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# Kinda baboon
The **Kinda baboon** (***Papio kindae***) is a species of baboon present in the miombo woodlands of Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and possibly western Tanzania. It was once considered a subspecies of the yellow baboon (*P. cynocephalus*), then distinct enough to merit status as full species (*P. kindae*) under the phylogenetic species concept.
It is named after the town in southern DRC where the type-locality was found.
## Description
The Kinda baboon is golden in color with a light build and slender, lanky appearance. Their fur is somewhat longer and is less coarse and much softer compared to other baboon species. It is the smallest of all baboons; adult males are about the size of adult females of other baboon species. The Kinda baboon is also characterized by a shorter snout and pink circles around the eyes. Infants are usually born with white hair rather than black, typical of other baboons. Sexual dimorphism in Kindas is more moderate than in any other baboon species.
### Hybrid species {#hybrid_species}
Baboons in between the size of the Kinda baboon and the yellow baboon are present in northeastern Zambia, and possibly in northern Malawi and southwestern Tanzania as well. Such a broad area of intergradation has been taken as evidence of substantial genetic exchange between the two taxa.
Kinda baboons hybridise with chacma baboons in Kafue National Park in southern Zambia.
## Behaviour
The Kinda baboons live in multisexual groups, similar to olive and yellow baboons. These are often much larger, often comprising over 100 baboons. Compared to all other baboon species, Kindas are unusually docile and uniquely characterized by high levels of male investment in male-female social relationships. Strict social hierarchy with female permanent rank obtained from the mother was observed as in other species. Males join new groups and may rise in rank, but violent confrontations are mostly avoided
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# Jeremy Field
**Jeremy Field** is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the University of Exeter. Prior to this, he was a senior lecturer in the Department of Biology at University College London between 1995 and 2007, and Professor of Evolutionary Biology at the University of Sussex from 2007 to 2016.
He completed his BA and PhD at Cambridge University, between 1982 and 1987, and went on to take up postdoctoral positions at various institutions including the University of York and Rice University, Houston, Texas.
His research group specialises in the behavioural and evolutionary ecology of social systems, using eusocial insects as models. The team\'s current work involves large-scale, long-term projects, running over several years, modelling and micro-satellite based work to investigate gene-relatedness, and assign offspring to parents. The organisms which his team works on most are wasp and bee species Halictus, the hover wasp, and Polistes, the paper wasp. Some papers have been published as a result of these studies, in *Nature* and *Behavioral Ecology*. He has also, more recently, been quoted and written about in short articles for the \'Metro\' newspaper amongst others, after he named a species of hover wasp \"hairy-faced\".
He is also an associate editor of the scientific journal \'Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology\'
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# Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation
The **Museum of Dacian and Roman Civilisation** is a museum in Deva, Romania. A brief history of Deva and its other neighbouring citadels as well as extensive archaeological discoveries from the numerous sights in and around the Orăştie Mountains are exhibited in the museum.
The museum was founded in 1882 as the County Museum and houses one of the most important archaeological collections in Transylvania, including numismatic, ethnographic and natural science exhibits. The museum is housed in the 17th century Magna Curia Palace, constructed in 1621 under the authority of Prince (Voivode) Gabor Bethlen. Under Bethlen\'s rule, Deva was the capital of Transylvania, for a brief period. The palace is located at the foot of the citadel hill next to a small park.
In a separate building next to the palace is the Natural History Museum (Muzeul Stintale Naturii). The Art Gallery branch of the museum (Sectia de Arta) is located in the opposite prefecture, on the other side of the park and on the corner of Str. 1 Decembrie and Str. Avram Iancu.
## Museum address {#museum_address}
: Dacian and Roman Civilization Museum
: B-dul 1 Decembrie 1918 nr. 39
: Deva
: jud
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# Symphony No. 31 (Michael Haydn)
Michael Haydn\'s **Symphony No. 31 in F major**, Perger 22, Sherman 31, MH 405, was written in Salzburg in 1785.
Scored for 2 oboes, 2 English horns, 2 bassoons, 2 horns, and strings, in three movements:
1. Allegro assai
2. Andante cantabile, in B-flat major
3. Presto
## Discography
On the CPO label, this symphony is available on a CD that also includes Symphonies Nos. 21, 30 and 32; Johannes Goritzki conducting the Deutsche Kammerakademie Neuss
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# Temeni
**Temeni** (*Τέμενη*) is a village in the municipal unit of Aigio, Achaea, Greece. It is situated between the river Selinountas and the Gulf of Corinth, 4 km southeast of Aigio town centre and 1 km west of Valimitika. The spring water Avra is manufactured near Temeni
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# PPG Paints Arena
**PPG Paints Arena** is a multi-purpose indoor arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that serves as the home of the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). It previously was the home of the Pittsburgh Power of the Arena Football League (AFL) from 2011 to 2014.
Construction was completed on August 1, 2010, and the arena opened in time for the 2010--11 NHL season. It replaced the Penguins\' former arena, Civic Arena (formerly known as Mellon Arena), which was completed in 1961. A ceremonial ground-breaking was held on August 14, 2008. The arena is the first Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) gold-certified arena in both the NHL and AFL. Soon after the arena opened in 2010 it was named \"Best New Major Concert Venue\" in the Pollstar Concert Industry Awards and \"Best NHL Arena\" in the *Sports Business Journal* reader poll. The arena was originally named **Consol Energy Center** (**CEC**) after Consol Energy purchased the naming rights in December 2008. The current name comes from Pittsburgh-based PPG Industries, who purchased naming rights in October 2016.
## Planning and funding {#planning_and_funding}
Soon after buying the Penguins in 1999, Mario Lemieux began exploring a replacement for Pittsburgh Civic Arena, the oldest arena in the NHL (built in 1961). In an attempt not to use public funding, the Penguins filed for a slots license under the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board. The Penguins were granted the license, though the decision of which casino company would receive approval was the Gaming Control Board\'s decision. The Lemieux Group reached an agreement with Isle of Capri Casinos, which offered to fully fund a US\$290 million arena, if Capri could also construct a \$500 million casino nearby. Other casinos, including Majestic Star Casino and Forest City Enterprises, also agreed to partially contribute to the arena\'s funding. On December 20, 2006, the Gaming Control Board awarded the license to Majestic Star Casino, who agreed to pay \$7.5 million for the first 30 years, in addition to the Penguins paying \$4 million per year. The casino experienced financial difficulty, which could have led to taxpayers financing the entire project. However, on August 14, 2008, the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board selected Neil Bluhm to take ownership of the casinos, which pulled the casinos out of risk of bankruptcy. The casino, now known as the Rivers Casino, eventually opened on August 9, 2009, in the North Side Chateau neighborhood.
The arena\'s funding plan was agreed upon by Lemieux, Pittsburgh mayor Luke Ravenstahl, and Pennsylvania governor Ed Rendell on March 13, 2007, after much negotiation. During negotiations, the Penguins explored moving the franchise to Kansas City or Las Vegas (the latter of which received an NHL expansion team in 2017); after the deal was made the Penguins agreed to stay in Pittsburgh for at least 30 more years. Lemieux later stated that relocating the franchise was never a possibility, but instead it was a negotiation tactic to help the team get funding for the arena from both state and local officials. The arena was originally scheduled to open for the 2009--10 NHL season; however, this was pushed back to the 2010--11 NHL season. The arena was expected to cost approximately \$290 million, but rose to \$321 million due to increased cost of steel and insurance. The Penguins agreed to pay \$3.8 million per year toward construction, with an additional \$400,000 per year toward capital improvements. After \$31 million cost rise, the Penguins pledged an additional \$15.5 million, while the State and Sports and Exhibition Authority split the difference. In September 2009, the State contributed an additional \$5.08 million from the \"Pennsylvania Gaming Economic Development and Tourism Fund\" to cover a rising \"interest on variable rate bonds\".
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# PPG Paints Arena
## Design and construction {#design_and_construction}
Populous, designers of PNC Park and Heinz Field, designed the building working with local architect Astorino to develop the construction documents, while the ICON Venue group and Oxford Development oversaw the building of the arena. More than a dozen buildings were razed in order to create room for the new arena. On April 8, 2008, Populous presented design renderings to the Pittsburgh City Planning Commission, receiving negative feedback. Local architect Rob Pfaffmann went so far as to say, \"If I put a Home Depot sign on that, it looks like a Home Depot.\" Populous returned on May 6 with new plans, which were unanimously approved by the City Planning Commission. `{{Quote box
| quote ="This is going to be, technologically, one of the most advanced buildings in the country."
| source =—[[David Morehouse]], Penguins president<ref name=Sneak/>
| width =25%
| align =right
| style =padding:8px;
}}`{=mediawiki}
The Penguins have contacted the Pittsburgh Technology Council, which includes 1,400 businesses, in order to find new technologies to implement into the arena\'s design. On demand replays from touch-screens will be available in luxury suites, while \"Yinz Cam\"---a system developed by Carnegie Mellon University students---will allow any fans to view instant replays from multiple angles on their cell phones. The arena\'s capacity will be 18,087 for hockey, in honor of Sidney Crosby\'s number *87*, and 19,000 for basketball games. The venue will hold 14,536 to 19,758 for concerts, depending on the layout. The venue will also include 1,950 club seats and 66 suites, in honor of Mario Lemieux\'s number *66*. Ticket prices will range from \$115,000 to \$150,000 per season for luxury boxes to individual game tickets at \$22. Ken Sawyer, Penguins\' chief executive officer, asked that the interior be modeled after that of the venue then known as Jobing.com Arena in Glendale, Arizona. \"I was just taken aback by their seats,\" said Sawyer, \"Even when I was up in a high level, I had a great view.\" NHL Commissioner Gary Bettman called the building \"very well designed.\" Bettman liked the size of the concourses and the view offered of Pittsburgh\'s skyline.
Mario Lemieux along with officials from the state and local governments ceremonially broke ground on a new hockey arena on August 14, 2008. Shovels, with shafts made from team captain Sidney Crosby\'s used hockey sticks, were used for the ground-breaking ceremony. Erection of structural steel took place from January 2009 to August 2009. While the arena was under construction, the Penguins won the Stanley Cup, and brought the Cup to the arena\'s construction site on July 9, 2009, during the offseason.
The arena was originally named for Consol Energy, the largest producer of bituminous coal in the United States, which signed a 21-year agreement with the Penguins in December 2008. Secondary sponsors of the arena are PNC Wealth Management, UPMC, Verizon, American Eagle Outfitters, and Dick\'s Sporting Goods, the last three being existing sponsors carrying over from the Civic Arena. On October 4, 2016, PPG Industries purchased the naming rights from Consol as a result of Consol wanting to get out of the naming rights deal due to the company struggling financially as a result of low energy prices. Consol, which is also planning on letting its naming rights deal for Consol Energy Park expire, will remain a corporate sponsor with the Penguins in a lesser role.
PPG Paints Arena is one of the only major sports venues whose soft drink contract is not with The Coca-Cola Company or PepsiCo. (Coca-Cola previously held the contract with Civic Arena.) Instead, Dr Pepper Snapple Group holds a contract, and serves its own products such as RC Cola, Diet Rite, Cherikee Red, and Sunkist Orange Soda, in addition to its more popular brands such as Dr Pepper, 7 Up, and A&W Root Beer that are typically sold alongside Coca-Cola or Pepsi products in other venues. At the time of the arena\'s opening, Heinz Field sold Coca-Cola products and PNC Park sold Pepsi products, making Pittsburgh\'s three major sporting venues initially each selling different soft drinks. In 2012, Heinz Field joined PNC Park in pouring Pepsi products, breaking a 50-year commitment with Coca-Cola, while PNC Park switched to Coca-Cola products for 2014. The final years of the Civic Arena were without a pouring rights contract due to its impending demolition. In this time, Coca-Cola retained pouring rights in fountains (seemingly due to the cost of a large scale changeover) and Dr Pepper/7 Up products were exclusively sold in bottles. This is one of the few times that a venue this large has sold products from competing soft drink companies.
As with most other NHL arenas, the Penguins make use of a goal horn whenever the team scores a goal at home. It is also played just before the beginning of a home game, and after the Penguins win. Their current goal horn, made by Nathan Manufacturing, Inc. and introduced in 2005 to coincide with the arrival of Sidney Crosby to the team, was brought over from the Civic Arena to the PPG Paints Arena after the Penguins closed the Civic Arena.
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# PPG Paints Arena
## Hockey
### Penguins
Team owner Mario Lemieux and captain Sidney Crosby officially opened the new ice on July 27, 2010, the same day as the official press conference to announce the 2011 NHL Winter Classic at Heinz Field. The two skated for about five minutes before being joined on the ice by a group of young hockey fans all wearing Lemieux\'s #66 or Crosby\'s #87 jerseys.
The Penguins opened the arena with a pre-season game on September 22, 2010, with a 5--1 win over the rival Detroit Red Wings. Penguins forward Mike Comrie scored the first goal in the new arena, 81 seconds into the game. The team also added a third home pre-season game to the schedule. Team President David Morehouse said, \"Our feeling is that more fans will want the chance to see and experience Consol Energy Center, so we thought it made sense to add the third preseason home game.\"
The Penguins officially opened the building on October 7, 2010, against their cross-state rivals Philadelphia Flyers, with the Penguins falling 3--2. The first goal was scored by the Flyers forward Daniel Brière at 2:51 in the 2nd period, a power play goal. The first Penguin goal was scored by forward Tyler Kennedy 44 seconds into the third period. The stars of the game were awarded to Kennedy, Claude Giroux and Flyers rookie goaltender Sergei Bobrovsky, who made 29 of 31 saves in his NHL debut. The Penguins earned their first win at the arena on October 15, 2010, against the New York Islanders, prevailing on an overtime power-play goal by defenseman Alex Goligoski. It was also the first overtime game at the new arena. Goaltender Brent Johnson earned the win for the Penguins, making 22 saves.
The first playoff game in PPG Paints Arena was against the Tampa Bay Lightning on April 13, 2011. The first playoff goal in the building was scored by Alexei Kovalev. The Penguins would go on to win the first playoff game by a score of 3--0. Marc-André Fleury had a 32-save shutout. The Penguins would go on to lose in seven games.
During the 2011 off-season, 300 seats were added, increasing the hockey seating capacity from 18,087 to 18,387.
PPG Paints Arena hosted its first Stanley Cup Finals in 2016, which saw the Penguins defeat the San Jose Sharks in six games to clinch its fourth Cup. Although the Penguins clinched the Cup at the SAP Center (home of the Sharks), PPG Paints did host a watch party for what turned out to be the series-clinching game, charging \$10 for admission with all proceeds going to the Pittsburgh Penguins Foundation. Concessions and the team store were open, and the arena\'s goal horn played after every Penguins goal just like at a regular home game. The arena hosted a similar watch party the following year for game six while the Penguins played the Nashville Predators at Bridgestone Arena, which like the year before turned out to be the series-clinching game for the Penguins\' fifth Cup. `{{Panorama
| image = File:Consol Energy Center Panoramic2.jpg
| fullwidth = 3425
| fullheight = 11556
| caption = Panorama view of the lower bowl of PPG Paints Arena before the first playoff game at the arena in 2011.
| height = 250
}}`{=mediawiki}
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# PPG Paints Arena
## Hockey
### Collegiate
On July 13, 2010, the arena was selected to host the 2013 NCAA Frozen Four, scheduled for April 11 and 13, 2013. The Penguins along with Robert Morris University hosted the first NCAA Division I Men\'s Ice Hockey championship held in the state of Pennsylvania; the event also marked the first time that an NCAA championship game in a major team sport had been held in the city of Pittsburgh. \"We are absolutely thrilled to have been chosen to host the 2013 Frozen Four at the (Consol Energy Center),\" RMU head men\'s ice hockey coach Derek Schooley said. \"The Frozen Four will be a major showcase for the city of Pittsburgh as well as our emerging hockey program. This is one of the NCAA\'s premier events, and Robert Morris and the city of Pittsburgh will be an excellent host.\"
In December 2012, the arena began hosting the Three Rivers Classic, a two-day Division I college ice hockey tournament. The inaugural tournament took place on December 28--29, 2012 and featured teams from Penn State, Robert Morris, Ohio State and Miami (Ohio). Robert Morris won the first Classic title in a 1--0 win over Miami. The 2013 Classic featured Robert Morris and Penn State as the permanent fixtures, and also featured Boston College and Bowling Green University, with Boston College winning 8--2 over Penn State in the championship game. Meanwhile, teams such as Michigan and Minnesota are seen as potential participants for upcoming Classics.
The first collegiate event at PPG Paints Arena was the fifth-annual College Hockey Showcase on October 17, 2010, hosted by Robert Morris. In the event\'s first game the Lady Colonials were defeated 4--3 by the Northeastern Huskies. The Colonials ACHA club team beat Pitt 6--4. In the arena\'s first NCAA men\'s game, the Colonials men\'s team defeated Air Force, 3--2.
In conjunction with the 2011 NHL Winter Classic, held on January 2 at nearby Heinz Field, a collegiate game and an American Hockey League (AHL) game were contested at PPG Paints Arena on December 30, 2010. The first game matched the RIT Tigers men\'s ice hockey team against the Robert Morris Colonials; RIT won 4--3. The second game matched the top-level affiliates of the two Winter Classic teams (the Penguins and the Washington Capitals), the Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins and the Hershey Bears; the Bears won 1--0.
### PWHL
On March 17, 2024, the PWHL played a one-off game between the Toronto Sceptres and the Montréal Victorie (both of which were unnamed at the time) in front of a crowd of 8,850 fans, making it the largest attended women\'s hockey game in Pittsburgh.
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# PPG Paints Arena
## Basketball
Both the University of Pittsburgh and Duquesne University have dedicated locker rooms in the arena for use by the schools\' basketball teams. Both schools made their first appearance on December 1, 2010, in the City Game, the first ever basketball game hosted in the venue. A neutral venue, Pitt was designated as the home team for the game, which the Panthers won 80--66. The first points at the arena were made by Duquesne freshman guard T. J. McConnell, with a basket at 27 seconds into the game.
The arena hosted the 2010 SEC/Big East Invitational, featuring Auburn playing Rutgers and Pittsburgh taking on Tennessee in Pitt\'s second appearance at PPG Paints. The games were televised nationally on ESPN2 and ESPN respectively.
Duquesne hosted three home games in the 2010--11 season: on December 12 against West Virginia, against Dayton on January 30, 2011, and against Xavier on February 13, 2011. During the 2012--2013 NHL lockout, Duquesne again hosted three home games -- December 12 vs. West Virginia, January 19 vs. VCU, and February 9 vs. Xavier. For the 2013--14 basketball season, Duquesne hosted Penn State on December 11 and Dayton on February 22.
Duquesne hosted round of 64 and round of 32 games of the 2012 NCAA Division I men\'s basketball tournament at the arena and hosted the round of 64 and round of 32 again in 2015. Duquesne had hosted three prior times at Civic Arena: 1997, 2001 (women\'s) and 2002. In 2022 Duquesne hosted the Round of the NCAA Division I men\'s basketball tournament.
During his tenure as Commissioner of the NBA, David Stern mentioned the arena as a possible home for an NBA franchise should one move to Pittsburgh.
For their 2017--18 season and part of the 2018--19 season, the arena served as the home of the Robert Morris Colonials men\'s basketball team for several games while the new UPMC Events Center was constructed on campus.
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# PPG Paints Arena
## Arena football {#arena_football}
Shortly after PPG Paints was built, the Arena Football League considered starting an expansion team in the arena, but the league folded in August 2009. However, after a two-year hiatus, the AFL returned and eyed an expansion team in Pittsburgh. On August 19, 2010, news sources reported that PPG Paints Arena would be home to the Pittsburgh Power, which began play in the spring of 2011. The team\'s ownership group includes former Pittsburgh Steelers and Pro Football Hall of Fame member Lynn Swann. Pittsburgh was the 5th city added for the 2011 AFL season, joining the San Jose SaberCats, Kansas City Command, New Orleans VooDoo and Philadelphia Soul -- who were all previous members of the Arena Football League. In nine home games, the Power averaged 9,197 fans per game, a figure that included an audience of 13,904 that showed up for the season opener against the Philadelphia Soul. Overall, the Power ranked sixth among the 18 Arena Football League teams in average attendance through 17 games that season, and its average attendance was about 1,000 people more than the AFL average.
## Gymnastics
In 2016, the arena hosted the Kellogg\'s Tour of Gymnastics Champions.
## Wrestling
The 2019 NCAA Division I men\'s wrestling championship was held at the arena in March 2019.
## Professional wrestling {#professional_wrestling}
The arena has hosted various WWE pay-per-views and premium live events, including Royal Rumble in 2014, Roadblock: End of the Line in 2016, Extreme Rules in 2018 and Payback in 2023. It has also hosted various *Raw* and *SmackDown* TV shows. The arena planned to host *Raw* on March 16, 2020, but on March 12, the show, along with all other WWE events at that time, were canceled and relocated to the WWE Performance Center due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
## Transportation access {#transportation_access}
PPG Paints Arena is served by exits at Mile 1 of Interstate 579 and exits 70A and 72B of Interstate 376; it is also within 1 mile of Interstate 279. Three blocks to the west of the center is the Steel Plaza transit station of the Pittsburgh subway system.
## Events
The arena opened on August 18, 2010, with a performance by Paul McCartney. The demand for the first show was so great that tickets sold out within five minutes of going on sale. This prompted the addition of a second show, a day later on August 19. Originally, Pittsburgh-native Christina Aguilera was planning to open the arena on August 3, 2010. Due to conflicts with construction, Aguilera canceled her show.
## In media {#in_media}
*Justified*, an FX television drama that debuted in March 2010, used the center\'s final construction phase as a filming location to depict the \"new Federal Courthouse\" on the show.
*Grudge Match* a 2013 film shot its climactic fight scene at the PPG Paints Arena
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# Joseph Wiggins
**Joseph Wiggins** FRGS (3 September 1832 -- 13 September 1905) was an English mariner, born at Norwich into a family of mailcoach operators.
He rounded out a successful career as a sea captain by utilizing a portion of the northern sea route to Siberia. He was the pioneer in demonstrating the practicability of trade relations by sea between the North Sea countries and the northern portion of Siberia. Beginning his voyages in 1874, he twice reached the Ob River, and five times carried cargoes to the Yenisei River, up which stream he once navigated his ship 2000 miles (3218 km). He facilitated the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway by carrying to that country a large cargo of rails.
He was honored by the Czar for his pioneer work, which Baron Nordenskiöld described as an \"Event rivaling in importance the return of the first fleet loaded with merchandise from India\". In 1894 he was awarded the Murchison Award by the Royal Geographical Society.
In 2016, it was reported that the wreck of the steamship *Thames*, with which Wiggins had made an expedition to the Yenisei River in 1876 and which sank there in 1878, had been discovered
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# Emergency oxygen system
**Aircraft emergency oxygen systems** or air masks are emergency equipment fitted to pressurized commercial aircraft, intended for use when the cabin pressurisation system has failed and the cabin altitude has climbed above a safe level. It consists of a number of individual yellow oxygen masks stored in compartments near passenger seats and near areas like lavatories and galleys, and an oxygen source, like a centralized gaseous cylinder or decentralized chemical oxygen generator.
## Use
Most commercial aircraft that operate at high flight altitudes are pressurized at a maximum cabin altitude of approximately 8,000 feet. On most pressurized aircraft, if cabin pressurization is lost when the aircraft is flying at an altitude above 4,267 m (14,000 feet), compartments containing the oxygen masks will open automatically, either above or in front of the passenger and crew seats, and the oxygen masks will drop down in front of the passenger. Oxygen masks may also drop on extremely rough landings or during severe turbulence if the oxygen mask panel becomes loose. Rows of seats typically have an extra mask (e.g. 3 seats, 4 masks), in case someone has an infant in their lap, or someone in the aisle needs one.
An oxygen mask consists of a yellow, soft, silicone facial cup with white elastic bands for securing the mask to the passenger\'s face. This band is adjustable by pulling two ends looped through the facial cup. The mask may also have a concentrator or re-breather bag that may or may not inflate depending on the cabin altitude, which has (in some instances) made passengers nervous the mask was not providing adequate oxygen, causing some to remove them, who thereby suffered hypoxia. All airlines now make a point in the safety video or demonstration to point out that the bag may not inflate. The bag is attached to a tube, connected to the oxygen source in the compartment, allowing for it to drop down and hang in front of the passengers. To operate on all aircraft, they must be pulled sharply toward the user to un-clip the flow pin and start the process of transporting the oxygen to the passenger. Passenger oxygen masks cannot deliver enough oxygen for sustained periods at high altitudes. This is why the flight crew needs to place the aircraft in a controlled emergency descent to a lower altitude where it is possible to breathe without emergency oxygen. While the masks are being used, passengers are not allowed to leave their seat for any reason until it is safe to breathe without the emergency oxygen. If there is a fire on board the aircraft, masks are not deployed, as the production of oxygen may further fuel the fire.
Aircraft safety cards and in-flight safety demonstrations shown at the beginning of each flight explain the location and use of oxygen masks.
Some aircraft, such as the Saab 340/2000 and the Beechcraft 1900D, have a mask system where either a mask is stored under the seat or is distributed by the cabin attendant. These masks are removed from packaging and plugged into the socket for oxygen supply.
On the Boeing 777-300ER and Boeing 787, oxygen masks only consist of the mask and tube. Passengers breathe into the mask to start oxygen flow, and there are no side straps, as the mask adjusts automatically.`{{clarify|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
Portable oxygen supplies for cabin crew are not a suitable substitute for medically-necessary therapeutic oxygen, even in an emergency, because it does not provide enough oxygen to overcome Dalton\'s Law.`{{clarify|why would they want to "overcome Dalton's law"?|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Emergency oxygen system
## Mechanism
There are currently three systems that are typically found on aircraft:
- A *chemical oxygen generator system* connected to all masks in the compartment. Pulling down on one oxygen mask removes the firing pin of the generator igniting a mixture of sodium chlorate and iron powder, opening the oxygen supply for all the masks in the compartment. Oxygen production cannot be shut off once a mask is pulled, and oxygen production typically lasts at least 15 minutes, sufficient for the plane to descend to a safe altitude for breathing without supplemental oxygen. During the production of oxygen, the generator becomes extremely hot and a burning smell may be noted and cause alarm among passengers, but this smell is a normal part of the chemical reaction. \"For any aircraft which carries more than a very few passengers, the weight, complexity and maintenance issues associated with a compressed gas system would be prohibitive. As a consequence, the industry relies on chemical oxygen generators.\"
- A *gaseous manifold system*, which connects all oxygen masks to a central oxygen supply, usually in the cargo hold area. Pulling down on one oxygen mask starts the oxygen supply for that mask only. The entire system can usually be reset in the cockpit or in some other location in the aircraft.
- A decentralized gaseous system, often called a pulse oxygen system, is used on some modern airliners such as the Boeing 787. These systems have a small high pressure gas cylinder to support the number of masks located within the box. These systems differ from the other two in that they don\'t require an accumulator bag as they don\'t provide continuous oxygen, rather they only provide small pulses of oxygen upon inhalation by the user.`{{clarify|How do they do this?|date=July 2023}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Emergency oxygen system
## Dangers
Combustion is the exothermic chemical reaction between oxygen and a fuel, producing a flame and smoke. Because an oxidiser is necessary for a fire, oxygen-generating equipment on aircraft pose a significant fire hazard and have contributed to several aircraft fires, both on the ground and while in flight.
### Incidents
Aircraft accidents and incidents related to oxygen supply systems include: `{{expand list|date=June 2018}}`{=mediawiki}
- ValuJet Flight 592 (1996) - Expired chemical oxygen generators were improperly prepared and labelled as company material and without being designated as HAZMAT and placed in the cargo hold of a passenger aircraft, where they caught fire in flight resulting in a crash that killed all 110 persons onboard.
