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# Kenny Smith (American football)
**Kenny Smith** (born September 8, 1977) is an American former professional football player who was a defensive lineman in the National Football League (NFL). He was selected by the New Orleans Saints in the third round of the 2001 NFL draft. He played college football for the Alabama Crimson Tide.
Smith has also been a member of the Oakland Raiders, Tampa Bay Buccaneers, New England Patriots, and Kansas City Chiefs.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
### New Orleans Saints {#new_orleans_saints}
Smith was selected in the third round of the 2001 NFL draft by the New Orleans Saints. He appeared in six games as a rookie in 2001, recording eight tackles. He played in nine games in 2002, starting one while posting 19 tackles and 3.5 sacks on the season. He had a career-high 42 tackles in 15 games (nine starts) in 2003, while recording one sack. He spent 2004 on injured reserve.
### Oakland Raiders {#oakland_raiders}
Smith signed with the Oakland Raiders as an unrestricted free agent on March 31, 2005, but was placed on injured reserve and was released on November 2, 2005.
### Tampa Bay Buccaneers {#tampa_bay_buccaneers}
After spending 2006 out of football, Smith signed with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers on March 7, 2007. The team released him on April 30, 2007.
### New England Patriots {#new_england_patriots}
Smith signed with the Patriots on June 8, 2007. He was released on August 22, 2007, and re-signed with the Patriots on April 22, 2008. Before the 2008 season he was placed on injured reserve and missed the entire season. He was released on June 4, 2009.
### Kansas City Chiefs {#kansas_city_chiefs}
Smith was signed by the Chiefs on October 21, 2009, and waived on December 8, 2009.
## NFL career statistics {#nfl_career_statistics}
Legend
----------
**Bold**
Year Team Games Tackles
------ ------ -------- ------- --------- --------
GP GS Cmb Solo Ast Sck
2001 NOR 6 0 8 7
2002 NOR 9 1 19 16
2003 NOR **15** **9** **42** **32**
2009 KAN 6 0 3 3
36 10 72 58
## Personal
Smith\'s son, J\'Mar, played quarterback at Louisiana Tech and was named Conference USA\'s 2019 Football Offensive Player of the Year. On May 5, 2020, J\'Mar signed as an undrafted free agent with the New England Patriots
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# Nicola Athapaskans
The **Nicola Athapaskans**, also known as the **Nicola people** or **Stuwix**, were an Athabascan people who migrated into the Nicola Country of what is now the Southern Interior of British Columbia from the north a few centuries ago but were slowly reduced in number by constant raiding from peoples from outside the valley (mostly Secwepemc), with the survivors, the last of whom lived near Nicola Lake, assimilated to the Scw\'exmx-Syilx Nicola people by the end of the 19th century. The term Nicola for them is a misnomer, though a common one used by ethnologists and linguists - it commemorates a famous Okanagan chief who once held sway over the valley and its peoples as well as over the Kamloops Shuswap.
First appearing in the Bonaparte River valley and at Spences Bridge, they came into conflict with the Secwepemc and Nlaka\'pamux peoples of that area, the Thompson Canyon, after journeying south to get away from \"bad neighbours\". At first in conflict with the Nlaka\'pamux, peaceful terms were come to and they were invited to settle in the area of Nicola Lake and the upper Similkameen Country and lived alongside the valley\'s mix of Okanagan and Nlaka\'pamux-speaking groups. The latter\'s name for them is the only indigenous name that exists for them, *stuwix* (\"strangers\"), as their own language, known as Nicola, did not survive and very little is known about it, as only a very little was recorded before it became extinct. At one time the Stuwix had also lived in the upper Similkameen and are credited by historian Mark S. Wade as being the first known inhabitants of that area until they were driven out by the group today constituted as the Upper Similkameen Indian Band and retreating to the area of Douglas, Stump and Nicola Lakes, where they were sheltered by Chief Nicola and the Scw\'exmx and Spaxomin who lived under his rule. Despite friendly relations with their immediate neighbours, they were subject to repeated raids by hostile tribes, notably the Secwepemc (Shuswap) and by the later 19th century only a handful survived. Very little is known of them as by the mid-19th century they were nearly extinct due to constant raiding by Thompson and Shuswap from outside the valley, and their surviving members were largely absorbed by the surrounding Scw\'exmx, a branch of the Thompson people by the time of European contact, and also partly by the Spaxomin, a branch of the Okanagan people also in the valley who are also known as the Spahomin Band. Some family lines are thought to survive among the Scwe\'exmx, and a handful of placenames in the Merritt-Princeton area are believed to be from their language, which some linguists believe may be closely related to, or simply a dialect of, the Chilcotin language.
## Another account {#another_account}
Although the anthropological and linguistic consensus is that the Nicola people were Athapaskan, an account in Okanagan Mourning Dove\'s writings says that they were a Chinookan group who had travelled up the Columbia River to escape bad neighbours there, finally finding refuge up the Okanagan River and beyond the upper Similkameen around Nicola Lake
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# Elk Mountain (British Columbia)
**Elk Mountain** is located within the Fraser Valley in South Western British Columbia. It is part of the Cascade mountain range. Its highest point reaches up to 1,432 m. It is often frequented by paragliders.
## Hiking Trail {#hiking_trail}
A popular 4 km (one-way) hiking trail called the Elk-Thurston trail allows access to the summit. This trail gains 640 m of elevation from the trailhead to the summit. The trail continues on to Mount Thurston, 3.5 km further along the trail and another 198 m higher. The trail continues to Mt Mercer, and it is possible to trek all the way to Mt Cheam
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# Yeap Ghim Guan
**Yeap Ghim Guan** (1941 -- 12 March 2007) is a Malaysian British-trained lawyer and politician. His political career began in Penang in the 1960s; Yeap served as state assemblyman for Kelawei for one term from 1969 to 1974.
He was one of the founder members of the Democratic Action Party (DAP), and served as the party\'s Penang chairman from 1965 to 1977. However, he left DAP after a bitter power struggle with the then secretary general Lim Kit Siang and co-founded two minor political parties.
These were the Socialist Democratic Party (SDP) in 1978 in which his main ally was fellow DAP exile Fan Yew Teng, and the Malaysian Democratic Party (MDP) in 1999, which was led by another DAP renegade Wee Choo Keong.
Yeap was well known for his aggressiveness, uncompromising stance and remarkable oratory skill. He once presented a 10-hour speech at the Penang Legislative Assembly in the 1970s. Another famous stunt was pledging to dive off the Penang Bridge if the then Chief Minister of Penang, Tun Lim Chong Eu, could successfully build Penang Bridge. He failed to fulfill this pledge when the bridge was completed.
However, his aggressive style ultimately proved to be his downfall; in 1974 he tore a poster of the then Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein shaking hands with Mao Zedong after the former\'s ground-breaking trip to the People\'s Republic of China. Yeap\'s move was deemed disrespectful, particularly among older Malaysian Chinese.
After the incident, the quarrel with Lim Kit Siang and subsequent exit from the DAP, Yeap\'s political prominence gradually faded. His other attempts to launch new parties were never as successful as the DAP.
He died on 12 March 2007 after two years of long illness due to stroke.
## Election results {#election_results}
\|Year \|Constituency Candidate \|Votes \|Pct Opponent(s) \|Votes \|Pct \|Ballots cast
-------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------- --------- -------- ------------------------- --------------- ------------ ------------ ----------------
1974 P042 Tanjong rowspan=3 `{{party shading/DAP}}`{=mediawiki} \| Yeap Ghim Guan (DAP) 13,969 41.69% \| (**Gerakan**) **15,409** **45.99%** 34,312
\| Tan Phock Kin (PEKEMAS) 2,508 7.48%
bgcolor=`{{party color|Parti Rakyat Malaysia}}`{=mediawiki} \| Lee Kok Liang (PSRM) 1,622 4.84%
: **Parliament of Malaysia**
\|Year \|Constituency Candidate \|Votes \|Pct Opponent(s) \|Votes \|Pct \|Ballots cast
-------- ------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ----------- ------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------------- ----------- ------------ ----------------
1969 **N08 Kelawei** \| **Yeap Ghim Guan** (**DAP**) **4,239** **67.50%** \| Tan Khim Hoe (MCA) 1,850 29.46% 6,280
1974 N23 Kampong Kolam rowspan=3 `{{party shading/Democratic Action Party}}`{=mediawiki} \| Yeap Ghim Guan (DAP) 4,279 32.24% bgcolor=`{{party color|Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia}}`{=mediawiki} \| **Khoo Khay Por** (**GERAKAN**) **5,458** **41.12%** 13,272
bgcolor=`{{party color|Malaysian Social Justice Party}}`{=mediawiki} \| Wong Hoong Keat (PEKEMAS) 1,664 12.54%
bgcolor=`{{party color|Socialist Party of Malaysia}}`{=mediawiki} \| Ho Ewe Seng (PSRM) 418 3
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# ColcaSac
**ColcaSac** was a Salt Lake City`{{En dash}}`{=mediawiki}based company, started in 2004 as **AppleSac**, that specializes in the making of sleeves specifically for small-format computers and phones. The company started by producing protective sleeves for the Apple MacBook. Due to trademark issues with Apple Inc., the company changed its name from AppleSac to ColcaSac in 2009. It terminated activities in 2014.
Because of a high demand for PC and laptop sleeves, ColcaSac began producing custom sleeves upon request in 2007. The company claims that natural fabrics and earthy colors reduce attractiveness to thieves.
As a company ColcaSac engages in environmentally respectful standards and is a member of 1% for the Planet. By 2010, the company had started producing protective sleeves for a wide variety of hardware beyond the MacBook: Kindle, iPhone, iPod Touch and iPod Classic using material such as hemp fibers
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# Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection
***Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection***, known in Japan as `{{nihongo||るろうに剣心 -明治剣客浪漫譚- 星霜編|'''Rurōni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Romantan- Seisōhen'''|"Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story – Time"|lead=yes}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Japanese original video animation (OVA) which serves as a sequel to the 1996--1998 anime television series *Rurouni Kenshin*, an adaptation of Nobuhiro Watsuki\'s 1994--1999 manga series. It was animated by Studio Deen, directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi and written by Reiko Yoshida. It was released from December 2001 to March 2002.
The OVA series is set both during and after the timeline of the television series and tells of Kenshin and Kaoru\'s later days, much of which is not derived from the *Rurouni Kenshin* manga. It is mostly told from the point of view of Kamiya Kaoru. The story follows Himura Kenshin as he attempts searching for ways to atone for those who died at his hands, while Kaoru waits for Kenshin to return home. Kenshin\'s actions, however, alienate him from his estranged son, Kenji.
*Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* was originally released in North America as ***Samurai X: Reflection*** while it was being licensed by ADV Films. *Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* is currently licensed by Aniplex of America for English-language releases. *Reflection* was released in the United States by ADV Films on DVD in March 2003, while a Director\'s Cut edition was later released. *Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* was released on Blu-ray Disc by Aniplex of America in September 2011.
*Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* received mixed reviews upon its release; critics praised the art, animation and music of the series but criticized its story and character development.
## Plot
The narrative begins with a montage of pivotal moments from Himura Kenshin\'s life, recounted through the perspective of Kamiya Kaoru. The story then shifts focus to Kenshin, who is tormented by guilt over his violent past and his inability to reconcile it with his present happiness. Resolving to wander once more, he is met with Kaoru\'s unwavering support; she promises to await his return with their child, welcoming him home with a smile. Over the next fifteen years, Kenshin periodically revisits his family before being stricken by an unidentified illness. In an act of shared suffering, Kaoru persuades him to transmit the disease to her through intimacy. Kenshin later departs to aid in the First Sino-Japanese War, fulfilling a promise to the Meiji government---not as a combatant, but as a healer assisting the wounded.
Meanwhile, his son, Kenji, harbors deep resentment toward Kenshin for his prolonged absence. As a teenager, Kenji travels to Kyoto seeking tutelage under Hiko Seijūrō, aspiring to master the `{{Transliteration|ja|Hiten Mitsurugi-ryū}}`{=mediawiki} style and rival his father\'s strength. Myōjin Yahiko, dispatched by Kaoru, confronts Kenji and engages him in a duel to dispel his misguided ambitions. Acknowledging Kenji\'s innate talent, Yahiko delivers a decisive strike with Kenshin\'s sakabatō, forcing him to confront the weight of his father\'s philosophy. Defeated, Kenji kneels as Yahiko presents him the reversed-blade sword as a belated `{{Transliteration|ja|[[genpuku]]}}`{=mediawiki} gift.
Following the war, Sagara Sanosuke discovers an ailing Kenshin after he falls overboard during a voyage. Sanosuke arranges his return to Tokyo, where a bedridden Kaoru musters the strength to meet him along a path lined with cherry blossoms. Weak and faltering, Kenshin collapses into her embrace, whispering that he has come back for her. Kaoru addresses him by his childhood name, Shinta, fulfilling his final request. Beneath the blossoms, she assures him they will host yearly gatherings beneath the tree. As silence settles, Kaoru realizes Kenshin has died peacefully in her arms. Brushing his hair aside, she finds his iconic scar vanished---a symbol of his atonement\'s completion.
In an epilogue, Kenji walks beneath the cherry blossoms with a young girl, Chizuru, vowing they will live happily together.
## Cast
List of *Rurouni Kenshin* characters}}
Character Japanese voice English voice
------------------ ------------------- ---------------------
Himura Kenshin Mayo Suzukaze J. Shannon Weaver
Kamiya Kaoru Miki Fujitani Katherine Catmull
Myōjin Yahiko Miina Tominaga Derek Wade
Sagara Sanosuke Yuji Ueda Gray Haddock
Takani Megumi Mika Doi Rebecca Robinson
Hiko Seijūrō Shūichi Ikeda James Brownlee
Himura Kenji Yuki Kaida Joey Hood
Sanjō Tsubame Yuri Shiratori Meg Bauman
Udō Jin-e Akio Otsuka Martin Blacker
Yukishiro Enishi Nozomu Sasaki Bill Wise
Yamagata Arimoto Hari Kaneko Bill Harwell
Chief Muraki Sukekiyo Kameyama Charles C. Campbell
Ujiki Mitsuru Miyamoto Charles C. Campbell
Raikōji Chizuru Reiko Fujita Elena Carrillo
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# Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection
## Release
*Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection* was directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi, with the screenplay written by Reiko Yoshida, and animated by Studio Deen. Its two episodes were first released on VHS and DVD by SPE Visual Works on December 19, 2001, and March 20, 2002. A \"Director\'s Cut\" DVD, which included new scenes, was released on October 9, 2002. Aniplex released the series on a Blu-ray set on September 21, 2011.
In North America, the OVA was released by A.D. Vision, under the title *Samurai X: Reflection*, on March 25, 2003. The Director\'s Cut DVD was released on December 28, 2004. Aniplex of America released the OVA on a Blu-ray set, as *Rurouni Kenshin: Reflection*, on September 20, 2011.
In Australia and New Zealand, Madman Entertainment released the OVA on DVD on May 14, 2003. In the United Kingdom, A.D. Vision released the OVA on DVD on September 22, 2003.
### Music
The music for *Reflection* was composed by Taku Iwasaki. A soundtrack album, containing 18 tracks, was released on January 23, 2002.
## Reception
Although *Reflection* was not written by Watsuki, he stated that he \"checked in on the script.\" Watsuki mentioned not having input in it, and let the director \"run wild with it.\" In response to Kenshin\'s death in comparison to the happy ending in the manga version, he felt that his own work eventually would have reached Kenshin\'s death had he continued writing. He had not wished to pursue that line because \"Kenshin went through so much crap and deserved a happy ending.\" He felt that neither version was better than the other because \"it\'s a personal taste thing.\"
Mike Crandol of *Anime News Network* gave different opinions about the OVA series. On one hand, Crandal said that the OVA series were some of the best animation ever to come out of Japan, rivaling the American masters in fluidity of motion and with a musical score to match. On the other hand, Crandol says that fans of the original story will be disappointed as there are not many fight scenes and that the character Kenshin Himura is very different from his original version; for instance, he never uses his trademark idiomatic phrase \"oro?\", and it is thought he never gives a \"true\" smile. Crandol also comments about a \"tedious and depressing melodrama\". while IGN felt that some moments of the relationship between Kenshin and Kaoru were depressing. While criticizing the characters\' sad decisions, Serdar Yegulalp from About.com wondered whether the OVAs had to make viewers accept Kenshin\'s death wish after so much time of wandering and feeling a mortal disease. However, some reviewers noted Kenshin\'s personality in the OVAs was one of the most complex ever to be animated remarking on the fact that he can not forget his bloody past, despite having a peaceful life. Don Houston from DVD Talk noted the controversy between the fandom as they refrained from treating *Reflection* as canon due to how tragic the life of Kenshin\'s family became. Ridwan Khan from Animefringe found that Enishi and Shishio\'s antagonisms against Kenshin in the original video animations were overshadowed by Kenshin\'s disease due to the bigger impact it has on the narrative
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# Court of Coal Mines Regulation of New South Wales
The **Court of Coal Mines Regulation** was a court established in New South Wales, a state of Australia to investigate mining accidents and to determine certain offences relating to coal mining. The court was abolished on 23 December 2006.
## Composition
The court was established under the Coal Mines Regulation Act 1982 (NSW). It could exercise functions under the Act from 26 March 1984.
The Governor of New South Wales could appoint a judge of the District Court of New South Wales to sit as the court.
The court was to sit with assessors when determining appeals or when considering an objection by the chief inspector of coal mines to the appointment of a plant manager of a coal mine. Appeals to the court were available against certain decisions of the Minister for Mineral Resources.
In other cases, the court was to sit alone, although in the case of an inquiry into a mining accident, the court could be assisted by a barrister or a solicitor, usually called "counsel assisting".
The reports of a Court of Coal Mines Regulation could have far reaching consequences leading to changes in coal mining practice and by its exposure of poor practices or poor implementation of proper practices.
## Caseload
There are no published figures on the caseload of the court.
## Appeals
There was the provision of appeals to the Supreme Court of New South Wales and the Court of Criminal Appeal of New South Wales.
## Notable case {#notable_case}
The most notable case was that relating to the Gretley coal mine disaster, near Newcastle, where four men were killed when their mining machine broke into the flooded workings of an old coalmine, abandoned over 80 years earlier. The inquiry was held by his Honour Jim Staunton, former chief judge of the District Court of New South Wales, who was appointed to be an acting judge of the Court for this inquiry.
The inquiry was notable for its early use of technology to display information electronically in the court room.
Previously, the last judicial inquiry into a coalmining disaster was held in respect of the Appin explosion in 1979, under the previous Coal Mines Regulation Act 1912, which was held by Judge Goran.
## Abolition
The court was abolished on 23 December 2006 by the Coal Mine Health and Safety Act 2002 (NSW)
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# The Birds of St. Marks
\"**The Birds of St. Marks**\" is a song by Jackson Browne. It was originally written in 1967 when he was 18 and returning home to California after a brief stint living in New York where he was recording with Nico. The song was recorded as a demo for Criterion in 1970. Browne re-discovered it in an interview from the 1994 concert video \"Going Home\" where he recalled it at the piano. It was again captured on his *Solo Acoustic, Vol. 1* album when at a concert a fan called out and requested it.
Browne properly recorded it for the first time in 2014 and it appears on his 14th studio album *Standing in the Breach*. \"This is a song I always heard as a Byrds song, and that was even part of the writing of the song,\" he told Rolling Stone in an August, 2014 interview. The finished version of the song features Greg Leisz playing a \"McGuinn-esque 12-string,\" described Rolling Stone. Leisz and Jackson were joined by Val McCallum (electric guitar), Bob Glaub (bass) Don Heffington (drums), while as described in MOJO \"McCallum and Kipp Lennon stir\[red\] essence of Crosby into the vocal harmonies.\" The song is also featured in the 2007 movie *Reign Over Me* starring Adam Sandler and Don Cheadle
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# Sziklai
**Sziklai** or **Sziklay** is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Arnold Sziklay (fl. c
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# 1919 Australian federal election
The **1919 Australian federal election** was held on 13 December 1919 to elect members to the Parliament of Australia. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist Party government won re-election, with Prime Minister Billy Hughes continuing in office.
The 1919 election was the first held since the passage of the *Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918*, which introduced preferential voting for both houses of parliament -- instant-runoff voting for the House of Representatives and preferential block voting for the Senate. It was held several months earlier than constitutionally required, so that the government could capitalise on the popularity of Hughes after his return from the Paris Peace Conference. The Nationalists campaigned on the government\'s war record and appealed to return soldiers. The Australian Labor Party (ALP), in opposition since the 1916 party split, contested a second election under the leadership of Frank Tudor. However, T. J. Ryan was the party\'s national campaign director and played a key role in the campaign.
The Nationalists won 37 out of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, including the seat of Ballaarat by a single vote. Labor won 26 seats, a net gain of four. The Nationalists also swept the Senate for a second consecutive election, leaving the ALP with just a single senator, Albert Gardiner. The election was notable for the emergence of the Country Party as a national political force. A referendum was held simultaneous to the election, at which the government unsuccessfully sought approval to amend the constitution for increased government powers over commerce.
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# 1919 Australian federal election
## Background
The Nationalist Party, formed after the 1916 Labor Party split, won a large majority at the 1917 federal election. In April 1918, Prime Minister Billy Hughes left Australia to attend the Imperial War Cabinet. He was overseas for sixteen months, which saw the signing of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 and the Paris Peace Conference. He was at the height of his popularity during this time, and was widely feted when he returned to Australia in August 1919. According to Robert Garran, who was both Solicitor-General of Australia and Hughes\' personal secretary at the conference, there were three main problems that confronted him upon his return -- profiteering, high prices, and industrial unrest.
At the ALP Federal Conference in early October 1919, a resolution was passed calling on T. J. Ryan, premier of Queensland, to enter federal politics. He agreed to do so, and was appointed to the new position of \"national campaign director\". Con Wallace, MP for West Sydney, agreed to give up the ALP nomination to allow Ryan to win a safe seat. Opposition Leader Frank Tudor remained the party\'s formal leader, but Ryan had a higher public profile and led the ALP\'s campaign. According to King O\'Malley, who met with him in Hobart a few weeks before the election, Ryan believed that he would become prime minister if Labor won the election.
### Electoral reform {#electoral_reform}
The 1919 federal election was the first to use preferential voting. The *Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918* replaced the previous first-past-the-post system used in the House of Representatives, and also re-introduced postal voting. It was amended the following year to also allow preferential voting for the Senate. The new act repealed the existing *Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902*, but did not alter the terms of the *Commonwealth Electoral (War-time) Act 1917*, under which naturalised British subjects born in enemy countries were disqualified from voting. This provision mainly affected German-Australians. There was a long history of support for preferential voting in Australia, but the immediate trigger for the new legislation was the decision of farmers\' organisations to run candidates of their own in opposition to the Nationalist Party. The Swan by-election in October 1918 saw an ALP candidate elected with just over one-third of the vote, after the Nationalist candidate split the vote with a candidate from the Country Party of Western Australia. The Corangamite by-election in December was the first held under the new system, and resulted in the Victorian Farmers\' Union candidate winning from Nationalist preferences.
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# 1919 Australian federal election
## Campaign
Constitutionally, a new election was not due until early 1920, but the Nationalists wished to hold an early election to capitalise on Hughes\' popularity. On 30 September, the party caucus approved an election for 13 December. The writs were formally issued on 3 November, with the close of nominations on 14 November. However, the campaign had begun in earnest after the last sitting day of federal parliament on 24 October.
### Party platforms {#party_platforms}
#### Nationalists
Hughes and the Nationalists sought re-election largely on the basis of their record in government. The prime minister\'s 90-minute policy speech, delivered in Bendigo on 30 November, was \"stronger on generalities than on concrete proposals\". Hughes promised to appoint royal commissions on profiteering, the living wage, and taxation, and to call a constitutional convention for 1920. He planned to overhaul industrial relations by setting up a system of industrial councils with a Commonwealth Industrial Court at their apex. The Nationalists also promised government support of industry, primary producers, and immigration.
#### Labor
The ALP was ill-prepared for the election -- six weeks before the polling date, it had no party manifesto, had preselected few candidates, and the state branches in Victoria and New South Wales were \"virtually bankrupt\". The party eventually released its manifesto on 4 November, which was signed by Tudor, Ryan, and Jack Holloway. It \"showed much of Ryan\'s hand in its language and political style\", and ended with a quote from Abraham Lincoln. Tudor\'s policy speech was delivered in Melbourne the following day. The party promised an expansion of the welfare system, including the introduction of widows\' pensions, child endowment for orphans and children of invalids, and a significant increase in old-age and disability pensions. It also promised to establish a national shipping line, national insurance office, and national medical service, which were to be funded through a wealth tax.
### Issues
The campaign primarily focused on Hughes and Ryan and their respective records. *The Round Table* observed that \"the prominence given to them made genuine political discussion impossible\". The Nationalists accused Ryan of disloyalty to the war effort and fostering left-wing extremism, while Labor accused Hughes of mismanaging the war and failing to deal with profiteering. Tudor was \"barely considered\" in the campaign due to poor health, and twice had to withdraw from campaigning due to \"attacks of hemorrhage\". The Nationalists claimed Hughes had safeguarded the White Australia policy at the Paris Peace Conference, while the ALP said he had endangered it by failing to stop the Japanese from acquiring the South Seas Mandate. Issues relating to returned soldiers were also prominent, and the 1919 election has been classed as a wartime or \"khaki\" election, despite it taking place over a year after the Armistice.
#### Returned soldiers {#returned_soldiers}
Both parties were keen to secure the votes of returned soldiers, and Hughes in particular cultivated them as a new political base. In 1919, there were about 270,000 returned soldiers out of a total enrolment of 2.85 million; they were viewed as a \"vital political constituency\". While Hughes was already popular with the armed forces, he sought an explicit endorsement from the main lobby group for returned soldiers, the Returned Sailors and Soldiers Imperial League of Australia (RSSILA). Its newly elected president was Gilbert Dyett, a 28-year-old junior officer who was protective of the organisation\'s independence and political neutrality. In the lead-up to the election Hughes had five separate meetings with Dyett and other officials. He was willing to make concessions on repatriation policy and other related issues, but repeatedly stressed that the RSSILA\'s agenda could only be enacted if the Nationalists won, for which a formal endorsement was necessary. Dyett was unwilling to compromise his neutrality, and consequently the RSSILA \"gained almost every concession they sought, yet maintained their independence by holding out to Hughes the prospect of returned soldier support while never granting it\".
#### Sectarianism
Sectarianism between Catholics and Protestants became an issue in the campaign. In early November, Ryan chaired an Irish Race Convention in Melbourne, which had been organised by Catholic archbishop Daniel Mannix to support Irish home rule. Mannix tacitly endorsed Ryan as prime minister, stating that \"Ireland and Irish Australia have no reason to be ashamed of him, either as Premier of Queensland or as the prospective Prime Minister of the Commonwealth\". Additionally, the Catholic press in Melbourne and Sydney \"unashamedly support\[ed\] Ryan and his party\". In response, Protestant organisations ran advertisements claiming a Labor government would see Australia controlled by the Catholic Church.
### McDougall incident {#mcdougall_incident}
One issue in the campaign was the anti-war poem \"The White Man\'s Burden\", written by John Keith McDougall in 1900 during the Boer War. It contained lines critical of soldiers, describing them as \"sordid killers who murder for a fee\", \"hog-souled and dirty-handed\", and \"fools and flunkeys\". The poem was republished on a number of occasions during World War I -- in January 1915 by the *Labor Call*, the official ALP newspaper in Victoria, and later by McDougall\'s opponents at the 1915 Grampians by-election and 1917 federal election. On 13 November 1919, *Melbourne Punch* re-published excerpts from the poem, contrasting them with the ALP\'s election manifesto which praised soldiers. Pro-government newspapers did likewise, particularly *The Argus*, and a leaflet containing the poem was widely circulated. Hughes frequently quoted the poem in his campaign speeches, stating that returned soldiers faced a choice between \"those who stood by you, or those who spoke contemptuously of you as \'sordid killers\'\". Pro-opposition newspapers noted that Hughes had in fact campaigned for McDougall four years later, when he was still a member of the ALP. The outcry over the poem was directed at the ALP rather than its author, who was often not identified. However, a week before the election, a group of about 20 ex-soldiers kidnapped McDougall from his property in Ararat, before tarring and feathering him and dumping him in the street, bound and blindfolded. In February 1920, six of the men were convicted of assault and fined £5 each, while receiving sympathy from the magistrate and much of the press.
| 1,019 |
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| 2 |
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# 1919 Australian federal election
## Results
### House of Representatives {#house_of_representatives}
Out of the 75 seats in the House of Representatives, 37 were won by the Nationalists and 26 by the Labor Party. In Melbourne Ports and Newcastle, the ALP candidate was elected unopposed. Eleven of the remaining twelve seats were won by candidates endorsed by or aligned with the farmers\' organisations in each state; they subsequently formed the Country Party. The remaining seat was won by Frederick Francis, who stood as an \"independent Nationalist\" in the Melbourne seat of Henty and defeated the sitting Nationalist member.
Government ministers Paddy Glynn and William Webster were among those who lost their seats. The closest margin of victory was in Ballaarat, where Nationalist Edwin Kerby defeated the sitting Labor member Charles McGrath by a single vote. The result was successfully challenged in the Court of Disputed Returns, with Justice Isaac Isaacs criticising the \"almost incredible carelessness\" of the electoral officers. McGrath won the seat back at the resulting by-election. Mary Grant was the only woman to stand for the House of Representatives, polling 18.1 percent of the vote in Kooyong.
Party Votes \% Swing Seats
------- ---------------------------- ----------- ------- ------- --------
\| Nationalist 870,959 45.62 −8.60 37
\| Labor 811,244 42.49 −1.45 26
\| Country 166,444 8.72 +8.72 11
\| Industrial Socialist Labor 3,637 0.19 +0.19 0
\| Independents 56,947 2.98 +1.13 1
Total 1,909,231 **75**
: House of Reps (IRV) --- 1919--1922---Turnout 71.59% (Non-CV) --- Informal 3.47%
### Senate
In the Senate, the Nationalists won 18 out of the 19 seats up for election. The party had previously won all 18 seats at the 1917 election, leaving them with \"an absurdly large majority\" -- after 1 July 1920, when the new senators began their term, Albert Gardiner was the only non-government senator and the sole representative of the Labor Party in the chamber. The country parties failed to win any seats, but some Nationalist senators were sympathetic to their views. Mary McMahon was the only woman to stand for the Senate, polling 0.3 percent of the statewide vote in New South Wales.
Party Votes \% Swing Seats won Seats held
------- ---------------------------------- ----------- ------- ------- ----------- ------------
\| Nationalist 861,990 46.40 −8.97 18 35
\| Labor 795,858 42.84 −0.89 1 1
\| Country 163,293 8.79 +8.79 0 0
\| Socialist Labor 10,508 0.57 +0.06 0 0
\| Independent 26,374 1.42 +1.03 0 0
Total`{{Pad|100px}}`{=mediawiki} 1,857,823 19 36
: Senate (P BV) --- 1919--22---Turnout 71.33% (Non-CV) --- Informal 8.61%
| 418 |
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# 1919 Australian federal election
## Seats changing hands {#seats_changing_hands}
Seat Pre-1919
---------------- ---------- ------------- --------------------
Party Member Margin
Adelaide, SA \| Labor George Edwin Yates
Angas, SA \| Nationalist Paddy Glynn
Ballaarat, Vic \| Labor Charles McGrath
Brisbane, Qld \| Labor William Finlayson
Calare, NSW \| Nationalist Henry Pigott
Cowper, NSW \| Nationalist John Thomson
Grampians, Vic \| Nationalist Edmund Jowett
Gwydir, NSW \| Nationalist William Webster
Henty, Vic \| Nationalist James Boyd
Hindmarsh, SA \| Nationalist William Archibald
Hume, NSW \| Nationalist *Franc Falkiner*
Indi, Vic \| Nationalist John Leckie
Kalgoorlie, WA \| Nationalist Edward Heitmann
Swan, WA \| Labor Edwin Corboy
Werriwa, NSW \| Nationalist John Lynch
Wimmera, Vic \| Nationalist Sydney Sampson
- Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election.
