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# Curriculum of the Waldorf schools
## Foreign languages {#foreign_languages}
Generally, two foreign languages are taught from age six on. Foreign language instruction in the first two years is purely oral; reading and writing of foreign languages are generally introduced toward the end of third grade. Language teaching in the first three years aims to give the children a sense of greater belonging and understanding of other cultures.
## Art, crafts, and handwork {#art_crafts_and_handwork}
In the elementary years, drawing is practised daily and painting weekly; in addition, children are taught modelling and sculpture with beeswax or clay. Also taught is an approach to drawing geometric and dynamic forms created by the early Waldorf pedagogue Hermann von Baravalle and known in the schools as \"form drawing\". Art instruction continues through the high school.
Handwork (including knitting, crochet, sewing and embroidery) is taught from age 6 on, with projects which may include cushions, socks, gloves and dolls. Woodworking normally begins during 5th or 6th grade. The secondary school crafts curriculum includes some combination of woodworking, basketry, weaving and book-binding.
## Music
In elementary school, children sing daily with their class teacher. Generally, bi-weekly general music lessons with a specialized music teacher begin in Grade 1 and continue through Grade 8. In High school, choir and various instrumental ensembles are continued, until the end of secondary school. Music is integrated into the teaching of academic subjects such as arithmetic, geography, history and science.
Recorders, usually pentatonic, is introduced in first grade, the familiar diatonic recorder in third or fourth grade, when the children also take up a string instrument: either violin, viola or cello. Waldorf pupils are generally required to take private music lessons when a class orchestra is formed, usually at age 9-10. By age 11-12, the children may switch to woodwind or brass instruments as part of the class orchestra or a separate band. Orchestral instruction continues through the end of a child\'s Waldorf experience, though in many schools it becomes elective at some point.
## Eurythmy
Eurythmy is a movement art, usually performed to poetry or music, created by Steiner and \"meant to help children develop harmoniously with mind, body and soul\". Eurythmy is a required subject in Waldorf schools in all years.
## Physical education {#physical_education}
Physical Education, or Movement Education as it is called in many Waldorf schools around the world, begins in the early grades with rhythmical activities, then proceeds to various games, the circus arts, the Greek pentathlon, and on to more competitive athletics and team sports as the student moves towards high school. Bothmer Gymnastics was created by Fritz von Bothmer between 1922 and 1938 out of his work as the physical education teacher at the first Waldorf School established in Stuttgart, Germany. Bothmer Gymnastics™ offers a distinctive, planar approach to age-appropriate balance and coordination exercises
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# Ruppertshofen, Baden-Württemberg
**Ruppertshofen** is a municipality in the district of Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Westhausen (Ostalb)
**Westhausen** is a municipality in the district of Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg (Germany)
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# 31st (City of London) Signal Regiment
The **31st (Greater London) Signal Regiment** was a territorial communications regiment of the British Army\'s Royal Corps of Signals. The regiment first formed following the creation of the Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve in 1967 after the 1966 Defence White Paper. After seeing limited reserve support during the Cold War, the regiment was disbanded in 2010 following the initial Army 2020 reform.
## History
Following the announcement of the 1966 Defence White Paper, new \"large\" regiments and formed within the new Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve. Although more focused on the infantry corps and royal artillery, the royal corps of signals did see some changes including new TA regiments. On 1 April 1967 the **31st (Greater London) Signals Regiment** was formed with the following regiments being the \"parent\" units;
- 41st (Princess Louises\'s Kensington Regiment) Signal Regiment (TA) becoming 41 Squadron
- 47th (The Duke of Cambridge\'s Middlesex Hussars (Yeomanry)) Signal Regiment (TA) becoming 47 Squadron
- 83rd (East Anglian) District Signal Regiment (AER) becoming 83 Squadron (kept Army Emergency Reserve number)
After formation the regimental headquarters were located at Hammersmith where they would remain for almost 30 years. After organising the regiment was assigned to the 11th Signal Group (V) as the reserve trunk communications signal regiment for SHAPE. By 1992 the regiment was moved under control of the 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade and provided communications for the City of London and general County of London area.
In 1994, the regimental headquarters moved to Wandsworth Barracks in Southfields where it remained until disbandment. During this period, the regiment had links with the Worshipful Company of Innholders and the London University Officer\'s Training Corps. During the initial Operation Telic invasion, volunteers of the regiment served in Iraq with their regular counterparts.
In 2010 the regiment was disbanded following the concurrent disbandment of the 2nd Signal Brigade and the re-organisation of the TA signals as a result of the Army 2020 reform. Although the RHQ was disbanded, all squadrons\' titles, lineages, and roles were all retained, with most squadrons moving to the other London signals regiment, 71st (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment (V).
## Organisation
Organisation of the regiment during its existence;
- Regimental Headquarters, Hammersmith
- 5 (The Queen\'s Own Oxfordshire Hussars (Yeomanry)) Signal Squadron (V), Banbury supporting 145th (Home Counties) Brigade
- 41 (Princess Louise\'s Kensington Regiment) Signal Squadron (V), Coulsdon and Hammersmith (from General Headquarters Signal Regiment) providing high frequency communications
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# Wört
**Wört** (`{{IPA|de|ˈvœʁt}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality (German: *Gemeinde*) and town in the district of Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
### Location
Wört is located in the valley of the Rotach, a tributary of the Wörnitz River, in the Virngrund region. It is in the northeastern foothills of the Swabian Alb range, between Dinkelsbühl (6 km) and Ellwangen (13 km).
### Neighboring Towns {#neighboring_towns}
The municipality is bordered to the north by Fichtenau, part of Schwäbisch Hall district, to the east by the Bavarian city of Dinkelsbühl, to the south by Stödtlen and to the west by Ellenberg.
### Land Use {#land_use}
According to the Baden-Württemberg Statistics Office, the total area of the municipality is 18.17 km^2^ (7.02 sq mi), of which 8.13 km^2^ (45%) is woodland, 7.67 km^2^ (42%) is agricultural, 0.9 km^2^ (5%) is buildings, 0.74 km^2^ (4%) is for transportation, 0.62 km^2^ (3.5%) is water and 0.09 km^2^ (0.5%) is for recreational use.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
It is the birthplace of church historian Hubert Wolf (born 1959)
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# Microregion of Santo Ângelo
The **Santo Ângelo micro-region** (*Microrregião de Santo Ângelo*) is a micro-region in the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The area is 10,750.721 km^2^
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# Household Names
**Household Names** was a 4-piece American alternative rock band based in Austin, Texas, active from 2000 to 2010.
## History
### *The Trouble With Being Nice* (2000) {#the_trouble_with_being_nice_2000}
Household Names formed in Austin, Texas in 2000 when songwriter/guitarist Jason Garcia released the debut LP *The Trouble With Being Nice*, co-produced with Lars Goransson (Blondie, The Cardigans), playing most of the instruments himself. The album received positive reviews. The album played on the occasional college radio station(#67 on CMJ Top 200). The track \"Bright Spot\" was available for download on MTV.com. Additionally, \"Secrecy\" reached #1 on what was at the time a contest site for unsigned bands called Garageband.com gaining mild internet exposure and a review from producer Steve Lillywhite.
In August 2002 the album was selected to be included on computer company Hewlett-Packard\'s Experience Music Project mobile tour.
### *Picture In My Head* (2006) {#picture_in_my_head_2006}
The live band had a rotating cast of Austin musicians until 2003, when Chris Peters (bass) and CJ Barker (drums) solidified Household Names into a trio. With Lars Goransson producing, the band released their second full-length album, *Picture In My Head* on May 6, 2006 to continued positive reviews On March 12, 2007, Household Names made their national debut on primetime television when their track \"Only One\" was used in an episode of ABC\'s \"*What About Brian?*\".
### *Stories, No Names* (2010) {#stories_no_names_2010}
CJ Barker left the band in 2007 and was replaced by Joey Spivey; the band also added Eric Roberts on guitar. In 2008 this lineup began recording material for their third album, titled \"Stories, No Names\", which was released on January 1, 2010
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# 1607 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
## Works
- Samuel Daniel, *Certaine Small Workes*, the fourth collected edition of his works
- John Davies, *Yehovah Summa Totalis; or, All in All, and, the Same for Ever; or, An Addition to Mirum in Modum*
- Michael Drayton, *The Legend of Great Cromwel*
- Thomas Ford, *Musicke of `{{Not a typo|sundrie}}`{=mediawiki} kindes*
- Sir John Harington, translator (from the Latin of Johannes de Mediolano\'s *Regimen sanitatis Salernitanum*), *The Englishmans Doctor; or, The Schole of Salerne*
- Robert Jones, *The First Set of Madrigals* (verse and music)
- Gervase Markham, *Rodomonths Infernall; or, The Divell Conquered*, translated from Philippe Desportes\' French translation of Ariosto\'s *Orlando Furioso*
- Samuel Rowlands:
- *Democritus; or, Doctor Merry-man his Medicines, Against Melancholy Humors*
- *Diogines Lanthorne*
## Births
- March 12 -- Paul Gerhardt (died 1676), German hymn writer
- March 8 -- Johann von Rist (died 1667), German
- April 13 *(bapt.)* -- Robert Chamberlain (died 1660), English poet and dramatist
- November 1 -- Georg Philipp Harsdorffer (died 1658), German poet and translator
- November 5 -- Anna Maria van Schurman (died 1678), Dutch
- *date unknown*
- Alaol (died 1673), Bengali
- Václav František Kocmánek (died 1679), Czech poet, author and historian
- 1607/1608: Salabega (died unknown), Oriyan religious poet
## Deaths
- May -- Sir Edward Dyer (born 1543), English courtier and poet
- c\. May -- Thomas Newton (born c. 1542), English physician, poet and translator
- June -- Thomas Newton (born c. 1542), English physician, clergyman, poet, author and translator
- July 7 -- Penelope Rich, Lady Rich (born 1563), English noblewoman, inspiration for Sir Philip Sidney\'s \"Stella\"
- September 18 -- Abraham Fleming (born c. 1552), English poet, translator and antiquarian
- Also:
- Henry Chettle, death year uncertain (born c
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# 39th (Skinners) Signal Regiment
**39th (Skinners) Signal Regiment** is an Army Reserve regiment in the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army. The regiment forms part of 1 Signal Brigade, providing military communications for national operations. The Lynx badge is a reminder of the unit\'s connection with the Worshipful Company of Skinners.
## History
The regiment was formed in 1967 by the amalgamation of 65th Signal Regiment and 92nd Signal Regiment, with some personnel from the disbanded Queen\'s Own Oxfordshire Hussars at Banbury. In 1969 the regiment absorbed part of R (Tower Hamlets) Battery from the disbanded Greater London Regiment, Royal Artillery.
In 1971 a new 5 (Banbury) Squadron was formed, which in 1975 became 5 (Queen\'s Own Oxfordshire Hussars) Signal Squadron.
47 (Middlesex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron at Uxbridge formed part of the regiment from 1995 to 2006, when it transferred to 71st (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment.
In 2000, the North Somerset Yeomanry designation was revived for the Headquarters Squadron of 39th (Skinners) Signal Regiment and, in 2008, that squadron, as 93 (North Somerset Yeomanry) Squadron, became the Regiment\'s Support Squadron.
In 2006, 94 (Berkshire Yeomanry) Squadron transferred from 31st (City of London) Signal Regiment.
In 2014, under Army 2020, 43 (Wessex and City & County of Bristol) Signal Squadron transferred from 21st Signal Regiment and 53 (Welsh) Signal Squadron transferred from 37th Signal Regiment, while 5 (QOOH) Squadron transferred to the Royal Logistic Corps.
## Structure
The current structure of the regiment is as follows:
- Regimental Headquarters, in Bristol
- 43 (Wessex and City & County of Bristol) Signal Squadron, in Bath
- 857 (City and County of Bristol) Signal Troop, in Bristol
- 53 (Wales and Western) Signal Squadron, in Cardiff
- Western Signal Troop, in Gloucester
- 93 (North Somerset Yeomanry) Support Squadron, in Bristol
- 94 (Berkshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron, in Windsor
## Honours
- Freedom of the City of Bristol in 2019
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# Zaib Shaikh
**Zaib Shaikh** (born May 25, 1974) is a Canadian actor, writer, and director. He was named Canada\'s Consul General in Los Angeles, California in October 2018.
## Career
Shaikh has appeared in *Metropia* and *Little Mosque on the Prairie*, and as Vancouver city councillor Shakil Khan in *Da Vinci\'s City Hall*. He is co-founder of the Whistler Theatre Project, and also writer and director of the CBC adaptation of *Othello*. He appeared as Nadir Khan in Deepa Mehta\'s film adaptation of *Midnight\'s Children*. He guest starred as Professor Mahmoud Bahmanyaron in an episode of *Murdoch Mysteries* which aired March 18, 2013.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Shaikh was born in Toronto, Ontario, and is of Pakistani descent. He studied theatre at the Mississauga campus of the University of Toronto and has a Bachelor of Arts from Sheridan College. While at UTM, Shaikh was a copy editor for the campus newspaper, *The Medium*. He has a Master of Fine Arts degree from the University of Toronto.
Since 2011, Shaikh has been married to Kirstine Stewart, former managing director of Twitter Canada.
On May 29, 2014, Shaikh was named the film commissioner and director of entertainment industries for the City of Toronto
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# Seymour Parker Gilbert
**Seymour Parker Gilbert** (October 13, 1892 - February 23, 1938) was an American lawyer, banker, politician and diplomat. He is chiefly known for being Agent General for Reparations to Germany, from October 1924 to May 1930. Afterwards, in 1931, he became an associate at J. P. Morgan.
## Early life {#early_life}
Parker Gilbert was the son of Seymour Parker and Carrie Jennings (`{{nee}}`{=mediawiki} Cooper) Gilbert. Gilbert was educated at Rutgers College, graduating at the age of 19, and received a L.L.B. from Harvard Law School at 22, where he was the editor of the Harvard Law Review from 1913-1915, and later an honorary degree in 1930 for his work in reparations.
## Career
From 1915-1918, he practiced law with Cravath and Henderson in New York.
At age 27, he was offered a post in the Wilson Administration, as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, and continued to serve in the Harding Administration. In 1924, he was appointed Agent General for Reparations by the Allied Reparation Commission, succeeding the temporary Owen D. Young. In that capacity, he was responsible for the execution of the Dawes Plan. Under the Young Plan, the Bank for International Settlements was created, nullifying the position of Parker Gilbert.
Gilbert served as Under Secretary of the Treasury from June 1921 -- 1923 as well as Agent General of Reparations from October 1924 until May 1930, working with Weimar Germany to ensure loan repayments to America. Afterwards, in 1931, he became an associate at J. P. Morgan, where he was known to put in long hours at the firm.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He died at age 45, from a heart attack. His son S. Parker Gilbert, born 1934, was chairman of Morgan Stanley during the 1980s. After his death, his wife, Louise Todd, married Harold Stanley, the co-founder of Morgan Stanley
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# 34th (Northern) Signal Regiment
**34 (Northern) Signal Regiment** was a Territorial Army regiment in the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army. The regiment formed part of 12 Signal Group, providing command and control communication for NATO\'s Allied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC). As a result of the Strategic Review of Reserves it was announced on 28 April 2009 that the regiment was to be disbanded The regiment consisted of three squadrons plus the band:
## History
The 34th Signal regiment was originally formed in 1967 as a result of the merger between the 50th (Northumbrian), 49th (West Riding), 90th (North Riding) Signals Regiments and 339 Signal Squadron. Upon formation the regiment immediately joined the 12th Signal Group to help provide communications between the Channel Ports and the rear of the 1st British Corps. After the Options for Change the regiment moved to the 11th Signal Brigade where it was the theater communications support regiment for the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps
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# Au am Rhein
**Au am Rhein** (`{{IPA|de|ˈaʊ ʔam ˈʁaɪn}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Au on the [[Rhine]]}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Mayor
- Since 2017: Veronika Laukart
- From 1985 to 2017: Hartwig Rihm (born 1949) (CDU). He was reelected in 1993, 2001 and 2009
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# 1991 Ryder Cup
The **29th Ryder Cup Matches** were held September 27--29, 1991, on The Ocean Course at Kiawah Island Golf Resort in Kiawah Island, South Carolina, southwest of Charleston.
The United States team won the competition by 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points, winning back the Cup on the 18th hole of the final match. Bernhard Langer missed a six-foot (1.8 m) par putt which would have won his match and clinched a 14-all tie and retained the Ryder Cup for Europe. It was the first win for the U.S. since 1983, after consecutive losses to Europe in 1985 and 1987 and a tie in 1989. Due to the fierce competition, gamesmanship and general over-exuberance of the U.S. Team and their fans, these Ryder Cup Matches became known as the \"War on the Shore.\"
The event was originally slated for PGA West, but was moved in 1989 to accommodate television coverage in both the United States and Europe.
