that a new, fireproof building was needed. President William Watts Folwell first consulted with LeRoy Buffington on a library design, but the Regents overruled him. After much debate between the Regents and the faculty, the design was eventually finalized. In an act of compromise, the exterior was designed by Buffington in a severe Greek Revival style and the interior was designed by Charles Sedgwick in a rather ornate Victorian style. The building originally included an assembly hall which doubled as a chapel. It is currently home to the College of Education and Human Development.
## Armory, 1896 {#armory_1896}
`{{main article|University of Minnesota Armory}}`{=mediawiki}
: Architect: Charles Ronald Aldrich
Originally built for athletics and military drills, it replaced the University\'s old Coliseum building. When it was constructed, it was the largest building at the University. It acted as a training site during World War I and later World War II, and is now home to the University\'s ROTC program. The Armory also played a part in the football rivalry between the University of Minnesota and the University of Michigan, as the latter\'s team left a water jug in the building after a game in 1903, initiating a tradition in which the two schools play for the Little Brown Jug (which in actuality is neither little nor brown) each year.
## Wesbrook Hall, 1898 (demolished 2011) {#wesbrook_hall_1898_demolished_2011}
: Architect: Frederick Corser
Originally the Laboratory of Medical Science and built in the Renaissance Revival style, at the cost of \$65,000. It became the home of the Dentistry department in 1912, later housing the Department of Writing Studies and Student Veteran\'s Association. The building was renamed Wesbrook Hall after Frank Wesbrook, a professor in pathology and bacteriology and dean of the College of Medicine and Surgery. The building was demolished in August 2011 as part of the effort to get rid of buildings considered obsolete. University officials claimed the building would\'ve been too costly to renovate and that it crowded the nearby Northrop Auditorium. The site is now the location of Pfutzenreuter Plaza, named after Richard Pfutzenreuter, a longtime treasurer at the University.
| 748 |
University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District
| 1 |
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# University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District
## Jones Hall, 1901 {#jones_hall_1901}
: Architect: Charles Ronald Aldrich
The first home of the Physics department. The Beaux-Arts structure was rehabilitated in 2005 to provide updated mechanical systems and ADA access. Historic features such as stair treads and banisters, paneled doors, arched ceilings, and terra cotta facade were preserved during the project. The building is now home to the Freshman Admissions Welcome Center as well as the College of Liberal Arts language lab.
## Campbell Hall, 1903 {#campbell_hall_1903}
: Architect: Clarence H. Johnston Sr.
Originally built as the School of Mines Building until damaged by fire in 1913. The building was later used for the University High School until its relocation to Peik Hall, and ultimately became the home of the Institute of Child Development. In 2020, a \$42,000,000 grant for an addition and renovation was approved by the state, covering two thirds the cost of the project, with the rest being funded by donors. Construction began the same year. Until 2022, it was known as the Child Development Building before being officially named Campbell Hall upon completion of the building\'s renovation, after Carmen D. and James R. Campbell.
## Shevlin Hall, 1906 {#shevlin_hall_1906}
: Architect: Ernest Kennedy
Built on the site of Old Main, the first building on campus, after it burned down in 1904. The building was a gift from Minneapolis lumberman Thomas H. Shevlin (1852-1912), named in honor of his wife Alice Ann Hall Shevlin (1864-1910). Until it moved Coffman Memorial Union in 1940, Shevlin Hall served as the women\'s student union, providing women with basic amenities such as restrooms, and a space to engage in intellectual and social pursuits. Today, the building currently houses the Speech-Language-Hearing Sciences department and a rock with a plaque commemorating the former Old Main sits in the front.
## Folwell Hall, 1907 {#folwell_hall_1907}
: Architect: Clarence H. Johnston Sr.
Designed in the Jacobethan Revival style by Minnesota State Architect Clarence H. Johnston, it was built to house departments displaced after the burning of Old Main in 1904. These included the Pedagogy, Oratory, and Psychology departments, as well as the Alumni Magazine, German Museum, Gopher Yearbook, and Minnesota Daily. It is now home to a majority of the university\'s foreign language departments.
The building, which received an extensive rehabilitation in 2012, is considered one of the most elaborate on campus. Its exterior features include carved brick detailing, balustrades, parapets, gargoyles, and many chimneys. Interior features include polished marble hallways, fireplaces, and ornate staircases.
Folwell Hall is named in honor of William Watts Folwell, the first president of the University of Minnesota.
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# University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District
## Gallery
<File:Aerial> view of The University of Minnesota Twin Cites Campus East Bank, April 1936.jpg\|Aerial view of the now-Old Campus Historic District in April 1936 <File:Old> Main, University of Minnesota, 1885.jpg\|Old Main in 1885 <File:Ruins> of Old Main at the University of Minnesota Following Its Destruction From Fire - DPLA - 7bdec82852b51adebba59264ad7f161f.jpg\|Ruins of Old Main following its destruction from fire in 1904 <File:University> of Minnesota Old Main plaque 1.jpg\|A plaque commemorating the former site of Old Main <File:MN1893> pg020 THE STATE UNIVERSITY, MINNEAPOLIS.jpg\|Pillsbury Hall, Nicholson Hall, Eddy Hall, and several other buildings in 1893 <File:PSM> V78 D207 The library.png\|Burton Hall in 1910 <File:University> of Minnesota, Pattee Hall, 1911.jpg\|Pattee Hall in 1911 <File:Children> of Pattee Hall - 2-237-Edit (CMYK).jpg\|Children playing outside Pattee Hall in 1960 <File:Children> of Pattee Hall - 2-161-Edit (CMYK).jpg\|A merry-go-round next to Pattee Hall in 1960 <File:Wulling> Hall (Medical Hall), University of Minnesota, 1899.jpg\|Wulling Hall in 1899 <File:Pillsbury> Hall, University of Minnesota, 1899.tif\|Pillsbury Hall in 1899 <File:University> of Minnesota - Pillsbury Hall (3099013290).jpg\|The south facade of Pillsbury Hall <File:University> of Minnesota - Pillsbury Hall (3099017132).jpg\|Pillsbury Hall, facing northwest <File:Pillsbury> Hall, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis (24687631639).jpg\|The words \"Pillsbury Hall\" inscribed on the side of the respective building <File:Jones> Hall Minnesota 5.jpg\|Jones Hall as seen from the Knoll <File:Folwell> Hall.jpg\|Folwell Hall\'s southern facade in 2005 <File:Folwell> Hall Minnesota 6.jpg\|Folwell Hall in 2010 <File:Folwell> Hall showing entryway, during renovation.JPG\|Folwell Hall\'s entryway during the building\'s renovation <File:Folwell> Hall showing details on entryway, during renovation.JPG\|Closeup on the details above Folwell\'s entryway <File:Folwell> Hall showing windows during renovation.JPG\|Folwell Hall\'s windows under renovation <File:Folwell> Hall showing roof details, during renovation.JPG\|Folwell Hall\'s roof details <File:University> of Minnesota - Armory (3099301718).jpg\|The Armory in December of 2008 <File:University> of Minnesota - At The Ready (3098174609).jpg\|The \"Iron Mike\" statue outside of the Armory <File:University> of MN Armory marker A.jpg\|Frontside of a plaque outside the Armory <File:University> of MN Armory marker B.jpg\|Backside of a plaque outside the Armory <File:Music> Education Building at the University of Minnesota.jpg\|Equipment stacked next to the Music Education building in preparation for its demolition <File:Music> Education building sign.jpg\|A sign reading \"Music Education\" on its respective building <File:Detail> of the Music Education Building.jpg\|Detail on the side of the Music Education building <File:Back> of the Music Education Building.jpg\|Backside of the Music Education building <File:UMN-MusicEducationSite.jpg%7CThe> site of the former Music Education building in October 2023 <File:UMN-WesbrookHallSite
| 397 |
University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District
| 3 |
10,037,816 |
# Ittlingen
**Ittlingen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɪtlɪŋən|lang|Ittlingen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
From 1355, Ittlingen was a possession of the House of Gemmingen. Their rule ended in 1806, when the Gemmingens\' properties were mediatized to the Grand Duchy of Baden. Ittlingen was assigned on 22 June 1807 to Oberamt Gochsheim, the only such district in Baden. On 24 July 1813, Ittlingen was assigned to the district of Eppingen. Following the abolition of that district on 1 April 1924, the town was assigned to the district of Sinsheim, which was reorganized on 25 June 1939 as Landkreis Sinsheim. Ittlingen expanded after World War II to its west. On 31 December 1972, Sinsheim\'s district was dissolved and Ittlingen was placed under the jurisdiction of Heilbronn.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Ittlingen covers 14.11 km2 of the district of Heilbronn, in German state of Baden-Württemberg. Ittlingen lies along the northwest edge of Heilbronn\'s district, on its border with the Rhine-Neckar district to the north. The municipal area is physically located in the Kraichgau, specifically in the valley of the river Elsenz, which flows through the municipality from south to north. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 257 m Normalnull (NN) on the Lochberg, to the west, to a low of 170 m NN at the municipal border with Sinsheim.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Ittlingen\'s municipal coat of arms displays a field of blue crossed by two yellow bars. At the center of the blazon is another, with a yellow plowshare upon a field of red. This pattern was created by the Karlsruhe General State Archives in 1910 by taking the arms of the House of Gemmingen and placing the plowshare blazon at its center to distinguish it. This pattern was accepted and a municipal flag issued by the Heilbronn district office on 1 October 1980
| 316 |
Ittlingen
| 0 |
10,037,824 |
# Christiansen Academy
**Christiansen Academy** (also known as **Academia Christiansen** or C.A.) was a private boarding school that provided an American-style education from kindergarten through grade 12 in Rubio, Táchira, Venezuela.
Operated by The Evangelical Alliance Mission (TEAM), the school opened in 1952 as a University-preparatory school, primarily intended for children of evangelical missionaries in the greater region of northern South America and the southern Caribbean, but it also educated many local, national and international students. The school taught its coursework primarily in English as well as in Spanish.
The academy closed in June 2001 in response to declining enrollment, as missionary focus moved away from rural areas into urban centers which offered more educational options for expatriate American children
| 120 |
Christiansen Academy
| 0 |
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# Jagsthausen
**Jagsthausen** is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Roman Herzog died there
| 19 |
Jagsthausen
| 0 |
10,037,835 |
# Kirchardt
**Kirchardt** (`{{IPA|de|ˈkɪʁçaʁt|lang|Kirchardt.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## Geography
Kirchardt is in the north-west of Heilbronn and belongs to the outskirts of the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region. Starting in the north and proceeding in a clockwise direction, the neighbouring towns and cities of Kirchardt are Bad Rappenau, Massenbachhausen, Gemmingen, Eppingen, Ittlingen (all in the Heilbronn region) and Sinsheim (in the Rhein-Neckar region). Kirchardt is part of a unified community authority which also consists of Bad Rappenau and Siegelsbach. Kirchardt consists of the core community of Kirchardt proper, plus the peripheral communities of Berwangen and Bockschaft. Previously there was another community in the town, Lauterstein, but it was later absorbed into Kirchardt proper. The town of Kirchardt has approximately 5,500 inhabitants, of which 3,700 live in Kirchardt itself, with 1,400 in Berwangen and 400 people in Bockschaft.
## History
### Early settlement by Celts, Romans and Alemanni {#early_settlement_by_celts_romans_and_alemanni}
The first signs of human activity in the area date from the Bronze Age, but the earliest settlement to be detected so far was Celtic, from the sixth century B.C.E. From 90 to 260 C.E., the occupying Romans constructed streets and buildings in various parts of *civitas alisinensis* (the area which would later become Elsenzgau) to support the Neckar-Odenwald limes. A villa rustica from that era was uncovered in Kirchardt in 1832, as well as a farmstead with a deep well. An important Roman road ran through what is now Berwangen, where a Jupiter Column was also found. With the withdrawal of the Romans from the east of Rhine and the concurrent arrival of the Alemanni, the buildings crumbled completely.
### First mention in the Codex Aureus of Lorsch, and the meaning of the town name {#first_mention_in_the_codex_aureus_of_lorsch_and_the_meaning_of_the_town_name}
Kirchardt and its constituent communities, like many cities and towns in Northern Württemberg and North Baden, was first mentioned by name in the Codex Aureus of Lorsch in 791. A nun by the name of Egilrat recorded the transfer of a farm with associated land in *villa Kyrih-Hart* to the ownership of Lorsch Abbey. The name is a unique one for an uninhabited area, and means perhaps \"church in the wood\" or \"forest belonging to a church\", but more likely indicates \"the forest where the red kites live\". The first mentions of the other two communities in modern-day Kirchardt also occur in the codex, both in connection with donations to the abbey, Berwangen being recorded in 793, and Bockschaft in 829. The appellation *villa* denoted that Kirchardt was then a small community not long settled. As the earliest settled areas in Kirchardt lie on the old northern boundary with the district of Berwangen as well as the source of the Birkenbach stream, it is likely that Kirchardt was settled from the older and formerly more significant Berwangen.
In the Early Middle Ages there was a road (then called the \"High Road\") connecting Heilbronn and Heidelberg which ran approximately on the line of the current Bundesstraße 39 between Heilbronn and Sinsheim. Kirchardt lay somewhat away from this historic highway, on the edge of the Krachigau-Hügel region, and was surrounded by fields, meadows, and oak forests. For centuries the population was made up exclusively of farmers, who tilled the fields and raised pigs. Acorns were an important source of fodder for the pigs, leading to the inclusion on the town crest of a single acorn from 1769 onwards. The name of the town from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century was *Kirchart* (with differing spellings), then *Kirhart* in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, before settling back on *Kirchardt* in the nineteenth century
| 601 |
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| 0 |
10,037,840 |
# Langenbrettach
**Langenbrettach** (`{{IPA|de|laŋənˈbʁɛtax|lang|Langenbrettach.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
The two towns Brettach and Langenbeutingen were combined in 1975
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Langenbrettach
| 0 |
10,037,847 |
# Lehrensteinsfeld
**Lehrensteinsfeld** is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, with a population of 2,590 (as of 2019)
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# Massenbachhausen
**Massenbachhausen** is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geographical Location {#geographical_location}
Massenbachhausen lies in the west of the district of Heilbronn on the mass stream, a tributary of the flax flows, in turn, into the Neckar. It belongs to the fringe of the metropolitan region of Stuttgart.