## Post-election pendulum {#post_election_pendulum}
----------------------
**Government seats**
Nationalist Party
**Marginal**
Ballaarat (Vic)
Adelaide (SA)
Brisbane (Qld)
Eden-Monaro (NSW)
Riverina (NSW)
Fawkner (Vic)
Grey (SA)
Herbert (Qld)
Illawarra (NSW)
Robertson (NSW)
Oxley (Qld)
Denison (Tas)
Darwin (Tas)
Wannon (Vic)
Wide Bay (Qld)
Bendigo (Vic)
Gippsland (Vic)
Moreton (Qld)
Bass (Tas)
**Fairly safe**
Nepean (NSW)
New England (NSW)
Lang (NSW)
Corio (Vic)
Darling Downs (Qld)
Wakefield (SA)
**Safe**
Wilmot (Tas)
Fremantle (WA)
Perth (WA)
Parkes (NSW)
Franklin (Tas)
Lilley (Qld)
Wentworth (NSW)
Barker (SA)
Kooyong (Vic)
Dampier (WA)
Balaclava (Vic)
Flinders (Vic)
Boothby (SA)
**Very safe**
Richmond (NSW)
Parramatta (NSW)
North Sydney (NSW)
----------------------
------------------------------------------
**Non-government seats**
Australian Labor Party and Country Party
**Marginal**
Angas (SA)
Werriwa (NSW)
Hindmarsh (SA)
Kalgoorlie (WA)
Maribyrnong (Vic)
Calare (NSW)
Maranoa (Qld)
Capricornia (Qld)
Gwydir (NSW)
Macquarie (NSW)
Bourke (Vic)
Barrier (NSW)
**Fairly safe**
Batman (Vic)
Hume (NSW)
East Sydney (NSW)
Swan (WA)
Grampians (Vic)
Hunter (NSW)
Wimmera (Vic)
Dalley (NSW)
**Safe**
Corangamite (Vic)
Kennedy (Qld)
Darling (NSW)
Indi (Vic)
Echuca (Vic)
Melbourne (Vic)
Cook (NSW)
South Sydney (NSW)
**Very safe**
Yarra (Vic)
Cowper (NSW)
West Sydney (NSW)
Melbourne Ports (Vic)
Newcastle (NSW)
**Independents**
Henty (Vic)
------------------------------------------
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| 4 |
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# 1919 Australian federal election
## Aftermath and analysis {#aftermath_and_analysis}
According to Hughes\' biographer L. F. Fitzhardinge, \"the result of the election gave no satisfaction to anyone\". The Nationalists were the only party capable of forming a government, but their failure to win an absolute majority weakened the position of Hughes within the party. Neither of the referendum questions carried. Ryan attributed the ALP\'s defeat to the new voting system, while James Catts, the party\'s campaign director in New South Wales, stated in January 1920 that \"the defeat of Labor is due to Labor\". Senior Labor MP William Higgs publicly blamed the election result on interference from the organisational wing, and was expelled from the party in February 1920. He sat as an independent for a period before joining the Nationalists later in the year. It has been suggested that anti-Irish sentiment may have played a part in the ALP\'s failure to win more seats. The result led some within the party to question the wisdom of Archbishop Mannix involving himself in politics.
The new House of Representatives proved much less stable than its immediate predecessors. According to Gavin Souter, the author of an official history of parliament, the most notable result of the 1919 election was the emergence of the Country Party as a force in federal politics. On 22 January 1920, nine of the crossbench MPs agreed to form a parliamentary party, which they named the Australian Country Party. Two others joined the Country Party in the month before parliament opened on 26 February, leaving it with eleven MPs out of 75. William McWilliams was elected as the party\'s inaugural leader. Tudor moved a motion of no confidence in the government on 3 March, which was defeated by 45 votes to 22. The Country Party generally supported the government\'s agenda over the course of the parliament.
The election greatly increased the number of returned soldiers in parliament, which rose from four to sixteen; all but two were Nationalists. According to `{{harvp|Crotty|2019}}`{=mediawiki}, the concessions Hughes made in an attempt to gain the returned-soldier vote \"ensured two of Australia\'s major wartime legacies: a powerful, united and well-connected veterans\' organisation, and a repatriation system that was perhaps the world\'s most generous\"
| 370 |
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# Yuri Ovchinnikov (biochemist)
**Yuri Anatolyevich Ovchinnikov** (*Овчинников, Юрий Анатольевич*; 2 August 1934 -- 17 February 1988) was a Soviet chemist who contributed to bioorganic chemistry and biochemistry. He was elected in 1970 as a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences and subsequently became the youngest vice president of the academy in its history (1974-1988). He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1977. He was also president of the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (1984-1986), Director of the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry in Moscow (1970-1988) and professor at Moscow State University. From 1972 through to 1984 he served concomitantly as head of the Laboratory of Protein Chemistry at the USSR Academy of Sciences\' [Institute of Protein](https://www.protres.ru/) (Pushchino, Moscow *oblast*).
Ovchinnikov\'s political career mirrored his achievements within the USSR Academy of Sciences. It is highly unlikely that he would have advanced so far, so quickly, in the scientific arena without the full and enthusiastic engagement of the Soviet political system. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1962 and was then elected in March 1981 as a candidate member of the CPSU Central Committee. This made him one of the youngest persons ever to take this first step toward full, voting membership in the Soviet policy-making group. He served as a member of the Central Auditing Commission of the CPSU from 1976 to 1980. From 1975 to 1988 he was a member of the Presidium of the Higher Attestation Commission of the USSR Council of Ministers. He attended the XXV, VVVI and XXVII Congresses of the CPSU as a delegate in 1976, 1981 and 1986 respectively.
He was a leading proponent of using molecular biology and genetics for creating new types of biological weapons. It was in this latter context that Ovchinnikov was appointed to the highly secret Interdepartmental Scientific-Technical Council on Molecular Biology and Genetics - known also by the coded designation P.O. Box A-3092. The council was the nerve centre of the Soviet biological weapons programme. By stressing the potential military applications of the newly emerging techniques of molecular biology, Ovchinnikov was able to extract substantial resources for his research endeavours in the biological sciences. In 1984, for example, he was able to secure reported US\$300 million funding from the Soviet government for the construction of palatial new quarters for his institute which consisted of thirteen interconnected seven-storey buildings which from above described a huge DNA double helix. Occupying an area of 85,000 square metres it was generously equipped and had an annual budget of a reported 100 million roubles.
He contributed to the field of biophysics and biochemistry through research in rhodopsin and structural biology
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# Santi Prunati
**Santi Prunati** (1652 or 1656 -- 27 November 1728) was an Italian painter of the Baroque era, born and mainly active in Verona.
## Biography
He was born to Antonio Prunati, and baptized by 22 September. He originally studied with a painter by the name of Voltolino, then with Biagio Falcieri. At age 19, he traveled to Vicenza to paint in the choir of San Jacopo and paint an altarpiece depicting *St Antony of Padua* for the church of San Felice. He then traveled to Venice to work in the studio of Giovanni Carlo Loth.
He then traveled to Bologna to paint in various churches. He also traveled to Turin to paint in the palace of the Marchese de Pianezza. He also painted in Bergamo. A *Last Supper* originally painted for St. Thomas Apostle, was found in the museum of Verona. He painted a *Holy family with Saints Anne, young John the Baptist, and Donor Dal Pozzo* for the apse of the church of San Lorenzo, Verona (likely copy of an earlier Raphael). His son, Michelangelo Prunati was also a painter
| 184 |
Santi Prunati
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# Glycoprotein Ib
**Glycoprotein Ib** (**GPIb**), also known as CD42, is a component of the GPIb-V-IX complex on platelets. The GPIb-V-IX complex binds von Willebrand factor, allowing platelet adhesion and platelet plug formation at sites of vascular injury. Glycoprotein Ibα (GPIbα) is the major ligand-binding subunit of the GPIb-V-IX complex. GPIbα is heavily glycosylated.
It is deficient in the Bernard--Soulier syndrome. A gain-of-function mutation causes platelet-type von Willebrand disease.
Autoantibodies against Ib/IX can be produced in immune thrombocytopenic purpura.
Components include GP1BA and GP1BB.
It complexes with Glycoprotein IX
| 89 |
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| 0 |
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# Martin Kreuzer
**Martin Kreuzer** (born 15 July 1962 in Ihrlerstein) is a German mathematics professor and chess player who holds the chess titles of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster and FIDE Master.
Kreuzer did his graduate studies in mathematics at the University of Regensburg, located on the Danube River in Bavaria. After spending one year in the United States as a foreign exchange student at Brandeis University in Boston, he finished his diploma in Mathematics in Regensburg in 1986. He received his doctorate of natural sciences with dissertation `{{em|Vektorbündel und der Satz von Cayley-Bacharach}}`{=mediawiki} from University of Regensburg in 1989, working under advisor Ernst Kunz. Next came a post-doctoral fellowship at Queen\'s University in Kingston, Ontario, Canada, from 1989 to 1991, working in algebraic geometry with Professor Anthony Geramita. He then returned to Germany, worked as a scientific assistant at the University of Regensburg and gained his habilitation in Mathematics in 1997. After substituting for the chair of algebraic geometry at the University of Bayreuth in 2000--2001 and for the chair of algebra at Technical University of Dortmund from 2002 to 2007, he moved to Passau where he holds the chair of symbolic computation at the University of Passau. His main research interests are computer algebra, cryptography, computational commutative algebra, algebraic geometry, and their industrial applications.
Kreuzer\'s chess skills have earned him the FIDE Master title for over-the-board play. During his short stay in Canada, he finished fourth at the 1990 Open Canadian Chess Championship at Edmundston. Further notable over-the-board results include the prize for the best player without Elo number in the Elo rating system at the 1987 Open \"Chess for Peace\" in London and a fourth place at the first Novotel Open in Genova, Italy in 1997.
He gained the title of International Correspondence Chess Grandmaster (GMC) 1994, from his result in the 1988--95 Von Massow Memorial tournament. Kreuzer played board six in the finals, on the German team which shared the gold medal at the 11th Correspondence Chess Olympiad, 1992--1999. He was a member the German team which won the 12th Correspondence Chess Olympiad, 1998--2004, and a member of the German team which won the 13th Correspondence Chess Olympiad, 2004--2009.
A selection of his games can be found at chessbase.com.
## Writings
- *Computational Commutative Algebra I*, by Martin Kreuzer and Lorenzo Robbiano, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag 2000, `{{ISBN|978-3-540-67733-8}}`{=mediawiki}.
- *Computational Commutative Algebra II*, by Martin Kreuzer and Lorenzo Robbiano, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag 2005, `{{ISBN|978-3-540-25527-7}}`{=mediawiki}
| 405 |
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# Mecloqualone
**Mecloqualone** (**Nubarene**, **Casfen**) is a quinazolinone-class GABAergic and is an analogue of methaqualone that was first made in 1960 and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic properties caused by its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABA~a~ receptor, and was used for the treatment of insomnia. Mecloqualone is faster-acting but shorter-lasting than methaqualone and so was used only as a sleeping pill, in contrast to methaqualone, which was used as a general-purpose anxiolytic as well. Mecloqualone was never as widely used as methaqualone and is no longer prescribed because of concerns about its potential for abuse and overdose. In the United States it is a Schedule I non-narcotic (depressant) controlled substance with an ACSCN of 2572 and 30 grams annual aggregate manufacturing quota
| 136 |
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| 0 |
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# 1917 Australian federal election
The **1917 Australian federal election** was held in Australia on 5 May 1917. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Nationalist Party, led by Prime Minister Billy Hughes, defeated the opposition Labor Party led by Frank Tudor in a landslide.
Hughes, at the time a member of the ALP, had become prime minister when Andrew Fisher retired in 1915. The Australian Labor Party split of 1916 over the conscription issue had led Hughes and 24 other pro-conscription Labor MPs to split off as the National Labor Party, which was able to form a minority government supported by the Commonwealth Liberal Party under Joseph Cook. Later that year, National Labor and the Liberals merged to form the Nationalist Party, with Hughes as leader and Cook as deputy leader. The election was fought in the aftermath of the 1916 plebiscite on conscription, which had been narrowly defeated. The Nationalists won a decisive victory, securing the largest majority government since Federation. The ALP suffered a large electoral swing against it, losing almost seven percentage points of its vote share compared with 1914. The swing was magnified by the large number of former Labor MPs who followed Hughes out of the party. This election would be the last federal election using the first past the post election system as Australia switched to the preferential voting system in 1919.
This is the first of two elections (the other in 1922 also with Hughes as the incumbent Prime Minister), in which the incumbent Prime Minister, Hughes, had successfully transferred to another seat.
At this election, Hughes had abandoned West Sydney, which he won with 75.3% of the vote as the Labor candidate at the previous election in 1914, and moved to Bendigo instead, winning it as the Nationalist candidate: unlike 1922, Hughes made his seat transfer in 1917 by defeating that seat\'s incumbent member, Alfred Hampson, for re-election, the only time that an incumbent Prime Minister has defeated another MP for his seat.
Except for the 1917 and 1922 elections, all other elections have seen the incumbent Prime Minister recontest the seat that they held prior to the election.
## Results
### House of Representatives {#house_of_representatives}
Party Votes \% Swing Seats
------- ---------------------------------- ----------- ------- -------- --------
\| Nationalist 1,021,138 54.22 +7.01 53
\| Labor 827,541 43.94 --6.96 22
\| Independents 34,755 1.85 −0.05 0
Total`{{Pad|100px}}`{=mediawiki} 1,883,434 **75**
\| **Nationalist** **Win** **53**
\| Labor 22
: House of Reps 1917--1919 (FPTP) -- Turnout 78.30% (Non-CV) -- Informal 2.64%
**Notes**
- Ten members were elected unopposed -- seven Nationalist and three Labor.
- The changes recorded for the Nationalist Party are with regard to the Commonwealth Liberal Party\'s performance in 1914.
### Senate
Party Votes \% Swing Seats won Seats held
------- ---------------------------------- ----------- ------- ------- ----------- ------------
\| Nationalist 3,516,354 55.37 +7.60 18 24
\| Labor 2,776,648 43.72 −8.42 0 12
\| Socialist Labor 32,692 0.51 +0.51 0 0
\| Independents 24,676 0.39 +0.39 0 0
Total`{{Pad|100px}}`{=mediawiki} 6,350,370 18 36
: Senate 1917--1919 (FPTP BV) -- Turnout 77.69% (Non-CV) -- Informal N/A
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Notes**
- The changes recorded for the Nationalist Party are with regard to the Commonwealth Liberal Party\'s performance in 1914.
## Seats changing hands {#seats_changing_hands}
Seat Pre-1917
---------------- ---------- ------------- ---------------------
Party Member Margin
Bass, Tas \| Labor Jens Jensen
Bendigo, Vic \| Labor Alfred Hampson
Boothby, SA \| Labor *George Dankel*
Corio, Vic \| Labor Alfred Ozanne
Darwin, Tas \| Labor King O\'Malley
Denison, Tas \| Labor William Laird Smith
Fawkner, Vic \| Labor Joseph Hannan
Fremantle, WA \| Labor Reginald Burchell
Gippsland, Vic \| Independent George Wise
Grey, SA \| Labor Alexander Poynton
Gwydir, NSW \| Labor William Webster
Herbert, Qld \| Labor Fred Bamford
Hindmarsh, SA \| Labor William Archibald
Illawarra, NSW \| Labor George Burns
Indi, Vic \| Labor Parker Moloney
Kalgoorlie, WA \| Labor Hugh Mahon
Oxley, Qld \| Labor James Sharpe
Werriwa, NSW \| Labor John Lynch
- Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election
| 684 |
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| 0 |
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# Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus
**Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus** also known as **Gessius Marcianus** (flourished second half of the 2nd century and first half of the 3rd century, died 218) was a Syrian Roman aristocrat. He was the second husband of Julia Avita Mamaea and step-father of the future emperor Severus Alexander.
## Early life {#early_life}
Little is known about the origins of Marcianus. He was an Equestrian officer who became a Promagistrate. No further details are known of the political career of Marcianus.
## Family
Cassius Dio mentions a daughter that was married in 218 AD, thus probably a child from a previous marriage than the one to Mamaea. Marcianus married the Roman Syrian noblewoman Julia Avita Mamaea, as her second husband. Mamaea was the second daughter of the powerful Roman Syrian nobles Julia Maesa and Julius Avitus. Her maternal aunt was the Roman empress Julia Domna (wife of emperor Septimius Severus), thus her maternal cousins were Roman emperors Caracalla and Publius Septimius Geta, she was also the maternal aunt to Roman emperor Elagabalus. The marriage of Marcianus and Mamaea may have strengthened Septimius Severus\' power base in the Roman Eastern provinces. He and Mamaea may have had a son named Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus. The *Historia Augusta* also mentions a sister of Severus Alexander named Theoclia who was of marriageable age during Alexanders reign.
## Death
He was murdered on the orders of Roman emperor Macrinus in 218 in Emesa, Syria alongside an unnamed daughter and son-in-law
| 249 |
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| 0 |
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# The Politician
***The Politician*** is a Caroline era stage play, a tragedy written by James Shirley, and first published in 1655.
## Publication
*The Politician,* along with another Shirley play, *The Gentleman of Venice,* was published by the bookseller Humphrey Moseley in 1655 in alternative quarto and octavo formats. The quarto was a solo-play edition; the octavo paired *The Politician* with *The Gentleman of Venice,* in an edition meant to match the Shirley collection titled *Six New Plays* that Moseley had issued two years earlier, in 1653. Buyers could have had the two new plays bound together with the earlier collection if they so chose.
## Date
The play is thought to date from c. 1639, though firm information of its stage history is lacking; it may have been staged in Dublin, where the author was working at the Werburgh Street Theatre in the later 1630s, before it appeared in London. No license from the Master of the Revels has been found for *The Politician,* though the May 26 1641 license for *The Politic Father,* an otherwise-unknown play, may apply to it. The title page of the first edition states that the play was acted by Queen Henrietta\'s Men at the Salisbury Court Theatre, the venue that the company occupied in the 1637--42 period.
## Synopsis
The play possesses a highly unusual (for Shirley) setting in Norway. Gotharus is an ambitious political operator, determined to control the Norwegian throne. He sows distrust between the King and his son and heir Prince Turgesius, using forged letters indicating that the Prince covets the throne. He arranges that both Turgesius and the Prince\'s granduncle Duke Olaus are sent on a distant military expedition, planning that the Prince will not survive. Next Gotharus manipulates a wedding between the debauched King and the widow Marpisa, who is Gotharus\'s mistress; his goal is to place Marpisa\'s son Haraldus on the throne. Haraldus, however, proves too naive to be a willing tool, and Turgesius is marching home after a notable victory; Gotharus decides to assassinate the Prince and to have Haraldus seduced to make him more malleable.
But his plans misfire: Haraldus is distressed to learn that his mother is Gotharus\'s mistress; when Gotharus\'s minions get Haraldus drunk, he dies of a fever. The rumored assassination of the Prince provokes rebellion among the people and the army; with the rebels at the gates, Marpisa turns against her lover. Gotharus hides in a coffin prepared for Turgesius; the mob finds the coffin and carries it out to bury it with honors. On their way, the people encounter Duke Olaus and the still-living Prince; the intended assassin proved a loyal subject. The opened coffin reveals Gotharus, dead. Marpisa appears, bragging that she has poisoned Gotharus, blaming him for the death of her son; she dies from the same poison herself as the assembled crowd watches. The King offers to abdicate in penance for his faults, but Turgesius supports the restoration of his father, and announces his plan to marry Albina, Gotharus\'s virtuous widow.
The serious action of the main plot is varied and counterpointed by comic material with the characters Sueno and Helga.
## Critical response {#critical_response}
Arthur Nason called *The Politician* \"reminiscent of both *Hamlet* and of *Macbeth*,\" though without the \"profound psychology of a Shakespearian masterpiece. It impresses one rather for its swift, tense scenes, its gloom, its horror.\" \"Particularly in the closing act\...the ferocity of the erstwhile timorous Marpisa approaches to magnificence.\" Felix Schelling, however, complained that the \"wicked characters\" die while the virtuous survive, resulting in \"only half a tragedy\" in which \"moral struggle has been replaced by intrigue and counter-intrigue
| 607 |
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| 0 |
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# Subprime lending
In finance, **subprime lending** (also referred to as **near-prime**, **subpar**, **non-prime**, and **second-chance lending**) is the provision of loans to people in the United States who may have difficulty maintaining the repayment schedule. Historically, subprime borrowers were defined as having FICO scores below 600, although this threshold has varied over time.
These loans are characterized by higher interest rates, poor quality collateral, and less favorable terms in order to compensate for higher credit risk. During the early to mid-2000s, many subprime loans were packaged into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and ultimately defaulted, contributing to the 2008 financial crisis.
## Defining subprime risk {#defining_subprime_risk}
The term *subprime* refers to the credit quality of particular borrowers, who have weakened credit histories and a greater risk of loan default than prime borrowers. As people become economically active, records are created relating to their borrowing, earning, and lending histories. This is called a credit rating; although covered by privacy laws, the information is readily available to people with a need to know (in some countries, loan applications specifically allow the lender to access such records).`{{how|date=February 2025}}`{=mediawiki} Subprime borrowers have credit ratings that might include:
- limited or no debt experience;
- limited or no possession of property assets that could be used as security (for the lender to sell in case of default);
- excessive debt
- the known income of the individual or family is unlikely to be enough to pay living expenses, plus interest and repayment;
- a history of late or sometimes missed payments;
- failures to pay debts completely (default debt);
- legal judgments such as \"orders to pay\" or bankruptcy (sometimes known in Britain as County Court judgments or CCJs).
Lenders\' standards for determining risk categories may also consider the size of the proposed loan, and also take into account the way the loan and the repayment plan is structured, if it is a conventional repayment loan, a mortgage loan, an endowment mortgage, an interest-only loan, a standard repayment loan, an amortized loan, a credit card limit or some other arrangement. The originator is also taken into consideration. Because of this, it was possible for a loan made to a borrower with \"prime\" characteristics (e.g. high credit score, low debt) to be classified as subprime.
Proponents of subprime lending maintain that the practice extends credit to people who would otherwise not have access to the credit market. Professor Harvey S. Rosen of Princeton University explained, \"The main thing that innovations in the mortgage market have done over the past 30 years is to let in the excluded: the young, the discriminated against, the people without a lot of money in the bank to use for a down payment.\"
## Student loans {#student_loans}
In the United States the amount of student loan debt surpassed credit card debt, hitting the \$1 (\~\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=1|start_year=2012}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}) trillion mark in 2012. However, that \$1 trillion rapidly grew by 50% to \$1.5 trillion as of 2018. In other countries such loans are underwritten by governments or sponsors. Many student loans are structured in special ways because of the difficulty of predicting students\' future earnings. These structures may be in the form of soft loans, income-sensitive repayment loans, income-contingent repayment loans and so on. Because student loans provide repayment records for credit rating, and may also indicate their earning potential, student loan default can cause serious problems later in life as an individual wishes to make a substantial purchase on credit such as purchasing a vehicle or buying a house, since defaulters are likely to be classified as subprime, which means the loan may be refused or more difficult to arrange and certainly more expensive than for someone with a perfect repayment record.
## United States {#united_states}
Although there is no single, standard definition, in the United States subprime loans are usually classified as those where the borrower has a FICO score below 600. The term was popularized by the media during the subprime mortgage crisis or \"credit crunch\" of 2007. Those loans which do not meet Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac underwriting guidelines for prime mortgages are called \"non-conforming\" loans. As such, they cannot be packaged into Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac MBS and have less secondary market liquidity.
A borrower with a history of always making repayments on time and in full will get what is called an A grade paper loan. Borrowers with less-than-perfect credit scores might be rated as meriting an A-minus, B-paper, C-paper or D-paper loan, with interest payments progressively increased for less reliable payers to allow the company to share the risk of default equitably among all its borrowers. Between A-paper and subprime in risk is a grade called Alt-A. A-minus is related to Alt-A, with some lenders categorizing them the same, but A-minus is traditionally defined as mortgage borrowers with a FICO score of below 660 while Alt-A is traditionally defined as loans lacking full documentation or with alternative documentation of ability to repay . The value of U.S. subprime mortgages was estimated at \$1.3 trillion (\~\$`{{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=1300000000000|start_year=2007}}}}`{=mediawiki} in `{{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}`{=mediawiki}) as of March 2007, with over 7.5 million first-lien subprime mortgages outstanding.
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# Subprime lending
## Canada
The sub-prime market did not take hold in Canada to the extent that it did in the U.S., where the vast majority of mortgages were originated by third parties and then packaged and sold to investors who often did not understand the associated risk.
## Subprime crisis {#subprime_crisis}
The subprime mortgage crisis arose from \"bundling\" American subprime and American regular mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBSs) that were traditionally isolated from, and sold in a separate market from, prime loans. These \"bundles\" of mixed (prime and subprime) mortgages were based on asset-backed securities so the probable rate of return looked very good (since subprime lenders pay higher premiums on loans secured against saleable real-estate, which was commonly assumed \"could not fail\"). Many subprime mortgages had a low initial interest rate for the first two or three years and those who defaulted were \'swapped\' regularly at first, but finally, a bigger share of borrowers began to default in staggering numbers. The inflated house-price bubble burst, property valuations plummeted and the real rate of return on investment could not be estimated, and so confidence in these instruments collapsed, and all less-than-prime mortgages were considered to be almost worthless toxic assets, regardless of their actual composition or performance. Because of the \"originate-to-distribute\" model followed by many subprime mortgage originators, there was little monitoring of credit quality and little effort at remediation when these mortgages became troubled. Subprime loans as aggressive lending tools. Markets with a high concentration of aggressive lending facilities are at risk of a sharper fall in real estate prices after a negative shock to demand.
To avoid high initial mortgage payments, many subprime borrowers took out adjustable-rate mortgages (or ARMs) that give them a lower initial interest rate. But with potential annual adjustments of 4% or more per year, these loans could end up costing much more. Under a typical subprime mortgage made during the housing boom, a \$500,000 loan at a 5.5% interest rate for 30 years results in a monthly principal and interest payment of approximately **\$2,839.43**. In contrast, the same loan at 8.5%, under a typical 3% adjustment cap for 27 years (after the adjustable period ends), results in a payment of about **\$4,079.74**. The following adjustment (typically 1% every six months) would result in an increase of approximately **42.5%** from the initial monthly payment.
This is even more apparent when the lifetime cost of the loan is considered (though most people will want to refinance their loans periodically). The total cost of the above loan at 5.5% is approximately **\$1,018,891.24**, while the higher rate of 9.5% would incur a lifetime cost of approximately **\$1,366,390.93**
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# Homotopy category of chain complexes
In homological algebra in mathematics, the **homotopy category** *K(A)* of chain complexes in an additive category *A* is a framework for working with chain homotopies and homotopy equivalences. It lies intermediate between the category of chain complexes *Kom(A)* of *A* and the derived category *D(A)* of *A* when *A* is abelian; unlike the former it is a triangulated category, and unlike the latter its formation does not require that *A* is abelian. Philosophically, while *D(A)* turns into isomorphisms any maps of complexes that are quasi-isomorphisms in *Kom(A)*, *K(A)* does so only for those that are quasi-isomorphisms for a \"good reason\", namely actually having an inverse up to homotopy equivalence. Thus, *K(A)* is more understandable than *D(A)*.
## Definitions
Let *A* be an additive category. The homotopy category *K(A)* is based on the following definition: if we have complexes *A*, *B* and maps *f*, *g* from *A* to *B*, a **chain homotopy** from *f* to *g* is a collection of maps $h^n \colon A^n \to B^{n - 1}$ (*not* a map of complexes) such that
$$f^n - g^n = d_B^{n - 1} h^n + h^{n + 1} d_A^n,$$ or simply $f - g = d_B h + h d_A.$ This can be depicted as:
:
We also say that *f* and *g* are **chain homotopic**, or that $f - g$ is **null-homotopic** or **homotopic to 0**. It is clear from the definition that the maps of complexes which are null-homotopic form a group under addition.
The **homotopy category of chain complexes** *K(A)* is then defined as follows: its objects are the same as the objects of *Kom(A)*, namely chain complexes. Its morphisms are \"maps of complexes modulo homotopy\": that is, we define an equivalence relation
$$f \sim g\$$ if *f* is homotopic to *g* and define
$$\operatorname{Hom}_{K(A)}(A, B) = \operatorname{Hom}_{Kom(A)}(A,B)/\sim$$ to be the quotient by this relation. It is clear that this results in an additive category if one notes that this is the same as taking the quotient by the subgroup of null-homotopic maps.
The following variants of the definition are also widely used: if one takes only *bounded-below* (*A^n^=0 for n\<\<0*), *bounded-above* (*A^n^=0 for n\>\>0*), or *bounded* (*A^n^=0 for \|n\|\>\>0*) complexes instead of unbounded ones, one speaks of the *bounded-below homotopy category* etc. They are denoted by *K^+^(A)*, *K^−^(A)* and *K^b^(A)*, respectively.
A morphism $f : A \rightarrow B$ which is an isomorphism in *K(A)* is called a **homotopy equivalence**. In detail, this means there is another map $g : B \rightarrow A$, such that the two compositions are homotopic to the identities: $f \circ g \sim Id_B$ and $g \circ f \sim Id_A$.
The name \"homotopy\" comes from the fact that homotopic maps of topological spaces induce homotopic (in the above sense) maps of singular chains.
## Remarks
Two chain homotopic maps *f* and *g* induce the same maps on homology because *(f − g)* sends cycles to boundaries, which are zero in homology. In particular a homotopy equivalence is a quasi-isomorphism. (The converse is false in general.) This shows that there is a canonical functor $K(A) \rightarrow D(A)$ to the derived category (if *A* is abelian).
## The triangulated structure {#the_triangulated_structure}
The *shift* *A\[1\]* of a complex *A* is the following complex
$$A[1]: ... \to A^{n+1} \xrightarrow{d_{A[1]}^n} A^{n+2} \to ...$$ (note that $(A[1])^n = A^{n + 1}$), where the differential is $d_{A[1]}^n := - d_A^{n+1}$.
For the cone of a morphism *f* we take the mapping cone. There are natural maps
$$A \xrightarrow{f} B \to C(f) \to A[1]$$ This diagram is called a *triangle*. The homotopy category *K(A)* is a triangulated category, if one defines distinguished triangles to be isomorphic (in *K(A)*, i.e. homotopy equivalent) to the triangles above, for arbitrary *A*, *B* and *f*. The same is true for the bounded variants *K^+^(A)*, *K^−^(A)* and *K^b^(A)*. Although triangles make sense in *Kom(A)* as well, that category is not triangulated with respect to these distinguished triangles; for example,
$$X \xrightarrow{id} X \to 0 \to$$ is not distinguished since the cone of the identity map is not isomorphic to the complex 0 (however, the zero map $C(id) \to 0$ is a homotopy equivalence, so that this triangle *is* distinguished in *K(A)*). Furthermore, the rotation of a distinguished triangle is obviously not distinguished in *Kom(A)*, but (less obviously) is distinguished in *K(A)*. See the references for details.
## Generalization
More generally, the homotopy category *Ho(C)* of a differential graded category *C* is defined to have the same objects as *C*, but morphisms are defined by $\operatorname{Hom}_{Ho(C)}(X, Y) = H^0 \operatorname{Hom}_C (X, Y)$. (This boils down to the homotopy of chain complexes if *C* is the category of complexes whose morphisms do not have to respect the differentials). If *C* has cones and shifts in a suitable sense, then *Ho(C)* is a triangulated category, too
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# Qikiqtaaluk, Unorganized
**Qikiqtaaluk, Unorganized** in Nunavut, Canada, is part of a larger census division known as the Qikiqtaaluk Region. This area covers the whole Qikiqtaaluk Region outside the 13 communities such as Iqaluit, Resolute or Grise Fiord. Qikiqtaaluk has a rocky mountainous landscape. Prior to the 2021 Canadian census it was known as Baffin.
Included in the area are the weather station at Eureka and the Canadian Forces base at Alert (CFS Alert).
It is Canada\'s largest census subdivision in terms of area.
## 2021 Demographics
*2021 Canadian census*
- Population (2021): 0
- Population change (2016-2021):
- Private dwellings:
- Area: 968,988
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# Starfaring
***Starfaring*** was the first science fiction role-playing game (RPG) published, released by Flying Buffalo in August 1976. Although it was the first to market, it didn\'t attract an audience, and was soon superseded by the much more popular *Traveller* published the following year.
## Description
*Starfaring* is a two-player science fiction RPG \"loosely based on *Star Trek*\" that is set 700 years in the future, after humanity wins a war against robots. The world government loans money to adventurers so they can buy a small spacecraft and travel through a nearby stargate to explore space. The book includes information on:
- creating scenarios
- building ships
- creating crews and characters
- weapons and conflict
- rewards
- stores
- psionic powers
- hazards
- random star locations, star types, star systems, and planetary types
- life among the stars
### Gameplay
Two people are required for play:
1. The gamemaster designs adventures, and then runs them.
2. The player creates a ship and its crew. Unusually, the ship, not the crew, becomes the primary player character.
### Shipbuilding
Ships have the following attributes: Size, Warp Drive, Brahma Crystal Power Supply, Shiva Crystal Weapons System, Vishnu Crystal Shields, and Instrumentation Computers.