The Ocean Course later hosted the PGA Championship in 2012 and 2021.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format in 1991 was as follows:
- **Day 1** (Friday) --- 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** (Saturday) --- 4 foursome matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** (Sunday) --- 12 singles matches
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup, and 14 points were required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
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# 1991 Ryder Cup
## Teams
-------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Dave Stockton
Fred Couples
Payne Stewart
Lanny Wadkins
Hale Irwin
Paul Azinger
Corey Pavin
Mark O\'Meara
Mark Calcavecchia
Wayne Levi
Steve Pate
Chip Beck
Raymond Floyd
-------------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1991 Ryder Cup.
The selection process for the European team remained the same as used since 1985, with nine players chosen from the 1991 European Tour money list at the conclusion of the German Open on August 25 and the remaining three team members being chosen immediately afterwards by the team captain, Bernard Gallacher. Gallacher had announced before the final event that he would choose Nick Faldo as one of his picks. He also announced that he would select José María Olazábal, who was then in the 9th and final automatic spot, even if he dropped out of the top nine. At the time Olazábal and Faldo were second and third in the world rankings. Olazábal had just won The International on the PGA Tour. Eamonn Darcy, in 7th place in the points list, chose to miss the German Open. However, with David Gilford earning £4,320 in prize money, Sam Torrance tying for 3rd place and Paul Broadhurst losing a playoff, Darcy dropped to 10th place in the final list, £58.26 behind Gilford. Olazábal dropped to 11th place in the points list but had been assured of selection anyway. Gallacher chose Mark James as his third choice in preference to Darcy.
---------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
Bernard Gallacher
Seve Ballesteros
Colin Montgomerie
Steven Richardson
Ian Woosnam
Sam Torrance
Bernhard Langer
Paul Broadhurst
David Feherty
David Gilford
José María Olazábal
Nick Faldo
Mark James
---------------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1991 Ryder Cup.
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
-------------------------- --------- --------------------------
**Ballesteros/Olazábal** 2 & 1 Azinger/Beck
Langer/James 2 & 1 **Floyd/Couples**
Gilford/Montgomerie 4 & 2 **Wadkins/Irwin**
Faldo/Woosnam 1 up **Stewart/Calcavecchia**
1 Session 3
1 Overall 3
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
-------------------------- --------- ------------------------
Torrance/Feherty halved Wadkins/O\'Meara
**Ballesteros/Olazábal** 2 & 1 Azinger/Beck
**Richardson/James** 5 & 4 Pavin/Calcavecchia
Faldo/Woosnam 5 & 3 **Floyd/Couples**
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes_1}
Results
-------------------------- --------- --------------------------
Feherty/Torrance 4 & 2 **Irwin/Wadkins**
James/Richardson 1 up **Calcavecchia/Stewart**
Faldo/Gilford 7 & 6 **Azinger/O\'Meara**
**Ballesteros/Olazábal** 3 & 2 Couples/Floyd
1 Session 3
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball_1}
Results
------------------------ --------- -----------------
**Woosnam/Broadhurst** 2 & 1 Azinger/Irwin
**Langer/Montgomerie** 2 & 1 Pavin/Pate
**James/Richardson** 3 & 1 Wadkins/Levi
Ballesteros/Olazábal halved Stewart/Couples
3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session
8 Overall 8
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------------- --------- -------------------------
**Nick Faldo** 2 up Raymond Floyd
**David Feherty** 2 & 1 Payne Stewart
Colin Montgomerie halved Mark Calcavecchia
José María Olazábal 2 up **Paul Azinger**
Steven Richardson 2 & 1 **Corey Pavin**
**Seve Ballesteros** 3 & 2 Wayne Levi
Ian Woosnam 3 & 1 **Chip Beck**
**Paul Broadhurst** 3 & 1 Mark O\'Meara
Sam Torrance 3 & 2 **Fred Couples**
Mark James 3 & 2 **Lanny Wadkins**
Bernhard Langer halved Hale Irwin
David Gilford halved Steve Pate
5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 6`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Paul Azinger 2 2--3--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--2--0
Chip Beck 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Mark Calcavecchia 2.5 2--1--1 0--0--1 2--0--0 0--1--0
Fred Couples 3.5 3--1--1 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--0--1
Raymond Floyd 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
Hale Irwin 2.5 2--1--1 0--0--1 2--0--0 0--1--0
Wayne Levi 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Mark O\'Meara 1.5 1--1--1 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--0--1
Steve Pate 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--1 0--0--0 0--1--0
Corey Pavin 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 0--2--0
Payne Stewart 2.5 2--1--1 0--1--0 2--0--0 0--0--1
Lanny Wadkins 3.5 3--1--1 1--0--0 2--0--0 0--1--1
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
--------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Seve Ballesteros 4.5 4--0--1 1--0--0 2--0--0 1--0--1
Paul Broadhurst 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Nick Faldo 1 1--3--0 1--0--0 0--2--0 0--1--0
David Feherty 1.5 1--1--1 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--1
David Gilford 0.5 0--2--1 0--0--1 0--2--0 0--0--0
Mark James 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 2--0--0
Bernhard Langer 1.5 1--1--1 0--0--1 0--1--0 1--0--0
Colin Montgomerie 1.5 1--1--1 0--0--1 0--1--0 1--0--0
José María Olazábal 3.5 3--1--1 0--1--0 2--0--0 1--0--1
Steven Richardson 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 2--0--0
Sam Torrance 0.5 0--2--1 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--1
Ian Woosnam 1 1--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
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# 1991 Ryder Cup
## Steve Pate injury controversy {#steve_pate_injury_controversy}
On the eve of the games, Steve Pate and some other members of the U.S. team were involved in a minor caravan crash causing Pate to bruise his ribs and need hospital treatment. Much was discussed by the U.S. captain to either replace him at the last minute or carry on as planned. The decision was taken to allow Pate to participate in the games causing him to sit out the first three sessions of play. The only session he played in was a four-ball on Saturday afternoon, losing to Bernhard Langer and Colin Montgomerie. Prior to the first singles tee off on Sunday the U.S. team announced that Steve Pate was unable to play in the singles due to his earlier sustained injury. As a result, the match he was due to contend with David Gilford was automatically halved causing Gilford to miss out his singles match.
This brought heavy criticism from the general media and the European team feeling a sense of bad sportsmanship on behalf of the Americans. Especially considering U.S. captain Dave Stockton had chosen to play Pate in an earlier match thus risking causing further unnecessary injury to the player. In post-match interviews serious questions were asked of the American\'s reasoning and tactics behind claiming half a point for one of their weaker players.
## Ballesteros/Azinger and Floyd controversies {#ballesterosazinger_and_floyd_controversies}
Ballesteros and Azinger had previously locked horns in 1989 when Ballesteros tried to have a scuffed ball taken out of play which Azinger disagreed with.
The bad blood escalated at Kiawah Island when on the morning of the Friday foursomes with Ballesteros partnering José María Olazábal against Paul Azinger and Chip Beck the Europeans noticed the Americans had changed the compression of the ball on the 7th tee which is in violation of the one-ball rule. Ballesteros accused his opponents of doing this at least three times since the start of the match. On speaking with the referee at first Azinger flatly denied it. However once it had become apparent to the Americans that they were not called up on the violation at the time of incident therefore could no longer be penalized by loss of hole they admitted to switching their ball. This incident was the stem of accusations of the U.S. side of repeated gamesmanship, bad sportsmanship and ill tactics in many future matches to come.
On the morning of the Saturday foursomes with Ballesteros partnering José María Olazábal against Raymond Floyd and Fred Couples, Ballesteros developed a small cough. After noise was coincidentally made during swings made by the United States Team on the first 2 holes, Floyd approached Ballesteros with a severe warning that he was \"better than you (Ballesteros) could ever be at this\" and that if Ballesteros did not stop he would reciprocate with force.
Since the mid-1980s, the European team had dominated the event including wins in 1985, 1987 and retaining the cup in 1989. With exception to 1993, the European team continued to dominate until ill feelings between the two sides came to a head in an explosive match at Brookline in 1999 where the U.S. side and their fans were again accused of having the mindset of \"anything to win\" going against the spirit of how the matches were intended to be played
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# Bietigheim (Baden)
**Bietigheim** is a village in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Southwestern Germany. It is located east of the Rhine river and thus the border to France, west of the Black Forest (more precisely the Northern Black Forest), south of the city of Karlsruhe and north of the city of Rastatt.
## Geography
Bietigheim is located in the 30km wide Upper Rhine Plain which is limited by the Black Forest on the east side and the French Vosges / German Palatinate Forest on the west side. The village itself extends from the fluvial terrace to the actual rhine valley. On the southern part of Bietigheim\'s Gemarkung is the southern end of the forest Hardtwald.
The closest cities to Bietigheim are: Rastatt (\~ 7km), Karlsruhe (\~ 18km) and Baden-Baden (\~ 23km).
## Neighbour towns and villages {#neighbour_towns_and_villages}
Bietigheim borders on the following towns, clockwise beginning from the north: Durmersheim, Malsch, Muggensturm, Ötigheim, Steinmauern, Elchesheim-Illingen.
## Transport
Bietigheim is predominantly a village in which people live as commuter to the cities Karlsruhe, Rastatt and even for the valley of the river Murg (Northern Black Forest).
### Rail links {#rail_links}
The village maintains the stop *Bietigheim (Baden)* of the Rhine Railway (Baden). The light rail lines S7 and S8 of the Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft both stop in Bietigheim.
### Road transport {#road_transport}
The Bundesstraße 3, the Bundesstraße 36 as well as the Bundesautobahn 5 running through the Gemarkung of Bietigheim. Furthermore, two rest areas: Schleifweg (northern direction) and Silbergrund (southern direction) are stationed on Bietigheim\'s part of the BAB5. In October 2006 the Bundesstraße 36 was moved to the east side and thus out of the city center.
Further one out of eleven colza oil-fuel stations of the state Baden-Württemberg are located in Bietigheim.
### Air transport {#air_transport}
With an approximate distance of 20km (12 mi) the Airport Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden (German: Flughafen Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden, IATA airport code *FKB*) and the second most important airport of Baden-Württemberg is the closest airport. Other airports are reachable by car via BAB5 / BAB8 or train. The next further airport is Stuttgart Airport (German: Flughafen Stuttgart, IATA airport code *STR*) and \~ 92km (57 mi) away. Frankfurt Airport (German: Flughafen Frankfurt am Main, IATA airport code *FRA*) is \~ 141km (88 mi) away (one and a half hour drive by car).
## Mayors
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# 1606 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
## Works
### English
- Samuel Daniel, *The Queenes Arcadia: A pastoral tragecomedie*
- John Davies, *Bien Venu: Greate Britaines welcome to hir greate friendes, and deere breathren, the Danes*
- Thomas Dekker, *The Double PP: a Papist in Armes*, published anonymously
- Michael Drayton\'s *Poems Lyrick and Pastorall*, including \"The Ballad of Agincourt\"
- John Ford, *Fames Memoriall; or, The Earle of Devonshire Deceased*, on the death of Charles Blount
- John Hind, *Eliosto Libidinoso*, contains some verse
- Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel, *A Foure-Fould Meditation, of the Foure Last Things*, also has been ascribed to Robert Southwell (\"RS\"), but *The Concise Oxford Chronology of English Literature* states Howard wrote it
- King James Version of the Bible
- Samuel Rowlands, *A Terrible Battell Betweene the Two Consumers of the Whole World: Time and Death*
- William Warner, *A Continuance of Albions England*, sixth edition, containing books xiv-xvi
### Other languages {#other_languages}
- Jean Passerat, *Recueil des oeuvres poétiques de Ian Passerat augmenté de plus de la moitié, outre les précédentes impressions*, edited by Jean de Rougevalet, Paris: Morel, published posthumously, France
## Births
- c\. February 28 - Sir William Davenant (died 1668), English poet and playwright
- March 3 - Edmund Waller (died 1687), English poet and politician
- May 3 - Lorenzo Lippi (died 1664), Italian painter and poet
- Also:
- Karacaoğlan (died 1680), Turkish folk poet and ashik
- Johannes Khuen (died 1675), Bavarian priest, poet and composer
- Junije Palmotić (died 1657), Ragusan dramatist and poet
- Samarth Ramdas (died 1682), Indian Marathi saint and religious poet
- Thomas Washbourne (died 1687), English clergyman and poet
## Deaths
- March 2 - Martin Moller (born 1547), German poet and mystic
- May 13 *(bur.)* - Arthur Golding (born 1535), English translator of prose and poetry
- May 22 - José de Sigüenza (born 1544), Spanish historian, poet and theologian
- September 2 - Karel van Mander (born 1548), Flemish-born Dutch painter and poet
- October 5 - Philippe Desportes (born 1546), French
- November 20 *(bur
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# Bischweier
**Bischweier** is a municipality in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Old Dog Haven
**OldDog Haven** is 501(c)(3) not-for-profit charitable organization whose goal it is to improve the quality of life of geriatric or \"senior\" dogs that need care and homes, mainly in the western part of Washington state. The group was formed in 1994 by shelter volunteers who saw senior dogs overlooked by adopters. OldDog Haven uses a network of people to provide loving and safe homes for abandoned senior dogs. A Home Base where the founders live and care for a number of dogs is located in Arlington, Washington. OldDog Haven does not have a shelter. All of the dogs in its care live happily in homes with foster families who love and cherish them as valued family members.
The organization has seen that many dogs of advanced years are rejected by owners, or are left behind when an elderly owner must move to an independent or assisted living facility or a nursing home: these animals are often left at animal shelters---where their chance of adoption is negligible---or pass to family or friends who are not prepared to deal with the needs of an older dog. As a result, many of these animals are in poor physical condition, making them even less adoptable.
Wherever possible, OldDog Haven employs a network of foster homes and supporters to take in and care for the animals: every effort is made to adopt out dogs with a reasonable life-expectancy; the others are cared for as long as their quality of life remains good in what are called \"Final Refuge\" homes. OldDog Haven also attempts to assist owners or their families in finding new homes for senior dogs through its website and through referrals.
OldDog Haven does not receive any state or federal funds: the organization relies on donations and fund-raising activities for its income. All donations to OldDog Haven are tax-deductible
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# Bühlertal
**Bühlertal** is a municipality in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
### Geographic location {#geographic_location}
Bühlertal encompasses almost the entirety of the Bühlot Valley and its side valleys on the Western slope of the Northern Black Forest at the ridge to the Upper Rhine Valley from an elevation of 190 meters to 1000 meters above sea level.
### Municipality
To the municipality of Buehlertal belong the Obertal (Upper Valley), the settlements Altenberg, Denni (now fused with the Obertal), Boosweg (joined with Obertal), Laengenberg, the hamlets Buchkopf, Buechelbach (joined with Butschenberg), Laube (bridging Untertal and Obertal), Liehenbach (fused with Untertal), Schafhof, Schoenbuech (joined with Obertal and Buchkopf), Schwarzwasen, Sessgass, Steckenhalt, Untertal, Wintereck and Wolfsbrunnen, the hamlets Eichwald, Freihoefen, Haaberg, Hatzenwoerth, Hirschbach, Hof, Hungerberg, Klotzberg, Lachmatt, Matthaeuser, Schmelz und Sickenwald, the farmsteads Butschenberg und Gertelbach, Grasiweg, Holzmatt, Immenstein, Kohlbergwiese, Mittelberg, Oberer Plaettig (Upper Plaettig), Wiedenfelsen und Wolfshuegel. The hamlet Mistgraben is defunct since 1492, but was mentioned in two baptism records around 1860 as a location.
## History
Oldest records about Buehlertal are from 1301. It belonged to the County of Eberstein. The Margraviate of Baden owned farms in Buehlertal since 1536. In 1688, the ownership of Bühlertal was transferred between the Earl of Eberstein and the Margrave of Baden. It belonged to the county of Bühl, which became the Landkreis Bühl. When the county (Landkreis) of Bühl was dissolved in 1973, Bühlertal became part of the county of Rastatt (Landkreis Rastatt)
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# Hügelsheim
**Hügelsheim** (Low Alemannic: *Heilze* or *Helse*) is a western German town across the Rhine river border with French Alsace.
Two burial places suggest possible settlements dating back as far as the Bronze Age. The \"Heilingenbuck\" (Holy Hill), a princely tomb, dates back to the Hallstattian period, probably the 3rd or 4th century BC. The Romans who occupied the area from 69 to 79 AD built a road leading from Strasburg via Kehl, Hügelsheim, Rastatt, Gruenwinkel and Graben to Neuenheim which gave the village its ribbon-built character. In the 3rd century AD the Romans were driven out by the Alemanni tribes. In a document from 788 intended for the Bonifatius convent in Fulda, Hügelsheim is mentioned for the first time as \"Hughilaheim\".
The population of Hügelsheim earned their livelihood as farmers, fishermen and barge men, and for centuries there was a weekly market ship traveling to Strasbourg. In 1834 the first steamship on the Rhine rang in the end of the Hügelsheim barge men\'s guild.