## Neighboring Communities {#neighboring_communities}
Neighbor cities and communities are (clockwise from east): Schwaigern (district Massenbach), Gemmingen, Kirchardt, Bad Rappenau (all cities are district of Heilbronn) and Heilbronn (district city). With Schwaigern Massenbachhausen has entered into an Agreed administrative community.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 3,070 |
| 2001 3,709 |
| 2011 3,389 |
| 2021 3,583 |
+------------------------+
## Education
The local primary school is called Lindenhofschule. In Massenbachhausen there are also two kindergartens, a catholic one (Katholischer Kindergarten) and a public one (Kindergarten Schmähling)
| 151 |
Massenbachhausen
| 0 |
10,037,860 |
# Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain
***Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain*** is a 1995 American adventure film directed by Kevin James Dobson, and starring Christina Ricci, Anna Chlumsky, Polly Draper, Brian Kerwin, Diana Scarwid, and David Keith. Set in 1980 in the Pacific Northwest, it follows two teenage girls who, inspired by a local legend, attempt to recover a fortune of gold inside a mountain.
## Plot
In June 1980, teenager Beth Easton and her recently widowed mother, Kate, relocate from Los Angeles to the small town of Wheaton, Washington, where they move into Kate\'s aunt\'s farmhouse. Initially, Beth misses the city and resents her new surroundings. In town she encounters Jody Salerno, a troubled but free-spirited teenager who has a bad reputation. While riding her bike the next day, Beth is forced off the road by a pickup truck and plummets down a steep ravine, crashing her bicycle into a river, where Jody is fishing.
Kate attempts to ingratiate Beth with two local girls named Tracy and Samantha. While they are picking berries at the house, Beth encounters Jody, who has been hiding in a tree and throwing cherries at them. Tracy and Samantha warn Beth against associating with Jody, but she joins her on a trek through the woods. They quickly become friends, and Jody tells Beth she has an adventure planned for the following day, the summer solstice. When Jody fails to meet Beth that morning, local cop Matt Hollinger offers her a ride to Jody\'s house. Jody\'s mother, Lynette, answers the door, appearing shaken and inebriated, and tells Beth that Jody is not home.
Matt brings Beth home and realizes that he is an old acquaintance of her mother. Beth receives a phone call from Jody, who directs her into the forest outside her house. She explains that she hid from Matt and Beth because she had broken in and stolen candy from the vending machines in the local high school; she then tells Beth the story of Molly Morgan, a female miner who purportedly died in a mine collapse in Bear Mountain while searching for gold. They board a motorized boat which Jody has hidden along the river, and ride downstream and into the mountain, where she has set up a makeshift living space in the cavern entryway. When Beth notices Jody\'s bandaged shoulder, Jody confesses that Lynette and her abusive boyfriend, Ray, had gotten into a fight the night before, and that Jody may have fatally wounded him after he chased her into the woods. Beth urges Jody to go to the police, but she refuses, planning to hide out in the mountain.
As a rainstorm approaches, Beth and Jody attempt to leave the cave, but a rock collapse damages the boat and pins Beth to the floor. Jody swims out of the cave and down the river, making it safely past a grizzly bear and to a road where she crosses paths with a state trooper. Beth is rescued just in time, as the water level has slowly risen inside the cave. At the hospital, Jody is confronted by Ray, who is still alive to the surprise of Jody and Beth.
Kate forbids Beth to spend time with Jody, but she appears at a Fourth of July picnic and divulges her plan to return to the mountain to get the gold. Kate eventually decides to let Beth see her, and they drive to her house the next day. Inside, they find it trashed and Lynette, beaten and incoherent, and no sign of Ray or Jody. Lynette is taken to the hospital and Beth insists to Matt that they go to the mountain, believing that Ray took Jody there. Beth assists Matt to the caves, but they are separated inside. Beth finds Jody, who tells her that a drunken Ray beat her and forced her to take him to find the gold.
Beth goes back to find Matt, and Jody is grabbed from behind by whom she believes is Ray---when she turns around, she finds it is an elderly woman, who then recedes into the shadows. Ray appears and attempts to grab Jody but is hit over the head with a shovel by the woman. Beth returns to find Jody and Ray, unconscious, but the woman, ostensibly Molly Morgan, has disappeared. Matt finally finds Beth and Jody and Ray is arrested. Lynette recovers in the hospital and Jody accepts her apologies.
In late August, Matt arrives at Beth\'s house, and brings her, Kate, Jody, and Lynette to the courthouse, where an attorney is representing an anonymous client who has bestowed a gift to Beth and Jody. They are given two bags, each containing gold, and cheered and applauded by the town citizens, including Tracy and Samantha.
## Cast
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# Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain
## Production
Though (erroneously thought to be) set in Oregon, the film was primarily shot in British Columbia, Canada, in the cities of Nelson and Pemberton. It was also shot in JANAF Shopping Center in Norfolk, Virginia.
This would be the first of two 1995 films to feature actresses Christina Ricci and Ashleigh Aston Moore, as they appeared the following month in *Now and Then*, a similarly nostalgic coming of age film.
## Release
The film was released theatrically in the United States on November 3, 1995.
### Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Stephen Holden of *The New York Times* wrote: \"Any movie that encourages young girls to be wilderness adventurers rather than boy-crazed babes-in-waiting certainly has its heart in the right place. That\'s why it\'s sad to report that *Gold Diggers: The Secret of Bear Mountain*, a movie about two friends who impulsively trek through the Washington State rain forest in search of a mythical cache of gold, is a pallid, halfhearted affair.\" Leonard Klady of *Variety* gave the film a similarly middling assessment, writing that \"while director Kevin James Dobson has a feel for natural location, too often one simply can't fathom how characters have traveled from one location to the next. Remaining tech credits are top-notch but cannot compensate for the script's myriad inconsistencies and laughable plot twists. The picture has struck a rich vein that only the greenest of movie prospectors would fail to recognize as pyrites.\" Jack Garner of the *Democrat and Chronicle* wrote that the film \"has been directed in adequate but lackluster style by Australian Kevin James Dobson. He works well with his juvenile stars, but doesn\'t have much of a flair for action sequences.\"
Marjorie Baumgarten of *The Austin Chronicle* alternately praised Ricci and Chlumsky\'s performances, and called the film a \"a better-than-average kid\'s picture.\" *The Washington Post*{{\'}}s Hal Hinson praised the film, writing: \"Though Australian director Kevin James Dobson keeps his audience involved in the dangerous task of recovering the gold, the real essence of the movie lies in the rapport between these best friends. Screenwriter Barry Glasser does a superb job of entering the world of young girls on the verge of becoming women. Or, perhaps, it\'s just that these two exceptional actresses make him look good. As the movie unfolds, the adventure plot and the intensifying drama back home intertwine nicely, and very much to the benefit of both.\"
Kevin Thomas of the *Los Angeles Times* described the film as \"intelligent entertainment enlivened with first-rate performances all around\... Cinematographer Ross Berryman captures the grandeur of the film's setting, but at times Joel McNeely's grandiose score threatens to overwhelm this unpretentious picture. It's a testament to the film's sturdiness that it survives McNeely's unintended efforts to drown it.\" Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half stars, noting: \"*Gold Diggers* is not my cup of tea, but it is sure to be enjoyed by younger audiences, and although I don\'t think it will hold the attention of adults, I do not require adults and children to be alike in all things.\"
On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has 50% approval based on ten reviews, with an average rating of 6.1/10 -- indicating a \"Rotten\" consensus.
### Home media {#home_media}
The film was released on VHS by MCA/Universal Home Video in 1996.
On November 24, 2009, Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released the film in made-on-demand DVD-R format as part of the Universal Vault Series. In 2017, Universal released it for the first time on DVD.
The film was released on Blu-ray by Mill Creek Entertainment on March 9, 2021
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| 1 |
10,037,864 |
# Nordheim, Baden-Württemberg
is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 6.060 |
| 2001 7.308 |
| 2011 7.571 |
| 2021 8
| 43 |
Nordheim, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,037,870 |
# Costa de la Luz
The **Costa de la Luz** (`{{IPA|es|ˈkosta ðe la luθ}}`{=mediawiki}, \"Coast of Light\") is a section of the Andalusian coast in Spain facing the Atlantic. It extends from Tarifa in the south, along the coasts of the Province of Cádiz and the Province of Huelva, to the mouth of the Guadiana River.
A holiday destination for vacationing Spaniards, in recent years the Costa de la Luz has seen more foreign visitors, especially from France, Germany, and the UK. Increasing urbanization and tourism-oriented development of parts of the coast have had economic benefits.
## Attractions and recreation {#attractions_and_recreation}
Aside from the beaches and the sunshine, there are ample opportunities and facilities for leisure activities, like fine dining, golf, kitesurfing, boating, and other water sports. The Costa de la Luz has protected natural reserves and a number of natural attractions. Among them are the Doñana National Park, where endangered species, such as the Spanish imperial eagle and the Iberian lynx (*Felis pardina*), can occasionally be sighted; the Bay of Cádiz; the steeply-pitched shorelines of the southern section of the Andalusian coastline; the salt marshes of Barbate and the seaside cliffs at La Breña (both within the La Breña y Marismas del Barbate Natural Park); and the wetlands at the mouths of the rivers Tinto and Odiel, where there is a profusion of water fowl and, in season, other migratory birds, including storks and flamingos.
A further facility of interest is the atmospheric research station El Arenosillo, where sometimes rockets are launched.
## History
The Costa de la Luz has a history that dates back to the twelfth century BCE. Cultural attractions include Baelo Claudia, the well-preserved ruins of a small Roman city; Cape Trafalgar, where, in 1805, in sight of this promontory, the English admiral, Horatio Nelson, defeated a combined French and Spanish fleet; and La Rábida Monastery.
At the Rábida Monastery in Palos de la Frontera near Huelva, Christopher Columbus sought the aid of the Franciscan brothers, hoping to enlist them as advocates for his scheme to launch a voyage of discovery. They introduced Columbus to a wealthy local seafaring family, the Pinzón brothers, who eventually prevailed upon Ferdinand and Isabella to listen to Columbus\'s pitch for support. With royal patronage and the collaboration of the Pinzóns, Columbus was able to secure his three ships as well as local crews from the Huelva area.
## Climate
Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot-summer Mediterranean (Csa)
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Costa de la Luz
| 0 |
10,037,875 |
# Offenau
**Offenau** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɔfənaʊ|lang|Offenau.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 16 |
Offenau
| 0 |
10,037,877 |
# Pfaffenhofen, Baden-Württemberg
**Pfaffenhofen** (`{{IPA|de|pfafn̩ˈhoːfn̩|lang|De-Pfaffenhofen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
Pfaffenhofen is situated on the Zaber in the Zabergäu in the southwest of the district of Heilbronn.
### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
Neighbouring towns and municipalities of Pfaffenhofen are (clockwise from the west): Zaberfeld, Eppingen, Güglingen (all of the district of Heilbronn) and Sachsenheim (district of Ludwigsburg). Pfaffenhofen has combined with Güglingen and Zaberfeld to form a joint association of administrations called *Oberes Zabergäu*.
### Municipal structure {#municipal_structure}
Apart from the main village of Pfaffenhofen there\'s the municipal part *Weiler an der Zaber*. The hamlet *Rodbachhof* also belongs to Pfaffenhofen. The village *Rodenbach* which doesn\'t exist anymore was situated on the communal land of Pfaffenhofen.
## History
Pfaffenhofen was presumably founded in times of the Christianization of Germany. It was first mentioned documentary as Pfaffenhoven on May 30, 1279. Already before 1380 Burkhard von Hohenberg sold the half of the village to Württemberg, in 1380 the other half followed.
Weiler an der Zaber presumably already existed around 1000. It was first mentioned documentary on June 15, 1279. In the 14th century the village came to Württemberg. On January 1, 1972, Weiler an der Zaber was incorporated to Pfaffenhofen.
### Religions
Pfaffenhofen previously belonged to the Speyer Bishopric. By the introduction of the reformation in Württemberg it got Protestant. The municipality is still shaped Protestant today, so in Pfaffenhofen and Weiler an der Zaber there\'s a Protestant parish in each village. The Catholic parish Holy Trinity Güglingen is responsible for Pfaffenhofen\'s Catholic citizens.
### Development of population {#development_of_population}
- 1970: 1853
- 1980: 1914
- 1990: 2161
- 2000: 2342
- 2005: 2349
(each date of January 1)
## Politics
### District council {#district_council}
The district council of Pfaffenhofen has 12 seats, 8 of Pfaffenhofen and 4 of Weiler. By the communal election of June 13, 2004, it has 13 seats due to an overhang seat. The mayor is also a member of the district council and its chairman.
### Arms and flag {#arms_and_flag}
Blazon: In silver a priest\'s tonsure proper. The municipal colours are red and white.
The oldest known seal of Pfaffenhofen proved from 1482 to 1611 shows a human figure behind a fence: a talking arms, a priest (cleric) in a yard. Coloured portrayals of this arms are derived since 1535. A seal of 1678 showed two straightened up lions holding a disc.
At least in the 20th century the tonsure developed into a sun with face by misunderstandings. In 1956 the municipality took a priest tonsure as its arms again by suggestion of the archive directory. The arms was confirmed by the ministry of the interior on November 13, 1956, the flag was given by the district of Heilbronn on January 31, 1980.