### Character creation {#character_creation}
Character creation uses random rolls of three six-sided dice to generate Mentality, Psi, Physique, and Health.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
As game historian Erdei Jacint noted, following the successful launch of the first fantasy RPG, *Dungeons & Dragons* in 1974, \"many small companies started producing fantasy RPGs, hoping to get rich. Clones rapidly appeared.\" Game designer Ken St. Andre was part of that movement, quickly designing several fantasy RPGs and supplements, including *Tunnels & Trolls* (published by Flying Buffalo) and *Monsters! Monsters!* (published by Metagaming Concepts). But as Jacint noted, \"Due to the enormous amount of games with similar themes, the market started to stagnate. The time had come for a change. St. Andre took the first step in this direction.\" St. Andre decided to move away from fantasy and created a science fiction RPG titled *Starfaring*, which was published by Flying Buffalo in August 1976. As game historians Shannon Appelcline, Lawrence Schick, and Pascal Martinolli noted, it was the first science fiction RPG on the market, appearing several months before the publication of TSR\'s science fiction RPG *Metamorphosis Alpha*.
The first printing of *Starfaring* in 1976 was an 80-page saddle-stapled mimeographed softcover book with a black & white illustration by Ernest Hogan on the cover. More artwork by Hogan appeared in the book. A second printing that same year had a black spiral binding. The book did not make much of an impact on the market. In a player poll of 28 RPGs in the October--November 1976 issue of *The Space Gamer*, *Starfaring* received the lowest rating. As Lawrence Schick explained, \"*Starfaring* shared \[*Tunnels & Trolls*\]\'s loose and whimsical approach. Unfortunately, looseness is not a valuable commodity in SF games --- to be credible, the technology and how it affects society must be clearly explained.\"
In 1977, Game Designer\'s Workshop released another science fiction RPG, *Traveller*, featuring professional typesetting, illustrations, and graphic design. It quickly proved to be far more popular than *Starfaring*. In a 1980 international listing of several hundred gamemasters and gaming groups that appeared in Issue 33 of *Dragon*, over one hundred identified that they played *Traveller*. In contrast, only two played *Starfaring*.
In 2007, Outlaw Press published a revised and expanded second edition of *Starfaring* packaged as a 76-page digest-sized book. Ernest Hogan\'s original cover art was used, this time in full color
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# Jack Gavin
**John F. Gavin** (9 February 1874 -- 6 January 1938) was a pioneer Australian film actor and director, one of the early filmmakers of the 1910s. He is best known for making films about bushrangers such as Captain Thunderbolt, Captain Moonlite, Ben Hall and Frank Gardiner. Known informally as \'Jack\', Gavin worked in collaboration with his wife Agnes, who scripted many of his films.
Film historians Graham Shirley and Brian Adams have written; \"although Gavin was prolific his later surviving work shows that his entrepreneurial talent outweighed any he might have had as director.\"
Amongst several claims made later in life or soon after his death was one that he had made Australia\'s first animated short, an advertising film which featured a koala \"lapping up a cough remedy\".
## Biography
John F. Gavin was born in Sydney on 9 February 1874, the eldest child of Francis Gavin and Catherine (*née* O\'Brien). Gavin later claimed he worked for a circus as a ten-year-old. He moved to the country and worked as a cattle drover, being involved in a record cattle drive from Camooweal in Queensland to Adelaide. \"A man of fine physique and imposing presence\" he served for a time in the Sydney Lancers as the captain of a squadron. He was interested in acting and received an offer to join the touring company of Bland Holt. He stayed with them for a number of seasons, then travelled to the USA where he worked with Barnum and Bailey\'s Circus, and Buffalo Bill\'s Wild West Show. He married Agnes in 1898.
Gavin returned to Australia and organised his own Wild West Show which was successful at the Melbourne Cyclorama, although he experienced a number of legal troubles. Gavin eventually had a company of 150 before moving into filmmaking. In 1908, he started managing theatres which he did for the next few years.
### Filmmaking debut {#filmmaking_debut}
His debut feature was about Thunderbolt, produced by H. A. Forsyth, and its success launched his career. As one writer later put it:
> With the aid of a gallant, if small, company of triers, including Mrs. Gavin as scenario writer and leading lady, and himself as leading juvenile, he turned out several films dealing with the convict and bushranging eras. There were no such things as studios then, and all scenes, exteriors and interiors, had to be shot in the open with Old Sol supplying the light. The results were considered quite satisfactory, and the pictures made money.
He followed this up with *Moonlite* and by February 1911 it was written that \"more film has been used over Jack Gavin than over any other Australian biograph actor.\" He was described as \"the beauteous bushranger\".
A newspaper profile attributed the success of Gavin\'s bushranging films to two main factors: the quality of horsemanship in them, and the fact they were normally shot on the real locations where the events occurred.
Another writer stated in 1911 that \"The pictures already turned out by Mr. Gavin demonstrates that in bio graphic art Australian producers are in no way behind their European and American brothers. Clearness in detail and execution, with the cleverly-constructed stories by Agnes Gavin enable Mr. Gavin to offer attractive films.\"
A newspaper wrote a ballad about Gavin:
> He played as Ben Hall, Moonlight too. He\'s also played with Holt. And on the screen he\'s to be seen. Dressed up as Thunderbolt. Whilst acting he has cried,\'Bail up\'. And put the tops to rout; In fact, he knows more bail up Than some chaps are bailed out. He poses as a cut-throat fierce, With pistols and a frown; But looks a harmless sort of cuss When strutting round the town.
Gavin\'s films were also often accompanied by popular lecturer Charles Woods.
His first two movies were made for H.A. Forsyth at Southern Cross Motion Pictures but he and Forsyth had a falling out and Gavin went his separate way, publicly announcing the fact in January 1911.
In July 1911 he set up his own company, the Gavin Photo Play Company, based out of Waverley.
He was involved in the formation of the Australian Photo-Play Company but then established his own production company in October 1911. Gavin later said
> I did not favour the idea \[for the APP\] particularly, as they were introducing two more producers, and I did not think the time was quite ripe for such expansion. As it was, we were all making good money, but the extra people coming in would make the overhead absorb all this; so I pulled out and received a cash price for a parcel of shares, sold out my interest in the four films I had made, and started out on my own as the John F. Gavin Productions.
When bushranging films were banned in 1912 he turned to dramatising other true characters, such as Edith Cavell and Charles Fryatt.
In 1912 Gavin was arrested for owing money to a business associate, though he was later released.
In January 1917 he took out a lease on a studio at North Sydney and announced plans for make four feature films over a year, starting with *The Murder of Captain Fryatt*. He also started up a film school and spoke of offers from America.
Gavin was also credited as directing the first Australian advertising short film, a koala using a cough syrup.
### Move to the US {#move_to_the_us}
Making movies in Australia was becoming increasingly difficult for him so Gavin moved to Hollywood, where he lived for eight years in all, appearing in what he claimed were over 300 films and becoming a friend of Lon Chaney Rudolph Valentino and Stan Laurel.
He reportedly also worked with Harold Lloyd and Snub Pollard.
Gavin claimed he helped popularise the drinking of tea in Hollywood.
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# Jack Gavin
## Biography
### Return to Australia {#return_to_australia}
He returned to Australia in February 1922 to make several outback films, including a serial based on Ned Kelly, and set up a company in Brisbane, but faced censorship problems and could not raise the capital.
He went back to Hollywood in May 1923, then returned to Australia in 1925.
He gave evidence at the 1928 Royal Commission on the Moving Picture Industry in Australia arguing in favour of a quota for Australian films.
## Personality
He was described as \"a big man with a generous and naive personality\... more enthusiasm and stubborn persistence than talent.\" Towards the end of his life he lived in a flat in Neutral bay and suffered from rheumatism.
He died in 1938 survived by Agnes and their daughters. A child had predeceased him in 1917.
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# Jack Gavin
## Filmography
thumb\|upright=0.9\|Jack Gavin as \'Nelse Tyler\' in *The White Sheep* (1924).
- *Thunderbolt* (1910)
- *Moonlite* (1910) (a. k. a. Captain Moonlite)
- *Ben Hall and his Gang* (1911)
- *Frank Gardiner, the King of the Road* (1911)
- *Keane of Kalgoorlie* (1911)
- *The Assigned Servant* (1911)
- *The Mark of the Lash* (1911)
- *The Drover\'s Sweetheart* (1911)
- *Assigned to his Wife* (1911)
- *A Melbourne Mystery* (1913)
- *The Martyrdom of Nurse Cavell* (1916)
- *An Interrupted Divorce* (1916)
- *Cast Up By the Sea* (1916)
- *Charlie at the Sydney Show* (1916)
- *The Murder of Captain Fryatt* (1917)
- *His Convict Bride* (1918) (a. k. a. *For the Term of her Natural Life*)
- *The Prisoner of the Pines* (1919) -- actor only
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *The Fighting Tylers* -- actor only
- *The White Sheep* (1924) -- actor only
- *All Wet* (1924) -- actor only
- *Tell It to a Policeman* (1925) -- actor only
- *Official Officers* (1925) -- actor only
- *Sherlock Sleuth* (1925) -- actor only
- *Yes, Yes, Nanette* (1925) -- actor only
- *Innocent Husbands* (1925) -- actor only
- *No Father to Guide Him* (1925) -- actor only
- *The Outlaw\'s Daughter* (1925) -- actor only
- *Breakin\' Loose* (1925) -- actor only
- *Good Cheer* (1926) -- actor only
- *The Old War-Horse* (1926) -- actor only
- *For Heaven\'s Sake!* (1927) -- actor only, with Harold Lloyd
- *The Fluttering Hearts* (1927) -- actor only
- *The Adorable Outcast* (1928) -- actor only
- *Trooper O\'Brien* (1928)
### Unmade films {#unmade_films}
- *The Lubra\'s Revenge* -- announced to follow *Drover\'s Sweetheart* in 1911
- *The White Hope* -- announced November 1911 -- a boxing story where Gavin would play a character who fights an aboriginal (according to a contemporary article in the film \"the Australian aboriginal will be shown in quite a new light, and though we are not at liberty to disclose the plot just yet, we can safely say that it will outrival the well known Red Indian dramas
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# Jousters
The **Taylor Street Jouster Nation** was a Chicago street gang that originally started on the Near West Side and then later branched out to the north side of the city as well. Their name is a reference to the medieval sport of jousting.
## Origins
Some sources have the Jousters forming in the 1960s, but evidence has come to light recently, that seems to point to the fact that the Taylor Street Jousters started in the 1950s, around the area of Taylor and Oakley in Little Italy, Chicago, Illinois. One piece of that evidence is a photograph of members called Little Bill and Big Bill at the Sabers club on Western Avenue in 1959, and another piece of evidence is of old youth workers from the 1950s, mentioning the Jousters by name, when talking about the racial issues between Italian, Mexican, Puerto Rican and Black youths, within the Near West Side community in the late 1950s, and what they said, gave the impression that the Jousters had been around for a number of years prior to that point. They are believed to have been founded by Pete Bianco; other original members were Loco, Juan, Rocky, Mouse, Tito, Little Joe, Nick and Victor. The ethnic makeup of the Taylor Jousters was primarily Italian and Mexican.
The Jouster\'s main symbols of representation were a medieval knight\'s helmet, two crossed lances and a simple cross with four slashes above, that was used in their graffiti, murals, gang business cards and on gang sweaters. Their original colors were a light blue and white and then in 1967, they changed their colors to Navy blue and baby blue sported together.
The main rivals of the Taylor Street Jousters were Satan Disciples and Harrison Gents. In 1969 or 1970 they met some individuals at Prosser High School and officially sanctioned majority white branches to be formed on Fullerton and St. Louis and North Ave and Damen, on the north side of Chicago. The main rivals of the North Side Jousters were the Puerto Rican immigrants that had been moving into various predominantly white north side neighborhoods since the early 1950s, including what was now Jousters territory. Starting in the early to mid-70s the North Side Jousters became tightly allied with the Chicago Gaylords and followed them into becoming members of the WPO (White power organisation), which was a ceasefire among the white gangs on the north side of Chicago, so that they could focus on fighting the black and Puerto Rican gangs. They were also part of the \"Stone Greasers\" association, which basically meant that they prided themselves on being a gang that originated from the greaser gangs of the 1950s and 1960s. In about 1973 an official alliance called UFO (United Five Organisation) was formed among several north side white gangs, including Gaylords, Jousters, Playboys, C-Notes and Ventures. It must also be mentioned that the Jousters from Taylor and Oakley, which were predominantly Mexican by this time, did not like the white power stance that the north side Jousters had taken and most members from the Taylor Street area did not consider these north side Jousters, to be Taylor Jousters and to this day, call them out on social media.
By the early 1980s, the Jousters had firmly established additional sets on the street corners of Honor and Bloomingdale, Sawyer and Altgeld, Hanson Park and other spots. All these sets or branches used a \"T-J\" in their graffiti, and murals as a reference to the fact that were honored to have originated from the Taylor Street Jousters, even if the feeling was not mutual. One of their slogans that could be heard around this time period was, \"Blue on blue, will always be proud and true\" and also \"20 10 to the chest fuck the rest\".
At this time, the Hanson Park Jousters were allied with a neighboring White gang known as Cragin Park Playboys, through an alliance called PVJs. PVJ stood for Playboys, Ventures, and Jousters. Even though the Ventures had disbanded, the Playboys and Jousters were still paying honorable homage to them by keeping them on the original title. The Jousters also continued their strong unity with the Gaylords, calling this unification GFJ. This stood for Gaylords, Jousters and Freaks. The Freaks were another predominantly white street gang.
By the mid-1980s most of the Jousters sections had closed down, including Taylor and Oakley, North and Damen and Fullerton and St Louis. Their last main sections at this time was Hanson Park and 46th/Talman, which both sections lasted around 1996. The Latin Pachucos now control Hanson Park while the Satan Disciples now control the latter
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# Arnott's Shapes
**Arnott\'s Shapes** are a popular line of savoury biscuits produced by Arnott\'s in Australia and New Zealand. Over 53 million packets of Shapes are consumed each year in Australia.
Shapes were first introduced in 1954, in Victoria, by Brockhoff Biscuits. Savoury was the first flavour, followed soon by Barbecue, Chicken Crimpy, and Onion.
Shapes were originally made in the shape of potato chips, until bakers realised that they were too difficult to cut and were a waste of dough. In 1974, they switched to the flat biscuits that are sold today. The name \"Shapes\" arises from the variety of biscuit shapes, which correspond to flavour. Arnott\'s boasts that Shapes are \"baked, not fried\", which is a less fatty method of cooking; however, Shapes are still high in fat, at 20%--25%, and high in sodium.
Arnott\'s Shapes are sold in a variety of packaging, including multi-pack bags and boxes. In Australia, during the late 20th century, Arnott\'s reduced the box packaging size of the core flavours from 250 grams to 200 grams. During 2011, Arnott\'s further reduced the packaging size from 200 grams to 175--185 grams.
In April 2016, Arnott\'s altered the Shapes recipe for each of its core flavours, having the flavouring baked into the biscuit rather than as seasoning. Consumer backlash was sparked over the updated formula, prompting the company to backtrack on their decision. In September, they restored the original Pizza and Barbecue recipes under the \"Originals\" range, and left the recipe for Chicken Crimpy intact. To date, the pre-2016 recipe for every core flavour has been restored, with the exception of Nacho Cheese and Chicken Drumstick --- the latter having been discontinued.
In 2019, Arnott\'s introduced an \"Aussie Legends\" range of Shapes, with new flavours based on popular Australian foods. Aussie Legend varieties include: Sausage Sizzle, Meat Pie, and Lamb & Rosemary
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# Cloroqualone
**Cloroqualone** is a quinazolinone-class GABAergic and is an analogue of methaqualone developed in the 1980s and marketed mainly in France and some other European countries. It has sedative and antitussive properties resulting from its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABA~a~ receptor and sigma-1 receptor, and was sold either alone or in combination with other ingredients as a cough medicine. Cloroqualone has weaker sedative properties than methaqualone and was sold for its useful cough-suppressing effects, but was withdrawn from the French market in 1994 because of concerns about its potential for abuse and overdose
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| 0 |
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# Mimsy Were the Borogoves
\"**Mimsy Were the Borogoves**\" is a science fiction short story by Lewis Padgett (a pseudonym of American writers Henry Kuttner and C. L. Moore), originally published in the February 1943 issue of *Astounding Science Fiction Magazine*. It was judged by the Science Fiction Writers of America to be among the best science fiction stories written prior to 1965 and included in the anthology *The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929--1964*. In 2007, it was loosely adapted into a feature-length film titled *The Last Mimzy*. The title of the original short story quotes a verse from \"Jabberwocky\", a poem found in the novel *Through the Looking-Glass* by author Lewis Carroll.
## Plot summary {#plot_summary}
Millions of years in the future, a posthuman scientist is attempting to build a time machine and tests it by sending a box with a hastily gathered batch of educational toys into the ancient past. When the box fails to return, he constructs another and tests it the same way, but it also fails to return. Believing the entire experiment to be a failure, he discontinues his efforts and gives up on time machines. However, the first box arrives in the middle of the twentieth century and the second in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but both have had their time-travel circuitry irreparably damaged by the journey.
The first box of toys travels back to 1942 and is discovered by a seven-year-old boy named Scott Paradine, who takes it home. The toys include a small transparent cube that both follows and interacts with the holder\'s thoughts, a wire maze puzzle employing a fourth dimension, and a detailed anatomical doll that possesses modified versions of human organs, plus unknown additional structures. As Scott and his two-year-old sister, Emma, play with the toys, the brain activity of the two develops in unusual ways.
Although their parents are often preoccupied with their own lives, they notice unusual things going on with their children, such as strange conversations and nonsensical drawings, and the parents become worried. They consult with a child psychologist, Rex Holloway, who quickly recognizes the strangeness of the toys, and suspects them to be of extraterrestrial origin. Holloway surmises that the toys are \"educating\" the children and introducing an \"X factor\" into Scott\'s and Emma\'s thought processes, such as geometry that is unrelated to, and incompatible with, Euclidean geometry. He believes their developing young minds are pliable enough to be profoundly affected by the devices.
While still behaving mostly as normal children, the two occasionally show signs of developing unusual thought patterns, such as a conversation between Scott and his father about how salmon reproduce, in which Scott thinks it would be natural for a species to \"send\" its eggs upstream in a river, to hatch, and the young would choose to return to \"the ocean\" when they were sufficiently developed. Scott also wonders why humans still choose to live here, in the time and space of Earth, an idea that puzzles his father.
Holloway convinces the Paradine parents to take the toys away from the children, so that the children can return to normal development, and he attempts to study the toys himself, with little success. Meanwhile, the children continue thinking in the new patterns and communicating with each other in strange ways, including in their sleep and using strange words. Out of their parents\' view, Scott begins collecting and creating small items for an abstract machine, largely at Emma\'s direction and guidance; she has more knowledge about how to construct the machine, but he has the skill to create it.
The second box arrives in 19th century England and is found by a child (implied to be Alice Liddell), who one day recites some verse learned from one of its contents to her \"Uncle Charles\" (Charles Dodgson, better known today as Lewis Carroll). Intrigued, he asks her its meaning; whereupon she, uncertain, identifies it as \"the way out\". Dodgson, in reply, promises to include it in his collection of writings about the stories she tells him, which are based on the toys from the box. He tells her that, unlike the other parts, which he has to modify so that adults can understand them, he will include this verse exactly as she told it to him.
Back in 1942, Scott and Emma have encountered Carroll\'s fantasy book *Through the Looking-Glass*, containing the poem \"Jabberwocky\". In its words, they identified the time-space equation that guided their production, organization, and operation of the abstract machine; the title of the short story is a line from the poem. One day, their father hears the children\'s cries of excitement from upstairs in their house and he arrives in the doorway of Scott\'s bedroom, just in time to see his young son and daughter vanish in a direction he cannot comprehend.
## Adaptations
- *Tout spliques étaient les Borogoves* (1970) directed for French TV by Daniel Lecomte.
- In 1976, Caedmon Records released a spoken word album of the short story (TC 1509), narrated by William Shatner.
- *The Last Mimzy* (2007) directed by Robert Shaye
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# Laura Boulton
**Laura Boulton** (January 4, 1899 -- October 16, 1980) was an American ethnomusicologist. She is known for the many field recordings, films and photographs of traditional music and its performances and practitioners from Egypt, the Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika. Boulton also collected traditional musical instruments around the world. In her work with the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) during the Second World War, she is recognized as being a pioneer for women who work in the film industry.`{{TOC limit|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Early life {#early_life}
Laura Theresa Crayton was born in Conneaut, Ohio on January 4, 1899. She studied voice at Western Reserve University and obtained a B.A. degree from Denison University. In 1925, she married Wolfrid Rudyard Boulton, Jr., who was an ornithologist and lecturer at the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on the ornithological staff of which she served in the early 1920s.
## Expeditions
In 1929 Boulton began graduate studies at the University of Chicago\'s anthropology department. In January 1929, Boulton began the first of a series of research expeditions which she was to accompany or lead over the next 50 years, and brought with her a cylinder recorder in order to record folk music as well as bird calls. This trip to Africa under the auspices of the American Museum of Natural History, which lasted approximately three months, allowed Boulton to collect musical instruments and recordings from the indigenous populations of Egypt, The Sudan, Uganda, Kenya and Tanganyika.
Over the next 50 years, Boulton participated in dozens of international expeditions, compiling extensive collections of field recordings, films, photographs, and musical instruments. Her autobiography, titled *The Music Hunter* documents these travels, but offers little additional information. As stated in *The Music Hunter*, Boulton\'s mission was, \"To capture, absorb, and bring back the world\'s music; not the music of the concert hall or the opera house, but the music of the people \...\"
Boulton visited and collected musical data and instruments from (in addition to the aforementioned localities) Mozambique, Nyasaland, Rhodesia, Transvaal, Cape Province, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Angola, Nigeria, Senegal, the Colony of Niger, Dahomey and other parts of French Equatorial Africa, the British Cameroons, the Belgian Congo, Ethiopia and Ghana.
Boulton was to publish many articles and films, and helped to produce a multitude of museum exhibits related to the artifacts and data she gathered during her research. She also presented a large number of illustrated educational lectures for students of music and anthropology at the University of Chicago\'s anthropology department.
## Filmmaking
In 1941, John Grierson, the head of the National Film Board of Canada contracted Boulton as a \"freelancer\" to make a series of films on Canadian cultural communities. Fellow women filmmakers also at the NFB like Judith Crawley was also hired on the same basis, while Evelyn Spice Cherry, Jane Smart and Gudrun Bjerring Parker were hired as permanent employees.
Although Boulton was originally only contracted for six weeks to make one film, her work at the NFB turned into a series called *Peoples of Canada*, consisting of 15 films. The goal of the wartime series was as a morale booster, that would \"\... broaden awareness of Canada\'s cultural mosaic, in order to create a feeling of national unity.\" Although Boulton had little film experience, she collaborated with a number of experienced cinematographers, including Judith Crawley.{{#tag:ref\|Although Boulton did not have a filmmaking background, Grierson was intrigued with her interest in aboriginal cultures.\|group=Note}}
Robert Flaherty, the American filmmaker, and director of *Nanook of the North* (1922), served as a consultant on Boulton\'s three Baffin Island films. Postwar, Boulton\'s films would meet with great acclaim in Canada, the United States and Europe, contributing significantly to the growth of the NFB\'s international reputation.
## Filmography
- *Ukrainian Winter Holidays* (*Un Noël ukrainien*) - documentary short, 1942 - musical director, director
- *Eskimo Arts and Crafts* (*L\'artisanat esquimau*) - documentary short, 1943 - producer, director
- *New Scotland* - documentary short, 1943 - producer, director
- *Ukrainian Dance* (*Danse ukrainienne*) - documentary short, 1943 - producer, director
- *Arctic Hunters* (*La chasse aux phoques*) - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *Eskimo Summer* (*L\'été chez les Esquimaux*) - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *Habitant Arts and Crafts* - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *Land of Quebec* (*Le Pays de Québec*) - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *People of the Potlatch* (*Les Indiens de la côte ouest*) - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *Poland on the Prairies* - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *Polish Dance* - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *Totems* - documentary short, 1944 - producer, director
- *Arctic Jungle* (*Carnet de voyage*)- documentary short, Sydney Newman 1948 - co-cinematographer with Grant McLean
- *Across Wartime Canada* (silent lecture film)
- *Canadians All* (silent Lecture film)
- *Canadian Design* (silent lecture film)
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# Laura Boulton
## Legacy
Today Boulton\'s large collections of traditional music materials are found at several institutions. The Columbia University Center for Ethnomusicology has the Laura Boulton Collection of Traditional Music, with approximately 30,000 field recordings and accompanying documentation, purchased for Columbia in 1964. Boulton served as curator of this collection from 1962 to 1972. Boulton\'s liturgical music collection is found today at the Harvard University Archive of World Music, part of the Eda Kuhn Loeb Music Library. The Music Library has digitized this collection and made it available on the World Wide Web.
The Archive of Folk Culture at the Library of Congress contains wax cylinders, aluminum discs and reel-to-reel tapes of Boulton\'s field recordings of traditional vocal and instrumental music worldwide, with accompanying catalogs and commentaries. The Smithsonian Institution Film Archives contains the originals of her film footage from 1934 to 1979, including collaborative films with the National Film Board of Canada. Smithsonian Folkways has the originals of recordings Boulton made for Folkways Records.
From 1972 to 1977, Boulton took her personal collection with her to teach at Arizona State University. This collection, later named \"The Laura Boulton Collection of World Music and Musical Instruments\" came to Indiana University, Bloomington in 1996 from Arizona State and the Laura Boulton Foundation. The musical instruments are housed at the Mathers Museum of World Cultures, while the remaining materials are at the Archives of Traditional Music.
In 1977, Boulton started the Laura Boulton Foundation in New York City, a non-profit institution dedicated to supporting ethnomusicological research. Through the Foundation, Indiana University awards junior and senior Laura Boulton fellowships, designed for researchers to work with these materials
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# Josephine Lang
**Josephine Caroline Lang** (14 March 1815 -- 2 December 1880) was a German composer. Josephine Lang was the daughter of Theobald Lang, a violinist, and Regina Hitzelberger, opera singer. Her mother taught young Josephine how to play piano, and from age five it became apparent that Josephine was possessed with great potential as a composer. As early as age eleven Josephine started giving piano lessons herself. Through her godfather, Joseph Stieler, Josephine was exposed to some of the greatest artists of her time. Both Felix Mendelssohn and Ferdinand Hiller went to great lengths to ensure that Lang learned the proper theory for song-writing, and used their connections to publish Lang\'s music. Even Robert Schumann published a song of Josephine\'s in *Neue Zeitschrift für Musik* in 1838.
## Biography
Born in Munich, Lang had from a very young age been described as having a \"weak constitution\". Thus she was always struggling to keep up her education and performance while simultaneously maintaining her health. Once during a performance for the king and queen of Bavaria, Queen Caroline Augusta of Bavaria took notice of Josephine\'s poor state of health and arranged for her to go to Wildbad Kreuth in the German Alps to recover. During her stay there, she met Christian Reinhold Köstlin, a lawyer who also took to writing poetry on the side. According to all sources, the two fell in love and shared a happy marriage. Köstlin was a professor at the University of Tübingen.
Köstlin died in 1856 of what is now suspected to be cancer. To sustain her family, Lang went back to song writing and piano pedagogy. After some financial floundering and unsuccessful attempts at publishing music, she contacted Ferdinand Hiller and Clara Schumann for aid and assistance. Upon hearing the news, Clara organised a benefit concert with herself as the pianist, featuring Lang\'s music. Hiller wrote a biographical essay about Lang in 1867 to send to publishers. Soon thereafter, primarily due to Hiller\'s essay, Lang become a prominent composer successful enough to have her work published.
Her last years were filled with trauma and illness. Lang lived to see her three sons die for various reasons, and after her two daughters married in 1868 and 1870, Josephine was left feeling alone and abandoned. She herself suffered during this time period, though she still composed music and taught piano through this entire time. On 2 December 1880, Lang died in Tübingen of a heart attack; she left an important legacy in her music.
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# Josephine Lang
## Selected list of published works {#selected_list_of_published_works}
Source:
### Songs
- 8 German Lieder Lieder, opus 1 (Munich, 1831), texts by Goethe, Schiller, King Ludwig I of Bavaria, Gottfried Wilhelm Fink, Ludwig Hölty, Theodor Körner
- 6 German Lieder, opus 2, (Munich, 1831), texts by Hölty, Karoline Pichler and others
- 4 German Lieder, opus 3, (Munich, 1834), texts by August Graf von Platen, Leopold Feldmann, Friedrich von Matthisson and Gottwalt (Johann Georg Seegemund)
- 4 German Lieder, opus 4 (Munich/Bern, probably before 1838), texts by Johann Georg Jacobi and others
- 4 German Lieder, opus 5, (Munich, 1834), texts by Goethe, Jacobi and Matthisson
- 4 German Lieder, opus 6 (Munich, probably before 1838), texts by Wilhelm Müller, Goethe, Gottwalt and Matthisson
- 6 Songs, opus 7 (Munich, 1838), texts by Jacobi, Friedrich Förster, Ludwig Uhland, Justinus Kerner and King Ludwig I
- 3 Lieder, opus 8 (Vienna, 1838)
- 6 Lieder, opus 9 (Leipzig, 1841), texts by Goethe, Nikolaus Lenau, Christian Reinhard Köstlin, Johann Aloys Blumauer and Jacobi
- 6 Lieder, opus 10 (Leipzig, 1841), texts by Köstlin, Goethe, Christoph August Tiedge, Lenau and Ernst Schulze
- 6 German Lieder, opus 11 (Leipzig, 1845), texts by Uhland and Kerner
- 6 Lieder, opus 12 (Leipzig, 1845), texts by Köstlin
- 6 Lieder, opus 13 (Mainz/Antwerp/Brussels, 1847), texts by Köstlin, Heinrich Wenzel, Heine, Lenau and Apollonius von Maltitz
- 6 German Lieder, opus 14 (Leipzig, 1848), texts by Köstlin
- 6 German Lieder, opus 15 (Leipzig, 1848), texts by Johann Ludwig Deinhardstein, Heine, Byron and Feldmann
- Am Bache, opus 20 (1850) Text by Köstlin 1852 und 1859
- Auf der Reise, opus 22 (Stuttgart, 1855), text by Ludwig Bechstein
- 3 Lieder, opus 23 (Stuttgart, 1859), texts by Köstlin, Ida, Countess von Hahn-Hahn and Josephine Stieler
- 6 Lieder, opus 25 (Leipzig, 1860), texts by Uhland, von Platen, Köstlin, Rückert and others
- 6 Lieder, opus 26 (Leipzig, 1860), dedicated to Clara Schumann, texts by Hoffmann von Fallersleben, Köstlin, von Platen, Lenau and Friedrich Mayer
- 6 German Lieder, opus 27 (Stuttgart, 1872), texts by Köstlin
- 2 Lieder, opus 28 (Vienna, 1861), texts by Heine and Josephine Stieler
- Songs of Sorrow, opus 29 (Bonn, 1862)
- Zwei Lieder, opus 30 (Stuttgart, 1864), texts by Ottilie Wildermuth
- Disteln und Dornen, opus 33 \[34\] (Hamburg, 1864/69), texts by Goethe, Heine and others
- 2 Lieder, opus 34 \[35\] (Stuttgart, 1864)
- 3 Lieder, opus 34 \[36\] (Berlin, 1872)
- 3 Lieder, opus 36 \[38\] (Leipzig/Winterthur, 1866 or 1867)
- 6 Lieder, opus 38 \[39\] (Leipzig/Winterthur, 1867) texts by Robert Prutz, Niklas Müller, Heine, Fink and Köstlin
- 6 German Lieder, opus 40 (Stuttgart, 1867), texts by Goethe, Heine, von Platen and others
- Ich möchte heim!, opus 41 (Leipzig/Winterthur, 1866) text by Carl Gerok
- 5 Songs, opus 43 (Stuttgart, 1879), texts by Matthias Claudius, Uhland, Gerok, Köstlin and Zeller
- 5 Lieder from the Trumpeter of Säckingen (Weimar, 1879),
- 40 Lieder (Leipzig, 1882), texts by Byron, Max von Schenkendorf, Christian Fürchtegott Gellert, Luise Henriette von Oranien, Paul Gerhardt, amongst others, and from Des Knaben Wunderhorn
- Selected songs on texts by Heine, Goethe, Lenau and others (published by Furore Verlag, 2009)
- Selected songs after texts by Reinhold Köstlin (published by Strube Verlag, 2008)
### Choral works {#choral_works}
In \"Selected songs after texts by Reinhold Köstlin\", 2008:
- „Flieg' auf o deutscher Adler" for male voice choir, text by Köstlin
- Hochzeitlied for women\'s choir, text by Köstlin
### Piano music {#piano_music}
- Apollo March, published in *Allgemeine Illustrirte Zeitung*, 1859
- Elegie on the Death of Ludwig Uhland, opus 31 (Stuttgart, 1863)
- Festmarsch, opus 31(32) (Stuttgart, 1866)
- Two Character Pieces, opus 32 (Stuttgart, 1864)
- Songs without Words, opus 35 (1860/1861)
- Wedding March, opus 42 (Stuttgart, 1878)
- Gruß in die Ferne, opus 44 (Stuttgart, 1879)
- Danse infernale, opus 46 (Weimar, 1879)
- German Victory March, opus 48 (Leipzig, 1888)
- Two Mazurkas, opus 49 (Leipzig, 1888)
- In the Twilight, Impromptu opus 50 (Leipzig, 1888)
- Three Piano Pieces (Arabesque, The Mournful Humour and Homesickness) (Frankfurt, 1890 or earlier)
(All dates are of publication, not composition)
## Discography
- Josephine Lang. Dana Mckay, soprano; Thérèse Lindquist, piano. SBPK Deutsche Schallplatten DS 1016-2 (1995).