The Rhine River has always brought not only benefits but also harm to the village, reaching into the most recent history. The construction of the Iffezheim Lock has caused irreparable damage to pastures and in its wake brought considerable financial disadvantages to the community. A lawsuit against the Federal Government in this matter lasted for nearly a decade. Finally Hügelsheim was granted a 1 million Deutsch Mark compensation for the loss in its industrial gravel pits.
Hügelsheim has its own water supply and purification plant, and natural gas is supplied by the public utility works of the city of Baden-Baden
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# Iffezheim
**Iffezheim** is a town in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It lies close to the Rhine river, where the Lock Iffezheim is also situated. Iffezheim is also known for the horse races, which takes place three times a year.
## Politics
### Mayors
- Jakob Huber (1891--1893)
- Konrad Mußler (1893--1911)
- Johannes N. Huber (1911--1919)
- Anton Oesterle (1920--1932)
- Friedrich König (1932--1939)
- Heinrich Hertweck (1939--1945)
- Franz Xaver Huber (1945--1961)
- Albin König (1961--1978)
- Otto Himpel (1978--2002)
- Peter Werler (2002-2018)
- Christian Schmid (since 2018)
### Civil parish {#civil_parish}
Results of the *Kommunalwahl* from 13 June 2004:
1. CDU: 44.8% (6 seats)
2. FWG: 33.0% (5 seats)
3. SPD: 22.2% (3 seats)
### Twin cities {#twin_cities}
Iffezheim is twinned with:
- Dahlwitz-Hoppegarten, Germany
- Mondolfo, Italy
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The current coat of arms, which was already used in the 16th century, shows an inverted black anchor with a red rudder on a white ground. It\'s the official seal of Iffezheim since the 19th century. In the meantime a so-called Wolfsangel was in use
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# Loffenau
**Loffenau** is a town in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
Loffenau is located within a tributary valley of the Murg River in the western slopes of the northern Black Forest.
## History
Loffenau enjoys a rich history, spanning well over seven centuries.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 2,617 |
| 2001 2,683 |
| 2011 2,531 |
| 2021 2,534 |
+------------------------+
## Local attractions {#local_attractions}
A major point of interest in Loffenau is the Protestant Heilig Kreuz (Holy Cross) Church. The 550-year-old medieval church contains both well-preserved original and restored 19th-century frescos. Among various images of saints and apostles, visitors can admire the well known image of the \'Host Mill.\' An easily accessible viewing platform is located within the church. Another major local attraction is the Teufelsmühle (Devil\'s Mill) which overlooks the town from a lofty altitude of 2979 ft (908m).
## Politics
The town is a member of the Association of Administrations of Cities. Gernsbach
### Local government {#local_government}
The local government consists of twelve elected members and a mayor. (five FWG; four SPD; three CDU)
### Twinning
The town is twinned with:
- Caderousse, Département Vaucluse, Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d\'Azur, France since 1985
- Kreischa district Weißeritzkreis, Sachsen, Germany since 1990
- Montefelcino, Region Marche, Province Pesaro and Urbino, Italy since 1999
- Steinbourg, Department Bas-Rhin, Region Grand Est, France.
## Famous people {#famous_people}
Chefs Günter Seeger (Michelin starred, Mobil 5 star in the United States) and Harald Wohlfahrt (Michelin starred) were born in Loffenau.
Meryl Streep\'s paternal ancestors lived in Loffenau, and one was elected mayor. Her great-great-grandfather Gottfried Streeb immigrated to the U.S. from Loffenau
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# Muggensturm
**Muggensturm** is a municipality in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
Muggensturm is sited in the Upper Rhine Plain at the foot of the Black Forest. The Federbach flows through the town and the neighboring 43 ha nature reserve *Federbachbruch*.
The municipality borders Bietigheim, Malsch (district of Karlsruhe), Oberweier, Kuppenheim, Waldprechtsweier and Bischweier.
Muggensturm\'s area contains the municipality as well as the *Ziegelhütte* house in the *Steinhardt* and the lost settlements of Eichelbach and Frierlinde.
## History
The first mention of Muggensturm can be found in an official document of Pope Celestine III in the year 1193, where it is spelled *Mugetstrum*.
## Politics
### Municipal council {#municipal_council}
The 2009 local election resulted in the following composition of the municipal council (*Gemeinderat*):
1. Free Voters (MBV) 38.8% (+11.0), 5 seats (+1)
2. SPD 33.2% (+4.4), 5 seats (+1)
3. CDU 27.9% (-0.9), 4 seats (=)
The voter participation was 54.1% (+0.2). Numbers in braces refer to the results of the previous local election.
### Mayor
Since 1993 Dietmar Späth (born 1963) is the mayor, he was reelected in 2001 and 2009.
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
Muggensturm\'s twin town is Gradara in the Italian province of Pesaro and Urbino. It was established in 2002. In 2011 an additional inner-German town twinning with Schönwalde-Glien (Brandenburg) was founded.
## Culture
In 2005, the *Bürgerband* (*citizen belt*), a unique community photo album, was installed in the town hall. It shows around 2\'500 Muggensturm citizens photographed by journalist Anton Jany.
Every year at the end of July, the Muggensturm Volksfest attracts many visitors. Before 2011, local clubs would decorate waggons with up to 200\'000 flowers and participate in a large pageant.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 2012 6,148 |
| 2015 6,179 |
| 2019 6,235 |
| 2021 6,234 |
+------------------------+
## Awards
In 2010, Muggensturm won the gold medal in the *Entente Florale* competition between municipalities. *Entente Florale* awards distinguished town development achievements.
## Infrastructure
Muggensturm is sited near the Bundesstraße 3 and the Rheintalbahn. It is connected to the Karlsruhe Stadtbahn
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# Tomifobia River
The **Tomifobia River** is a flowing body of fresh water in Memphremagog Regional County Municipality, in the Eastern Townships, in the province of Quebec, in Canada. The river forms a part of an international border between Canada and the United States near the village of Beebe Plain, Vermont.
## Tomifobia Nature Trail {#tomifobia_nature_trail}
Located at fifteen minutes by car from Magog, Quebec, the \"Tomifobia Nature Trail\" with a length of 19 km links the Lake Massawippi (either Ayer\'s Cliff, Quebec) to Beebe Plain, Vermont along the west bank of the Tomifobia river, through Stanstead, Quebec which is located before the border Quebec-Vermont. This trail in the heart of a linear park of 140 acres, also interconnects to other paths in Vermont. This trail is mostly used in three seasons by cyclists, hikers, runners feet; and in winter by cross-country ski enthusiasts. This trail is a preferred corridor for wildlife observation of animal and flora in a wild nature and the flowing Tomifobia river at the center of this little valley. This linear park attracts thousands of visitors who enjoy including three car parking lots Ayer\'s Cliff allowing them to take the path.
## Course
River catchment neighbours of the Tomifobia are:
- North side: Lake Massawippi;
- East Side: Niger River, discharge of Lyster Lake;
- South side: Johns River (Vermont), Clyde River (Vermont);
- West side: Lake Memphremagog.
The Tomifobia River is the primary source of Lake Massawippi. This lake was originally called Lake Tomifobi, and at the lake\'s exit, the river is renamed the Massawippi River. The Massawippi River is the emissary of Lake Massawippi; she will join the St. Francis River. The Tomifobia River runs through an area that is mostly provincially protected Green Zone within the counties of Stanstead township, Stanstead East, and Ogden. This has helped protect the river from heavy waterfront housing growth (except near Lake Massawippi in Ayer\'s Cliff), characteristic of a number of other bodies of water in the area.
## Watershed
Part of the river\'s watershed extends into Vermont. US lands draining into the river directly or indirectly include: Derby, Holland, and a small portion of Norton, Holland and Beaver Ponds.
While a study by Roberge & Roy (2004) suggests there is little continuously suspended sediment in the river, there are some concerns about the expansion of the Tomifobia delta at the mouth of Lake Massawippi. Research indicates that this delta has been built through sporadic hydrological events rather than through agricultural catchment. Nevertheless, agricultural practices have undoubtedly contributed to the high levels of phosphates detected in lower portions of the river following periods of heavy rainfall.
## Natural history {#natural_history}
Fish include brook, grey, brown, and rainbow trout, landlocked atlantic salmon, walleye, small-mouth bass, and mullet. A number of rare animal species, including the endangered wood turtle (Clemmys insculpta), have been documented within the wetlands of the Tomifobia valley, the Appalachian Corridor Appalachien (ACA). Avians in the area include bald eagles. Aquatic mammals include North American river otter and North American beaver.
## History
Although its meaning is unknown, the origin of the word \"Tomifobia\" is likely Algonquian, the language spoken by the Abenaki tribes that seasonally travelled on the lake and river systems of the Eastern Townships prior to European settlement. An important link between the Connecticut and Saint Lawrence basins, the Tomifobia River is one of the most southern rivers to flow northward and eventually drain into the Saint Lawrence (via the Saint Francis). The Abenaki allied themselves with France during the French and Indian Wars and the Tomifobia valley remained part of New France until the 1763 Treaty of Paris, which granted the region to the English. Cited on maps as the \"Barlow River\" prior to 1900, the Tomifobia River valley was settled by United Empire Loyalists in the late 18th-century soon after the Constitutional Act of 1791 opened the land of what was then Lower Canada. Significant communities developed around a series of mills that were built on the river in the early part of the 19th-century [1](https://web.archive.org/web/20070519160340/http://www.townshipsheritage.com/Eng/Hist/Places/stanstead.html), leading to the establishment of Boynton, Tomifobia \[formerly Smith\'s Mills\], and Stanstead Plain \[Kilborn\'s Mills\]. Each of these villages became stops along an important stagecoach and later railroad route between Boston and Montreal (the Massawippi Valley Railroad became part of the Boston and Maine Railroad network in 1867).
The 19 km Tomifobia Nature Trail, formerly a CP Rail/Quebec Central Railway bed, borders much of the river between the villages of Ayer\'s Cliff, Quebec and Beebe Plain, passing through the hamlets of Tomifobia and Boynton.
## Economy
Historically, mills situated along the river would have dominated the economy of the region, along with agricultural activities in the surrounding countryside. Today the Tomifobia River is an important tourist attraction, offering recreational summer activities including canoeing/kayaking, cycling, hiking, bird watching, and sport fishing. Wintertime attractions include cross-country skiing and snow-shoeing
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# Ötigheim
**Ötigheim** (Low Alemannic: *Etje*) is a town in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Its immediate neighbours are the towns of Bietigheim and Steinmauern
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# William Sharman Crawford
**William Sharman Crawford** (1780--1861) was an Irish landowner who, in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, championed a democratic franchise, a devolved legislature for Ireland, and the interests of the Irish tenant farmer. As a Radical representing first, with Daniel O\'Connell\'s endorsement, Dundalk (1835-1837) and then, with the support of Chartists, the English constituency of Rochdale (1841--1852) he introduced bills to codify and extend in Ireland the Ulster tenant right. In his last electoral contest, standing on the platform of the all-Ireland Tenant Right League in 1852 he failed to unseat the Conservative and Orange party in Down, his native county.
## Early life {#early_life}
William Sharman Crawford was born on 3 September 1780 at Moira Castle, County Down, the son of William Sharman who had been a colonel in the Irish Volunteer movement and for many years the member for Lisburn in the Irish parliament. In 1819 he sold the family estates, which he had inherited in 1803, and moved to Dublin where he became a patron of the philanthropic Royal Dublin Society. Eight years later he returned to County Down as the heir to the estates of his brother-in-law Arthur Johnston Crawford of Crawfordsburn, whose name, Crawford, he added (by royal licence) to his own.
An advocate of Catholic relief since 1812, he publicly supported emancipation in 1829, and the following year was strenuous in his efforts as a county magistrate to disperse Orange demonstrations. When he stood as a Westminster candidate for parliamentary reform in Down in 1831 and in Belfast in 1832, he was successfully opposed by the local Ascendancy interest (the dominant Downshire, Londonderry, and Donegall families).
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# William Sharman Crawford
## Radical MP and democratic suffragist {#radical_mp_and_democratic_suffragist}
Sharman Crawford had resisted approaches from Daniel O\'Connell in 1831 to join in the campaign to repeal of the Act of Union and to restore an independent Irish parliament. He declared that the dissolution of the legislative union would \"undermine the connection between Great Britain and Ireland upon which the prosperity, happiness, and security of the country depended\" (*Northern Whig*, 24 Jan. 1831). Sharman Crawford, however, was sufficiently dissatisfied with the pace of reform in Ireland to outline case for devolved self-government *within* the United Kingdom: *The expediency and necessity of a local legislative body in Ireland* (Newry, 1833).
This was enough for O\'Connell to see Sharman Crawford returned in 1835 unopposed as MP for Dundalk. But Crawford sacrificed a future endorsement by criticising O\'Connell for the price he appeared willing to pay for Whig favour. While Sharman Crawford had called for the abolition the tithes levied upon tenants for the Anglican establishment (the Church of Ireland in which Sharman Crawford himself was active), rather than embarrass the government of Lord Melbourne O\'Connell accepted the Tithe Commutation Act (1838). This sustained the levy as an additional element of rent, albeit at a reduced rate.
Sharman Crawford subscribed to the People\'s Charter (1838): votes for working men protected by a secret ballot. This, together with his vocal opposition to the Corn Laws, gave him standing with the English Radicals. In 1841, they secured him Rochdale, a parliamentary seat in the industrial Lancashire.
He was encouraged when, in April 1842, 67 MPs (Sir Charles Napier and Richard Cobden among them) followed him into the Aye Lobby on his motion for Commons\' committee to consider the Charter\'s Six Points. These he proposed rewriting as a legislative bill of rights. Together with proposals for a union with the Anti-Corn Law League, Fergus O\'Connor (the Irish-born leader of the democratic movement) saw the potential replacement of People\'s Charter as a threat to his position, and Sharman Crawford\'s move effected a split. In December Sharman Crawford walked out of a joint Chartist and National Complete Suffrage Union (NCSU) delegate conference in Birmingham, along with NCSU leader Joseph Sturge.
With the endorsement of the NCSU, Sharman Crawford introduced his reform bill to \"a small and bored House\" in May 1843. The measure was lost by 101 to 32. It would be another twenty before Parliament would seriously consider a further extension of the franchise.
## Devolutionist, differences with O\'Connell {#devolutionist_differences_with_oconnell}
In Ireland, rather than join O\'Connell\'s relaunched Repeal Association, in May 1840 Sharman Crawford and a group of Ulster reformers founded their own Ulster Constitutional Association to further explore the possibilities of a devolutionary compromise. For a time O\'Connell appeared sympathetic to a federalist scheme Sharman Crawford outlined in letters to the *Northern Whig* (12, 14, 16, 19 November 1844). It would have granted Ireland powers similar to those given to Canada in the Union Act of 1840, while retaining her representation at Westminster.
Sharman Crawford\'s proposal was the basis for discussions with the Young Irelander Thomas Davis. But Davis\'s colleague at *The Nation*, Charles Gavan Duffy, forced the issue in an open letter that challenged O\'Connell to affirm Repeal as his object. O\'Connell responded that if he accepted a \"subordinate parliament\" it would only be as \"an instalment\" on an independent legislature: he would \"never ask for or work\" for anything less.
Further tension arose with O\'Connell in the 1845 when Sharman Crawford tackled him on his opposition to the Colleges Bill, which proposed a secular---or in O\'Connell\'s view, a \"Godless\"---system of advanced education in Ireland. Sharing Davis\'s conviction that \"reasons for separate education are reasons for \[a\] separate life\", Sharman Crawford had supported similar proposals to educate Catholics and Protestants together at the primary level in 1831 when the principal opposition had been from evangelical Protestants.
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# William Sharman Crawford
## Agrarian reformer {#agrarian_reformer}
Sharman Crawford, the owner of more than 6,000 acres in County Down, was a benevolent landlord. He charged moderate rents, encouraged improvements, and never evicted a tenant. Crucially, at a time when it was being increasingly challenged by landowners, Sharman Crawford recognised the Ulster \"tenant right\". An un-codified feature of tenure in Ireland\'s northern province, it restrained rack renting and allowed that, by virtue of labour they invested in the land, tenants acquired an \"interest\" in their holdings that they might freely sell at the end of their tenancy either to their landlord or to the new tenant. Sharman Crawford was convinced that the insurance the \"Ulster Custom\" offered to the productive farmer was a key to province\'s relative prosperity.
After his election for Dundalk, Sharman Crawford authored a bill to give tenant right legal force. When returned from Rochdale he did so again. Robert Peel\'s Tory government responded in 1843 with Devon Commission. In its report on the Irish land system, the commission, composed entirely of landowners, rejected the Ulster Custom, even while recognising its benefits, as dangerous to the \"just rights of property\".
During the Famine Sharman Crawford pleaded for outdoor relief as alternative to forcing the hungry to abandon the land and enter disease-ridden workhouses. In *Depopulation not Necessary* (1850), he denounced prevailing Malthusian principles, and opposed emigration and land-clearance schemes. Ireland\'s rural population could be supported if a tax on absentee landlords was used to reclaim wasteland.