## Culture and sights {#culture_and_sights}
### Notable buildings {#notable_buildings}
- the *Lambertuskirche* is a Protestant parish church. It goes back to a Gothic building with chancel tower from about 1300, was expanded multiply and got its most essential change by a rebuilding in 1610/12.
- The accompanying vicarage was built parallel to the church expansion in 1610 by Heinrich Schickhardt. The bricking of the vicarage garden goes back to parts of the village wall of the 15th century, which was pulled down almost completely in 1817.
- Both the fountain on the Kelterplatz and a wall fountain nearby were laid out by the sculptor Gunther Stilling.
- In the main street (Hauptstraße) there are several half-timbered buildings of the 16th and 17th century.
Image:Pfaffenhofen-kirchemporenaufstieg.jpg\|ascent up to the gallery of the Lambertuskirche Image:Pfaffenhofen Evangelisches Pfarramt 20070412.jpg\|Protestant priest\'s office Image:Pfaffenhofen-h21-1508-web.jpg\|Hauptstraße 21, built in 1508 Image:Pfaffenhofen-h25-1563-web.jpg\|Hauptstraße 25, built in 1563
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
Bigger local factories are *Lang-Verpackungen* and *Betonwerk Volland GmbH* with 70 employees each one.
### Traffic
Connections to the long-distance network exist in Lauffen am Neckar and Kirchheim am Neckar (B 27). Public transport in the PTE H3NV is ensured by buses. Connections to the rail network are also in Lauffen am Neckar und Kirchheim am Neckar (*Frankenbahn*).
The laid up *Zabergäubahn* (Lauffen am Neckar--Leonbronn) has stations in Pfaffenhofen and Weiler. The rail route shall be a part of the stadtbahn network Heilbronn until 2011. However, in July 2006 a report appeared making this doubtful.
### Media
About happenings in Pfaffenhofen the *Heilbronner Stimme* reports in its south-west edition.
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# Pfaffenhofen, Baden-Württemberg
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Education
Pfaffenhofen has a primary school at its disposal
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# Funky Town (Namie Amuro song)
\"**Funky Town**\" is Namie Amuro\'s 32nd solo single under the Avex Trax label. It was released in CD and CD&DVD formats on April 4, 2007, three months after the release of her previous single \"Baby Don\'t Cry\".
\"Funky Town\" was ranked #44 on Recochoko\'s Download Chart and the video was ranked #4 on the PV Download Chart.
## Overview
For the release of \"Funky Town\", Amuro returned to work with frequent married producers Michico and T. Kura. The song is described as being a dancey new number, produced by frequent collaborators T. Kura and Michico along with the L.L. Brothers. The b-side, entitled \"Darling,\" is said to be an adult and stylish dance tune produced by Coldfeet. Also, uncommon for Amuro, first pressing editions of the \"Funky Town\" single came with a disco ball keychain - the CD&DVD version came with a gold disco ball keychain, and the CD only came with a silver disco ball keychain.
## Commercial endorsements {#commercial_endorsements}
\"Funky Town\" was used in a new commercial campaign for a redesigned version of the lemon tea Lipton Limone. The new commercial featured Amuro herself and began broadcast on March 20, 2007.
## Music video {#music_video}
The promotional video for \"Funky Town\" found Namie working with director `{{nihongo|Masāki Uchino|內野政明|}}`{=mediawiki}, instead of long-time director `{{nihongo|Muto Masashi|武藤真志|}}`{=mediawiki}.
The video begins with the words \"Funky Town\" on the screen, in the same font seen on the single\'s cover. The video featured scenes of Namie performing choreography with a group of dancers all wearing black in a black room in featuring a car; dancing against a large screen featuring footage of her face on it; and towards the end singing amid a pile of golden disco balls.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
## Personnel
- **\"Funky Town\"**
- Namie Amuro -- vocals
- L.L. Brothers, Warner, Michico - additional vocals
- Giantswing Production (T. Kura, Michico, L.L. Brothers) - productions
- **\"Darling\"**
- Namie Amuro -- vocals
- Coldfeet - productions
- Lori Fine - keyboards
- Watusi - programming & instruments
- Terrassy - guitars
## Production
- **\"Funky Town\"**
- Producers -- T.Kura, Michico, L.L. Brothers
- Choreographer - Hirotsugu Kurosu
- Director - Masaaki Uchino
- **\"Darling\"**
- Producer - Coldfeet
## TV performances {#tv_performances}
- March 16, 2007 - PopJam Reprise
- April 5, 2007 - Sakigake! Ongaku Banzuke SP
- April 6, 2007 - Music Fighter
- April 7, 2007 - CDTV
## Charts
Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)
Release Chart Peak position First week sales Sales total
--------------- ------------------------------ --------------- ------------------ -------------
April 4, 2007 Oricon Daily Singles Chart 2
Oricon Weekly Singles Chart 3 34,292 54,030\*
Oricon Monthly Singles Chart 14
## RIAJ certification {#riaj_certification}
\"Funky Town\" has been certified gold for shipments of over 100,000 by the Recording Industry Association of Japan. In 2011 as a ringtone, it has received a double platinum certification, for being downloaded more than 500,000 times
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# Siegelsbach
**Siegelsbach** is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Talheim, Heilbronn
**Talheim** (`{{IPA|de|ˈtaːlhaɪm|lang|Talheim.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is commonly known for its wine, the tennis tournament Heilbronn Open in its industrial park, and, additionally, for the Death Pit discovered in 1983.
<File:Talheim> Ansichtskarte.jpg <File:Talheim-hn-panorama.jpg> <File:Talheim-rathausplatz-o-burg2.JPG> <File:Talheim-unteres-schloss2.JPG> <File:Neue> Schule Talheim.JPG <File:Katholische> Kirche Talheim.JPG <File:Talheim-fachwerk-2008.jpg> <File:Schozach> in Talheim
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# Untereisesheim
**Untereisesheim** (`{{IPA|de|ˈʊntɐˌʔaɪzəshaɪm}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Lower Eisesheim}}`{=mediawiki}, in contrast to \"Upper Eisesheim\") is a municipality in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Lonnie Warwick
**Lonnie Preston Warwick** (February 26, 1942 -- October 28, 2024) was an American professional football player who was a linebacker for 10 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), with the Minnesota Vikings and Atlanta Falcons. He started in Super Bowl IV.
## College career {#college_career}
Lonnie attended Mount Hope High School in Mount Hope, West Virginia, where he participated in the 1959 state championship game, was named all-state in both football and basketball, and graduated in 1960. In 2013, Warwick was inducted to the West Virginia North-South Football Hall of Fame. He attended at the University of Tennessee for a year. Transferring within a year, Warwick and played college football for Tennessee Tech, where he is a member of the Tennessee Tech Hall of Fame.
## NFL career {#nfl_career}
Warwick ended up working for the Southern Pacific Railroad in Arizona for a year, before signing a free agent contract with the Minnesota Vikings in 1964. He became the starting middle linebacker of the legendary Purple People Eaters Vikings defense of the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was named the \"meanest man\" in football by former teammate Joe Kapp.
Warwick led the Vikings in tackles for four years, and returned a blocked punt (gridiron football) for a touchdown in 1965. He had four interceptions and recovered two fumbles during the 1969 season, and caught three interceptions in 1970. He was the starting linebacker in Super Bowl IV, where the Kansas City Chiefs upset the heavily favored Vikings. Warwick played despite spraining his left ankle during the National Football League Championship Game against the Cleveland Browns the previous week. He was injured with knee problems for most of 1971, where he played four games, and 1972, playing just six games. The 1972 injury led the Vikings to insert rookie Jeff Siemon into the lineup at middle linebacker, and Siemon held the position through 1981. He became a member of the Atlanta Falcons in 1973, after being unable to reach a contract agreement with the Vikings. He played for the Falcons in all fourteen games in both 1973 and 1974 before retiring. In 1975, Warwick came out of retirement to play for the San Antonio Wings of the World Football League, which folded before the end of season.
## After football {#after_football}
Warwick became a coach for the Washington Redskins for several years, where he also occasionally suited up as a player. He coached at Salem University, semi-professional teams in West Virginia, and with the Denver Gold of the United States Football League. He later resided in Mount Hope in Fayette County, West Virginia, where he helped out local high school football teams.
Warwick died on October 28, 2024, at the age of 82
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# Zaberfeld
**Zaberfeld** (`{{IPA|de|ˈtsaːbɐfɛlt|lang|Zaberfeld.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Heilbronn in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
Zaberfeld lies in the Zabergäu, in the southwestern corner of the Heilbronn district, at the head of the Zaber river.
### Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
Zaberfeld\'s neighbouring towns and communities are (clockwise, beginning in the north): Eppingen, Pfaffenhofen (both in the Heilbronn district), Sachsenheim (Ludwigsburg district), Sternenfels (Enzkreis), Kürnbach and Sulzfeld (both in the Karlsruhe district).
### Base communities {#base_communities}
The district of Zaberfeld is formed from Zaberfeld, Leonbronn, Michelbach and Ochsenburg.
## History
Zaberfeld was probably founded in 1000 AD. In 1321, it was ruled by the Herren von Magenheim of Baden. In 1355, Zaberfeld came under the rule of Württemberg and in 1749 became part of Württemberg. From 1390 to 1749 it was ruled by the Herren von Sternenfels as part of Württemberg under a feudal governing system. From 1807 to 1810 it was part of the Oberamt Güglingen. In 1810 it became part of Oberamt Brackenheim, until the breakup of Landkreis Heilbronn in 1938.
Michelbach was first recorded in 1276. In 1356 it came under the control of Württemberg which continued until 1749. In 1970 it was amalgamated with Zaberfeld.
Ochsenburg, was first recorded in 1231. It started as a small settlement and became a town in 1807. After the breakup of the settlement in the 1900s the town name Ochsenberg was briefly adopted. The change of name was desired by the town but was later cancelled.
Leonbronn was known as Lincbrunnen 1289. In 1971 it was merged with Ochsenburg into the new community of Burgbronn, which became part of Zaberfeld in 1975.
### Dates of the formation of the villages into the present town {#dates_of_the_formation_of_the_villages_into_the_present_town}
- On 1 July 1970, Zaberfeld and Michelbach am Heuchelberg joined to form the new town of Zaberfeld.
- On 1 January 1971, Leonbronn and Ochsenburg joined to form the new town of Burgbronn.
- On 1 January 1975, Zaberfeld and Burgbronn joined to form the new town of Zaberfeld.
### Religion
Each of the former independent villages has their own Protestant church and parish. Pastoral care for Catholics is provided by a church dedicated to the Holy Trinity.
## Politics
### Local Government {#local_government}
The local government of Zaberfeld consists of 12 seats on the local council whose chairman is the mayor. The last elections took place on 25 May 2014.
- Freie Wählervereinigung: 6 seats
- Unabhängige Wählervereinigung: 6 seats
Image:Wappen Zaberfeld.svg\|Current coat of arms of Zaberfelds Image:Wappen Zaberfeld alt.svg\|Coat of arms before 1970 Image:Wappen Zaberfeld 1970bis1974.svg\|Coat of arms from 1970 to 1974
### Structures
Image:Zaberfeld Evangelische Kirche 20070412.jpg\|Parish Church of Zaberfeld Image:Zaberfeld Rathaus 20070412.jpg\|Zaberfeld Town Hall Image:Michelbach-kirche-web.jpg\|Church in Michelbach Image:Zaberfeld Ochsenburg Nebengebaeude ehemaliges Schloss 20070430
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# KMS (hypertext)
**KMS**, an abbreviation of *Knowledge Management System*, was a commercial second generation hypermedia system, originally created as a successor for the early hypermedia system ZOG. KMS was developed by Don McCracken and Rob Akscyn of Knowledge Systems, a 1981 spinoff from the Computer Science Department of Carnegie Mellon University.
The purpose of KMS was to let many users collaborate in creating and sharing information within large, shared hypertext, and from the very beginning, the system was designed as a true multi-user system.
As a spatial hypermedia system, KMS was intended to represent all forms of explicit \'knowledge artifacts\' such as presentations, documents, databases, and software programs, as well as common forms of electronic communication (electronic mail, community bulletin boards, blogs).
The central element in the KMS data model is that of screen-sized pages (called \"frames\") interconnected by links. The user had the option (at any time) of switching between a view of a single frame (good for large, landscape-oriented diagrams) or two side-by-side half-screen views (suitable for two portrait-sized pages).
Frames are always fixed-size, meaning scrolling is not needed. The frame model is spatial rather than character based, so that text, graphics and images may always be placed anywhere in the frame, even overlapping one another. Another way to say this is that empty space in the frame actually denotes space, not (as in many text editors) just the absence of content. Frames being fixed in size scrolling as a form of interaction is eliminated (as the designers felt that scrolling is suboptimal) opting instead for larger aggregates such as documents and programs to be structured as hierarchies (or more generally, lattices) of hypermedia nodes. This flexibility makes it possible to create a document, search, run programs from a tree of frames starting at any frame.
In KMS, links are one way and are embedded in frames. They may go from any text item, point, graphical entity, or image in the source frame to any destination frame. In addition to links, frame items can also have actions, allowing the use to activate programs that extend the intrinsic functionality of the system.
A major distinction between KMS and current web practices is the distinction between regular items and \"Annotation Items\" (text items prefaced by the \"@\" characters). Annotation items have the connotation of being peripheral or meta-level, relative to the rest of the contents, making it easy (and apparent) as to what was regular content versus just notes to oneself or comments by others (including by programs). Annotation items with links thus have the connotation of being arbitrary cross-references (a la \"See Also\...\") and thus are not seen by users, and more especially agents, as part of the hierarchical structure of the hypertext.