- Josephine Lang, Johanna Kinkel; Ausgewählte Lieder. Claudia Taha, soprano; Heidi Kommerell, piano. Bayer Records BR 100 248 (1995).
- Münchner Komponistinnen der Klassik und Romantik. Christel Krömer, soprano; Jutta Vornehm, piano. Musica Bavarica MB 902. Reissued on CD as MB 75121 (1997).
- Alphabetic listing of musical settings: [1](http://www.lieder.net/lieder/l/lang
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# Tom Knox
**Tom Knox** is an American businessman and politician. Knox became a millionaire through businesses in software, banking and health insurance. A Democrat, Knox ran for Mayor of Philadelphia in 2007 and briefly for Governor of Pennsylvania in 2010 before dropping out before the primary.
## Business career {#business_career}
A high school dropout who later earned a GED in the United States Navy, Knox was a successful entrepreneur who built an insurance advisory firm and sold it for nearly six million dollars in 1986. In the late 1980s he began buying and turning around underperforming companies.
Among his targets was Crusader Savings which he later sold to Royal Bank of Pennsylvania for seventeen million dollars. Knox was credited with significantly increasing the bank\'s income, though has been criticized for his methods. The bank\'s income increased through the use of payday loans which charge high interest rates and are under fire from a number of states. The Office of Thrift Supervision, one of the country\'s bank regulators, later expressed concerns over several of the bank\'s businesses, including the payday lending business.
In 1999, Knox acquired Fidelity Insurance Group, a Maryland health insurance firm which he sold to UnitedHealth Group in 2004 for a gain of over twenty million dollars. After the acquisition, Knox became the CEO of UnitedHealthcare of Pennsylvania, a UHG subsidiary. He resigned his position in 2006 in order to run for mayor.
In April 2013, Knox sued Table 31, a steakhouse at the Comcast Center, in part because the restaurant discontinued his meal discount. Knox, an investor in the restaurant, said that the discounted meals were part of the original partnership agreement.
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# Tom Knox
## Political career {#political_career}
Knox briefly interrupted his business career to serve as Deputy Mayor for Management and Productivity under then-Mayor Ed Rendell. He served for one and a half years, accepting only one dollar a year in salary. Rendell credited Knox with helping to save the city seven million dollars on better leases for office space. Knox was also involved in negotiating lower health care costs for city employees. Knox has been a major contributor and fund-raiser for various local politicians.
In December 2006, Knox announced his campaign for mayor and lent five million dollars to his campaign. In response to criticism that he was trying to buy City Hall, Knox replied that he was trying to \"buy City Hall back for the people of Philadelphia\". He pledged to spend up to fifteen million dollars of his own money in the race. Thanks to his cash advantage, Knox was one of the first candidates to go on the air with television commercials. The early advertising, which attacked city corruption and high business taxes, proved to be significant in raising Knox\'s poll numbers from 1% to 25%, and placed him in first place for the first time in March 2007.
Knox\'s business practices came under increasing criticism during the campaign. The *Philadelphia Daily News* reported that his insurance company was fined \$125,000 in Maryland for a number of violations including hiring a compliance officer who had a felony record for embezzlement. In addition, other candidates have attacked his lack of experience in government and the payday loan practices of his bank. Several 527 groups were created with funding from union sources and from supporters of candidate Rep. Bob Brady. However, local television stations refused to run the ads, requesting more documentation of the charges against Knox. The new \'527\' money did prompt Knox to put another \$3 million of his own money into the race to counter the ads, which raised his personal total to \$8 million. Knox finished second in the Democratic primary with 25% of the vote, losing to Michael Nutter.
In August 2008, Knox announced his candidacy for Pennsylvania\'s 2010 gubernatorial election; he dropped out of the race in January 2010, giving his support to Allegheny County Executive Dan Onorato. Knox was considered a potential candidate for governor in 2014, or for mayor of Philadelphia in 2015, but decided against both, signaling a possible end to his political aspirations.
In 2022, Knox served as assistant treasurer for the Pennsylvania for Pennsylvania PAC, backing Republican US Senate candidate George Bochetto. Knox said the PAC planned to raise \$5 million and that he planned to contribute \"a significant amount.\"
## Personal
Knox was raised in public housing in the East Falls neighborhood of the city. He currently lives in Rittenhouse Square, Philadelphia. Knox purchased three units in the high-rise condo Residences at Two Liberty Place with plans to convert them into a single 5500 sqft unit on the 46th floor. He is married to Linda Knox, and together they have two sons
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# 2008 Pacific-10 Conference men's basketball tournament
The **2008 Pacific Life Pacific-10 Conference men\'s basketball tournament** was held between March 12 and March 15, 2008, at Staples Center in Los Angeles. All ten schools in the conference qualified for the tournament. Number one seed UCLA defeated number two seed Stanford 67--64 to win the conference tournament. It was the first time since 2005 that the top two seeded teams were in the final game. UCLA was the regular season champion. A record crowd of 18,997 (Staples Center capacity for Basketball) was on hand to watch UCLA defeat USC 57--54 in the semi-finals. On January 3, 2010, USC Athletic Director Mike Garrett announced that the school was to vacate the 2007--08 season\'s victories for NCAA violations by the basketball team.
## Seeds
All Pacific-10 schools played in the tournament. Teams were seeded by conference record, with a tiebreaker system used to seed teams with identical conference records.
Seed School Conference (Overall) Tiebreaker
------ ------------------ ---------------------- -----------------
1 UCLA 16--2 (28--3)
2 Stanford 13--5 (24--6)
3 Washington State 11--7 (23--7) 2--0 vs. USC
4 USC 11--7 (25--7) 0-2 vs. WSU
5 Arizona State 9--9 (19--11) 2--0 vs. Oregon
6 Oregon 9--9 (18--12) 0--2 vs. ASU
7 Arizona 8--10 (18--13)
8 Washington 7--11 (16--15)
9 California 6--12 (15--14)
10 Oregon State 0--18 (6--24)
## Bracket
\* Denotes a vacated win, as the result of a January 3, 2010 announcement that USC has vacated all wins during the 2007--2008 season, including its Pac-10 Conference tournament victory over Arizona State (therefore, USC finished the season with a record of 0--12).
## All-Tournament Team {#all_tournament_team}
- O. J
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# Julius de Berry
**Julius de Berry** may have been a minor French nobleman, natural from either Normandy or Bourbonnais and a citizen of Auvers (i.e. Antwerp) who was knighted by the Emperor and King of France, Charles Simplex, in 916 for a gift of ripe strawberries. Legend has it that Julius\' strawberries were so succulent, that King Charles granted him a coat of arms, which comes down to the present as the arms of the Scottish Clan Fraser, who are traditionally believed, amongst other theories, to descend from Julius
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# The Know How
**The Know How** is a third wave ska band from Gainesville, Florida, formed in 1998. Their musical style blends ska and pop punk and prominently features a Moog synthesizer, alongside more typical ska instrumentation (including an organ and usually one or more trombones).
Despite releases on Jump Up! Records and Stomp Records, numerous nationwide tours (including appearances on the 2005 Warped Tour as well as the second and third Ska Is Dead tours), the band took a long hiatus after their final shows in Gainesville on February 16 and 17, 2007. The band cited financial strains, tour fatigue and fluctuations in the supporting lineup as contributing factors.
The Know How held a reunion show on July 3, 2010 in Gainesville, Florida at the 1982 Bar and played to a sold-out audience.
The Know How reunited in 2021, releasing a four-track self titled EP
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# Jerry Jaxon
**Jerome \"Jerry\" Jaxon** is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
Jerome Jaxon first appeared in *Alpha Flight* #2-3 (September--October 1983), and was created by John Byrne.
The character subsequently appears in *Alpha Flight* #6-7 (January--February 1984), and #10-13 (May--August 1984), in which he died. The character appeared posthumously in *Alpha Flight: In the Beginning* #-1 (July 1997).
Jerome Jaxon appeared as part of the \"Omega Flight\" entry in the *Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition* #9.
## Fictional character biography {#fictional_character_biography}
Jerome Jaxon was born in Red Deer, Alberta, Canada. He was an executive vice president in charge of research and development for the Am-Can Petroleum Company. One of his subordinates at Am-Can, James Hudson, had developed a powered exoskeleton designed for excavation, which Jaxon sought to weaponize for military purposes. Hudson refused, and with the support of Jaxon\'s secretary Heather MacNeil, Hudson destroyed the plans, stole and abandoned the prototype, and kept the cybernetic control helmet. At Heather\'s urging, Hudson sought protection from the Canadian government; with the assistance of the Prime Minister, Hudson was exonerated of any wrongdoing, and inspired by the emergence of American superheroes such as the Fantastic Four, Hudson was given authority to create a Canadian superhero team under the direction of Department H. Hudson revamped his exosuit into a form-fitting battlesuit which he eventually donned as leader of Alpha Flight, under the codenames Weapon Alpha, Vindicator, and, finally, Guardian.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=July 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
The failure to deliver a weapons system based on Hudson\'s designs proved devastating to Jaxon\'s career. After being dismissed from Am-Can, his wife took their two children and left him. Destitute, and with no prospects for the future, Jaxon attempted to commit suicide by hanging himself, only to be discovered by his landlady. Although Jaxon lived, the brain damage suffered from asphyxiation left him permanently unable to walk.
After learning about Alpha Flight, and realizing that Guardian had to be James Hudson, Jaxon sought out Roxxon Oil, the parent company of the now-dissolved Am-Can. Roxxon executives proved receptive to Jaxon\'s ideas, and granted him a position as executive vice president. Paired with Delphine Courtney, a servitor robot disguised as a human woman, Jaxon set about plotting his revenge against Hudson by having Courtney recruit several superhuman castoffs from the discontinued Department H program: Diamond Lil, Wild Child, Flashback, Smart Alec, and Roger Bochs, creator of the Box robot. Diamond Lil, Smart Alec, and Wild Child had been part of Gamma Flight, and Flashback and Box part of Beta Flight. While the others were willing to go along with Jaxon\'s revenge plan, Bochs had no ill will toward Hudson, and chose to infiltrate the group, which Jaxon dubbed Omega Flight.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=July 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
As Alpha Flight had been disbanded, James Hudson had been looking for steady work, and Jaxon sent Courtney to offer him a job at Roxxon\'s New York City office. With support from his wife Heather, Hudson accepted, and they moved in. However, Courtney lured Heather into a trap, where Jaxon revealed to her his plan for revenge; due to Heather\'s role in Jaxon\'s downfall, she was to be killed, but only after Guardian had been destroyed.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=July 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
When Guardian learned of the nature of Heather\'s kidnapping, he flew into Jaxon\'s trap at the World Trade Center, and faced off against Omega Flight. Alpha Flight soon arrived on the scene, having been teleported to New York by Shaman. During the battle between the two Flights, Box removed Guardian from the main fight into another part of the building. It was there that Jaxon revealed that he had taken control of the Box robot from Roger Bochs, as he wanted to kill Guardian personally. Although he brutally beat Guardian, badly damaging his battlesuit, Hudson was able to use his own suit to overload the Box robot; the feedback to the control helmet killed Jaxon.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=July 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
Although relieved that Bochs had not betrayed him, Hudson had little time to celebrate his victory, as his suit was about to explode. Heather, who\'d gotten away from Courtney after discovering the robot\'s true nature, entered the room just as the suit was overloading, and as it exploded, Hudson appeared to be burned to ashes in front of Heather\'s eyes.`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2014}}`{=mediawiki} Jaxon had seemingly achieved a pyrrhic victory, although it was later revealed that Guardian had managed to channel the overload into an extension of the gravity-cancelling ability of his suit that sent him on a trip through time and space;`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2014}}`{=mediawiki} Heather would go on to lead Alpha Flight as Vindicator),`{{Volume needed|c=y|date=February 2014}}`{=mediawiki} and eventually be reunited with her husband
| 781 |
Jerry Jaxon
| 0 |
10,044,049 |
# Samuel Simons
**Samuel Simons** (1792 -- January 13, 1847) was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives from Connecticut\'s 4th congressional district from 1843 to 1845. He was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1830.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he pursued an academic course of study. He held several local offices and also taught in school. He studied medicine and commenced practice in Bridgeport, Connecticut.
## Political career {#political_career}
Simons was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1830. In addition, he was the director of the Housatonic Railroad and a trustee of the Bridgeport Savings Bank. He served in the Twenty-eighth Congress from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1845, and served as chairman of the Committee on Engraving. After leaving Congress, he resumed the practice of medicine in Bridgeport, Connecticut, where he died in 1847. He was buried in Mountain Grove Cemetery
| 160 |
Samuel Simons
| 0 |
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# 2007 Cricket World Cup statistics
The following is a list of all the major **statistics and records** for the **2007 Cricket World Cup** held in the West Indies from 13 March to 28 April 2007. Though India were eliminated early, they set the ODI record for the highest victory margin in their 257 run win over Bermuda. In their match against Netherlands, Herschelle Gibbs (South Africa) created ODI and International cricket record when he hit sixes off all six deliveries in Daan van Bunge\'s over. In the Super 8 stage games, Lasith Malinga (Sri Lanka) created ODI record when he took four wickets in four consecutive deliveries in a losing effort against South Africa. By the end of the tournament, new World Cup records for the fastest fifty (20 balls -- Brendon McCullum of New Zealand) and fastest hundred (66 balls -- Matthew Hayden of Australia) were established. Glenn McGrath established a new Cricket World Cup record for the most wickets (26) and also finished his ODI career with the most wickets in World Cup history (71). The number of sixes in the overall tournament (373) was 40% higher than the previous record holder, the 2003 Cricket World Cup (266). The tournament also saw 32 century partnerships (previous record of 28 during the 1996 Cricket World Cup) and 10 batsmen over 400 runs (previous record of 4 during the 2003 Cricket World Cup). `{{TOClimit|limit=2}}`{=mediawiki}\_\_NOTOC\_\_
## Records
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| Country | Opponent | Venue | Date |
+=============================================================================================================================================================================================+==========+===============+============+
| | | Basseterre | 16-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Most sixes in a single ODI over -- 6, by Herschelle Gibbs (South Africa) | | | |
| - Most sixes in any ODI innings -- 18, by South Africa (tied three days later by India) | | | |
| - Fastest 50 in any World Cup -- 21 balls, by Mark Boucher (South Africa), since bettered by McCullum | | | |
| - Three 100-partnerships in ODI innings -- South African 2nd, 3rd and 4th wicket partnerships | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | Port of Spain | 18-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Fourth wicket partnership record for any World Cup -- 204, by Michael Clarke and Brad Hodge (Australia) | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | Port of Spain | 19-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Largest margin of victory in any ODI -- 257 runs | | | |
| - Highest team total in any World Cup Innings -- 413 runs, since bettered by Australia in 2015 | | | |
| - Highest team total in any List A match in the West Indies -- 413 runs | | | |
| - Most sixes in any ODI innings -- 18, by India (ties South African record set 3 days earlier) | | | |
| - Most number of ducks in any World Cup Innings -- 5, by Bermuda, equaling the record of England (vs West Indies in 1979), Canada (vs Sri Lanka in 2003) and Sri Lanka (vs India in 2003) | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | Kingston | 21-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Highest individual ODI score in West Indies -- 160, by Imran Nazir (Pakistan) | | | |
| - Highest individual List A score in West Indies -- 160, by Imran Nazir (Pakistan) | | | |
| - Most sixes in a single World Cup innings -- 8, by Imran Nazir (Pakistan), tied with Ricky Ponting in 2003 (since tied by Gilchrist) | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | Gros Islet | 22-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Fastest 50 in any World Cup -- 20 balls, by Brendon McCullum (New Zealand) | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | Basseterre | 24-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Fastest 100 in any World Cup -- 66 balls, by Matthew Hayden (Australia), since bettered by Kevin O\'Brien in 2011 | | | |
| - Highest aggregate score in any World Cup match -- 671 runs | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | Georgetown | 28-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Four wickets in four consecutive balls, first occasion in ODI -- by Lasith Malinga (Sri Lanka) | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | North Sounds | 31-03-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Most total wickets in all World Cups -- 57 wickets, by Glenn McGrath (Australia) at the end of match. McGrath finished the tournament with 71 wickets | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| | | Bridgetown | 29-04-2007 |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
| - Most wickets in a single World Cup -- 26 wickets, by Glenn McGrath (Australia) | | | |
| - Most total wickets in all World Cups -- 71 wickets, by Glenn McGrath (Australia) | | | |
| - Most sixes in a single World Cup innings -- 8, by Adam Gilchrist (Australia), tied with Imran Nazir & Ricky Ponting | | | |
| - Highest score in World Cup final -- 149 by Adam Gilchrist (Australia) | | | |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+---------------+------------+
## Team totals {#team_totals}
### Highest team total {#highest_team_total}
India\'s total of 413 runs against Bermuda was, at the time, the record for the highest score in an innings in a World cup match, since bettered by South Africa\'s 428 runs against Sri Lanka in the 2023 Cricket World Cup.
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| Score\ | Country | Opponent | Venue | Date |
| (Overs) | | | | |
+===================================================================================================================================================================================+=========+==========+===============+============+
| **413**--5 (50) | | | Port of Spain | 19-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **377**--6 (50) | | | Basseterre | 24-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **363**--5 (50) | | | Gros Islet | 22-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **358**--5 (50) | | | Basseterre | 18-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **356**--4 (50) | | | St. George\'s | 10-04-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **353**--3 (40) | | | Basseterre | 16-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| Source: [Cricinfo](https://web.archive.org/web/20070625011400/http://content-ind.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=2403%3Btype%3Dtournament) | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
: Highest team total *(350 plus)*
| 1,009 |
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| 0 |
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# 2007 Cricket World Cup statistics
## Team totals {#team_totals}
### Lowest team total {#lowest_team_total}
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| Score\ | Country | Opponent | Venue | Date |
| (Overs) | | | | |
+====================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+=========+==========+===============+============+
| **77** (27.4) | | | Grenada | 18-04-2007 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **78** (24.4) | | | Port of Spain | 15-03-2007 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **91** (30) | | | Bridgetown | 13-04-2007 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **94**--9 (21) | | | Port of Spain | 25-03-2007 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| **99** (19.1) | | | Kingston | 21-03-2007 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
| Source: [Cricinfo](http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/team/lowest_innings_totals.html?id=2403;type=tournamenttml?id=2403;type=tournament)`{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}`{=mediawiki} | | | | |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------+----------+---------------+------------+
: Lowest team total *(Less than 100)*
| 115 |
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| 1 |
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# 2007 Cricket World Cup statistics
## Batting
### Most runs in the tournament {#most_runs_in_the_tournament}
Hayden\'s 659 runs in the series stands second to only Tendulkar\'s 673 runs in the 2003 Cricket World Cup. The tournament also saw 10 players exceeding 400 runs for the first time, the previous best being 4 players over 400 runs in world cup tournament (2003 edition).
- *Note : Only top 10 players shown.*
Player Team M I NO Total Avg 50s 100s HS S/R 4s 6s
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ ---- ---- ---- --------- ------- ----- ------ ------- -------- ---- ----
Matthew Hayden 11 10 1 **659** 73.22 1 3 158 101.07 69 18
Mahela Jayawardene 11 11 2 **548** 60.88 4 1 115\* 85.09 40 10
Ricky Ponting 11 9 1 **539** 67.37 4 1 113 95.39 53 11
Scott Styris 10 9 3 **499** 83.16 4 1 111\* 83.44 45 6
Jacques Kallis 10 9 3 **485** 80.83 3 1 128\* 83.91 43 7
Sanath Jayasuriya 11 11 1 **467** 46.70 2 2 115 98.31 47 14
Adam Gilchrist 11 11 1 **453** 45.30 2 1 149 103.89 58 10
Kevin Pietersen 9 9 1 **444** 55.50 3 2 104 81.02 36 5
Graeme Smith 10 10 1 **443** 49.22 5 0 91 104.48 55 6
Michael Clarke 11 9 4 **436** 87.20 4 0 93\* 94.98 40 7
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20070624194207/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=2403%3Btype%3Dtournament)*
### Highest individual scores {#highest_individual_scores}
Imran Nazir\'s 160 is the highest score by any individual in West Indies in ODI and List A matches. Matthew Hayden scored the 100th century in World cup history during his innings of 103 against New Zealand.
*Note: Only top ten scores listed.*
Runs Balls Batsman Country Opponent Venue Date Strike rate
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------- -------------------- --------- ------------- --------------- ------------ -------------
**160** 121 Imran Nazir Zimbabwe Kingston 21-03-2007 132.23
**158** 143 Matthew Hayden West Indies North Sound 27-03-2007 110.48
**149** 104 Adam Gilchrist Sri Lanka Bridgetown 29-04-2007 143.26
**146** 130 AB de Villiers West Indies St George\'s 10-04-2007 112.31
**128\*** 109 Jacques Kallis Netherlands Basseterre 16-03-2007 117.43
**123** 89 Brad Hodge Netherlands Basseterre 18-03-2007 138.20
**115\*** 137 Jeremy Bray Zimbabwe Kingston 15-03-2007 83.94
**115\*** 109 Mahela Jayawardene New Zealand Kingston 24-04-2007 105.50
**115** 101 Sanath Jayasuriya West Indies Providence 01-04-2007 113.86
**114** 87 Virender Sehwag Bermuda Port of Spain 19-03-2007 131.03
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20070418143918/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=2403%3Btype%3Dtournament)*
### Highest partnerships of the tournament {#highest_partnerships_of_the_tournament}
The 4th wicket partnership between Brad Hodge and Michael Clarke is the world cup record for that wicket.
*Note: Top ten would be listed -- eleventh place listed due to equal scores.*
Runs (Balls) Wicket Partnerships Country Opponent Venue Date
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------- -------------------------------------- --------- -------------- --------------- ------------
**204** (171) 4th Brad Hodge/Michael Clarke Netherlands Basseterre 18-03-2007
**202** (172) 2nd Sourav Ganguly/Virender Sehwag Bermuda Port of Spain 19-03-2007
**183** (180) 3rd Sanath Jayasuriya/Mahela Jayawardene West Indies Georgetown 01-04-2007
**172** (137) 1st Adam Gilchrist/Matthew Hayden Sri Lanka Bridgetown 29-04-2007
**170** (170) 2nd AB de Villiers/Jacques Kallis West Indies St George\'s 10-04-2007
**161** (130) 3rd Ricky Ponting/Michael Clarke South Africa Basseterre 24-03-2007
**160** (126) 1st AB de Villiers/Graeme Smith Australia Basseterre 24-03-2007
**150** (153) 3rd Mahela Jayawardene/Kumar Sangakkara Bermuda Port of Spain 15-03-2007
**142** (129) 1st Stephen Fleming/Lou Vincent Canada Gros Islet 22-03-2007
**140** (141) 3rd Ian Bell/Kevin Pietersen Australia North Sound 08-04-2007
**140** (184) 4th Mahela Jayawardene/Chamara Silva Australia St George\'s 16-04-2007
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=2403;type=tournament) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017025906/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_for_any_wicket.html?id=2403;type=tournament |date=17 October 2020 }}`{=mediawiki}*
### Highest partnerships for each wicket {#highest_partnerships_for_each_wicket}
Wicket Runs Partnerships Country Opponent Venue Date
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------- -------------------------------------- --------- -------------- --------------- ------------
1st 172 Adam Gilchrist/Matthew Hayden Sri Lanka Bridgetown 29-04-2007
2nd 202 Sourav Ganguly/Virender Sehwag Bermuda Port of Spain 19-03-2007
3rd 183 Sanath Jayasuriya/Mahela Jayawardene West Indies Georgetown 01-04-2007
4th 204 Michael Clarke/Brad Hodge Netherlands Basseterre 18-03-2007
5th 138\* Jacob Oram/Scott Styris England Gros Islet 16-03-2007
6th 97 Russel Arnold/Tillakaratne Dilshan South Africa Georgetown 28-03-2007
7th 87 Ravi Bopara/Paul Nixon Sri Lanka North Sound 04-04-2007
8th 71\* Paul Nixon/Liam Plunkett New Zealand Gros Islet 16-03-2007
71 James Franklin/Brendon McCullum Ireland Providence 09-04-2007
9th 44 David Hemp/Dwayne Leverock India Port of Spain 19-03-2007
10th 59 James Franklin/Jeetan Patel Sri Lanka Kingston 24-04-2007
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20070427123932/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?id=2403%3Btype%3Dtournament)*
Note: \* denotes unfinished partnerships.
### Most sixes {#most_sixes}
#### In an innings {#in_an_innings}
*Note: Only listing innings of 5 or more sixes.*
Sixes Player Country Opponent Venue Date
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------ --------- ------------- --------------- ------------
**8** Imran Nazir Zimbabwe Kingston 21-03-2007
Adam Gilchrist Sri Lanka Bridgetown 29-04-2007
**7** Herschelle Gibbs Netherlands Basseterre 16-03-2007
Brad Hodge Netherlands Basseterre 18-03-2007
Sanath Jayasuriya Bangladesh Port of Spain 21-03-2007
Yuvraj Singh Bermuda Port of Spain 19-03-2007
**5** Jacques Kallis Netherlands Basseterre 16-03-2007
AB de Villiers West Indies St. George\'s 10-04-2007
Mark Boucher West Indies St. George\'s 10-04-2007
Brendon McCullum Canada Gros Islet 22-03-2007
Craig McMillan Kenya Gros Islet 20-03-2007
Ricky Ponting Scotland Basseterre 14-03-2007
Shivnarine Chanderpaul Sri Lanka Georgetown 01-04-2007
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_innings.html?id=2403;type=tournament) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017025917/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_innings.html?id=2403;type=tournament |date=17 October 2020 }}`{=mediawiki}*
#### In the tournament {#in_the_tournament}
*Note: Only player with 10 or more. Listed in order of number of sixes, then innings, then surname.*
Sixes Player Team Innings
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------- ------ ---------
**18** Matthew Hayden 11
**14** Herschelle Gibbs 10
Sanath Jayasuriya 11
**11** Mark Boucher 10
Ricky Ponting 11
**10** Adam Gilchrist 11
Mahela Jayawardene 11
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_career.html?id=2403;type=tournament) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516205716/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/batting/most_sixes_career.html?id=2403;type=tournament |date=16 May 2007 }}`{=mediawiki}*
| 868 |
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| 2 |
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# 2007 Cricket World Cup statistics
## Bowling
### Most wickets in the tournament {#most_wickets_in_the_tournament}
McGrath surpassed Akram\'s record (55 wickets) for the highest number of wickets in World Cup matches, in the game against Bangladesh. His total of 26 wickets was the highest in any single World Cup tournament, and he finished the tournament with 71 wickets in all World Cup matches.
- *Note: Only top 10 players shown. Sorted by wickets then bowling average.*
Player Team Matches Overs Runs Wkts Mdns Avg 4wi 5wi BBI Econ S/R
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------ --------- ------- ------ -------- ------ ------- ----- ----- ------ ------ ------
Glenn McGrath 11 80.5 357 **26** 5 13.73 0 0 3/14 4.41 18.6
Muttiah Muralitharan 10 84.4 351 **23** 1 15.26 2 0 4/19 4.14 22.0
Shaun Tait 11 84.3 467 **23** 1 20.30 1 0 4/39 5.52 22.0
Brad Hogg 11 82.5 332 **21** 6 15.80 2 0 4/27 4.00 23.6
Lasith Malinga 8 58.2 284 **18** 6 15.77 1 0 4/54 4.86 19.4
Nathan Bracken 10 71.4 258 **16** 10 16.12 1 0 4/19 3.60 26.8
Daniel Vettori 10 97.4 447 **16** 2 27.93 1 0 4/23 4.57 36.6
Andrew Flintoff 8 69 298 **14** 3 21.28 1 0 4/43 4.31 29.5
Andrew Hall 9 76 335 **14** 5 23.92 0 1 5/18 4.40 32.5
Charl Langeveldt 8 66 361 **14** 3 25.78 0 1 5/39 5.46 28.2
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20070408122631/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=2403%3Btype%3Dtournament)*
### Best bowling {#best_bowling}
*Note: Only top ten performances listed.*
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| Bowling figures:\ | Bowler | Country | Opponent | Venue | Date |
| Wickets-Runs (Overs) | | | | | |
+==========================================================================================================================================================================================+======================+=========+=============+===============+============+
| 5-18 (10) | Andrew Hall | | England | Bridgetown | 17-04-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 5--39 (10) | Charl Langeveldt | | Sri Lanka | Providence | 28-03-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 5--45 (10) | André Nel | | Bangladesh | Providence | 07-04-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 4--19 (9.4) | Nathan Bracken | | Sri Lanka | St George\'s | 16-04-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 4--19 (5) | Muttiah Muralitharan | | Ireland | St George\'s | 18-04-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 4--23 (7) | Farveez Maharoof | | Bermuda | Port of Spain | 15-03-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 4--23 (8.4) | Daniel Vettori | | Ireland | Providence | 09-04-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 4--25 (10) | Farveez Maharoof | | Ireland | St George\'s | 18-04-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 4--27 (4.5) | Brad Hogg | | Netherlands | Basseterre | 18-03-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 4--29 (6.5) | Brad Hogg | | New Zealand | St George\'s | 20-04-2007 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| *Source: [Cricinfo.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20070430093928/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=2403%3Btype%3Dtournament)* | | | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------+---------+-------------+---------------+------------+
| 438 |
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| 3 |
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# 2007 Cricket World Cup statistics
## Fielding
### Most catches in a match {#most_catches_in_a_match}
Catches Player Country Opponent Venue Date
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ---------------- --------- ------------- -------------- ------------
**3** Steve Tikolo New Zealand Gros Islet 20-03-2007
**3** Inzamam-ul-Haq Zimbabwe Kingston 21-03-2007
**3** Eoin Morgan New Zealand Providence 09-04-2007
**3** Chamara Silva New Zealand St George\'s 12-04-2007
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_innings.html?id=2403;type=tournament)*
### Most catches in the tournament {#most_catches_in_the_tournament}
Ricky Ponting increased his record number of catches in World cup matches from 17 to 25. Sanath Jayasuriya has moved to second place (18 catches).
: *Note: Only lists players with 6 catches or more*
Catches Player Team Matches
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ ------ ---------
**8** Paul Collingwood 9
Graeme Smith 10
**7** Eoin Morgan 9
Herschelle Gibbs 10
Matthew Hayden 11
Ricky Ponting 11
**6** Aftab Ahmed 9
Tamim Iqbal 9
Chamara Silva 11
*Source: [Cricinfo.com](https://web.archive.org/web/20070516210456/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/fielding/most_catches_career.html?id=2403%3Btype%3Dtournament)*
## Wicket-keeping {#wicket_keeping}
### Most dismissals in a match {#most_dismissals_in_a_match}
*Note: only top performance listed (sorted by date)*
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| Dismissals\ | Player | Country | Opponent | Venue | Date |
| (stumpings) | | | | | |
+=================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+==================+=========+==============+=============+============+
| **4** (1) | Kamran Akmal | | West Indies | Kingston | 13-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| **4** (1) | Brendan Taylor | | Ireland | Kingston | 15-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| **4** | Brendon McCullum | | England | Gros Islet | 16-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| **4** | Denesh Ramdin | | Ireland | Kingston | 23-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| **4** | Brendon McCullum | | West Indies | North Sound | 29-03-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| **4** | Adam Gilchrist | | South Africa | Gros Islet | 25-04-2007 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
| *Source: [Cricinfo.com](http://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?id=2403;type=tournament) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017025854/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_innings.html?id=2403;type=tournament |date=17 October 2020 }}`{=mediawiki}* | | | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+---------+--------------+-------------+------------+
### Most dismissals in the tournament {#most_dismissals_in_the_tournament}
Adam Gilchrist became the first wicket-keeper to reach the milestone of 50 dismissals in all World Cup matches. His tally of seven World Cup stumpings also equals the record held by Pakistan\'s Moin Khan.