- ABX Air Flight 1611 (2008) - Cockpit fire in a Boeing 767 on the ground before departure caused by an unexpected electric current in the anti-kink spring a pilot\'s oxygen mask hose to ignite the hose in the presence of oxygen inside the hose that remained from pre-flight checks, although there was no indication that the oxygen supply was breached and began feeding the fire; both pilots safely evacuated the cockpit, but the aircraft was declared a total loss.
- Qantas Flight 30 (2008) - According to the final report, \"one passenger oxygen cylinder\...had sustained a sudden failure and forceful discharge of its pressurised contents into the aircraft hold, rupturing the fuselage in the vicinity of the wing-fuselage leading edge fairing. The cylinder had been propelled upward by the force of the discharge, puncturing the cabin floor and entering the cabin adjacent to the second main cabin door. The cylinder had subsequently impacted the door frame, door handle and overhead panelling, before falling to the cabin floor and exiting the aircraft through the ruptured fuselage.\"
There were no fatalities.
- EgyptAir Flight 667 (2011) - Fire which began around the copilot\'s oxygen supply while the aircraft was boarding passengers, possibly due to a breach and sudden release of oxygen into the mask ignited by an electrical fault in the mask hose; no fatalities, but the aircraft was declared a total loss
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# Bob Segarini
**Robert Joseph Segarini** (28 August 1945 -- 10 July 2023) was an American-Canadian recording artist, singer, songwriter, composer, and radio host. During a professional music career primarily developed between 1968 and the early 1980s, Segarini was particularly popular in Canada. He is also notable as one of the founding members of The Wackers.
## History
Segarini\'s earliest band, The Ratz, was a local Los Angeles group with Gary Duncan, who later formed Quicksilver Messenger Service. Around 1966, Segarini formed **Family Tree** with guitarist and keyboardist Jimmy De Cocq, singer Michael Dure, drummer Vann Slatter, and bassist Bill \"Kootch\" Trochim. The group released a folk rock-style single on the Mira label, before signing with RCA Records; they released a second single on RCA in 1967, followed by their only album, *Miss Butters*, in 1968. Now considered one of the first concept albums (inspired by Segarini\'s real-life kindergarten teacher, Miss Grady) it features a suite of songs that depict the life of a spinster school teacher, Miss Butters, who is born into a showbiz family, but experiences a failed relationship that leads her to devote life to children and teaching, before dying old and lonely. Produced by Rick Jarrard, with arrangements by George Tipton, it was recorded during the same period that Jarrard and Tipton were working on the Harry Nilsson LP *Aerial Ballet* - Nilsson collaborated with Segarini on the track \"Butters Lament\" and the album features some of the same session players who contributed to *Aerial Ballet*.
Next Segarini formed Roxy with De Cocq and Randy Bishop playing bass and vocals. The group signed with Elektra Records in 1969, but after one album, producer Gary Usher reorganised the band adding drummer Spencer Earnshaw and former guitarist from Family Tree, Mike Stull, and bassist Bill \'Kootch\' Trochim. The new group released three albums as The Wackers, *Wackering Heights*, *Hot Wacks*, and *Shredder*.
Segarini, together with Randy Bishop, co-wrote and recorded two songs for the film *Vanishing Point* (1971), *Dear Jesus God* and *Over Me*. He has also worked with UK songstress Elkie Brooks.
In 1974, Segarini founded The Dudes, with Trochim and Wayne Cullen from the final Wackers aggregate, Ritchie and David Henman - previously with April Wine, and Brian Greenway, future April Wine guitarist. They recorded one album for Columbia Records, *We\'re No Angels*, and almost completed a second album before Columbia dropped them from their roster leading to the band break-up. Parts of the second album made their way onto CD along with a collection of unreleased recordings, *All The Young Dudes - All The Old Demos* on Pacemaker, put together for (and only sold at) their 1997 reunion show.
Segarini went on to a solo career, recording four albums: *Gotta Have Pop*, *On The Radio*, *Goodbye L.A.*, and *Vox Populi*. The first three have recently been remastered and re-issued with bonus tracks by Bullseye Records.
During the mid-1980s, Segarini began his career in the radio industry, first with CHUM-FM, followed by several stints at Classic Rock radio station CILQ - known to Toronto locals as Q107. It was there that he adopted the moniker \"The Iceman\". In 2009, after a successful stint on Sirius Satellite Radio\'s channel 85, Segarini began writing weekly columns for FYI Music - an online magazine devoted to the music industry. His thrice-weekly column was titled \"Don\'t Believe a Word I Say\", named after his 1979 single from *Gotta Have Pop*.
Segarini died in Toronto on 10 July 2023, at the age of 77. He had been fighting diabetes.
## Solo discography {#solo_discography}
### Albums
Year Album CAN Label
------ ------------------ ----- -----------
1977 *EP* --- A&M
1978 *Gotta Have Pop* 94 Bomb/Epic
*On the Radio* ---
1979 *Goodbye L.A.* 89
1981 *Vox Populi!* --- Anthem
### Singles
Year Single Chart Positions
------ ------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------------- -----
CAN CAN AC CAN Country
1978 \"When the Lights Are Out\"/\"Dressed in the Dark\" --- ---
1979 \"Gotta Have Pop\"/\"People Are Strange\" (UK) --- ---
\"Don\'t Believe a Word I Say\"/\"People Are Strange\" 97 ---
\"Livin\' in the Movies\"/\"Dressed in the Dark\" (UK) --- ---
\"It\'s Christmas Time\"/\"It\'s Christmas Time (Instrumental)\" --- ---
1980 \"Goodbye L.A.\"/\"Livin\' in the Movies\" 81 ---
\"Please Please Please\"/\"Demographics\" --- ---
1981 \"City Bred\"/\"Danger Guy\" --- 6
\"Voice of the People\"/\"Money in the Pocket\" --- ---
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# Bob Segarini
## Releases (1965-81) {#releases_1965_81}
**1965 The Us -- Single**
Just Me/How Can I Tell Her (Autumn Records - unreleased) featured on the album \'Nuggets from the Golden State - Dance With Me: the Autumn Teen Sound\' (Big Beat Records CDWIKD 128, 1994)
**1968 Family Tree -- Miss Butters (RCA LPM-3955 & LSP-3955)**
Birthday/Dirgeday, Melancholy Vaudeville Man, Any Other Baby, Sideshow, Mrs. McPheeny, Butters Lament, Simple Life, Slippin\' Thru My Fingers, Nine to Three, Lesson Book Life, Nickelodeon Music, Miss Butters, Underture, Keepin\' a Secret,\* Do You Have the Time?,\* She Had To Fly,\* He Spins Around\*
**Family Tree -- Singles**
Prince of Dreams/Live Your Own Life (Mira 228, 1966) Keepin\' a Secret/Do You Have the Time? (RCA 47-9184, 1967) Slippin\' Through My Fingers/Miss Butters (RCA 47-9565, 1968) She Had To Fly/He Spins Around (RCA 47-9671, 1968)
**1969 Roxy (Elektra EKS 74063)**
Love, Love, Love, Sing a Song, New York City, Somebody Told You, Love for a Long Time, Windy Day, You Got a Lot of Style, I Got My Friends, Yesterday\'s Song, Rock & Roll Circus
**Roxy -- Singles**
Love Love Love/New York City (Elektra EK45682, 1969) Rock and Roll Circus/Somebody Told You (Elektra EK45683, 1969) Listen To The Music/Tickets (Elektra EK45717, 1970) (We Gotta) Stop The War (Promo) (Elektra PEACE-1, 1970)
**1971 Segarini and Bishop -- Vanishing Point Soundtrack (Amos AAS 8002 - USA Soundtrack STCS1410 - UK)**
Dear Jesus God, Over Me
**1971 The Wackers -- Wackering Heights (Elektra EKS 74089)**
Travelin\' Time, Body Go Round, Don\'t Be Cruel, Country Queen, Strangers, Don\'t Put Down the Singer, I Don\'t Want My Love Refused, White House, I Like, On the Way Up, Such a Good Thing, No Place for the Children
**1972 The Wackers -- Hot Wacks (Elektra EKS 75025)**
I Hardly Know Her Name, We Can Be, Oh My Love, Wait And See, Do You Know The Reason, Breathe Easy, Time Will Carry On, Maybe Tomorrow, Hot Wacks, Anytime / Anyday, Find Your Own Way, Time Will Carry On (Won\'t It? )
**1972 The Wackers -- Shredder (Elektra EKS 75046)**
Day And Night, Hey Lawdy Lawdy, I\'ll Believe In You, Puttin Myself To Sleep, Eventually - Even You, Even Me, Coming Apart, It\'s My Life, Beach Song, Buck Duckdog Memorial Jam, Last Dance
**1973/2011 The Wackers -- Wack \'n\' Roll (Bullseye Records WACK-001)**
I Started To Rock, Rock And Roll Circus, Little Queenie, In The Aisles, Juvenile Delinquent, Teenage Love, Don\'t Fly Off the Handle, Captain Nemo, Tonight/Demons, She Loves You (Live),\* Roll Over Beethoven (Live)\*
**The Wackers -- Singles** I Don\'t Want My Love Refused/I Like (Elektra EK45743, 1971) Body Go Round/White House (Elektra EK45758, 1971) Oh My Love (Promo)/Same (Elektra EK45772, 1972) I Hardly Know Her Name/Do You Know the Reason (Elektra EK45783, 1972) Day and Night/Last Dance (Elektra EK45816, 1972) Hey Lawdy Lawdy/I\'m In Love (Elektra EK45841, 1973) All I Wanna Do Is Love You/I Got A Feelin\' (Polydor2065226, 1974) Captain Nemo/Tonite (Bomp102, 1975)
**1975 The Dudes -- We\'re No Angels (Columbia PC33577)**
Saturday Night, Fuel Injection, I Just Wanna Dance, Lylee Lady, Deeper and Deeper, Dancin\' Shoes, Got Me Where You Want Me, My Mind\'s on You, Rock & Roll Debutante, We\'re No Angels
**(1996 CD Release/2009 Mp3 Download) The Dudes -- All The Young Dudes - All The Old Demos (Pacemaker Records/Bullseyesongs Mp3 Download)**
Please Mr Postman, Rock and Roll Debutante, Little Queenie, Time On My Hands, Fuel Injection, Right Down To It, City Bred, Too Young, Wimmin R Strange, Marlene, Sugar, Meet You After School, Linda, Gotta Have Pop, Dancin\' Shoes, Sweet Love, Laurel Ann, Silk N Lace
**The Dudes - Singles**
Dancin\' Shoes (Promo)/Same (Columbia10259, 1975) Saturday Night/Rock & Roll Debutante (Columbia10212, 1976)
**1977 Segarini -- EP (A&M AM452)**
Wanna Get To Know You Better, Starlight, I Want You To Stay, I\'m Not Your Fool
**1978 Segarini -- Gotta Have Pop (Bomb/Epic BOMB7027 - CAN, EPC 83806 - UK)**
Gotta Have Pop, Hide Away, Afraid Of The Ocean, I Don\'t Want To Lose You, Don\'t Believe A Word I Say, Livin\' In The Movies Steady Eddie, Dressed In The Dark, When The Lights Are Out, Love Story, Starlight,\* Body Go Round,\* Laurel Ann,\* C\'est Tout,\* Livin\' In The Movies (Remix),\* Groucho Marx,\* Goodbye\*
**1978 Segarini -- On The Radio (Bomb/Epic BOMB7030 - CAN)**
Gotta Have Pop,\* Teenage Love, I Don\'t Want To Lose You, People Are Strange, Afraid Of The Ocean, Hideaway, All I Want To Do Is Love You, Steady Eddie, Dressed In The Dark, When The Lights Are Out, Love Story, Don\'t Believe A Word I Say, Zoom,\* Juvenile Delinquent
**1979 Segarini -- Goodbye LA (Bomb/Epic BOMB/EPIC90576 - USA, BOMB7032 - CAN, EPC 84086 - UK)**
I Like the Beatles, I Hardly Know Her Name, Odd Couples, Day and Night, Nervous Breakdown, Teenage Love, Please, Please, Please, Rock & Roll Moment, Who\'s Lovin\' You, Demographics, Goodbye L.A., My Baby Is an Airhead, It\'s Christmas,\* It\'s Christmas (Jingleoke),\* In My Life (Live)\*
**1981 Segarini -- Vox Populi! (Anthem ANR11028 - CAN)**
Voice of the People, Waitin\' In Line, City Bred, Have Love Will Travel, Money In The Pocket, Danger Guy, Get It Back, City Night, Too Late, My Baby Is An Airhead (Part 2)
**Segarini - Singles**
When The Lights Are Out/Dressed In The Dark (BOMB5015 - CAN, 1978) Gotta Have Pop/People Are Strange (EPIC SEPC7474 - UK, 1979) Don\'t Believe A Word I Say/People Are Strange (BOMB5018 - CAN, 1979) Livin\' In The Movies/Dressed In The Dark (EPIC SEPC78029 - UK, 1979) Goodbye L.A/Livin\' In The Movies (EPIC E48369 - CAN, 1979) It\'s Christmas Time/Instrumental (EPIC E48381 - CAN, 1979) Please, Please, Please/Demographics (BOMB5033 - US, EPIC E48384 - CAN, SEPC8223 - UK, 1979) City Bred/Danger Guy (Anthem ANS029 - CAN, 1981) Voice Of The People/Money In The Pocket (Anthem ANS033 - CAN, 1981)
- Bonus tracks from the CD releases of the albums
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# The Playa Rich Project 2
***The Playa Rich Project 2*** is a compilation presented by American rapper Spice 1. It was released January 22, 2002 on LGB Music Group. The album is a follow-up compilation to *The Playa Rich Project*, released in 2000. It features performances by Spice 1, E-40, Bad Azz, Kurupt, Outlawz, Big Tymers, Rappin\' 4-Tay, Jayo Felony and E.S.G.
Several tracks were also released on *Spiceberg Slim*, including: \"Lucky That I\'m Rappin\", \"You Got Me Fucked Up\", \"That\'s OK\" and \"Turn the Heat Down\". One song, \"Here We Go Again\", was also released on the Lil\' Keke album, *Birds Fly South*.
*The Playa Rich Project 2* was released in between two Spice 1 studio albums, *The Last Dance* (2000) and *Spiceberg Slim* (2002).
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Allmusic - \"\...*Playa Rich Project 2* is a mix of rappers from both the mainstream and the underground. Featuring big names like (Spice 1), E-40, and Kurupt, this album mostly serves to showcase some of the lesser-known rappers in the business, including Captain Save \'Em, Lil\' Keke, and Mr. Serv-On.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Lucky That I\'m Rappin\'\" (Spice 1 & Jayo Felony)
2. \"Ain\'t Nothin to It But to Do It\" (Bad Azz, Eastwood, Roscoe, Krooked Nation & Lil\' J)
3. \"Run and Duck\" (Kurupt)
4. \"Get Old\" (Mr. Serv-On)
5. \"I Be Him\" (Spice 1)
6. \"Millionaire Playas\" (Big Tymers & T-Mac)
7. \"Here We Go Again\" (Lil\' Keke)
8. \"You Got Me Fucked Up\" (Spice 1)
9. \"That\'s OK\" (Spice 1 & Rappin\' 4-Tay)
10. \"Sex Tonight\" (E-40 & Captain Save\'m)
11. \"Trapped\" (AK)
12. \"You Think You Ain\'t\" (Tucept)
13. \"Hold It Up\" (E.S.G., P.K.O. & Big Pokey)
14
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# Ainsworth State Park
**Ainsworth State Park** is a state park in eastern Multnomah County, Oregon, near Cascade Locks. It is located in the Columbia River Gorge, adjacent to the Historic Columbia River Highway. The park, administered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, offers a seasonal, full-service campground, access to Gorge hiking trails beyond park boundaries, and a day-use area.
Ainsworth State Park lies within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, and is 4 mi from Multnomah Falls. It is named for John Churchill Ainsworth (1870--1943), a prominent Oregon businessman, Portland banker and chairman of the State Highway Commission from 1931 to 1932. He donated the land in 1933 that became the park and was a son of pioneer steam-boatman John Commingers Ainsworth.
## History
The park was affected by the Eagle Creek Fire, but damage was limited
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# Drunken monkey hypothesis
The **drunken monkey hypothesis** proposes that human attraction to alcohol may derive from dependence of the primate ancestors of *Homo sapiens* on ripe and fermenting fruit as a dominant food source. Ethanol naturally occurs in ripe and overripe fruit when yeasts ferment sugars, and consequently early primates (and many other fruit-eating animals) have evolved a genetically based behavioral attraction to the molecule.
This hypothesis was originally proposed by Robert Dudley of the University of California at Berkeley, and was the subject of a symposium at the 2004 annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. His book *The Drunken Monkey: Why We Drink and Abuse Alcohol* was published in 2014 by the University of California Press. Dudley suggests that, whereas most addictive substances have a relatively short history of human use, attraction to and consumption of ethanol by various primates may go back tens of millions of years. The odors of ripening fruit would help primates find scarce calories in tropical rain forests, given that ethanol is a relatively light molecule and is moved rapidly by winds through vegetation. This once-beneficial attraction to and consumption of ethanol at low concentrations may underlie modern human tendencies for alcohol use and alcohol abuse
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# La Mar province
**La Mar** is a province in the north-east corner of the Ayacucho Region, Peru. It was created on March 30, 1861.
## Geography
One of the highest mountains of the province is Rasuwillka at approximately 4800 m. Other mountains are listed below:
## Political division {#political_division}
The province is divided into ten districts (Spanish: distritos, singular: distrito), each of which is headed by a mayor (alcalde). The districts, with their capitals in parentheses, are:
- Anco (Chiquintirca)
- Ayna (San Francisco)
- Chilcas (Chilcas)
- Chungui (Chungui)
- Luis Carranza (Pampas)
- San Miguel (San Miguel)
- Santa Rosa (Santa Rosa)
- Samugari (Palmapampa)
- Tambo (Tambo)
- Anchihuay (Anchihuay)
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
The people in the province are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (82.96%) learnt to speak in childhood, 16.58% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
## Archaeology
Some of the most important archaeological sites of the province are K\'allapayuq Urqu and Waraqu Urqu
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# Kęstutis Kasparavičius
**Kestutis Kasparavicius** was born on 2 June 1954 Aukstadvaris, Lithuania. In 1962- 1972 studied at M.K.Ciurlionis Art School, a choir conducting class. In 1972- 1981 studied at the Academy of Fine Arts in Vilnius, a graphic design class. Since 1984 he has been working as a children\'s books illustrator and author and has completed 65 books. Kestutis favorite technology is watercolour. His books have published in 22 languages: Lithuanian, German, English, Spanish, Catalan, Portuguese, Italian, Estonian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Polish, Russian, Ukrainian, Croatian, Turkish, Chinese(Mandarin, Chinese(Simplified), Korean, Hungarian, Slovenian, Romanian, Albanian. In 1993 he was honored as Illustrator of the Year by Bologna Children\'s Book Fair, 2003 Bologna Illustrators Exhibition Award for Excellence and his illustrations have selected for fair\'s illustrators exhibition 13 times. Kestutis was also awarded the Golden Pen of Belgrade, 1990, the II Diploma Premi International Catalonia d\`Illustracio, Barcelona, 1994, Diploma, Tallinn Illustrations Triennial, 2006; The Best Lithuanian Children\'s Book, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2012; Lithuanian Children\'s Literary Award, 2008; The Gold Sign of Lithuanian Artists Assotiation, 2010; Baltic Sea Region Jānis Baltvilks International Prize in Children\'s Literature and Book Art, Riga, 2010; Atrapallibres Award for Children\'s Literature, Barcelona, 2011; The White Ravens list, Internationale Jugendbibliothek, München, 2013; Premio Vittoria Samarelli, Associazione Giuseppe Acerbi, Castel Goffredo, 2013; \"Außergewöhnliches Buch 2015\", Internationalen Literaturfestival in Berlin, 2015; German and European Garden Book Award, 2018; Kęstutis was nomined for The Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award, 2005, 2006, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2017, and 2022 also for The Hans Christian Andersen Award, 2008, 2010 and 2018.
Kasparavičius is known for his short feel-good stories about various comic characters. Bears, pigs, rabbits, and turtles find themselves trapped in puzzling and thought-provoking situations. Kasparavičius draws children\'s attention with detailed, colorful, and bright watercolor illustrations that are accompanied by humorous and witty stories.
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# Kęstutis Kasparavičius
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
- 1990 Golden Pen award, Belgrade, for the book ‚New Year" by J.Degutytė;
- 1993 UNICEF award "Illustrator of the Year", Bologna Children\'s Book Fair, for the book „Duck and Kangaroo" by E.Lear;
- 1994 II Diploma "Premi International Catalonia d\`Illustracio", Barcelona, for the book „The Honest Thief" by F.Dostoevsky and „Schlaraffenland" by R.Fröhlich;
- 2003 Award for Excellence, Bologna Children\'s Book Fair, for the book „The Pied Piper of Peru" by A. Tompert;
- 2005 The Best Lithuanian Children\'s Book, for the book „Silly Stories" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2006 Diploma, Tallinn Illustrations Triennial, for the book „Short Stories" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2007 Diploma, Vilnius Book Fair, for the book „Short Stories" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2007 The Best Lithuanian Children\'s Book, for the book „The Missing Picture" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2008 The Best Lithuanian Children\'s Book, for the book „Florentius the Gardener" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2008, Salonul International de Carte pentru Copii, Chisinau, Moldova, for the book „Florentius the Gardener" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2008 Children\'s Literature Award by the Ministry of Education and Science of Lithuania;
- 2009 The Best Lithuanian Children\'s Book, for the book „The Hare Marcus the Great" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2010 Baltic Sea Region Jānis Baltvilks International Prize in Children\'s Literature and Book Art, Riga, for the book „The White Elephant" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2010 Golden Sign by Lithuanian Artists' Association;
- 2011 Atrapallibres Award for Children\'s Literature, Barcelona, for the book „Short Stories" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2012 International Board on Books for Young People, IBBY Honor List, for the book „The Little Winter" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2012 The Best Lithuanian children\'s book, for the book „The Dream Cat" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2013 The White Ravens list, Internationale Jugendbibliothek, München, for the book „The Dream Cat" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2013 Premio Vittoria Samarelli, Associazione Giuseppe Acerbi, Castel Goffredo, for the book „Strawberyy Day" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2013 The most beautiful Lithuanian children\'s book, for the book „Underwater Story" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2015 Nami Concours(Korea), short list, for the book „The Shaky Knight", by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2015 \"Außergewöhnliches Buch", 15. Internationalen Literaturfestival in Berlin, for the book „Pinocchio" by C.Collodi;
- 2017 Nami Concours(Korea), short list, for the book „The Neighbour around the Corner" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2018 \"German and European Garden Book Award", Dennenlohe, the 2nd place in \"The Best Garden Book for Children & Youth\" category for the book „Florentius the Gardener" by Kęstutis Kasparavičius;
- 2019 Lithuanian government Culture and Arts Award;
- 2020 The Order for Merits to Lithuania the Cross of the Knight;
- 2021 The winner of the Billboard Contest 2021, by Fine Art of America;
- Kestutis illustrations were selected to Bologna Children\'s Book Fair Illustrators Exhibition 1989, 1990, 1991,1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2008 and 2010
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# Sucre province
**Sucre** is a province in the eastern part of the Ayacucho Region in Peru.
## Geography
One of the highest mountains in the province is Qarwarasu at 5112 m. Other mountains are listed below:
## Political division {#political_division}
The province is divided into eleven districts.
- Belén (Belén)
- Chalcos (Chalcos)
- Chilcayoc (Chilcayoc)
- Huacaña (Huacaña)
- Morcolla (Morcolla)
- Paico (Paico)
- Querobamba (Querobamba)
- San Pedro de Larcay (San Pedro de Larcay)
- San Salvador de Quije (San Salvador de Quije)
- Santiago de Paucaray (Santiago de Paucaray)
- Soras (Soras)
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
The people in the province are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (76.47%) learnt to speak in childhood, 23.21% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census)
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# Víctor Fajardo province
**Víctor Fajardo** is a province in the centre of the Ayacucho Region in Peru.
## Boundaries
- North: province of Cangallo
- East: provinces of Vilcas Huamán and Sucre
- South: provinces of Lucanas and Huanca Sancos
- West: Huancavelica Region
## Geography
One of the highest mountains of the district is Hatun Urqu at approximately 4600 m. Other mountains are listed below:
## Political division {#political_division}
The province is divided into twelve districts (Spanish: distritos, singular: distrito), each of which is headed by a mayor (alcalde). The districts, with their capitals in parentheses, are:
- Huancapi (Huancapi), Anexos:Ccocha y Pitahua
- Alcamenca, Anexos: Huambo, Carampa, Mirata, Unya, Eccallo, Patallacta e Irimpay
- Apongo, Anexos: Paire, Chillanccay y Huayccohuasi
- Asquipata, Anexos: Chihuire y Morcolla Chico
- Canaria, Anexos: Raccaya, Taca y Umasi
- Cayara, Anexos: Chincheros y Mayopampa
- Colca, Anexos: Quilla y San José de Sucre
- Huamanquiquia, Anexos: Patará, Tinca y Ucho
- Huancaraylla, Anexos: Circamarca y Llusita
- Huaya, Anexo: Tiquihua
- Sarhua (Sarhua), Anexos: Auquilla, Chuquihuarcaya y Tomanga
- Vilcanchos, Anexos: Cocas, Espite y Urancancha
## Ethnic groups {#ethnic_groups}
The people in the province are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (86.22%) learnt to speak in childhood, 13.42% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census)
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# Lucio Godoy
**Lucio Godoy** (born 1958) is a Spanish-Argentine film composer and music producer.
He lived in Madrid from 1992 to 2013, working as a film ad TV composer, scoring and doing the music production for more than 50 feature films. In 2013, he became the director of the Scoring for Film, Television, and Video Games master\'s degree program at Berklee College of Music\'s campus in Valencia, Spain.
His feature film credits include: *Fin* (Jorge Torregrosa), *Blackthorn* (Mateo Gil), *Un cuento chino*, *Amador*, *Los Lunes al sol* (Fernando León de Aranoa), *Triage* (Danis Tanović), *Los girasoles ciegos*, *La educación de las hadas* (José Luis Cuerda), *Mataharis* (Icíar Bollaín), *El penalti más largo del mundo*, *El club de los suicidas* (Roberto Santiago), *Nacidas para sufrir*, *Cachorro* (Miguel Albaladejo), *El corredor nocturno*, *Las razones de mis amigos*, *Silencio en la Nieve*, (Gerardo Herrero), *Intacto* (Juan Carlos Fresnadillo), *Don\'t Move* (Sergio Castellitto) and *El aura* (Fabián Bielinsky).
He has also worked as musical producer for other composers\' films, including *Mar adentro*, *Los otros* (Alejandro Amenábar), *Todo sobre mi madre*, *Carne trémula* and *La flor de mi secreto* (Pedro Almodóvar).