Another major distinction between KMS and current web practices is the elimination of a separate editor mode. Navigation and editing functionality is always directly available and users can edit any frame for which they have permission. Authors can even protect frames from inadvertent editing even by themselves. Older versions of frames are saved in \'comet-like\' linked list so one can see the history (and time spent) for any individual frame (and more generally, those in any tree).
Finally, KMS contained a script programming language (akin to JavaScript) which enabled developers and users to extend the system beyond its current functionality. In keeping with the KMS philosophy of \'Everything a frame\' (e.g., cursors, fillpatterns, etc., are represented as frames) so programs are also represented as hierarchies of frames; KMS dynamically read and interpreted only those program frames needed at runtime.
KMS was originally written in Pascal and C, roughly 300,000 lines of code in size. A more modern, Java-based follow-on to KMS (called \"Expeditee\") is being developed at the Computer Science Department of the University of Waikato in New Zealand, by Rob Akscyn, one of the original developers of KMS
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# Jurassic Park (pinball)
There have been **four pinball adaptations** of the film *Jurassic Park* franchise: a physical table released by Data East the same year the film came out, Sega\'s 1997 *The Lost World* which is based on the second movie of the series, a virtual table developed by Zen Studios on the franchise\'s 25th anniversary and a new physical table released by Stern Pinball a year after. All four tables behave differently.
## Original Data East version {#original_data_east_version}
### Gameplay
There are 11 gameplay modes, called \"Computer Screens\". They are started by shooting the right scoop, called \"Control Room\", when it is lit. These modes are stackable (i.e., one mode can be running while another mode is in progress). The Control Room is briefly lit by the right ramp or either inlane, and is permanently lit by shooting the Power Shed (the right scoop) on the upper-right side of the playfield.
- *Stampede*
- *Escape Isla Nublar*
- *Raptor Two-Ball*: Lights the Boat Dock (saucer at the right loop) for Raptor Two-Ball multiball. Shooting the Raptor Pit collects the ball and gives 2 more.
- *Electric Fence*: You have to hit the pop bumpers a certain number of times to get Timmy off the electric fence, before he gets electrocuted.
- *Spitter Attack*
- *System Boot*: Shoot the Bunker, the Control Room, and the Power Shed scoops to collect a maximum of 30 million points.
- *Raptors\' Rampage*
- *Mosquito Millions*
- *Feed T-Rex*: Shoot the T-Rex saucer to feed the \"goat\" (ball) to the T-Rex for 30 million points.
- *Bone Busting*
- *Light Extra Ball*: Extra Ball is lit at the Boat Docks. For the first five, it\'s earned; thereafter, a mystery score.
Completing all Computer Screen modes lights the Control Room for *System Failure*, a six-ball \"wizard mode\" where all shots on the playfield are worth one million points. It lasts for 45 seconds.
## Zen Studios {#zen_studios}
In the late 2010s, two additional pinball adaptations of the film were released. The second pinball adaptation of *Jurassic Park* is a virtual table developed by Zen Studios as one of three tables in the *Jurassic Park* pinball pack, designed to celebrate the franchise\'s 25th anniversary, which is an add-on for *Pinball FX 3* that was released on February 20, 2018.
In addition to developing a digital pinball adaptation of the film, Zen Studios also developed another pinball table that reflects on its aftermath, titled *Jurassic Park: Pinball Mayhem*, which is also one of the three tables in the aforementioned *Jurassic Park* pinball pack, with a table based on *Jurassic World* completing the pack.
All 3 of these tables were remastered for *Pinball FX*, with full release on February 16, 2023.
An update on 20th February, 2024 added the John Williams Jurassic Park theme to *Jurassic Park* and *Jurassic Park: Pinball Mayhem* on both *Pinball FX* and *Pinball FX3*.
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# Jurassic Park (pinball)
## Stern Pinball release {#stern_pinball_release}
Stern Pinball released a third pinball adaptation of the film in 2019.
Upon launch, Stern created three versions: Pro, Premium and Limited Edition. All models feature a unique spinning kinetic newton ball Jungle Explorer Vehicle, three flippers, four ramps and a custom T-Rex sculpt. Premium and Limited Edition models feature a motorized animatronic ball-eating, ball-throwing, T-Rex mechanism and an interactive Raptor Pen ball lock mechanism. The game features the John Williams Jurassic Park score.
The Limited Edition model is limited to 500 units and features a numbered plaque, custom-themed backglass, cabinet artwork and art blades as well as a shaker motor and anti-reflection glass.
Samples of Wayne Knight\'s voice featured in the original motion picture is sampled in the game.
In August 2023, Stern announced a new limited edition version of the game called *Jurassic Park 30th anniversary*. This version is limited to 500 units featuring a brand-new exterior art package, full-color mirrored backglass, "Illusion Copper" powder-coated pinball armor, a custom designer-autographed bottom arch, inside art blades, upgraded audio system, anti-reflection pinball playfield glass, shaker motor, a sequentially numbered plaque, and a Certificate of Authenticity. Stern also updated the software for all previous versions adding multiple features including Co-Op Play mode, Team Play mode as well as new refinements and voices.
### Game overview and objectives {#game_overview_and_objectives}
Dennis Nedry\'s computer virus continues to send Jurassic Park into chaos. The dinosaurs are loose on the island and the employees are in danger. The player has to rescue the staff and capture the dinosaurs and eventually stage an escape.
- Shoot lit white arrows to spell MAP, then the left ramp to enter a Paddock. In any Paddock, shoot the flashing red "rescue" shots until the yellow "trap" targets light. Hit as many as required, then capture the dinosaur by hitting the yellow / green flashing shot.
- Completing certain tasks lights the left target for Control Room. Three modes are available and can be chosen using the flippers and action button.
- Hitting the truck three times starts a T-Rex hurry-up that leads into a Multiball. Every four times after that, it will light one of three modes at the left ramp.
- Spelling C-H-A-O-S in order, then hitting the target between the bumpers starts Chaos Multiball.
- Locking a ball in the center of the raptor pit, then hitting the raptor pit enough times starts Raptor Tri-Ball.
- Shooting the right ramp enough times starts Pteranodon Attack. Build up a switch value, then shoot the right ramp to collect it.
- If "Smart Missile" is lit at the left return lane from enough "rescue" shots, use the action button to select which reward you want, then shoot the target between the bumpers.
- Hit the three purple standups, then the large standup near the side ramp for helpful supply drops and 2x scoring. Make upper loop shots to light the large standup for even better rewards.
#### Skill shots and multiball {#skill_shots_and_multiball}
There are various skill shots and multiballs throughout the game. The skill shot on Jurassic Park is a combo sequence: following a full plunge, the left ramp must first be shot, then the right ramp, then the side ramp, then the right orbit. Each shot in the sequence awards 2x, 4x and 6x the base value. There are also secret skill shots and the MXV skill shot.
There are three different multiballs: CHAOS multiball, Raptor Tri-Ball and King of the Island multiball.
#### Mini wizard modes {#mini_wizard_modes}
Three mini-wizard modes exist - one for making it to the end of the map, one for playing all Control Room modes, and one for playing all T. Rex modes. Playing all three of these modes is a requirement to unlock Escape Nublar.
- Visitor Center (Raptors in the Kitchen) Wizard Mode: Navigate the truck to the Visitor Center to begin.
- Secure Control Room Wizard Mode: Starts upon completion of the control room modes.
- Museum Mayhem Wizard Mode: Starts upon completion of the T-Rex events.
#### Escape Nublar wizard mode {#escape_nublar_wizard_mode}
Upon completion of all three mini-wizard modes, Escape Nublar Wizard begins. The goal of Escape Nublar is to navigate back through the paddocks to the main gate and helipad while rescuing any remaining staff and dinosaurs before the volcano erupts. This is a single-ball wizard mode where you have three "balls" (trucks) to complete the mode. Each Paddock consists of two phases: Rescue Phase and Navigate Phase.
#### When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth wizard mode {#when_dinosaurs_ruled_the_earth_wizard_mode}
A super wizard mode, available at the left ramp after completing \"Escape Nublar\". It\'s a timed 6-ball multiball.
### Stern accessories {#stern_accessories}
Stern offered accessories for Jurassic Park as well:
- Jurassic Park topper: This topper interacts with your game by capturing dinosaurs to light a letter in Jurassic Park. Your letter progress carries over from game to game. Spell Jurassic Park for a special mode (Goat Mania).
- Jurassic Park inside art blades
- Jurassic Park side armor
- Jurassic Park shooter knob: The shooter knob is crowned with an egg-shaped amber globe, housing a suspended fossilized mosquito
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# Boy Looka Here
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unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Billboardbubbling100|16|artist=Rich Boy|rowheader=true|access-date=August 16, 2020}}
^
``
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# Aldehyde oxidase
**Aldehyde oxidase** (AO) is a metabolizing enzyme, located in the cytosolic compartment of tissues in many organisms. AO catalyzes the oxidation of aldehydes into carboxylic acid, and in addition, catalyzes the hydroxylation of some heterocycles. It can also catalyze the oxidation of both cytochrome P450 and monoamine oxidase (MAO) intermediate products. AO plays an important role in the metabolism of several drugs.
## Reaction
AO catalyzes the conversion of an aldehyde in the presence of oxygen and water to an acid and hydrogen peroxide.
- an aldehyde + H~2~O + O~2~ ⇌ a carboxylate + H~2~O~2~ + H^+^
Though the enzyme uses molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, the oxygen atom that is incorporated into the carboxylate product is from water; however, the exact mechanism of reduction is still not known for AO.
The AO also catalyzes the oxidation of heterocycles, which involves a nucleophilic attack located at the carbon atom beside the heteroatom. This means that susceptibility to nucleophilic attack of a heterocycle determines if that heterocycle is a suitable substrate for AO.
## Species distribution {#species_distribution}
Aldehyde oxidase is a member of the molybdenum flavoprotein family and has a very complex evolutionary profile---as the genes of AO varies according to animal species. Higher primates, such as humans, have a single functioning AO gene (AOX1), whereas rodents have four separate AOX genes. The human population has both functionally inactive hAOX1 allelic variants and encoding enzyme variants with different catalytic activities. AO activity has been found to be much more active in higher primates (compared to rodents), though many factors may affect this activity, such as gender, age, cigarette smoking, drug usage, and disease states.
## Tissue distribution {#tissue_distribution}
Aldehyde oxidase is very concentrated in the liver, where it oxidizes multiple aldehydes and nitrogenous heterocyclic compounds, such as anti-cancer and immunosuppressive drugs. Some AO activity has been located in other parts of the body---including the lungs (epithelial cells and alveolar cells), the kidneys, and the gastrointestinal tract (small and large intestines).
## Regulation
The regulation of expression of AO is still not completely known, though some studies have shown that the AOX1 gene is regulated by the Nrf2 pathway. Some known inhibitors of AO are sterol and phenol compounds, like estradiol. Others include amsacrine, 6,6\'-azopurine, chlorpromazine, cimetidine, cyanide, diethylstilbestrol, genestein, isovanillin, and methadone.
## Structure
AO is very similar in amino acid sequence to xanthine oxidase (XO). The active sites of AO has been found to have a superimposed structure to that of XO, in studies involving mouse liver. AO is a homodimer, and requires FAD, molybdenum (MoCo) and two 2Fe-2S clusters as cofactors. These two 2Fe-2S cofactors each bind to the two distinct 150-kDa monomers of AO. Three separate domains harbor these three requirements. There is a 20 kDa N-terminal which binds to the two 2Fe-2S cofactors, a 40 kDa domain which provides a means of binding to the FAD, and a C-terminal which houses the molybdenum.
## Role in drug metabolism {#role_in_drug_metabolism}
Aldehyde oxidase is thought to have a significant impact on pharmacokinetics. AO is capable of oxidizing many drugs in the liver (such as N-1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium, benzaldehyde, retinal, and vanillin), because of its broad substrate specificity. AO greatly contributes to the hepatic clearance of drugs and other compounds. For example, cytoplasmic AOX1 a key enzyme in the hepatic phase I metabolism of several xenobiotics. For this reason, AOX genes are becoming increasingly important to both understand and control in the therapeutic drug industry. Pfizer TLR7 agonist program has found several techniques to switch the AO metabolism off. Examples of drugs metabolized primarily by aldehyde oxidase are Zaleplon, Ziprasidone, and methotrexate. These drugs are also metabolized by P450 enzymes, and one study could not find any known compounds metabolized purely by AO. The birth control drug Ethinyl estradiol inhibits AO, but its typical concentration is so low that the potential for drug-drug interaction is essentially zero. A select few medications have been identified as potentially significant inhibitors of AO, including Clozapine and Chlorpromazine
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# Antonio Aranda
**Antonio Aranda Mata** (13 November 1888 -- 8 February 1979) was a military officer who fought on the Nationalist faction in the Spanish Civil War.
## Biography
Antonio Aranda Mata was born in Leganés on 13 November 1888. During the Morocco wars Aranda earned an outstanding record as an engineer and geographer. He participated in the quelling of the 1934 Asturian revolt and rose to the rank of colonel. At the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, in 1936, he was in command of the Oviedo garrison, which joined the coup d\'etat against the Republic and quickly took control of the city for the Rebel faction. Aranda then successfully defended Oviedo from \"miners\' militias\". For his efforts he was awarded the Cross of San Fernando and promoted to the rank of General. Aranda participated in several further engagements during the war including the Battle of Teruel and the Battle of the Ebro. He served as captain general of the military region of Valencia.
Immediately following the war Aranda was appointed as the head of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1941 he participated in several clandestine actions in favor of the monarchy that resulted in irritating the government of Francisco Franco. He was one of a group of pro-British monarchist generals to secretly receive money from British Intelligence MI-6. He was briefly imprisoned in 1947 for two months. In 1949, Aranda, then a division general, was retired from duty by Franco. Reasons argued by commentators for the cessation include the liberal ideology reportedly espoused by Aranda, his protracted lobbying and conspirations in favour of the installment of a constitutional monarchy (headed by Juan of Bourbon), or, rather anecdotically, an alleged link to freemasonry.