*Note: Only top 10 players shown.*
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| Dismissals\ | Player | Team | Matches |
| (stumpings) | | | |
+================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================================+==================+======+=========+
| **17** (5) | Adam Gilchrist | | 11 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **15** (4) | Kumar Sangakkara | | 11 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **14** (1) | Brendon McCullum | | 10 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **13** | Denesh Ramdin | | 9 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **9** | Mark Boucher | | 10 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **9** (2) | Paul Nixon | | 9 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **9** | Niall O\'Brien | | 9 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **7** (2) | MS Dhoni | | 3 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **5** (2) | Kamran Akmal | | 3 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| **5** (1) | Brendan Taylor | | 3 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------+------+---------+
| *Source: [Cricinfo.com](http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career.html?id=2403;type=tournament) `{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420215140/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/wc2007/engine/records/keeping/most_dismissals_career
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# Intopia
**Intopia** (or **INTOPIA**) is a strategic management simulation tool in the form of a business game, and is used in a variety of undergraduate and graduate university courses. It is used to teach students the concepts of strategic management of multinational businesses in a simulated world of up to four \"nations\". The number of participant executives or students can range from 9 to 100+, and are divided into 3−25 teams, each managing a company. The participants practice their skills over a few hours, receiving immediate feedback on their decisions.
Intopia has been used as a tool in teaching business strategy in universities in over 55 countries, including 18 in the U.S. A positive 1995 review by Peter Palij of Columbia University concluded that the tool is \"a benchmark for measuring other competitive simulations\".
## History
Development of management simulation software began at the University of Chicago in the early days of academic computing. This work led by Hans B. Thorelli and Robert L. Graves resulted in the release in 1963 of the early mainframe game INTOP, which was employed for teaching in over 160 institutions world-wide over the period 1963-1995.
The modern tool INTOPIA was first released in 1995, after a development by an international team over a period of approximately seven years. The team included Thorelli (coordinator, presently Distinguished Professor Em. in the Kelley School of Business, Indiana University), Graves (then Prof. of Mathematics and Computers in the School of Business, University of Chicago), and Juan-Claudio Lopez (Professor in Escuela de Administracion, Universidad Catolica, Santiago de Chile). The company Intopia, Inc. was registered in the State of Indiana, USA, in the mid-90s to further develop and manage the simulation. The present version of INTOPIA B2B was developed by Thorelli, Graves and Scott McDaniel of Personix (Indianapolis, Indiana). Thorelli\'s work with the simulation is being carried on by his son, Tom, and grandson, Erik Thorelli.
## Key features {#key_features}
Intopia is an imaginary world of four regions, with a maximum of four currencies. The world has multiple competing firms which may produce a maximum of two types of products of varying types. These products fall into two distinct categories of consumer durables -- X\'s and Y\'s, although those X\'s and Y\'s may represent different products within each simulation.
Each company is required to make decisions regarding the current and future periods. A company\'s unilateral decision can range from introducing new products, performing R&D, stepping up production, initiating market research, setting prices and sales/promotions for its products. As well, there is a great amount of inter-company business, with each company able to purchase or sell to other companies.
As well as the production of X\'s and Y\'s, companies may choose to sell insurance, provide financial or analytical services, or license new products to gain revenue.
Each decision affects the bottom line of the company which is reflected at the end of the period, after the simulation has run
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# Diproqualone
**Diproqualone** is a quinazolinone class GABAergic and is an analogue of methaqualone developed in the late 1950s by a team at Nogentaise de Produits Chimique. It was marketed primarily in France and some other European countries. It has sedative, anxiolytic, antihistamine and analgesic properties, resulting from its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABA~a~ receptor, antagonist activity at all histamine receptors, inhibition of the cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme, and possibly its agonist activity at both the sigma-1 receptor and sigma-2 receptor (the function of these receptors and their clinical relevance has not yet been determined). Diproqualone is used primarily for treating inflammatory pain associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis and more rarely, for treating insomnia, anxiety and neuralgia.
Diproqualone is the only analogue of methaqualone that is still in widespread clinical use, due to its useful anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in addition to the sedative and anxiolytic actions common to other drugs of this class. There are still some concerns about the potential of diproqualone for abuse and overdose. So, it is not sold as a pure drug but only as the camphosulfonate salt in combination mixtures with other medicines such as ethenzamide
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# Benedetto Gennari
**Benedetto Gennari** (1563--1610) was an Italian painter of the early-Baroque period, active mainly in Ferrara and Cento.
His birthplace is poorly recorded. He adopted a style influenced by Caravaggio, and by age 19, was working in the household of Mirandola in Cento. In that town, he helped decorate the Palazzo della communita and the church of Spirito Santo. Guercino became his apprentice in 1607. His nephews Benedetto II Gennari and Cesare Gennari, sons of his brother Ercole Gennari, were also painters
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# Yellow-billed kingfisher
The **yellow-billed kingfisher** **(*Syma torotoro***) is a medium-sized tree kingfisher.
## Taxonomy
Three subspecies are recognised:
- *Syma torotoro torotoro* (Lesson, 1827) found in West Papuan islands, lowland New Guinea, Yapen Island and Aru
- *S. t. flavirostris* (Gould, 1850) found in Cape York Peninsula in northeastern Australia
- *S. t. ochracea* (Rothschild and Hartert, 1901) found in the D\'Entrecasteaux Islands of eastern Papua New Guinea
## Description
The yellow-billed kingfisher is 20 cm long, with a wingspan of 29 cm, and it weighs 30-50 g. Its orange colouring and yellow bill are distinctive; it has an orange head and neck with a black nape patch and white throat. Adult females also have a black crown patch. The upper mantle is blackish grading to olive green on the back, blue-green on rump and with a blue tail. The upperwing is dull green-blue with dark olive-black flight feathers. The underparts are pale orange-grey. The bill is orange-yellow in adults, dark grey in juveniles.
## Distribution and habitat {#distribution_and_habitat}
The yellow-billed kingfisher is widespread throughout lowland New Guinea and the adjacent islands, extending to northern Cape York Peninsula in Australia. It may be found in rainforest, monsoon forest and along forest edges.
## Behaviour
### Feeding
The yellow-billed kingfisher is known to prey on large insects, earthworms, and small snakes and lizards. It perches in the low canopy, swaying from side to side, before swooping down to the ground to take its prey.
### Breeding
The nest of the yellow-billed kingfisher is usually an excavated chamber in an arboreal termite nest. The female lays a clutch of 3 or 4 glossy white, rounded eggs, measuring 26 x 23 mm.
### Voice
Calls include loud, repeated whistling trills like a postman\'s whistle, mainly during the breeding season.
## Conservation status {#conservation_status}
With a large range and no evidence of significant decline, the conservation status of this species is assessed as being of Least Concern
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# 1913 Australian federal election
The **1913 Australian federal election** was held in Australia on 31 May 1913. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, was defeated by the opposition Commonwealth Liberal Party under Joseph Cook, marking the second time an Australian Prime Minister was defeated at an election. The new government had a majority of just a single seat, and held a minority of seats in the Senate. It would last only 15 months, suffering defeat at the 1914 election.
The 1913 election was held in conjunction with six referendum questions, none of which were carried. According to David Day, Andrew Fisher\'s biographer, \"it was probably the timing of the referenda that was most responsible for the disappointing election result\" for the Labor Party.
## Results
### House of Representatives {#house_of_representatives}
Party Votes \% Swing Seats
------- -------------- ----------- ------- ------- --------
\| Liberal 930,076 48.94 +3.85 38
\| Labor 921,099 48.47 −1.50 37
\| Independents 49,194 2.59 −2.35 0
Total 1,900,369 **75**
\| **Liberal** **Win** **38**
\| Labor 37
: House of Reps 1913--14 (FPTP) --- Turnout 73.49% (Non-CV) --- Informal 2.83%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Notes**
- Three members were elected unopposed -- one Liberal and two Labor.
### Senate
Party Votes \% Swing Seats won Seats held
------- ----------------- ----------- ------- ------- ----------- ------------
\| Liberal 946,807 49.38 +3.83 7 7
\| Labor 934,176 48.72 −1.58 11 29
\| Socialist Labor 20,183 1.05 +1.05 0 0
\| Independents 16,233 0.85 −2.51 0 0
Total 1,917,399 18 36
: Senate 1913--14 (FPTP BV) --- Turnout 73.66% (Non-CV) --- Informal N/A
## Seats changing hands {#seats_changing_hands}
Seat Pre-1913
------------------ ---------- ------------- --------------------
Party Member Margin
Ballaarat, Vic \| Liberal *Alfred Deakin*
Bendigo, Vic \| Liberal John Quick
Boothby, SA \| Liberal David Gordon
Calare, NSW \| Labor Thomas Brown
Corangamite, Vic \| Labor James Scullin
Corio, Vic \| Labor Alfred Ozanne
Fremantle, WA \| Liberal William Hedges
Gippsland, Vic \| Independent George Wise
Hume, NSW \| Independent William Lyne
Indi, Vic \| Labor Parker Moloney
New England, NSW \| Labor Frank Foster
Oxley, Qld \| Liberal *Richard Edwards*
Riverina, NSW \| Labor John Chanter
Wannon, Vic \| Labor John McDougall
Werriwa, NSW \| Labor *Benjamin Bennett*
- Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election
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# Art Miki
**Arthur Kazumi Miki**, `{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|CM|OM}}`{=mediawiki} (born 1936) is a Canadian activist and politician in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He was president of the National Association of Japanese Canadians from 1984 to 1992, and is best known for his work in seeking compensation for Japanese-Canadians who were interned by the Government of Canada during World War II.
Miki\'s younger brother Roy is a Canadian poet and academic.
## Early life {#early_life}
Miki was born in British Columbia, and was among the 22,000 Japanese Canadians from that province who were displaced and interned during World War II. He and his family were forced to leave their six-hectare fruit farm near Vancouver, and were relocated to a one-room house in Ste. Agathe, Manitoba that they were forced to share with other families. He was educated in a French school, despite the fact that he did not speak the language.
Miki received a Bachelor of Education degree from the University of Manitoba in 1969, and a Master of Education degree in 1975. He received an honorary doctorate from the University of Winnipeg in 1999. He was a teacher for 29 years, and was for several years a high school and principal of Joseph Teres elementary school in the Transcona neighbourhood of Winnipeg. In 1991, he was appointed to the Order of Canada.
## Redress for Japanese Canadians {#redress_for_japanese_canadians}
Miki became president of the National Association of Japanese Canadians in 1984, and announced that his organization would seek a formal apology from the Canadian government and full compensation for property that was confiscated in the 1940s. His announcement was seen as an important, as the NAJC had previously been divided on the issue of reparations.
Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau\'s government responded to Miki\'s request by expressing its regret for the wartime internment policy, but did not offer financial compensation. Trudeau argued that other ethnic groups, including the Acadians and Chinese-Canadians, had also suffered historical discrimination, and said that the government could not begin to correct all past historical injustices.
Following the election of Brian Mulroney\'s Progressive Conservatives in 1984, Multiculturalism Minister Jack Murta announced that the government would offer a formal apology to Japanese-Canadians. The Mulroney government also offered \$6 million for a foundation dedicated to human rights projects, but did not offer individual compensation. Miki rejected the settlement figure as arbitrary, and called for a formally negotiated settlement.
Miki had a good working relationship with Murta despite their disagreements over policy, and described him as having a good understanding of the issues affecting minority groups. His relationship with Otto Jelinek, appointed as Murta\'s successor in 1985, was by contrast very poor. Jelinek argued that any apology to Japanese-Canadians should be made as part of a larger apology to other ethnic groups who were victimized by past government decisions, and argued that an apology to a specific group would set a poor precedent. In 1986, Jelinek offered a compensation package of \$10 million to be administered by the Japanese-Canadian community. Miki again rejected the offer, and called for a negotiated settlement.
In May 1986, Miki released a Price Waterhouse study which indicated that Japanese-Canadians had lost \$443 million in the 1940s due to discriminatory government policies. The release did not recommend a specific compensation figure, but was intended to provide a framework for further negotiations. Jelinek responded by saying that the report would have little effect on the government\'s plans.
David Crombie replaced Jelinek as Multiculturalism Minister in late June 1986. Miki welcomed the change, saying that Jelinek \"\[had\] been dealing around us instead of dealing with us and the group that represents us\", and adding \"\[f\]or our particular issue, I\'m not too sure he had much sympathy for it.\" Discussions over compensation soon became stalled again, notwithstanding the change. Crombie offered a \$12 million community fund without individual compensation, which Miki rejected as inadequate. Miki\'s association requested \$25,000 for each of the 14,000 survivors and a \$50 million community fund, figures that Crombie rejected as beyond the government\'s means.
A breakthrough finally occurred shortly before the 1988 federal election, when Miki and Gerry Weiner (the Mulroney government\'s fourth Multiculturalism minister in as many years) concluded private negotiations for a comprehensive settlement. The government agreed to pay \$21,000 for each survivor and \$12 million for a community fund, and pledged to set up a Canadian Race Relations Foundation. Mulroney also delivered an apology for the wartime internment policy to the House of Commons of Canada. Miki described the settlement as marking \"a great day for justice and human rights\" and \"a historic day for Canadians of Japanese ancestry who have been struggling so long to resolve the injustices of the 1940s\".
The Canadian Race Relations Foundation was later established by the government of Jean Chrétien. Miki himself served as a director. Miki has also been a director of the Japanese Canadian Redress Foundation, and served as executive director of the Organization for Co-operation in Overseas Development.
In February 1998, he was appointed as a Citizenship Judge in Manitoba by Citizenship and Immigration Minister Lucienne Robillard.
In 2003, he lent his support to Avvy Go\'s efforts to seek an apology for past state discrimination against Chinese Canadians.
In 2012, he was made a member of the Order of Manitoba.
## Political candidate {#political_candidate}
Miki ran for the Liberal Party of Canada in the 1993 federal election, challenging New Democratic Party incumbent Bill Blaikie in the working-class riding of Winnipeg---Transcona. Regarded as a star candidate, he received an endorsement from the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees, a railway union with some influence in the area. On election day, he lost to Blaikie by 219 votes.
He later ran for the Manitoba Liberal Party in Radisson in the 1995 provincial election, but finished second to New Democratic Party incumbent Marianne Cerilli. A poor central campaign by the Liberals prevented him from mounting an effective challenge
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# Cichla ocellaris
***Cichla ocellaris***, sometimes known as the **butterfly peacock bass** (\"peacock bass\" is also used for some of its relatives), is a very large species of cichlid from South America, and a prized game fish. It reaches 74 cm in length. It is native to the Marowijne and Essequibo drainages in the Guianas, and the Branco River in Brazil. It has also been introduced to regions outside its natural range (e.g., Florida, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico), but some uncertainty exists over the exact identity, and at least some of the introductions may involve another *Cichla* species or hybrids. It is frequently confused with *C. monoculus*. Studies conclude that the introduction of *Cichla ocellaris* does not negatively impact fish communities in Florida, making it an effective fisheries management tool.
## Appearance and identification {#appearance_and_identification}
Similarly shaped in body size compared to the largemouth bass, the butterfly peacock bass can reach lengths of up to 29 in, but averages 12 -- in length. Body and fin colors range from yellows, greens, and light red to orange. While color is extremely variable, the most prominent physical characteristics are the three vertical black lines along the sides of the body. With having the tendency to fade, these lines may not be found on some older fish. The common name of the fish originates from the black spot with a yellow halo surrounding. This spot is located on the caudal fin and resembles the feathers of a peacock.
## Spawning habits and locations {#spawning_habits_and_locations}
Spawning season for the fish is between April and September, with a height in May and June. Like other bass, adult fish create large flat surfaces that are hardened down near the shore in order to serve as a spawn location. Once the eggs are laid, both adults are responsible for protecting them from prey.
## Growth and age {#growth_and_age}
The growth from spawn to the average length of 12--14 inches progresses rapidly throughout the first 16--18 months of life. Upon additional growth beyond the average, a fish can potentially add up to 1.5 pounds of weight with every extra inch grown. Average lifespan for the Butterfly Peacock Bass is 6--10 years.
## Origins and habitat {#origins_and_habitat}
Native to the tropical Americas, the true *Cichla ocellaris* is restricted to the Guianas. The species thrives in warm, slow-moving bodies of water including lakes, ponds, canals, and rock pits. Like other species of bass, they tend to inhabit shaded areas under trees, bridges, and culverts. Butterfly peacock bass cannot survive in salinities exceeding 18 ppt, nor can they live in temperatures less than 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
## Current distribution {#current_distribution}
In 1984, the Florida Fish and Game Commission introduced the species to the lakes and rivers of Miami-Dade County, in south Florida. Upon introduction, roughly 10,000 young fish were introduced to the Miami-Dade County area via releasing the juveniles into the lakes and canals. Distribution throughout the area can be attributed to the travel of this species through the warm, freshwater canals of Florida. It is thought that these fish inhabit up to 300 miles (500 km) of canals specifically. Due to the fish\'s inability to tolerate salt water and low water temperatures, this species of fish is typically found only in the Miami-Dade and Broward County areas of Florida, with a few sightings in Texas and Louisiana.
This species has also been introduced in large numbers to Trị An Lake in Vietnam
## Ecological and feeding habits {#ecological_and_feeding_habits}
The introduction of the butterfly peacock bass to Florida has successfully aided in managing and controlling tilapia and oscar populations that once were a threat via overpopulation. The fish primarily feeds on fish allowing for them to be roleplayers in the balancing of a habitat. These fish typically feed during daylight hours where visibility is better for hunting. Like other bass, they use their incredible speed and large mouth to capture prey.
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| 0 |
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# Cichla ocellaris
## Game fishing {#game_fishing}
Regarded as the most popular sportfish in south Florida, millions of game fishermen travel each year to fish for Butterfly Peacock Bass, spending about 8 million dollars combined in resources and efforts. The fish is available to boat fishermen along with fishermen located on the shore. The species is fished similarly to largemouth bass, with shiners used as live bait and topwater jigs and jerkbaits as suggested tackle. Florida includes a daily bag limit of two fish, with a maximum length of 17 in.
## Edibility
The edibility of the fish is considered to be very good, as it provides a clean and flaky white filet. Many people refer to it as having a \"non-fishy\" taste
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# Luis Ortega (film director)
**Luis Ortega** (Buenos Aires; July 12, 1980) is an Argentine film director and screenwriter. He grew up in the province of Tucumán and returned to his hometown at the age of 16. At 19, he filmed his debut feature, *Black Box* (2002). His film *El Angel* (2018) was selected for the Cannes Film Festival in the Un Certain Regard section, and *Kill the Jockey* (2024) competed in the International Competition of the Venice Film Festival.
## Career
After a series of very low-budget independent films, he wrote and directed the impactful series Historia de Un Clan, where he left a mark with strong lyrical and erotic undertones. He also composed the musical theme for the series, Fantasma Ejemplar, performed by Daniel Melingo.
In 2017, he filmed *El Angel*, which became one of the highest-grossing films in the history of Argentine cinema, with 1,400,000 tickets sold. It was selected by the Cannes Film Festival for the Un Certain Regard section of its 71st edition. It was also chosen to represent Argentina at the Oscars in the category of Best Foreign Language Film.
In 2020, he directed two episodes of the series *Narcos: Mexico* for Netflix.
In 2024, he premiered his film *Kill the Jockey* in the Official Competition at the 81st Venice International Film Festival, and it was also selected to represent Argentina by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Oscars) in the category of Best International Feature Film.
He is currently developing his next feature, *Magnetizado*
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# Fraser of Inverallochy
The **Frasers of Inverallochy** descend from Simon Fraser, 6th Lord Lovat (c. 1572--1633), and are one branch of the Clan Fraser of Lovat, who hail from Inverallochy. Simon was Sheriff of Inverness, and married twice. The Frasers of Lovat descend from this first marriage, while the Frasers of Inverallochy descend from a second marriage, through a son, Simon Fraser of Inverallochy. This Simon Fraser, 1st of Inverallochy, had a great-grandson, Charles Fraser, 6th of Inverallochy, who was created Lord Fraser of Muchall by James Francis Edward Stuart, known to Jacobites as King James VIII of Scotland, in the Jacobite Peerage of Scotland
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# Yoji Harada
(6 August 1972 -- 27 March 2019) was a Japanese tattoo artist and musician who gained fame from his appearances in the TLC reality show *Miami Ink*
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# Ludovico Lana
**Ludovico Lana** (c. 1597--1646) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period, mainly active in Modena, where he died in 1646. He is also known as *Lodovico Lana*. He was the director of the Accademia Ducale of Modena. He is said to have been born in Codigoro to a Ferrarese merchant, whose family was originally from Brescia. He appears to have trained with Scarsellino in Ferrara. He then spent some time in Bologna, where he may have worked under or learned the style of either Reni or Guercino.
He helped decorate the Ducal Palace of Sassuolo. He painted an altarpiece for the Chiesa del Voto in Modena, depicting the *Virgin Mary stopping the plague of 1630*, which shows the town of Modena in low aerial view below the image of the Basilica of the Madonna della Ghiara. Below the virgin are pleading and dying citizens.
One of his pupils was Giovanni Vernulli
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| 0 |
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# 1910 Australian federal election
The **1910 Australian federal election** was held in Australia on 13 April 1910. All 75 seats in the House of Representatives, and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Liberal Party (formed by the fusion of the Protectionist Party and the Anti-Socialist Party in 1909) led by Prime Minister Alfred Deakin was defeated by the opposition Australian Labor Party (ALP) led by Andrew Fisher.
The election represented a number of landmarks: it was Australia\'s first elected federal majority government; Australia\'s first elected Senate majority; the world\'s first labour party majority government at a national level; after the 1904 Chris Watson minority and Fisher\'s former minority government the world\'s third labour party government at a national level; the first time it controlled *both* houses of a bicameral legislature; and the first time that a prime minister, in this case Deakin, was defeated at an election. It also remains the only election in Australia\'s federal history to have occurred following expiration of a full three-year parliamentary term by the \"effluxion of time\". This was the first time the Labor Party won a federal election.
Two referendums to approve proposed amendments to the Constitution were held on the same day. The State Debts referendum was carried, but the Surplus Revenue referendum was not carried.
Future Prime Minister James Scullin and future opposition leader Matthew Charlton both entered parliament at this election. Scullin lost his seat at the subsequent 1913 election and did not re-enter parliament until 1922.
## Background
After the 1906 election, the House of Representatives first met on 20 February 1907. Prime Minister Alfred Deakin allowed the parliament to run to its maximum permissible length under section 28 of the constitution (three years). Its final meeting ended on 8 December 1909, and it was then prorogued until 19 February 1910 at which point it expired by \"effluxion of time\". This remains the only occasion to date where the House has been allowed to expire, rather than being dissolved earlier by the Governor-General. The writs for the election were issued on 28 February, producing the longest gap between federal elections in Australian history.
## Results
### House of Representatives {#house_of_representatives}
Party Votes \% Swing Seats
------- ----------------- ----------- ------- -------- --------
\| Labor 649,538 49.12 +12.48 42
\| Liberal 591,248 44.71 −8.01 31
\| Socialist Labor 628 0.05 +0.05 0
\| Young Australia 590 0.04 +0.04 0
\| Independent 80,478 6.09 −2.22 2
Total 1,322,482 **75**
\| **Labor** **Win** **42**
\| Liberal 31
: House of Reps 1910--13 (FPTP) --- Turnout 62.80% (Non-CV) --- Informal 2.00%
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**Notes**
- Independents: William Lyne (Hume, NSW), George Wise (Gippsland, Vic)
- Four members were elected unopposed: two Labor and two Liberal.
### Senate
Party Votes \% Swing Seats won Seats held
------- -------------- ----------- ------- -------- ----------- ------------
\| Labor 2,021,090 50.30 +11.57 18 22
\| Liberal 1,830,353 45.55 N/A 0 14
\| Independents 134,976 3.36 +2.46 0 0
Other 31,700 0.79 0 0
Total 4,018,119 18 36
: Senate 1910--13 (FPTP BV) --- Turnout 62.16% (Non-CV) --- Informal N/A
## Seats changing hands {#seats_changing_hands}
Seat Pre-1910
------------------ ---------- ------------- -----------------
Party Member Margin
Bass, Tas \| Liberal David Storrer
Batman, Vic \| Liberal Jabez Coon
Bendigo, Vic \| Independent John Quick
Bourke, Vic \| Liberal James Hume Cook
Brisbane, Qld \| Liberal Justin Foxton
Capricornia, Qld \| Liberal Edward Archer
Corangamite, Vic \| Liberal Gratton Wilson
Corio, Vic \| Liberal Richard Crouch
Dalley, NSW \| Liberal William Wilks
Denison, Tas \| Liberal *Philip Fysh*
East Sydney, NSW \| Liberal *George Reid*
Gippsland, Vic \| Liberal George Wise
Hume, NSW \| Liberal William Lyne
Hunter, NSW \| Liberal Frank Liddell
Indi, Vic \| Liberal Joseph Brown
Maribyrnong, Vic \| Liberal Samuel Mauger
Nepean, NSW \| Liberal Eric Bowden
Perth, WA \| Labor James Fowler
Riverina, NSW \| Liberal John Chanter
Robertson, NSW \| Liberal Henry Willis
- Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election.
- Electorates listed as previously won by a margin of 100% were contested in 1906 as Anti-Socialists v Protectionists (Echuca and Hume) or by two Protectionists (Corio and Gippsland): these parties merged to form the Commonwealth Liberal Party on 26 May 1909
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# Sunrise Mall (New York)
**Sunrise Mall** is a shopping mall located in East Massapequa, New York. The mall opened on August 30, 1973, as the first two-level shopping mall on Long Island.
## History
Built by the Muss-Tankoos Corporation, the 1.3-million-square-foot mall cost \$45 million and featured 140 individual shops, plus four department stores, as the first two-floor mall on Long Island. Opened on August 30, 1973, Sunrise Mall was originally anchored by JCPenney, Gertz, Macy\'s, and E. J. Korvette. Other stores included F. W. Woolworth, Fanny Farmer, Herman\'s, Thom McAn, Lerner Shops, Nathan\'s, and Sam Goody. A five-screen movie theater operated by United Artists opened at the mall in 1976. Two more screens were added in 1979.
It was remodeled in 1991 to modernize the space and add a glass elevator and skylights. A koi pond was installed in the mall in 1996, converting a 4,000-gallon duck pond. The theater closed at the end of its lease in 1999 and was replaced by multiple stores. The mall was acquired by the Westfield Group in 2005 for \$143 million and renamed Westfield Sunrise. In June 2007, a man was arrested after driving his car through the mall and causing \$60,000 worth of damage.
Walmart closed its store in the mall on March 6, 2015 after 12 years and was replaced by Dick\'s Sporting Goods. On March 17, 2017, it was announced that JCPenney would be closing their store in the mall and liquidation sales were expected to begin on April 17, 2017. However, on April 13, it announced that, due to more shoppers coming to the store, liquidation sales would begin on May 22, 2017 instead of April 17, 2017. The store ultimately closed on July 31, 2017.
In October 2018, SeaQuest announced its plan to open an interactive aquarium in the Sunrise Mall. However, the company later pulled out in May 2019, citing the lengthy approval process and ongoing resistance from activists, including actor Alec Baldwin.
On March 19, 2020, the mall closed due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It remained closed until July 15. On August 4, 2020, it was announced that the mall would be going back to its original name, Sunrise Mall. On January 4, 2021, Sunrise Mall was purchased by Urban Edge Properties from Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield for \$29.7 million.
In October 2021, Sears closed. In February 2022, it was announced that Urban Edge Properties would not be renewing leases for its remaining 50 tenants and was considering other ways to redevelop the space. By September, the mall\'s 50 koi had been relocated to local schools and the Long Island Aquarium.
On January 9, 2025, it was announced that Macy\'s would be closing as part of a plan to close 66 stores nationwide while prioritizing higher-earning stores. The store closed on March 23, 2025, leaving Dick\'s Sporting Goods as the last remaining tenant at the mall.
## Transportation
Nassau Inter-County Express (NICE) buses that serve the mall are the **n71** Farmingdale State College-Amityville via Hempstead Turnpike).
As of September 1, 2024, the n19 and n80 no longer serve the mall, with the n19 terminating at Hicksville Road and the n80 terminating near the mall at Unqua Road and Sunrise Highway.
As of May 25, 2025, the n54 and n55 no longer serve the mall as they now bypass it, leaving the n71 as the only remaining route to serve the mall
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# Craig Coxe
**Craig Raymond Coxe** (born January 21, 1964) is an American former professional ice hockey player. In addition to playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Vancouver Canucks, Calgary Flames, St. Louis Blues, and the San Jose Sharks. Coxe also played two seasons of major league roller hockey in the RHI, after having grown up playing hockey in Tucson, Arizona, from 1969 to 1975 and in Laguna Beach, California. He lives in the suburbs of Saint Ignace, Michigan.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Coxe was selected in fourth round (66th overall) in the 1982 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings. Unable to come to terms with Detroit, he became an unrestricted free agent after the 1983--84 season and signed with the Vancouver Canucks.
Coxe played for four different NHL teams over eight seasons in the NHL. Best known as an enforcer, Coxe played in 235 NHL regular season games, scoring 45 points and receiving 713 minutes in penalties. Coxe was suspended for the first three games of the 1987--88 NHL season for leaving the penalty box to fight Joe Paterson during a pre-season game against the Los Angeles Kings.
While perhaps best remembered as a member of the Vancouver Canucks, Coxe was claimed from the Canucks by the San Jose Sharks in the 1991 NHL Dispersal and Expansion Drafts and, on October 4, 1991, he scored the first goal in the Sharks\' franchise history. It was the next-to-last goal that he scored in the NHL.
## Coxe vs. Probert {#coxe_vs._probert}
Coxe was known as a willing fighter at the NHL level. Coxe\'s fights with Bob Probert are considered classics and have been referred to as \"two of the biggest toe to toe slugfests of all time\".
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
During the 1999--00 season, his final year as a player, Coxe was playing with the San Antonio Iguanas in the CHL. Before the season\'s end, Coxe was named the assistant coach for the team. The following season Coxe was named head coach of the CHL\'s Huntsville Tornado. Coxe was also the head coach of the CHL\'s El Paso Buzzards for their final season in 2002--03. During this season, the team\'s owner, Bill Davidson, had declared bankruptcy. Despite not being paid for over a month, and even though at times he was able to dress only 9 or 10 players, Coxe continued to coach the team to the season\'s end. He is currently the head hockey coach at Cheboygan Area High School in Cheboygan, Michigan. He is also the rink manager at the Ralph G. Cantile Arena in Cheboygan.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Coxe is a native of Chula Vista, California.
## Career statistics {#career_statistics}
### Regular season and playoffs {#regular_season_and_playoffs}
Regular season
------------ ------------------------- -------- ----- ----------------
Season Team League GP G
1981--82 St. Albert Saints AJHL 51 17
1982--83 Belleville Bulls OHL 64 14
1983--84 Belleville Bulls OHL 45 17
1984--85 Vancouver Canucks NHL 9 0
1984--85 Fredericton Express AHL 62 8
1985--86 Vancouver Canucks NHL 57 3
1986--87 Vancouver Canucks NHL 15 1
1986--87 Fredericton Express AHL 46 1
1987--88 Vancouver Canucks NHL 64 5
1987--88 Calgary Flames NHL 7 2
1988--89 St
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# KSAS-FM
**KSAS-FM** (103.5 MHz, \"Kiss-FM\") is a commercial radio station located in Caldwell, Idaho, broadcasting to the Boise, Idaho area. KSAS-FM airs a Top 40 (CHR) music format.
The station made headlines in April 2008 when its afternoon disc jockey, Steve \"KeKe Luv\" Kicklighter, set an unofficial world record by going 175 consecutive hours without sleep, on the air. The stunt was timed to the start of National Child Abuse Prevention Month, in order to bring attention to that cause. In April 2009, Keke Luv ran 7 marathons in 7 days to raise awareness to child abuse.
## History
Before becoming top 40 KSAS had the KARO call letters which now belong to a Christian worship music station in Boise. In the mid-1990s, KARO was an all \'70s music format as Arrow 103 until 1997 when KARO switched to an AOR rock format, competing between classic rock KKGL, then Active Rock J105 and alternative leaning KQXR. Going back to the station\'s beginnings as KQZQ, they originally aired an automated adult Top 40 format (TM Production\'s \"Stereo Rock\" format) as Z-103.
### 1984-1987; KLCI Classy 103; Adult Contemporary {#klci_classy_103_adult_contemporary}
In 1984, the station adopted the Adult Contemporary format as *Classy 103 FM* (KLCI). One of the first FM AC stations in the Boise market. The station competed with *67 KBOI*, and later *K-106 FM* (KCIX), which the latter signed on the air on January 1, 1985.
### 1987-1995; KHEZ EZ-103; Move to 103.3; Easy Listening {#khez_ez_103_move_to_103.3_easy_listening}
In 1987, the station frequency moved to 103.3 MHz and switched to the easy listening format branded as *EZ-103 FM* with the call signs, KHEZ.