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
His score for *The Education of Fairies* (2006) was described as \"\...delicately-wrought, attractive fare that perfectly complements the mood.\"
## Filmography
- *Cenizas a las cenizas* (1993)
- *Cachorro* (1996) a.k.a. *Bearcub*
- *Pintadas* (1996)
- *El Ramo de flores* (1996)
- *Sangre ciega* (1994)
- *Ataque verbal* (1999)
- *Marta y alrededores* (1999) a.k.a. *Marta and Surroundings*
- *Manolito Gafotas* (1999) a.k.a. *Manolito Four Eyes*
- *Desire* (1999)
- *La Primera Noche De mi Vida* 1998) a.k.a. *The First Night of My Life*
- *Las Razones de mis amigos* (2000) a.k.a. *Friends Have Reasons*
- *Carretera y manta* (2000) a.k.a. *To the End of the Road*
- *Intacto* (2001) a.k.a. *Intact*
- *Mujeres en un Tren* (2001) a.k.a. *Women in a Train*
- *El Cielo abierto* (2001) a.k.a. *Ten Days Without Love*
- *Carlos contra el mundo* (2002) a.k.a. *Carlos Against the World*
- *Los Lunes al sol* (2002) a.k.a. *Mondays in the Sun*
- *Rencor* (2002) a.k.a. *Rancour*
- *EL Lugar donde estuvo el paraíso* (2002) a.k.a. *The Place That Was Paradise*
- *El lápiz del carpintero* (2003)
- *El Principio de Arquímedes* (2004) a.k.a. *The Archimedes Principle*
- *Non ti muovere* (2004) a.k.a. *Don\'t Move*
- *Cachorro* (2004) a.k.a. *Bear Cub*
- *Melissa P.* (2005)
- *El Aura* (2005) a.k.a. *The Aura*
- *Heroína* (2005)
- *Hermanas* (2005)
- *Manchas* (2005)
- *Películas para no dormir: Regreso a Moira* (2006) (TV)
- *Los aires difíciles* (2006) a.k.a. *Rough Winds*
- *Volando voy* (2006)
- *Blackthorn* (2011)
- *Un cuento chino* (2011) a.k.a
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# Production write-through contract
A **production write-through contract** is an arrangement, specific to the film industry, where a screenwriter enters into a commercial agreement with a studio that guarantees the screenwriter the right to complete the necessary rewrites of the screenplay. The screenwriter will be on the set throughout the production of the film, and will do the rewrites that a production rewriter would otherwise do
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# The Night the Bed Fell
**\"The Night the Bed Fell\"** is a short story published by American author James Thurber in 1933. The story is a brief account of an event that took place at his house in Columbus, Ohio. It appears as chapter one of *My Life and Hard Times*.
## Structure
The story is a memoir written in the first person. It has a subjective angle, and is ordered chronologically.
The plot for \"The Night The Bed Fell\" starts with James Thurber describing eclectic members of his family, including a crazy cousin, Beall, who thinks he will die of suffocation in his sleep, an aunt who throws shoes down the house\'s hallway each night in a vain attempt to scare away burglars, and a grandfather that leaves the house for several days at a time, returning later and stating the Civil War as ongoing, and that the \"Army of the Potomac\" does not have a chance in hell. One of his aunts fears the day when someone will release chloroform in her bedroom to get her belongings.
The narrator relates an incident in his youth when a bed fell on his father. The father occasionally sleeps in the attic where he thinks before slumbering on an old wooden bed. By midnight of the particular night, everyone is in bed. At two in the morning, the narrator\'s own bed (an army cot) tips over. Unhurt, he continues to sleep. The noise awakens his mother, who thinks that the wobbly headboard on the bed in the attic had fallen on the father. His cousin awakes due to the mother\'s shouting, believing that he is not breathing. He pours a glass of camphor of spirits over his head and begins to choke. It is at this point the narrator awakes, believing people are trying to wake him to get him out of a perilous situation. The mother rushes to open the attic door but it is stuck. The battering on the attic door awakens the father, who thinks the house is on fire. He yells that he is coming but the family believes he is dying and giving up his spirit to God. The narrator and the brother finally emerge from the room; the dog, alarmed by all the noise, leaps at the cousin believing him an intruder. Finally, the father opens the attic door to demands to know what is happening, at which point they piece together the events of the night. When the incident finally gets sorted out the next morning, the mother, quite optimistic by nature, states thankfully, \"I\'m glad your grandfather was not at home\".
## Sequel
This story has a sequel, *More Alarms at Night*
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# Foster Wikner Wicko
The **Foster Wikner Wicko** was a 1930s British two-seat cabin monoplane built by the Foster Wikner Aircraft Company Limited at Southampton Airport, Hampshire.
## History
Geoffrey Wikner was an Australian aircraft designer who moved to England in May 1934 and with his partners formed the Foster Wikner Aircraft Company Limited to build a low-cost two-seat high-wing monoplane. Low cost was helped by fitting a standard Ford V8 vehicle engine instead of a specialist aero-engine. The V.8 was fitted with a Pobjoy reduction gear and was known as the **Wicko F** power unit. The prototype aircraft was built at the J.F. Lusty\'s furniture factory at Bromley-by-Bow. The completed aircraft, designated the **Wicko F.W.1** was taken by road to Stapleford Aerodrome, Essex and first flew in September 1936. Due to the 450 lb weight of the engine, the aircraft needed a long takeoff run and had a poor rate of climb.
The prototype was rebuilt as the **Wicko F.W.2** with a more powerful but much lighter -- 227 lb (103 kg) -- air-cooled Cirrus Minor I engine. This resulted in a useful reduction in overall weight but the price increased from £425 to £650. The second and subsequent aircraft were built at Southampton Airport after the company moved in 1937. The second machine was initially powered by a Cirrus Major motor and designated **F.W.3**, but later re-engined with a de Havilland Gipsy Major. The eight machines subsequently completed used this engine as reflected by the name **Wicko G.M.1**. At the start of the Second World War production ceased and one airframe remained unfinished.
One aircraft exported to New Zealand was impressed into wartime service with the Royal New Zealand Air Force, crashing in 1942. Seven aircraft in the United Kingdom were impressed and another accepted directly into wartime service with the Royal Air Force, under the service name **Warferry**.
The celebrated woman aviator and Air Transport Auxiliary veteran Lettice Curtis bought a Wicko after WWII, in which she competed in several *Daily Express* Air Races.
One aircraft first registered as G-AFJB in 1938 was still operational with a permit to fly as of 2008. It is one of only two RAF machines to survive the war and has also recovered from a post-landing 80 ft fall from a cliff.
## Variants
Wicko F.W.1:prototype with an 85 hp Wicko F modified Ford V8 engine\
Wicko F.W.2:prototype re-engined with a 90 hp Blackburn Cirrus Minor I\
Wicko F.W.3:fitted with a 150 hp Blackburn Cirrus Major engine\
Wicko G.M.1:production version with a 130 hp de Havilland Gipsy Major engine\
Warferry:Wicko G.M.1. in RAF service
## Operators
`{{NZL}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal New Zealand Air Force
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No. 24 Squadron RAF
## Specifications (Wicko G.M.1) {#specifications_wicko_g.m
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# Hebei–Rehe–Chahar Campaign
The **Hebei -- Rehe -- Chahar Campaign** (冀热察战役) was a series of battles fought in Northern China between the nationalists and the communists during the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era, and resulted in communist victory.
## Prelude
In the spring of 1948, the nationalist forces in Northeast China totaling 550,000 troops were besieged in three isolated pockets in Changchun, Shenyang and Jinzhou. In order to reinforce the nationalists in Northeast China, Chiang Kai-shek redeployed the nationalist Reorganized 54th Division from Qingdao to Jinzhou, and attempted to send reinforcement from Northern China as well. To prevent nationalist forces in Northern China from reinforcing Northeast China, the communists decided to launch a campaign in northern China to tie down the local nationalist forces.
## Order of battle {#order_of_battle}
Nationalist order of battle
- The 3rd Army
- The 4th Army
- The 16th Army
- The 35th Army
- The 92nd Army
- The 94th Army
- The 151st Division
- 2 brigades of the 8th Army
Communist order of battle
- The 3rd Column of the II Corps
- The 4th Column of the II Corps
- The 4th Brigade of the 2nd Column
- The 11th Column of the Northeastern Military District
- Three independent divisions of the Hebei -- Rehe -- Liaoning Military District
## Campaign
On May 12, 1948, the 11th Column of the communist Northeastern Military District ambushed two nationalist regiments returning to Chengde from Flat Spring (Ping Quan, 平泉) at regions of Three Ditches (三沟) and Six Ditches (六沟), badly mauling the nationalist units. At night of May 13, 1948, the communist 2nd Column started its eastward push by striking the nationalist strongholds in Yanqing. The nationalists redeployed their 35th Army, 94th Army, 3rd Army and 4th Army to Huailai, Yanqing and Xuanhua, while detachments from the nationalist 16th Army and 92nd Army were redeployed to Shahe and Nakou in an attempt to besiege the enemy, but the enemy had already passed the region to the east of Yanqing and continued its eastward push. By June 2, 1948, with the help of the 11th Column of the communist Northeast Military District and units of the communist Hebei -- Rehe -- Liaoning Military District, the communist II Corps had severed the Beijing -- Chengde Railway, taking towns / counties including Luanping (滦平) County, Longhua (隆化), Fengning (丰宁), and Flat Spring (Ping Quan, 平泉). As Chengde in the north and Beijing in the south were both threatened by the communist success, the nationalists were forced to redeploy three armies and two divisions from Huailai and Yanqing to Pinggu, and along the railroad from Huairou to Beijing to boost the local defense.
In order to disperse the nationalists, the communists redeployed their forces. Three independent divisions of the communist Hebei -- Rehe -- Liaoning Military District and the 3rd Column of the communist II Corps were organized into Right Flank Corps to penetrate into Pinggu region, while the communist 4th Brigade of the 2nd Column and the communist 4th Column were organized into the Left Flank Corps to strike eastern Hebei. By June 15, 1948, a dozen nationalist strongholds had fallen into enemy hands, including Fengrun (丰润), Renge Village (Rege Zhuang, 任各庄), Hazel Town (Zhenzi Zhen, 榛子镇) and Wild Chicken Tuo (Yeji Tuo, (野鸡坨)). The nationalist 151st Division defending the region was badly mauled by the enemy, losing over 5,000 troops and Tangshan was gravely threatened. In order to ensure the safety of Tangshan and the Beijing -- Shanhai Pass Railway, the nationalists were forced to redeploy seven divisions from Pinggu, reaching Fengrun (丰润) on June 18, 1948. Meanwhile, two nationalist brigades of the nationalist 8th Army in Shandong were transported to Qinghuangdao by sea and then pushed toward to the region west of Luan (滦) county in an attempt to besiege the enemy, but the enemy was already withdrawn to Lulong (卢龙) and Qian\'an (迁安) regions, thus successfully avoided the nationalist trap. Taking the advantage of the failed nationalist attempt to trap the enemy, the communist Right Flank Corps struck northward, taking Stone Box (Shixia, 石匣), Little Battalion (Xiao Ying, 小营) and besieged Ancient North Gate (Gu Bei Kou, 古北口) on June 19, 1948, thus forcing the nationalists to withdraw their troops elsewhere and redeploy them to reinforce the northern front. Taking the advantage of the nationalist redeployment, the communist 11th Column and the communist Left Flank Corps launched another offensive on June 23, 1948, and by June 25, 1948, successfully took all of the nationalist strongholds along the Stone Gate Street (Shi Men Jie, 石门街) to Lichang (昌黎) City line, thus concluding the campaign by severing the important link between northern China and Northeast China on land.
## Outcome
The nationalists lose over 24,390 troops in this campaign, including over 17,350 captured alive by the enemy and over 7,040 killed. Seven cities / towns and vast rural regions fell into the enemy hands, and additionally, the enemy had severed the communication / transportation lines of Beijing -- Suiyuan Railway, Beijing -- Chengde Railway, Beijing -- Liaoning Railway, and Beijing -- Hankou Railway. In contrast, the communists had successfully prevented the nationalists from sending nationalist force in northern China to Northeast China, in addition to the successes just described. The nationalist defeat was mainly due to the Chiang Kai-shek\'s uncompromising doctrine of holding on to as much land as possible, and as long as possible, which overstretched the numerically superior nationalist forces as they were dispersed to garrison vast regions. As a result, none of the garrison had enough strength to fight when enemy concentrated their forces and attacked with overwhelmingly numerically superior force
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# Mark Champion
**Mark Champion** (born August 8, 1950) is an American radio sportscaster who is the current primary radio play-by-play voice of the Detroit Pistons, a position he has served in since 2001. When the Pistons are on national television, however, George Blaha (usually the TV play-by-play man for Bally Sports Detroit) takes his place.
Born in Muncie, Indiana and educated at Ball State University, Champion served as a local sports reporter on Tampa-area radio and television stations in the 1970s. In 1979, he became the radio play-by-play announcer for the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.
After a decade-long stint at Tampa Bay, Champion moved to the Detroit area in 1989, calling games for the Detroit Lions (1989--2004), Detroit Pistons (2001--present), Detroit Fury (2001--2004), and Michigan State Spartans men\'s basketball. In 2004, Champion was the recipient of the prestigious Ty Tyson Award for Excellence in Sports Broadcasting, awarded by the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association.
In 2005, Champion was replaced on the Lions radio broadcasts with Dan Miller, who was sports director of Fox 2 Detroit television and, more significantly, a friend of Matt Millen, the Lions\' general manager at that time. This drew accusations from Detroit media critics that the Lions had installed a \"company man\" to replace Champion for possibly saying \"Holy Mackerel\" too frequently and for criticizing the Lions\' performance too bluntly (Link NSFW).
Champion (or rather, his voice) is perhaps best recognized for the post-Super Bowl television commercials he does for Walt Disney World each year. The ads, which have aired since 1987, feature an offscreen Champion telling the game\'s MVP, *\"\_\_\_\_\_ , you\'ve just won the Super Bowl. What are you going to do next?\"* To which the player invariably replies, *\"I\'m going to Disney World!\"*.
Mark Champion in 2010 entered his 17th season as radio play-by-play voice of the Detroit Pistons. He has also worked with Westwood One as a national radio voice for NFL games and NCAA men\'s basketball tournament games. Champion was an anchor for CBS Radio coverage of the 1992, 1994, and 1998 Winter Olympics, and has been an announcer for the Masters, Ryder Cup, and PGA Championship.
Champion was the voice of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for ten seasons and for sixteen years lead voice of the Detroit Lions. He called every run ever made by Hall Of Fame running back Barry Sanders. Champion was sports director at WWJ in Detroit and was part of the Bill Bonds Show on WXYT. He has been honored by the National Sportscasters Association and is a recipient of the Ty Tyson Award handed out by the Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association. Champion currently resides in Michigan. He has three children, Nicole, Carly and Evan Champion and two stepchildren and two grandchildren.
## Catchphrases
When announcing Lions football, Champion\'s signature catchphrases were \"It\'s off to the races!\" (used when Barry Sanders made a long run), \"How about that?!\" (whenever the Lions made a big play), \"Holy mackerel!\" (which could be uttered in jubilation or dismay, depending on the circumstances), and \"Man, oh, man!\" (after a referee made a bad call or the Lions\' opponent made a big play)
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# SouthSide Film Festival
The **SouthSide Film Festival** is an annual non-competitive, not-for-profit film festival that takes place each June in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. The first festival took place in 2004.
The \"SouthSide\" refers to the area of the city on the south side of the Lehigh River which was home to Bethlehem Steel and is currently undergoing redevelopment.
The festival\'s logo pays homage to that industrial heritage by including a representation of a blast furnace, still highly visible in Bethlehem. Film screenings take place on the campus of Lehigh University and in alternative venues such as Godfrey Daniels Listening Club and Deja Brew Coffeehouse.
From its inception through 2008, the festival has screened films from 54 countries and 31 states of the U.S. The festival focuses on independent filmmaking and features Invitational Films and Juried Selections, a highlighted genre, and a highlighted cultural region. Also included in the annual festival are filmmaking workshops to teach techniques and concepts to accomplished and aspiring filmmakers. Returning teachers include Mel Halbach and Clayton Farr of FilmTreks, Shanti Thakur of Hofstra University, and Pawel Partyka of Se-ma-for animation studio.
The SouthSide Film Festival and its host organization, The SouthSide Film Institute, have received numerous grants and awards including a Bethlehem Fine Arts Commission Organization of the Year award which noted \"By providing access to independent films for the public, creating a venue for film enthusiasts and filmmakers to come together, and mounting a children\'s film series, (the SouthSide Film Festival is) developing an appreciation for film as an art form and contributing to a thriving arts scene in Bethlehem that benefits the Lehigh Valley\"
With 2020 being cancelled caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the 17th was deferred to 2021.
It is the longest running film festival in Bethlehem
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# Campaign to the North of Nanchuan County
The **Campaign to the North of Nanchuan County**, Sichuan, was part of the Campaign in Southwestern China launched by the communists against the nationalists in the region to the north of Nanchuan (南川) County during the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era, and resulted in communist victory.
## Order of battle {#order_of_battle}
Defenders: nationalist order of battle:
- The XIV Corps
- The XV Corps
- The XX Corps
Attackers: communist order of battle:
- The III Corps of the Second Field Army under Chen Xilian (commander) and Zhang Linzhi (political commissar)
- The V Corps of the Second Field Army under Yang Yong (commander) and Su Zhenhua (political commissar)
- The 47th Army of the Fourth Field Army under Cao Lihuai (commander) and Zhou Chiping (political commissar)
## Campaign
The Campaign to the North of Nanchuan (南川) County begun on November 1, 1949, when the communists launched the Campaign in Southwestern China in multiple fronts against their nationalist adversary. By mid November 1949, one of the communist attacks on the nationalist XIV Corps and XX Corps had succeeded in breaching the nationalist defense on both flanks, resulting in Youyang (酉阳), Xiushan and Enshi falling into the enemy hands. By November 21, 1949, 4 divisions of the nationalist XIV Corps in the regions to the east of Salty Abundance (Xian Feng, 咸丰) in Hubei were completely annihilated by the enemy. The remaining nationalists was forced to retreat westward by crossing the Black River (Wu Jiang, 乌江). The communist III Corps and the 47th Army then turned their attention to the nationalist XV Corps and the XX Corps retreated to the region north of Nanchuan (南川) County by respectively crossing the Black River (Wu Jiang, 乌江) at regions including Gong\'s Beaches (Gong Tan, 龚滩), White Horse (Bai Ma, 白马), Tukan (土坎), and north of Peng\'s Waters (Peng Shui, 彭水). The major escape route to Qijiang (綦江) in the west for the nationalists were severed.
Chiang Kai-shek in Chongqing had realized the enemy\'s intention of besieging Chengdu and Chongqing by striking behind the nationalist line from western Hunan and western Hubei via Sichuan and Guizhou, and thus immediately ordered Hu Zongnan to conclude Qinling Campaign by withdrawing from the Qinling defensive line, and enter Sichuan from Qinling and Greater Ba Mountain (Da Ba Shan, 大巴山) to avoid being isolated and surrounded by the enemy. The nationalist XV Corps and the XX Corps were redeployed to strengthen the defense of Nanchuan (南川) county and the region to its east to secure the retreat of Hu Zongnan\'s troops. To counter the nationalist move, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping ordered the communist V Corps and the 10th Army to push toward Luzhou and Yibin from southwestern Guizhou, while the communist III Corps and the 47th Army to cross the Black River (Wu Jiang, 乌江) to push toward Nanchuan (南川) county and help other communist forces to besiege and annihilate the nationalist XV Corps and XX Corps. By November 28, 1949, the communist forces had fulfilled their tasks by badly mauling the two nationalist corpses in the region to the north of the county, thus successfully concluded the Campaign to the North of Nanchuan (南川) County.
## Outcome
This campaign was a part of the Campaign in Southwestern China, and the nationalists were defeated, losing around 30,000 in the process. The nationalist termination of the Qinling Campaign by withdrawing Hu Zongnan\'s troops from Qinling defensive line meant that the nationalists had lost a natural geographical barrier in the northern front, while the southeastern front was not improved either. As a result, the situation for the nationalists further worsened in the Campaign in Southwestern China
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# Le Crapouillot
***Le Crapouillot*** was a French magazine started by Jean Galtier-Boissière as a satiric publication in France, during World War I. In the trenches during World War I, the affectionate term for *le petit crapaud*, \"the little toad\" was used by French soldiers, the *poilus*, to designate small trench-mortars.
## Muckraking and satirical period {#muckraking_and_satirical_period}
The first issue of *Le Crapouillot* was published in August 1915, carrying the subtitle \"Courage les civils!\" (\"Take heart, civilians!\"). It was distributed at first, by Boissière, to his fellow soldiers. It was \"insolent\", \"non-conformist\" and carried the spirit of \"both the avant-garde of the belle époque and libertarian politics\". It was also a muckraking publication, focusing on sensitive subjects of its such as the origins and causes of the Great War; French soldiers\' mutinies; wartime homosexuality and prostitution in the Army; Entente propaganda; etc.
In 1925, the magazine became a monthly. From 1961 to 1964 it was published four issues per year. Until its close in 1990 the frequency of the magazine was irregular.
## Political period {#political_period}
After France was liberated from the German occupation in 1944, the magazine took a stand against the purges conducted against collaborators among the nationalist intelligentsia, such as the trial and execution of Robert Brasillach. Throughout the Fourth and early French Fifth Republics, and until its creator\'s death in 1966, the publication gradually became a forum for articles, reports and editorials written by French nationalists, including ex-Vichy collaborators, Holocaust deniers, right-wing anarchists, and neo-fascists, culminating in its final years, into a magazine strictly of the Extreme Right.
The nationalist journalist Roland Gaucher was its owner and chief editor between from 1991 to 1994. The publication of *Le Crapouillot* continued until 1996
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# Neshanic Station, New Jersey
**Neshanic Station** is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located within Branchburg, Somerset County, and extending into Readington Township, Hunterdon County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. In 2016, most of the community was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the **Neshanic Station Historic District**.
## Demographics
Neshanic Station was first listed as a census designated place in the 2020 U.S. Census.
As of 2020, the population was 5,224.
## History
Neshanic Station comes from the Algonquian language meaning \"double stream,\" and the community featured a station along the defunct South Branch Railroad, later a branch of the Central Railroad of New Jersey. The Lehigh Line of Norfolk Southern Railway (formerly the Lehigh Valley Railroad) still runs on tracks north of the community. Neshanic Station is situated at a latitude of 40.508N and a longitude of -74.73W. It is in the Eastern Standard Time Zone with an elevation of 92 feet.
The South Branch Raritan River passes east of the community. The Elm Street Bridge is a lenticular truss bridge that carries Elm Street (Somerset County Route 667) over the river out of the community to River Road (CR 567).
## Historic district {#historic_district}
The Neshanic Station Historic District is a historic district encompassing the village. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 8, 2016 for its significance in community development from 1857 to 1940. It includes 94 contributing buildings and 5 contributing structures.
## Gallery
<File:Neshanic> Station, NJ - historic district sign.jpg\|District information sign <File:103> Elm Street, Neshanic Station, NJ.jpg\|Second Empire style <File:305> Maple Avenue, Neshanic Station, NJ.jpg\|Colonial Revival style <File:Lenticular> Truss Bridge, Neshanic Station , NJ - area view.jpg\|Neshanic Station Lenticular Truss Bridge <File:NESHANIC> STATION HIST. DIST., SOMERSET COUNTY, NJ.jpg\|Old Station Building <File:NESHANIC> STATION HISTORIC DIST. SOMERSET COUNTY, NJ.jpg\|Library and former firestation
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
Neshanic Mills, also listed on the NRHP, is one of the last remaining grist mills along the South Branch Raritan River.
<File:Neshanic> Mills, Neshanic Staion, NJ - area view.jpg\|Neshanic Mills at Neshanic Station
## Notable people {#notable_people}
People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Neshanic Station include:
- Frank Chapot (1932--2016), Olympic silver medalist equestrian.
- Anthony Gargiulo (born 1984). defensive end who played in the Canadian Football League for the Calgary Stampeders
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# Battle of Houmajia
The **Battle of Houmajia** (`{{zh|c=后马家战斗}}`{=mediawiki}) was fought between the nationalists and the communists in the Houmajia region of Lingbi (灵壁) County of Anhui, China during the Chinese Civil War in the immediate post-World War II era, and resulted in a communist victory.
## Prelude
Like other similar clashes immediately after the end of World War II between the communists and the nationalists in China, this conflict also emerged from the fact that Chiang Kai-shek had realized that his nationalist regime simply had neither the sufficient troops nor enough transportation assets to deploy his troops into the Japanese-occupied regions of China. Unwilling to let the communists, who had already dominated most of the rural regions in China, to further expand their territories by accepting the Japanese surrender and thus control the Japanese-occupied regions, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Japanese and their turncoat Chinese puppet regime not to surrender to the communists and to keep their fighting capabilities to "maintain order" in the Japanese occupied regions, fighting off the communists as necessary, until the final arrivals and completion of the deployment of the nationalist troops. As a result, most members of the Japanese puppet regimes and their military forces rejoined the nationalists.
However, most of these former nationalists turned Japanese puppet regime forces were not from Chiang Kai-shek\'s own clique, but instead, they were mainly consisted of troops of warlords who were only nominally under Chiang Kai-shek before World War II, since they were nationalists in name only and mostly maintained their independent and semi-independent status. These warlords were only interested in keeping their own power and defected to the Japanese side when Japanese invaders offered to let them keep their power in exchange for their collaborations. After World War II, these forces of former Japanese puppet regimes once again returned to the nationalist camp for the same reason they defected to the Japanese invaders. Oblivion, it was difficult for Chiang to immediately get rid of these warlords for good as soon as they surrendered to Chiang and rejoined the nationalists, because such move would alienate other factions within the nationalist ranks, and these former Japanese puppet regime\'s warlords could still help the nationalists to gain more territories by holding on to what was under their control until Chiang completed the deployment of his own troops to take over. Chiang Kai-shek\'s objective was to simultaneously solve the warlord problem that had plagued China for so long and the problem of the extermination of communism together, which proved to be an extremely fatal mistake for him and his nationalist regime later on, as shown in this conflict.
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# Battle of Houmajia
## Nationalist strategy {#nationalist_strategy}
In accordance with his strategy to simultaneously solve the warlord problem that had plagued China for so long and the problem of the extermination of communism together, Chiang Kai-shek and his followers had hoped that these former Japanese puppet regime\'s warlords who rejoined the nationalists would be able to hold on to the regions long enough for Chiang to deploy his own troops by holding off communists. If the communists were victorious in such conflicts, however, the result would still benefit to Chiang and China because the power of these warlords would be reduced as their military forces were smashed by the communists, and the warlord problem plagued China for so long could thus be greatly reduced, while at the same time, communists would be weakened by the fights and Chiang\'s own troops would have easier time to take control.
For the former nationalist turned Japanese puppet regime forces, these warlords and their troops had no problem of following Chiang Kai-shek\'s orders, and they were eager to prove themselves. These warlords and their troops were well aware that due to the collaboration with the Japanese invaders during the Second Sino-Japanese War, they were well hated by the general population in China, including those nationalists who refused to surrender to the enemy and fought the enemy until the eventual victory. Therefore, in the impending demilitarization after World War II, they would certainly be disarmed and discharged, which would probably be the best outcome and the power of these warlords would be reduced or even eliminated as a result. Chiang Kai-shek\'s ordering them not surrendering to the communists and fighting off the communists was a savior for them because by carrying out such orders, these warlords and their troops could legitimize themselves and thus retain their power by fighting the communists who were targeted as rebels by Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist regime.
## Communist strategy {#communist_strategy}
The communist strategy was much simpler than that of the nationalists because there was not any huge division within the communist rank like that of the nationalists. The communists had already earned considerable popular support by being the only Chinese force left in the region fighting the Japanese invaders and their puppet regime after the nationalists withdrew, and after successfully establishing communist bases in the rural regions where a better life was provided to the general populace in comparison to that of Japanese-occupied regions, the general Chinese populace agreed that the communists were well deserved to represent the China to accept the invaders' surrender in the region and takeover the regions occupied by the invaders.
## Battle
On October 18, 1945, the 4th Division of the communist New Fourth Army, with the help of local communist militias, launched their assault in the Houmajia region of Lingbi (灵壁) County of Anhui, China, after the nationalist 33rd Division guarding the region refused to surrender. The nationalist 33rd Division was the former nationalists turned Japanese puppet regime force rejoined nationalist after World War II, and they were ordered by Chiang Kai-shek\'s regime to hold on the land they controlled, and not to surrender to the communists, and fight off communists if necessary until Chiang could deploy his own troops to the region, and the 15th Brigade, 16th Brigade, and the 25th Brigade of the nationalist 33rd Division were assigned to station outside the city wall. After fierce fights, the nationalist front collapsed as the casualties exceeded over a thousand, and the demoralized nationalists gave up the fight and fled to the town of Lingbi (灵壁) County, seeking shelter behind the city wall, and thus leaving vast rural area to the enemy. Lacking heavy weaponry, the communists chose not to attack the strongly defended town and did not pursuit the retreating nationalists, but instead, decided to consolidate their gains in the newly conquered rural territory, and the battle concluded.