According to the Francisco Franco Salgado-Araújo, the latter\'s cousin Francisco Franco was convinced that Aranda was a freemason.
In 1976, after Franco\'s death, Juan Carlos I promoted Aranda to the rank of Lieutenant General.
He died in the Hospital del Generalísimo on 8 February 1979
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# Northern Progressive Front
The **Northern People\'s Front** was a Nigerian political league comprising NEPU and United Middle Belt Congress members
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# Arnaud Amanieu d'Albret
**Arnaud Amanieu** (also *Arnold* and *Amaneus*, 4 August 1338--1401) was the Lord of Albret from 1358.
Amanieu held lands in Gascony which by the Treaty of Brétigny (1360) were obtained by Edward III of England. Edward III appointed his son Edward, the Black Prince Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony, and in 1363 Amanieu paid homage to the two Edwards. In 1368 Amanieu in a secret treaty switched his allegiance to Charles V of France.
## Biography
Arnaud Amanieu was the son of Bernard Ezi IV and Mathe of Armagnac.
In 1330, Edward III of England sent men to Gascony to negotiate with the nobles. Bernard Ezi IV attempted to arrange a marriage between Arnaud Amanieu and a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, Earl of Kent but failed.
In 1363, Edward the Black Prince, then Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony, went to his province to procure the homage of his barons, chief among whom was Arnaud Amanieu. In the cathedral of Bordeaux on 9 July, the lord of Albret was the first to kneel *sans* belt and cap before the Prince and swear an oath of fealty (save his allegiance to the King of England), then to kiss a Bible and a cross, and finally to kiss the Prince on the mouth (a \"holy kiss\" signifying fellowship and peace). However, good relations did not last long between Lord and Prince.
In 1368, while preparing to cross the Pyrenees to join in the Castilian Civil War, Edward demanded a contingent from Arnaud Amanieu, but the forces requested were more than the lord of Albret could suffice. Arnaud Amanieu refused, causing the Black Prince to say: Edward\'s Council also declared a *fouage*, a new tax, which was bitterly resented by the great landholders. John I of Armagnac, Peter-Raymond II of Comminges, Roger Bernard of Périgord, and Arnaud Amanieu sent appeals to Charles V of France, appeals which are preserved to this day in the *Archives Nationales* in Paris. They addressed him as the \"sovereign lord of the *duchée de Guienne* and the other lands *baillées* to the king of England by the treaty of peace\". The king of France readily received the Gascon rebels into his fold.
On 30 June 1368, after Arnaud Amanieu married Margaret of Bourbon, a secret treaty was signed between Charles V, Arnaud Amanieu, John, and Roger Bernard. Charles pledged aid in the event of war and he swore never to give up his claims of sovereignty over Gascony. The lords agreed to serve Charles---for pay---in Auvergne, Toulouse, Berry, and Touraine, and to take an oath to him. The *fouage* was remitted for the next decade, unless the barons chose to reimpose it on themselves. A body of lawyers and barons was called to decide the sovereignty question and they unanimously affirmed that Charles was sovereign over Gascony. Amanieu remained close to the French monarchy until his death in 1401.
## Family
His son, Charles I, became Constable of France
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# Gastric erosion
**Gastric erosion** occurs when the mucous membrane lining the stomach becomes inflamed. Specifically, the term \"erosion\" in this context means damage that is limited to the mucosa, which consists of three distinct layers: the epithelium (in the case of a healthy stomach, this is non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium), the basement membrane, and the lamina propria. An erosion is different from an ulcer, which is an area of damage to the gastrointestinal wall (in this case the gastric wall) that extends deeper through the wall than an erosion; an ulcer can extend anywhere from beyond the lamina propria to right through the wall, potentially causing a perforation.
Some drugs, as tablets, can irritate this mucous membrane, especially drugs taken for arthritis and muscular disorders, steroids, and aspirin. A gastric erosion may also occur because of emotional stress, or as a side effect of burns or stomach injuries. See acute gastritis.
## Symptoms
There is basically one symptom of gastric erosion: bleeding from the area where the stomach lesion is. Bowel movements may contain blood. Vomit may be bloody as well, but a gastric erosion may not cause vomiting. Blood may be black because it will be partially digested. Loss of blood may cause one to develop anemia.
## Risks
Anemia and other problems related to blood loss may occur. Sometimes a person with a gastric erosion will experience severe bleeding all at once; red (bloody) vomiting and/or black bowel movements may occur
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# Hwange Colliery
**Hwange Colliery Company Limited** (**Formerly Wankie Colliery Company Limited**) is the name of a company in Zimbabwe (Formerly Rhodesia) and of its associated coal mining, processing and marketing. It was founded in 1899, Mining operations are located near Hwange (known as **Wankie** until 1982) in the province of Matabeleland North. The company\'s headquarters are in Hwange and registered office the capital Harare and a regional office in Bulawayo.Its stock is listed on the Zimbabwe Stock Exchange and is a component of its stock index, the Zimbabwe Mining Index. It is also listed on the London Stock Exchange and Johannesburg Stock Exchange.
Coal transportation is by road and rail. The Colliery owns its own railway system. Handover station to NRZ is Thomson Junction Hwange Colliery Company Limited operate an open cast mine and underground mine. The town Hwange (Wankie) is a town that grew form the mining of coal in the area GPS Coordinates 18°23′0.155″S 26°28′12.03″E.
On June 6, 1972 Wankie coal mine disaster took place, when a series of underground explosions occurred at the Wankie No. 2 colliery in Rhodesia (now known as Zimbabwe), which was owned by the Anglo-American Corporation, Four hundred and twenty-six miners lost their lives - thirty six Europeans and three hundred and ninety Africans. Apart from the one hundred and seventy-six Rhodesians who died, there were ninety-one Zambians, fifty-two from Mozambique, thirty-seven from Malawi, thirty Tanzanians, fourteen Britons, twelve South Africans, nine from South West Africa, four from the Caprivi Strip, and one from Botswana. The disaster provoked reaction throughout the world, and messages of sympathy poured in from all quarters, and included those from Queen Elizabeth, Sir Alec Douglas-Home, the British Foreign Secretary, The Pope, and the Prime Minister of South Africa, B. J. Vorster, it remains the deadliest mine accident to date in the country\'s history
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# Orlando Williams Wight
**Orlando Williams Wight** (February 19, 1824 -- October 19, 1888) was an American physician and translator.
## Biography
Wight was born in Centreville, N. Y. He was educated at the Rochestern College Institute, was ordained as a Universalist clergyman and accepted a call to Newark, New Jersey (1850). Three years later he left the church to engage in literary work. In 1865 he graduated in medicine at the Long Island College Hospital; in 1874 was appointed State geologist and Surgeon General of Wisconsin, and afterward served as health commissioner of Milwaukee (1878--1880) and of Detroit.
## Selected publications {#selected_publications}
- *History of Modern Philosophy* (translated with F. W. Ricord from the French of Victor Cousin, 1852)
- *Life of Abélard and Héloise* (1853 and 1861)
- *Standard French Classics* (fourteen volumes, 1858--1860)
- *Pascal\'s Thoughts* (1859)
- *The Household Library* (18 volumes, 1859 et seq.)
- six volumes of translations from Balzac (1860)
- Henry Martin\'s *History of France* (with Mary L
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# Mariana crow
The **Mariana crow** (***Corvus kubaryi***) (Chamorro name: *åga*) is a species of the crow family from the tropical Western Pacific. It is a glossy black bird about 15 in long and known only from the islands of Guam and Rota.
It is a rare bird which has steadily declined in numbers since the 1960s. On Guam there are no remaining native Mariana Crows, the population having been decimated by the introduction of the brown tree snake. On Rota the population has declined to fewer than 200 individuals, the main threats here being the reduction of suitable habitat because of development and predation. Despite translocations from Rota to the Guam National Wildlife Refuge in the late 1990s and early 2000s, by 2011 the Mariana Crow was extirpated from Guam. Current conservation efforts on Rota include habitat protection, and a captive rear-and-release program. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated the bird as being \"critically endangered\".
## Description
The Mariana crow is a small black crow with a bluish-black gloss on its tail, and a greenish-black gloss on its back, underparts, head, and wings. In general, females are smaller than males. An adult weighs about 9 oz and is about 15 in long.
The Mariana crow has a variety of vocalizations, including two locational calls used to maintain contact between pairs, family members and flock mates. These locational calls are either a high-pitched series of one to three *caw* or *hi* sounds, or a series of longer *caw* sounds with a nasal *aaa* element to the call; the latter call may be used exclusively between mated pairs. Alarm calls are a rapid series of sharp *caw*s. The birds also make a variety of squalling, guttural sounds, which may be done either quietly or excitedly.
## Distribution and ecology {#distribution_and_ecology}
The Mariana crow inhabits second growth and mature forests, as well as coastal strand vegetation, but nests only in native limestone forest. It preferentially nests in the crowns of two canopy-emergent tree species: yoga tree (*Elaeocarpus joga*) and the fig *Ficus prolixa*. The crow currently is only found on the island of Rota. It disappeared from southern Guam in the 1960s and from central Guam in the 1970s, mostly inhabiting Andersen Air Force Base. Its population on Rota has also decreased.
### Diet
Extremely versatile, the Mariana crow is an opportunistic omnivore, feeding on insects, lizards, other birds\' eggs, hermit crabs, fruits, and seeds.
### Nesting
The Mariana crow begins nesting as early as July and as late as May. The nest is a large, cupped platform of small sticks, lined with leaf fibers. Clutch size varies from 1 to 4 eggs, and both parents incubate the eggs, brood the chicks, and care for the juveniles even after they fledge. Parental care has been known to range from 5 to 18 months, and juveniles may take as long as 3 years before entering the adult breeding cycle.
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# Mariana crow
## Status and conservation {#status_and_conservation}
On Guam, the Mariana crow\'s decline is primarily due to predation by the introduced brown tree snake (*Boiga irregularis*). In spite of protection of nesting-sites by electrical tree barriers, the remaining birds are considered to be reproductively senescent. On Rota, many other threats endanger the crow, including homestead development, resort and golf-course construction, agricultural settlement, nest-predation from introduced rats, the Mariana monitor lizard (*Varanus tsukamotoi*), typhoons, predation from feral cats, disease, and competition with the black drongo (*Dicrurus macrocercus*). More recently, the brown tree snake has also been detected on Rota, likely leading to serious declines in the Mariana crow population there if the snake population establishes itself. The Mariana crow is also persecuted by residents of both islands who see it as an obstacle to development.
In 1993, a National Wildlife Refuge was established on Guam to preserve the remaining forest, and birds were translocated from Rota. Biologically controlling the brown tree snake is also being discussed.
Crows were transported from Rota to Guam in 2003 to assist conservation efforts though this may have had the unintended side effect of decreasing genetic variation within the species as tests have shown the Rota population is less diverse than the Guam.
Formerly classified as an endangered species by the IUCN, it was suspected to be rarer than generally assumed. Following the evaluation of its status, this was found to be correct, and it is consequently uplisted to critically endangered status in 2008 as it is in immediate danger of extinction, numbering so few birds that it could be entirely wiped out by a single catastrophic event such as an epidemic of West Nile virus
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# Carla Cook
**Carla Cook** is an American jazz vocalist.
## Biography
Cook was drawn to a life of music at an early age. As a student at Cass Technical High School she played string bass in the school orchestra, studied piano and voice on weekends, and sang in her church\'s choir. An elder brother introduced her to jazz, Cook chose voice as her instrument of choice, and she became a disciple of jazz icon Eddie Jefferson, founder of a singing technique called \"vocalese\" where a singer sings lyrics to a famous instrumental solo.
During this time she and close friend Regina Carter formed dreams of becoming jazz musicians; Cook as a singer, and Carter as a violinist. At Carter\'s urging she applied to and was accepted by Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts. While at Northeastern she remained in close contact with Carter (who was studying at the New England Conservatory of Music and met Cyrus Chestnut, a jazz pianist studying at nearby Berklee School of Music. After graduating from Northeastern in 1985 Cook remained in Boston preparing herself for a career singing jazz in New York.
In February 1990 she moved to New York and supported herself as a school teacher and book seller during the day, and singing at night. After five years she traveled to Europe and from 1993 to 1994 Cook served as a guest vocal and ensemble instructor at the Jazzschule in Basel, Switzerland, and Jazz and Rock Schule in Freiburg, Germany. She returned to New York two years later and her work included singing with Lionel Hampton\'s Orchestra and George Gee\'s Make Believe Ballroom Orchestra. In 1998 she signed with MaxJazz, a fledgling music label, and that year she released her first CD, *It\'s All About Love*, to great acclaim, including a best jazz vocal Grammy nomination. Her second CD, *Dem Bones* (a tribute to all the trombone players she had worked with in the Lionel Hampton and George Gee groups), released in 2001, was also a success, and received a glowing review from *Down Beat* magazine, the leading jazz publication. In 2002 she released her CD *Simply Natural*, which was inspired by her love for the beauty found in nature. In 2011 her rendition of Roberta Flack\'s \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" was featured on jazz percussionist Steve Kroon\'s CD *Without A Doubt*.
Cook performs globally both with her own groups, most notably \"the Carla Cook Quintet\", and as a guest soloist with artists including Eric Reed and old friends Regina Carter and Cyrus Chestnut (both of whom have become luminaries in the jazz world). Her eclectic venues include the digital realm as she performs as the character Teriyaki Yoko in the Sony PlayStation game *Um Jammer Lammy*, and she has said that it is a dream of hers to appear with her favorite characters on *Sesame Street*.