### 2000-present; CHR {#present_chr}
In 2000 KARO flipped to Top 40/CHR becoming 103.3 Kiss FM, making the return of the *Kiss FM* moniker in the Boise market for the first time since the former CHR station KIYS dropped *92 Kiss FM* and switched to country as *Kissin\' 92* (KIZN) ten years prior. It became a formidable competition to the other top 40\'s in the Treasure Valley. From 2000 to 2013 the other stations *Music Monster 99.1* (KTPZ as an all-80s format) and *93.1 Hit Music Now* (KZMG \[now KBOI-FM\]) exited the format.
On November 16, 2006, Clear Channel Communications planned to sell 448 of its radio stations outside the top 100 markets including the company\'s Boise stations: KSAS-FM, KCIX, KTMY (now KAWO), KXLT-FM, KIDO, and KFXD. In March 2007, Peak Broadcasting LLC bought the stations.
On August 30, 2013, a deal was announced in which Townsquare Media would purchase Peak Broadcasting\'s stations, including KSAS-FM, as part of the deal in which Cumulus Media would acquire Dial Global. As part of the deal, Townsquare swapped Peak\'s stations in Fresno, California, to Cumulus for its stations in Dubuque, Iowa, and Poughkeepsie, New York; Peak, Townsquare, and Dial Global were all controlled by Oaktree Capital Management. The sale to Townsquare was completed on November 14, 2013.
On October 31, 2013, at 5 p.m., KSAS moved from 103.3 FM to 103.5 FM. The realignment allowed for KZMG to return albeit as an Adult top 40 station. The last song on 103.3 Kiss FM was \"Let The Children Play\" by local rapper Infectious, and the first on 103.5 Kiss FM was \"Baby Got Back\" by Sir Mix-a-Lot.
## In popular culture {#in_popular_culture}
In the 1988 comedy film *Moving*, the billboard ad for the radio station EZ-103 FM can be briefly seen when the Pear family arrived to Boise
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# China National Highway 112
**China National Highway 112** is a 1228 km ring road which runs outside Beijing (municipality)
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# Go (Pat Benatar album)
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{{Album chart|Billboard200|187|artist=Pat Benatar|rowheader=true|access-date=February 7, 2025}}
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# Virtual business incubator
Business incubators began in the 1950s and took off in the late 1990s as support for startup companies who need advice and venture capital to get their ideas off the ground. As the dot-com bubble burst, many high-tech business incubators did so too. Today, the model of a business incubator is changing. Several of the incubator companies who survived the dot-com bubble switched to a **virtual** model.
A definition of a virtual incubator is provided by IdeaGist as: *In a broader sense, virtual incubators can be defined as a catalyst for socio-economic development, providing a process for developing early stage ideas into viable ventures.* They offer formal and informal learning opportunities and connect entrepreneurs to an ecosystem of related services. While virtual incubators are still getting defined in a fast-changing world, they have a potential of disrupting the traditional business incubation model.
The traditional incubator model requires a startup venture to set up shop at the incubator\'s site. The virtual model, on the other hand, allows a company to garner the advice of an incubator without physically being located at the incubator site. This new model suits those entrepreneurs who need the advice an incubator offers but still want to maintain their own offices, warehouses, etc. One example of a fully virtual incubator is the [One Million by One Million](http://1m1m.sramanamitra.com/) initiative.
Several state and local governments in the United States`{{Who|date=April 2012}}`{=mediawiki} are working with or creating their own virtual business incubators to attract new business.
Higher Education institutions such as Auburn University and Springfield Technical Community College are now offering virtual business incubation of some kind, with most of them offering a big library of resources, and some even offering the use of physical facilities.
A global list of current and past virtual incubators is published by IdeaGist with 80 entries but many of them are either defunct or not offering virtual incubation services
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# Forkner shorthand
**Forkner Shorthand** is an alphabetic shorthand created by Hamden L. Forkner and first published in 1955. Its popularity grew through the 1980s as those who needed shorthand every day (such as secretaries) began to favor the easier learning curve of alphabetic systems to the more difficult (but potentially faster) symbol-based ones. Forkner was taught in high-schools and colleges throughout North America along with comparable shorthands such as AlphaHand, Speedwriting, Stenoscript and Personal Shorthand.
## Writing
Forkner is written with a handful of special symbols mixed with simplified versions of cursive longhand letters. A long horizontal stroke replaces *m* and a curved line stands for *ing.* The letters used are almost exclusively lower-case, written from left to right and joined in a standard cursive hand. Capital letters are used for special purposes; a detached *T* stands for the prefix *trans-* and the upper-case *S* represents *s* followed by *t.*
### Vowels
The way Forkner represents vowels may be unique among alphabetic systems. Instead of using only ordinary cursive forms, the vowels a/o/u and short i are reduced to dots and apostrophe-like strokes and ticks, mostly written after the body of word has been made. These vowel marks can be omitted if the writer feels they are unnecessary since many words are legible without their vowels.
Ordinary cursive vowels are reserved for long e, for diphthongs (e.g., *o* for *ow/ou*), or as affixes (e.g. *u* for *under-*). The \"long i\" diphthong is written as a dotless cursive i, for example, *fine* becomes *fın.*
While consonants are written phonetically, vowels generally reflect their original spelling. Forkner\'s symbol for *a* might express any of the sounds represented by *a* in English words such as *cat, father, ago, day.* The *oo* sounds in *too* and *book* are represented by the *u* symbol. The short *e* sound is simply omitted: *less* becomes *ls.*
### Abbreviations and phrasing {#abbreviations_and_phrasing}
Forkner makes use of several standard shorthand features to gain additional speed: brief forms, common abbreviations, and phrasing. Brief forms are essentially shortened versions of frequent words or words potentially encountered in business letters. They are not always immediately transparent to the untrained reader, such as *Db* for *distribute*. The more commonly known abbreviations, like those for the days of the week, are also used in Forkner.
The shorter brief forms (one or two letters) that follow each other in a sentence are joined together as though they were one word; this is known as phrasing. Those familiar with Gregg or Pitman Shorthand will recognize this feature: operating on the philosophy that the time taken to repeatedly lift the pen between short words is wasted, the words in a group such as \"will you be able\" are compacted into one word. Though it may sound confusing, it is always clear to the transcriber what is meant, both through context and the words most commonly found in phrases, such as \"all\" (*l*), \"of\" (*v*), \"the\" (--), \"please\" (*p*), \"be\" (*b*), etc.
### Punctuation
Punctuation is fairly similar to the ordinary longhand equivalents. A period is a dot and a question mark is simply *?* without the dot. New paragraphs are indicated with double diagonal strokes *//*. Capitalized words, such as names, are indicated by a small check-mark placed under the word.
## Learning curve and writing speed {#learning_curve_and_writing_speed}
Students can begin adding Forkner shortcuts to their longhand writing as soon as they begin studying the system. One experienced shorthand instructor observed, \"Students get instant satisfaction because they can apply it from the beginning.\" This reportedly resulted in fewer students giving up on Forkner compared to other shorthand systems. One teacher told a reporter, \"The highest dropout rate in the Vancouver school system is in traditional shorthand courses, yet I have never had a dropout in Forkner.\"
Reports from shorthand instructors indicated results such as the following: an average student can achieve 50 words per minute after a 30-hour course; most of the students who took a 9-month course in high school reached or surpassed a goal of 60 wpm; in an experimental class taught at Chester High School (Pennsylvania), some students were able to write 100 words per minute after three months of intensive training.
Forkner shorthand\'s relative ease of learning was investigated in several academic dissertations and theses.
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# Forkner shorthand
## History
Dr. Forkner was a professor of business education at Columbia University when he began designing and testing his shorthand system. In 1955 he established the Forkner Publishing Company and issued its first book, *Forkner alphabet shorthand: A scientific high-speed system of writing: the only system of shorthand that combines the best features of symbol systems with easily written longhand letters.* He promoted his system at teachers\' conferences and helped organize some adult education classes.
In 1963 an experimental class at a Vancouver high school was successful and the school district implemented the course in 10 additional schools in September 1964. Larry Oszust, the instructor of the trial class, told a newspaper that his students had made as much progress in one year of Forkner classes as they would have made in two years of Gregg or Pitman training. From that starting point, Forkner gradually spread through high schools and universities in Canada and the US, competing with other shorthand systems.
In the 1980s public interest in handwritten shorthand evaporated. Fewer and fewer schools in North America offered shorthand classes. The publication of Forkner-related books concluded in 1991 when Nelson Canada printed the final run of the *Forkner Shorthand Dictionary.* Manuals and dictionaries are still readily available on auction and second-hand book sites
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# The God Makers II
***The God Makers II***is a documentary-styled film produced by Ed Decker and Jeremiah Films in 1993. The film, a sequel to Decker's earlier film *The God Makers*, is intended to be an exposé of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
## Overview
### Introduction
The introductory segment contains the following warning:
> Due to the nature of the subject matter, this program is recommended for mature audiences. All the following information pertaining to Mormon theology can be verified using Mormon publications.
A photo of the Salt Lake Temple is shown twisting and distorting. A voiceover by Decker comments on his earlier films *The Godmakers* and *Temple of the Godmakers*, stating that the earlier films "caused mayhem" and suggests that his films caused the LDS Church to "modify several so-called unchangeable sacred doctrines" as a result.
Decker introduces himself with the statement that he was an active member of the LDS Church for 19 years.
### Financial power of the LDS Church {#financial_power_of_the_lds_church}
The LDS Church is described as a huge business enterprise. John Heinerman, author of "Mormon Corporate Empire" describes various business ventures that the church is involved in. Heinerman states that 25% of the church's holdings are in agribusiness. John L. Smith, Director of *Utah Missions, Inc.* states that the men at the top of the "Mormon empire" are extremely wealthy and hold a lot of the corporate power in the country.
### Polygamy
Decker states that Joseph Smith "actively enjoyed at least 27 other wives" and describes his first plural wife as a "barely pubescent teenaged relative." Decker relates how the cessation of this practice by the church resulted in the formation of many fundamentalist splinter groups who continue the practice today. A series of interviews follows with men and women from some of these fundamentalist groups as they relate their experiences with polygamy.
Lillian LeBaron Chynoweth relates her experiences living in a polygamous fundamentalist group. Chynoweth, identified in the film as "Lillian, Former Mormon Fundamentalist," was the daughter of Ervil LeBaron. LeBaron was the leader and prophet of the Church of the Lamb of God, although the name of the church is not identified in the film and is instead referred to by Chynoweth as the "Mormon Church." Chynoweth states that the group was sincere in practicing "all aspects of Mormonism" and describes her father as controlling every aspect of their lives through revelation.
### Blood atonement {#blood_atonement}
A practice referred to as "blood atonement" is discussed. Decker states that the concept of blood atonement "glorifies the atoning power of the blood of the Mormon sinner," and refers to statements regarding "blood atonement" made by LDS Apostle Bruce R. McConkie in his book *Mormon Doctrine*, claiming that McConkie contradicts himself on a single page.
Chynoweth relates the account of the murder of her husband, her brother-in-law, and his eight-year-old daughter by her half-brothers. She states that their names were "on the list to be atoned for" because her father believed that they were "traitors to God's cause." At the end of Chynoweth's interview, she states that if anything happens to her that the "Mormon" church will be responsible. Immediately following this statement, a text overlay states that shortly after the interview, Lillian was found dead in her home of a gunshot wound.
### Changes to the Book of Mormon {#changes_to_the_book_of_mormon}
Decker refers to "4000 changes" in the Book of Mormon since it was first published. In addition, Decker states that LDS Church leaders have "covered up thousands of historical and archeological errors," while contrasting this with the statement that the Bible is "historically and archaeologically" accurate. Interspersed with Decker's comments are statements from David Breese, author of *Know the Marks of a Cult*.
### Spirit wives and "celestial sex" {#spirit_wives_and_celestial_sex}
The film include segments of the animation video from *God Makers*, which depicts God the Father surrounded by numerous, blonde, identical "spirit wives" who are caring for "spirit children."
Greer states that Mormon men are promised that they will have "unlimited eternal sex" and that the Mormon woman is promised a life of "eternal pregnancy." Greer also states that if Mormon men do not marry in a Mormon temple that "they will be castrated" and "made eunuchs" as the result of "an operation" that will take place after they reach heaven. Decker later follows up on this theme by stating that the goal of every Mormon man is to "enjoy everlasting, celestial sex with thousands of goddess wives."
### BYU Jerusalem Center {#byu_jerusalem_center}
Chuck Sackett, identified as "Former Mormon" and author of *What's Going On in There?* appears outside of Jerusalem dressed in Mormon temple clothing. Referring to the BYU Jerusalem Center, Sackett states that he wants to warn the Jews about the "deception and misrepresentation that was employed in building this Mormon edifice" and claims that the true purpose of the structure is to proselytize the Jews. Sackett also makes a number of statements that he claims represent Mormon beliefs, including the following:
- a claim that Mormons believe that they are the only "true Jews" on earth today.
- a claim that Mormons believe that they all come from the tribe of Ephraim.
- A statement that, upon baptism, Mormons believe that their blood actually changes to the blood of Israel.
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# The God Makers II
## Overview
### New Age practices {#new_age_practices}
The film shows what are said to be New Age related practices, which involved filming a woman wearing a pyramid on her head and a man who appears to be having a seizure. During this segment Heinerman states that "people of the new age movement are often more open to the truths of Mormonism."
### Goddess wives and the temple {#goddess_wives_and_the_temple}
Decker states that, \"The goal of every Mormon man is to become the duplicate of the Mormons\' concept of God: to reign over planets and solar systems and enjoy everlasting, celestial sex with thousands of goddess wives\". Decker claims that temple attendance is required to achieve this goal, but that 75% of LDS members will never enter a temple. He also suggests that the requirement to wear \"sacred temple underwear\" places LDS members under bondage.
### The occult {#the_occult}
William Schnoebelen, listed as \"Author, Former Mormon, Former Satanist\", appears in front of the Los Angeles Temple. Schnoebelen states that he was a former \"high priest of Satan\" who attended the temple, and that he was \"ultimately very satisfied by it because \[he\] thought that this was in fact a profound satanic initiation ceremony\". Both Schnoebelen and Decker equate Mormon temple practices with Satanism. Regarding these allegations of satanic practices, Decker states that the \"LDS Church has officially acknowledged that we were right\", apparently referring to the Pace memorandum.
Decker discusses the Mormon ordinance of baptism for the dead, stating that this is \"when the dead are called up to convert to Mormonism\", and that the dead will \"seek out\" those who enter the temple.
Decker claims that Joseph Smith was a sorcerer and fortune teller and that \"\[i\]t is therefore quite natural to surmise that Smith's followers would be involved in the same practices that he advocated\". Decker also claims that Smith was convicted of sorcery and \"crystal ball gazing or fortune telling\" by courts in New York.
Decker states that Smith traveled to the hill Cumorah annually to \"conjure up the spirit\" of the angel Moroni from the dead. A picture of a decomposed skeletal body in a coffin is shown as Decker suggests that there is \"strong evidence\" that Smith had to dig up the body of his brother Alvin and bring part of his body to the hill in order to obtain the golden plates.
Decker claims that Smith used \"blood sacrifices in his magic rituals\" in order to locate treasure. Decker quotes C. R. Stafford, while Stafford quotes earlier critics.
Decker states that Smith was found to be in possession of a \"magic talisman\" at the time of his death that would bring him \"wealth, power and success in seducing women\".
### Allegations against church leaders {#allegations_against_church_leaders}
A dying AIDS patient named Charles Van Damme is interviewed. Van Damme claims that he arranged women and drugs for church leaders (including Gordon B. Hinckley). These comments are interspersed with video of several people carrying protest signs near Temple Square in Salt Lake City. Commenting on the lack of news responding to these allegations, Decker states that the church executed \"an extraordinary media blackout\" and that they \"stopped the hottest story of the '80s\". Decker further states that the Mormon church has the \"ability to control virtually all media programming with their minds\".
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# The God Makers II
## Controversy
### Responses to the film {#responses_to_the_film}
The film *The God Makers II* provoked a number of responses from both supporters and critics of Mormonism, with both groups claiming severe inaccuracies in the information presented. Says Massimo Introvigne, \"the second book and film are worse than the first: they include an explicit call to hatred and intolerance that has been denounced as such by a number of Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish organizations.\" Among the critics of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints that challenged the film were Jerald and Sandra Tanner, despite Sandra Tanner's involvement in the first *God Makers* film. When Decker was denounced by Jerald and Sandra Tanner, he went so far as to accuse them of being in the pay of the LDS Church and even of being \"demonized\" themselves. Decker and his associates offered to exorcise the Tanners' demons, and expressed great sadness when they refused.
The film provoked bomb threats against LDS meetinghouses and death threats against members.
### BYU Jerusalem Center {#byu_jerusalem_center_1}
A segment in the film focuses on the BYU Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern studies located on Mount Scopus outside the Old City of Jerusalem. The center was constructed in 1984, and teaches curriculum concerning Near Eastern history, Hebrew and Arabic language, and the Gospels in the New Testament. Part of the agreement which allowed its construction was that students are forbidden to proselytize. If a student breaks this agreement, he or she is sent home. The center was closed during the period between 2000 and 2006 due to security concerns as the result of the Second Intifada and reopened in 2007.
### Blood atonement {#blood_atonement_1}
Lillian Chynoweth's description of the "blood atonement" administered by the followers of Ervil LeBaron is briefly described in Jon Krakauer's book *Under the Banner of Heaven*. Although not explicitly named in the film *The God Makers II*, the list that Chynoweth referred to was called *The Book of the New Covenants*, and was written by Ervil LeBaron before his death in prison. The document contained a list of individuals that LeBaron believed deserved to die. Upon receipt of the list by several of his sons, they proceeded to administer this punishment.
With regard to the statement of Lillian Chynoweth's death after the completion of the film, *The God Makers II* does not make it clear that she committed suicide in 1992, and instead leaves the impression with the viewer that she was murdered as the result of the "blood atonement" threat. The Tanners take issue with the manner in which this is presented in the film, stating, \"\[t\]his statement certainly suggests to all those who see the video, that Lillian Chynoweth was murdered in cold blood. What the producers of The God Makers II fail to tell the viewer is that Lillian took her own life. Also, the "Mormon Church" Chynoweth refers to on film is the "Church of the Lamb of God" but the film does not make this clear, so the viewer is left to infer she was speaking about the LDS Church. The Tanners, who do make the claim that the LDS Church practiced "blood atonement" in the 19th century, state, "\[u\]nfortunately, The God Makers II has presented the material concerning blood atonement in a way that has caused many people to believe that the Mormon (LDS) Church is still involved in the practice".
The LDS Church claims that this doctrine was never practiced in the 19th century church at all, and formally repudiated the allegations of this practice in 1889.
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# The God Makers II
## Controversy
### Allegations of sorcery and necromancy {#allegations_of_sorcery_and_necromancy}
Joseph Smith was never "convicted" or even tried on charges of sorcery, crystal ball gazing or fortune telling. In 1826 a written complaint was filed against Smith as a "disorderly person." This resulted in what is referred to as the "1826 trial" of Joseph Smith. The charge was "glass looking," in reference to Smith's use of a stone to assist in the search for treasure during the time that he worked for Josiah Stowell. Contradictory accounts of the trial exist, and the outcome is not specified.
The allegation that Joseph Smith dug up and took with him a part of his brother Alvin's body to the hill Cumorah is unconfirmed. Fawn Brodie in her biography of Smith: *No Man Knows My History* accepts Joseph Smith Sr.'s story on face value where he states that the family, "heard a rumor that Alvin's body had been exhumed and dissected. Fearing it to be true, the elder Smith uncovered the grave on September 25, 1824 and inspected the corpse."
The story of the exhumation of Alvin's remains gained new life with the "discovery" of Mark Hofmann's forged Salamander Letter. The forger is believed to have borrowed heavily from the affidavit of Willard Chase, published in the book *Mormonism Unvailed* in 1834. Chase states that the angel told Joseph Smith to bring his brother Alvin with him to obtain the plates. Alvin died on November 19, 1823, well before Smith's second visit to the hill on September 22, 1824. Although Chase's statement makes no further comment regarding Alvin, Hofmann's forgery adds a claim that Smith said to the angel, "he is dead shall I bring what remains but the spirit is gone." This statement reintroduced speculation regarding the exhumation of Alvin's body for the purpose of satisfying the requirements for obtaining the plates. Jerald and Sandra Tanner point out that the only known source of such a requirement is the discredited Salamander Letter and suggest that Decker relied upon this letter as the source of his claim.
Author Dan Vogel, in his book *Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet*, speculates that the allegation is in fact true and that Joseph Smith Sr. stated there was a rumor, or even started it himself, merely to create a pretext for the exhumation. Vogel suggests that the family would not have had to dig up Alvin's grave in order to see if it had been tampered with. Further, accepting Chase's testimony in *Mormonism Unvailed*, Vogel states that the timing of the exhumation (September 25, close to the equinox during which Lucy Mack Smith states Joseph made his visits to Cumorah) further suggests it was part of an attempt to secure the golden plates
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# Complete Champion
***Complete Champion*** is a supplement for the 3.5 edition of the *Dungeons & Dragons* fantasy role-playing game.
## Contents
Somewhat of a sequel to *Complete Divine*, the book is geared for characters who fight for a cause.
## Publication history {#publication_history}
*Complete Champion* was written by Ed Stark, Chris Thomasson, Rhiannon Louve, Ari Marmell, and Gary Astleford, and was published in May 2007. Cover art was by Eric Polak, with interior art by Steve Argyle, Stephen Belledin, Miguel Coimbra, Thomas Denmark, Eric Deschamps, Wayne England, David Griffith, Fred Hooper, Ralph Horsley, Howard Lyon, Eva Widermann, and Sam Wood.
Thomasson defined the use of \"champion\" in the title to mean a \"champion of faith\", rather than in the more general sense of the term: \"All characters have the potential to be champions; this book is focused on the divine, specifically divine magic and the religions of D&D \--the goal we had was to make those elements of the game more accessible to characters other than paladins, clerics and druids.\"
## Reception
Viktor Coble listed the entire *Complete* series - including *Complete Adventurer*, *Complete Divine*, *Complete Warrior*, *Complete Arcane*, *Complete Champion*, and *Complete Mage* - as #9 on *CBR*\'s 2021 \"D&D: 10 Best Supplemental Handbooks\" list, stating that \"These books took a deep dive into specific class types. They expanded on what it meant to be that kind of class, gave informative prestige classes, extra abilities, and even new concepts for playing them
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# KSLT
**KSLT** (107.1 MHz), is a radio station licensed to Spearfish, South Dakota, United States, serving Rapid City, South Dakota and the surrounding region with a Christian adult contemporary format. The station is currently owned by the University of Northwestern -- St. Paul.
On October 24, 2011 KSLT moved from 107.3 FM to 107.1 FM.
An asset purchase agreement filed with the FCC on October 29, 2021 says Northwestern Media is buying KLMP/88.3 (Rapid City, South Dakota) and KSLT/107.1 (Spearfish-Rapid City, South Dakota) from Bethesda Christian Broadcasting for \$249,000. The deal also includes KSLT satellites KSLP/90.3 (Pierre, South Dakota) and KSLS/90.7 (Dickinson, North Dakota) and boosters KLMP-1/KSLT-1 in Rapid City and translator K292DN in Newcastle, Wyoming. KLMP and KSLT fit in with Northwestern's existing stations, which all carry either Adult Contemporary Christian or teaching and preaching from the Faith Radio Network. Bethesda Christian Broadcasting\'s KTPT (Rapid City, South Dakota) and KSLT/KSLP translators owned by the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel are not included in the transaction.
Northwestern Media closed on its purchase of KLMP/88.3 (Rapid City) and KSLT/107.1 (Spearfish-Rapid City) from Bethesda Christian Broadcasting on January 31, 2022.
## Translators
KSLT is also heard on full power stations **KSLP** 90.3 in Fort Pierre, South Dakota and **KSLS** 90.7 in Dickinson, North Dakota, as well as five low powered translators in South Dakota, Nebraska, and Wyoming.
KSLS was previously the call sign of an FM radio station in Liberal, Kansas---part of the \"LS Network\" of radio entrepreneur Larry Steckline. The Federal Communications Commission assigned the Kansas station the call sign **KSLS** on April 10, 1978, but changed its call sign to KSMM on February 15, 2008.
### Full powered stations {#full_powered_stations}
### Translators {#translators_1}
## Previous logo {#previous_logo}
(KSLT\'s logo under previous 107
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# Jonathan's Law
**Jonathan\'s Law** is a New York state law signed in May 2007 by Governor Eliot Spitzer, established procedures for the notification of parents and guardians of incidents affecting the health and well-being of children and certain adults residing in state-run facilities. Jonathan\'s Law was sponsored by Assemblyman Harvey Weisenberg (D--Long Beach) and State Sen. Thomas P. Morahan (R--New City). The law is named for Jonathan Carey, a child with nonverbal autism who was killed in 2007 by a direct care worker employed at the state-run facility where he lived.
## Background
The State of New York\'s Office for People With Developmental Disabilities prevented the family of Jonathan Carey from accessing records relating to their son, who had been diagnosed with autism. Jonathan Carey attended the private Anderson School in Dutchess County in 2004, where he was abused and neglected. As he was nonverbal, Jonathan was unable to tell his parents what had occurred at the facility.
In 2007, Jonathan was killed at age 13 by direct care worker Edwin Tirado of the O.D. Heck Developmental Center (a state-run facility in Niskayuna, New York). Tirado was convicted of second-degree manslaughter and sentenced to five to 15 years in prison. Michael and Lisa Carey, the parents of Jonathan Carey, later advocated for the passage of Jonathan\'s Law.
## Legal effects {#legal_effects}
Jonathan\'s Law consists of amendments to New York Mental Hygiene Law Article 33 that:
- Give parents and guardians of developmentally-disabled people who live in government facilities access to records concerning abuse allegations. Records must be produced within three weeks after an investigation is closed;
- Mandate telephone notification, within 24 hours of an incident, to parents or guardians, followed by a written report within ten days;
- Require facility directors to meet with parents and/or guardians to discuss reported incidents; and
- Increase fines for noncompliance to \$1,000 per day and up to \$15,000 per violation
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# Gateway Regional School District (Massachusetts)
**Gateway Regional School District** is a school district serving students from seven Western Massachusetts towns: Huntington, Russell, Blandford, Chester, Montgomery, and Middlefield
The district consists of two elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school providing educational services to approximately 1,000 students in grades PreK--12.
## Schools
Gateway Regional\'s system includes:
- Gateway Regional High School
- Gateway Regional Middle School
- Littleville Elementary
- Chester Elementary
At one time, the Gateway district operated five elementary schools. Due to declining student numbers and reduced state revenue, the school committee voted to consolidate elementary schools (thereby closing Blandford Elementary School, R. H. Conwell Elementary School, and Russell Elementary School). Students that would have attended those schools now go to Littleville Elementary School in Huntington, or Chester Elementary School in Chester. R. H. Conwell re-opened under the name of R. H. Conwell Community Education Center for the 2010--2011 school year and ran as a private school by residents of the town of Worthington. The privately operated school operated until the 2014 - 2015 school year when in July of 2015 Worthington officially withdraw from the Gateway regional district and reopened R. H. Conwell as a public school within its own district for the 2015-2016 academic year.
## History
In 1949, the concept of a regional high school was presented to the townspeople`{{where|date=May 2012}}`{=mediawiki} by Superintendent, Dana O. Webber as a solution to the educational facilities problem in this`{{where|date=May 2012}}`{=mediawiki} valley. The idea was voted down at that time but was presented again in 1950-1951. Many meetings were held in the towns`{{which|date=May 2012}}`{=mediawiki} involved, and a brochure suggesting curriculum and cost was presented to the townspeople. But in 1952 the issue was once more turned down by the voters. It was not until 1955 that the matter was reconsidered. The`{{which|date=May 2012}}`{=mediawiki} committee spent more than a year trying to arrive at a solution best suited to the four towns, and in May 1957, Huntington and Montgomery voted in favor of accepting; Blandford had a tie vote; and Chester defeated the issue. In July of the same year, the towns of Huntington and Montgomery voted to form a two-town district, the nucleus of the eventual Gateway Regional School District. Worthington and Chester were admitted by amendment in 1959, but Chester withdrew in 1960.
At town meetings in 1961, initial funds were appropriated for capital outlay, and an option to purchase the present school site was taken. The architects and contractors were chosen, and ground-breaking ceremonies were held on June 28, 1962. Superintendent Dana O. Webber was elected Superintendent by the committee at its inception.. Mrs. Stella Belisle was elected clerk of the committee in 1961.
In the fall of 1962, the town of Middlefield requested an amendment for its admittance to the district, and in November that town was admitted. The new school began its official school year on Wednesday, September 4, 1963, with an enrollment of 240 Students.
In July of 2015 Worthington withdrew from the district, establishing its own primary school district and establishing an agreement with the Hampshire Regional School District for Junior and High School students from Worthington to attend that district's secondary schools
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# Fahrenheit 451 (video game)
***Fahrenheit 451*** is an interactive fiction game released in 1984 based on the 1953 novel of the same name by Ray Bradbury. Originally released by software company Trillium, it was re-released in 1985 under the company\'s new name Telarium.
The player\'s goal is to help Guy Montag, the main character from the novel, to evade the authorities and make contact with an underground movement. Bradbury contributed to the game by writing the prologue and responses of the game\'s intelligent computer \"Ray\".
## Plot
At the ending of *Fahrenheit 451*, former Fireman Guy Montag is a fugitive, wanted for murder for killing his supervisor and stealing contraband books. The game takes place five years later. A pointless war has swept across the country, leading to martial law by the Firemen. Now an agent for the literary underground, Montag makes his way to New York. His mission is to break into the heavily guarded New York Public Library on 42nd Street. The books themselves were burned, but the contents had first been transferred to microcassette. The microcassettes need to be retrieved and uploaded into the Underground\'s information network. Along the way, he discovers that Clarisse McClellan, the young woman who inspired him to rebellion, is still alive.
Challenges for the player involve finding ways to alter one\'s appearance, fingerprints, and \"chemindex\" (body chemistry) in order to evade detection. Other issues arise in finding food to eat and safe places to rest. The player must also make contact with members of the Underground hiding in the city, through the use of a lighter and literary quotations.
In the end, Montag is able to break into the Central Library and meet up with Clarisse. The microcassettes are found and transmitted on the information network to resistance cells all over the world. While Montag and Clarisse achieve victory in saving the extensive collection of literature, it costs them their lives as firemen storm the office after the last cassette is transmitted, immolating them both.
## Release
The plot and text of the game were co-written by Len Neufeld (known for his previous authorship of books in the *Be an Interplanetary Spy* interactive novel series), working under the aegis of Byron Preiss Visual Publications.
The game was released for the Apple II, Atari ST, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, Mac, MSX and Tandy computers.
## Reception
In the 1980s, a reviewer praised the \"gripping prose\" and the \"unique approach of obtaining and using literary quotations\". German reviewers maintained the complexity of the plot, the graphics and the large number of scenes and non-fictional characters.
In 1993, a German study about the history of interactive fiction described *Fahrenheit 451* as a highly complex, interactive computer fairy tale. It referred to the adventure as a play with classic literature quotations
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# Bernard L. Schwartz Communication Institute
The **Bernard L. Schwartz Communication Institute** at Baruch College was founded with the support of Bernard L. Schwartz in 1997 and dedicated to helping faculty integrate communication-intensive activities into course curricula. It sponsors an annual "Symposium on Communication and Communication-Intensive Instruction." The institute operates under the office of the Provost.
The institute is a nationally recognized academic service unit and faculty development program dedicated to infusing the curriculum with oral, written, and computer mediated communication-intensive activities to aid in undergraduates' development as confident, purposeful and effective communicators. The institute oversees many programs and initiatives at Baruch. These include curricular development and support of Communication-Intensive courses across the curriculum, professional development for Fellows, faculty members and staff, program assessment, educational technology, software development. The institute has published the education weblog cac.ophony.org since 2005 and has developed the VOCAT oral communication assessment instrument since 2007. Baruch received the 2008 TIAA-CREF Institute\'s Theodore M. Hesburgh Award for innovative professional development programs.
## Directors
- Robert J
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# Parapalos
***Parapalos**\'\' (***Pin Boy**\'\') is a 2004 Argentine and Belgian film, directed by Ana Poliak, and written by Poliak and Santiago Loza.
## Plot
The film tells of a Ringo (Adrian Suarez), a young man who moves from the city to the country, and moves in with his cousin Nancy (Nancy Torres). He takes a job as a Pin Boy at the local bowling alley.
Ringo has to go through to a rather physical and extensive training session, and is warned that the job is physically demanding and hazardous and he is given no health insurance.
But Ringo takes the job with enthusiasm and seems content doing the physical work. He listens to the folktales of his older, more experienced co-workers, particularly the well-traveled former hippie who calls himself Nippur.