## Outcome
Like other similar clashes immediately after the end of World War II between the communists and the nationalists in China, this conflict also showed that Chiang Kai-shek\'s attempt to simultaneously solve the warlord problem that had plagued China for so long and the problem of the extermination of communism together proved to be a fatal mistake. Although the result of the campaign turned out exactly like Chiang Kai-shek and his subordinates had predicted, and consequently the power of the warlords in this region was indeed reduced as their military forces were smashed by the communists, so that the warlord problem plagued China for so long was thus reduced for this particular region, and Chiang Kai-shek\'s secondary objective was achieved here, any positive gains obtained by the nationalists were negated by the politic fallout. The reason was that this success of achieving the secondary objective came at a huge cost in nationalists' loss of popular support in this region formerly dominated by the Japanese, because the local population had already blamed nationalists for losing the regions to the Japanese invaders, while reassigning these former Japanese puppet regime forces as the nationalist forces to fight the communists, the only Chinese force left in the regions, only further alienated the local populace and strengthened popular resentment against Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist regime
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# Lüliang Campaign
**Lüliang campaign** (吕梁战役), also called **Southwestern Shanxi campaign** (晋西南战役), was a series of battles fought between the nationalists and the communists in Lüliang region in southwestern Shanxi during the Chinese Civil War in the post World War II era, and resulted in the communist victory.
## Prelude
In early November 1946, Hu Zongnan, the commander-in-chief of the nationalist 1st War Zone in an attempt to concentrate nationalist force to attack the communist capital Yan\'an, redeployed two nationalist reorganized divisions Shaanxi from southern Shanxi. Only two nationalist divisions were left for the local defense of southern Shanxi, and in Lüliang region with a total of ten counties, there was only one regiment of the nationalist 2nd War Zone, assisted by local security brigades totaling ten thousand. The communists decided to take this opportunity by taking the region and annihilating the nationalist garrison in the process.
## Order of battle {#order_of_battle}
Defenders: nationalist order of battle:
- 4 Divisions
- Local Security Brigades
Attackers: communist order of battle:
- The 4th Column of the communist Shanxi -- Henan -- Hebei -- Shandong Military District
- The 2nd Column of the communist Shanxi -- Suiyuan Military District
- 8 regiments of the communist Taiyue (太岳) Military District, including the 24th Brigade
## Campaign
On November 22, 1946, the campaign begun as the communist unleashed their attacks. After a series of battles, the communists succeeded in taking nationalist strongholds including Daning (大宁), Forever Peace (Yonghe, 永 和), Pu (蒲) County, Stone Building (Shi Lou, 石楼), and heavily fortified towns Xi (隰) County and Middle Sun (Zhong Yang, 中阳). Majority of the local nationalist garrison totaling more than five thousand were captured alive by the enemy, including the nationalist commander-in-chief of the western Shanxi region of the 2nd War Zone, Yang Dengyuan (杨澄源), while the rest were killed. The rapid success of communist meant that a vast region bordered by the Yellow River in the west, the Datong -- Pukou Railway in the east, Middle Sun (Zhong Yang, 中阳) in the north and the Ji (吉) County in the south had fallen into the enemy hands by December 12, 1946, and the rear of the nationalist units planned to attack Yan\'an was gravely exposed, and thus seriously threatened by the enemy. The two nationalist reorganized divisions deployed from southern Shanxi to Shaanxi to attack Yan\'an were forced to abandon their original objective and redeployed back to southern Shanxi, and Hu Zongnan was also forced to order another two divisions to attack Daning (大宁) and Pu (蒲) County from Linfen and Ji (吉) County in an attempt to retake the territory lost to the enemy.
Facing the nationalist counteroffensive, the communists formed a new command to better control all of the communist units in Lüliang region, and the three-men committee consisted of Chen Geng (陈赓), the commander-in-chief and Xie Fuzhi, the political commissar of the 4th Column of the communist Shanxi -- Henan -- Hebei -- Shandong Military District, and Wang Zhen, the commander-in-chief of the 2nd Column of the communist Shanxi -- Suiyuan Military District. The communists of the 4th Column decided to maximize the terrain advantage in their next move, since the local landscape was a great obstacle for deploying mechanized force for fast mobile warfare which the nationalists were good at. The communists planned to lure the enemy deeper into the hostile terrain and annihilate enemy one small portion at a time, and one communist brigade was sent out to penetrate deep behind the enemy line, successfully severed the nationalist supply line. Meanwhile, eight regiments of the communist Taiyue (太岳) Military District took Yuanqu (垣曲) and Flank City (Yi Cheng, 翼城) in a coordinated attack. Being attacked by the enemy from the front and rear, and as well as exhausting available supplies, the nationalists attacking Lüliang region were forced to withdraw. On December 30, 1946, the communist 4th Column annihilated the nationalist rear guard, the 67th Brigade on the highway from the town of Pu (蒲) County to Danning (大宁), and following the success, concluded the campaign by taking the town of Pu (蒲) County on January 1, 1947, badly mauling the nationalist defenders in the process.
## Outcome
The nationalists lost over 10,000 troops in this defeat, which disrupted the overall plan to attack the communist capital Yan\'an, and the original offensive schedule had to be postponed, thus providing the enemy with ample time to evacuate. Furthermore, the southwestern Shanxi was constantly under the enemy threat as a result of the nationalist defeat. The lack of corporation among nationalists themselves was also an important contributor to the enemy\'s success: the local Shanxi nationalist warlord Yan Xishan was always fearful of Chiang Kai-shek\'s takeover and thus refused to send out any of his own troops for reinforcement under the excuse of local areas would be threatened if his troops were sent to southwestern Shanxi to help Hu Zongnan
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# RNL Architecture
**RNL Design** was a Denver-based multidisciplinary design firm offering services in architecture, interior design, planning and urban design, landscape architecture, lighting design, and facilities master planning. They are now closed after their portfolio was acquired by Stantec.
## History
Founded in 1956, a one-man operation in Denver known as John B. Rogers, Architect. Rogers, the \"R\" in RNL Design, studied architectural engineering at Kansas State University. His studies were interrupted by three years of service in the U.S. Army during World War II, after which he returned to graduate. Rogers came to Denver in 1947 to work for the architectural firm Smith, Hegner and Moore. After working in Denver, he attended the University of Texas, earning a bachelor of architecture degree in 1951, and an MBA from the University of Colorado in 1984.
Rogers joined forces with Jerome Nagel in 1961 to form Rogers Nagel Architects.
In 1966, Rogers Nagel Architects joined with Victor Langhart to form Rogers Nagel Langhart Architects and Engineers.
In 2000, acquired Klages Carter Vail and Partners, an architectural firm located in Orange County, California.
## Notable Projects {#notable_projects}
- The National Renewable Energy Laboratory\'s Research Support Facilities on the U.S
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# Zhoucun–Zhangdian Campaign
The **Zhoucun--Zhangdian Campaign** (周张战役), short for the Campaign of Zhou\'s Village (*Zhou Cun*, 周村) and Zhang\'s Hotel (*Zhang Dian*, 张店), consisted of two major battles and a series of smaller battles that followed, fought between the Communists and the Nationalists in Shandong during the Chinese Civil War in the post--World War II era. The outcome was a Communist victory. This campaign is also called the Campaign at the Western Section of the Qingdao--Jinan Railway (胶济路西段战役).
## Prelude
In the beginning of 1948, the Nationalists in Shandong were forced to adopt a new defensive posture to strengthen the defense of the Tianjin-Pukou Railway. In February, 1948, the Nationalist Reorganized 12th Division guarding the western section of the Qingdao--Jinan Railway was redeployed to Yanzhou (兖州), and its original task was reassigned to the Nationalist Reorganized 32nd Division and other Nationalist units. The Communists decided to deploy their 13th Column to threaten the Nationalists in Qingdao so that they could not reinforce Nationalists elsewhere, and to concentrate units from their 7th Column, 9th Column, Bohai Column, and units from the Communist central Shandong and Bohai military districts to launch an offensive in the regions of Zhou\'s Village and Zhang\'s Hotel to dislodge the Nationalists.
## Order of battle {#order_of_battle}
Defenders: Nationalist order of battle:
- Army-sized Reorganized 12th Division
- Army-sized Reorganized 32nd Division
- Other units
Attackers: Communist order of battle:
- Units from the 7th Column
- Units from the 9th Column
- Units from the Bohai Column
- Units from the Bohai Military District
- Units from the central Shandong Military District
## Campaign
Units of the Communist 7th Column and 9th Column secretly marched westward from Ye (掖) County, and by March 8, 1948, they had regrouped in Guangrao (广饶). On March 11, 1948, under the cover of heavy rain, the Communist 7th Column suddenly besieged the town of Zhang\'s Hotel before dawn. As the defenders attempted to break out westward, they fell into the trap set up by the waiting enemy and the entire Nationalist garrison was annihilated. The next morning, the Nationalists abandoned their positions outside the town of Zhou\'s Village, but were caught up by the approaching Communist 9th Column, who immediately launched a surprise attack on the retreating Nationalists. Taking advantage of the chaos, the Communists successfully penetrated into the town, and after an eighteen-hour-long fierce street fight, most of the Nationalist Reorganized 32nd Division was destroyed, with over 15,000 casualties, and the town fell. The consecutive losses of two major battles completely demoralized the rest of the local Nationalist garrisons, who abandoned their positions around the two towns in a domino effect. Capitalizing on this advantage, the Communist 7th Column took Zichuan and Zouping (邹平), annihilating the Nationalist garrisons and their reinforcements in the process. Meanwhile, the Communist Bohai Column and units from the Communist central Shandong and Bohai Military Districts (Communist bases) also badly mauled their Nationalist opponents in a series of smaller battles that followed, and the campaign concluded on March 21, 1948, by which time the Communists had successfully linked up two previously separated and isolated bases.
## Outcome
The Nationalists lost over 38,000 troops in this defeat, and the important Qingdao--Jinan railway transportation and communication line was severed. Additionally, fourteen cities and towns had fallen into Communist hands, and the Communists were able to combine their two separate bases in central Shandong and the coastal region into a single larger one
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# Nada Es Lo Que Crees
***Nada Es Lo Que Crees*** is the fourth album by Spanish singer Natalia. It features the singles: \"Loco Por Mí\", \"A Ti\", and \"No Fui Yo\". It crept up to number 24 in the Spanish charts, and \"Loco Por Mi\" reached number one in the Spanish charts on download sales alone
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# Battle of Xiangshuikou
The **Battle of Xiangshuikou** (`{{lang-zh|s=响水口战斗}}`{=mediawiki}) was fought between the nationalists and the communists in northern Jiangsu during the Chinese Civil War in the immediate post-World War II era, and resulted in a communist victory.
## Prelude
Like other similar clashes immediately after the end of World War II between the communists and the nationalists in China, this conflict also rooted from the fact that Chiang Kai-shek had realized that his nationalist regime simply had neither the sufficient troops nor enough transportation assets to deploy his troops into the Japanese-occupied regions of China. Unwilling to allow the communists, who had already dominated most of the rural regions in China, to further expand their territories by accepting the Japanese surrender and thus control the Japanese-occupied regions, Chiang Kai-shek ordered the Japanese and their turncoat Chinese puppet regime not to surrender to the communists and keep their fighting capabilities to "maintain order" in the Japanese-occupied regions, fighting off the communists as necessary, until the final arrivals and completion of the deployment of the nationalist troops. As a result, most members of the Japanese puppet regimes and their military forces rejoined the nationalists.
However, most of these former nationalists turned Japanese puppet regime forces were not from Chiang Kai-shek\'s own clique, but instead, they were mainly consisted of troops of warlords who were only nominally under the Chiang Kai-shek\'s before World War II, since they were nationalists in name only and mostly maintained their independent and semi-independent status. These warlords were only interested in keeping their own power and defected to the Japanese side when Japanese invaders offered to let them keep their power in exchange for their collaborations. After World War II, these forces of former Japanese puppet regimes once again returned to the nationalist camp for the same reason they defected to the Japanese invaders. Obviously, it was difficult for Chiang to immediately get rid of these warlords for good as soon as they surrendered to Chiang and rejoined the nationalists, because such a move would have alienated other factions within the nationalist ranks, and these former Japanese puppet regime\'s warlords could still help the nationalists to gain more territories by holding on to what was under their control until Chiang completed the deployment of his own troops to take over. Chiang Kai-shek\'s objective was to simultaneously solve the warlord problem that had plagued China for so long and the problem of the extermination of communism together, which proved to be an extremely fatal mistake for him and his nationalist regime later on, as shown in this conflict.
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# Battle of Xiangshuikou
## Nationalist strategy {#nationalist_strategy}
In accordance with his strategy to simultaneously solve the warlord problem that had plagued China for so long and the problem of the extermination of communism together, Chiang Kai-shek and his followers had hoped that these former Japanese puppet regime\'s warlords who rejoined the nationalists would be able to hold on to the regions long enough for Chiang to deploy his own troops by holding off communists. If the communists were victorious in such conflicts, however, the result would still benefit to Chiang and China because the power of these warlords would be reduced as their military forces were smashed by the communists, and the warlord problem plagued China for so long could thus be greatly reduced, while at the same time, communists would be weakened by the fights and Chiang\'s own troops would have easier time to take control.
For the former nationalist turned Japanese puppet regime forces, these warlords and their troops had no problem of following Chiang Kai-shek\'s orders, and they were eager to prove themselves. These warlords and their troops were well aware that due to the collaboration with the Japanese invaders during the Second Sino-Japanese War, they were well hated by the general population in China, including those nationalists who refused to surrender to the enemy and fought the enemy until the eventual victory. Therefore, in the impending demilitarization after World War II, they would certainly be disarmed and discharged, which would probably be the best outcome and the power of these warlords would be reduced or even eliminated as a result. Chiang Kai-shek\'s ordering them not surrendering to the communists and fighting off the communists was a savior for them because by carrying out such orders, these warlords and their troops could legitimize themselves and thus retain their power by fighting the communists who were targeted as rebels by Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist regime.
## Communist strategy {#communist_strategy}
The communist strategy was much simpler than that of the nationalists because there was not any huge division within the communist rank like in that of the nationalists. The communists had already earned considerable popular support by being the only Chinese force left in the region fighting the Japanese invaders and their puppet regime after the nationalists withdrew, and after successfully establishing communist bases in the rural regions where better life was provided to the general populace in comparison to that of Japanese occupied regions, the general Chinese populace agreed that the communists were well deserved to represent the China to accept the invaders' surrender in the region and takeover the regions occupied by the invaders.
## Battle
On September 18, 1945, the 10th Brigade of the 3rd Division of the communist New Fourth Army with the help of local communist militia launched their assault in the Xiangshuikou (响水口) region of Jiangsu, China, after the nationalist garrison consisted of four battalions refused to surrender. The nationalist battalions were the former nationalists turned Japanese puppet regime force rejoined nationalist after World War II, and they were ordered by Chiang Kai-shek\'s regime to hold on the land they controlled, and not to surrender to the communists, and fight off communists if necessary until Chiang could deploy his own troops to the region. However, these units were no match for their longtime communist adversary, and just like previous battles during the Second Sino-Japanese War, they were easily defeated without popular support, with nearly all of the force totaling over a thousand being wiped out by the attacking enemy. As the few remaining survivors fled, they left behind important cities and town to the enemy, including Xiangshuikou (响水口), Chen Family\'s Port (Chen Jia Gang, 陈家港), Guanyun (灌云) and Guannan (灌南). The communist victory ensured their total control of the region along the Guan (灌) River, and the important cash generating salt production fields in northern Jiangsu.
## Outcome
Like other similar clashes immediately after the end of World War II between the communists and the nationalists in China, this conflict also showed that Chiang Kai-shek\'s attempt to simultaneously solve the warlord problem that had plagued China for so long and the problem of the extermination of communism together proved to be a fatal mistake. Although the result of the campaign turned out exactly like Chiang Kai-shek and his subordinates had predicted, and consequently the power of the warlords in this region was indeed reduced as their military forces were smashed by the communists, so that the warlord problem plagued China for so long was thus reduced for this particular region, and Chiang Kai-shek\'s secondary objective was achieved here, any positive gains obtained by the nationalists were negated by the politic fallout. The reason was that this success of achieving the secondary objective came at a huge cost in nationalists' loss of popular support in this region formerly dominated by the Japanese, because the local population had already blamed nationalists for losing the regions to the Japanese invaders, while reassigning these former Japanese puppet regime forces as the nationalist forces to fight the communists, the only Chinese force left in the regions, only further alienated the local populace and strengthened the popular resentment to Chiang Kai-shek and his nationalist regime
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# State of the Environment
The term **State of the Environment** normally relates to an analysis of trends in the environment of a particular place. This analysis can encompass aspects such as water quality, air quality, land use, ecosystem health and function, along with social and cultural matters.
## Pressure-State-Response Framework {#pressure_state_response_framework}
Human activity places pressure on many aspects of the environment. For instance, deforestation results in the invasion of weed species, habitat displacement, and, when undertaken on a large scale, adversely affects air quality and carbon dioxide sequestration.
Examples of pressures under the Pressure-State-Response (\"PSR\") framework include: pollutants discharged from factories, or draining into a river from the land; it could be the removal of forest from the land or over-harvesting by fishermen or hunters.
In this framework, only pressures introduced by human interaction with the environment are considered. Natural pressures such as extreme weather are only considered in the context of human-induced climate change (i.e. global warming).
A \"state\" is the condition of the environment at a particular time. This is assessed by measuring various aspects of the atmosphere, air, water, land and organisms.
The European Environment Agency has extended the pressure-state-response framework to include driving forces and impacts (see DPSIR).
## State of the Environment reporting {#state_of_the_environment_reporting}
State of Environment reports have been prepared by countries such as New Zealand and Australia. State of the Environment reporting is also undertaken fairly extensively throughout New Zealand by territorial and regional authorities
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# List of people from Aldershot
Notable people from Aldershot include:
## A
- Holly Aird - actress
- John Antrobus - playwright and script writer
- Claude Auchinleck - Field Marshal
## B
- Peter Baldwin - Australian politician
- Joan Bates - model and self-styled \'Princess Joan of Sealand\'
- Kelly Bell - glamour model
- John Belling - cytogeneticist
- Graham Benstead - footballer
- Amelle Berrabah - Sugababes musician
- Johnny Berry - footballer and \'Busby Babe\'
- Noel Brett - cricketer
- Jason \"J\" Brown - former member of the boy band Five
- Alan Burton - footballer
- Barry Blankley- footballer
## C
- Dave Carter - British powerlifter
- Bob Catley - musician, singer from band Magnum
- Ronald Cavaye - classical pianist and writer
- Kathryn Cave, children\'s author
- Maureen Chadwick - screenwriter and dramatist
- A. Bertram Chandler - science-fiction writer
- Michael Chappell - military writer and illustrator
- Chris Chittell - actor in *Emmerdale*
- Hedley Churchward - scene painter and early British convert to Islam
- Denise Coffey - actress
- Francis Lyon Cohen - first Jewish chaplain in the British Army
- Alan Comfort - footballer
- Ian Crosby - cricketer
## D
- Georgiana Fanny Shipley Daniell - philanthropist
- Louisa Daniell - philanthropist
- Joseph Darracott - art historian and writer
- Libby Davies - Canadian politician, New Democratic Party MP for Vancouver East
- Norman \"Dinky\" Diamond - drummer in the 1970s with Sparks
## E
- Arthur English - actor
- Richard Eve - local solicitor and Grand Treasurer of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1889
- Eamon Everall - artist and educator
## F
- Desmond Fitzpatrick - general
- Mark Foran - footballer
- Russell Foster - professor of circadian neuroscience and Nicholas Kurti Senior Fellow at Brasenose College at the University of Oxford
- George Malcolm Fox - Inspector of Gymnasia for the British Army (1890-1897, 1900--1902)
- Martin Freeman - actor
## G
- Andrew Godsell - author
- Maud Gonne - Irish revolutionary; muse of William Butler Yeats
- Ernest Spiteri-Gonzi - footballer
## H
- David Haig - actor
- T. J. Hamblin - formerly professor of immunohaematology at the University of Southampton
- Frederick Hammersley - Major-General and first Inspector of Gymnasia in the British Army
- Terry Hands - theatre director who founded the Liverpool Everyman Theatre and ran the Royal Shakespeare Company for 13 years
- Jeremy Hardy - comedian
- Janet Henfrey - actress
- John Raymond Hobbs - pioneer in clinical immunology, protein biochemistry and bone marrow transplantation, specifically in child health
- Ann Hunt and Elizabeth Hamel - longest separated twins
- Jon Hotten - author
- Peter Howard - aviation physician
- Tom Hunter - winner of the Victoria Cross during World War II
## J
- Henry Jelf - cricketer and naval officer
- Sam Jepp - footballer
- Joe Jopling - footballer
## K
- Herminie Templeton Kavanagh - British - Irish - American writer
- Ted Keating - New Zealand politician
- Nicole Koolen - Dutch field hockey player
## L
- Mark Lane - cricketer and coach
- Humphrey de Verd Leigh - RAF officer and inventor
- Lisa-Jayne Lewis - Eurovision Song Contest commentator and broadcaster
- Kathleen Lindsay - novelist
- John Lloyd - Canadian politician
- Michael Lockett - soldier
- Selden Long - British fighter ace during World War I
- Constance Loseby - Victorian actress and Gilbert and Sullivan performer
## M
- Floyd Manderson - competed in the 1988 Summer Olympics
- Simon Mann - mercenary
- George Martin - comedian
- Craig Maskell - footballer
- Ian McEwan - novelist
- Stephen McKay - Distinguished Professor in Social Research at the University of Lincoln.
- Dan Middleton - British professional gamer, YouTuber and author. He is best known as DanTDM
- Heather Mills - former wife of Paul McCartney
- Mickie Most - record producer
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# List of people from Aldershot
## N
- Frank Neary - footballer
- Gordon Neilson - Scottish rugby football player and Army officer
- Nigel Neilson - actor
- James Newcome - Anglican bishop
## O
- Michael O\'Neill - poet, academic and Head of the Department of English Studies at Durham University
## P
- Brian Perry - American ice hockey player
- Seamus Perry - Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford and a Professor in the English Faculty at the University of Oxford since 2014.
- Sir Robert Pringle - Principal Veterinary Officer at Aldershot Command 1908 to 1910
## R
- Joe Ralls - footballer
- Alex Reid - MMA fighter and television personality
- Bruce Rioch - former professional footballer, now manager
- Stella Ross-Craig - botanical artist
## S
- John Shearman - art historian
- Randall Swingler -poet
- Edgar Sheldrake - cricketer
- Aaron Shingler - rugby union player
- Janet \'Rusty\' Skuse - Britain\'s most tattooed woman
- Digby Smith - author and military historian
- George D. W
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# Girih
thumb\|upright=1.2\|*Girih* pattern with inlaid floral decoration from Shah-i-Zinda in Samarkand, Uzbekistan `{{Arab culture}}`{=mediawiki} ***Girih*** (*گره\]\]*, \"knot\", also written *gereh*) are decorative Islamic geometric patterns used in architecture and handicraft objects, consisting of angled lines that form an interlaced strapwork pattern.
*Girih* decoration is believed to have been inspired by Syrian Roman knotwork patterns from the second century. The earliest *girih* dates from around 1000 CE, and the artform flourished until the 15th century. *Girih* patterns can be created in a variety of ways, including the traditional straightedge and compass construction; the construction of a grid of polygons; and the use of a set of *girih* tiles with lines drawn on them: the lines form the pattern. Patterns may be elaborated by the use of two levels of design, as at the 1453 Darb-e Imam shrine. Square repeating units of known patterns can be copied as templates, and historic pattern books may have been intended for use in this way.
The 15th century Topkapı Scroll explicitly shows girih patterns together with the tilings used to create them. A set of tiles consisting of a dart and a kite shape can be used to create aperiodic Penrose tilings, though there is no evidence that such a set was used in medieval times. Girih patterns have been used to decorate varied materials including stone screens, as at Fatehpur Sikri; plasterwork, as at mosques and madrasas such as the Hunat Hatun Complex in Kayseri; metal, as at Mosque-Madrassa of Sultan Hassan in Cairo; and in wood, as at the Mosque--Cathedral of Córdoba.
## History
### Origins
The girih style of ornamentation is thought to have been inspired by 2nd century AD Syrian Roman knotwork patterns. These had curvilinear interlaced strapwork with three-fold rotational symmetry. The Umayyad Mosque (709--715) in Damascus, Syria has window screens made of interlacing undulating strapwork in the form of six-pointed stars. Early examples of Islamic geometric patterns made of straight strap lines can be seen in the architecture of the surviving gateway of the Ribat-i Malik caravanserai, Uzbekistan, built in 1078. The wild application of girih on architectures should credit to the close relationship between Islamic architecture, geometry, and craft. Architecture was classified in the field of practical geometry in the early Islamic period, and building projects always involve a muhandis (geometer). In addition, no clear border was established between science and craft; thus, the craftsmen usually followed the mathematicians' principles and guidelines directly.
### Early Islamic forms {#early_islamic_forms}
The earliest form of girih on a book is seen in the frontispiece of a Quran manuscript from the year 1000, found in Baghdad. It is illuminated with interlacing octagons and thuluth calligraphy.
In woodwork, one of the earliest surviving examples of Islamic geometric art is the 13th-century minbar (pulpit) of the Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo. Girih patterns can be created in woodwork in two different ways. In one, a wooden grille with polygons and stars is created; the holes can be left as they are, or filled with some material. In the other, called *gereh-chini* small wooden panels of geometric shapes are created individually, and combined to create an elaborate design.
In 10th century a systematic investigation of geometric patterns was conducted by Persian mathematician and astronomer Abu al-Wafa\' Buzjani in the House of Wisdom. In his treatise *A Book on Those Geometric Constructions Which Are Necessary for a Craftsman*, he explained the geometric structure and illustrates the methods of drawing polygons within other shapes (mostly circles) for craftsmen and artisans. This book laid the groundwork for designing girih by explaining fundamental grammar for construction girih patterns.
The term \"girih\" was used in Turkish for polygonal strap patterns in architecture as early as the late 15th century. In the same period, artisans compiled girih pattern books such as the Topkapı Scroll.
While curvilinear precedents of girih were seen in the 10th century, fully developed girih patterns were not seen before the 11th century in Iran. It became a dominant design element in the 11th and 12th centuries, as in the carved stucco panels with interlaced girih of the Kharraqan towers (1067) near Qazvin, Iran. Stylized plant decorations were sometimes co-ordinated with girih.
After the Safavid period, the use of girih continued in the Seljuq dynasty and the Ilkhanate. In the 14th century, girih became a minor element in the decorative arts; it was largely replaced by vegetal patterns during the Timurid dynasty, but continued to be important in decorative arts in Central Asian monuments after that time.
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# Girih
## Construction
### Compass and straight edge {#compass_and_straight_edge}
Girih consists of geometric designs, often of stars and polygons, which can be constructed in a variety of ways. Girih star and polygon patterns with 5- and 10-fold rotational symmetry are known to have been made as early as the 13th century. Such figures can be drawn by compass and straightedge. The first girih patterns were made by copying a pattern template on a regular grid; the pattern was drawn with compass and straightedge. Today, artisans using traditional techniques use a pair of dividers to leave an incision mark on a paper sheet that has been left in the sun to make it brittle. Straight lines are drawn with a pencil and an unmarked straightedge. Girih patterns made this way are based on tessellations, tiling the plane with a unit cell and leaving no gaps. Because the tiling makes use of translation and rotation operations, the unit cells need to have 2-, 3-, 4- or 6-fold rotational symmetry.