Cook was the headliner at the 2018 Central Jazz Festival\'s September 16, 2018, show in Somerville, New Jersey.
In her songbook, you'll find elements of R&B, European classical, Motown, Blues, and Gospel.
## Discography
- *It\'s All About Love* (Maxjazz, 1999) "Best Jazz Vocal Performance"
\- 1999 Grammy Awards Nominations
- *Dem Bones* (Maxjazz, 2001) "Dem Bones reminds us of the power that jazz has in its capacity for creating bridges to most other art forms."
\- All About Jazz
- *Simply Natural* (Maxjazz, 2002)
### As guest {#as_guest}
- George Gee, *Setting the Pace* (GJazz, 2004) "The title of her latest MaxJazz collection reflects Cook's natural talent while reminding us that she remains delightfully free of artifice or affectation
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# Kavinsky
**Vincent Belorgey** (born 31 July 1975), known professionally as **Kavinsky**, is a French musician, producer, DJ, and actor. His production style is reminiscent of the electropop film soundtracks of the 1980s. Kavinsky claims that his music is inspired by thousands of movies he watched as a young boy and that he has cherry-picked the best parts from them, consolidating them into one concept. Kavinsky has been compared to many similar French house artists, including Danger and French duo Daft Punk. He achieved greater mainstream recognition after his song \"Nightcall\" was featured in the 2011 film *Drive*. His debut studio album, *OutRun*, was released in 2013.
## Biography
After years as an actor, Kavinsky\'s musical career started in 2005 after being inspired by his close friends Jackson Fourgeaud and Quentin Dupieux, the latter director also included Kavinsky\'s music in his film *Steak*. During this period Kavinsky produced his first single \"Testarossa Autodrive\" which was inspired by the Testarossa model of Ferrari (one of which Vincent drives in real life). Kavinsky presented the single to Quentin, who in turn presented it to a record label he had access to because of his filming career, and Kavinsky signed with Record Makers.
Kavinsky went on to release three EPs on the Record Makers label: *Teddy Boy* in 2006, *1986* a year later, and *Nightcall* with Lovefoxxx of CSS in 2010. Kavinsky toured alongside Daft Punk, The Rapture, Justice, and SebastiAn in 2007.
The SebastiAn remix of \"Testarossa Autodrive\" off the *1986* EP is featured in the video games *Grand Theft Auto IV* and *Gran Turismo 5 Prologue*. Kavinsky\'s single \"Nightcall\" was featured in the opening credits of the film *Drive*, and became a major hit soon after.
In December 2012 he released \"ProtoVision\" and on 25 February 2013 released his debut studio album *OutRun*.
In November 2021, he returned from his seven year hiatus with the lead single \"Renegade\" from his second studio album *Reborn*. The song is produced by Gaspard Augé and Victor Le Masne.
In 2024 Kavinsky performed Nightcall alongside Phoenix and Angèle at the 2024 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in Paris.
## Character history {#character_history}
Kavinsky is a character made by Vincent Belorgey that has a striking resemblance to Vincent himself but the backstory does not follow anything in Belorgey\'s history. Kavinsky\'s story is that after crashing his Testarossa in 1986, he reappeared as a zombie in 2006 to make his own electronic music. Kavinsky\'s songs help tell his story; Vincent claims in an interview, \"\'Night Call\' is just about the zombie guy \[who\] goes to his girlfriend\'s house and says okay I\'m not the same, we need to talk\", referring to Kavinsky going back to find his girlfriend after the crash who has already moved on with her life.
## Equipment
In an interview, Kavinsky stated that the entirety of *Teddy Boy* was written and recorded on a Yamaha DX7, which was famous and notable for the synth-pop sound of the 1980s. Kavinsky originally started making music on an old Apple computer given to him by his friend Mr. Oizo.
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# Kavinsky
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| Title | Album details | Peak chart positions |
+=======================================================================================+==========================================+======================+
| FRA\ | BEL\ | BEL\ |
| | (FL)\ | (WA)\ |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *OutRun* | - Released: 22 February 2013 | 2 |
| | - Label: Record Makers | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download, vinyl | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| *Reborn* | - Released: 25 March 2022 | 13 |
| | - Label: Record Makers | |
| | - Formats: CD, digital download, vinyl | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+----------------------+
: List of studio albums, with selected chart positions
### Extended plays {#extended_plays}
Year Title Release date Label
------ ----------------------------------- ------------------ ----------------------
2006 *Teddy Boy* Record Makers
2007 *1986*
2008 *Blazer* Fool\'s Gold Records
2010 *Nightcall* Record Makers
2011 *Nightcall (Anniversary Edition)* 11 November 2011
2013 *ProtoVision*
*Odd Look*
### Singles
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| Title | Year | Peak chart positions | | |
+===============================================================================+=======+======================+======+======+
| FRA\ | BEL\ | BEL\ | SCO\ | SWI\ |
| | (FL)\ | (WA)\ | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Nightcall\"\ | 2010 | 10 | 28 | 16 |
| `{{small|(featuring [[Lovefoxxx]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Roadgame\" | 2012 | 12 | --- | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"ProtoVision\" | | 52 | --- | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Odd Look\"\ | 2013 | 46 | --- | --- |
| `{{small|(featuring [[Sebastian (French musician)|SebastiAn]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Blizzard\" | | 167 | --- | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Odd Look\"\ | | --- | 18 | 10 |
| `{{small|(featuring [[The Weeknd]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Renegade\"\ | 2021 | --- | --- | --- |
| `{{small|(featuring [[Cautious Clay]])}}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Zenith\" | 2022 | --- | --- | --- |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"Nightcall\"\ | 2024 | 3\ | 18 | 4 |
| (with Angèle and Phoenix) | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
| \"---\" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. | | | | |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------+----------------------+------+------+
### Remixes
Year Artist Title
------ ------------------- --------------------------------------------------------
2007 Klaxons \"Gravity\'s Rainbow\"
M.I.A. \"Roder\" `{{small|([[A-Trak]] Re-work)}}`{=mediawiki}
2008 Sébastien Tellier \"Roche\"
2011 SebastiAn \"Embody\"
### Music videos {#music_videos}
Year Title Director Release date Label
------ -------------------------- ------------------- -------------- ---------------
2006 \"Testarossa Autodrive\" Jonas & François Record Makers
2009 \"Dead Cruiser\" ---
2012 \"ProtoVision\" Marcus Herring
2013 \"Odd Look\"
2021 \"Renegade\" Alexandre Courtès
2022 \"Cameo\" Filip Nilsson 25 Mars 2022
### Soundtracks
Year Title Director Song
------ ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------
2011 *The Lincoln Lawyer* Brad Furman \"Nightcall\"
2011 *Drive* Nicolas Winding Refn \"Nightcall\"
### Video games {#video_games}
Year Title Platform Song
------ ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------
2007 *Gran Turismo 5 Prologue* PlayStation 3 \"Testarossa Autodrive (SebastiAn Remix)\"
2008 *Grand Theft Auto IV* PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows \"Testarossa Autodrive (SebastiAn Remix)\"
2008 *Midnight Club: Los Angeles* PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, PlayStation Portable \"Wayfarer\"
2013 *Kavinsky* Downloadable app, Mac OS, Microsoft Windows *OutRun* album
2013 *Gangstar Vegas* Downloadable app *Nightcall*
2022 *MLB The Show 22* PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, Nintendo Switch \"Renegade (feat
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# Eugène Defacqz
**Henri-Eugene-Marie Defacqz** (17 September 1797 -- 1 December 1871) was a Belgian liberal politician and a magistrate.
## Education
He started his education at the college of Ath and completed high school in Dijon, under the direction of the famous Joseph Jacotot (1770--1840), his uncle by marriage. On 22 April 1817, he obtained his diploma of bachelor of law at the Academy of Brussels.
## Career
In 1830, Defacqz embraced without reserves the cause of the Belgian Revolution. He was sent to the National Congress by the voters of the district of Ath, together with Vansnick and Secus. He played an important role in this memorable assembly due to his great knowledge of the law, his elegant elocution and his irresistible logic. He was, in 1831, one of the authors of the Belgian Constitution. When Surlet de Chokier was elected regent of the kingdom, Defacqz was named secretary-general with the ministry of Justice. But soon he gave up these functions to enter the judiciary. In 1832, he became counselor for the Court of Appeal; in October of the same year, he became a prosecuting attorney at the Court of Cassation. From 1834 to 1839, he was a professor of common law at the Université libre de Bruxelles of which he was one of the founders together with Pierre-Théodore Verhaegen. He taught there the *theory of the sources of the legislation*. In 1837, he became counselor at the Court of Cassation, and in 1866, he became its first president and remained in this position until his death.
In addition to these legal functions, he occupied functions within the *garde civique* (E:civic guard), the communal council of Brussels and with the provincial council. In 1846, he took part in the creation of the Liberal Party of Belgium, which was the first political party as such in Belgium. From 1866 to 1871, he was elected member of the Royal Academy of Belgium, and he was a director of the class of literature of the academy. He was also a member of the Company of the men of letters of Leyde and the Company of sciences, arts and the letters of Hainaut. He was also a freemason, and Grandmaster of the Grand Orient of Belgium (1842-1854). In 1850 he became honorary member of the Masonic Lodge *Minerva zu den drei Palmen* Leipzig.
At the political level, Eugene Defacqz defended mainly, on the one hand the lowering of the taxable quota and an electoral reform in favor of the average and lower middle class and on the other hand the state education and separation on all levels of the State and the Church.
He published in particular:
- Ancien droit Belgique (1875),
- Des corvées et des banalités seigneuriales,
- Recherches sur les anciens impôts et spécialement sur les tailles réelles,
- De la paix du sang,
- De quelques partages forcés des fruits de la terre dans les anciennes coutumes belgiques,
- Aperçu de la féodalité.
In 1845, the Flemish musician and freemason Charles-Louis-Joseph Hanssens composed in 1845 a cantata for Eugene Defacqz. There exists in Brussels a street Eugene-Defacqz. The town of Ath honours him in several ways: a statue in the court of the administrative Center (it was before on the town square); a street bears its name; an extra (actor) impersonates him on the chariot of the city during the procession of the *Ducasse of Ath*
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# Sayward-Wheeler House
\[\[Image:Sayward Wheeler House, York Harbor ME.jpg\|thumb\|right\|250px\|
Sayward-Wheeler House
\]\] **The Sayward-Wheeler House** is an American historic house museum in York Harbor, Maine. It was built about 1718, and overlooks the York River. it was the home of Jonathan Sayward, a local merchant and civic leader, who remodeled and furnished the house in the 1760s according to his own conservative taste.,
Sayward participated in the 1745 siege of the French fortress at Louisbourg, Nova Scotia, served in the Massachusetts legislature, and, despite outspoken Tory views, retained the respect of his neighbors during the American Revolution.
After his death, his heirs made few changes to the house. In part, this was due to the depressed economy following Thomas Jefferson\'s trade embargo of 1807, but the family\'s reverence for its founding patriarch was an equally important factor in preservation. As early as the 1860s, Sayward\'s descendants opened the house to visitors to show how their forebears had lived in bygone colonial days.