Ringo comes home from work as Nancy goes out to her job, and they share breakfast before she leaves. They establish a good relationship that develops into a good friendship.
## Cast
- Adrián Suárez
- Roque Chappay
- Armando Quiroga
- José Luis Seytón Guzmán
- Nancy Torres
- Dorian Waldemar
## Background
In an interview with a social justice journalist David Walsh at the Buenos Aires 6th International Festival of Independent Cinema, director and producer Ana Poliak discussed why she made the film. She said, \"It was the first time that I had the feeling that we were not all equal\.... I could see behind the back walls of the alley, where I saw kids my age, naked from the waist up, who were working very, very hard. I couldn\'t quite understand the situation\.... During the match I would concentrate on the boys\' feet and hands, and I felt that on the other side there was another world, parallel to mine, which I couldn\'t comprehend. I started from this idea to make the film,\" she added, \"This is connected, in some way, to the differences in social classes that I discovered when I was little, and I guess that\'s why I\'m so interested in this type of character. I can\'t find answers for these questions. I think that my social class doesn't have that capacity, that light.\"
## Reception
### Critical response {#critical_response}
Film critic Doug Cummings liked the film and wrote, \"Poliak\'s DV camera maintains a steady gaze, intensifying the subtleties of the workers\' conversations in their cramped and shadowy confines with tight compositions. The film\'s careful sound design emphasizes the ambient noises and shapes them to reflect Adri·n's subjective experience. In many ways, the film's formal claustrophobia is reminiscent of Lucrecia Martel\'s *The Holy Girl*, but *Pin Boy* is far less lush, emphasizing its austere and potentially dangerous environment with flat lighting and compelling, matter-of-fact realism.\"
### Awards
**Wins**
- Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema: Best Film; Ana Poliak; 2004.
- Entrevues Film Festival, France: *Grand Prix* Foreign Film, Ana Poliak; 2004
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# Ubertino I da Carrara
**Ubertino I** (or **II**) **da Carrara** (also *Uberto*, *Umberto* or *Umbertino*; died 29 March 1345), called **Novello** and better known as **Ubertinello**, was the Lord of Padua from 1338 until his death. thumb\|Tomb of Ubertino da Carrara
## Youth
Ubertinello was the son of Jacopino da Carrara of the Carraresi clan of Padua, where he was born early in the 14th century. His mother was Fina Fieschi. To distinguish him from his uncle Ubertino il Vecchio, he is usually known as either Ubertino Novello or Ubertinello.
In August 1319, Ubertinello, Albertino Mussato, and Giovanni di Vigonza were sent by Jacopino to seek help from Bologna when Cangrande I della Scala, with Rinaldo d\'Este and Obizzo III of Ferrara, besieged Padua. They failed in their mission and, on 4 November, Jacopino offered the city to the protection of Henry of Görz, the vicar of Treviso for Frederick III of Germany.
## Quarrel with the Dente {#quarrel_with_the_dente}
On 17 July 1325, Ubertinello became involved in an extremely violent quarrel with horrible repercussions for Padua. Ubertinello murdered Guglielmo Dente and incurred banishment from the reigning *podestà*, Pollione Beccadelli. On 22 September, the deceased\'s brother, Paolo, with Gualpertino Mussato, the abbot of S. Giustina, and the *podestà*, attacked the Carraresi properties in the city. Ubertinello returned from Chioggia, where he was staying in exile, assassinated the *podestà*, and besieged his enemies in their homes. He invaded the chancery and burned all documents incriminating him and condemning him. Some of the city\'s archives were also lost. In the assassinated Beccadelli\'s place, Ubertinello installed Corradino Bocchi di Brescia. Conrad von Owenstein, the captain and vicar of Frederick III in Padua by appointment of Henry of Carinthia since 1321, banished the Dente and their supporters. Following this series of events, the Carraresi were again the chief family in Padua.
## Takeover in Padua {#takeover_in_padua}
In September 1328, Ubertinello was involved with his uncle Marsilio in handing Padua over to Cangrande with a secret treaty. This was done to prevent their own relative Nicolò da Carrara from gaining too much power. Ubertinello was knighted at the subsequent celebrations in Verona.
On 14 July 1337, the secret treaty of nine years previous was overridden by a new secret pact, signed this time with the Republics of Venice and Florence. This new treaty made Marsilio lord of Padua and Ubertinello his heir. On 3 August, Alberto II della Scala, Cangrande\'s successor at Verona, was imprisoned by Venice, removing the chief obstacle to Marsilio\'s lordship. On 10 March 1338, Ubertinello became a Venetian citizen and on 22 March Marsilio died. On 5 May, in the Doge\'s Palace in Venice, with a Florentine embassy present, Ubertinello renewed the treaty of nine months earlier with only slight modifications. He was under obligation to come to the military aid of Venice and Florence against any of their enemies.
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# Ubertino I da Carrara
## Wars of aggrandisement {#wars_of_aggrandisement}
Ubertinello besieged Monselice for a year and a month until it fell on 19 August after his succession. The citadel held out until 28 November under Fiorello da Lucca. On 2 December, he obtained Treviso from Mastino II della Scala, Alberto\'s brother and co-ruler. By a treaty of 4 January 1339, however, he was forced to yield Treviso to Venice and accept Bassano and Castelbaldo instead. Verona, Lucca, Vicenza, and Parma were confirmed to the Scaligers.
On 9 April 1340, Ubertinello affirmed an alliance with Obizzo of Ferrara, Taddeo Pepoli, and Florence at Lendinara. This alliance was immediately opposed by an alliance of Luchino Visconti and Ludovico Gonzaga with Mastino. The war was sparked by envy for the rich cities of the Scaliger. Ubertinello sent Enghelmario di Villandres to take Vicenza, but Visconti scattered his army. The next year, Ubertinello broke the Scaliger alliances and bound himself with Visconti, Gonzaga, and Azzo da Corregio with the aim of taking Parma. In September, the allies raided Veronese territory as far as the gates of Vicenza, but the men of Mantua, loaded with booty, retired, leaving the remaining troops insufficient to take the city. Azzo began the siege of Parma on 21 May anyway.
Florence, meanwhile, had her eye on Lucca, longtime rival for the Tuscan primacy. She offered a huge sum of money to Mastino in return for the city, but the Republic of Pisa began besieging in the meantime. Florence turned to Ubertinello and, on the basis of the old treaty, demanded his military aid against Pisa. He refused, however. Florence paid 180,000 gold florins for the city, but Ubertinello sent troops instead to aid Pisa, allied with the Republic of Genoa, Gonzaga, Visconti, Corregio, and the other Ghibellines of Tuscany and Romagna. On 11 July 1342, Lucca fell to Pisa.
## Deterioration of relationship with Venice {#deterioration_of_relationship_with_venice}
On 24 March 1340, Venice settled a long-running succession dispute concerning Camposampiero. The castle was granted to Ubertinello, but the *curia* went to William, son of the late Tiso IX. In July that year, Vitaliano, son of William Dente, arrived in Venice only to have his dispossession and exile were reaffirmed.
In 1342, Candia revolted, but Venice refused to lend him aid.
A final effort at peace with Mastino was begun in 1343. On 25 May at Montagnana, Ubertinello agreed to wed his bastard daughter Gentile to Mastino\'s illegitimate son. The alliance was sealed. That very month, Lemizio, an illegitimate brother of William Dente, also arrived in Venice. He accused Ubertinello before the doge and launched a proceeding against him. Letters were sent summoning Ubertinello to appear before the tribunal within eight days. He was convicted and exiled (from Venice). His alliance with Mastino had made him a Venetian liability.
## Domestic initiatives {#domestic_initiatives}
During his five years of power, Ubertinello had worked extensively to improve Padua internally. He began with reform legislation in February 1339.
He finished a new wall begun by Marsilio and built a new palace (1343). In March 1344, a clock was added to the tower of the palace by Giacomo Dondi. He repaved old roads and laid new ones. He reinforced the riverbanks to prevent flooding and erosion and dug a canal to Este, where he rebuilt the citadel, and Montagnano. He patronised the wool industry to develop commerce and confirmed the ancient privileges of the University of Padua to develop education. He appointed Rainiero Arsendi da Forlì to the chair of civil law in 1344.
On 27 March 1345, on the advice of his vicar Pietro da Campagnola, he nominated Marsilietto Papafava, a relative, his heir, bypassing Jacopo, the son of Nicolò. On 29 March, he died and was buried in the Augustinian Church of the Eremitani in Padua.
## Marriages
Ubertinello was married twice. His first wife was Giacomina, daughter of Simone da Correggio, uncle of Alberto and Mastino della Scala. This marriage was later annulled on the grounds of being attained by force at the suggestion of Marsilio.
His second marriage was contracted on 24 April 1340 with Anna Malatesta, daughter of Malatestino Novello
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# Hong Kong one-dollar coin
The **one-dollar coin** is a denomination of the Hong Kong dollar.
## History
It was first issued in 1866 as a silver coin of a diameter of 38 mm, a mass of 26.96 grams and a thickness of 2.80 mm. This issue lasted only three years with a reported mintage of 2,109,000 coins in total; separate statistics of each year\'s mintage are unavailable.
The second introduction of a dollar coin was started in 1960 as a copper-nickel coin of 30 mm in diameter, 2.25 mm thick, and weighing 11.66 g. The circulation of this coin was ended in 1978 with the issuance of a smaller coin of 25.50 mm in diameter, 1.95 mm thickness and weighing 7.10 g.
All issues up to 1992 featured Elizabeth II on the obverse with the inscription *QUEEN ELIZABETH THE SECOND*.
The reverse featured the Chinese characters and English words for 圓 (*yùhn*) one dollar, and 香港 Hong Kong, as well as an image of an English crowned lion in the centre.
In 1993 the portrait of Elizabeth II was replaced with the Bauhinia flower, this design is used to the present day but its first year\'s issue was made of nickel-plated steel as opposed to cupro-nickel. in 1997 a commemorative issue with a Chinese unicorn, the Qilin on the reverse was issued for the handover of Hong Kong to China.
## Mintage
**Mintmarks**
- H = Heaton
- KN = King\'s Norton
\|Year \|Mintage
---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
\| 1866-1868 (Silver coin) 2,109,000 (all years)
\| 1960 (Large coin) 40,000,000 H mint mark, 40,000,000 KN
\| 1970 15,000,000 H
\| 1971 8,000,000 H
\| 1972 20,000,000
\| 1973 8,125,000
\| 1974 26,000,000
\| 1975 22,500,000
\| 1978 (Small coin) 120,000,000
\| 1979 104,908,000
\| 1980 100,000,000
\| 1987 ???
\| 1988 20,000,000 circulating. 20,000 proof.
\| 1989 20,000,000
\| 1990 ???
\| 1991 ???
\| 1992 25,000,000
\| 1993 ???
\| 1994 ???
\| 1995 ???
\| 1996 ???
\| 1997 Regular and Chinese unicorn commemorative
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# Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years
***Wilhelm Meister\'s Journeyman Years, or the Renunciants***, is the fourth novel by German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and the sequel to *Wilhelm Meister\'s Apprenticeship* (*Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre*) (1795--96). Though initially conceived during the 1790s, the first edition did not appear until 1821, and the second edition---differing substantially from the first---in 1829.
The novel was greeted by mixed reviews in the 1820s, and did not gain full critical attention until the mid-20th century. Consisting largely of discrete short stories and novellas woven together with elements of the epistolary novel, lengthy sections of aphorisms, and several interspersed poems, the structure of this novel challenged the novel form as commonly practiced at the time of its publication.
A major theme running through the various parts of the novel is that of \"Entsagung,\" translatable as \"renunciation.\" The most famous section of the novel is probably the episode in which the protagonist and his son Felix visit the \"Pedagogical Province.\"
## Plot
**First Book**
**Chapter One**: opens with \"Flight into Egypt,\" in which Wilhelm Meister and Felix encounter a family in the course of their travels; the father of the family identifies himself as \"Saint Joseph.\" Felix befriends the boys of the family, and returns with them to their residence. Wilhelm, declining their invitation to come as well, returns to his lodge at the mountaintop and writes to Natalie. The chapter closes with this letter. Wilhelm speaks here of his wish to be with her, and also comments on the rules guiding his travels: \"Not more than three days shall I remain under one roof. I shall leave no lodging without distancing myself at least one mile from it.\" These rules are meant to give him -- quite literally -- journeyman status. He affirms to Natalie his determination to adhere to the rules, yet also betrays doubts.
**Chapter Two**: consists of the sections \"Saint Joseph the Second,\" \"The Visitation,\" and \"The Lily Stem.\" In \"Saint Joseph the Second,\" Wilhelm descends the mountain to the valley where this family lives. In their encounter the day before, Wilhelm had been struck by the resemblance of the family with familiar paintings representing the Biblical The Flight into Egypt; the father of the family had identified himself as \"Saint Joseph.\" Now, visiting the family\'s residence, Wilhelm is astonished to see that paintings of the real Saint Joseph, as well as of the Flight into Egypt, adorn the family\'s home. The correspondence of the actual family\'s appearance with these Biblical images is made the more striking by the fact that the man who introduced himself as \"Saint Joseph\" turns out really to be named Joseph, and his wife named Mary. Joseph tells Wilhelm of why he came to be named after the saint, and how the Biblical images played a role in his life. \"The Visitation\" continues Joseph\'s story, telling of how he met his wife, Mary, when she lost her first husband in an attack by robbers in the woods, and he helped her to safety. \"The Lily Stem\" tells of how he gradually won her affection, and, after her mourning was over, they married and began to live in resemblance to the Biblical model in the paintings.
**Chapter Three**: opens with a letter from Wilhelm to Natalie in which Wilhelm comments briefly on the story he has just retold. He states a further rule of his journey: \"Now in the course of my journey no third person shall become a constant companion. We wish to, and we are required to, be and remain two\...\" When the narration of the novel resumes, Felix\'s playmate Fitz leads Wilhelm and Felix into the mountains where they encounter their old friend Jarno (from *Wilhelm Meister\'s Apprenticeship*), who is now traveling under the name \"Montan.\" Felix, who has developed a \"tremendous interest\" in stones, asks many questions about geology. The manner of Mountain\'s explanations leads him and Wilhelm into a discussion of human understanding, of the need for \"resignation,\" and of the inadequacy of language and the written word to express what can be perceived clearly in nature. \"Nature only has one kind of writing, and I don\'t need to get bogged down with so many kinds of scribbling,\" states Mountain, adding at the close of the chapter; \"Precisely for this reason I don\'t talk with anyone about it, and I don\'t want -- precisely because you are dear to me -- deceptively to exchange the wretched stuff of dreary words with you any further.\"
**Chapter Four**: After further conversation with Mountain, the latter parts ways with Wilhelm and Felix, and takes Fitz along with him. As Wilhelm and Felix travel on, Felix follows an inexplicable intuition and makes his way into a cave in which he discovers a small ornate box. When Wilhelm finds him, he takes the mysterious box from Felix for safe keeping, and both agree that in this unexpected discovery, they share \"a deep secret.\" As they then continue traveling on, they walk into a trap that holds them enclosed within iron gates. Felix has never experienced such constriction and therefore rages at being closed in, but Wilhelm calmly recognizes signs that the trap is employed out of necessity rather than out of cruelty. They are released shortly and brought as guests to the nearby castle.
**Chapter Five**: Wilhelm and Felix are welcomed by the family who live on the land on which they had been trapped. The master of the house shows Wilhelm an elaborate assortment of maps and images of cities; he cuts his finger while peeling an apple, and bleeds profusely at the dinner table. Later, when all get up to go to sleep, Hersilie asks Wilhelm, \"Do you also read before going to sleep?\" and hands him the manuscript of a short story she has herself translated into German from French. This text is \"The Wandering Madwoman,\" which is then reproduced in full within the novel.
**Chapter Six**: Wilhelm is shown a gallery of paintings consisting entirely of portraits. \"We chatter enough,\" is the patron\'s rationale -- there is no need for narrative images that encourage this \"dangerous characteristic of our intellect\" any further. Wilhelm is also introduced to the house patron\'s liking for maxims inscribed around the house. One such phrase that is discussed in the chapter is: \"From the useful, through the true, to the beautiful.\" There is some discussion of the way that short aphorisms of this sort can be variously interpreted -- Hersilie points out that for women, it is often the inverse of \"the maxims of men\" that prove to be true. (\"We women are in a distinctive circumstance.\") Prefiguring the chapters that follow, there is mention of a venerable elder aunt who lives in a castle nearby (Makarie), and a cousin whose visit is expected soon (Lenardo). Another event, the meaning of which becomes clear only later in the novel, is Felix\'s fall from a horse that he is riding. Wilhelm witnesses his son\'s fall, but is not permitted to come to his aid, because he is not a qualified doctor. The chapter closes with letters between Lenardo, the Aunt, Juliette, Hersilie, Wilhelm, and Natalie. Lenardo sends a letter to his family announcing his intention to visit them soon; he has been traveling for three years without any contact with them other than an assortment of unexplained gifts. His aunt and cousins are perplexed and annoyed both by his long silence and by the presumptuous sudden return. This exchange of letters is given to Wilhelm; Wilhelm sends some of them on to Natalie as a way of sharing with her the family and community he now finds himself welcomed into.
**Chapter Seven**: In the early morning Wilhelm admires portraits in the gallery of the house, in particular one of a general who seems to look like Wilhelm himself. His host then joins him in the gallery, and they view a number of sixteenth-century portraits together. He expresses his pleasure at Wilhelm\'s appreciation for the past and its artifacts. Later, the family asks Wilhelm to visit their aunt Makarie, and also attempt to find out why their cousin Lenardo so inexplicably delays his announced return to the family. The narration is then interrupted for a brief account of the host\'s background: he was born in the United States, to which his father had earlier emigrated, but moved back to Germany as an adolescent. He decided that he prefers the European life: he would rather endure monarchy and the proximity of neighbors, he explains, than live in greater freedom in a country where he has to either conquer or deceive American Indians in order to survive in mosquito-infested swampland. There follows a discussion of religion, community, and resignation.
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# Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years
## Plot
**Chapters Eight and Nine**: the novella \"Who Is the Traitor?\"
**Chapter Ten**: Wilhelm and Felix arrive at the home of the old woman Makarie, and are welcomed as friends. Makarie\'s friend the astronomer is also present, and, after a discussion of mathematics in the evening, Wilhelm and the astronomer ascend to an astronomical observatory where Wilhelm observes the night sky. The following day the young woman Angela tells Wilhelm about the archive that Makarie maintains, containing written records of spoken conversations -- in these, she explains, things are said \"that no book contains, and on the other hand the best things that books have ever contained.\" The archive contains the mathematical treatise that had been the object of discussion the previous evening, and Wilhelm is permitted to read and copy it. On the third day of their stay Wilhelm asks Angela about Makarie\'s unusual character, which has gradually revealed itself to him. Angela confides in him that Makarie possesses an intuitive insight into, and harmony with, the Solar System; this fact has even been confirmed by investigations carried out by the astronomer. (This foreshadows chapter 15 of book three). Finally, the conversation turns to Lenardo. Angela believes he is worried about having harmed an unnamed young woman, and she asks Wilhelm, as a favor to the family, to deliver a message to him in this regard.
**Chapter Eleven**: As he has been requested to do, Wilhelm informs the nephew Lenardo that a certain young woman named Valerine is happily married and living well. Lenardo is greatly relieved to hear this, and the nature of his reactions compels Wilhelm to ask who Valerine is, and what the cause of Lenardo\'s worry had been. Lenardo thus tells the story of \"The Nut-Brown Girl.\" When he was younger, he had planned to undertake a journey around Europe. To finance this trip, his uncle had collected money from a longtime debtor who had one daughter, and whose wife was recently deceased. Fearing the consequences of this financial ruin of her family, the daughter -- known as the \"Nut-Brown Girl\" because of her complexion -- approaches Lenardo and pleads with him to intervene on their behalf with his uncle. Lenardo, knowing his uncle\'s character, tells her that there is nothing possible that he can to do influence the situation; \"Do the impossible,\" she then pleads with him. Lenardo, who feels obliged because his travels are ultimately the cause of her coming hardship, tries and fails to gain some leniency toward her. A combined feeling of both obligation and affection toward her have compounded his sense of guilt over time; this is why the news Wilhelm brings is so welcome -- since hearing from Wilhelm that she is living in happiness and prosperity, he knows that her life was not ruined because of him after all. Lenardo and Wilhelm decide to visit her; however, when they meet Valerine, his relief is suddenly shattered. The woman who greets them is not \"nut-brown\" at all, but rather fair and blonde. Since the girl in question had always been known simply by her nickname, Lenardo realizes that he had confused her real name -- Nachodine -- with that of another childhood friend -- Valerine, the happy and prosperous woman whom they now find themselves accidentally visiting. Once again uncertain of Nachodine\'s fate, Lenardo anguishes. He and Wilhelm reach the agreement that, since Wilhelm is obliged continually to wander, he will now direct his travels toward finding Nachodine, and will send Lenardo word as to her circumstances. \"I hope,\" Lenardo says, \"that when I know the girl is happy, I will be free from her.\" Lenardo directs him to an old acquaintance of his who may be of help.
**Chapter Twelve**: Wilhelm arrives in a city that appears to have been burnt down and entirely rebuilt, judging by the striking newness of its appearance. Here, Wilhelm finds the old man Lenardo had directed him to, who engages him in a conversation about time, permanence, and change. Asked for advice as to whether to attempt to open the box, the old man says that while it might entirely possible to get it open, he advises against it: \"\... since you obtained it by such a remarkable chance, you should test your luck by it. For if you were born fortunate and if this box has meaning for you, then the key to it must eventually turn up -- and just there, where you least expect to find it.\" Wilhelm decides to follow this advice, and leaves the box there for safe keeping. The conversation then turns to education, and to the question of where and how Felix should be schooled.
**Second Book**
**Chapter One**: Arriving at the Pedagogical Province, Wilhelm is struck by the unusual customs of the place. Since his intention is to entrust his son to them, the directors initiate Wilhelm in the pedagogical philosophy and methods of the Province. Music -- singing in particular -- is central to their mode of education; a distinct notion of respect -- combined with elements of humility and awe -- is at the center of the guiding worldview.
**Chapter Two**: Pedagogical Province features visual representations of the Israelites as an exemplary people. Wilhelm is explained the ideas of world history and the aesthetic principles that inform these images. Philosophical discussion of forms of representation dominates the discussion.
**Chapters Three, Four, and Five**: novella \"The Man of Fifty Years\"
**Chapter Six**: Consists of two letters: One, from Wilhelm to Lenardo, announcing that he has found Nachodine, and that she is living \"in circumstances in which, for the good soul, there is little further that remains to be wished for.\" The second letter, from Wilhelm to the Abbé, expresses Wilhelm\'s \"wish to complete my journeyman years with more composure and steadiness,\" and his resolution, after a new beginning, to live more in accordance with his inner inclination.
**Chapter Seven**: Wilhelm meets a painter, with whom he travels onward. The painter is greatly taken with the figure of Mignon, from *Wilhelm Meister\'s Apprenticeship*, whom he paints in many images; the initial purpose of Wilhelm and the painter\'s travels together is to visit the places where Mignon lived. Once they have done this, however, a further desire asserts itself: Wilhelm wishes to meet Hilarie and the Beautiful Widow. Both of these are characters from \"The Man of Fifty Years\" (the frame story of the novel and the novellas it contains begin to intermingle at this point). The two men and the two women spend time together at a lake and on an island. Their attentions are devoted to art, for which Hilarie reveals herself to have a talent; music, as the painter shows himself to be a gifted singer and lute player as well; and nature -- the landscape surrounding them is exceptionally rich and beautiful. The episode reaches its climax when the painter overwhelms his companions with a performance of Mignon\'s song \"Do You Know the Land?\" from *Wilhelm Meister\'s Apprenticeship*. The two women depart the following day. The chapter closes with letters from Lenardo to Wilhelm, and from the Abbé to Wilhelm, and with an \"Interruption\" by the narrator, who informs the reader that a period of several years will have passed when the action resumes in Chapter Eight.
**Chapter Eight**: Arriving at the Pedagogical Province, Wilhelm is shown the various pedagogical practices of the institution: foreign language, instrumental music, singing, poetry. Felix, whom he has not seen for some time, is now nearing adolescence. The chapter contains the song \"To invent, to resolve\...\"
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## Plot
**Chapter Nine**: Wilhelm is invited to a mountain festival, where he sees his friend Montan again. The two engage in a discussion of geology, and of theories regarding the creation of the world. Montan doesn\'t betray which of the many theories he himself believes in; when Wilhelm persists in asking who he agrees with, Mountain explains, \"I know as much as they do, and prefer not to think about it\"; \"Once one knows what everything is all about,\" he adds, \"one stops being talkative.\"
**Chapter Ten**: Letter from Hersilie to Wilhelm, in which she tells him of her astonishment when Felix -- by messenger -- confesses his love to her.
**Chapter Eleven**: Letter from Wilhelm to Natalie
**\"Observations in the Mindset of the Wanderers: Art, Ethics, Nature\"**: collection of 177 aphorisms
The poem **\"Legacy\"**
**Third Book**
**Chapter One**: Wilhelm, traveling onward, arrives at an inn in the mountains. The words \"Ubi homines sunt, modi sunt\" -- translated by Goethe as \"there, where people come together into community, a way and manner in which they wish to be and remain together shows itself\" -- are written in gold letters above a door in the inn. He is greeted by two singing men who perform an impromptu rendition of a bit of verse that Wilhelm had composed while walking. That night Wilhelm is awoken by an unidentifiable sound; he does not, however, find anyone whom he can ask what it was. The following morning he is shaved by a barber who does not speak. To Wilhelm\'s great surprise, Lenardo -- about whom Wilhelm had recently been thinking -- appears at the inn along with Natalie\'s brother Friedrich. The chapter ends with very much singing.
**Chapter Two**: Letters from Hersilie to Wilhelm. The first letter scolds Wilhelm for not writing to her in a way that allows any dialogue to emerge: \"\... correspondence with you is completely like a monologue,\" she complains. In the second letter, she lets him know -- in an excited and conspiratorial, secretive tone -- that she has finally found the key to the box Felix found earlier in the novel. Felix\'s friend Fitz, she tells him, has gotten himself into trouble, and the authorities came asking for a jacket he had lost. Before handing it over, she unexplainably reached into the pocket of it, and found a key there that she immediately knew was the one to the box. Having quietly kept the key rather than giving it to the authorities who asked for the jacket, she is agitated and fearful: \"the law and the courts are not to be joked with,\" she writes. She urges Wilhelm to come to her so that they can open the box together, and she tries to raise his curiosity to get him to come soon. Her letter includes an illustration of the key (the only visual element ever incorporated into any of Goethe\'s literary works). In a postscript she points out that it is actually Felix who found the box, and to whom it belongs, and that he should therefore be present for its opening, as well.
**Chapter Three**: Wilhelm does not heed Hersilie\'s request to come to her; he is not all that curious about the box and the key, and furthermore, having now mastered his medical calling, he is too busy tending to patients to leave at will. In a conversation with Lenardo and Friedrich, Wilhelm tells a story from his training in human anatomy: Due to an outbreak of crime that sought to capitalize on medical students\' need for human corpses to dissect, laws had become increasingly strict about the acquisition of these. As Wilhelm hesitates one day to proceed with the dissection of an especially beautiful young woman\'s arm, a stranger approaches him and brings him to see a collection of artificial human body parts he has made. Though those in the medical profession look askance at the practice, the man believes that anatomy can be learned better by building models of the body than by dissecting real parts: \"As you will shortly learn,\" he says to Wilhelm, \"constructing teaches more than destructing, connecting teaches more than separating, reviving dead material teaches more than killing further what has already been killed. So then, do you want to be my student?\" Wilhelm agrees, and proceeds to study with the man.
**Chapter Four**: Wilhelm having spoken in the previous chapter of his experiences as a medical student, Friedrich wishes to share with him his own talent: he has a precise memory and writes well, and with these talents was able to transcribe Wilhelm\'s story from the previous day virtually verbatim. In the conversation that ensues, the talents of various people are talked about, and Lenardo comes to speak of his own inclination for technical matters. He has been keeping a journal in which he records the technical details of industry and economy in the mountain regions, and offers this journal to Wilhelm to read that evening. \"I don\'t want to claim that it is exactly pleasant to read,\" he concedes. \"It always seemed to me entertaining and in a certain way instructive.\" The following chapter consists of excerpts from this journal.
**Chapter Five**: Consists of entries from Lenardo\'s journal regarding the rural textile industry in the mountains. After reading them, Wilhelm asks Lenardo for the continuation of the manuscripts, but is told that the rest of the text has been sent to Makarie. Instead of reading further, then, Wilhelm seeks to pass the evening in conversation.
**Chapter Six**: The barber whom Wilhelm met in the first chapter of Book Three -- who did not speak -- is now introduced to him as a master storyteller; the story he tells Wilhelm is \"The New Melusine.\" A young man -- indulgent both with money and with women -- sets out on a long journey. At one of the first stops he intends to flatter the young woman cooking at an inn -- both to get her attention, and in hopes she will lower the bill for his food. However, he is distracted by a beautiful and mysterious young woman who arrives at the inn just after he does. He falls passionately in love with her, but she tells that he will have to prove himself worthy of her by carrying out an enigmatic set of instructions: he must travel onward without her, and carry with him a small box that she gives him; this box must be kept in a separate room from the one he sleeps in. She gives him money for the trip, and he travels forth. Though he promptly gambles away the money and loses himself in the attentions of other women, she gives him another chance, and gives him a magically bottomless supply of gold for his expenses. Traveling by wagon one dark night, he notices a strange light. \"I observed it and found that it was coming from inside the small box, which seemed to have a crack in it as if it had been split open by the hot and dry weather of the beginning summertime.\" Looking into the crack he sees inside the box the interior of a tiny, majestic, and ornate hall in which his loved one -- in miniature -- was sitting by a fireplace from which the light was coming. She later explains to him that she is from the kingdom of dwarves, who sent her to find a human to marry in order to replenish the threatened dwarf population. Their love almost comes to an end one night when, drunk and jealous, the young man betrays her secret by openly mocking her as a dwarf in front of others. He redeems himself to her, though, by agreeing to be shrunk to dwarf stature in order to remain with her. With time, though, he grows discontented with life among the dwarves -- because the thought of marriage is odious to him, and also because of unease in his diminutive form -- and cuts off the magic ring that had shrunk him from his natural size. Back among humans, he makes his way back to the cook at the inn whose attention he had hoped to get at the beginning of the story.
Chapter Seven: letter from Hersilie to Wilhelm
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# Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years
## Plot
**Chapter Eight**: contains the story \"The Risky Bet,\" which the narrator includes here in unedited form because, he explains, the tone of the novel is getting ever more serious, and so there won\'t be place for the inclusion of such \"irregularities\" later in the novel. A group of young men observe an older man \"of lordly, austere appearance\" but with a big nose arriving in a mountain village, and one of them offers a bet: \"\... what do you want to bet that I will tweak his nose without suffering any dire consequences for it? Indeed, I will even earn myself a gracious master in him by doing so.\" His friends bet him one Louisdor that this will not happen. Learning that the man wishes to have his beard shaved, the young man presents himself as a barber, and, in the course of the shave, pulls the man\'s nose conspicuously. At the end, he earns the man\'s praise for his skillful work, but is admonished for one thing: \"One does not touch people of stature on the nose.\" His friends witness the deed, and the young man wins the bet. One of the friends, however, tells his lover of the bet; she tells a friend, and by evening the old man who was tricked hears about it. Enraged, he comes after the group with an axe, but they are able to escape. This slight to the noble old man\'s dignity hurts his pride, compromises his health over time, and is believed to be a contributing factor to his eventual death.
Chapter Nine: narration of Wilhelm\'s travels resumes
**Chapter Ten**: contains the short story \"Not Too Far.\" A husband and children wait at the dinner table to celebrate the mother\'s birthday; she does not appear, and after waiting for hours, the husband, Odoard, storms restlessly out into the street. The absent woman, Albertine, is known to crave society and attention, especially from men, and has even been warned that this attribute of hers could put her marriage at risk. \"I said it to her more than once,\" the family\'s servant reflects, \"she shouldn\'t push things too far.\" (Hence the title of the story.) Odoard spends the evening in a room at a local inn, pacing and brooding. He asks the innkeeper not to let on to anyone that he is there, but when a company of women arrive at the same inn, and insist on meeting the unnamed guest -- believing that it is an uncle of theirs -- Odoard falls to the feet of one of the women, recognizing her as an old love. At home, meanwhile, Albertine finally arrives, explaining to the servant that there had been an accident; her coach had fallen into a ditch en route. (The servant tells her that Odoard was called away on business.) When the accident occurs, a gentleman, Lelio, who was riding with them, helps her friend Florine out of the overturned wagon, but leaves Albertine inside to be helped by the coachman and a servant. It soon becomes clear that there is an amorous affair between Lelio and Florine; from Albertine\'s feeling of shock and betrayal at this revelation, it becomes clear that she herself had been involved with Lelio. Once the coachman has gotten the wagon out of the ditch, the three are nonetheless forced to ride onward together, \"and in hell itself there could not have been a group with more mutually repulsed feelings -- traitors together with the betrayed -- so tightly packed together.\"
**Chapter Eleven**: conversation regarding \"that which genuinely holds people together: religion and custom.\" Christianity, time, police and authority, law, and the state are all discussed; the narrator relates only the \"quintessence\" of the conversation, however, rather than its entirety.