In 1848 with James MacKnight, editor of the liberal *Londonderry Standard*, and with the support of a group of radical Presbyterian ministers, Sharman Crawford formed the Ulster Tenant Right Association. In 1849, the failure of the Encumbered Estates Act to acknowledge the Ulster Custom not only agitated the association in the north, it also provoked the new tenant protection societies (commonly under the guidance of local Roman Catholic clergy) in the south for whom an extension of the Ulster Custom was a minimum demand.
With MacKnight and Charles Gavan Duffy, Sharman Crawford was persuaded there was a basis for a national movement. In *The Nation,* Duffy reproduced an address by the Ulster Tenant Right Association in which MacKnight proposed that \"all proprietary right has its foundation in human labour\'\" and that, \"as a public institution, created by state\", landlordism should be \"regulated by law\". With MacKnight presiding, on September 8, 1850 a Dublin convention formed the all-Ireland Tenant Right League.
| 409 |
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| 2 |
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# William Sharman Crawford
## Spokesman for the Tenant Right League {#spokesman_for_the_tenant_right_league}
The Tenant Right League won support in the House of Commons from Sharman Crawford\'s English fellow-Radicals. In contrast to Repeal, tenant right was an Irish cause that the Radical leader John Bright was prepared to endorse. Noting that it was an issue on which Protestant, Dissenting and Catholic clergy appear to have \"amalgamated\", he advised the House to legislate on it \"resolutely\".
In August 1851 Sharman Crawford helped conclude an alliance between the Catholic Defence Association (CDA) and the Tenant League, under which Irish MPs agreed to support a tenant right bill that provided for fair rent and free sale. He introduced this, his seventh tenant-right bill, on 10 February 1852. Attacked again as an infringement of property rights, it was voted down in the Commons.
Conservatives and the Orange Order seized on the League\'s collaboration with Irish MPs committed to repeal both of the Act of Union of 1800 and of the Ecclesiastical Titles Act 1851 to propose that tenant right was a cover for a separatist Catholic agenda. In the general election of July 1852, they worked to ensure that in Down Sharman Crawford would not deliver for what Duffy had optimistically hailed as the League of North and South. Some 48 Irish MPs were returned pledged \"to hold themselves perfectly independent of, and in opposition to, all governments\" which did not make passing Sharman Crawford\'s tenant-right bill a cardinal point of its policy. But only one, William Kirk, represented an Ulster constituency, Newry where, despite the narrow property franchise, the Catholic vote was determinant. In Down, Sharman Crawford\'s electoral meetings were broken up by Orange \"bludgeon men\", and landowners threatened to withdraw their consent for the existing Ulster Custom if their Conservative nominees were not elected, The Belfast *News Letter* (12 May 1852) portrayed Sharman Crawford as \"the ally of papists and infidel levelling democrats\".
In September 1852 he chaired a major tenant-right meeting in Dublin attended by forty-one MPs and several hundred agrarian activists. After this he surrendered leadership of the movement to William Shee who reintroduced Sharman Crawford\'s Tenant Right Bill in the Commons on 25 November 1852.
In December 1852, finding themselves holding the balance of power in the House of Commons, the Independent Irish MPs voted to bring down the Conservative ministry of Lord Derby. But in the process two of the CDA leaders, John Sadlier and William Keogh, broke their pledges of independent opposition and accepted positions in a new Whig-Peelite ministry of Lord Aberdeen. Twenty other MPs followed as reliable CDA supporters. Like MacKnight, Sharman Crawford failed to support Duffy in condemning these desertions. He reasoned that the prospects for tenant right legislation might be improved by having advocates in office. Yet from Aberdeen the pledge breakers had accepted an undertaking in regard only to the Ecclesiastical Titles Act.
In 1853 and 1854 tenant compensation measures did pass in the Commons. But the bills, which failed in the Lords, little impressed the League as landlords would have been left free to pass on the costs of compensation through their still unrestricted freedom to raise rents.
## Last years and children {#last_years_and_children}
From 1853 agricultural prices began to rise, and were further spurred the following year by the onset of the Crimean War. Tenant-right agitation died down and, although still submitting his thoughts on rural poverty and evictions to the press, the ageing Sharman Crawford withdrew from the public life. He died at his residence at Crawfordsburn on shore of Belfast Lough on 16 October 1861.
His marriage to Mabel Crawford (d. 1844) had produced seven sons and four daughters. In 1874 a reformed and enlarged electorate in Down, voting for the first time by secret ballot, returned his eldest surviving son, James Sharman Crawford, as a tenant-right Liberal. A daughter, Mabel Sharman Crawford, was an adventurer, writer and women\'s suffragist.
Tenant right, the subject of eight successive bills drafted by Sharman Crawford, was eventually conceded in the Land Acts of 1870 and 1881.
## Works
*[In Defence of the Small Farmers of Ireland](https://books.google.com/books?id=CEXwAAAAMAAJ).* Dublin: Porter,1839.
*Depopulation not necessary: an appeal to the British members of the Imperial Parliament against the extermination of the Irish people
| 706 |
William Sharman Crawford
| 3 |
10,041,723 |
# Steinmauern
**Steinmauern** is a town in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It falls under the administrative jurisdiction of Karlsruhe.
## Mayor
Siegfried Schaaf was the mayor from 1992 until 2020, he was re-elected in 2000, 2008 and 2016. Toni Hoffarth was elected mayor in 2020
| 49 |
Steinmauern
| 0 |
10,041,725 |
# Cheney Student Village
**Cheney Student Village** is one of the nine halls of residence at Oxford Brookes University in Oxford, England. Located on Cheney Lane in Headington, a few minutes walk away from the Gipsy Lane campus, it houses 750 students in single study bedrooms with en suite shower rooms and self catered kitchens.
## History
Originally named Cheney Hall and knocked down in 2002 to 2003, Phase One of Cheney Student Village opened in September 2003 for 350 students (Blocks A to H). Phase Two opened one year later in September 2004 although a number of rooms were not completed until late October 2004. This meant a large group of student having to stay in Keble College and St Catherine\'s College, Oxford, for a month before transferring to Cheney.
Cheney Student Village was built as part of a partnership between Oxford Brookes University and Jarvis UPP (formerly part of Jarvis PLC). This private finance initiative (PFI) meant that the Hall was financed, built and run by Jarvis UPP on behalf of the University on a 30-year contract.
University Partnership Program (UPP Projects Ltd) took over operation of the business from Jarvis PLC in September 2005, and its sub-company UPP RSL Ltd now operate the running of the Hall.
In the summer of 2006 the common room was completed and opened ready for the start of the 2006/07 academic year.
## Facilities
Cheney Student Village is situated in landscaped grounds and has two onsite launderettes, and a sports centre with a floodlit all-weather football pitch nearby. Newly built and all en suite, the residence is made up of 750 single study bedrooms arranged in flats of five or six with shared kitchen/living/dining rooms
| 284 |
Cheney Student Village
| 0 |
10,041,732 |
# Weisenbach
**Weisenbach** is a municipality in the district of Rastatt in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Weisenbach
| 0 |
10,041,755 |
# Lancelot Phelps
**Lancelot Phelps** (November 9, 1784 -- September 1, 1866) was an American physician and businessman who served two terms as a United States representative from Connecticut from 1835 to 1839.
He was the father of James Phelps who was also a United States Representative from Connecticut.
## Biography
He was born in Windsor, Connecticut, before moving with his family to Colebrook, Connecticut, in 1794. He attended the common schools and the studied medicine and commenced practice in Colebrook, Connecticut. He also engaged in agricultural and mercantile pursuits in Riverton, Connecticut. Later, he returned to Colebrook.
### Political career {#political_career}
Phelps held various local offices. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1817, 1819--1821, 1824, 1827, 1828, and 1830. He was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and reelected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1835 -- March 3, 1839).
### Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
He died in Colebrook, Connecticut, in 1866 and was buried in Center Cemetery, Winsted, Connecticut
| 171 |
Lancelot Phelps
| 0 |
10,041,766 |
# Achberg
**Achberg** is a municipality located in the Argen river on the border between Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria in the southern part of the Ravensburg district. The municipality\'s name is derived from Achberg Castle. It shares an administrative association with the town of Wangen im Allgäu and the municipality of Amtzell.
## Geography
### Municipal Structure {#municipal_structure}
The municipality of Achberg consists of the parish villages Esseratsweiler and Siberatsweiler as well as the hamlets Doberatsweiler, Pechtensweiler, Gunderatweiler, Liebenweiler, Baind, Bahlings, Isigatweiler, Regnitz, and Duznau. In addition, there are residential areas Buflings, Englitz, Siggenreute, Storeute, Frauenreute, and Rankenbühl. Another residential area is Achberg, consisting of the castle with administrative building and domain.
Esseratsweiler and Siberatsweiler, along with their associated areas, historically belonged to the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Freiburg in Hohenzollern, but pastorally have been under the care of the Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart since 2007.
### Protected Areas {#protected_areas}
Within the municipal area of Achberg, there are currently three nature reserves: \"Argen\", \"Hermannsberger Weiher\", and \"Regnitzer Weiher\", as well as the landscape conservation areas \"Achberg\" and \"Moor- und Hügelland südlich Wangen im Allgäu\". Also designated are the Natura 2000 site \"Argen und Feuchtgebiete bei Neukirch und Langnau\" and eight specific natural monuments as of 21 September 2023.
## History
### Middle Ages and Early Modern Period {#middle_ages_and_early_modern_period}
The first locality mentioned in records is Pechtensweiler in 839. Achberg is first mentioned in documents in 1194. The Lords of Achberg were vassals of the Counts of Veringen in 1197 and 1239. They were succeeded by the Truchsessen von Waldburg (1235--1335) and the Lords of Molpertshaus (1335--1352). Beginning in 1352, the domain was an Austrian fief; from 1366 to 1392, it belonged to the Öder family. In 1412, the Counts of Königsegg took over, followed by the Freiherren von Syrgenstein in 1530. In 1691, Achberg was sold by Josef Franz Ferdinand von Syrgenstein to the Teutonic Order. Until 1805, it was under the jurisdiction of the Landkomturei Altshausen of the Teutonic Bailiwick of Swabia-Alsace-Burgundy.
### Since the Beginning of the 19th Century {#since_the_beginning_of_the_19th_century}
As part of the secularization, Bavaria took possession of the Achberg domain in December 1805, but through the Rheinbund Treaty of 1806, the castle and domain were awarded to the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as an exclave. When the principality fell to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1850, Achberg, as the southernmost part of the Hohenzollern territories, became the southernmost part of Prussia. During the German War of 1866, Achberg was briefly occupied by Bavarian troops. From 1806 to 1854, the Oberamt Achberg, congruent with the municipal area, was its own Hohenzollern district. It subsequently belonged to the Oberamt Sigmaringen, which became the old district of Sigmaringen in 1925. In 1945, Achberg was in the French occupation zone and thus became part of post-war Württemberg-Hohenzollern, which merged into the state of Baden-Württemberg in 1952. On 1 January 1969, Achberg was initially assigned to the former Württemberg district of Wangen and, with this, as part of the district and municipal reform on 1 January 1973, to the newly defined district of Ravensburg.
### Religion
Achberg is traditionally Catholic. The first Christian structures emerged with the foundation of the Diocese of Constance around the year 585. The two Roman Catholic parishes belonging to the former Hohenzollern exclave Achberg, St. Michael in Esseratsweiler and St. Georg in Siberatsweiler, were merged in 2017 into the parish of St. Michael and St. Georg. Although the parish of St. Michael and St. Georg in Achberg legally remains part of the Sigmaringen-Meßkirch deanery and thus of the Archdiocese of Freiburg, it is now de facto part of the pastoral unit 15 \"An der Argen\" in the Allgäu-Oberschwaben deanery.
## Politics
### Mayor
1997--2021: Johannes Aschauer (independent) since 2021: Tobias Walch (independent)
### Municipal Council {#municipal_council}
The municipal council election on 26 May 2019, resulted in the following outcome:
The voter turnout was 67.84%. The municipal council consists of six men and four women.
### Coat of Arms {#coat_of_arms}
Explanation of the Coat of Arms: Before 1968, the municipality bore, on a golden shield, an eight-pointed black star above a green trimount. These figures already appeared in a municipal seal used around 1900, but the colors of the coat of arms were apparently determined later. The unusual eight-pointed mount was based on a folk etymological interpretation of the place name, while the star likely served only as a filler. On 1 January 1969, the municipality adopted the current coat of arms, which is symbolized by the representation of the trimount with the wavy stripe, indicating \"mountain at the Ach.\" The black cross on a silver field is the symbol of the Teutonic Order, in whose possession the domain of Achberg was from 1691 to 1806. The black-and-white colors of the flag also recall Achberg\'s affiliation with Hohenzollern from 1806 to 1968, most recently as an exclave of the Sigmaringen district. The coat of arms and flag were approved by the Ministry of the Interior on 7 October 1968.
| 831 |
Achberg
| 0 |
10,041,766 |
# Achberg
## Cultural Monuments {#cultural_monuments}
Today, Achberg Castle is owned by the Ravensburg District and is used for exhibitions from the county\'s extensive art collection, as well as for special exhibitions and concerts
| 34 |
Achberg
| 1 |
10,041,770 |
# Aichstetten
**Aichstetten** (`{{IPA|de|ˈaɪ̯çʃtɛtn̩}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Transportation
Aichstetten is served by the Leutkirch-Memmingen railway
| 25 |
Aichstetten
| 0 |
10,041,775 |
# Aitrach
**Aitrach** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
Aitrach was first documented in a document from the Abbey of Saint Gall of 838 as *Eitraha*.
It is located where the homonymous river and the Iller join
| 43 |
Aitrach
| 0 |
10,041,777 |
# Amtzell
**Amtzell** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Amtzell
| 0 |
10,041,780 |
# 1605 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
- François de Malherbe is attached this year to the court of Henry IV of France
## Works
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
- Nicholas Breton:
- *The Honour of Valour*
- *The Soules Immortall Crowne*
- Samuel Daniel, *Certaine Small Poems Lately Printed*
- John Davies of Hereford:
- *Humours Heav\'n on Earth*
- *Wittes Pilgrimage (by Poeticall Essaies)*
- Robert Jones, *Ultimum Vale*
- Samuel Rowlands:
- *Hell\'s Broke Loose*, on John of Leiden, a Dutch Anabaptist
- *Humors Antique Faces*, published anonymously
- Joshua Sylvester, translator, *Bartas: his Devine Weekes and Works Translated*, translated from Guillaume de Salluste du Bartas; includes previously published translations
- Peter Woodhouse, *The Flea*
### Other
- Pedro de Espinosa, editor, *Flores de poetas ilustres* (anthology), Spain
- François de Malherbe, *Prière pour le roi Henri le Grand, allant en Limousin*, because of this poem, he became the poet laureate of the French Court
- Jean Vauquelin de La Fresnaye:
- *Discours pour servir de Préface sur le Sujet de la Satyre* published from 1604 through this year
- *L'Art poétique de Vauquelin de la Fresnaye : où l'on peut remarquer la Perfection et le Défaut des Anciennes et des Modernes Poésies* (\"The Poetic Art of Vauquelin de la Fresnaye: where one can observe the Perfection and Failure of Ancient and Modern Poems\") written beginning in 1574 at the request of Henry III of France, first published this year, criticism, France
## Births
- March 28 -- Nishiyama Sōin 西山宗因, born Nishiyama Toyoichi 西山豊 (died 1682), Japanese early Tokugawa period *haikai-no-renga* (comical renga) poet, founder of the Danrin (\"talkative forest\") school of haikai poetry
- June -- Thomas Randolph (died 1635), English poet and dramatist
- July 29 -- Simon Dach (died 1659), Prussian German lyrical poet and hymn writer
- November 4 -- William Habington (died 1654), English poet
- Also:
- Peter Hausted (died 1644), English playwright, poet and preacher
- Sor Marcela de San Félix (died 1688), Spanish nun, poet and dramatist, illegitimate daughter of Lope de Vega
- William Mercer (died 1675), Scottish poet and army officer
- Lady Hester Pulter, born Hester Ley (died 1678), Irish-born English poet
## Deaths
- September 23 -- Pontus de Tyard (born c. 1521), French poet and priest, a member of \"La Pléiade\"
- Also:
- Diogo Bernardes died about this year (born c
| 416 |
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| 0 |
10,041,793 |
# Baindt
**Baindt** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It was home to Baindt Abbey which ruled a secular principality in the Holy Roman Empire
| 31 |
Baindt
| 0 |
10,041,798 |
# Berg, Baden-Württemberg
**Berg** (`{{IPA|de|bɛʁk|-|De-Berg2.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 17 |
Berg, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,041,804 |
# Rob Olson
**Rob Olson**, also known as Robbie Olson and Rob Olsen, is a retired U.S. soccer player who is Director of Operations and Coaching for the Virginia-based Southwestern Youth Association Soccer (SYA Soccer).