In the early 20th century, the house was refurbished for use as a summer residence, with new wallpaper and white-painted woodwork, but the original furnishings and family portraits remained in place. Today, the house is owned and operated as a historic house museum by Historic New England
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# 1941–42 in Swedish football
The **1941--42 season in Swedish football**, starting August 1941 and ending July 1942:
## Honours
### Official titles {#official_titles}
Title Team Reason
---------------------------- ----------------- --------------------------
1941--42 Swedish Champions IFK Göteborg Winners of Allsvenskan
1941 Swedish Cup Champions Helsingborgs IF Winners of Svenska Cupen
### Competitions
Level Competition Team
----------------------- ------------------------------- -----------------
1st level Allsvenskan 1941--42 IFK Göteborg
2nd level Division 2 Norra 1941--42 IK Brage
Division 2 Östra 1941--42 IFK Eskilstuna
Division 2 Västra 1941--42 Lundby IF
Division 2 Södra 1941--42 Halmstads BK
Regional Championship Norrländska Mästerskapet 1942 GIF Sundsvall
Cup Svenska Cupen 1941 Helsingborgs IF
## Promotions, relegations and qualifications {#promotions_relegations_and_qualifications}
### Promotions
Promoted from Promoted to Team Reason
--------------------------- ---------------------------- ----------------- -------------------------------
Division 2 Östra 1941--42 Allsvenskan 1942--43 IFK Eskilstuna Winners of promotion play-off
Division 2 Södra 1941--42 Halmstads BK Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1941--42 Division 2 Norra 1942--43 Hagalunds IS Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1941--42 Division 2 Östra 1942--43 Avesta AIK Winners of promotion play-off
Nyköpings AIK Winners of promotion play-off
IF Verdandi Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1941--42 Division 2 Västra 1942--43 IFK Trollhättan Winners of promotion play-off
IFK Uddevalla Winners of promotion play-off
Division 3 1941--42 Division 2 Södra 1942--43 Bromölla IF Winners of promotion play-off
Varbergs BoIS Winners of promotion play-off
### Relegations
Relegated from Relegated to Team Reason
---------------------------- --------------------------- ------------------ -----------
Allsvenskan 1941--42 Division 2 Södra 1942--43 Landskrona BoIS 11th team
Division 2 Norra 1942--43 Reymersholms IK 12th team
Division 2 Norra 1941--42 Division 3 1942--43 Ljusne AIK 9th team
IFK Lidingö 10th team
Division 2 Östra 1941--42 Division 3 1942--43 IK City 9th team
Mjölby AI 10th team
Division 2 Västra 1941--42 Division 3 1942--43 Karlstads BIK 9th team
Skara IF 10th team
Division 2 Södra 1941--42 Division 3 1942--43 Kalmar AIK 9th team
IFK Kristianstad 10th team
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# 1941–42 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Allsvenskan 1941--42 {#allsvenskan_194142}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 IFK Göteborg 22 14 3 5 48 -- 29 +19 31
2 GAIS 22 10 7 5 46 -- 31 +15 27
3 IFK Norrköping 22 12 2 8 50 -- 35 +15 26
4 Helsingborgs IF 22 11 4 7 42 -- 27 +15 26
5 Malmö FF 22 9 7 6 37 -- 33 +4 25
6 Degerfors IF 22 9 5 8 43 -- 35 +8 23
7 IF Elfsborg 22 8 6 8 35 -- 29 +6 22
8 Gårda BK 22 9 4 9 34 -- 46 -12 22
9 AIK 22 7 7 8 37 -- 34 +3 21
10 Sandvikens IF 22 6 3 13 27 -- 45 -18 15
11 Landskrona BoIS 22 5 4 13 22 -- 47 -25 14
12 Reymersholms IK 22 4 4 14 27 -- 57 -30 12
### Allsvenskan promotion play-off 1941--42 {#allsvenskan_promotion_play_off_194142}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
### Division 2 Norra 1941--42 {#division_2_norra_194142}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ---------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 IK Brage 18 10 4 4 49 -- 22 +27 24
2 Hammarby IF 18 9 6 3 55 -- 35 +20 24
3 Sandvikens AIK 18 10 2 6 39 -- 25 +14 22
4 Hofors AIF 18 7 4 7 31 -- 37 -6 18
5 Djurgårdens IF 18 6 4 8 27 -- 26 +1 16
6 Ludvika FfI 18 7 2 9 39 -- 44 -5 16
7 Sundbybergs IK 18 4 7 7 30 -- 38 -8 15
8 Gefle IF 18 4 7 7 33 -- 43 -10 15
9 Ljusne AIK 18 6 3 9 42 -- 57 -15 15
10 IFK Lidingö 18 7 1 10 32 -- 50 -18 15
### Division 2 Östra 1941--42 {#division_2_östra_194142}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ------------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 IFK Eskilstuna 18 12 4 2 46 -- 22 +24 28
2 Surahammars IF 18 10 3 5 31 -- 23 +8 23
3 IK Sleipner 18 9 4 5 38 -- 24 +14 22
4 Örebro SK 18 9 3 6 35 -- 30 +5 21
5 Hallstahammars SK 18 8 3 7 28 -- 28 0 19
6 Finspångs AIK 18 7 4 7 37 -- 43 -6 18
7 IFK Västerås 18 4 7 7 28 -- 29 -1 15
8 Åtvidabergs FF 18 5 5 8 30 -- 33 -3 15
9 IK City 18 5 5 8 23 -- 29 -6 15
10 Mjölby AI 18 2 0 16 17 -- 52 -35 4
### Division 2 Västra 1941--42 {#division_2_västra_194142}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ----------------- ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Lundby IF 18 13 3 2 60 -- 20 +40 29
2 Tidaholms GIF 18 12 2 4 50 -- 35 +15 26
3 Örgryte IS 18 7 7 4 36 -- 28 +8 21
4 Karlskoga IF 18 7 5 6 33 -- 24 +9 19
5 Billingsfors IK 18 9 1 8 40 -- 36 +4 19
6 Skogens IF 18 7 3 8 40 -- 50 -10 17
7 Waggeryds IK 18 5 6 7 43 -- 52 -9 16
8 Deje IK 18 5 3 10 30 -- 45 -15 13
9 Karlstads BIK 18 4 3 11 33 -- 50 -17 11
10 Skara IF 18 3 3 12 22 -- 47 -25 9
### Division 2 Södra 1941--42 {#division_2_södra_194142}
Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts
---- ------------------ ----- ---- --- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----- -----
1 Halmstads BK 18 13 1 4 55 -- 20 +35 27
2 IS Halmia 18 12 1 5 46 -- 23 +23 25
3 Höganäs BK 18 9 2 7 38 -- 33 +5 20
4 Nybro IF 18 9 1 8 39 -- 37 +2 19
5 BK Landora 18 7 2 9 42 -- 42 0 16
6 Olofströms IF 18 7 2 9 32 -- 41 -9 16
7 IFK Trelleborg 18 7 2 9 31 -- 44 -13 16
8 IFK Malmö 18 6 3 9 32 -- 50 -18 15
9 Kalmar AIK 18 6 2 10 38 -- 51 -13 14
10 IFK Kristianstad 18 5 2 11 31 -- 43 -12 12
### Division 2 promotion play-off 1941--42 {#division_2_promotion_play_off_194142}
1st round
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
2nd round
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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# 1941–42 in Swedish football
## Domestic results {#domestic_results}
### Norrländska Mästerskapet 1942 {#norrländska_mästerskapet_1942}
Final
### Svenska Cupen 1941 {#svenska_cupen_1941}
Final
## National team results {#national_team_results}
Sweden: `{{small|[[Sven Bergqvist|Sven Bergquist]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Hilding Gustafsson]] - [[Erik Persson (footballer)|Erik Persson]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Arne Nyberg]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Sven Jacobsson]], [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Åke Andersson (footballer 1917–1983)|Åke Andersson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Sven Bergqvist|Sven Bergquist]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Hilding Gustafsson]] ( [[Börje Leander]]) - [[Erik Persson (footballer)|Erik Persson]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Malte Mårtensson]], [[Erik Holmqvist]], [[Oskar Holmqvist]], [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Åke Andersson (footballer 1917–1983)|Åke Andersson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Sven Bergqvist|Sven Bergquist]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Hilding Gustafsson]] - [[Erik Persson (footballer)|Erik Persson]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Malte Mårtensson]], [[Erik Holmqvist]], [[Oskar Holmqvist]], [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Åke Andersson (footballer 1917–1983)|Åke Andersson]].}}`{=mediawiki}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sweden: `{{small|[[Sven Bergqvist|Sven Bergquist]] - [[Harry Nilsson (footballer)|Harry Nilsson]], [[Rickard Ödéhn]] - [[Erik Persson (footballer)|Erik Persson]], [[Arvid Emanuelsson]], [[Karl-Erik Grahn]] - [[Malte Mårtensson]], [[Gunnar Gren]], [[Gunnar Nordahl]], [[Henry Carlsson]], [[Jan Östlund]].}}`{=mediawiki}
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# 1941–42 in Swedish football
## National team players in season 1941/42 {#national_team_players_in_season_194142}
+---------------------------------------------+------+------+-------+------------------------+
| name | pos
| 18 |
1941–42 in Swedish football
| 3 |
10,038,214 |
# Alvan Ikoku
**Alvan Azinna Ikoku** `{{IPAc-en||audio=Ig-Alvan Azinna Ikoku.ogg}}`{=mediawiki} (August 1, 1900--November 18, 1971) was a Nigerian educationist, statesman, activist and politician.
## Life
Born on August 1, 1900, in Amanagwu Arochukwu, in present-day Abia State, he was educated at Arochukwu Government Primary School from 1911 to 1914. From 1915 to 1920, he attended Hope Waddell College, Calabar where he was a student under James Emmanuel Aggrey and was classmates with Akanu Ibiam and Eyo Eyo Esua. In 1920, he received his first teaching appointment with the Presbyterian Church of Nigeria and the Church of Scotland at Itigidi. Two years later, he became a senior tutor at St. Paul\'s Teachers\' Training College, Awka, Anambra State. While teaching at Awka, Ikoku earned his University of London degree in Philosophy in 1928 through its external program.
In 1932, Ikoku established a Co-Educational Secondary School in West Africa: the Aggrey Memorial Secondary School, located in Arochukwu and named after his mentor James E.K. Aggrey, an eminent Ghanaian educationist. In 1946, after several constitutional changes allowing more Nigerians in the legislative chambers, he was nominated to the Eastern Nigeria House of Assembly and assigned to the ministry of education. In 1947,he became part of the Legislative Council in Lagos as one of three representatives of the Eastern Region.
Ikoku fostered considerable government interest in the Nigeria Union of Teachers (NUT), becoming instrumental in the Legislative Council\'s acceptance of 44 NUT proposals amending various educational ordinances. He did encounter resistance through much of the 1950s, when the Colonial Government repeatedly rejected his NUT recommendations to introduce uniform education in Nigeria. After national independence, Ikoku and his union were vindicated, when these recommendations became the basis for education policy in the new nation.
In 1962, he called for an \'Education Bill of Rights\' for primary school education to be free for six years nationwide in Nigeria. This was later accepted by the Federal Military Government as from 1976. Today free education to all primary school has been granted. Dr Ikoku still remains a great icon in Nigerian academic and educational development and one of the most outstanding educationists ever had in Nigeria.
Upon retiring from government politics, Ikoku served on various educational bodies in the country. He was a member of the West African Educational Council (WAEC) and the Council of the University of Ibadan as well as Chairman, Board of Governors of the Aviation Training Centre.
## Honours
Honours for his contribution to education in Nigeria include an honorary Doctorate in Law (1965) at a special convocation of the University of Ibadan, the establishment of the Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, a major road, Alvan Ikoku Way, in Maitama, Abuja (Capital of Nigeria) and his commemoration on a bill of Nigerian currency, the Ten Naira note. He died on November 18, 1971.
He is also featured in the 10 Naira banknote since 1979
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# Bernard Ezi II d'Albret
**Bernard Ezi II** (Ezi is also spelled *Aiz*) was the Lord of Albret from 1324 to 1358 and the son of Amanieu VII.
In 1330, Edward III of England sent men to Gascony to negotiate with the nobles. Bernard tried to negotiate a marriage between his eldest son and heir Arnaud Amanieu and a daughter of Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, but the plans fell through. Bernard was nonetheless granted money and lands.
In 1337, Bernard and Oliver of Ingham were appointed lieutenants of the king of England in Gascony. This post was primarily military in nature. Subsequently, he proved to be one of the most loyal Gascon barons to the English cause. Philip VI of France found it impossible to win him over even with bribes.
In 1351, his second son Bernard was betrothed to Isabella, eldest daughter of Edward III. The marriage never took place, however, due to Isabella having changed her mind prior to her departure for Gascony.
He was married to Mathe, daughter of Bernard VI of Armagnac
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# Winslow Crocker House
**Winslow Crocker House** is a historic house in Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts, built circa 1780. In 1936, Mary Thacher, an avid collector of antiques, moved the house of a wealthy 18th-century trader and land speculator, Winslow Crocker, to its present location.
Thacher remodeled the interior in order to provide an appropriate early American backdrop for the display of her collection. Woodwork was stripped, smaller-paned windows installed, and a fireplace rebuilt to contain a beehive oven. The result is a colonial Cape Cod house with a 20th-century flavor. Thacher\'s collection of furniture, accented by colorful hooked rugs, ceramics, and pewter, presents a thorough survey of early American styles, from Jacobean, William and Mary, and Queen Anne to Chippendale. Today the house is owned and operated as a historic museum by Historic New England
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# History of the Jews in Oman
right\|framed\|Geographic location of Oman
right\|framed\|Map of Oman
The **history of the Jews in Oman** reaches back to the 800s. There was a Jewish presence in Oman for many centuries; however, the Jewish community of the country is no longer in existence.
## Ishaq bin Yahuda {#ishaq_bin_yahuda}
The documented Omani Jewish community was made famous by Ishaq bin Yahuda, a merchant who lived in the 9th century. Bin Yahuda lived in Sohar, and sailed for China between the years of 882 and 912 after an argument with a Jewish colleague, where he made a great fortune. He returned to Sohar and sailed for China again, but his ship was seized and bin Yahuda was murdered at the port of Sumatra.
## Benjamin of Tudela visits Muscat {#benjamin_of_tudela_visits_muscat}
A historical journey to visit far-flung Jewish communities was undertaken by Rabbi Benjamin of Tudela from 1165 to 1173 that crossed and tracked some of the areas that are today in the geographic area of Oman. His trek began as a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. He may have hoped to settle there, but there is controversy about the reasons for his travels. It has been suggested he may have had a commercial motive as well as a religious one. On the other hand, he may have intended to catalogue the Jewish communities on the route to the Holy Land so as to provide a guide to where hospitality may have been found for Jews travelling to the Holy Land. He took the \"long road\" stopping frequently, meeting people, visiting places, describing occupations and giving a demographic count of Jews in every town and country.
One of the known towns that Benjamin of Tudela reported as having a Jewish community was Muscat located in the area of Oman in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula.
## Later community {#later_community}
In the mid-19th century, the British Lieutenant James Raymond Wellsted documented the Jews of Muscat in his memoirs *Travels in Arabia, vol. 1*. He mentions that there are *\"a few Jews in Muskat (sic), who mostly arrived there in 1828, being driven from Baghdad\...by the cruelties and extortions of the Pacha Daud.\"* He also notes that Jews were not discriminated against at all in Oman, which was not the case in other Arab countries (they did not have to live in Ghettos, nor identify themselves as Jews, not walk in the road if a Muslim was walking on the same street, as was the case in Yemen). The Jews of Muscat were employed mostly in the making of silver ornaments, banking, and liquor sale. Despite the lack of persecution in Oman, the community is believed to have disappeared before 1900. During World War II, a Jewish American Army enlisted man, Emanuel Glick, encountered a small community of Omani Jews in Muscat, but this community consisted mostly of recent migrants from Yemen.