**Chapter Twelve**: Odoard speaks generally and abstractly about plans for building settlements, and about the roles of discipline and creative freedom in the arts.
**Chapter Thirteen**: three further entries from Lenardo\'s journal, telling of his observation of the yarn industry and of his conversation with a young woman named Gretchen, who tells of her past romantic attachment to an unnamed man. After this relationship ended, Gretchen kept a page composed by her ex-lover summarizing the ideas of certain conversations they had had together; Lenardo recognizes the handwriting as being Wilhelm\'s.
Chapter Fourteen: narration of Wilhelm\'s travels resumes
**Chapter Fifteen**: consists of a characterization of the character Makarie. This characterization, the narrator tells us, is taken from Makarie\'s own archive, but, as he also tells us, cannot necessarily be seen as \"authentic.\" Makarie\'s unique nature and her relation to the solar system are described.
Chapter Sixteen: narration of Wilhelm\'s travels resumes
**Chapter Seventeen**: letter from Hersilie to Wilhelm telling of her encounter with his son Felix. Felix kisses her, but although the affection is mutual, she scolds him for doing so. Taking this rebuff to be a true reflection of her feelings, he takes offense and rides off on his horse.
**Chapter Eighteen**: close of the narration: By the side of a river, Wilhelm sees a horseman slip and fall into the water. Wilhelm saves him by helping bring him to land, and then opening one of his veins with a blade. The young man -- Felix -- comes to and embraces his father; the two stand together \"like Castor and Pollux.\"
**\"From Makarie\'s Archive\"**: collection of 182 aphorisms
**Untitled poem**: \"In the austere charnelhouse\...\" (often referred to as \"Upon Viewing Schiller\'s Skull,\" though this title is not from Goethe himself).
At the close of the poem it reads, \"(To be continued.)\"
## Characters of the novel {#characters_of_the_novel}
book and chapter of first appearance or mention given in parentheses: `{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Wilhelm Meister (I,1)
- Felix (I,1)
- Natalie (I,1)
- Joseph (I,1)
- Marie (I,2)
- Fitz (I,3)
- Mountain/Jarno (I,3)
- Hersilie (I,5)
- Juliette (I,5)
- Lenardo (I,6)
- Makarie (I,6/7)
- Angela (I,10)
- the astronomer/mathematician (I,10)
- Valerine (I,6/11)
- Nachodine (I,11)
- the collector (I,12)
- the overseer of the Pedagogical Province (II, 1)
- the major (II, 2)
- the baroness (II, 2)
- Hilarie (II, 2)
- Flavio (II, 2)
- the \"theatrical friend\" (II, 2)
- the beautiful widow (II, 2)
- the Abbé (II, 6)
- the painter/singer (II, 7)
- Mignon (II, 7)
- St. Christoph (III, 1)
- the barber (III, 1)
- Friedrich (III, 1)
- the sculptor/plastic anatomist (III, 3)
- Lydie (III, 4)
- Philine (III, 4)
- Odoard (III, 10)
- Albertine (III, 10)
- Sopronie (III, 10)
- Florine (III, 10)
- Lelio (III, 10)
- Gretchen (III, 13)
- Lieschen (III, 13)
- Lothario (III, 14)
- Therese (III, 14)
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# Wilhelm Meister's Journeyman Years
## English editions of the novel {#english_editions_of_the_novel}
- ; Oneworld Classics, 2012.
-
- *Goethe\'s Wilhelm Meister\'s Travels: Translation of the First Edition by Thomas Carlyle*. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1991.
- *The Madwoman on a Pilgrimage*. Andrew Piper, trans. London: Hesperus Press, 2009.
- *The Man of Fifty*. Andrew Piper, trans. London: Hesperus Press, 2004
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# Noogony
**Noogony** is a general term for any theory of knowledge that attempts to explain the origin of concepts in the human mind by considering sense or *a posteriori* data as solely relevant.
## Overview
The word was used, famously, by Kant in his *Critique of Pure Reason* to refer to what he understood to be Locke\'s account of the origin of concepts. While Kant himself maintained that some concepts, e.g. cause and effect, did not *arise* from experience, he took Locke to be suggesting that *all* concepts came from experience.
Historically, Kant presents a caricature of Locke\'s position, not a completely accurate account of Locke\'s epistemology. Locke\'s actual theory of knowledge was more subtle than Kant seems to render it in his *Critique*. As Guyer/Wood note in their edition of the *Critique*:
> Presumably Kant here has in mind Locke\'s claim that sensation and reflection are the two sources of all our ideas, and is understanding Locke\'s reflection to be reflection on sensation only. This would be a misunderstanding of Locke, since Locke says that we get simple ideas from reflection on the \"operations of our own Mind,\" a doctrine which is actually a precursor to Kant\'s view that the laws of our own intuition and thinking furnish the forms of knowledge to be added to the empirical contents furnished by sensation, although of course Locke did not go very far in developing this doctrine; in particular, he did not see that mathematics and logic could be used as sources of information about the operations of the mind
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# Battle of Labuan
The **Battle of Labuan** was an engagement fought between Allied and Imperial Japanese forces on the island of Labuan off Borneo during June 1945. It formed part of the Australian invasion of North Borneo, and was initiated by the Allied forces as part of a plan to capture the Brunei Bay area and develop it into a base to support future offensives.
Following several weeks of air attacks and a short naval bombardment, soldiers of the Australian 24th Brigade were landed on Labuan from American and Australian ships on 10 June. The Australians quickly captured the island\'s harbour and main airfield. The greatly outnumbered Japanese garrison was mainly concentrated in a fortified position in the interior of Labuan, and offered little resistance to the landing. The initial Australian attempts to penetrate the Japanese position in the days after the invasion were not successful, and the area was subjected to a heavy bombardment. A Japanese raiding force also attempted to attack Allied positions on 21 June, but was defeated. Later that day, Australian forces assaulted the Japanese position. In the following days, Australian patrols killed or captured the remaining Japanese troops on the island. A total of 389 Japanese personnel were killed on Labuan and 11 were captured. Australian casualties included 34 killed.
After securing the island, the Allied forces developed Labuan into a significant base. The 24th Brigade left from the island to capture the eastern shore of Brunei Bay in late June, and the island\'s airfield was repaired and expanded to host Royal Australian Air Force units. While occupying Labuan, the Allies had to reconstruct the island\'s infrastructure and provide assistance to thousands of civilians who had been rendered homeless by the pre-invasion bombardment. Following the war, a major Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery was established on Labuan.
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# Battle of Labuan
## Background
thumb\|upright=1.15\|alt=Map of Borneo showing progress of campaigns in mid-1945\|Map showing the Borneo campaign of mid-1945. Labuan is off the north-west coast of Borneo. Labuan is a small island in the mouth of Brunei Bay with an area of 35 sqmi. Before the Pacific War, it formed part of the British-administered Straits Settlements and had a population of 8,960. The island had a town, Victoria, on its south coast which fronted onto Victoria Harbour, with a population of 8,500 and limited port facilities. Aside from a 1500 yd beach just to the east of Victoria, the coast was ringed by coral.
On 3 January 1942, Japanese forces captured Labuan unopposed during the Battle of Borneo. The Japanese developed two airfields (Labuan and Timbalai) on the island, which were built by labourers who had been conscripted from the Lawas and Terusan regions of mainland Borneo. The island population was also subjected to harsh occupation policies. After Japanese forces suppressed a revolt at the town of Jesselton in late 1943, which was led by Chinese-ethnic civilians, 131 of the rebels were held on Labuan. Only nine rebels survived to be liberated by Australian forces in 1944. Until mid-1944, few Japanese combat units were stationed in Borneo.
In March 1945 the Australian Army\'s I Corps, whose main combat elements were the veteran 7th and 9th Divisions, was assigned responsibility for liberating Borneo. Planning for the offensive was undertaken over the following weeks. While invading the Brunei Bay area did not form part of the initial iteration of the plans, it was added in early April after a proposed landing on Java was cancelled. The main purpose of attacking Brunei Bay was to secure it as a base for the British Pacific Fleet (BPF), and gain control of oil fields and rubber plantations in the area. Labuan was to be developed as an airbase and form part of a string of strategic positions which would allow the Allies to control the seas off the Japanese-occupied coast between Singapore and Shanghai.
While the liberation of the Brunei area had been authorised by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff, it was not supported by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee. The British leadership did not want the BPF to be diverted from the main theatre of operations off Japan and preferred to establish a base for the fleet in the Philippines. In response to a suggestion from the Joint Chiefs of Staff that Brunei Bay could support future operations in south-east Asia, the Chiefs of Staff Committee judged that it would take too long to establish facilities there, especially as Singapore might have been recaptured by the time they were complete.
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# Battle of Labuan
## Preparations
### Allied planning {#allied_planning}
The plans for the invasion of Borneo evolved considerably during April. Initially, the offensive was to commence on 23 April with the landing of a brigade from the 6th Division on the island of Tarakan, off the east coast of Borneo. The 9th Division would then assault Balikpapan followed by Banjarmasin in south-east Borneo. These positions would be used to support the invasion of Java by the remainder of I Corps. After the attack on Java was cancelled, it was decided to employ two brigades of the 7th Division at Brunei Bay, and I Corps conducted further preparations on this basis. However, on 17 April General Douglas MacArthur\'s General Headquarters (to which I Corps reported) swapped the roles of the 7th and 9th Divisions. Accordingly, the final plan for the attack against Borneo specified that one of the 9th Division\'s brigades would land on Tarakan island on 29 April (later postponed to 1 May), with the remainder of the division to invade the Brunei Bay area on 23 May. The 7th Division was scheduled to assault Balikpapan on 1 July. The Borneo campaign was designated the \"Oboe\" phase of the Allied offensive through the southern Philippines towards the Netherlands East Indies, and the landings at Tarakan, Brunei Bay and Balikpapan were designated Operations Oboe One, Six and Two respectively. thumb\|upright=1.15\|alt=Map of the Brunei Bay area marked with coloured arrows and dates showing the movements of the main units involved in the Battle of North Borneo, including those described in this article\|left\|A map showing the movements of the main Australian infantry units in North Borneo during June and July 1945. Labuan is the island at the tip of the blue arrow.
The 9th Division began to move from Australia to the island of Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies, where the Borneo campaign would be staged, in March 1945. The division had seen extensive combat in North Africa and New Guinea, and its officers and enlisted men were well trained for amphibious operations and jungle warfare. However, the 9th Division had been out of action since early 1944, leading to poor morale among its combat units. A large number of support, logistics and Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) units were assigned to the division for the operations at Brunei Bay, taking its strength to over 29,000 personnel (including 1,097 in United States and British units).
Final preparations for the landings in the Brunei Bay area took place in May 1945. After shortages of shipping delayed I Corps\' movement from Australia to Morotai, General Headquarters agreed on 8 May to reschedule the operation from 23 May to 10 June. The 9th Division\'s staff completed their plans for operations in the Brunei Bay area on 16 May. The 24th Brigade Group was assigned responsibility for capturing Labuan, and the 20th Brigade Group was tasked with securing Brunei and Muara Island. Both brigades were to land simultaneously on the morning of 10 June. The invasion of the Brunei Bay region was to be preceded by attacks on Japanese bases and transport infrastructure across western and northern Borneo by United States and Australian air units, as well as three days of minesweeping operations in the bay itself.
The 24th Brigade Group was commanded by Brigadier Selwyn Porter. His main combat units for operations on Labuan were the 2/28th and 2/43rd Battalions, the 2/11th Commando Squadron and the 2/12th Field Regiment. In addition, a squadron from the 2/9th Armoured Regiment (equipped with Matilda II tanks), a company of the 2/2nd Machine Gun Battalion and a range of engineer, signals and logistics units formed part of the brigade group. A party of 13 officers from the British Borneo Civil Affairs Unit (BBCAU) was also attached to the 24th Brigade and were tasked with restoring the colonial government on the island and distributing supplies to its civilian population. The 24th Brigade\'s third infantry battalion, the 2/32nd Battalion, was assigned to the 9th Division\'s reserve force. Porter and the 2/28th Battalion\'s commander, Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Norman, had a difficult relationship which generated ill-feeling between the two men and their respective headquarters. Porter considered relieving Norman of command before the landing on Labuan in the belief that he was exhausted and not capable of effectively leading his battalion, but decided against doing so after Norman made an emotional appeal to remain in his position. thumb \|upright=1.2\|alt=Colour map of southern Labuan marked with some of the locations mentioned in the article\|An Allied map of southern Labuan marked with the invasion beaches and estimates of Japanese positions as at April 1945
The plans for the capture of Labuan specified that the 24th Brigade Group\'s two infantry battalions were to land simultaneously on the beach near Victoria (designated Brown Beach) at 9:15 am, with the 2/28th Battalion coming ashore on the western side of the beach and the 2/43rd to the east. The 2/11th Commando Squadron was to be initially held in reserve on board the invasion fleet. The brigade group\'s objectives were to secure a beachhead, capture the main airfield (located north of Victoria and designated \"No. 1 Strip\" by the Australians), destroy the Japanese garrison, and prepare for further operations on the eastern shore of Brunei Bay. Priority was given to rapidly opening the port and airfield so that they could be used to support other operations.
Porter expected that fighting for the main objectives would begin soon after the landing, and decided to begin landing his artillery and heavy mortars with the assault waves of infantrymen, just before the tanks came ashore. The 2/28th Battalion was initially assigned responsibility for securing Victoria and Flagstaff Hill to its north, while the 2/43rd Battalion was tasked with capturing the airfield. Once these areas were in Australian hands, the 2/28th Battalion would secure the western part of the island while the 2/11th Commando Squadron captured the western shore of Victoria Harbour. Due to the Australian Army\'s manpower shortages, all elements of the 9th Division were under orders to minimise their casualties during the Borneo Campaign and unit commanders would rely heavily upon the available air and artillery support during operations. The Australians estimated that the Japanese garrison on Labuan comprised 650 personnel, made up of 400 airfield troops, 100 naval troops and 150 other lines-of-communications personnel.
### Japanese preparations {#japanese_preparations}
As the Allies advanced towards Borneo, additional units were dispatched from Japan during the second half of 1944 and the 37th Army was established in September to coordinate the island\'s defence. In December 1944, Japanese staff officers deduced that it was likely that Australian troops would be landed at strategic points on the east and west coasts of Borneo in about March the next year (by which time they also expected United States forces to have liberated the Philippines). Accordingly, several Japanese units stationed in north-east Borneo were ordered to march to the western side of Borneo. This movement proceeded slowly, owing to the distances involved and disruptions caused by Allied air attacks.
By June 1945 around 550 Japanese military personnel were stationed on Labuan. The main unit on the island was the 371st Independent Infantry Battalion (almost in its entirety, save for one company located elsewhere) with a strength of around 350. This battalion formed part of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade, which had arrived at Tawao in north-east Borneo from Japan in July 1944 with six infantry battalions. During early 1945 the brigade headquarters, 371st Independent Infantry Battalion and three other battalions marched across the island to assume responsibility for defending the Brunei Bay area. Many of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade\'s soldiers fell sick during the march, and all four combat battalions were considerably below their authorised strength by the time they arrived at Brunei Bay. In June 1945 the 371st Independent Infantry Battalion was commanded by Captain Shichiro Okuyama. A detachment of about 50 men from the 111th Airfield Battalion was also on Labuan, along with around 150 men assigned to other small units. In line with Japanese doctrine, the Labuan garrison did not make preparations to contest the Allied landing force as it came ashore. Instead, it constructed defensive positions inland from the island\'s beaches. Documents captured by Australian soldiers during the fighting on Labuan indicated that Okuyama had instructions to attempt to withdraw his force from the island if the battle went against him.
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# Battle of Labuan
## Battle
### Pre-invasion operations {#pre_invasion_operations}
Australian and United States air units began their pre-invasion attacks on north Borneo in late May. The first attack on the Brunei Bay area took place on 3 May, and included a raid targeting the town of Victoria on Labuan. A large number of further attacks were conducted to suppress Japanese airfields and other facilities throughout north-western and north-eastern Borneo. The plans for the invasion of Brunei Bay had specified that the landings would be supported by aircraft based at Tarakan, but delays in rebuilding the airfield there rendered this impossible and reduced the scale of the pre-invasion bombardment.
United States Navy minesweepers commenced operations in Brunei Bay on 7 June, and a flotilla of four cruisers and seven destroyers (including an Australian light cruiser and destroyer) served as a covering force. The minesweeping operation was successful, though `{{USS|Salute|AM-294|6}}`{=mediawiki} struck a mine on 8 June and sank with the loss of four lives. Underwater demolition teams investigated all of the landing beaches on 9 June searching for obstacles which could impede the landing craft. The teams assigned to clear obstacles off Labuan were endangered by an unauthorised attack on the island conducted by a force of American B-24 Liberator heavy bombers. Following the landings on 10 June, American Thirteenth Air Force aircraft flying from a base on Palawan Island in the Philippines provided close air support for the forces on Labuan until RAAF units based on the island were ready to take over.
The Australian Services Reconnaissance Department (SRD) also collected intelligence on Labuan and other parts of the Brunei Bay area during May. On the first of the month several RAAF PBY Catalina aircraft carrying SRD personnel overflew Labuan. These aircraft later landed near two native prahu and questioned their crews; two sailors were flown back to an Allied base for further questioning. On 15 May two Malays working for the SRD were landed in Brunei Bay by a Catalina, and sailed to Labuan on board a prahu. These agents recruited a local civilian from Labuan, and the party was extracted by a Catalina near the mainland village of Kampong Mengalong on 19 May. The intelligence gained from these operations provided the Australians with a good understanding of Labuan\'s geography and infrastructure. In addition, civilians who had been recruited by the SRD\'s SEMUT 2 team (which had been parachuted into Borneo during April) provided intelligence on the size and movements of Labuan\'s garrison force.
During the last days of May the 9th Division embarked at Morotai onto the ships which would transport it to Brunei Bay, and undertook rehearsals for the landing. Due to a shortage of shipping, the available vessels were heavily loaded and many soldiers were forced to endure cramped and hot conditions during the ten days before the landing. Australian official historian Gavin Long later wrote that for many troops these conditions \"were as uncomfortable as any of the experiences that followed\" during the campaign. The 24th Brigade Group was carried by a variety of landing ships: the two large Australian LSIs `{{HMAS|Manoora|F48|6}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{HMAS|Westralia|F95|2}}`{=mediawiki}, as well the attack cargo ship `{{USS|Titania|AKA-13|6}}`{=mediawiki}, LSD `{{USS|Carter Hall|LSD-3|6}}`{=mediawiki}, ten LSTs, five LCIs and seven LSMs from the United States Navy. A total of 38 small LCVPs and 26 LCMs were also assigned to land the brigade once it arrived off Labuan. Due to the coral reefs surrounding the island, the assault waves landed in LVTs of the US Army\'s 727th Amphibious Tractor Battalion. The convoy carrying the 9th Division left Morotai on 4 June and arrived in Brunei Bay before dawn on 10 June. The main body of the convoy anchored off Labuan, and the remainder proceeded to the Brunei area. A Japanese aircraft dropped a bomb near two of the transport ships off Labuan at 6:51 am, but caused no damage.
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# Battle of Labuan
## Battle
### Landing
The landing of the assault troops at Labuan went well. The Allied fleet began bombarding the landing area from 8:15 am, and seven Australian B-24 Liberators dropped anti-personnel bombs in the area behind the intended beachhead. No Japanese forces opposed the two battalions\' assault forces as they came ashore in LVTs, and the landing of later waves of infantry and tanks went smoothly. The 2/43rd Battalion rapidly advanced north and captured No. 1 Strip in the evening of 10 June. Some Japanese soldiers attempted to defend the airfield area, and the 2/43rd Battalion claimed to have killed 23 Japanese for the loss of four Australians wounded.
A company from the 2/28th Battalion captured Victoria shortly after coming ashore, and the battalion first met opposition at Flagstaff Hill at 10:45 am. One of the battalion\'s companies subsequently captured the hill, while its other companies continued to advance. The 2/28th Battalion encountered increasing opposition as the day progressed, particularly to the west of its area of responsibility. During the afternoon of 10 June the battalion engaged Japanese troops in the area west of Flagstaff Hill (at the junction of Callaghan and MacArthur Roads), with the infantrymen being supported by tanks and mortars; the Australians counted 18 Japanese dead by the end of the day, and suffered several fatalities and men wounded in this fighting. After civilians reported that no Japanese were stationed on the Hamilton peninsula which formed the western side of Victoria Harbour, a troop from the 2/11th Commando Squadron was landed in the area during 10 June and secured it without opposition.
During the afternoon of 10 June a group of senior officers, including General Douglas MacArthur, his air commander General George Kenney, and Australians Lieutenant General Leslie Morshead and Air Vice Marshal William Bostock (head of RAAF Command), made an inspection tour of the Labuan beachhead. MacArthur insisted on seeing Australian soldiers in action, and the party visited a group of infantrymen from the 2/43rd Battalion before departing. The Australians had just killed two Japanese soldiers and fighting was still taking place in the area when MacArthur and the other senior officers arrived. The process of unloading supplies from the invasion fleet during 10 June proceeded quickly, and the ships began to depart for Morotai during the afternoon of 11 June.
The 24th Brigade\'s goal for 11 June was to secure the airfield area. The 2/43rd Battalion patrolled to the north and west of the airfield during the day, meeting only light opposition. In contrast, the 2/28th Battalion (which was tasked with advancing into Labuan\'s interior) encountered entrenched Japanese forces, and it became clear that it was facing the main body of the island\'s garrison. Norman manoeuvred his companies to push the Japanese back, but the rate of advance was slow. The airfield engineers of No. 62 Wing RAAF were also landed during 11 June to begin work on returning No. 1 Strip to service; reconstruction of the airfield began the next day.
On the basis of the fighting on 11 June, Porter judged that the Japanese were withdrawing into a stronghold position located to the north of Victoria and about 1 km to the west of the airfield. On 12 June he directed the two battalions to patrol around the stronghold area. The 2/43rd Battalion patrolled the interior of Labuan to the west of No. 1 Strip, but located only a single Japanese position. This position was attacked and destroyed that day by the 2/43rd Battalion\'s C Company supported by three tanks. The 2/28th Battalion sent patrols towards the stronghold area, with a company supported by a tank troop meeting heavy resistance as it pushed westwards along a track towards MacArthur Road. The 2/11th Commando Squadron also advanced north, and linked up with elements of the 2/43rd Battalion near the centre of Labuan during the late afternoon. The 371st Independent Infantry Battalion\'s main radio was destroyed during an air attack on 12 June, cutting the unit off from the 37th Army\'s headquarters. As a result of the patrolling, by the end of 12 June the location of the Japanese position was fairly well known to the Australian force. The 24th Brigade\'s casualties to this point in the battle were 18 killed and 42 wounded, and the Australians believed that at least 110 Japanese had been killed. The 2/32nd Battalion was also landed on Labuan during 12 June, but remained in divisional reserve.
On 13 and 14 June the 24th Brigade Group continued operations aimed at forcing the Japanese garrison into the stronghold---dubbed \"the Pocket\" by the Australians. The 2/43rd Battalion secured the emergency airstrip at Timbalai on Labuan\'s west coast on 13 June, and elements of the 2/28th Battalion continued to push west into the Pocket along MacArthur Road. A company from the 2/28th Battalion made another attack into the Pocket the next day after the 2/12th Field Regiment had fired 250 rounds into the area, but was forced to withdraw after being unable to overcome heavy resistance. By the conclusion of 14 June the Australians judged that, aside from the Pocket, the island was now secure. Porter assessed that an attack on this position would need to be made in strength using well-coordinated forces. This task was largely assigned to the 2/28th Battalion, with the 2/43rd being used to patrol the island.
Following the landing the BBCAU detachment and 24th Brigade were faced with a significant humanitarian challenge. The Allied air and naval attacks had destroyed almost all of the buildings on Labuan, rendering large numbers of civilians homeless. Within days of the invasion, about 3,000 civilians were housed in a compound within the beachhead. The BBCAU party were unable to assist so many civilians, and the 24th Brigade needed to assign soldiers to support them and transport supplies. Local civilians who had worked for the pre-war British colonial government joined the new administration.
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# Battle of Labuan
## Battle
### Destruction of the Japanese garrison {#destruction_of_the_japanese_garrison}
The Japanese stronghold position was about 1200 yd long from north to south, and 600 yd wide. The terrain within this area comprised a series of small jungle-covered ridges, and the position was bordered on the western and southern sides by swamps. The main terrain features within the Pocket were three areas of high ground named Lushington Ridge, Norman Ridge and Lyon Ridge by the Australians. There were only two feasible routes into the area. The first was a track which led south into the position along Lyon Ridge and Norman Ridge; this was passable by tanks but heavily mined. The other route was a track which ran into the eastern side of the Pocket from MacArthur Road along Lushington Ridge and joined the other track at Norman Ridge. It is likely that around 250 Japanese personnel were initially stationed within the Pocket.
In order to minimise the casualties to his brigade, Porter decided to isolate the Pocket with two infantry companies while a heavy artillery barrage was fired into the area over several days. An attempt to capture the Pocket would only be made once it was judged that the Japanese were no longer capable of resisting effectively. As part of this plan, the 2/12th Field Regiment eventually fired 140 tons of shells into the Pocket between 15 and 20 June.
The 2/28th Battalion probed into the Pocket on 16 June. The previous day a 2/11th Commando Squadron patrol had reported that the track along Lyon Ridge would be passable by tanks if a bomb crater was filled, and on the morning of the 16th A Company from the 2/28th Battalion accompanied by a troop of three tanks and a bulldozer began to move south along it. After the bulldozer filled the crater, the force continued along Lyon Ridge but became pinned down by heavy fire from Japanese troops on Eastman Spur to the south-east of the ridge. One of the Australian tanks was damaged. A subsequent attempt by a section from the 2/11th Commando Squadron to advance towards Eastman Spur to the east of A Company was also beaten back, with two Australians killed and another wounded. A Company resumed its advance during the afternoon, supported by a new troop of tanks. The three tanks moved ahead of the infantry, and killed eight or ten Japanese personnel, but one was damaged by a bomb and another became bogged. By the end of the day, A Company had suffered five men killed and 23 wounded. Overall, 150 patients were admitted by the 24th Brigade\'s attached medical units during 16 June, which stretched their capacity.
Due to the losses his brigade suffered on 16 June, Porter decided to continue the bombardment before undertaking further attacks. On 18 and 19 June the bombardment of the Pocket was intensified when the heavy cruiser HMAS *Shropshire* fired into the area. Infantrymen supported by tanks conducted another probe into the Pocket on 19 June, and killed 10 Japanese; three Australians were wounded. On 20 June the 2/12th Field Regiment fired a particularly heavy bombardment and six Allied bombers attacked the Pocket. Porter judged that this would be sufficient to suppress the Japanese defenders, and ordered that the Pocket be attacked by two companies from the 2/28th Battalion supported by tanks (including \"Frog\" flamethrower variants of the Matilda II) the next day.
In the early hours of 21 June a force of about 50 Japanese troops slipped out of the Pocket and attempted to attack Australian positions on Labuan. Different groups of Japanese troops attacked a prisoner of war enclosure, dock facilities and No. 1 Strip, but all were defeated by Australian and American logistics personnel and engineers. A total of 32 Japanese personnel were killed around Victoria, and another 11 were killed at the airfield. Three Americans and two Australians were killed in these engagements.
The Japanese attack did not delay the Australian assault on the Pocket. At 10 am on 21 June, C Company of the 2/28th Battalion began to advance to the west along Lushington Ridge, and D Company moved south from Eastman Spur. D Company was supported by a troop of three conventional Matilda tanks and two Frog flamethrowers. C Company advanced about half of the way into the Pocket before being halted by Norman who was concerned that they might be accidentally attacked by D Company, which was also making good progress. The force built around D Company subsequently completed the occupation of the Pocket, with the flamethrower tanks playing a key role. The Japanese soldiers who had survived the artillery bombardment offered little resistance to the Australian forces. The 24th Brigade assessed that 60 Japanese personnel were killed in the final assault on the Pocket, with 117 being killed by the artillery bombardment which had preceded it.
From 21 June, the 2/12th Commando Squadron conducted patrols of the outlying areas of Labuan to clear them of any Japanese forces; up to this point the squadron had formed part of the 9th Division\'s reserve. Each troop of the squadron was assigned a different sector of Labuan, and by mid-July had completed its task. During these patrols the squadron killed 27 Japanese soldiers, mainly as part of repelling a raid on the BBCAU compound on 24 June, and captured a single prisoner. A British soldier, three local police and two civilians were killed in the raid on the BBCAU compound. The 2/12th Commando Squadron was subsequently directed to undertake topographic work in order to improve the quality of maps of the island. The 24th Brigade\'s total combat casualties in its operations on Labuan were 34 killed and 93 wounded. The Australian soldiers counted 389 Japanese dead and took 11 prisoners.
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# Battle of Labuan
## Aftermath
The process of bringing No. 1 Strip back into service went well. Nos 4 and 5 Airfield Construction Squadrons were assigned the task. A 4000 by unsurfaced temporary runway was constructed at a 5° angle to the existing strip. The first RAAF aircraft, two P-40 Kittyhawks from No. 76 Squadron, landed on the strip on 17 June, and commenced operations from this base the next day. No. 457 Squadron, which was equipped with Spitfires, arrived on 18 June though two of its aircraft crashed on the still-unfinished runway and had to be written off. The units based at the airfield took over responsibility for providing air support for the Army units on Labuan that day, and flew their first close air support sorties over the island on 19 June. No. 86 Wing\'s two flying squadrons---No. 1 and No. 93---also arrived on Labuan in late July, but conducted few operations from this base before the end of the war. The wing had originally been scheduled to move to Labuan in late June, but it took longer than expected to extend No. 1 Strip\'s runway to the length needed by No. 1 Squadron\'s Mosquito light bombers.
To reconstruct No. 1\'s existing runway as an all-weather strip, the bomb craters had to have the water pumped out of them and then be filled in. Sandstone from a quarry on northern Labuan was placed over the clay and sand subbase, and the runway was topped with crushed coral from the west coast of the island, and sealed with bitumen. The 5000 ft runway had 70 hardstandings for aircraft. With 70 also on the dry weather strip, the air base could accommodate 140 aircraft. The 9th Division\'s engineers also undertook a wide range of construction projects on Labuan. These included building 356000 sqft of storage, new port facilities, bridges and oil tanks as well as surfacing 29 mi of roads. A wharf for Liberty ships was begun on 18 June, allowing the first ship to berth on 10 July. A fuel jetty was in operation by 20 June, and a fuel tank farm with seven 2300 USbbl tanks was completed on 12 July, as was a 600-bed hospital. Work then began on a 1,200-bed general hospital. The 2/4th and 2/6th Australian General Hospitals were transferred from Morotai to Labuan during July, though the later unit\'s hospital facilities were not completed until 17 September.
Once Labuan was secured, the 24th Brigade was ordered to capture the eastern shore of Brunei Bay. On 16 June, the 2/32nd Battalion was transported from Labuan to Padas Bay. The battalion captured the town of Weston the next day. The remainder of the 24th Brigade was transported across the bay during the last weeks of June, and the force advanced inland to capture the town of Beaufort which was defended by between 800 and 1,000 Japanese personnel. Following some heavy fighting, the town was secured on 28 June. The brigade then advanced further inland to Papar in early July. Later that month the 9th Division\'s commander, Major General George Wootten, relieved Norman from command over an incident in which he had lost control of the 2/28th Battalion during the fighting on Labuan. Following the announcement of the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 and the formal ceremony held in Tokyo Bay on 2 September, the commander of the 37th Army, Major General Masao Baba, surrendered to Wootten on 10 September at a ceremony conducted at the 9th Division\'s headquarters on Labuan.
After the war, Labuan was one of several locations at which the Australian military conducted trials to prosecute suspected Japanese war criminals. A total of 16 trials were held on the island between 3 December 1945 and 31 January 1946, during which 128 men were convicted and 17 acquitted. Labuan War Cemetery was also established as the burial place for all of the Commonwealth personnel killed on or near Borneo. It includes 3,900 graves, most of which are for prisoners of war who died while being held by the Japanese.
Memorials have also been erected on Labuan to mark its wartime history. These include the Australian Battle Exploit Memorial at Brown Beach, a plaque marking the location of the 37th Army\'s surrender ceremony and a Japanese peace park
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