## Youth
Olson graduated from Robinson Secondary School in Fairfax County, Virginia. He then attended the College of William and Mary from 1977 to 1980, where he played as a forward on the men\'s soccer team. He is ranked 2nd on the school\'s list of career goals with 33.
## Professional
Olson joined the Georgia Generals of the American Soccer League in 1982. In 1983, the U.S. Soccer Federation, in coordination with the North American Soccer League (NASL), entered the U.S. national team, known as Team America, into the NASL as a league franchise. The team drew on U.S. citizens playing in the NASL, Major Indoor Soccer League and American Soccer League. Two players from the Georgia Generals, Olson and teammate Sonny Askew, signed with Team America. When Team America finished the 1983 season with a 10--20 record, the worst in the NASL, the USSF withdrew the team from the league. In 1985, Olson played with the Kalamazoo Kangaroos of the American Indoor Soccer Association. Finally, in 1988, he reunited with Georgia Generals and Team America teammate Askew when both played for the Washington Stars of the newly re-established ASL.
## National team {#national_team}
Olson earned his single cap with the U.S. national team when he came on as a substitute for Boris Bandov in the only U.S. game of 1983.
## Post playing career {#post_playing_career}
He joined SYA Soccer in 1986 and became the assistant director of Soccer Education since 1997. He is the current Director of Operations and Coaching.
On May 13, 2006, he was inducted into the Virginia Soccer Hall of Fame.
He coached the Centreville High School Girl\'s Varsity soccer team, as well as his 3 SYA teams
| 317 |
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| 0 |
10,041,809 |
# Bergatreute
**Bergatreute** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Bergatreute
| 0 |
10,041,810 |
# You're a Big Boy Now (album)
***You\'re a Big Boy Now*** is the second soundtrack album by the Canadian-American folk-rock band the Lovin\' Spoonful. Released in March 1967, it contains music from the Francis Ford Coppola film of the same name. Composed entirely by Spoonful member John Sebastian, it contains several songs performed by the band, as well as instrumental music from the film score.
It was re-released on CD along with *What\'s Up, Tiger Lily?*, the Spoonful\'s soundtrack for the 1967 Woody Allen film.
## Reception
The songs \"Darling Be Home Soon\" and \"You\'re a Big Boy Now\" were released as singles on the Kama Sutra label. Although the album and title-track single were not popular, \"Darling Be Home Soon\" was a hit, reaching #15 on the U.S. charts and #8 on the Canadian charts, and inspiring cover versions by many other artists.
Music critic William Ruhlmann wrote of the album, \"Most of the rest of the score consisted of instrumentals, many augmented by an uncredited orchestra, but Sebastian\'s title song was also impressive.\"
## Track listing {#track_listing}
All songs by John Sebastian.
**Side one**
1. \"You\'re a Big Boy Now\" -- 2:28
2. \"Lonely (Amy\'s Theme)\" -- 3:19
3. \"Wash Her Away (From the Discotheque)\" -- 2:31
4. \"Kite Chase\" -- 1:21
5. \"Try and Be Happy\" -- 1:04
6. \"Peep Show Percussion\" -- 1:19
7. \"Girl, Beautiful Girl (Barbara\'s Theme)\" -- 2:23
**Side two**
1. \"Darling Be Home Soon\" -- 3:34
2. \"Dixieland Big Boy\" -- 1:13
3. \"Letter to Barbara\" -- 0:59
4. \"Barbara\'s Theme (From the Discotheque)\" -- 1:26
5. \"Miss Thing\'s Thang\" -- 1:02
6. \"March\" -- 2:28
7
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You're a Big Boy Now (album)
| 0 |
10,041,816 |
# Save Zimbabwe
**Save Zimbabwe** is a broad coalition of organizations spearheaded by the Zimbabwe Christian Alliance (CA). Members include the Movement for Democratic Change and other opposition parties, church groups, civil rights groups and trade unions.
The campaign\'s stated aims are to restore democracy, human rights and legitimate government to Zimbabwe through providing early, free and fair elections under proper international supervision. Its chief spokesman is Ephraim Tapa, former president of the Civil Service Employees Union in Zimbabwe.
## Prayer Rally {#prayer_rally}
On 11 March 2007 Zimbabwe police broke up a Save Zimbabwe prayer rally, arresting over 100 people, including the leader of the Movement for Democratic Change, Morgan Tsvangirai. Zimbabwe police claimed that the prayer rally violated a government ban on political protests. In the resulting unrest one opposition activist, Gift Tandare, was shot dead by police
| 139 |
Save Zimbabwe
| 0 |
10,041,817 |
# Bodnegg
**Bodnegg** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Bodnegg
| 0 |
10,041,819 |
# Juriques
**Juriques** is a stratovolcano on the border between Bolivia and Chile. It is located immediately southeast of Licancabur volcano. Its summit is at *5704 m* with a crater *1.5 km* in its longest diameter. Laguna Verde lies at the foot of this volcano. There are archaeological sites on its summit or its environs.
## Gallery
<File:ALMA> Dwarfed by Mountain Peaks.jpg\|Stratovolcano Juriques and the Atacama Large Millimeter Array
| 69 |
Juriques
| 0 |
10,041,824 |
# Boms
**Boms** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Boms
| 0 |
10,041,828 |
# Memories & Dust
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{{album chart|Australia|4|artist=Josh Pyke|album=Memories & Dust|rowheader=true|accessdate=30 June 2020}}
^
``
| 24 |
Memories & Dust
| 0 |
10,041,832 |
# Ebenweiler
**Ebenweiler** is a village in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Ebenweiler
| 0 |
10,041,840 |
# Ebersbach-Musbach
**Ebersbach-Musbach** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Ebersbach-Musbach
| 0 |
10,041,848 |
# Eichstegen
**Eichstegen** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Eichstegen
| 0 |
10,041,859 |
# 1934 Australian federal election
The **1934 Australian federal election** was held in Australia on 15 September 1934. All 74 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent United Australia Party led by Prime Minister of Australia Joseph Lyons formed a minority government, with 33 out of 74 seats in the House.
The opposition Australian Labor Party (ALP) led by James Scullin saw its share of the primary vote fall to an even lower number than in the 1931 election, due to the Lang Labor split. However, it was able to pick up an extra four seats on preferences and therefore improve on its position.
Almost two months after the election, the UAP entered into a coalition with the Country Party, led by Earle Page.
Future Prime Ministers Robert Menzies and John McEwen both entered parliament at this election.
## Results
### House of Representatives {#house_of_representatives}
Party Votes \% Swing Seats
------- ------------------------------ ----------- ------- ------- --------
\| United Australia Party 1,287,963 36.25 −5.53 32
\| Australian Labor Party 953,101 26.82 −0.20 18
\| Australian Labor Party (NSW) 510,480 14.37 +3.83 9
\| Country Party 480,279 13.52 +1.31 15
\| Social Credit Party 166,589 4.69 +4.69 0
\| Communist Party of Australia 47,499 1.34 +1.08 0
\| Independents 107,335 3.02 −5.17 1
Total 3,553,246 **75**
: House of Reps (IRV) --- 1934--37---Turnout 95.17% (CV) --- Informal 3.44%
The member for Northern Territory, Adair Blain (independent), had voting rights only for issues affecting the Territory, and so is not included in this table. `{{bar box
| title=Popular vote
| titlebar=#ddd
| width=600px
| barwidth=410px
| bars=
{{bar percent|United Australia|#00008B|36.25}}
{{bar percent|Labor|{{party color|Australian Labor Party}}|26.82}}
{{bar percent|Labor (NSW)|#E2725B|14.37}}
{{bar percent|Country|{{party color|National Party of Australia}}|13.52}}
{{bar percent|Social Credit|#B87333|4.69}}
{{bar percent|Independent|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|3.02}}
{{bar percent|Communist|#AA0000|1.34}}
}}`{=mediawiki} `{{bar box
| title=Parliament seats
| titlebar=#ddd
| width=600px
| barwidth=410px
| bars=
{{bar percent|United Australia|#00008B|42.67}}
{{bar percent|Labor|{{party color|Australian Labor Party}}|24.00}}
{{bar percent|Country|{{party color|National Party of Australia}}|20.00}}
{{bar percent|Labor (NSW)|#E2725B|12.00}}
{{bar percent|Independent|{{party color|Independent}}|1.33}}
}}`{=mediawiki}
### Senate
Party Votes \% Swing Seats won Seats held
------- ------------------------------ ----------- ------- -------- ----------- ------------
\| Australian Labor Party 923,151 28.08 −1.18 0 3
\| United Australia Party 679,422 20.66 −4.59 10 26
\| UAP/Country (Joint Ticket) 599,723 18.24 −11.92 6
\| Country Party 470,283 14.30 \* 2 7
\| Australian Labor Party (NSW) 435,045 13.23 +1.12 0 0
\| Social Credit Party 91,596 2.79 \* 0 0
\| Communist Party of Australia 73,506 2.24 +1.30 0 0
\| Independents 15,105 0.46 −1.81 0 0
Total 3,287,831 18 36
: Senate (P BV) --- 1934--37---Turnout 95.03% (CV) --- Informal 11.35%
## Seats changing hands {#seats_changing_hands}
Seat Pre-1934
------------------------ ---------- ------------------ --------------------
Party Member Margin
Barker, SA \| United Australia *Malcolm Cameron*
Bass, Tas \| United Australia Allan Guy
Batman, Vic \| United Australia Samuel Dennis
Corangamite, Vic \| Country *William Gibson*
Darling, NSW \| Labor Arthur Blakeley
Denison, Tas \| United Australia Arthur Hutchin
Franklin, Tas \| United Australia Archibald Blacklow
Fremantle, WA \| United Australia *William Watson*
Maribyrnong, Vic \| United Australia James Fenton
Northern Territory, NT \| Labor H. G. Nelson
Werriwa, NSW \| Country *Walter McNicoll*
- Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election
| 543 |
1934 Australian federal election
| 0 |
10,041,861 |
# Fleischwangen
**Fleischwangen** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Fleischwangen
| 0 |
10,041,864 |
# Fronreute
**Fronreute** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Fronreute
| 0 |
10,041,877 |
# Grünkraut
**Grünkraut** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Grünkraut
| 0 |
10,041,878 |
# Vitória das Missões
**Vitória das Missões** is a municipality in the western part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The population is 3,092 (2020 est.) in an area of 259.61 km². It is located 461 km west of the state capital of Porto Alegre, northeast of Alegrete and east of Argentina. Its nickname is \"Progress\" (*Progresso* in Portuguese)
| 62 |
Vitória das Missões
| 0 |
10,041,881 |
# Angelica Le Gru Perotti
**Angelica Le Gru Perotti** (1719 -- 1 September 1776) was an Italian painter and pastellist of the Rococo period, active at first in Northern Italy and Venice.
She was born into a family of painters, including her father, the portraitist Stefano Le Gru, and her three brothers, Giuseppe, Tommaso, and Lodovico. Le Gru trained with painter Rosalba Carriera in Venice. She married the painter Pietro Antonio Perotti. In 1768, the Perottis moved to London. Angelica Perotti worked mainly in pastel. She exhibited at least five works at the Royal Academy in 1772 and 1775. She is best known for pastel portraits she completed in London, similar to the voyages of Rosalba Carriera
| 117 |
Angelica Le Gru Perotti
| 0 |
10,041,882 |
# Guggenhausen
**Guggenhausen** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Guggenhausen
| 0 |
10,041,887 |
# Beauty Channel
**Beauty Channel** (frequently stylized as ***The Beauty Channel***) is a commercial American over-the-top and mobile streaming beauty focused broadcast channel which is a flagship property of Beauty TV, a subsidiary of Beauty Network. It, as well as its parent company is headquartered in Los Angeles. The channel\'s content can be accessed online through common music/podcast streaming services and content streaming digital media players like Roku, Fire Stick, and Chromecast.
## History
The Beauty Channel was founded by Rob Angelino of *United Global Media Group* on February 1, 2012. Beauty Channel was previously founded under the name *Salon TV* as a salon-direct marketing and advertising venture. Original plans for the company were to offer fee-based direct broadcast programming to beauty salons in the United States with information and instructional content geared towards consumers, stylists, and technicians. Initial programming was offered in English and Spanish language options with specific focus on different racial demographics.
Salon TV was forced to reorganize and refocus their media outreach plans after the Dot-com burst of the early 2000s, and later, rebranded as The Beauty Channel.
Beauty TV, a subsidiary of and precursor to the Beauty Channel, was originally soft-launched in Asia beginning in January 2007. It was originally carried online by the TVU Network and MediaZone, while RokTV hosted the platform for early mobile phone access. In 2008, the channel was picked up for distribution on TiVo and was being offered on other outlets, including Veho, Vuze, BabbleGum, and Blinkx. It was also hosted on the peer-to-peer television technology outlet Joost, but was dropped when the company (Joost) folded in 2012.
John Paul Dejoria, co-founder of the Paul Mitchell beauty product line, became an active advisory board member in 2008.
## Programming
Beauty Channel is a specialized \"lifestyle\" channel, much like the Food Network, QVC, or HGTV. Its focus is based specifically on the beauty and fashion industry, with an arm in direct-to-consumer sales and in-flight programming.
The Beauty Channel provides content and interviews of beauty-related celebrities, experts and stylists in the fields of hair, nails, salon services, anti-aging treatments, and cosmetic plastic surgery. The channel is currently hosted on 24-hour streaming services including iTunes, Roku, Samsung TV, and other related OTT programming outlets. Programming content for Beauty Channel is also available on a dedicated YouTube channel. The Beauty Channel is not currently affiliated with any terrestrial broadcasting organizations and as of 2019, is only available on streaming services.
Beauty TV serves as a flagship property of The Beauty Channel which is, in turn, a property of Beauty Network. Each of these entities hosts its own, dedicated streaming content
| 436 |
Beauty Channel
| 0 |
10,041,893 |
# Hoßkirch
**Hoßkirch** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Hoßkirch
| 0 |
10,041,903 |
# Kißlegg
**Kißlegg** (*Kisslegg*) is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Kißlegg is not far from the village of Vogt
| 25 |
Kißlegg
| 0 |
10,041,911 |
# Königseggwald
**Königseggwald** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Königseggwald
| 0 |
10,041,920 |
# Riedhausen
**Riedhausen** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Riedhausen
| 0 |
10,041,921 |
# Erik Ustruck
**Erik John Ustruck** (born January 4, 1985, in St. Louis, Missouri) is former soccer player for the Guam national football team. He played for Orlando City in the USL Professional Division before his retirement from club soccer in 2013. Ustruck was Director of Soccer Operations for Orlando City SC of Major League Soccer and General Manager for Orlando Pride of NWSL before departing professional soccer in 2021.
## Career
### College
Ustruck played four years at Santa Clara University, scoring eight goals during his collegiate career and fighting back from a knee injury during his junior year. Ustruck finished as Freshman of the Year runner-up in the West Coast Conference while earning All-Conference honors following his Freshman and Senior years. He was noted for his versatility and work ethic.
### Professional
Ustruck was drafted by the Dynamo in the third round of the 2007 MLS Supplemental Draft -- a draft that he watched online with his friends -- as the 39th supplemental pick overall. Though he played as both a forward and a midfielder in college, Ustruck appears likely to be converted to a right back or right-sided midfielder in MLS.
Ustruck made his full professional debut for Dynamo on 10 July 2007, in a US Open Cup third-round game against Charleston Battery. He was a member of the Houston Dynamo squad that won the 2007 MLS Cup.
He was sent on loan to Austin Aztex on June 16, 2009.
After returning from his short loan spell, Ustruck made his MLS debut, coming on as a sub in Houston\'s 2--1 loss to Seattle Sounders FC on the road in Seattle.
Ustruck was waived by Houston on March 24, 2010, and signed a one-year contract with the FC Tampa Bay on April 5, 2010.
After his contract was up for FC Tampa Bay, Ustruck signed a multi-year contract with USL Pro club Orlando City on March 18, 2011.
### International
He played several games with the Under-20 United States national team in 2004, but never made an official FIFA or confederation appearance for the senior team, so he is not cap tied to any National federation. He was also selected into the Guam National team preliminary squad for the AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers in February 2013. He made his debut for the Matao against Laos in November 2013 during the FIFA International friendly between the two nations
| 399 |
Erik Ustruck
| 0 |
10,041,935 |
# Unterwaldhausen
**Unterwaldhausen** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Unterwaldhausen
| 0 |
10,041,939 |
# Vogt, Baden-Württemberg
**Vogt** (`{{IPA|de|foːkt|-|de-Vogt2.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a village in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 17 |
Vogt, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,041,960 |
# Waldburg
**Waldburg** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is the home of Waldburg Castle, a medieval castle that sits atop the large hill in the town. The castle dates from the twelfth century, when Waldburg was a County of the Holy Roman Empire
| 51 |
Waldburg
| 0 |
10,041,964 |
# Murray High School, Lavington
**Murray High School** is a government-funded co-educational comprehensive secondary day school, located in `{{NSWcity|Lavington}}`{=mediawiki}, New South Wales, Australia.