## Modern politics {#modern_politics}
Omani officials have begun to reach out to Jewish American and Israeli leaders. In 2008, the American Jewish Committee hosted a meeting at which: \"Israeli and Omani leaders gathered at AJC to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Middle East Desalination Research Center, one of the success stories of efforts to deepen Arab-Israeli cooperation. Speakers include Sayyid Badr, secretary-general of the Foreign Ministry of Oman; Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni; and Charles Lawson of the U.S. State Department. (Video: *Israeli, Omani Leaders Celebrate*
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# Dettenheim
**Dettenheim** (South Franconian: *Deddene)* is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
The city of Dettenheim consists of the former municipalities **Liedolsheim** and **Rußheim (Russheim)**. Liedolsheim includes the village of Liedolsheim and the inn and farm of Dettenheim. Rußheim includes the village of Rußheim, the site of a former RAD camp, and houses, grinding mill, public low-income housing estate, and lumber mill. In the area of Liedolsheim are the former settlements of **Nackheim** and **Schure**.
## History
In ancient times various German tribes inhabited the land along the banks of the river Rhine.
### Alt-Dettenheim {#alt_dettenheim}
The name Dettenheim goes back to an ancient village founded about 788 on the present-day western boundary of the municipality, located directly beside the river Rhine.
The village was destroyed during the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), then rebuilt. Over the decades of the 18th century the course of the Rhine moved east, flooding the little community more frequently. (The Rhine has since been changed to the west in its course so that in 2000 the old settlement was a few hundred meters from the Rhine). Subsequently in 1813 all the villagers migrated about sixteen kilometers east southeast, entered the boundaries of what was then *Altenbürg*, and founded the village and church of *Karlsdorf*---now part of the municipality of Karlsdorf-Neuthard. Because Karl, Grand Duke of Baden, had granted approval for the move, the new settlement was named in honour of him. Today the old Dettenheim is called **Alt-Dettenheim**, which consists of only a few houses, including the Gasthaus Löwen (The Lion Guesthouse), rest building, a former brickworks and a memorial boulder. Alt-Dettenheim is a hamlet so is now within one of Dettenheim\'s two districts.
### Liedolsheim
Liedolsheim is located at Latitude/Longitude: N 49° 9\' 31.50\" E 8° 25\' 19.99\" (49.15875, 8.42222). In the tumultuous time of the short lived Weimar Republic, Liedolsheim was an early stronghold of the Nazis. In the mid-1920s, agriculture dominated Liedolsheim; about 3% of the labor force were industrial workers in Karlsruhe and Hochstetten, or were employed at a local brickyard. Around 84% of farmers cultivated an area of less than two hectares and were therefore on additional farms as day laborers or relied on local trade. According to historian Kurt Hochstuhl, agriculture and handicrafts were exposed to a particular economic pressure, so that the \"fear of proletarianization led\" to a \"collective mental state\", \"which could easily be exploited for political purposes\".
The oldest local Nazi Party group in Baden, the Liedolsheimer group arose from a folkish \"reading club for race and the German folk\" in 1920 which German Nationalists protected and Trutzbund joined. After its ban in July 1922, the club constituted as a local branch of the Nazi party, which was later also banned in Baden. In July 1923, twenty-four Liedolsheimer residents - including the brothers Albert and Robert Roth and a village teacher named August Kramer - drove to Munich, officially to attend a gymnastics festival participate. In Munich there was a meeting with Hitler in which the formal recording of the Liedolsheimer group was arranged in the party. A \"Schlageter celebration\" declared Meeting of National Socialists in Liedolsheim in the same month had a police operation that resulted in the arrest of the brothers Roth failed in the face of their popular support. In the general election in May 1924 a Nazi Party associated organization, the Völkisch Social-block, received 51.9% of the vote in Liedolsheim and 6.5% overall. In December 1924 35.9% of the voters voted for the Deutschvolkische Nazi Party, voting for Robert Roth. In all future elections until 1933, at least one third of the voters decided for the Nazis. In the mayoral election in 1925, there were National Socialists provoked riots in which the Nazi Party member Gustav Kammerer was shot. After a major fire in which several houses and several barns were destroyed in August 1927, Hitler visited Liedolsheim.
### Rußheim
Since at least 1653 Rußheim has been a community. It is located at Latitude/Longitude: N 49° 11\' 4.99\" E 8° 25\' 19.99\" (49.18472, 8.42222). The *Rußheimer Altrhein-Elisabethenwört* is a great nature area, with peaceful walking trails and meandering bicycle paths. Photographers and painters frequent the area.
### Liedolsheim-Rußheim renamed Dettenheim {#liedolsheim_rußheim_renamed_dettenheim}
On January 1, 1975, the municipalities of Liedolsheim and Rußheim were merged in the course of municipal reform to become the community of **Liedolsheim-Rußheim**. For simplicity the new municipality was renamed Dettenheim on 1 January 1978 because the lengthy name Liedolsheim-Rußheim had been found to be disadvantageous and the historical name Dettenheim was preferred versus possible artificial names.
The previous separation of Dettenheim is the reason that its districts have different area codes.
| 780 |
Dettenheim
| 0 |
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# Dettenheim
## History
### Coats of Arms of Districts {#coats_of_arms_of_districts}
Dettenheim has two *Ortsteile* i.e. Districts.
<File:Wappen_Liedolsheim.png%7CLiedolsheim> <File:Wappen_Russheim
| 19 |
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| 1 |
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# Arizona flagstone
**Arizona flagstone** is composed of rounded grains of quartz which are cemented by silica. Other minerals are present, mostly as thin seams of clay, mica, secondary calcite, and gypsum. Arizona flagstone is mainly quarried from the Coconino and Prescott National Forests.
Although flagstone and dimension stone are quarried from all over the state of Arizona, the town of Ash Fork, Arizona, is well known as the center of production and has proclaimed itself \"The Flagstone Capital of the World\". Extensive outcrops of Arizona flagstone are also found in Mohave, Coconino, Yavapai, Navajo, Apache, and Gila counties
| 99 |
Arizona flagstone
| 0 |
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# Kürnbach
**Kürnbach** is a municipality in the district of Karlsruhe in southwestern Baden-Württemberg. This historic wine village features half timbered houses and lies around 60 kilometers northwest of Stuttgart. The village was once owned by two states and governed by three administrations, making it a constitutional rarity in Germany. Today it is known for its Schwarzriesling, or Black Riesling, which is actually a type of Pinot Noir.
## Geography
### Location
The historic wine village of Kürnbach, known as the Black Riesling village in the Kraichgau hill country, is one of the few communities in Germany with a history of shared governance. It is located in the northwestern Stromberg-Heuchelberg Nature Park near Zabergäu in the valley Humsterbaches. The Humsterbach was dammed as a retention basin east of the village next to Schlosswiesensee. To the west, the landscape opens up to the typical cultivated hill country of Kraichgau, while to the east a large contiguous forest area of Stromberg-Heuchelberg nature park begins.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The municipality of Kürnbach includes the Aussiedlerhöfe Heiligenäcker and the estates of Humstermühle, Klostermühe, and Rohrmühle.
## History
### Middle Ages {#middle_ages}
In the time of Charlemagne there already stood a wooden church in Kürnbach, which was later replaced by a Romanesque stone building. The oldest surviving reference to Kürnbach dates back to 1278. It is a goods list of the monastery of Weissenburg. The document indicates that Kürnbach was already in the possession of the Benedictine monastery. About 100 years later, the name of a noble family of Kürnbach appears for the first time. In 1543 Kürnbach got the market right.
### Condominium
The homeland poet Samuel Friedrich Sauter referred to Kürnbach as \"\... this market town of two states, divided into Hesse and Baden...\". Thus the condominium Kürnbach offers a constitutional rarity. Two-thirds of the town belonged to the county Hesse and one-third to the Duchy of Württemberg (and from 1810 to the Grand Duchy of Baden). The village was divided into two states but had no border. Nationality was assigned based on specific inhabited houses, which means that a resident\'s citizenship could change with the purchase of a particular house.
Around 1300, two-thirds of Kürnbach became a fief of the Counts of Katzenlnbogen. Engelhard von Liebenstein pledged the other part of the village to the Duchy of Württemberg in 1320. In 1479, the Counts of Katzenlnbogen were inherited by the Landgraves of Hesse. Kürnbach now belonged two-thirds to the county Hesse and one-third to the Duchy of Württemberg, forming a condominium. Individual cultivated land was assigned to one of the two dominions but could change these as well. Therefore, there were three different administrations, pertaining respectively to Hesse, Württemberg (later Baden) and the condominium as a whole.
After the fractional division of land, the Hessian proportion came to the county Hesse-Darmstadt. With the peace of Schönbrunn, the Württemberg proportion came to the Grand Duchy of Baden. Kürnbach formed an enclave in Baden state territory and bordered the rest of the Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1835, a separate municipal code was issued. There were two mayors elected for a six-year term, and each mayor chaired the council for three years and ran his own registry office.
Three municipal calculations had to be conducted: one Baden, one Hessian and one for the condominium, with two different financial years on two different legal bases. The residents of Kürnbach profited from this, because they paid less than \"true\" Badeners or Hesse. In addition, during the 19th century, Hesse consistently resisted ceding rights in Kürnbach to Baden.
After the founding of the Reich in 1871 and the subsequent legal unification, the constitutional construct Kürnbach in fact appeared more abstruse and the privileges of the \"tax haven\" were reduced. Despite Kürnbachers\' resistance, a state treaty between the two states was concluded on May 11, 1903, in Heidelberg. It was determined that Kürnbach would belong to the Grand Duchy of Baden from 1 January 1905. In exchange, the Grand Duchy of Hesse received the enclave Michelbuch and almost 300 ha of Baden forest near Heddesbach.
### Emigration to America {#emigration_to_america}
In the middle of the 19th century, the poverty rate was particularly high. In addition to poor harvests, there were many wine-losing years, which led to a wave of emigration to America.
The most famous Kürnbacher was John Adam Treutlen, who later became governor of Georgia. Other well-known emigrants are Blickensdörfer, Pfeiffer, Krämer and Weisert.
### 20th century {#th_century}
The restoration of the village began in 1965. From this year, Kürnbach belonged first to the district office Bretten, then to the district Sinsheim, which was dissolved in 1973. Since then, the village has been assigned to the district of Karlsruhe.
## Religion
Since the Reformation Kürnbach is predominantly evangelical. In addition to the parish of the regional church there is also a Protestant-Methodist and a new Apostolic congregation. Roman Catholic faithful are cared by the community in Oberderdingen-Flehingen. Every religious community has its own church in the village.
| 830 |
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| 0 |
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# Kürnbach
## Population development {#population_development}
- 1939 1,145 inhabitants
- 1950 1,665 inhabitants
- 1970 2,130 inhabitants
- 2010 2,277 inhabitants
- 2015 2,330 inhabitants
- 2020 2,394 inhabitants
## Politics
### Mayors
- 1905--1919 Theodor Henninger
- 1919--1933 Karl Heinrich Hauser
- 1934--1945 Otto Hauffe
- 1945--1947 Karl Heinrich Hauser
- 1947--1964 August Büchele
- 1964--1984 Kurt Böckle
- 1984--2016 Karl-Heinz Hauser
- 2016--2024 Armin Ebhart
- 2024--present Moritz Baumann
### Regional council {#regional_council}
After the local election of 2014 there are four voter communities represented in the municipal council.
- FWV (35,3 %): four seats
- Handel, Handwerk und Gewerbe (HHG) (25,1 %): three seats
- Liste 4 (26,0 %): three seats
- Liste 90 (13,7 %): two seats
## Blazon
The municipality Kürnbach leads as a coat of arms a standing in red silver eagle claw.
## Partnerships
Since 1983 Kürnbach has a partnership with the community Ziersdorf in Austria.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Education
Kürnbach has its own elementary school and two kindergartens.
## Culture and sights {#culture_and_sights}
### Historic center {#historic_center}
In the historic center there are numerous half-timbered buildings of different eras, such as the Hessen-Kelter, the Deutschherrenhaus, which was once a supply situation for the Teutonic Order, or the moated castle, which was built from a previous moated castle. In 1266 the castle was owned by the Lords of Liebenstein. From 1380 were knights of Balzhofen and after the knights of Sternenfels on castle Kürnbach. Until the mid-19th century the castle was a family property of the Grand Dukes of Hesse, then the property was privately owned. The castle is surrounded by greenery and at the former Upper Gate houses there is the old town hall and the old schoolhouse.
### Church
In Kürnbach stood around 800 a wooden church which was later replaced by a Romanesque stone building and is now known as the Protestant Michael\'s Church. It received the present look through the reconstruction (1721 -- 1725) after the building was destroyed in the Thirty Years \'War. Among the art treasures of the church include the choir vault; the crucifix from the 16th century, which is created with sandstone; five-meter-high Renaissance tomb for Bernhard von Sternenfels and his wife Maria Agatha von Weitershausen and the organ, which was built in 1834 by the Heidelberg organ builder Wilhelm Jacob Overmann.
### Museums
The Historic Actien Museum, housed in a historic peasant estate near the Upper Gate, has been showing historic securities since 1976.
### Personalities
- Kurt Böckle (1922--1993); mayor from 1964 to 1984, honorary citizen to leave office
- Friederike Louise Löffler (1744--1805); pharmacist\'s daughter and well-known cookbook author, born in Kürnbach, mother of Henriette Löffler, also known as a cookbook author
- Friederike Hauffe (1801--1829); the \"seer of Prevorst\", lived from 1821 to 1826 in Kürnbach
- John A
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# Alternative in Action High School
**Alternative in Action High School** (formally known as the **Bay Area School of Enterprise**) is a charter high school in Alameda, California, located near Alameda College. It is the first youth-created charter high school in the United States, created by ten youth and two adults working in the afterschool program HOME Project to create a school for non traditional students. Entirely project-based, students participate in regular projects called \"enterprises,\" including a major \"enterprise\" in humanities each year.
Originally founded in 2001, it relocated in 2004 as the student base grew, and again in 2008. In 2014, the school moved location from Alameda to Oakland and changed its name from the \"Bay Area School of Enterprise\" to the current \"Alternative in Action High School\". It currently has an enrollment cap of 120 students, with just 93 students enrolled in the 2006--2007 school year
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