### Polygons in contact {#polygons_in_contact}
One of the early Western students of Islamic patterns, Ernest Hanbury Hankin, defined a \"geometrical arabesque\" as a pattern formed \"with the help of construction lines consisting of polygons in contact.\" He observed that many different combinations of polygons can be used as long as the residual spaces between the polygons are reasonably symmetrical. For example, a grid of octagons in contact has squares (of the same side as the octagons) as the residual spaces. Every octagon is the basis for an 8-point star, as seen at Akbar\'s tomb in Agra (1605--1613). Hankin considered the \"skill of the Arabian artists in discovering suitable combinations of polygons \... almost astounding.\"
### Girih tiles {#girih_tiles}
By the 15th century, some girih patterns were no longer periodic, and may have been constructed using girih tiles. This method is based on a set of five tiles with lines drawn on them; when used to tile the plane with no gaps, the lines on the tiles form a girih pattern. It is not yet known when girih tiles were first used for architectural decoration instead of compass and straightedge, but it was probably at the start of the 13th century. Methods of ornamentation were extremely diverse, however, and the idea that one method was used for all of them has been criticised as anachronistic.
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# Girih
## Construction
### Two-level design {#two_level_design}
The girih patterns on the Darb-e Imam shrine built in 1453 at Isfahan had a much more complex pattern than any previously seen. The details of the pattern indicate that girih tiles, rather than compass and straightedge, were used for decorating the shrine. The patterns appear aperiodic; within the area on the wall where they are displayed, they do not form a regularly repeating pattern; and they are drawn at two different scales. A large-scale pattern is discernible when the building is viewed from a distance, and a smaller-scale pattern forming part of the larger one can be seen from closer up.
Although there is evidence that some ancient girih tilings used a subdivision rule to draw a two-level pattern, there are no known historic examples that can be repeated an infinite level of times. For example, the pattern used in the spandrel of the Darb-i Imam shrine (see figure) consists only of decagons and bowties, while the subdivision rule uses an elongated hexagon tile alongside these two shapes. Therefore, this design lacks self-similarity between the two levels.
#### Aperiodicity
A periodic tiling of the plane is the regular repetition of a \"unit cell\", in the manner of a wallpaper, without any gaps. Such tilings can be seen as a two-dimensional crystal, and because of the crystallographic restriction theorem, the unit cell is restricted to a rotational symmetry of 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, and 6-fold. It is therefore impossible to tile the plane periodically with a figure that has five-fold rotational symmetry, such as a five-pointed star or a decagon. Patterns with infinite perfect quasi-periodic translational order can have crystallographically forbidden rotational symmetries such as pentagonal or decagonal shapes. These quasicrystal tilings contain shapes with five-fold symmetry that repeat periodically in between other shapes that do not repeat.
One way to create quasi-periodic patterns is to create a Penrose tiling. Girih tiles can be subdivided into Penrose tiles called \"dart\" and \"kite\", but there is no evidence that this approach was used by medieval artisans. Another way to create quasiperiodic patterns is by subdividing girih tiles repeatedly into smaller tiles using a subdivision rule. In the limit the plane would be divided into girih tiles that repeat with frequencies that are aperiodic. The use of such a subdivision rule would serve as evidence that Islamic artisans of the 15th century were aware that girih tiles can produce complex patterns that never exactly repeat themselves. However, no known patterns made with girih tiles have more than a two-level design. There would have been no practical need for a girih pattern with more than two levels of design, as a third level would be either too large or too small to be perceived. It appears that medieval Islamic artisans were using a tool that had the potential of creating highly complex patterns, but they never realized it. As E. Makovicky argues,
#### The Topkapı Scroll {#the_topkapı_scroll}
The Topkapı Scroll, from the late 15th century, documents the use of girih tiles to create girih patterns. The drawings in this pattern book show the girih lines superimposed on the tiles used to generate the pattern, making the construction fully evident.
### Templates
Once a repeating pattern has been constructed, regardless of the method used, the pattern can be recreated by copying a repeating unit of it, like the pattern of a wallpaper, as a paper template. The pattern can then simply be pricked through on to the surface to be decorated. The Topkapı Scroll grids may well have been meant for use as such templates. The *Anonymous Compendium* contains square repeat units for many girih patterns. Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari\'s *Compendium of Science and Useful Practice in the Mechanical Arts* contains explicit templates for special purposes such as cast bronze doors.
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# Girih
## Girih in varied materials {#girih_in_varied_materials}
<File:Salim> Chishti Tomb-2.jpg\|Girih stone screens at the tomb of Salim Chishti, Fatehpur Sikri, 16th century <File:Kayseri> Hunat Hatun Complex3-Verity Cridland.jpg\|Girih in plasterwork of Iwan of Hunat Hatun Complex, Kayseri <File:Flickr> - HuTect ShOts - Pattern of The Tomb Gate - Masjid of Sultan Hassan مسجد ومدرسة السلطان حسن - Cairo - Egypt - 28 05 2010.jpg\|Girih in metal: 12-pointed star on gate at Sultan Hassan\'s mosque, Cairo <File:Lacería.jpg%7CGirih> in wood: grille in the Great Mosque of Cordoba
## Girih on various surfaces {#girih_on_various_surfaces}
### Girih on windows {#girih_on_windows}
thumb\|upright=0.6\|Colourful window of Dowlad Abad Garden Girih has been widely applied on the architecture. The patterns on the Persian geometric windows meet the need of the Persian architecture, as the ornateness of windows indicated the social and economic status of the owner. A good example is Azad Koliji, a pavilion in Dowlatabad Garden in Iran. With the girih patterns on its window, the architects manage to demonstrate multiple layers. The first layer is the actual garden which people can see when they open the window. And the second layer is the artificial garden as the girih patterns are on the outside of the window is the carved pattern and a colorful glass is below it which creates an illusion of a beautiful garden. The multi-colour layer create a sense of a mass of flowers. The artificial layer is abstract which forms a clear contradiction with the real layer outside the window and gives the audience enough space of imagination.
### Girih on domes {#girih_on_domes}
In addition to plain platforms like the windows, girih patterns on the domes are very popular as well. However, due to the curve shapes of the domes, they need special techniques. One of the most important techniques is called "Dast-Garden" method. This method refers to that the number of star polygons applied to the pattern are highly dependent on the change of the dome curvature. Decreasing the curvature of a dome surface leads to the decreasing of the number of points on a star polygon. Thus, the shapes of the girih pattern are heavily relying on the dome. The same method can be applied to other surfaces, even irregular surface.
### Girih on walls {#girih_on_walls}
Girih patterns are very likely to be all over the walls of some Islamic architectures. The decorating lines connect to each other and form a continuous network across the entire tiling with edges combine. In addition, girih patterns vary a lot on the surface, with different geometric shapes including decagons, hexagons, bowties and rhombuses. Among all these patterns, a special technique is shared: \"self-similar transformation\". The mapping is completed by using this freedom to eliminate the edge difference of these patterns and reduce the edge mismatches to the lowest degree. The extensive use of Girih for interior decoration corresponds to Islam belief. The repetitive patterns of Girih are capable of expanding in every direction, thus Girih has an indefinite nature. This characteristic resembles Muslim\'s belief that human, who is not the measure of the world, can never comprehend the \"infinite meaning of the world\" created by the un-definable god. The Girih patterns also have visual function of helping viewers to transcend the monocular vision as the viewers shifting their views according to the underlying schemes
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# Dehler Park
**Dehler Park** is a multi-use stadium in the Western United States, located in Billings, Montana. Primarily used for baseball, it is the home of the Billings Mustangs of the independent Pioneer League and the Montana State University Billings Yellowjackets. The ballpark opened in 2008 and has a seating capacity of 3,071. It replaced Cobb Field, a fixture in Billings since the 1930s, and the groundbreaking ceremony took place on March 22, 2007.
The stadium was named by Billings businessman Jon Dehler, who purchased the naming rights in 2007 to honor his father, Billy Joe Dehler. The park still has part of Cobb Field included, as a section down the right field line includes some of the same bench seating used at the old stadium. Outside of that and the over 2,500+ individual seats are two grass berm areas for picnic seating. Patrons can walk around the entire field thanks to an outfield terrace, which is also home to those who buy a standing room-only ticket. Theoretically, the stadium could feasibly hold well over 6,000 with a large standing room-only crowd. The natural grass field is aligned north by east (home plate to second base) at an approximate elevation of 3150 ft above sea level.
The first event at the stadium was on June 29, 2008, an American Legion game between the Billings Scarlets and Bozeman Bucks. The Bucks led 10--3 when the game was suspended after seven innings due to malfunctions with the lights. It was completed the following night at Pirtz Field, the local Legion ballpark, with the Bucks winning 16--3. The first home run, hit by Matt Comer of the Bucks, was retrieved by a man riding a bicycle outside the stadium. After some speculation as to what would become of the ball, the owner of the ball came forth and agreed to donate the ball to the Billings Parks and Recreation Department for a Dehler Park Hall of Fame display.
On June 30, the park hosted local Little League championship games before the Billings Mustangs and Great Falls Voyagers met in the first professional baseball game at the park on July 1. The Mustangs won a rain-soaked 9--7 game highlighted by a Michael Konstanty grand slam which stands as the first professional homer at the field. Attendance for the game was 3,749.
In 2021, the park was featured in a Geico commercial. [1](https://kmhk.com/beartooth-pass-dehler-park-geico-commercial/)
## Notable performers {#notable_performers}
Other uses for the stadium include concerts and plays
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# Irv Pankey
**Irvin Lee Pankey** (born February 15, 1958) is an American former professional football player who was an offensive lineman for 12 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), mainly for the Los Angeles Rams. He played college football as a tight end and offensive tackle for the Penn State Nittany Lions and was a team captain in 1979. He attended Aberdeen High School in Aberdeen, Maryland.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
During his playing career at Penn State, he reached out to Betsy Sailor, a student who had been raped by then-Penn State player Todd Hodne in 1978, and had experienced harassment after having testified against Hodne at his trial. In a 2022 ESPN story on Hodne, who would sexually assault nearly a dozen other women before being convicted of murder, Sailor recalled Pankey telling her, \"I just wanted to let you know that I was in the courtroom today and I listened to what you had to say. And I believe every word that you said. And, you will never have to be afraid, or be alone again. I will be by your side.\" Pankey and Sailor would lose contact after they graduated from Penn State, but would be reunited while the ESPN story was being researched.
Pankey has twin sons who played college football for Oregon State; Keith Pankey played linebacker, and his brother, Kevin, was a tight end. He has a daughter, Kiley, who attended Mt. Whitney High School in Visalia, California. Pankey served as a professor and offensive line coach at the College of the Sequoias in Visalia, California. Pankey also helps out at football camps such as Linemen Inc
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# List of games played on The Mint
This is a list of games played on the British game show *The Mint*.
## Games
### 5 Rings
The first game often played each night on *The Mint* features 5 red phones (props) on a desk in front of *The Mint* (vault). Viewers must answer a simple question (duplicate answers do not count as correct answers). If a viewer answers the current question correctly, they will win a guaranteed sum of money (usually £500) and get a chance at unlocking *The Mint* by guessing a 3-digit pin code. Questions involve on-screen words that fit into a particular category (often celebrities\' names) with the vowels missing. The answers are made even easier to find due to the presenters also giving out clues as to who or what the question refers. After 5 calls have been taken, the game ends.
### Famous Sevens/Famous Sixes/Famous Fives {#famous_sevensfamous_sixesfamous_fives}
These are similar to other phone-in quiz shows\' ladder/tower games where viewers must come up with answers to fit into a specific category, for example, \'Name sitcoms\' or \'Name famous blond(e)s\'. The game is made much more difficult as viewers tuning in later often give duplicate answers. If the games go on too long, the presenters have to give out clues to try and finish off the game. The ladder games usually happen during the time that a special guest is being interviewed on the sofa. These games usually have some relevance to the guest. For example, naming children\'s TV shows when Geoffrey from \'Rainbow\' was on. The presenter interviews the guest between talking to callers and taking their answers. The guest occasionally answers calls. The cash values on \'Famous Sevens\' normally start at £500 or £1000 and the top answer is worth £10,000.
### Treasure Island {#treasure_island}
In this game viewers first have to answer a simple question that has numerous possible answers. An example of one of these questions would be \"Name a US State\" (duplicate answers are disallowed). Contestants giving correct answers will have a go at picking a number on the Treasure Island board. The board has a photograph of an island printed on it and has 36 square panels. Behind each panel hides a sum of money. There are 10 lots of £100, 10 lots of £200, 10 £250s, 4 lots of £500, one £1000 and one £2000 square to be uncovered. The highest sums of money (£500, £1000 and £2000) also give the winner a chance at unlocking *The Mint*. This game also involves a group of 5 live contestants that differ each night (for example, 5 male lifeguards or 5 hairdressers). After a few phone contestants have had a go at the Treasure Island board, the contestants in the studio have to answer the same question and guess a number from 1-36 on the board. These live guests can win money and also have the chance of unlocking *The Mint* if they win one of the higher amounts. Clues are also given in this game after a while, such as \"Think South\" meaning to pick numbers on the lower half of the board. Once the £2000 has been uncovered the game ends. If this doesn\'t happen for a set-time, the game ends after a certain number of calls have been taken (normally between 10-14 calls). Often when Brian Dowling and Beverley French present this game, it is renamed \"Dowling Island\" with a makeshift sign.
It was reported by Beverley French that Dowling Island is currently closed for renovation over the winter period.
### Wordsearch
A six by six square word search is displayed on the LCD TV screen facing the viewers and words that fit into a specific category (such as \'Snow White\'s Dwarves\' or \'Human Emotions\') must be found. There are usually four to six words to find (worth £100 each). During *The Wicked Wordsearch* on *Extra Mint*, the last word to be found became the \'Golden Word\' and was worth more money.
### Retail Therapy {#retail_therapy}
Either the guest or presenter has supposedly been out shopping and viewers have to guess what they have in their shopping bag. The viewers can ask the guest/presenter a simple question where they must answer with either \'yes\' or \'no\'. After the contestant has asked one question, they get the chance to guess what the item is. This game is very different from anything else seen on a phone-in quiz show, but the presenters sometimes have trouble with the callers who find it difficult to speak in sentences (in every other game, viewers only have to give their name and their answer). Due to the problem this caused, the presenters give out clues at specified intervals and contestants are now only asked guess what they think the item is.
### Chinese Takeaway {#chinese_takeaway}
This is essentially a matching pairs game. A board is displayed (similar to the one used in \'Treasure Island\') with numbered panels marked \'1\' to \'25\'. Behind each of these panels are different pictures of either a roast duck, a bowl of rice or a golden version of each of these. Contestants calling the show don\'t answer a question but give the presenter two numbers. The aim of this is to reveal a picture and then match it with the opposite dish. A \'duck\' and a \'rice\' makes a meal and awards the contestant with £250. When contestants make a mismatch the two panels are turned back around; future callers must memorise their positions. Whenever a golden panel is found this is also turned back around (even if successfully matched with an opposite dish). If the contestant manages to reveal the 2 golden pictures, they win the top prize of £2000 (and a chance at opening *The Mint*) and the game ends.
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# List of games played on The Mint
## Games
### Instant Cash (alternate jackpot game) {#instant_cash_alternate_jackpot_game}
At a determined interval in the show, a winning contestant will be given the choice between attempting to guess the 4-digit code that unlocks *The Mint*, or playing \'Instant Cash\'. In this alternate jackpot game the player chooses from 8 tea pot lids (changed from bowler hats and pan lids after the first couple of episodes) which are labelled from numbers 1 to 8. Under each lid is a letter that form the word *The Mint*. The aim is to choose tea pot lids that spell out *The Mint* in order to win the prize amount of £5000. However, if the player is unsuccessful, they may still win amounts of money if they are able to spell another word that is in the dictionary (for example the word \'hint\' can be spelled using the letters that spell *The Mint*). A variation of this game has 5 large bottles filled with different amounts of green liquid. The contestant must choose 3 bottles to use to fill an oversized cocktail glass. The glass has marked levels on the side and depending on how high up the liquid comes, the contestant wins varying sums of money. The maximum win on this game is £1000.
### Snake Words {#snake_words}
A board with 9 letters appear on the screen and the viewer must figure out a word from the scrambled letters however the words aren\'t jumbled up they go in a sequence.
### Missing Link {#missing_link}
Two words are given with a space in the middle. Viewers have to correctly guess the missing link. For example, Big \_\_\_\_\_\_ Pie with the link being \'Apple\' so the completed format would be Big Apple Pie, as both \'Big Apple\' and \'Apple Pie\' are common phrases. The screen is usually filled with 6 questions and the viewer can decide which one they want to attempt.
### Complete the word {#complete_the_word}
A four letter word appears on screen with the latter half blanked out. Viewers have to guess which remaining two letters complete the word. There are often a large number of possibilities as to what the word is. If they get it right an envelope (that is present on-screen throughout the entire game to prove there was no underhand trickery) containing the answer is opened and shown to the viewer. An example of a word once played; SA\_\_, the answer being SAGE. Once, the prize offered for this was even larger than the Mint jackpot at a staggering £140,000. This jackpot was never won and the offered prize hasn\'t reappeared since, despite mention that it would again be up for grabs at a later date.
### Wild Bingo {#wild_bingo}
Basically, a memory game that was only played on the afternoon *Extra Mint* shows. The viewer is shown a board of numbers and has to memorize where they are. The numbers are then replaced with letters. The presenter draws a ball from a machine and the viewer has to say where the two numbers on the ball are situated on the board to win the cash sum offered.
### Add the numbers {#add_the_numbers}
This was a game that remained unsolved for many months. The basic premise of the game was extremely simple but as usual, the solution was much more involved.
The game appeared onscreen as follows:
NINETEEN MINUS FIVE =\
4 + 3 X 2 =\
6 - 5 =
After many weeks and hundreds of different answers, the correct answer was revealed to be 2106. Although there was no official explanation as to how this answer had been arrived at, a [plausible explanation](http://theline.wordpress.com/2006/07/28/the-mint-on-itv-play#comment-775) involving the use of Roman numerals has been suggested.
The £36,000 winner made an appearance on the show on the night of 5 October and drank champagne with Beverley French
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# Valley Public Radio
**Valley Public Radio** now branded as **KVPR** is a public radio organization in Fresno, California, broadcasting programming from National Public Radio (NPR) and other public radio producers and distributors, as well as locally produced news, music, talk, and public affairs programs. Valley Public Radio consists of two FM stations--**KVPR** in Fresno (89.3 MHz) and satellite station **KPRX** in Bakersfield (89.1 MHz).
Despite having no translators, the two stations\' combined signal covers most of California\'s San Joaquin Valley, including the cities of Fresno, Bakersfield, Visalia, Madera, Tulare, Clovis, Merced, and Hanford; however, much of this area gets only grade B coverage.
The two stations operate at somewhat modest power for full NPR members on the FM band. KPRX operates with its maximum allowed U.S. Federal Communications Commission power (11,000 watts) for a Class B1 station with an antenna height of 152 meters; likewise KVPR broadcasts with its maximum allowed power (2,450 watts) and an antenna height of 576 meters for a Class B FM station. In FM broadcasting effective radiated power is inversely proportional to antenna height.
## History
In 1975, Richard Mays, Von Johnson and Randall (Jan) van Oosten formed White Ash Broadcasting in order to bring a public radio station to the Central Valley.
Initial operating funds for White Ash Broadcasting came from a \'seed\' grant of \$25,000 provided through a competitive grant award from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB). In 1976, the U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare awarded White Ash Broadcasting a \"matching grant\" of \$125,000 to cover the cost of studio and transmission equipment. To earn the full grant award, the program required White Ash to raise \$40,000 from local sources.
White Ash Broadcasting successfully petitioned the FCC for a construction permit in the fall of 1976, and received a full license two years later. KVPR\'s first broadcast plant was located at 1515 Van Ness Avenue at the site of the former KMJ-AM/FM studios in the historic Fresno Bee Building. KVPR began regular broadcast services on October 15, 1978 and to newer facilities Shaw Avenue in the mid 1980s. In May 2015, KVPR broke ground on a new studio in the Research & Technology Park in Clovis and has occupied the space since 2017.
Valley Public Radio\'s initial programming mix was music, news and public affairs. Nearly 75% of KVPR\'s original program schedule was locally produced, and included portions of jazz, folk and classical music in addition to select programming from National Public Radio. Over time, KVPR would opt to focus on a combination of mostly NPR programming and classical music.
KPRX signed on in February 1987 as a full satellite of KVPR, replacing a low-power translator that had served the Bakersfield area since 1982. Bakersfield had previously been one of the largest cities in the country with no NPR stations.
On November 17, 2021, Valley Public Radio rebranded as KVPR to prevent branding confusion with Vermont Public Radio.
## Repeater
<table>
<thead>
<tr class="header">
<th><p>Call sign</p></th>
<th><p>data-sort-type="number" | Frequency</p></th>
<th><p>City of license</p></th>
<th><p>data-sort-type="number" | Facility ID</p></th>
<th><p>Class</p></th>
<th><p>data-sort-type="number" | ERP<br />
(W)</p></th>
<th><p>data-sort-type="number" | Height<br />
(m (ft))</p></th>
<th class="unsortable"><p>Transmitter coordinates</p></th>
<th><p>First air date</p></th>
<th><p>Call sign meaning</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>| KPRX</p></td>
<td><p>89
| 536 |
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| 0 |
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# Menaion
The **Menaion** (*Μηναῖον*; Slavonic: Минїѧ, *Miniya*, \"of the month\") is the liturgical book used by the Eastern Orthodox Church containing the propers for fixed dates of the calendar year, *i.e.* entities not dependent on the date of Easter.
The Menaion is the largest volume of the propers for the Byzantine Rite and is used at nearly all the daily services.
## Editions
The complete **Menaion** is published in twelve volumes, one for each month; the first volume is for September which commences the Byzantine liturgical year.
The **Festal Menaion** is an abridged version containing texts for those great feasts falling on the fixed cycle, some editions also containing feasts of the major saints.
The **General Menaion** contains services for each type of celebration (apostles, martyrs, etc.) with blank spaces for the name of the saint(s) commemorated. Originating before the invention of printing when the enormous volume of the complete Menaion could not be copied for every church, this is still used for saints that do not have complete services, *e.g.*, for the patron feast of a church named after a minor saint; it is also used by missions and parishes unable to afford a complete Menaion.
Supplementary volumes to the Menaion exist for local saints, *e.g.*, one for all the Saints of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, or for newly canonized saints or icons which have their own locally observed feasts.
## Calendar
Since 1921, there have been two calendars in use within the Orthodox Church: the Julian Calendar and the Revised Julian Calendar. As of the 21st century there is a thirteen-day difference between the two calendars, so where the former is used, any given fixed date occurs thirteen days later than where the latter is used, *e.g.*, Christmas is fixed on December 25, but where the Julian calendar is used, that date falls on what is commonly known as January 7. The date of Pascha, however, is everywhere reckoned using the Julian Calendar, resulting in differing interactions between the Paschal cycle and the fixed cycle, *e.g.* the Annunciation may fall as late as Bright Wednesday where the Julian Calendar is used but only as late as the Thursday before Palm Sunday where the revised calendar is used.
## Icons
The term \"Menaion\" is also applied to icons of all the saints whose feast days fall within a particular month. A particular church may have 12 such icons, one for each month of the year, or it may have one large icon depicting all 12 months on one panel
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# Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
The **Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology** is organized to integrate the many fields of specialization which occur in the broad field of biology.
The society was formed in 1902 as the **American Society of Zoologists**, through the merger of two societies, the \"Central Naturalists\" and the \"American Morphological Society\" (founded in 1890). The Ecological Society of America split from it in 1915, and another society of geneticists also split from it in 1930. In 1996 the name was changed to the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.
The society publishes two scientific journals: the bimonthly journal *Integrative and Comparative Biology (*formerly the *American Zoologist*) and *Evolution & Development*. It is organized in a flexible structure with many lightweight divisions. As of 2014, it has approximately 3500 members
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# Youth Drug and Alcohol Court of New South Wales
The **Youth Drug and Alcohol Court of New South Wales** was the generic name given to a harm minimization program administered through the Children\'s Court of New South Wales that operated between 2000 and 2012. The Court was a children\'s court that specialised in criminal offences in which a child over 14 but under 18 years of age has an addiction to illicit drugs or alcohol.
The Court was the first youth court of its type that was established in Australia.
## History
The establishment of the Youth Drug and Alcohol Court program was one of the outcomes of the New South Wales Government's Drug Summit in 1999. The summit was called to address increasing community concern about the role of illicit drugs in the community.
One of the Summit's recommendation was that the existing Adult Drug Court trial underway at Parramatta (see Drug Court of New South Wales be expanded to be available to young offenders. The initial trial was conducted at Campbelltown and commenced on 31 July 2000. The program was established as a pilot for two years and continued until July 2012, when the Court was axed due to budget cuts.
## Jurisdiction
The Court was constituted by a single Children\'s Magistrate of the Children\'s Court of New South Wales. It operated in Sydney at Parramatta, Bidura Glebe and Campbelltown. Matters referred to the Youth Drug and Alcohol Court were then dealt with by that program, provided that the child met the eligibility criteria and was accepted onto the program.
## Magistrates
There were no special requirements for appointment of a children\'s magistrate to the program. This differs to the Adult Drug Court where the Governor of New South Wales appoints the judicial officer to the court.
## Objectives
The objectives of the Court were to reduce the alcohol and drug dependency of children, to promote the re-integration of such drug dependent children into their families and the community, and to reduce the need for such drug dependent children to resort to criminal activity to support their drug dependencies.
The program differs to the Adult Drug Court in that children were dealt with pre-sentence rather than post sentence. A sentence on a child is postponed until full participation through the program has been undertaken.
## Eligibility and selection for a program {#eligibility_and_selection_for_a_program}
Eligibility for the program was limited to young people who:
1. Were ineligible for a caution or conference under the *Young Offenders Act 1997* (NSW).
2. Were charged with an offence that was able to be dealt with by a Children's Court (that is, the young person is aged between 10 and 18 years at the time of the commission of the offence and the offence was not a serious children's indictable or traffic offence that is dealt with by other courts)
3. Have a demonstrable drug and/or alcohol problem.
4. Reside within the catchment area (Greater Sydney)
5. Were not charged with a sexual offence.
6. Plead guilty or indicate an intention to plead guilty if admitted into the program.
7. Consent to participate in the program.
8. Were aged between 14 and 18 years, although the YDAC Magistrate had discretion to admit into the program young people under 14 years who were assessed as being suitable for admission. It is the discretion of the presiding children\'s magistrate to determine whether the child was referred to the program.
## Evaluation
The program was reviewed in 2003 by the Social Policy Research Centre of the University of New South Wales and was considered a success
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# Lazzeroni
**Lazzeroni Arms Company** is a US firearms and firearm cartridge maker based in Tucson, Arizona. Lazzeroni was founded by John Lazzeroni and is known for designing and producing long range hunting rifles and high speed cartridges.`{{r|Barnes|Boddington-2010}}`{=mediawiki}
## Lazzeroni rifles {#lazzeroni_rifles}
Initially Lazzeroni rifles were made using Remington Model 700 actions, but due to feeding problems and concerns about the action\'s strength, the company subsequently used a specially modified McBros action with a custom magazine assembly.`{{r|Barnes}}`{=mediawiki} More recently, the company has used specially made SAKO actions.`{{r|Barnes}}`{=mediawiki}
Lazzeroni\'s standard rifle, the L2000ST, has a 27 in barrel and weighs 8 lb without a scope.`{{r|Petzal}}`{=mediawiki} The company\'s lightweight mountain rifle, the L2000SA, has a 24 in barrel and weighs 6.5 lb without a scope.`{{r|Petzal}}`{=mediawiki}
## Lazzeroni propriety cartridges {#lazzeroni_propriety_cartridges}
Lazzeroni has developed a series of propriety short and long, unbelted magnum cartridges
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# Ellenton, South Carolina
**Ellenton** is a former community that was located on the border between Barnwell and Aiken counties, South Carolina, United States. Ellenton was settled c. 1870.