Established in 1976, the school enrolled approximately 650 students in 2018, from Year 7 to Year 12, of whom 9 per cent identify as Indigenous Australians and 10 per cent from a language background other than English. The school is operated by the NSW Department of Education; and the current principal is Norman Johnson-Meader.
The inaugural principal of Murray High School was H. Lyle Ingram (1976--1981)
| 89 |
Murray High School, Lavington
| 0 |
10,041,967 |
# Wilhelmsdorf, Baden-Württemberg
**Wilhelmsdorf** is a town in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
The place was founded in 1824 by Pietists, who wanted to emigrate overseas, but were granted by King William I of Württemberg a place, where they could settle among themselves. The place was named after the king and modelled after the settlement congregations of the Herrnhuter Bruedergemeine or Moravian Church
| 66 |
Wilhelmsdorf, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,041,975 |
# Bridge number
In the mathematical field of knot theory, the **bridge number**, also called the **bridge index**, is an invariant of a knot defined as the minimal number of bridges required in all the possible bridge representations of a knot.
## Definition
Given a knot or link, draw a diagram of the link using the convention that a gap in the line denotes an undercrossing. Call an unbroken arc in this diagram a bridge if it includes at least one overcrossing. Then the bridge number of a knot can be found as the minimum number of bridges required for any diagram of the knot. Bridge numbers were first studied in the 1950s by Horst Schubert.
The bridge number can equivalently be defined geometrically instead of topologically. In bridge representation, a knot lies entirely in the plane apart for a finite number of bridges whose projections onto the plane are straight lines. Equivalently, the bridge number is the minimal number of local maxima of the projection of the knot onto a vector, where we minimize over all projections and over all conformations of the knot. In this context, the bridge number is often called the **crookedness***.*
## Properties
Every non-trivial knot has bridge number at least two, so the knots that minimize the bridge number (other than the unknot) are the 2-bridge knots. It can be shown that every n-bridge knot can be decomposed into two trivial n-tangles and hence 2-bridge knots are rational knots.
If K is the connected sum of K~1~ and K~2~, then the bridge number of K is one less than the sum of the bridge numbers of K~1~ and K~2~
| 275 |
Bridge number
| 0 |
10,041,985 |
# Wolpertswende
**Wolpertswende** is a municipality in the district of Ravensburg in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## World Heritage Site {#world_heritage_site}
It is home to one or more prehistoric pile-dwelling (or stilt house) settlements that are part of the Prehistoric Pile dwellings around the Alps UNESCO World Heritage Site
| 48 |
Wolpertswende
| 0 |
10,042,006 |
# 1604 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
## Works
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
- Sir William Alexander:
- *Aurora*
- *A Paraenesis to the Prince* (to Henry, Prince of Wales)
- Thomas Bateson, *Cantus* (the first English madrigals)
- Nicholas Breton, *The Passionate Shepheard; or, The Shepheardes Love*, written under the pen name \"Bonerto\"
- Thomas Churchyard, *Churchyards Good Will*, on the death of John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury
- John Cooke, *Epigrames*
- Thomas Dekker, *Newes from Graves-end: Sent to Nobody*, published anonymously
- Michael Drayton:
- *Moyses in a Map of his Miracles*
- *The Owle*
- *A Paean Triumphall*
- Samuel Rowlands, *Looke to it: for, Ile Stabbe Ye*
- Anthony Skoloker, *Daiphantus, or the Passions of Love*
### Other
- Bernardo de Balbuena, *La Grandeza Mexicana* (\"Mexico\'s Grandeur\"), Spanish poet and churchman at this time in Mexico
- Jean Vauquelin de La Fresnaye, *Discours pour servir de Préface sur le Sujet de la Satyre* (\"Discourse Serving as a Preface on the Subject of Satire\") published from this year through 1605
## Births
- January 4 -- Jakob Balde (died 1668), German scholar, poet and teacher
- July 8 -- Heinrich Albert (died 1651), German composer and poet
- August 4 -- François Hédelin (died 1676), French abbé of Aubignac and Meymac, poet and playwright
- October 16 -- Assoucy (died 1677), French musician and burlesque poet
- November 23 *(bapt.)* -- Jasper Mayne (died 1672), English clergyman, translator, minor poet and dramatist
- Also:
- Charles Cotin (died 1681), French abbé, philosopher and poet
- Girolamo Graziani (died 1675), Italian poet
- Philippe Habert (died 1637), French poet
- Cheng Zhengkui (died 1670), Chinese landscape painter and poet
## Deaths
- April 1 -- Thomas Churchyard (born c. 1520), English poet and author
- June 24 -- Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford (born 1550), English courtier, playwright, poet, sportsman, patron of numerous writers, and sponsor of at least two acting companies
- October 8 -- Janus Dousa (born 1545), Dutch statesman, historian, poet and philologist
- November -- Thomas Storer (born c
| 365 |
1604 in poetry
| 0 |
10,042,013 |
# Althütte
**Althütte** is a municipality of the Rems-Murr district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
The modern municipality of Althütte was formed by the merging of the villages of Althütte and Sechselberg in 1971.
## Geography
The municipality (*Gemeinde*) of Althütte is located in the Rems-Murr district, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Althütte is physically located in the Murrhardt Forest, a region of the larger Swabian-Franconian Forest. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 571 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 339 m NN.
Portions of the Federally protected Hörschbachschlucht and Strümpfelbach valley nature reserves are located in Althütte\'s municipal area.
## Politics
Althütte has two boroughs (*Ortsteile*), and 16 villages: Fautspach, Gallenhof, Glaitenhof, Hahnenhof, Hörschhof, Hörschhöfer Sägmühle, Kallenberg, Klösterle, Lutzenberg, Nonnenmühle, Rottmannsberger Sägmühle, Schlichenhöfle, Schlichenweiler, Schöllhütte, Voggenhof, and Waldenweiler. Althütte is in an Vereinbarte Verwaltungsgemeinschaft with the city of Backnang and the municipalities of Allmersbach im Tal, Aspach, Auenwald, Burgstetten, Kirchberg an der Murr, Oppenweiler, and Weissach im Tal.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
Althütte\'s municipal coat of arms displays two white glassblowing pipes crossed over a field of blue. The coat of arms refers to the name Althütte and to Althütte\'s history of glassworking. This coat of arms was created from a proposal by the Central State Archive Stuttgart in 1924.
## Transportation
Althütte is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by its local *Landesstraßen* and *Kreisstraßen*. Local public transportation is provided by the Verkehrs- und Tarifverbund Stuttgart
| 248 |
Althütte
| 0 |
10,042,015 |
# Hi-Tension
**Hi-Tension** are a British band based in North West London, and are pioneers of Brit funk. with the original line-up being Paul Philips (guitarist), Jeff Guishard (percussionist & vocalist), David Joseph (keyboard player and lead vocals), Paul McLean (lead guitar and vocals) Ken Joseph (bass player) Patrick McLean (Saxophonist & vocalist), David Reid and Paapa Mensah (both drummers) and Leroy Williams. Hi-Tension originally performed as \'Hot Waxx\' but due to a legal technicality, they changed the band name to Hi-Tension in 1977. They had hits with the songs \"Hi Tension\" and \"British Hustle\", both were top 20 hits in the UK.
## Biography
In 1971, the group started as Hot Waxx with original members being Paul Philips, Lloyd Philips, David Joseph and Ken Joseph. In 1975, Phil Fearon (later a member of the bands Galaxy and Kandidate) joined as a member of the group but had later left by 1977. After this, David Joseph recruited other members that lived in the area to join the group.
In 1978 they released their first single aptly named \"Hi Tension\" that peaked to No. 13 in the UK Singles Chart in May 1978. They then released a second single titled \"British Hustle\" which eclipsed their first single and peaked to No. 8 in late 1978. In the same year a short film was subsequently made about British soul music called *British Hustle*.
By 1981, David Reid, Patrick McLean and Paul McLean left the band. The remaining members of Hi Tension continued and secured another recording contract with EMI records. Whilst touring they recruited Courtney Pine as a session player, playing saxophone during their tour. Subsequently, Paul Philips left the band. From 1983 to 1987 David Joseph secured a solo career and accomplished two hit songs: \"You Can\'t Hide (Your Love from Me)\" and \"Let\'s Live It Up (Nite People)\".
In 1984, Ken Joseph, Leroy Williams and Jeffrey Guishard remained resilient and secured a further recording contract with Streetwave Records and released the singles \"Rat Race\" and \"You Make Me Happy\" in 1984. The latter single was written, produced and arranged by David Pic Conley of the band Surface whom later released a cover version of the song under the title \"Happy\" for their debut album in 1986.
In 2014, Paul McLean reformed Hi Tension with four original members, Paul Philips, Jeffrey Guishard, Paapa Mensah and his brother Patrick McLean to headline and perform at the Summer Soulstice Festival in Barnet, London.
## Discography
### Studio albums {#studio_albums}
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| Year | Album | Label | UK\ |
+======+===================================+================+=====+
| 1978 | *Hi-Tension* | Island Records | 54 |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 1983 | *The Joys of Life*\ | | --- |
| | (only solo album of David Joseph) | | |
+------+-----------------------------------+----------------+-----+
### Compilation albums {#compilation_albums}
- *The Best of David Joseph & Hi-Tension* (1993)
### Singles
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| Year | Song | Label | UK\ |
+==============================================+================================+================+=====+
| 1978 | \"Hi Tension\" | Island Records | 13 |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| | \"British Hustle\" | | 8 |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| | \"Peace on Earth\" | | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| | \"Autumn Love\" / \"Unspoken\" | | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 1979 | \"Funktified\" | | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| | \"There\'s a Reason\" | | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 1981 | \"We\'ve Got the Funk\" | EMI | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 1982 | \"How D\'you Feel\" | | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| 1984 | \"Rat Race\" | Streetwave | 83 |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| | \"You Make Me Happy\" | | --- |
+----------------------------------------------+--------------------------------+----------------+-----+
| \"---\" denotes releases that did not chart
| 602 |
Hi-Tension
| 0 |
10,042,022 |
# Auenwald
**Auenwald** is a municipality in the district of Rems-Murr in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Auenwald
| 0 |
10,042,026 |
# Berglen
**Berglen** is a municipality in the district of Rems-Murr in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
The community Berglen is located about 25 kilometers east of Stuttgart in 300 to 450 meters altitude in the Keuper hill landscape *Berglen*.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The municipality Berglen consists of the following nine districts: Bretzenacker, Hößlinswart, Barrenhardt, Öschelbronn, Oppelsbohm, Reichenbach near Winnenden, Rettersburg, Steinach, Vorderweißbuch.
## Space division {#space_division}
Total 2587 ha
- 879 ha = 34,0 % forest
- 1352ha = 52,3 % agriculture
- 10 ha = 0,4 % recovery area
- 8 ha = 0,3 % water
- 162 ha = 6,1 % buildings
- 158 ha = 6,1 % traffic area
- 17 ha = 0,7 % others
.
## Religions
Since the Reformation the area of Berglen has been predominantly Lutheran. There are Protestant churches in Oppelsbohm and Hößlinswart. The church in Remshalden Buoch, to the south-west of *Berglen* is responsible for several districts.
## Mayor
- Gerhard Schnabel, Mayor of the former municipalities of Vorderweißbuch and Oppelsbohm from 1964 to 1972, and mayor of Berglen from 1972 to 1996
- Wolfgang Schille, Mayor from 1996 to 2012
- Maximilian Friedrich, Mayor since 2012-09-13
<table>
<tbody>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Parties and Voting communities</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p><strong>%<br />
2014</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p><strong>Seats<br />
2014</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p><strong>%<br />
2009</strong></p></td>
<td><p><strong>Seats<br />
2009</strong> <!--</p></td>
<td rowspan="7"><p>{{Wahldiagramm</p></td>
<td><p>LAND = DE</p></td>
<td><p>TITEL = Elections 2014</p></td>
<td><p>JAHRNEU = 2014</p></td>
<td><p>JAHRALT = 2009</p></td>
<td><p>GUV = ja</p></td>
<td><p>Party 1 = BWV</p></td>
<td><p>Result1 = 56.84</p></td>
<td><p>Resultold 1 = 50.35</p></td>
<td><p>FARBE1 = 0000FF</p></td>
<td><p>PARTEI2 = FBB</p></td>
<td><p>Result2 = 26.20</p></td>
<td><p>ERGEBNISALT2 = 29.90</p></td>
<td><p>FARBE2 = FFFF00</p></td>
<td><p>PARTEI3 = SPD</p></td>
<td><p>ERGEBNIS3 = 16.96</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>BWV</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>Freie Wähler Landesverband Baden-Württemberg|Bürgerliche Wählervereinigung Berglen (Free voters)</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>56,84</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>12</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>50,35</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>12</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td><p>FBB</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>Freie Bürger Berglen (Free citizens Berglen)</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>26,20</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>5</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>29,90</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>5</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td><p>SPD-OL</p></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"><p>SPD-Open list Berglen</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>16,96</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>3</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>19,75</p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p>3</p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td style="text-align: center;"></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="even">
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Altogether</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>100,0</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>20</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>100,0</strong></p></td>
<td style="text-align: right;"><p><strong>20</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr class="odd">
<td colspan="2"><p><strong>Participation</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><strong>57,14 %</strong></p></td>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><p><strong>58,93 %</strong></p></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
## Partnerships
Berglen has been in a partnership with Krögis, today part of Käbschütztal in Saxony since October 3, 1993.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Education
With the neighborhood school *In the Berglen* there is a primary and high school with Werkrealschule. Moreover, Steinach and Vorderweißbuch have their own primary schools. Schools can be visited in the neighboring cities. For the youngest members of the community there are six municipal nursery schools, and also a private forest kindergarten.
## Regular events {#regular_events}
- The *Richtfest* takes place annually in the Erlenhof district, organized by the *Berglesbond* association, which was founded in 1992.
- There is a Street festival by local clubs in the Hößlinswart district.
- There is a Christmas market on the Saturday before the 3rd Sunday in Advent in the Birkenweißbuch district.
- The *Linde Festival*, organized by the Weißbuch Music Club (Musikverein), also takes place every year in the Birkenweißbuch district, usually in the first holiday weekend.
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# Berglen
## Personality
### Freeman
- Werner Hofmann is the only honorary citizen of Berglen. The former school rector is the author of the chronicle and several native history books
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# Großerlach
**Großerlach** is a municipality in the district of Rems-Murr in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Kaisersbach
**Kaisersbach** is a municipality in the district of Rems-Murr in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 2,399 |
| 2001 2,698 |
| 2011 2,535 |
| 2021 2,448 |
+------------------------+
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
- Schwabenpark, an amusement park in Gmeinweiler village, which belongs to Kaiserbach
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# Developmental linguistics
**Developmental linguistics** is the study of the development of linguistic ability in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood. It involves research into the different stages in language acquisition, language retention, and language loss in both first and second languages, in addition to the area of bilingualism. Before infants can speak, the neural circuits in their brains are constantly being influenced by exposure to language. Developmental linguistics supports the idea that linguistic analysis is not timeless, as claimed in other approaches, but time-sensitive, and is not autonomous -- social-communicative as well as bio-neurological aspects have to be taken into account in determining the causes of linguistic developments.
## Language acquisition {#language_acquisition}
### The concept of Nature vs. Nurture {#the_concept_of_nature_vs._nurture}
Noam Chomsky (1995) proposes the theory of Universal grammar, supporting that a child\'s language abilities is a result of nature. The theory of Universal Grammar proposes that every child develops their language abilities through their innate and natural cognitive abilities in their mind, allowing them to learn languages. This inborn linguistic tool suggest that humans intrinsically have the ability to learn languages on their own.
On the other hand, the Behaviorist theory supports the theory that the ability for a human to learn language is a result of nurture. Central to this theory is the use of negative and positive reinforcement to achieve desired results. This is commonly observed in classrooms, where teachers utilize consequence or reward systems to motivate a student to succeed. Skinner (1957) believed that this form of nurture justified language development in children. Skinner (1957) claimed that children were not actually learning language per se, instead they were learning about rewards and consequences through the behaviorist theory when they were rewarded for their correct use or language, and punished for incorrect use of language.
### Critical period {#critical_period}
The Critical period is the first few years of life during which the brain is most sensitive to language learning and development, typically defined to be from age two to puberty. Researchers have found that this can be biologically explained through the maturity of the brain during childhood, leading to a gradual decrease of neuroplasticity in the language areas of the brain up until puberty.
This does not mean it is impossible to learn another language once a person is past the critical period. Though, vocabulary learning does not seem to be as sensitive to age, mastery of grammar and pronunciation of a language is not likely to be on par with the standard of a native speaker\'s if it is learnt past the critical period.