In 1950 the town was acquired by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission as part of a site for development of the Savannah River Plant, a nuclear plant. All the residences and businesses were acquired, and two new towns, New Ellenton, South Carolina and Jackson, South Carolina, were built. The plant was between the current CSX railroad and the current SC Highway 125, Upper Three Runs Creek, and Four Mile Branch. SC Highway 125 was U.S. Highway 278 in the 1950s.
## History
### Early history {#early_history}
The settlement began with the construction of the *Port Royal and Augusta Railroad*, which was later renamed the Charleston and Western Carolina Railway. It was taken over by CSX Transportation. It ran through the plantation of Robert Jefferson Dunbar. Part of his land was for the railroad right-of-way, the train station, and town.
Oral tradition of the town tells that Stephen Caldwell Millet, the superintendent of the railroad construction and president of the railroad, boarded with the Dunbar family. He was so struck with the beauty of Ellen Dunbar, the nine-year-old daughter of the Dunbars, that he asked his company to name the station \"Ellen\'s Town.\" In a note to the O\'Berry book, the Savannah River Archeological Research Program indicates that in 1870, when this was supposed to have taken place, Mary Ellen Dunbar was twenty-two years old.
### Ellenton Riot {#ellenton_riot}
A riot occurred in Ellenton from September 15--21, 1876. The initiation of the Ellenton riot began when a white posse attempted to serve warrants of arrest issued by an African-American Magistrate Prince Rivers for two people suspected of breaking and entering. The events escalated until two white men and 100 African-Americans were killed, despite local leaders downplaying the numbers. Perhaps the most notable fatality was that of Simon P. Coker, who served as a member of the Legislature from Barnwell.
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# Ellenton, South Carolina
## Late 19th century to present {#late_19th_century_to_present}
The town of Ellenton was incorporated in 1880. For most of its years, it was an agricultural, trading, and sawmill town. It declined through the downturn of cotton prices after World War I and the Depression of the 1930s. By the early 1950s, Ellenton had a population of about 760, about 190 residences, about 30 commercial buildings, five churches, two schools including Ellenton High School, one cotton gin, a city hall and jail, and the railroad station.
Ellenton had the first automatic telephone dialing system in South Carolina. After the bank failures in the Great Depression, Ellenton had the first cash depository in South Carolina.
### Exodus
thumb\|center\|upright=2.0\|Ellenton in 1950 (left) and 2010 (right) On November 28, 1950, the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the E. I. du Pont de Nemours Company announced that the Savannah River Plant would be built on about 300 sqmi. of Aiken, Barnwell, and Allendale counties in South Carolina. The Savannah River Plant was built for the production of plutonium and tritium for the H-bomb.
About 6,000 people and 6,000 graves were to be relocated. This included the incorporated communities of Ellenton and Dunbarton and the unincorporated communities of Hawthorne, Meyers Mill, Robbins, and Leigh. In this relatively poor rural area, a significant fraction of those relocated were African-American farmers and sharecroppers. The government purchased or condemned their properties. Many of the residents moved themselves, and in some cases, their homes to the new town of New Ellenton, South Carolina on U.S. Highway 278, which was eight miles north, or nearby Jackson, Beech Island, Aiken, and North Augusta, South Carolina; and Augusta, Georgia. Some moved out of state. Eventually, most of what remained of the former town were the paved streets, curbs, driveways, and walkways.
## Geography
Ellenton\'s location was approximately 33°13\'15\" N and 81°43\'53\" W on the Aiken County -- Barnwell County line.
## Legacy
New Ellenton was developed to replace Ellenton. An annual reunion of former Ellenton residents started in 1973 and continues today.
The musical, *I Don\'t Live There Anymore: The Ellenton Story,* premiered in Dorset, England in 1992. It was produced at the Piccolo Spoleto held during the Spoleto Festival USA in Charleston, South Carolina, in 1993. Ellenton and its fate were the basis for the account of the town of Colleton in the novel **The Prince of Tides** by Pat Conroy
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# Khujand clan
The **Khujand clan**, also known as the **Leninabad clan**, is the name given to political alliance based in Khujand, Tajikistan. The clan largely controlled the Government of Tajikistan from World War II until the Tajik Civil War.
Rahmon Nabiyev, a member of the Khujand clan, became the President of Tajikistan in November 1991. He served until August 1992 when he was forced to resign at gunpoint
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# Johnnie Johnson (American football)
**Johnnie Johnson** (born October 8, 1956) is an American former professional football player who was a cornerback and safety in the National Football League (NFL) for 10 seasons during the 1980s. Johnson played college football for the University of Texas, and was a two-time unanimous All-American. A first-round choice in the 1980 NFL draft, he played professionally for the Los Angeles Rams and Seattle Seahawks. Johnson was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in May 2007. Johnson\'s son, Collin Johnson, plays for the Chicago Bears as a wide receiver.
## College career {#college_career}
In his final three seasons he was a member of a team that placed among the nation\'s top-ten in total defense. Johnson also excelled on special teams as a punt return specialist. Many of his punt return marks still stand in the UT record books. In his freshman year, Johnson got off to a great start being named a starter in his first game, but a leg injury kept him on the sidelines for much of the year. The next year, he regained his starting status on a team that went through the regular season undefeated. That year his fourth-down tackle inside the Texas five-yard line preserved a win over Oklahoma. He won the first of three All-Southwest Conference honors that year. In an era before the advent of the Thorpe Award, Johnson was named the nation\'s top defensive back of 1978 by the New York Downtown Athletic Club.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Johnson was selected by the Rams in the first round of the 1980 NFL draft with the 17th pick. The Rams signed him to a six-year, \$1 million contract., which caused veteran free-agent Rams Jack Youngblood, Jim Youngblood, Dennis Harrah, and Larry Brooks to hold out during the 1980 pre-season.
Johnson holds the Rams record for the longest interception return after scoring on a 99-yard return against the Green Bay Packers in `{{NFL Year|1980}}`{=mediawiki}. Off the field, he appeared in the 1986 Rams promotional video, *Let\'s Ram It*
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# Manfred Wörner Foundation
The **Manfred Wörner Foundation** is a Bulgarian not-for-profit non-governmental organization established on 20 October 1994, and registered in 1996. It is named in honour of Manfred Wörner, former secretary-general of NATO.
## Mission
Its mission is to foster and project Atlantic values, solidarity and cooperation, help advance the European peace and security policies in a strategic partnership with America, promote personal liberties and economic freedom, support the sustainable economic, social and demographic development of Bulgaria, contribute to the exploration and conservation of the national and world natural heritage, and uphold the European vision of Manfred Wörner (1934--1994).
## Activities
The foundation sponsored the naming of *Manfred Wörner Street* in Sofia in 1995, the naming of Wörner Gap on Livingston Island, Antarctica, in 1996, and the erection of a *Manfred Wörner Monument* in South Park, Sofia, in 1996.
The foundation is focusing its activities on training and education, technical assistance to state and local authorities, transboundary regional development, promotion of new immigration policies for Bulgaria, and Antarctic research including the organization and management of the scientific Antarctic expedition Tangra 2004/05 and the establishment of Camp Academia on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, and published Antarctic topographic maps, donating free copies to all Bulgarian schools.
The foundation has established an *Atlantic Solidarity Award*, given by a jury comprising representatives of the Bulgarian civil society in appreciation of outstanding personal contributions to world peace and liberty. Lord George Robertson became the first recipient of the award in 2003.
The founding president (since 1994) is Lyubomir Ivanov. Elfie Wörner was the honorary director of the foundation in 1997--2006.
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# Manfred Wörner Foundation
## Publications
- *Rights and Integration of Immigrants in Bulgaria*. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2003. 12 pp. (in Bulgarian, Arabic, Russian and English)
- *Towards New Immigration Policies for Bulgaria*, a collection of papers. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2006. (in Bulgarian, English summary) `{{ISBN|978-954-92032-1-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *The Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People*. Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2003. Printed in Bulgaria by Double T Publishers. 96 pp. `{{ISBN|954-91503-1-3}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Immigrants and Refugees in Bulgaria and Their Integration: Guidelines for New Immigration Policies*, a collection of papers. Sofia: NI Plus Publishing House, 2003. `{{ISBN|954-91426-5-5}}`{=mediawiki}
- [*Bulgarian Policies on the Republic of Macedonia: Recommendations on the development of good neighbourly relations following Bulgaria's accession to the EU and in the context of NATO and EU enlargement in the Western Balkans*](http://members.lycos.co.uk/sfsk/). Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2008. 80 pp. (Trilingual publication in Bulgarian, Macedonian and English) `{{ISBN|978-954-92032-2-6}}`{=mediawiki}
- [*Immigration and Integration: European Experiences*.](http://www.cermes.info/page.php?category=1&id=50) Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2008. `{{ISBN|978-954-92032-5-7}}`{=mediawiki}
- [Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands](http://apcbg.org/image019.jpg). Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. (in Bulgarian) `{{ISBN|978-954-92032-4-0}}`{=mediawiki}
- [Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands](http://apcbg.org/image023.jpg). Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. `{{ISBN|978-954-92032-6-4}}`{=mediawiki}
- [*Bulgaria in Antarctica. South Shetland Islands*.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318704395_Bulgaria_in_Antarctica_South_Shetland_Islands) Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. 16 pp., with a folded map. `{{ISBN|978-954-92032-7-1}}`{=mediawiki}
- [*Antarctic: Nature, History, Utilization, Geographic Names and Bulgarian Participation*.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318421288_Antarctic_Nature_History_Utilization_Geographic_Names_and_Bulgarian_Participation_in_Bulgarian) Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2014. 368 pp. (in Bulgarian) `{{ISBN|978-619-90008-1-6}}`{=mediawiki} ([Second revised and updated edition](http://biblio.bg/Антарктика/Нуша-Иванова/9786199000823-47937), 2014. 411 pp. `{{ISBN|978-619-90008-2-3}}`{=mediawiki})
- [*Bulgarian Names in Antarctica*.](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329936128_Bulgarian_Names_in_Antarctica_in_Bulgarian) Sofia: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2019. 526 pp. (in Bulgarian) `{{ISBN|978-619-90008-4-7}}`{=mediawiki} ([Second revised and updated edition](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353620789_Bulgarian_Names_in_Antarctica_Second_edition), 2021. 539 pp. `{{ISBN|978-619-90008-5-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- Bowles Ridge and Central Tangra Mountains: Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:25000 map. Sofia, 2023. `{{ISBN| 978-619-90008-6-1}}`{=mediawiki}
<File:FI-Future.jpg%7CThe> Future of the Falkland Islands and Its People <File:Immigrants-in-Bulgaria.jpg%7CRights> and Integration of Immigrants in Bulgaria <File:BG-Policies-on-MK.png%7CBulgarian> Policies on the Republic of Macedoniaa <File:Livingston-Island-Map-2010.jpg%7CTopographic> map of Livingston, Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands <File:BG-AQ-Front-Cover.jpg%7CBulgaria> in Antarctica: South Shetland Islands <File:Antarctica-Book-Cover.TIF%7CAntarctic>: Nature, History, Utilization, Geographic Names and Bulgarian Participation <File:Front-Cover-Bulgarian-Names-in-Antarctica-II.png%7CBulgarian> Names in Antarctica <File:Bowles_Ridge_and_Tangra_Mountains
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# Carmencita
**Carmen Dauset Moreno**, better known simply as **Carmencita** (1868--1910), was a Spanish-style dancer in American pre-vaudeville variety and music hall ballet.
## Biography
Born in Almería, Andalusia, Spain, Carmencita took dancing lessons in Malaga and first danced professionally at Malaga\'s Cervantes Theatre in 1880. In 1882 she toured Spain and later traveled to Paris and Portugal. She returned to Paris during the Exposition Universelle (1889) and danced at the Nouveau Cirque where theatrical agent Bolossy Kiralfy saw her performance and subsequently induced her to come to the United States under his management. She debuted in New York on August 17, 1889, dancing in the ballet of \"Antiope.\" Her association with Kiralfy ended in early 1890, and she rose to fame under the management of John Koster and Albert Bial, who put her in their 23rd Street Concert Hall commencing 10 February 1890. Over the next several years Carmencita performed in major cities across the country. She appeared in Koster & Bial\'s new Music Hall in November and early December 1894 before selling her possessions and returning to Europe. She performed at the Palace Theatre, London in February 1895 and then periodically at the Théâtre des Nouveautés in Paris.
## Appearances in painting and film {#appearances_in_painting_and_film}
Carmencita inspired rhapsodic poetry and prose. Today, she is noted for having had her portrait painted by such notable artists as John Singer Sargent, William Merritt Chase and James Carroll Beckwith as well as her role in an eponymous short film, one of many early instances of filmed theater.
According to film historian Charles Musser, Carmencita was the first woman to appear in a modern motion picture made for commercial purposes and may have been the first woman to appear in a motion picture within the United States. In the film she is recorded going through a routine she had been performing at Koster and Bial\'s Music Hall in New York City since February 1890.
Carmencita (1894).webm\|Carmencita in the film Carmencita, by William Merritt Chase.jpg\|*Carmencita*, by William Merritt Chase La Carmencita, by John Singer Sargent.jpg\|*La Carmencita*, by John Singer Sargent Olympia Carmencita
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# Sleeze Beez
**Sleeze Beez** was a Dutch glam metal band formed in 1987. They released four studio albums and one live album over a nine-year career before disbanding in 1996. Their 1989 album *Screwed Blued & Tattooed* peaked at number 115 on the US *Billboard* 200 chart, and the song \"Stranger Than Paradise\" off the album was a hit on MTV. In 1992 after a long tour, they released the album *Powertool* on Atlantic Records, which contained the ballad \"I Don\'t Want to Live Without You\" and was a minor hit.
## History
Sleeze Beez was formed by drummer Jan Koster and guitarist Chriz van Jaarsveld in 1987. The first recordings were made with the Belgian singer Tigo \"Tiger\" Fawzi, for the album *Look Like Hell*. He was briefly followed by Thijs Hamelaers.
In 1989, the Beez got more stability by recruiting the English vocalist Andrew Elt, who previously sang in Gin on the Rocks. They cut the successful *Screwed Blued & Tattooed* LP which broke them in the U.S., and they took up as opening act for Skid Row. On the strength of the hit single \"Stranger Than Paradise\", the band then did 90 headline shows throughout the U.S. and Canada.
In the early nineties, momentum slowed for the band, which increasingly found that the musical tide had turned, and there was less demand for glam metal bands. Meanwhile, popularity overseas particularly in Japan remained strong and the band toured there in 1995. A live album, *Live in Tokyo*, was released that same year.
In 1996, Koster, who for years had struggled with a wrist injury announced that he could not continue. At this point, the band fell apart. In later years, Koster with Van Jaarsveld and Jongsma formed the band Jetland, which focused mainly on punk rock and landed in the Dutch Top 40 with the single \"And the Crowd Goes\". Andrew Elt and Don van Spall played in the cover band The Heavy 70\'s, and in The Moon, a band with original material.
They reformed in 2010. The band supported Aerosmith alongside Stone Temple Pilots on 23 June 2010 at the GelreDome in Arnhem and announced a headlining appearance on 4 February 2011 at the Paradiso in Amsterdam.
## Band members {#band_members}
Principal members
- Chriz Van Jaarsveld -- guitar, backing vocals (1987--1996, 2010--2011)
- Don Van Spall -- guitar, backing vocals (1987--1996, 2010--2011)
- Ed Jongsma -- bass guitar, backing vocals (1987--1996, 2010--2011)
- Jan Koster -- drums, backing vocals (1987--1996, 2010--2011)
- Andrew Elt -- vocals, guitar, harmonica (1988--1996, 2010--2011)
Past members
- Tigo \"Tiger\" Fawzi -- vocals (1987--1988)
- Thijs Hamelaers -- vocals (1988)
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
- *Look Like Hell* (1987)
- *Screwed Blued & Tattooed* (1990) (US No. 115)
- *Powertool* (1992)
- *Insanity Beach* (1994)
### Live albums {#live_albums}
- *Live in Tokyo* (1995)
- *Screwed Live!* (2010)
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
- *The Very Best of Sleeze Beez* (2010)
### Singles
- \"Stranger Than Paradise\" (1990) (US No
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# St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church (Lowell, Massachusetts)
**St. George Antiochian Orthodox Church** in Lowell, Massachusetts, is an Eastern Orthodox parish under the jurisdiction of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America. St. George Church is one of several Eastern Orthodox churches in the city of Lowell, along with Holy Trinity, Transfiguration, and St. George (all of the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America).
## History
The first Syrian-Lebanese families came to Lowell in the mid-1880s. They came from two small towns: Aita al-Foukhar in the present-day Lebanon and Saydnaya, Syria. With them came the ancient faith of their forefathers, Eastern Orthodoxy. Since there was no church, and when a priest was available, Sunday services were held in the homes of the faithful. Through the efforts of dedicated laymen, the present church was purchased in 1917. It had originally been built in 1883 by French Huguenots, a Protestant sect. It took two years to remodel and prepare the church building for use as an Orthodox temple of worship. On Sunday, May 25, 1919, Metropolitan Germanos Shehadeh of Zahle, assisted by Archmandrite Seraphim Nassar, dedicated the church edifice. The original parish comprised 25 to 30 families. The parish has grown throughout the years as more Orthodox faithful have migrated and immigrated to the area. The city of Lowell is unique in that approximately one-fifth of the population is of the Eastern Orthodox faith. The parishioners of St. George take pride in their parish\'s professional people who include doctors, lawyers, graduate engineers and many successful business people. The church has been under the jurisdiction of the following Prelates: Metropolitan Archbishop Germanos Shehadah, Metropolitan Archbishop Victor Abouassaly, Metropolitan Archbishop Samuel David, Metropolitan Archbishop Michael Shaheen, and since August 24, 1975, is under the jurisdiction of Metropolitan Archbishop Philip Saliba Primate and his Auxiliaries, Bishop Antoun Khouri, Bishop Basil Essey, Bishop Demetri Khoury and Bishop Joseph Al-Zehlaoui. Throughout the years, the church has been served by the following Priests:
- 1917-1919: Michael Husson
- 1919-1926: Fiani
- 1926-1929: Raphael Husson
- 1929-1931: Nicholas Husson
- 1931-1938: (closed)
- 1938-1951: Cosmo Ansara
- 1951-1962: Michael Shahin
- 1962-1965: Elias Gillette
- 1965-1966: Haddad
- 1966-1972: Thomas Green
- 1972-1975: Mark Pemberton
- 1975-1976: John Scollard
- 1976-1978: Antony Beauchamp
- 1978-1982: Andrew Zbeeb
- 1982-1986: Daniel Griffith
- 1986-1989: Theodore Pulcini
- 1989-1992: John Teebagy
- 1992-1994: George Sayaf
- 1994-2001: Isaac Crow
- 2001-pres: Leonard Faris
Over the years, much remodeling and beautification of the church has taken place. In the mid-1980s, new icons were installed, painted by the well-known Iconographer, Youssis. The most prominent of these are the breathtaking image of the Holy Virgin (Platytera) in the church apse and the majestic icon of the Pantocrator (Jesus) directly overhead. Most recently, air conditioning has been installed.
## Placement on the National Register of Historic Places {#placement_on_the_national_register_of_historic_places}
St. George of Lowell was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in June 2008. It was included on the National Register because of the church\'s association with immigrants who worked in the mills that made Lowell the center of the American Industrial Revolution
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# American Sighthound Field Association
The **American Sighthound Field Association** or **ASFA** is a non-profit organization committed to sanctioning and providing a framework for the sport of lure coursing in the United States. The organization of ASFA is made up of member clubs which host field trials throughout the United States. The organization has a President, First and Second Vice Presidents, Secretary, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer. The membership of ASFA is further represented by 10 Regional Directors who are elected to two year terms.
## History
The American Sighthound Field Association was started in 1972 by Lyle Gillette and other California sighthound fanciers
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# Foster, Wikner Aircraft
The **Foster, Wikner Aircraft Company Limited** was a British aircraft manufacturer formed in 1936.
## History
The Australian aircraft designer Geoffrey N. Wikner moved to England in May 1934, where he looked for partners to build cheap and efficient aircraft. With V. Foster and J.F Lusty they formed the **Foster, Wikner Aircraft Company Limited** on 9 September 1936. J.F Lusty and the Lusty family were furniture manufacturers (William Lusty & Sons Limited). The company set up in their furniture factory at Lusty\'s Works in Bromley-by-Bow, London and built the prototype Foster Wikner Wicko.
In 1937 the company moved to premises at Southampton (Eastleigh) Airport, Hampshire. Production of the **Wicko** was started but was abandoned after the eleventh aircraft due to the start of the Second World War.
Geoffrey Wikner flew for the Air Transport Auxiliary during the war, and in 1946 returned to Australia in a converted Handley Page Halifax bomber
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# Andrew McDonald (water polo)
**Andrew John \"Drew\" McDonald** (born October 19, 1955) is a former water polo player who won a silver medal for the United States at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. He attended Stanford University, where he graduated with a degree in psychology in 1977 and a Master of Science in industrial engineering 1980. He was named to the Stanford Athletic Hall of Fame in 1982 and USA Water Polo Hall of Fame in 1991.
McDonald participated in two Pan American Games. In 1979, he played on the US team, which won the gold medal in San Juan, Puerto Rico. In 1983, he won the title with the US team in Caracas, Venezuela. He was also a member of the 1980 US Water Polo National team that did not participate in the 1980 Olympics due to Jimmy Carter\'s decision to boycott the games.
At Stanford he met his first wife Kim Peyton McDonald, an Olympic gold medalist from the 1976 Montreal Summer Olympics in the 4 × 100 m freestyle relay. He is married to Carol Shurtz McDonald, a Chico State graduate. They have two children: Spenser and Devon McDonald.
McDonald coached boys varsity basketball at Miramonte High School in Orinda, California from 2012 to 2016. He is currently an assistant coach for the boys basketball team at Campolindo High School in Moraga, California
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# Robin Huisman de Jong
**Robin Huisman de Jong** (born 8 June 1988) is a Dutch footballer who plays as a defender for Hoofdklasse club Buitenpost.
After failing to break through to the Heerenveen first team due to knee injuries, Huisman de Jong moved to BV Cloppenburg in the German Oberliga Niedersachsen in 2009. After returning to the Netherlands two years later, he has appeared for Sneek Wit Zwart and Harkemase Boys.
He is a Dutch youth international; he has played for the U17 and U18 sides, and he was also a member of the Netherlands squad which failed to qualify for the 2007 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship
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# Ventura County Fire Department
The **Ventura County Fire Department** (**VCFD**) provides fire protection and emergency response services for the unincorporated areas of Ventura County, California, and for seven other cities within the county. Together, these areas compose the Ventura County Fire Protection District in the state of California, United States. The Ventura County Board of Supervisors is the fire district\'s board of directors. These five elected supervisors appoint the fire chief, and task him with providing fire protection services for the district.
In addition to the unincorporated areas of Ventura County, the department provides the following cities with service: Camarillo, Moorpark, Ojai, Port Hueneme, Santa Paula, Simi Valley, and Thousand Oaks.
## History
On May 11, 1928 the Ventura County Fire Protection District (VCFPD) was established. It wasn\'t for another two years that a 24-hour Fire Warden was placed on duty.
As the population of the county grew, the VCFD grew as well. In 1946 the department added radios to all of their trucks and rose to a total of 34 personnel. Nearly 33 years later in 1969, the department added a second radio frequency and added a full-time dispatch center at Station 31 in Thousand Oaks. Four years later in 1973, VCFD changed their engines from traditional Fire Engine Red to Yellow.
## Apparatus
### Engine and medic engine {#engine_and_medic_engine}
Ventura County uses two main types of engines. The first is the standard engine, which is often referred to as a \"triple-combination pumper\" as it has a fire pump, water tank and fire hose. Each engine can deliver 1,500 GPM of water and carry 500 gallons of water. The engines also carry multiple ground ladders and different types of hose as well as various types of firefighting, rescue and medical equipment. The second type of engine is the Medic Engine. The only real difference between the medic engine and the standard engine is that the medic engines are capable of advanced life support (ALS) with a firefighter also being a fully trained Advanced Life Support (ALS) paramedic. These units have additional equipment on board for specialized emergency responses.
### Medic rescue engine/rescue engine {#medic_rescue_enginerescue_engine}
In the Ventura County Fire Department, a rescue engine is a 2 piece company that is assigned a standard engine and rescue truck. These units always respond together as a single company. The rescue truck carries all of the same equipment that a truck company carries, such as vehicle extrication tools, forcible entry tools and ventilation tools giving the rescue engine truck company capabilities without the aerial device of a truck company.
Ventura County Fire Department has 3 rescue engines, 1 rescue is paired with a BLS engine making the company a Rescue Engine (27) and 2 of the rescues are paired with Medic Engines to make them Medic Rescue Engines (23 & 31).
Each of the Rescue Engines / Medic Rescue Engines serve as the truck company / support company for their geographical region.
These companies are used instead of a large ladder truck with an aerial device because of the type of area they serve, either due to the terrain, making it difficult to operate a large truck company, or a lack of multi-story buildings making an aerial device unnecessary.
### Water tenders {#water_tenders}
Ventura county fire department has 2 water tenders currently in service, they are water tender 40 and water tender 27. These units are used on brush fires when there is no hydrants available for engines to refill there pumps. They are stationed at station 40 and 27. 27 is much newer than 40, with 40 being an old KME, and the most notable feature of 40 is that instead of being yellow, like most of the other units in the department, it is red.
### Quints
Ventura county fire department currently has one quint frontline and the one in reserve. What sets these units apart from other truck companies is that they have a pump and carry water. These quints are quints 44 and 144, and are stationed at station 44 in wood ranch. Quint 44 is the one in frontline and is a 2015 rosenbauer commander tractor drawn Quiller (quint+tiller), and the reserve one being quint 144, an American Lafrance rear mount quint, another fun fact is that code3customs made a diecast model of quint 144 when it was rescue engine 40. 144 also served as rescue engine 40, then got the paramedic designation and then was quint 44, and is now in reserve as quint 144. These units respond to calls as if they were and engine and a truck.
In addition to the main engines, Ventura County also has reserve engines which are older engines kept as backups or for use on major incidents. Two of the department reserve engines are provided by the Office of Emergency Services.
### Wildland fire engines {#wildland_fire_engines}
Ventura County has 11 Type 3 wildland fire engines that are specifically designed for fighting wildland fires. One feature that sets these engines apart from the standard engines is their ability to pump water from a 500-gallon tank while on the move. This allows firefighters to make a running attack on the fire. This feature is called \"pump and roll\"
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# Ventura County Fire Department
## Apparatus
### Helicopters
Ventura County has four Helicopters that are jointly used by the VCFD and the Ventura County Sheriff\'s Department. The fleet of helicopters is made up of four different Bell UH-1 Hueys, one each of the HH-1H, UH-1H, Bell 205B and Bell 212. Each Huey can carry up to nine firefighters, can fly up to 100 miles per hour, and features a 375-gallon water tank that can be used to make drops onto fires. In September 2019 Ventura County incorporated three UH-60 helicopters for firefighting use. The surplus helicopters, obtained from the U.S. Army, are referred to as *Firehawks* and have been modified for crew transport, patient transport, and to carry water-dropping belly tanks. They provide increased speed (160 miles per hour) and water carrying capacity (1,000 gallons) over the existing fleet. In addition to fire fighting missions, the Hueys and Firehawks are used for search and rescue, emergency medical services, marijuana eradication and surveillance.
### Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting Units (ARFF) {#aircraft_rescue_and_firefighting_units_arff}
The Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting units are designed to fight large flammable liquid fires, specifically aircraft fires. They are also utilized on gasoline fires in refineries or tanker trucks on the highway. The engines carry 1,500 gallons of water and is fitted with a pump capable of 1,250 GPM. Two hundred gallons of foam concentrate is also carried on board.
### Dozers
To aid in fighting wildfires, VCFD has multiple bulldozers. The dozers, as they are known, travel as a three piece unit consisting of the dozer itself, a tractor-trailer that transports the dozer which callsigns are \"transport and a tender that carries tools for servicing the dozer in the field.
### Fire boat {#fire_boat}
The VCFD has a 38-foot fireboat stationed at the Channel Islands Harbor. It is outfitted with a 1,000 GPM water cannon.
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# Ventura County Fire Department
## Emergency operations {#emergency_operations}
Bolded stations serve as quarters for the various Battalion chiefs in the VCFD. There are 5 Battalions in the department, each commanded by a Battalion Chief. Station 54 is the headquarters for the departments special operations.
### Battalion 1 {#battalion_1}
Battalion 1 has its Headquarters at Fire Station 54. The Special operations activities are conducted at this station. Special Operations activities include dealing with hazardous materials incidents, urban search and rescue incidents, water Rescue incidents and dealing with specialized fire fighting activities such as firefighting during shipboard and aircraft emergencies. Battalion 1 has Fire Stations 50,52,54 in Camarillo and Fire Station 57 in Somis.
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+
| station \# | Equipment | Address | City | Nickname | Reference |
+============+================================================================+======================+===========+===================+===========+
| 50 | +---------------+--------------------------------------------+ | 189 S. Las Posas Rd. | Camarillo | Camarillo Airport | |
| | | - Engine 50 | - Rescue Ambulance 50 | | | | | |
| | | - Crash 50 | - Foam 50 | | | | | |
| | | - Hazmat 50 | - Utility 50 | | | | | |
| | | | - Hazmat Officer | | | | | |
| | | | - two decon trailers that are at the RTC | | | | | |
| | +---------------+--------------------------------------------+ | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+
| 52 | - Medic Engine 52 | 5353 Santa Rosa Rd. | Camarillo | Mission Oaks | |
| | - Engine 152 | | | | |
| | - squad 52 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+
| **54** | +-----------------+----------------------------+ | 2160 Pickwick Dr. | Camarillo | Camarillo | |
| | | - Battalion 1 | - USAR 154 | | | | | |
| | | - Engine 54 | - USAR 54 | | | | | |
| | | - Truck 54 | - USAR officer | | | | | |
| | | | - OES swiftwater 10 | | | | | |
| | | | - OES swiftwater trailer | | | | | |
| | | | - UTV 54 | | | | | |
| | | | - Water rescue trailer | | | | | |
| | +-----------------+----------------------------+ | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+
| 55 | - Engine 55 | 403 Valley Vista Dr. | Camarillo | Las Posas | |
| | - Engine 155 | | | | |
| | - Brush Engine 355 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+
| 57 | +----------------------+ | 3356 Somis Rd. | Somis | Somis | |
| | | - Engine 57 | | | | | |
| | | - Brush Engine 357 | | | | | |
| | | - Light & Air 57 | | | | | |
| | +----------------------+ | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+-----------+-------------------+-----------+
### Battalion 2 {#battalion_2}
Battalion 2 has its Headquarters at Fire Station 23. The Ojai Valley area as well as Santa Paula,Meiners Oaks, Oak View and Ventura are covered. Battalion 2 has Fire Station 20 in Santa Paula,Fire Station 21 in Ojai,Fire Station 22 in Meiners Oaks,Fire Station 23 in Oak view and Fire Station 25 in Ventura
+------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
| station \# | Equipment | Address | City | Nickname | Reference |
+============+============================+===============================+==============+==============+===========+
| 20 | - Engine 20 | 12000 Santa Paula-Ojai Rd. | Santa Paula | Summitt | |
| | - Patrol 20 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
| 21 | - Medic Engine 21 | 1201 E. Ojai Av. | Ojai | Ojai | |
| | - Engine 121 | | | | |
| | - Utility 21 | | | | |
| | - Brush Engine 321 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
| 22 | - Engine 22 | 466 S. La Luna Av. | Meiners Oaks | Meiners Oaks | |
| | - Brush Engine 322 | | | | |
| | - Utility 22 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
| **23** | - Medic rescue Engine 23 | 15 Kunkle St. | Oak View | Oak View | |
| | - Battalion 2 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
| 25 | - Engine 25 | 5674 W. Pacific Coast Highway | Ventura | Rincon | |
| | - Engine 125 | | | | |
| | - Water Rescue 25 | | | | |
| | - OES Water Tender 12 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
| | | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------+-------------------------------+--------------+--------------+-----------+
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# Ventura County Fire Department
## Emergency operations {#emergency_operations}
### Battalion 3 {#battalion_3}
Battalion 3 has its Headquarters at Fire Station 30. Fire Stations 30,31,33,34 and 36 in Thousand Oaks,Fire Stations 32 and 35 in Newbury Park and Fire Station 36 in Oak Park are covered by Battalion 3.
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| station \# | Equipment | Address | City | Nickname | Reference |
+============+=====================================================+===============================+===============+===============+===========+
| **30** | - Engine 30 | 325 W. Hillcrest Dr. | Thousand Oaks | Civic Center | |
| | - Battalion 3 | | | | |
| | - Brush Engine 330 | | | | |
| | - Squad 30 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| 31 | - Medic Engine 31 | 151 N. Duesenberg Dr. | Thousand Oaks | Westlake | |
| | - Rescue 31 | | | | |
| | - Rescue 131 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| 32 | - Medic Engine 32 | 830 Reino Rd. | Newbury Park | Potrero | |
| | - Engine 132 | | | | |
| | - Utility 32 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| 33 | - Engine 33 | 33 Lake Sherwood Dr. | Thousand Oaks | Lake Sherwood | |
| | - Brush Engine 333 | | | | |
| | - Patrol 33 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| 34 | - Medic Engine 34 | 555 E. Avenida de Los Arboles | Thousand Oaks | Arboles | |
| | - Engine 134 | | | | |
| | - Utility 34 | | | | |
| | - Day Engine 39 (once new station 34 is finished) | | | | |
| | - ground support trailer | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| 35 | - Engine 35 | 751 Mitchell Rd. | Newbury Park | Newbury Park | |
| | - Truck 35 | | | | |
| | - Command 11 | | | | |
| | - OES Reserve Engine 344 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| 36 | - Medic Engine 36 | 855 Deerhill Rd. | Oak Park | Oak Park | |
| | - Engine 136 | | | | |
| | - Utility 36 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| 37 | - Engine 37 | 2010 Upper Ranch Rd. | Thousand Oaks | North Ranch | |
| | - Light & Air 37 | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
| | | | | | |
+------------+-----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------+---------------+---------------+-----------+
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# Ventura County Fire Department
## Emergency operations {#emergency_operations}
### Battalion 4 {#battalion_4}
Battalion 4 has its Headquarters at Fire Station 41. Fire Stations 40 and 42 in Moorpark and Fire Stations 41,43,44,45,46 and 47 in Simi Valley are covered by Battalion 4..
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| station \# | Equipment | Address | City | Nickname | Reference |
+============+====================================================+=========================+=============+==================+===========+
| 40 | +---------------------+--------------------------+ | 4185 Cedar Springs St. | Moorpark | Mountain Meadows | |
| | | - Medic Engine 40 | - USAR 40 | | | | | |
| | | - Engine 140 | - USAR cache trailer 1 | | | | | |
| | | - Water Tender 40 | | | | | | |
| | | - Utility 40 | | | | | | |
| | +---------------------+--------------------------+ | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | +---------------------+--------------------------+ | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| **41** | - Engine 41 | 1910 Church St. | Simi Valley | Church Street | |
| | - Truck 41 | | | | |
| | - Battalion 4 | | | | |
| | - Squad 41 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| 42 | - Engine 42 | 295 E. High Street | Moorpark | Moorpark | |
| | - Engine 142 | | | | |
| | - Brush Engine 342 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| 43 | +----------------------+---------------+ | 5874 E. Los Angeles Av. | Simi Valley | Yosemite | |
| | | - Medic Engine 43 | - Patrol 16 | | | | | |
| | | - Brush Engine 343 | | | | | | |
| | +----------------------+---------------+ | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | +----------------------+---------------+ | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| 44 | - Quint 44 | 1050 Country Club Dr. | Simi Valley | Wood Ranch | |
| | - Quint 144 | | | | |
| | - Truck 140 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| 45 | +----------------+--------------+ | 790 Pacific Av. | Simi Valley | Pacific Street | |
| | | - Engine 45 | - Dozer 14 | | | | | |
| | | - Engine 145 | | | | | | |
| | +----------------+--------------+ | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | +----------------+--------------+ | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| 46 | - Engine 46 | 3265 Tapo St. | Simi Valley | Tapo Street | |
| | - OES Engine 397 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| 47 | - Medic Engine 47 | 2901 Erringer Rd. | Simi Valley | Big Sky | |
| | - Truck 147 | | | | |
| | - Utility 47 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
| | | | | | |
+------------+----------------------------------------------------+-------------------------+-------------+------------------+-----------+
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# Ventura County Fire Department
## Emergency operations {#emergency_operations}
### Battalion 5 {#battalion_5}
Battalion 5 has its Headquarters at Fire Station 51. Fire Stations 26 and 27 in Santa Paula,Fire Station 27 in Piru,Fire Station 51 in Oxnard,Fire Station 53 in Port Hueneme and Fire Station 56 in Malibu are covered by Battalion 5.
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| station \# | Equipment | Address | City | Nickname | Reference |
+============+======================+=============================+==============+==================+===========+
| 26 | - Engine 26 | 536 W. Main St. | Santa Paula | West Santa Paula | |
| | - Squad 26 | | | | |
| | - Engine 126 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| 27 | - Rescue Engine 27 | 133 C St. | Fillmore | Fillmore | |
| | - Rescue 27 | | | | |
| | - Water Tender 27 | | | | |
| | - Dozer 12 | | | | |
| | - Utility 27 | | | | |
| | - Rescue 127 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| 28 | - Medic Engine 28 | 513 N. Church St. | Piru | Piru | |
| | - Brush Engine 328 | | | | |
| | - Patrol 16 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| 29 | - Engine 29 | 114 S. 10th St. | Santa Paula | Santa Paula | |
| | - Brush Engine 329 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| **51** | +-----------------+ | 3302 Turnout Park Cr. | Oxnard | El Rio | |
| | | - Engine 51 | | | | | |
| | | - Battalion 5 | | | | | |
| | +-----------------+ | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | +-----------------+ | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| 53 | - Medic Engine 53 | 304 N. Second St. | Port Hueneme | Port Hueneme | |
| | - Water Rescue 53 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| 56 | - Engine 56 | 11855 Pacific Coast Highway | Malibu | Malibu | |
| | - Patrol 56 | | | | |
| | - Engine 356 | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
| | | | | | |
+------------+----------------------+-----------------------------+--------------+------------------+-----------+
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# Ventura County Fire Department
## Organization
VCFD is under the auspices of the Ventura County Board of Supervisors, who appoint the Fire Chief. Reporting directly to the Fire Chief, the Deputy Fire Chief oversees the five bureaus within the department:
- Emergency Services Bureau
- Support Services Bureau
- Administrative Services Bureau
- Fire Prevention Bureau
- Business Services Bureau
### Bureau of Emergency Services {#bureau_of_emergency_services}
This bureau provides fire suppression, emergency medical care, hazardous materials response, Urban search and rescue, swift water rescue, and the Fire Training Section. Under the command of an assistant chief, the bureau composes all fire stations within the department, as well as the Fire Training and Emergency Medical Services Sections
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# 1906 Russian legislative election
**Legislative elections** were held in the Russian Empire from 26 March to 20 April 1906. At stake were the 497 seats in the State Duma of the Russian Empire, the legislative assembly. Election for the **First State Duma**, which only ran from 27 April to 8 July (O.S.) 1906, returned a significant bloc of moderate socialists and two liberal parties which demanded further reforms. For this reason, it is sometimes called the **Duma of Public Anger** (Дума народного гнева).
## Background
The State Duma was created in a wave of violent attacks against imperial officials and public upheaval, which culminated in a national strike in October 1905 known as Russian Revolution of 1905, paving the way for Russia\'s first parliament. With the nation\'s infrastructure all but paralyzed, Tsar Nicholas II signed a historic manifesto of 17 October 1905, promising civil rights to the population and creating Russia\'s first parliament.
### Electoral legislation {#electoral_legislation}
The electoral laws were promulgated in December 1905 and introduced franchise to male citizens over 25 years of age, and electing through four electoral colleges. The elections were therefore not universal as they excluded women, soldiers, and officers. Nor were they equal since the constituencies differed greatly in size.
The general elections to the State Duma took place in March 1906 and were boycotted by the some socialist groups and the Bolsheviks. Among the political parties formed were the peasant leaders\' Labour Group (Trudoviks), liberal-intelligentsia Constitutional Democratic party (the Kadets), the less liberal Union of October 17 (the Octobrists), and the positively reactionary Union of Land-Owners.
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# 1906 Russian legislative election
## Results
As official records are vague about the party composition of the Duma, these figures must be understood as educated guesswork. Among the Leftists, it was alleged by the Kadets that 2 members belonged to the Social-Democrats and 17 were Socialist Revolutionaries.
Out of the 36 Duma members from the Congress Kingdom, 34 were Poles who subsequently joined the Polish Club. Another 19 Polish Duma members were elected in Belarus and Ukraine. There were twelve Jewish deputies in the First Duma, falling to three in the Second Duma (February 1907 to June 1907), two in the Third Duma (1907--1912) and again three in the fourth, elected in 1912. At the 1906 elections, the Jewish Labour Bund had made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers\' Party (*Trudoviks*), which resulted in the election to the Duma of two (non-Bundist) candidates in the Lithuanian provinces: Dr. Shmaryahu Levin for the Vilnius province and Leon Bramson for the Kaunas province.
Among the other Jewish deputies were Maxim Vinaver, chairman of the League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia (*Folksgrupe*) and cofounder of the Constitutional Democratic Party (*Kadets*), Dr. Nissan Katzenelson (Courland province, Zionist, *Kadet*), Dr. Moisei Yakovlevich Ostrogorsky (Grodno province, *Kadet*), attorney Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum (Minsk province, Zionist, *Kadet*), Mikhail Isaakovich Sheftel (Ekaterinoslav province, *Kadet*), Dr. Bruk, Dr. Victor Jacobson. Three of the Jewish deputies joined the Labour faction, the nine other joined the Kadet fraction. According to Rufus Learsi, five of them were Zionists, including Dr. Shmaryahu Levin, Dr. Victor Jacobson and Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum. Two out of twelve, Grigori Borisovich Iollos (Poltava province) and Mikhail Herzenstein, both from the Constitutional Democratic Party, were assassinated by the Black Hundreds antisemite terrorist group.
### Members of the First Duma {#members_of_the_first_duma}
<File:First> Duma 1.jpg\|Constitutional Democrats. <File:First> Duma 2.jpg\|Constitutional Democrats. <File:First> Duma 3.jpg\|Constitutional Democrats. <File:First> Duma 4.jpg\|Democratic Reform Party/Labour Group. <File:First> Duma 5.jpg\|Labour Group. <File:First> Duma 6.jpg\|Labour Group/Social Democrats. <File:First> Duma 7.jpg\|Social Democrats.
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# 1906 Russian legislative election
## Aftermath
### Basic Law {#basic_law}
In April 1906, only weeks after the election, the Sergei Witte\'s Cabinet issued the Basic Law of 1906, setting the limits of this new political order. The Tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed forces. The State Duma was shifted, becoming a lower chamber below the reformed State Council of Imperial Russia, which had been the Russian legislative body since 1810. Legislation had to be approved by the Duma, the Council and the Emperor to become law - and in \"exceptional conditions\" the government could bypass the Duma. The Basic Law introduced a special provision, *Article 87*, which allowed the government to *ex officio* issue new legislation during breaks between sessions of the State Duma. Later on, Tsar Nicholas II would frequently use this provision in order to carry out the laws that had not been supported by the State Duma.
### Session
The State Duma (and the State Council - the upper house) convened for the first time on 27 April 1906. On 10 May Sergey Muromtsev, a Law Professor at the Saint Petersburg University, was elected President of the Duma. Professor Muromtsev, a leading figure of the liberal Kadet party, tried to maintain some degree of order and dignity in this difficult assembly. He was much praised for the way he chaired the debates, always keeping to the strictest legality, but always pursuing a constitutional and anti-autocratic agenda.
The anti-autocracy was evident from the first days of the First Duma. In response to the Tsar\'s opening speech on 5 May, the assembly called for amnesty for political prisoners, real political freedom and equality. Eight days later, the chairman of the Council of Ministers, Prime Minister Ivan Goremykin, rejected all these claims. The State Duma in turn adopted a resolution of non confidence of the government and demanded Prime Minister Goremykin\'s resignation. During the 72-day session of the First Duma, a total of 391 requests about illegal actions of the government were filed. Only two laws were passed: a ban on capital punishment and measures to help provinces that had been hit by a famine.
### Dissolution
Due to the growing tensions between the State Duma and Tsar Nicholas II\'s Council of Ministers, prominently Prime Minister Goremykin, the assembly was dismissed by Imperial ukase after only 10 weeks, on 21 July 1906. The Tsar said that instead of drawing up laws, the deputies were investigating the authorities and thereby intruding on his authority. In a sign of frustration, members of the liberal Cadets party wanted the elected Duma to continue its work and proposed that it should retreat to Vyborg in Finland. Despite the hopes of the Kadets and the fears of the government, there was no widespread popular reaction. However, an assassination attempt on Pyotr Stolypin led to the establishment of field trials for terrorists. For signing this *Vyborg Appeal*, the Cadets (including Duma President Muromtsev) were arrested and imprisoned for some months - and consequently excluded from future Duma elections. This paved the way for an alternative makeup for the Second Duma of 1907
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# Richie Dunn
**Richard L. Dunn** (May 12, 1957 -- September 20, 2016) was an American professional ice hockey defenseman. He played in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres, Calgary Flames, and Hartford Whalers between 1977 and 1989. In his NHL career, Dunn appeared in 483 games. He scored 36 goals and added 140 assists.
He was also a member of the US national team at the 1981 Canada Cup and 1986 Ice Hockey World Championship tournaments. Dunn died on September 20, 2016, aged 59
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# Nicasius of Rheims
**Saint Nicasius** of Reims (*Saint-Nicaise*; d. 407 or 451) was a Bishop of Reims. He founded the first Reims Cathedral and is the patron saint of smallpox victims.
## Vandals
Sources placing his death in 407 credit him with prophesying the invasion of France by the Vandals. He notified his people of this vision, telling them to prepare. When asked if the people should fight or not, Nicasius responded, \"Let us abide the mercy of God and pray for our enemies. I am ready to give myself for my people.\" Later, when the barbarians were at the gates of the city, he decided to attempt to slow them down so that more of his people could escape. He was killed by the Vandals either at the altar of his church or in its doorway. He was killed with Jucundus, his lector, Florentius, his deacon, and Eutropia, his virgin sister.
After the killing of Nicasius and his colleagues, the Vandals are said to have been frightened away from the area, according to some sources even leaving the treasure they had already gathered.
Accounts of his martyrdom credit him with being among the *cephalophores* (\"head-carriers\") like Saint Denis. Nicasius was said to have been reciting Psalm 119: he was then decapitated as he reached the verse *Adhaesit pavimento anima mea* (\"My soul is attached unto dust\") and then continued reciting *Vivifica me Domine secundum verbum tuum* (\"Revive me, Lord, with your words\") even after his head had fallen to the ground. He was sometimes depicted in art walking with the upper part of his head and its mitre in his hand.
## Huns
Sources placing his death in 451 record similar acts but concerning the Huns rather than the Vandals. These sources `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} but not those concerning the Vandals `{{ndash}}`{=mediawiki} further relate that Nicasius survived a bout of smallpox. This claim has been made more credible by research showing a long history of smallpox in Egypt, suggestions of its spread through the Roman Empire, and identification of 6th century outbreaks of the disease.
## Legacy
From his supposed survival of smallpox, Nicasius became the patron saint of smallpox victims. One prayer ran:
> In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, may the Lord protect these persons and may the work of these virgins ward off the smallpox. St. Nicaise had the smallpox and he asked the Lord \[to preserve\] whoever carried his name inscribed. O St. Nicaise! Thou illustrious bishop and martyr, pray for me, a sinner, and defend me by thy intercession from this disease. Amen.
A Benedictine abbey \[fr\] in Reims was later named in his honour.
Image:VitrailLouvre.jpg\|The life of Saint Nicasius <File:Abbaye> Saint-Nicaise de Reims dans Monasticon Gallicanum
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# Jim Mitchell (tight end)
**James Robert Mitchell** (October 19, 1947 -- October 20, 2007) was an American professional football player who was a tight end for 11 seasons with the Atlanta Falcons in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected as a member of the Pro Bowl following his 1969 rookie season and again in 1972.
## Biography
Jim Mitchell was born October 19, 1947, in Shelbyville, Tennessee.
Mitchell attended Prairie View A&M University in Prairie View, Texas, where he was a two sport athlete. An all-conference split end on the football team, Mitchell also pitched and played first base for the school baseball team.
Mitchell was drafted in the 4th round of the 1969 NFL draft by the Atlanta Falcons, who made him the 81st pick of the draft. During his rookie season the big tight end caught 22 passes for 339 yards, scoring 4 touchdowns---sufficient to win him a place on the 1969 Pro Bowl team.
He nearly doubled his production during his second season with the team, catching 44 balls for 650 yards and 6 touchdowns. Although the Falcons were a poor team in these years, Mitchell emerged as an offensive star and team leader and he was named captain of the Falcons offense in 1971.
Mitchell was again named to the NFL Pro Bowl team in 1972.
After leaving the NFL, Mitchell coached football at Morehouse College and Morris Brown College in Atlanta, Georgia, supporting the tradition of college football at historically black colleges and universities.
Mitchell died on October 20, 2007, in Shelbyville, Tennessee, at the age of 60.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Mitchell\'s son, Brandon Hodges, played football at Bethune-Cookman University
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# Adrian Andrei Rusu
**Adrian Andrei Rusu** (born 8 November 1951) is a researcher in Romanian medieval archaeology. He is also a researcher at the Institute of Archaeology and Art History in Cluj-Napoca.
Born in Mediaș, he attended elementary school and high school in his native city, after which he studied at the University of Cluj, graduating in 1974. From 1974 to 1988 he worked at the Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca and in 1990 he joined the faculty of Babeș-Bolyai University. He is a principal researcher at the Bizere Monastery site in Frumușeni, Arad County
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# Nicasius of Die
**Nicasius of Die** (4th century) was a 4th-century bishop from Gaul, present-day France. As Bishop of Die he is notable to history as one of only five Catholic bishops from the Western part of the Roman Empire who attended the First Council of Nicaea in 325.
## Sainthood
Alternatively known as bishop **Nicaise of Die**, he is also considered a Saint in the Roman Catholic Church with a feast day celebrated on 20 March and in the Eastern Orthodox Church, is celebrated on the \"Sunday of the Fathers of the first Council\".
## Bishopric
Nicaise was the earliest attested Bishop of Bishop of Die, Drôme. although the largely discredited 17th century historian Polycarpe de la Rivière says he was the successor to St Mars of Die bishop c. 220, and then St Higer. These prior bishops are not known from other sources.
The same Polycarpe claims to have found in a life of St Marcel de Die, a letter from the Council of Nicaea for Nicaise to give to the bishops of Gaules. In this, no trace has ever been found of this letter.
## Attendance at Nicaea {#attendance_at_nicaea}
At first glance Nicaise was an unlikely attendee at the Council of Nicaea. The Latin churches were represented by only four delegations, of Die, of Rome, of Carthage and that of Cordoba (whose bishop Hosius, was the adviser of the emperor Constantine). We see that these four seats were not random, they represent the four regions of the West: Italy, Africa, Spain (Iberia) and Gaul. It should have been expect that Gauls\' Bishops send their primate the archbishop of Lyon, Maxime (or Tetrad). Instead they sent the bishop of a small and obscure bishopric. It has been conjectured that the primate was unavailable due to health or age and Nicaise, having Greek parents was chosen for his knowledge of Greek.
## Burial
According to Lenain Tillemont, in the eleventh century Die Cathedral would have housed the relics of Nicaise
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# Pallet rack mover
A **pallet rack mover** is a device that makes it possible to move pallet rack without demo or the re-assembly of the storage system . They are designed to move the entire rack assembly as one unit rather than individual pieces, saving valuable labor costs.
Pallet rack movers are typically separated into different classes depending on the weight capacity of the mover. Regular or light duty movers are made from a variety of materials such as formed plastic or steel with light to medium duty caster. Light duty movers have a weight capacity reaching 5,000 lbs. per mover. In contrast, the heavy duty movers weight capacity reaches 12,000 lbs. and are made of steel and heavy duty casters.
This moving system uses half the labor required to move any storage system from point A to point B within a warehouse or distribution center. Facility downtime is also reduce dramatically when using pallet rack movers by moving the storage system still loaded with the stored material or product
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# Cecílio Lopes
**Cecílio Lopes** (born 18 March 1979) is a Cape Verdean international footballer who plays as a striker for Capelle in the Dutch Topklasse.
## Career
### Club career {#club_career}
Lopes formerly played for SBV Excelsior, FC Dordrecht, Sparta Rotterdam, FC Volendam and FC Zwolle.
### International career {#international_career}
Despite being born in the Netherlands, Lopes is eligible to play for the Cape Verde national football team through his father. He received his first call up in May 2008
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# Myriads
**Myriads** is a gothic metal band from Norway. Myriads was formed in September 1997, in Stavanger on the west coast of Norway.
## Biography
Myriads\' music is a fusion between metal and classical sounds. It also contains some elements of folk music and has some industrial parts. Their lyrics are written by Alexander Twiss and Mona Undheim Skottene and are based on psychology, philosophy, and dreams, with dramatical elements. Especially on *Introspection* the lyrics are more heavily inspired by psychology than the lyrics on *In Spheres Without Time*.
In July 1998 Myriads recorded a four track demo-CD entitled *In Spheres Without Time* at Mansion Studio in Stavanger, produced by Øyvind Grødem. The demo-CD has sold out.
The 9 April 1999 Myriads signed a record deal with Napalm Records. In June they recorded their first full-length album, also entitled \"In Spheres Without Time\" in Mansion Studio. The album was produced by Myriads and Øyvind Grødem, and mastered at Masterhuset. It was released worldwide 22 November 1999.
In March 2001 Myriads recorded their second album, titled *Introspection*, in Tico Tico Studio (Children of Bodom, Sentenced and Impaled Nazarene) in Finland. It was produced by Myriads and engineered by Ahti Kortelainen in 5 weeks. *Introspection* was mixed by Ahti Kortelainen and Alexander Twiss in one week in late August 2001. *Introspection* was mastered by Göran Finnberg at The Mastering Room in January 2002.
The material on *Introspection* is more varied than that on *In Spheres Without Time*. The members of Myriads have all progressively developed as musicians, and the music is somewhat more technical now than it was earlier. Some songs are faster and heavier than the songs on *In Spheres Without Time*. In contrast, \"Inside\" consists of Mona\'s and Alexander\'s vocals together with a piano, a male choir, a string-sextet and an acoustic guitar. The acoustic guitar is more frequently used on *Introspection* than it was on *In Spheres Without Time*. \"Falling in the Equinox\" is a totally acoustic song featuring Mona\'s and Alexander\'s vocals. There are also some industrial parts on \"Enigmatic Colours of the Night\" and \"Miserere Mei\".
In the fall of 2003 Myriads and Mikael Stokdal have agreed on going separate ways because of different musical interests. Mikael now plays in the death metal band Dawn of Retaliation.
Myriads are currently working with the songs for their third album.
## Line-up {#line_up}
### Current members {#current_members}
- Alexander Twiss (clean-vocals, death-vocals, electric guitar, and acoustic steel- and nylon-string guitars)
- Mona Undheim Skottene (vocals, main-piano and keyboard)
- J.P
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# Joakim Andersson
**Joakim Anders Andersson** (born 5 February 1989) is a Swedish former professional ice hockey centre who played in the for Swedish Hockey League (SHL) and with the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League (NHL). Andersson was drafted 88th overall by the Red Wings in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Andersson is a product of Munkedals BK. In 2005, he joined the youth ranks of Frölunda HC and made his debut in Sweden\'s top-tier SHL with Frölunda\'s men\'s team during the 2006-07 season.