Generally, researchers agree that the critical period learning curve echoes the data for a wide variety of second-language acquisition studies. However, the temporally defined critical period does not apply in the same manner to every aspect of a language and it differs for the phonetics, lexical and syntactic levels of a language, though studies have yet to conclude the exact timing for each individual level.
Studies on monolingual children have shown that the time before an infant turns one year of age, is an important window for phonetic learning; between 18 months to 36 months of age is an important period for syntactic learning; and vocabulary acquisition grows exponentially at 18 months of age.
### Social skills {#social_skills}
Behaviourists believe that social environments play a vital role in language learning. Opportunities for social interactions among children as well as between children and adults are important for children to learn languages through exposure and practice.
### Motor skill {#motor_skill}
Speech motor learning is an important part of the linguistic development of infants as they learn to use their mouths to articulate the various speech sounds in language. Speech production requires feedforward and feedback control pathways, in which the feedforward pathway directly controls the movements of the articulators (namely the lips, teeth, tongue and the other speech organs).
Typical tongue movements have been generated as a training set using major muscle combinations, and these muscle combinations are used as a basis for articulating a set of whole proto-vocalic tongue babbling movements in infants.
### Phonetics
Word awareness involves the recognition of the respective syllables in each word, and breaking down these meaningful parts and recreating them into words. They also learn to read words in whole instead of their parts, and making sense of these words and their meanings in sentences.
### Prosody
Tone refers to the use of pitch to mark lexical items whereas in intonation, variations in pitch patterns denote non-lexical differences like phrase boundaries and utterance-level pragmatic distinctions. Wormith et al. (1975) found that even from birth, infants are sensitive to fundamental frequencies in non-linguistic stimuli and are able to distinguish pure tones that differ only in F0.
Nazzi et al. (1998) have also demonstrated that infants even at an early age are sensitive to pitch differences when presented linguistic stimuli.
Perceptual reorganisation with regards to linguistic pitch occurs in children within 6 and 9 months of age. On the other hand, with regards to intonation, head-turn preference experiments have shown that by 4 to 5 months of age, infants are already sensitive to intonational units in speech.
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# Developmental linguistics
## Language acquisition {#language_acquisition}
### Music
Across many academic fields there has been growing interest in the connections between music and language.
The deep and profound links between music and language support their simultaneous use for improved outcomes of language acquisition.`{{self-published inline|date=March 2021}}`{=mediawiki}
According to Jourdain (1997), language is primarily responsible for content whilst music is to evoke emotion. The impact of music on language is positive, affecting language accent, memory and grammar, as well as mood, enjoyment and motivation.
Joanne Loewy (1995) hinges on works of Charles Van Riper and proposes that instead of considering language in a cognitive context, it should instead be looked at in a musical context. Loewy (1995) terms this the 'Musical Stages of Speech'.
Looking at the sounds created by infants during their developmental stages (crying and comfort utterances followed by babbling and eventually acquiring or comprehending words) prepare for telegraphic speech. Lowery (1995) asserts, "This music of speech is the earliest dimension of language understood by children".
## Stages of vocal development {#stages_of_vocal_development}
The five stages of vocal development are:
- Stage 1:
- More crying and discomfort sounds than non-cry sounds
- Non-cry sounds are vegetative (reflexive), neutral and mainly vocalic (vowel-like)
- Stage 2:
- Marked decreased in crying after 12 weeks
- Vowel-like sounds predominate, but consonant-like sounds are introduced.
- Combining of consonantal (C) and vocalic (V) segments ('coo' or 'goo')
- Glottal Cs heard
- Stage 3:
- Increased number of C segments produces
- More variation of V productions
- Consistent production of CV syllables
- Variation of intonational contours
- Stage 4:
- Canonical, repetitive, or reduplicative babbling (i.e. CV or CVC-like structure)
- Consistent variations of intonational contours
- Early non-reduplicated CV syllables
- Utterances produced with full stop
- Stage 5:
- Variegated babbling (advanced from reduplicated babbling)
- Variety of CV and CVC combinations with sentence-like intonation
- Approximants of meaningful single words
- Variety of Cs overlaid on sentence-like intonation
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# Developmental linguistics
## Developmental issues {#developmental_issues}
A typical child should acquire many of the critical components of a language by age three. Children who, when compared with peers their age, are not as competent in language in terms of language processing and speech production or areas related to communication, could possibly be displaying signs of global developmental delay. Having language-related developmental delays in childhood could cause problems in a child\'s development such as emotional, behavioural and literacy difficulties. Research has shown that children with developmental delays have a higher rate of having emotional and behavioural issues, and this is likely due to their frustration with having difficulties in communication. To minimise the rate of misdiagnosis, parents should bring their kids to see a Speech-Language Pathologist. In some cases, it might be a language disorder which requires treatment and therapy.
### Speech-language pathologist {#speech_language_pathologist}
A Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) is a qualified practitioner who is involved in professional practice in areas that affect communication and swallowing, **specifically speech production, fluency, language, cognition, voice, resonance, feeding, swallowing, and hearing.** Focus is placed on prevention and reduction of the possibility of developing a new disorder by recognising disorders or diseases during its early stages. The work of SLPs to improve communication and swallowing issues of an individual is a collaborative one which requires cooperative effort from the individual, the individual\'s family. Clinical visits to an SLP helps to lower the severity of a potential communicative disorder manifesting during childhood.
## Bilingual Language Learners {#bilingual_language_learners}
### Benefits
#### Metalinguistic awareness {#metalinguistic_awareness}
Early bilingualism is associated with advantages in metalinguistic awareness, which is the speaker\'s ability to distance himself from the content of speech in order to pay attention to the structural features of language and the language\'s properties as an object. In this aspect, bilingual children often display greater facility than their monolingual peers, in tasks such as judging the grammaticality of semantically anomalous sentences or in identifying and explaining language contrasts. Results have also shown that bilinguals benefit from the exposure of both languages and show cross-linguistic influences on metalinguistic skills in two typologically similar languages, which use different orthographies.
#### Cognitive advantages {#cognitive_advantages}
Bilingual children also benefit from cognitive advantages in executive control, attention span and working memory. For instance, experiments using conflict monitoring and attentional control tasks like the Simon task or the Attentional Networks Task, results have concluded that early bilinguals outperform monolinguals in inhibiting prepotent responses, which suggests that the acquisition of two or more languages engages the same sort of switching and control mechanisms for languages as for general cognitive processes. While the extent of these advantages is under debate for adult learners and unbalanced bilinguals, bilingual children display cognitive benefits relative to monolingual children. Furthermore, bilinguals are found to be at an advantage in object classification and naming them, showing cognitive flexibility in such linguistic activities.
#### Linguistic effects {#linguistic_effects}
Unlike monolingual learners who can make recourse to the first language (L1) only, bilingual students can rely on the structural transfer of both their L1 and second language (L2) properties at the initial state of their third language (L3) acquisition. This means that bilingual learners can select from a larger pool of grammatical options from their L1 and L2 and thus exploit cross-linguistic correspondences to a greater extent than monolingual foreign learners.
### Factors affecting bilingual benefits {#factors_affecting_bilingual_benefits}
1. Age of acquisition
2. Level of proficiency in all previously acquired languages
3. Usage of the minority language at home and in formal settings
4
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# Plüderhausen
**Plüderhausen** is a municipality east of Schorndorf in the Rems-Murr district in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It belongs to the Stuttgart Metropolitan Region.
## Geography
The municipality of Plüderhausen lies in the Rems Valley, nestled between the heights of the Schurwald and the Welzheimer Forest at an elevation ranging between 260 and 505 m, with the town center at 274 m.
### Neighboring towns and municipalities {#neighboring_towns_and_municipalities}
The municipality of Plüderhausen is bordered to the north by Welzheim, to the east by Waldhausen (Lorch), to the southeast by Börtlingen, to the south by Adelberg, to the west by Schorndorf, and to the northwest by Urbach.
### Community structure {#community_structure}
The municipality of Plüderhausen consists of the villages of Plüderhausen and Walkersbach, the hamlet of Aichenbachhof, and the smaller communities of Eibenhof, Köshof, Neuweilerhof, Plüderwiesenhof and Schautenhof. The abandoned villages of Linthalten, Neuweiler und Tannschöpflenshof are also located within the municipal boundaries. The municipality is additionally divided into the two residential districts of Plüderhausen (with Plüderhausen, Plüderwiesenhof, Aichenbachhof and Neuweilerhof) and Walkersbach (with Walkersbach, Schautenhof, Köshof und Eibenhof).
A narrow wedge of the Urbach district, which extends northeast to the Walkersbach valley, divides the municipality of Plüderhausen into a larger southern part around Plüderhausen village and a smaller northern part around Walkersbach village. Additionally, there is a very small municipal exclave around Schautenhof north of Walkersbach.
## Development of the municipal district {#development_of_the_municipal_district}
### Incorporations
- Aichenbachhof, Walkersbach
### Population growth {#population_growth}
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
| Year Population | Year Population |
| ------ ------------ | ------ ------------ |
| 1630 1825 | 1975 7108 |
| 1655 600 | 1976 7704 |
| 1825 1800 | 1985 8422 |
| 1871 1725 | 1990 9187 |
| 1890 1816 | 1995 9332 |
| 1900 1788 | 2000 9549 |
| 1910 2038 | 2005 9585 |
| 1925 2373 | 2008 9679 |
| 1939 2579 | |
| 1950 2724 | |
| 1961 4088 | |
| 1970 5545 | |
+-----------------------+-----------------------+
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# Plüderhausen
## History
In the earliest known documentary record from 1142, Plüderhausen was referred to as \"Pliderhusen,\" a name derived from the Old High German *blidheri,* which roughly means \"happy army.\" During the Hohenstaufen Dynasty Plüderhausen came under the authority of the Hohenstaufen Ministeriales based in Elisabethenberg bei Waldhausen. From 1246 Plüderhausen was governed by the Dukes of Württemberg, under the Vogtei of Schorndorf from 1421. The district of Walkersbach was first mentioned in 1262, but is presumably older than the date suggests.
In 1519 Jörg Staufer, a member of the Swabian League, burned down the Plüderhausen church and 80 homes during a military campaign against Duke Ulrich of Württemberg. The church was rebuilt the same year. The Protestant Reformation swept Plüderhausen in 1536. As Prince Elector John Frederick of Saxony initiated his retreat in 1546 after defeat in the Schmalkaldic War, he and his army spent the night of 27--28 November in Plüderhausen, prompting complaints by the *Obervogt* of Schorndorf about the bad behavior of the robbing and plundering troops.
In 1626 the cemetery was laid out, and is still used today. Many of Plüderhäusen\'s inhabitants died as a result of the Thirty Years\' War, and many fled, so that of the approximately 1,800 inhabitants at the beginning of the war, only 57 remained at its end. Seven years later there were around 700 inhabitants again. Barely recovered, the town was plundered again by the French under Villars in 1707. From 1793 through 1813 the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars unleashed countless brutal marches of *Soldateska* through the region.
In 1804 Saint Margaret\'s Church was built to replace the church rebuilt in 1519; the original choir and tower were preserved. In 1805 Plüderhausen gained market right. In 1807 Walkersbach, which lay about 5 kilometers to the northwest, became a district of Plüderhausen. In a description from 1845, the regional administration of the Welzheim *Oberamt* noted Plüderhäusen to be an agricultural region and emphasized the importance of the district\'s fruit-growing. The Cannstatt--Wasseralfingen branch of the Rems Railway provided Plüderhausen with a rail connection in 1861, leading to growing industrialization. In 1863 master baker Jakob Friedrich Schüle began mechanical production of Spätzle and noodles, later establishing a factory *Schüle-Hohenlohe AG,* for egg dough products.
In 1907 the Castle Garden Elementary School was built, and the new City Hall was built in 1914.
Plüderhausen was not damaged in World War II, and was surrendered to the United States Army on 20 April 1945 without a struggle.
In 1963 the first annual Plüderhäuser Festival Days took place.
## Religion
There has been a church in Plüderhausen since 1295. It was originally dedicated to Peter and Paul, then to St. Margaret since 1537. The present evangelical Church of St. Margaret was built in the 15th century. The evangelical church congregation belonged to the Welzheim church district until its 1978 dissolution. Ever since the congregation belongs to the Schorndorf district.
There are 7 churches in Plüderhausen today:
- the Evangelical Church of St. Margaret (EKD)
- the Roman Catholic Sacred Heart Church
- the Evangelical Methodist Church (EmK/UMC)
- Church of God - Christian Central Life
- New Apostolic Church
- South German Fellowship
- Peoples\' Mission of Decided Christians.
## Personality
- The Austrian jazz musician Oscar Klein (1930--2006) lived most recently in Plüderhausen.
- Dieter Kleinmann (born 1953), Member of Parliament (FDP), grew up in Plüderhausen and was here alderman
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# Schwaikheim
**Schwaikheim** is a municipality in the district of Rems-Murr in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Winterbach, Baden-Württemberg
**Winterbach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈvɪntɐˌbax}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Rems-Murr in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Werner Dilger (1942--2007), professor of computer science, Professor of Artificial Intelligence at the TU Chemnitz
- Ingo J
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# Dettingen an der Erms
**Dettingen an der Erms** (Dettingen on the Erms River) is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The town about twelve kilometers north-east of Reutlingen in Baden-Wuerttemberg or about 46 kilometers from Stuttgart. The municipality belongs to the metropolitan region of Stuttgart.
## Geographical location {#geographical_location}
The district is located in the upper Erms Valley between the towns of Bad Urach and Metzingen at the foot of the central Swabian Alb. The town is at an altitude of 372 m above sea level. The following cities and towns bordering the municipality of Dettingen, they are listed clockwise, starting in the north 1) Neuffen, 2) Hülben, 3) Bad Urach, 4) St. Johann and 5) Metzingen.
## Religion
A church has been located in Dettingen since the 11th century. As in all of Württemberg, the Reformation was introduced in 1534; the community is primarily Lutheran (Evangelisch). In 1967 a second Protestant church was located in the district Buchhalde.
After the Second World War Roman Catholic community increased in size. In addition, the New Apostolic Church is represented in the town.
In Dettingen the Evangelical Brotherhood Kecharismai eV, operates a two garden businesses and a retirement home.
left\|thumb\|upright=0.98\|Town hall
## Mayor / Bürgermeister {#mayor_bürgermeister}
In March 2018 Michael Hillert was elected with 92% of the vote. It was Hillert\'s third term as mayor.
### Coat of Arms or Shield {#coat_of_arms_or_shield}
The city\'s red shield features 1) golden double hook and 2) the top left and bottom right of each includes a six-pointed golden star. The double hook is referred to in common parlance as Wolfsangel. The Wolfsangel (\"wolf-hook\") is a German term for certain heraldic charges. It represents a stylized wolf-hook, a German wolf-hunting device. A wolf-hook is used in a similar way as a fishing hook: it is attached on a chain which is anchored to a tree or similar stout object, and a bait is put on the hook. When the wolf eats the bait, it swallows the hook. The chain prevents the wolf from escaping, and it can be killed at will.
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# Dettingen an der Erms
## Culture and Tourist Sights {#culture_and_tourist_sights}
### Music
There are four music societies in Dettingen on the Erms:
- Liederkranz Singing Society - Registered Association (eV), founded 1865
- Dettingen Harmonica Club, founded in March 1931
- VHS orchestra founded in 1960
- Musicians Club of the Erms Valley (Musikverein Ermstalmusikanten) was founded November 23, 1926. This group has about 300 total members and about 45 active musicians. This Brass Band has traveled to the USA five times since 1984 for performances in middle USA, chiefly in Ohio and Michigan.
### Museums
The town features a Hometown Museum (Heimatmuseum) featuring a blacksmithing with a historic forge, a bakery, and historic farmhouse/barn.
There are two famous people from the town, Wilhelm Zimmerman and Johann Ludwig Fricker. The Johann Ludwig House includes memorials to both men.Wilhelm-Zimmermann-Gedenkstätte Johann-Ludwig-Fricker-Haus.
### Regular Dettingen Events {#regular_dettingen_events}
- Cabaret Days in March
- Cherry Festival
- Craft market, always on the first Weekend in October
- Christmas market, this always begins on the first Weekend of Advent
- Dettingen Fair: Always on the first Thursday in June and again on the last Thursday in August
### Local Parks {#local_parks}
- Kirschenweg (Cherryway) There are many cherry orchards nearby. The Cherry way (cycle path) is also part of the fruit Erms Valley (Ermstal) cycle path which extends from Neckartenzlingen up to Münsingen.
- Kirschenheimat (Cherry home) Dettingen is the home of a collection of rare or unusual Cherry cultivars from other regions of Europe.