He moved to North America prior to the 2010-11 campaign. Andersson played over two full seasons for the Grand Rapids Griffins of the American Hockey League. He had 10 goals and 17 assists in 36 games in the 2012-13 season, when he was promoted to the NHL.
Andersson was recalled from Grand Rapids by the Detroit Red Wings in February 2013. He scored his first NHL goal on 15 February 2013, against Viktor Fasth of the Anaheim Ducks.
On 6 August 2013, the Red Wings re-signed Andersson to a two-year, \$1.465 million contract. On 26 June 2015, the Red Wings re-signed Andersson to a one-year, \$815,000 contract.
On 22 January 2016, Andersson was placed on waivers by the Red Wings, and later assigned to the Grand Rapids Griffins on 24 January. He was recalled by the Red Wings on 26 January. On 12 February, Andersson was assigned to the Griffins. On 8 April, Andersson was recalled by the Detroit Red Wings.
On 30 April 2016, Andersson signed a two-year contract with Örebro HK of the Swedish Hockey League (SHL). He later moved to HV71 on 17 April 2018, securing a two-year contract.
At the conclusion of his contract with HV71, Andersson initially signed with KooKoo of the Finnish Liiga, however was unable to pass a physical. He later announced his retirement from professional hockey after thirteen professional seasons on 14 December 2020.
## International play {#international_play}
Andersson is the all-time junior international games played leader for Sweden. He has played in four major international tournaments, his first being the 2006 IIHF World U18 Championships. The following year Andersson helped Sweden win a bronze medal at the 2007 IIHF World U18 Championships. At the 2008 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships Andersson helped Sweden to a silver medal, with six assists in six games he was tied for third in the tournament assist leaders.
The following year at the 2009 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, Andersson was an alternate captain, totaling three goals and three assists while centering Sweden\'s successful second line with wingers Magnus Pääjärvi-Svensson and Simon Hjalmarsson.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ----------------------- ----------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
2005--06 Frölunda HC J18 Allsv 1 0
2005--06 Frölunda HC J20 35 9
2006--07 Frölunda HC J18 Allsv 2 1
2006--07 Frölunda HC J20 41 20
2006--07 Frölunda HC SEL 1 0
2006--07 Kungälvs IK Div
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# Steve Dykstra
**Steven Dykstra** (born December 1, 1962) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman. He played in the National Hockey League with the Buffalo Sabres, Edmonton Oilers, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Hartford Whalers.
In his NHL career, Dykstra appeared in 217 games. He scored 8 goals and added 32 assists.
In 1988, he played 27 games for Buffalo Sabres before being traded to Edmonton for Scott Metcalfe. He played 15 of the season\'s last 21 games for Edmonton. Dykstra did receive a 1988 Stanley Cup ring, as he played the required 42 regular-season games, but his name was left off the Cup, because not all 42 games were played with Edmonton
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# The Damnwells
**The Damnwells** are an indie rock band originally from the Brooklyn borough of New York City. The band formed in 2000 and released six full-length albums in their original run: *Air Stereo* (2006, Epic Records/Rounder Records), *Bastards of the Beat* (2003, Epic Records), *One Last Century* (2009, self-released), *No One Listens to the Band Anymore* (2011, PledgeMusic), *The Damnwells* (2015, PledgeMusic) and *Bad At Beautiful* (2024). The original and current members of the Damnwells are Alex Dezen (lead vocals, guitar, piano), David Chernis (lead guitar), Ted Hudson (bass), and Steven Terry (drums/percussion). Steven Terry played drums and recorded with Ryan Adams\' original band Whiskeytown on the album *Strangers Almanac*. Over their 16-year career, they toured extensively throughout the United States and had numerous television and radio appearances. Although David Chernis and Steven Terry left the band from 2007 to 2013, the Damnwells, with core members Alex Dezen and Ted Hudson, still appeared in changing formations during that time.
## Band history {#band_history}
The Damnwells first album, *Bastards of the Beat*, was recorded in a Manhattan Mini-Storage space and in lead singer and songwriter Alex Dezen\'s bedroom. It was initially picked up for release by Sixthman Records (now Brash Records), but soon caught the attention of former Sony Music A&R representative Ben Goldman, who signed the band and released the album on Epic Records (Sony/BMG) in April 2003. The Damnwells\' second full-length album, *Air Stereo*, was recorded at Brooklyn Recording studios in Brooklyn, NY for Epic Records, but was licensed to Zoe/Rounder Records after the band was let go from their recording contract with Epic Records in January 2006. *Air Stereo* was released in stores nationwide on August 15, 2006.
The 2008 motion picture *Chaos Theory* featured five Damnwells songs on its soundtrack. The Damnwells came into media spotlight in 2007, when the film\'s lead actor Ryan Reynolds and actress Scarlett Johansson were first seen as a couple at a Damnwells concert in Hollywood.
Across extensive touring in the mid-2000s The Damnwells shared the stage with acts such as The Chicks, Cheap Trick, The Fray, Bob Dylan, The Twilight Singers, and Old 97s. They appeared at major music festivals such as South by Southwest, and play with some regularly at music venues around the country.
On April 4, 2008, Alex Dezen announced through the band\'s website that the band would most likely not appear in its original formation anymore. \"The Damnwells has always been about my songs with extremely talented musicians and producers collaborating,\" Dezen wrote. \"The personnel has changed, but the essence \[\...\] remains the same.\" In December 2013, the band announced that Drummer Steven Terry and Guitarist David Chernis had rejoined the band to record the band\'s 5th LP. Over the years, the band collective has included artists like Julian Velard, Jay Barclay (member of Augustana (band) and Ben Kweller\'s band), Mark Stepro (member of Butch Walker\'s band), and the members of Harper Blynn. On February 10, 2009, the third full-length LP, *One Last Century*, was released as a free download from Paste Magazine. It was recorded together with drummer Andrew Ratcliffe, bassist Adrian Dickey, producer/guitarist Freddy Wall, and producer Wes Kidd. About the record, Alex Dezen had this to say: \"I just want people to hear this music, and I don't want them to have to enter into some kind of contractual agreement with a third party to do so. Download the record, copy it and give it to your friends, lovers, and enemies. Whatever. It's so hard these days just to get the actual music into people's houses and cars, let alone their ears. Besides, I know everyone's broke, maybe I can supply the soundtrack. So, I just want to give this music away because I want people to hear it. I should have done this years ago. I'm starting over.\"
The Damnwells released *No One Listens to the Band Anymore* in the US on March 1, 2011, via PledgeMusic.
In 2013, the original Damnwells lineup (Dezen, Chernis, Hudson and Terry) reunited for the first time in seven years to record the band\'s eponymous fifth album. \"The Damnwells\" was released April 14, 2015, following another successful campaign on PledgeMusic. The band toured the US throughout May and June, 2015, in support of the release. A music video was produced for the single \"Lost.\"
On June 8, 2023, the band announced a new single, Without a Heart, would be released on June 22, 2023.
The Damnwells announced on January 19, 2024, via Facebook that they are back with a new album of songs, reuniting the original four members. The album will be released via a Kickstarter project. the album, titled \"Bad At Beautiful\" was released August 9, 2024.
## *Golden Days* documentary {#golden_days_documentary}
An independent documentary detailing The Damnwells\' struggles on Epic Records, entitled *Golden Days*, was completed in 2007. The film was directed and shot by documentary filmmaker Chris Suchorsky, who also directed music videos for the Damnwells\' songs \"Kiss Catastrophe\" and \"Sleepsinging\", and won Best Documentary at the 2007 Phoenix Film Festival in April 2007 after appearing at over a dozen film festivals in the US and Europe.
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# The Damnwells
## PledgeMusic projects {#pledgemusic_projects}
In February 2010, the Damnwells began a pledge drive to cover the production costs of a new studio record through a direct-to-fan/fan-funded music platform, Pledgemusic. As of October 9, 2010, the band had raised over \$34,547, 173% of their initial goal of \$20,000, and released two songs to pledgers, \"She Goes Around\" and \"Feast of Hearts\", from the new Pledgemusic-funded record. \$2,909.40 has been donated to United Against Malaria as part of the pledge campaign charity drive.
In December 2013, The Damnwells began a new pledge drive in anticipation of their fifth studio album, which features original members Steven Terry, David Chernis, Ted Hudson, and Alex Dezen. Entitled \"The Damnwells\", the album was released on April 14, 2015.
## Alex Dezen (songwriter and solo career) {#alex_dezen_songwriter_and_solo_career}
As a songwriter, Alex Dezen has written songs that have appeared on albums by Justin Bieber, Cody Simpson, Matt Hires, and Courtyard Hounds. He has also written and worked with a number of other artist such as The Dixie Chicks, Dave Grohl, Gary Louris of The Jayhawks, Sara Bareilles, Jason Derulo, Christina Perri, Genevieve Schatz of Company of Thieves, Kelly Clarkson, Simple Plan, and many others. He\'s currently signed to Warner Chappell Music Publishing. As a guitar player and singer, Alex Dezen has performed on albums for such artists as Cody Simpson, Matt Hires, Stoney LaRue, Justin Bieber, and others.
A series of 4 solo EPs, known as \"The Bedhead EPs,\" were released in 2014.
On November 3, 2015, Dezen announced a PledgeMusic project of songs written in early 2015 to be released as his first solo album. The project reached its crowdfunding goal in one week. The project was scheduled to be released in February 2016.
Alex Dezen is a graduate of the MFA program at the University of Iowa\'s Iowa Writers\' Workshop, where he also taught Rhetoric and Creative Writing from 2008 to 2010.
## Song appearances {#song_appearances}
### Film
- Just Married Soundtrack (2003) (song: \"For My Own Good\")
- Chaos Theory (film) Soundtrack (2008) (song: \"Electric Harmony,\" \"Say,\" \"Graceless,\" \"Tonight & Forever,\" \"Golden Days\")
- The Howling: Reborn Soundtrack (2011) (song: \"I Will Keep the Bad Things from You\")
### Television
- \"Ed (TV series)\" - Wheel of Justice (2002) (song: \"4th Avenue\")
- \"Life As We Know It (TV series)\" - A Little Problem (2005) (song: \"Star/Fool\")
- \"Brothers & Sisters (2006 TV series)\" - From France with Love (2009) (song: \"Come to Me\")
## Discography
### Albums
- *Bastards of the Beat* (2003)
- *Air Stereo* (2006)
- *One Last Century* (2009)
- *No One Listens To The Band Anymore* (2011)
- *The Damnwells* (2015)
- *Bad At Beautiful* (2024)
### EPs
- *Heart Hazard*
- *PMR (\"Poor Man\'s Record\")* (2002), re-released as *PMR+1* (2003)
- *There\'s No One Left in Brooklyn But You* (2005, iTunes digital download exclusive)
### Singles
- \"Kiss Catastrophe\" (2003)
- \"Sleepsinging\" (2003)
- \"Golden Days\" (2006)
- \"Werewolves\" (2011)
- \"Lost\" (2015)
- \"Without a Heart\" (2023)
- \"Easy, Tiger (feat
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# Albertosaurinae
**Albertosaurines**, or dinosaurs of the subfamily **Albertosaurinae**, lived in the Late Cretaceous of United States and Canada. The subfamily was first used by Philip J. Currie, Jørn H. Hurum, and Karol Sabath as a group of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. It was originally defined as \"(*Albertosaurus* + *Gorgosaurus*)\", including only the two genera. The group is the sister clade to Tyrannosaurinae. In 2007, it was found that the group also contained *Maleevosaurus*, often synonymized with *Tarbosaurus*. However, this classification has not been accepted and *Maleevosaurus* is still considered a juvenile *Tarbosaurus* or *Tyrannosaurus*.
## Description
Albertosaurines are large, lightly built tyrannosaurids. Compared to tyrannosaurines, they are more slender and have shorter, flatter skulls, shorter ilia, and proportionally longer tibiae. Albertosaurines and tyrannosaurines share arms of about equal length, with the exception of *Tarbosaurus*, which had short arms for its size. *Albertosaurus* was smaller than some other tyrannosaurids, such as *Tarbosaurus* and *Tyrannosaurus*. Typical adults of *Albertosaurus* and *Gorgosaurus* measured up to 8 to long, while rare individuals of *Albertosaurus* could grow to over 10 m in length. Several independent mass estimates, obtained by different methods, suggest that an adult *Albertosaurus* weighed between 1.3 t and 2 t. *Gorgosaurus* estimates are higher, around 2.5 t, although greater estimates exist of about 2.8 -.
All tyrannosaurids, including albertosaurines, shared a similar body appearance. Typical for theropods, tyrannosaurids were bipedal and balanced their heavy head and torso with a long tail. However, tyrannosaurid arms were extremely small for their body size and retained only two digits. The legs were long and ended in a four-toed foot. The first digit, called the hallux, was short and only the other three contacted the ground, with the third (middle) digit being longer than the rest. *Albertosaurus* may have been able to reach walking speeds of 14−21 kilometres per hour (8−13 miles per hour). At least for the younger individuals, a high running speed is plausible.
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# Albertosaurinae
## Classification and systematics {#classification_and_systematics}
The subfamily was first used by Philip J. Currie, Jørn H. Hurum, and Karol Sabath as a group of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. It was originally defined as \"(*Albertosaurus* + *Gorgosaurus*)\", including only the two genera. This group is the sister clade to Tyrannosaurinae. In 2007, it was found that the group also contained *Maleevosaurus*, often synonymized with *Tarbosaurus*. However, this classification has not been accepted and *Maleevosaurus* is still considered a juvenile *Tarbosaurus* or *Tyrannosaurus*. This classification has not been accepted.
*Albertosaurus* is a member of the theropod family Tyrannosauridae, in the subfamily Albertosaurinae. Its closest relative is the slightly older *Gorgosaurus libratus* (sometimes called *Albertosaurus libratus*; see below). These two species are the only described albertosaurines, but other undescribed species may exist. Thomas Holtz found *Appalachiosaurus* to be an albertosaurine in 2004, but his more recent unpublished work locates it just outside Tyrannosauridae, in agreement with other authors. The other major subfamily of tyrannosaurids is the Tyrannosauridae, including genera such as *Daspletosaurus*, *Tarbosaurus*, and *Tyrannosaurus*.
### Relationship of *Gorgosaurus* and *Albertosaurus* {#relationship_of_gorgosaurus_and_albertosaurus}
The close similarities between *Gorgosaurus libratus* and *Albertosaurus sarcophagus* have led many experts to combine them into one genus over the years. *Albertosaurus* was named first, so by convention it is given priority over the name *Gorgosaurus*, which is sometimes considered its junior synonym. William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown doubted the distinction of the two genera as early as 1922. *Gorgosaurus libratus* was formally reassigned to *Albertosaurus* (as *Albertosaurus libratus*) by Dale Russell in 1970, with many subsequent authors following his lead. Combining the two greatly expands the geographical and chronological range of the genus *Albertosaurus*. Other experts maintain the two genera as separate. Canadian paleontologist Phil Currie claims there are as many anatomical differences between *Albertosaurus* and *Gorgosaurus* as there are between *Daspletosaurus* and *Tyrannosaurus*, which are almost always kept separate. He also notes that undescribed tyrannosaurids discovered in Alaska, New Mexico, and elsewhere in North America may help clarify the situation. Gregory S. Paul has suggested that *Gorgosaurus libratus* is ancestral to *Albertosaurus sarcophagus*.
### Phylogeny
Albertosaurinae is a basal subfamily of tyrannosaurids. They were recognized in the 2014 analysis of the new genus *Nanuqsaurus*, a derived tyrannosaurine. Albertosaurinae was recovered as including only *Albertosaurus* and *Gorgosaurus*. *Albertosaurus* and *Gorgosaurus* are kept separate by most classifications, as should be according to Currie. The cladogram below was found during the analysis of *Nanuqsaurus* by Anthony Fiorillo and Ronald Tykoski.
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# Albertosaurinae
## Paleobiology
### Coexistence of *Gorgosaurus* and *Daspletosaurus* {#coexistence_of_gorgosaurus_and_daspletosaurus}
In the middle stages of the Dinosaur Park Formation, *Gorgosaurus* lived alongside a rarer species of tyrannosaurine, *Daspletosaurus*. This is one of the few examples of two tyrannosaurid genera coexisting. Similar-sized predators in modern predator guilds are separated into different ecological niches by anatomical, behavioral, or geographical differences that limit competition. Niche differentiation between the Dinosaur Park tyrannosaurids is not well understood. In 1970, Dale Russell hypothesized the more common *Gorgosaurus* actively hunted fleet-footed hadrosaurs, while the rarer and more troublesome ceratopsians and ankylosaurians (horned and heavily armoured dinosaurs) were left to the more heavy built *Daspletosaurus*. However, a specimen of *Daspletosaurus* (OTM 200) from the contemporaneous Two Medicine Formation of Montana preserves the digested remains of a juvenile hadrosaur in its gut region, with another bonebed containing the remains of three *Daspletosaurus* alongside the remains of at least five hadrosaurs.
Unlike some other groups of dinosaurs, neither genus was more common at higher or lower elevations than the other. However, *Gorgosaurus* appears more common in northern formations like Dinosaur Park, with species of *Daspletosaurus* more abundant to the south. The same pattern is seen in other groups of dinosaurs. Chasmosaurine ceratopsians and hadrosaurine hadrosaurs are also more common in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana and in southwestern North America during the Campanian, while centrosaurine and lambeosaurines dominate in northern latitudes. Holtz has suggested this pattern indicates shared ecological preferences between tyrannosaurines, chasmosaurines, and hadrosaurines. At the end of the later Maastrichtian stage, tyrannosaurines like *Tyrannosaurus rex*, hadrosaurines like *Edmontosaurus annectens*, and chasmosaurines like *Triceratops* were widespread throughout western North America, while lambeosaurines were rare and the albertosaurines and centrosaurines had gone extinct.
### Growth
Gregory Erickson and colleagues have studied the growth and life history of tyrannosaurids using bone histology, which can determine the age of a specimen when it died. A growth curve can be developed when the ages of various individuals are plotted against their sizes on a graph. Tyrannosaurids grew throughout their lives, but underwent tremendous growth spurts for about four years, after an extended juvenile phase. Sexual maturity may have ended this rapid growth phase, after which growth slowed down considerably in adult animals. Examining five *Gorgosaurus* specimens of various sizes, Erickson calculated a maximum growth rate of about 50 kg per year during the rapid growth phase, slower than in tyrannosaurines like *Daspletosaurus* and *Tyrannosaurus*, but comparable to *Albertosaurus*.
*Gorgosaurus* spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near-maximum size in only a few years. This, along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods, suggests these niches may have been filled by juvenile tyrannosaurids. This pattern is seen in modern Komodo dragons, whose hatchlings start off as tree-dwelling insectivores and slowly mature into massive apex predators capable of taking down large vertebrates.
During growth, thickening of the tooth morphology changed so much that, had the association of young and adult skeletons on the Dry Island bonebed not proven they belonged to the same taxon, the teeth of juveniles would likely have been identified by statistical analysis as those of a different species.
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# Albertosaurinae
## Paleobiology
### Growth
#### Life history {#life_history}
Most known *Albertosaurus* individuals were aged 14 years or more at the time of death. However, the youngest individual known is a juvenile two-year-old and the oldest is an adult 28-year-old. The two-year-old was discovered in the Dry Island bonebed, weighed an estimated 50 kg, and was about 2 m in length. The 28-year-old specimen from the same quarry measured 10 m long. Juvenile animals are rarely found as fossils for several reasons, mainly preservation bias, where the smaller bones of younger animals were less likely to be preserved by fossilization than the larger bones of adults, and collection bias, where smaller fossils are less likely to be noticed by collectors in the field. Young *Albertosaurus* are relatively large for juvenile animals, but their remains are still rare in the fossil record compared with adults. It has been suggested that this phenomenon is a consequence of life history, rather than bias, and that fossils of juvenile *Albertosaurus* are rare because they simply did not die as often as adults did.
A hypothesis of *Albertosaurus* life history postulates that hatchlings died in large numbers, but have not been preserved in the fossil record due to their small size and fragile construction. After just two years, juveniles were larger than any other predator in the region aside from adult *Albertosaurus* and more fleet of foot than most of their prey animals. This resulted in a dramatic decrease in their mortality rate and a corresponding rarity of fossil remains. Mortality rates doubled at age twelve, perhaps the result of the physiological demands of the rapid growth phase, and then doubled again with the onset of sexual maturity between the ages of fourteen and sixteen. This elevated mortality rate continued throughout adulthood, perhaps due to the high physiological demands of procreation, including stress and injuries received during intraspecific competition for mates and resources, and eventually, the ever-increasing effects of senescence. The higher mortality rate in adults may explain their more common preservation. Very large animals were rare because few individuals survived long enough to attain such sizes. High infant mortality rates, followed by reduced mortality among juveniles and a sudden increase in mortality after sexual maturity, with very few animals reaching maximum size, is a pattern observed in many modern large mammals, including elephants, African buffalo, and rhinoceros. The same pattern is also seen in other tyrannosaurids. The comparison with modern animals and other tyrannosaurids lends support to this life history hypothesis, but bias in the fossil record may still play a large role, especially since more than two-thirds of all *Albertosaurus* specimens are known from one locality. *Albertosaurus* and *Gorgosaurus* individuals both grow the most rapidly during a four-year period until they are approximately 16.
#### Pack behaviour {#pack_behaviour}
The Dry Island bonebed discovered by Barnum Brown and his crew contains the remains of 22 *Albertosaurus*, which is the most individuals found in one locality of any large Cretaceous theropod and the second-most of any large theropod dinosaur behind the *Allosaurus* assemblage at the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Utah. The group seems to be composed of one very old adult, eight adults between 17 and 23 years old, seven sub-adults undergoing their rapid growth phases at between 12 and 16 years old, and six juveniles between the ages of 2 and 11 years that had not yet reached the growth phase. The near-absence of herbivore remains and the similar state of preservation common to the many individuals at the *Albertosaurus* bonebed quarry led Currie to conclude that the locality was not a predator trap like the La Brea Tar Pits in California and that all of the preserved animals died at the same time. Currie claims this as evidence of pack behaviour. Other scientists are skeptical, observing that the animals may have been driven together by a drought, flood, or for other reasons.
There is plentiful evidence for gregarious behaviour among herbivorous dinosaurs, including ceratopsians and hadrosaurs. However, only rarely are so many dinosaurian predators found at the same site. Small theropods like *Deinonychus*, *Coelophysis*, and *Megapnosaurus* (*Syntarsus rhodesiensis*) have been found in aggregations, as have larger predators like *Allosaurus* and *Mapusaurus*. There is some evidence of gregarious behaviour in other tyrannosaurids as well. Fragmentary remains of smaller individuals were found alongside \"Sue,\" the *Tyrannosaurus* mounted in the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, and a bonebed in the Two Medicine Formation of Montana contains at least three specimens of *Daspletosaurus* preserved alongside several hadrosaurs. These findings may corroborate the evidence for social behaviour in *Albertosaurus*, although some or all of the above localities may represent temporary or unnatural aggregations. Others have speculated that, instead of social groups, at least some of these finds represent Komodo dragon-like mobbing of carcasses, where aggressive competition leads to some of the predators being killed and cannibalized. Even though *Albertosaurus* are commonly found in packs, there is no evidence of group behavior in the close relative *Gorgosaurus*
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# Clearview Regional High School
**Clearview Regional High School** is a regional public high school serving students in ninth through twelfth grades from Harrison Township and Mantua Township, two communities in Gloucester County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, operating as part of the Clearview Regional High School District.
As of the 2023--24 school year, the school had an enrollment of 1,412 students and 94.9 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student--teacher ratio of 14.9:1. There were 141 students (10.0% of enrollment) eligible for free lunch and 39 (2.8% of students) eligible for reduced-cost lunch.
## History
Constructed on an 80 acres site at a cost of \$1.5 million (equivalent to \$`{{Inflation|US|1.5|1959|fmt=c|r=1}}`{=mediawiki} million in `{{Inflation/year|US}}`{=mediawiki}), the school opened in September 1960, with 950 students in seventh through tenth grades. Students from Mantua Township had attended Pitman High School as part of a sending/receiving relationship, while students from Harrison Township were sent on a tuition-basis to Glassboro High School.
## Awards, recognition and rankings {#awards_recognition_and_rankings}
The school was the 109th-ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in *New Jersey Monthly* magazine\'s September 2014 cover story on the state\'s \"Top Public High Schools\", using a new ranking methodology. The school had been ranked 144th in the state of 328 schools in 2012, after being ranked 142nd in 2010 out of 322 schools listed. The magazine ranked the school 130th in 2008 out of 316 schools. The school was ranked 141st in the magazine\'s September 2006 issue, which surveyed 316 schools across the state.
Schooldigger.com ranked the school tied for 106th out of 381 public high schools statewide in its 2011 rankings (an increase of 8 positions from the 2010 ranking) which were based on the combined percentage of students classified as proficient or above proficient on the mathematics (85.2%) and language arts literacy (97.5%) components of the High School Proficiency Assessment (HSPA).
## Curriculum
The school has articulation agreement with Rowan College at Gloucester County under which students can earn credit at both the high school and college level for 15 courses offered by Clearview, such as AP Government and AP Calculus.
All courses are meant to fulfill New Jersey\'s Common Core Standards.
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# Clearview Regional High School
## Athletics
The Clearview Regional High School Pioneers compete as one of the member schools in the Tri-County Conference, which is comprised of public and private high schools located in Camden, Cape May, Cumberland, Gloucester and Salem counties. The conference is overseen by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association (NJSIAA). With 1,104 students in grades 10--12, the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2019--20 school year as Group IV for most athletic competition purposes, which included schools with an enrollment of 1,060 to 5,049 students in that grade range. The football team competes in the Continental Division of the 94-team West Jersey Football League superconference and was classified by the NJSIAA as Group IV South for football for 2024--2026, which included schools with 890 to 1,298 students.
Kingsway Regional High School is Clearview\'s athletic rival, with the football teams from the two schools competing against each other on Thanksgiving Day for the Coaches Trophy.
The boys spring track team won the state championship in Group II in 1966 and 1968.
The boys track team was state Group I-II indoor relay co-champion in 1966.
The girls team won the NJSIAA spring track Group II title in 1990--1992.
The 1998 softball team finished the season with a record of 16-9 after winning the Group III state championship, having defeated Passaic Valley Regional High School by a score of 7--2 in the final game of the tournament. The team won the 2002 South, Group III sectional championship with a 5--3 win over Toms River High School South in the tournament final. The team repeated as winner of the sectional title in 2003, edging Cumberland Regional High School by a score of 4--3.
The wrestling team won the South Jersey Group III sectional title in 2014-2016 and won the Group III state championship in 2014 Ty Whalen won the NJSIAA 132-lb individual state wrestling tournament in 2021, becoming the fourth Clearview wrestler to win a state title.
In 2016, the baseball team won the South Jersey Group IV sectional championship, defeating Millville High School by a score of 3--0 in the tournament final.
The field hockey team won the South Jersey Group III state sectional championship in 2017 and 2019, and won the Group III state title in 2019, defeating runner-up Warren Hills Regional High School by a score of 2--1 in the championship game.
Clearview participates in the South Jersey High School Ice Hockey League, a high school ice hockey league with 16 teams participating at the varsity level from South Jersey. The girls\' soccer team were co-champions in the Tri-County Conference in 2004 and were champions in the 2008 and 2009 season. The girls also made appearances in the finals of the South Jersey state playoffs in 2005 and 2008. Clearview\'s golf team won the Tri-County Conference in 2008 and 2009. The football team went undefeated in the regular season in 1972 and 2006. The girls\' varsity swim team won Tri-County Conference Championship titles in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2010.
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Clearview Regional High School
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