- Garten der Stille (Garden of Tranquillity)
- Skate Park
- Ziegenpfad rund ums Calverbühl (A Goat Path around nearby Calverbühle hill)
### Sport Clubs {#sport_clubs}
- TSV Dettingen/Erms e. V., gegründet 1848 (Gymnastics)
- SG Dettingen (football/soccer)
- Schachverein Dettingen Erms e. V., gegründet 1952 (Chess club)
- Ermstal Türkspor Dettingen/Erms e. V., gegründet 1991 (football/soccer)
- Sergej Juran Swingers -- Hobbyfußball & Kneipensport (football/soccer)
- Fischereiverein Ermstal e. V. (fishing club)
- Schützenverein Dettingen/Erms 1909 e. V. (a shooting club, including air rifle,
air pistol, small bore rifles and small caliber pistols for all ages)
- CVJM Dettingen (YMCA)
### Culture and sights {#culture_and_sights}
The town is located on the Swabian Poet Road, a road that leads past many interesting sights. This road goes from Bad Mergentheim to Meersburg.
## Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Adam Friedrich Gock (1781--1842), member of parliament
- Andreas Rath (1823--1894), politician and bailiff, member of parliament
- Erwin Dirr (1899--1936), member of parliament
## People who worked in the area {#people_who_worked_in_the_area}
- Friedrich Christoph Steinhofer (1706-1761), 1746-1749 fellow bishop of the Lutheran trope of Moravian Church
- Johann Ludwig Fricker (1729--1766), deacon in Dettingen and pastor in Hülben, he died in Dettingen
- Wilhelm Zimmermann (1807--1878), deacon in Dettingen and pastor in Hülben; Friend of Eduard Mörike and the deputy Frankfurt Assembly
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# Gomadingen
**Gomadingen** is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. About 85% of its territory is located on the Swabian Alps. It\'s the district where the Grafeneck Castle [1](http://www.gedenkstaette-grafeneck.de/342.htm) is situated. During the II World War, the castle was home of the Grafeneck Euthanasia Centre (German: NS-Tötungsanstalt Grafeneck), one of the main Nazi Germany\'s killing centres part of their Action T4 programme.
## History
Built around 1560, the Grafeneck Castle served as a hunting lodge to the dukes of Württemberg. In the 19th Century, it was used as the Forest Service and in 1928 the Samaritan Foundation acquired it, setting up a handicapped home. In the times of National Socialism, the Grafeneck Castle served in as a killing center - the Nazi Euthansasieaktion (later T4 Action) killed 10,654 disabled and sick people through lethal injections and gas. They were transported mainly from southern Germany and burned on site in a crematorium. The French occupying forces returned the site in 1946/47 back to the Samaritan Foundation, whom reestablished it as a center for disabled and mentally ill people and still operates to this day. Already in the fifties, the development of the cemetery began as a memorial. In 2005, the documentation center Grafeneck Memorial was finally built.
## Mayors
Since 1994 Klemens Betz is the mayor of Gomadingen. He was reelected in 2002 and 2010.
## Photo gallery {#photo_gallery}
\
Bahnhof Marbach I.jpg\|Marbach station Grafeneckklein1.jpg\|Grafeneck Castle Schloss-grafeneck-2015-2.JPG\|Grafeneck Castle Offenhausen Gestütsmuseum 2012.jpg\|Offenhausen Gestuet Marbach-18-2020-gje.jpg\|Marbach stud Gestuet Marbach-08-2002-gje.jpg\|Marbach stud Gestuet Marbach-30-Pferdekopf-2020-gje.jpg\|Marbach stud Gestuet Marbach-46-Pferde-2020-gje
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# Grabenstetten
**Grabenstetten** is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
It lies within the area of the Celtic Heidengraben.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
Besides the homonymous village Grabenstetten there are no other places that belong to Grabenstetten.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
To Grabenstetten borders the municipalities and towns Erkenbrechtsweiler ¹, Lenningen ¹, Römerstein, Bad Urach and Hülben. The list is based on the clockwise beginning in the north. The named part of the district of Reutlingen or the Esslingen district ¹:
## Historical Geography {#historical_geography}
In the municipality lies the ruin Hofen.
## History
The Alemannic expanding settlement Grabenstetten is first mentioned in the 1st half of the 12th century as \"Grabanostetten\" and 1152 under the name \"Grabanostettin\". Only in 1635 the Thirty Years\' War (1618-1648) came to Grabenstetten. Soldiers set fire in their departure to the place, except for the church, the rectory, the school and a few smaller homes the whole place burned down. The following year, 325 people died of hunger and disease. The bailiff of Neuffen told the Duke that no more than 6 people lived in Grabenstetten. The reconstruction after the fire of 1635 was very slow. 1664 lived only 13 families in the village. Until 1842 Grabenstetten belonged to the Oberamt Nürtingen, then it was reclassified to the Oberamt Urach. After the dissolution of Oberamt Urach in 1938, Grabenstetten fell to the district of Reutlingen.
## Religions
Since 1275 Grabenstetten has a church. The Reformation was, as elsewhere in the Duchy of Württemberg, introduced in 1534.
## Mayor
The mayor is elected for a term of eight years. The current incumbent Harald Steidl (CDU) was re-elected in October 2010 with 94.8% of the vote.
## Crest
Blazon: In gold (yellow), a fallen blue plowshare, both sides accompanied by one each rooted, curved green ear. The municipality flag has the colors green-yellow (green-gold). The coat of arms, whose figures indicate agriculture, goes back to a \"Fleckensigill\" from 1825. Emblem and flag were officially awarded by the Ministry of the Interior of Baden-Württemberg on 14 November 1967.
## Things
## Museums
- Early History Museum, established in 1998
- Working Group Culture and History, founded in 2004
- Friend\'s association Heidengraben founded 2005
## Buildings
- Ruin Hofen, from the 13th century
Tumulus
- The Heidengraben, the largest Celtic oppidum in Germany and one of the largest in Europe
## Teams
### Sports
- Gymnastic and sports club Grabenstetten 1913
- Motor sports club Grabenstetten, founded on February 13, 1987
- Gunners club Grabenstetten
- Flyers club Grabenstetten
### Music
- Gesangsverein Liederkranz Grabenstetten (choir)
### Other
- Fruit and horticulture association
- Swabian Alb Association
- Friend\'s association Cave and Karst Grabenstetten
- Youth Club Grabenstetten founded 2009
## Natural monuments {#natural_monuments}
- The Falkenstein cave lies at the Jura edge between Grabenstetten and Bad Urach. The 5 km long cave is an active water cave, that means precipitation seeping goes through the karst of the Jura plateau and goes through the cave to the outside. The water of the cave is the source of the Elsach.
- The Gustav-Jakob cave is about 427 m long. It lies under the ruins Hofen.
## Regular events {#regular_events}
- Kandelfescht: street festival of local clubs, usually every year on the second weekend in July.
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# Grabenstetten
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Transportation
The National Road 211 connects the town to the west with Bad Urach and to the east with Lenningen. The Public transport is guarantedby the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 221. Grabenstetten has an airfield, which is operated by the Fliegergruppe Grabenstetten-Teck-Lenningen Valley.
### Education
Grabenstetten has with the Rulaman school its own primary school. More Schools are available in the neighboring towns. For the youngest residents, there is a kindergarten in Protestant sponsorship
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Grabenstetten
| 1 |
10,042,148 |
# Yellow strip
**Yellow strip price** or *touch price* is a term used in the *UK* stock market (LSE) by Market makers for the highest bid price or lowest offer price, shown on the SEAQ or SETS screen in a yellow strip.
The difference between the lowest (offer) and highest (bidding) price is known as the bid--offer spread
| 58 |
Yellow strip
| 0 |
10,042,154 |
# Grafenberg (Reutlingen)
**Grafenberg** is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 16 |
Grafenberg (Reutlingen)
| 0 |
10,042,172 |
# Hohenstein (Reutlingen)
**Hohenstein** (`{{IPA|de|ˈhoːənˌʃtaɪn|-|LL-Q188 (deu)-Sebastian Wallroth-Hohenstein.wav}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 19 |
Hohenstein (Reutlingen)
| 0 |
10,042,176 |
# Tropical Asia
**Tropical Asia** refers to the entirety of the areas in Asia with a tropical climate. These areas are of geographic and economic importance due to their natural resources and biodiversity, which include many species of agricultural value. There are 16 countries in tropical Asia, ranging in size from around 610 km2 (Singapore) to 3,000,000 km2 (India). The total population as of 2006 was 1.6 billion, predominantly rural, and projected to reach 2.4 billion by 2025. Climate in tropical Asia is subject to seasonal weather patterns with the two monsoons and the amount of tropical cyclones in the three core areas of cyclogenesis (the Bay of Bengal, north Pacific Ocean and South China Sea). Stressors on the environment include growing urbanization, land industrialization, economic development, land degradation, environmental issues, and increased pollution, all of which are contributing to changes in climate.
## Bionetwork
In tropical Asia, the distribution and character of the rain forest changes with elevation in the mountains. In Thailand, for instance, the area of tropical forests could increase from 45% to 80% of the total forest cover, while in Sri Lanka, a substantial change in dry forest and decrease in wet forest might occur. With predictable increases in evapotranspiration and rainfall changeability, likely a negative impact on the viability of freshwater wetlands will occur, resulting in contraction and desiccation. Sea level and temperature rises are the most likely major climate change-related stresses on ecosystems. Coral reefs might be capable of surviving this intensification, but suffer bleaching from high temperatures. Landward migration of mangroves and tidal wetlands is likely to be inhibited by human infrastructure and human activities.
## Coastal lands {#coastal_lands}
Coastal lands in particular are extremely vulnerable to sea-level rise as a result of climate change. Densely settled and intensively used low-level coastal plains, deltas, and islands are particularly susceptible to coastal erosion and land loss, sea flooding and barrage, especially vulnerable to coastal erosion and land loss, inundation and sea flooding, upstream movement of the saline/freshwater front and seawater incursion into freshwater lenses. Mainly at risk are large delta regions of Bangladesh, Myanmar, Vietnam and Thailand, and the low-lying areas of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Socio-economic effects may be noticeable to major cities and ports, tourist resorts, artisanal and commercial fishing and coastal agriculture, and infra-structure development. Global studies project that by 2100, up to 410 million people (59 per cent in tropical Asia) may be affected by a 1-metre rise in sea level.
## Hydrology
In tropical Asia, the Himalayas are crucial to the provision of water during the continental monsoon season in Asia. Augmented temperatures and seasonal variability could cause a backdrop of glaciers and increasing danger from glacial lake outburst floods. Then, a diminution of average flow of snow-fed rivers, mixed with an increase in peak flows and sediment yield, could have major effects on hydropower generation, urban water supply and agriculture. Supply of hydropower generation from snow-fed rivers can occur in the short term, though not in the long term---run off snow-fed rivers might change as well. As stated before, an increased amount economic, agriculture, and industrial resources, can affect climate, but it can put an extra stress on water. Lower level basins are expected to be most affected. Hydrological changes on island and drainage basins will be relatively low to tropical Asia, despite those related to sea rise.
## Food ration {#food_ration}
The sensitivity of major cereal and tree crops, changes in temperature, moisture and CO~2~ concentration of the magnitudes estimated for the region has been done in many studies. One instance is the influences on rice fields, wheat yield and sorghum yield imply that any increase in production associated with CO~2~ fertilization will most likely be offset by reductions in yield from temperature or moisture changes. Even though climate impression may result huge changes in crop yields, storage, and distribution., the continuing effect of the region-wide changes is tentative because of varietal disparity; local disparity in emergent season, crop management, etc. (the lack of inclusion of possible diseases, pests, and microorganisms in crop model simulations); and the vulnerability of agricultural (especially low-income rural population) areas to periodic environmental hazards such as floods, droughts and cyclones.
| 699 |
Tropical Asia
| 0 |
10,042,176 |
# Tropical Asia
## Human health {#human_health}
The occurrence and level of some vector-borne diseases have risen with global warming. Diseases such as malaria, schistosomiasis and dengue, which are significant causes of mortality and morbidity in tropical Asia, are very climate-sensitive and likely to spread into new regions on the margins of currently widespread areas as a result of climate change. Populations that are newly affected will initially experience higher fatality rates. According to one study specifically focused on climate influences on infectious disease in presently vulnerable regions, a growth in epidemic potential of 12-27 per cent for malaria and 31 to 47 per cent for dengue and a decrease of schistosomiasis of 11-17 per cent are expected under a range of Global Climate Model (GCM) scenarios through climate change. Waterborne and water-related infectious diseases, already accounting for the majority of epidemic emergencies in the area, are also expected to increase when higher temperatures and higher humidity are placed over on existing conditions and estimated upsurge in population, urbanization, deduction of water quality and other trends.
## Wildlife
Many native animals have developed adaptations that help them aerially navigate through their tropical habitats. Some vertebrates have developed the ability to glide through the air. Some fish jump out of the water to escape predators, expand their large pectoral fins and glide nearly hundreds of yards. As well, many frogs have long-webbed, elongate fingers and toes that function like parachutes when they leap from the leaves and branches of trees to glide across the forest.
Several groups of mammals, for example colugos, and rodents have developed many different ways to move through the air. In Southeast Asia, the ability to glide in modern, non-avian reptiles has arisen at least three, maybe four times for lizards, and once in snakes.
In Southeast Asia, the gliding lizards within Agamidae are arboreal, diurnal, and prominent predators who signal another by puffing out their throats and expanding their chests to show their radiant colour patterns. Also, they can jump from branch to branch for prey or to escape predation. When threatened, Green Crested Lizards leap from one tree to next, splay out their limbs, and expand their rib cages during flight.
Open surfaces are often the place where *Draco*, (black bearded) gliding lizards communicate with each other. When not flying, their heads are usually seen sitting head up on the trunks of the trees; their wings creatively folded to their bodies. Most of their day is spent feeding on ants up and down trees, making for the majority of their diet. Once in a while, they will want to change outings and leap from the tree, extend their ribs to open their wings, and glide to the next tree. The degree and speed of the glide depends on a couple of aspects: the height of the lizard on the tree and the surface area of the wing comparative to the weight of the body.
The orange-haired gliding lizard has a thick neck and heavy body; it has small wings however, but despite its pace, it moves relatively fast. To pick up enough speed, it commonly needs to fold down its wing for a period of time. Therefore, they are seen on the tallest trees where they can safely dive to gain momentum to glide. Their flight structure helps separate them ecologically, keeping them from direct opposition with one another for some of the rainforest\'s resources. In some areas of the forest, up to eight different species of *Draco* may appear together. Generally, they are closely related species with unique, restrictive life histories living in the same area, the potential for opposition is likely.
Geckos are another notable gliding reptile. Their wings lack the elaborate thoracic (chest) mutation of gliding lizards and are composed mainly of a large flap of skin along their flanks. The flaps stay rolled across the belly until the lizard leaps off a tree the time they become inertly opened by air during the fall. Additionally, the body flaps are extended flaps along the sides of the head, neck, and tail; back sides of the hind limbs; and extensive webbing on the hands and feet. In flight, all of their wings are extended and splayed, creating the parachute effect. The Frilly Gecko, the smallest of them, travel from trees uniquely on the lowest part of the same tree to avoid predators. Geckos are cryptic species that are hidden during the day and active during the night, unlike the many arboreal agamids. In addition, their color patterns normally match the substrate where they stay allowing them to go ignored.
The flat-tailed gecko (*Cosymbotus platyuurus*), a species strongly related to the frilly gecko, is another example of intermediacy. It similarly folds skin along the head, body, limbs, and tail as the Frilly Gecko but not nearly as developed. It lays these flaps out on the trunk of the tree to prevent the curving of the body from a shadow where it meets the trunk, to give away its location. These flaps inertly open up like other geckos do when the gecko jumps from one branch to another and this imparts even a small advantage by extending the length of the jump.
Because of their lack of limbs, snakes are a group of vertebrates in which the ability to glide might be viewed as less likely to develop. However, in Peninsular Malaysia, there are three closely related species of snakes with ability to glide for significant distances. These are the tree snakes (genus *Chrysopelea*). The flat, open body works like a parasail and its rolling movements in flight, similar to a spinning frisbee, prevents it from overturning. Before leaping, tree snakes hang the uncoiled forepart of their body off the branch in a shape similar to that of the letter \'J\'. Next, by shaking the body upward in tandem reaching outward by rapidly smoothing its coils and releasing, they will hold on the branch, the snakes take flight. They also enlarge their rib cage as a defense device to expose brightly colored markings on their scales
| 1,011 |
Tropical Asia
| 1 |
10,042,177 |
# Nuclear Holiday
***Nuclear Holiday*** is a live album by UK rock band 3 Colours Red.
It was recorded at the Islington Academy in London, England, on 6 February 2004 for a live D.V.D. (*Live at the Islington Academy*) by Secret/Snapper Records. The audio was later released and titled *Nuclear Holiday*.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. Repeat To Fade
2. This Is My Hollywood
3. Paranoid People
4. Pure
5. Fit Boy And Faint Girl
6. Mental Blocks
7. World Is Yours
8. Sunny in England
9. Copper Girl
10. Nerve Gas
11. God Shaped Hole
12. Sixty Mile Smile
13. Hateslick
14. Paralyse
15. Beautiful Day
16
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