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# Last Looks at the Lilacs
\"**Last Looks at the Lilacs**\" is a poem from Wallace Stevens\'s first book of poetry, *Harmonium*. It was first published in 1923 (in *Secession* 4, January). `{{quote box|bgcolor=lightyellow
|title = Last Looks at the Lilacs
|quote = <poem>
To what good, in the alleys of the lilacs,
O caliper, do you scratch your buttocks
And tell the divine ingenue, your companion,
That this bloom is the bloom of soap
And this fragrance the fragrance of vegetal?
Do you suppose that she cares a tick,
In this hymeneal air, what it is
That marries her innocence thus,
So that her nakedness is near,
Or that she will pause at scurrilous words?
Poor buffo! Look at the lavender
And look your last and look steadily,
And say how it comes that you see
Nothing but trash and that you no longer feel
Her body quivering in the Floréal
Toward the cool night and its fantastic star,
Prime paramour and belted paragon,
Well-booted, rugged, arrogantly male,
Patron and imager of the gold Don John,
Who will embrace her before summer comes.
</poem>}}`{=mediawiki} Robert Buttel compares this poem to \"The Plot Against the Giant\" as concerning the humorous disparity between gauche male and suave female. Robert A. Wilson makes a surprisingly plausible case (in a single-page article in *The Wallace Stevens Journal*, complete with an image of the label from a bottle of \"Lilac Vegetal\" after-shave lotion) for a connection between the poem and Stevens\'s experience at a barber shop.
Caliper\'d reason, measuring everything but appreciating nothing, is contrasted unfavorably with well-booted imagination, as in Whitman\'s \"When Lilacs Last in the Door-yard Bloom\'d\" or indeed the very poem under discussion. Lilacs can be connected to the fragrance of vegetal or to a cool night\'s fantastic star, but Stevens favors the latter and the final stanza shows why. Cook reports that \"lilacs do not make Stevens happy\" and reads the poem as blunt and atypical, comparing it to some of the more strained effects in *The Comedian as the Letter C*
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# 460th Space Wing
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# KQRQ
**KQRQ** (92.3 FM, branded on-air as Q92.3) is a radio station that airs a classic hits format in Rapid City, South Dakota
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# Research question
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# In the Midst of This
***In the Midst of This*** is the debut album by Sydney-based Australian indie rock band Expatriate. The band had previously revealed on Myspace that they hoped to have the album released by February 2007, however it was released in Australia on 21 April. It featured in the Australian ARIA album chart for one week, peaking at #38.
## Artwork
The cover artwork for the album was designed and made by Jonathan Zowada who also did the artwork for the *Play a Part EP*. It shows a red flag blowing against the blue sky, however if you look at the picture another way, the red flag looks like a face from its side.
## Track listing {#track_listing}
1. \"Get Out, Give in\"
2. \"Crazy\"
3. \"Gotta Get Home\"
4. \"The Spaces Between\"
5. \"In the Night\"
6. \"Play a Part\"
7. \"Shooting Star\"
8. \"You Were There\"
9. \"Only Wanna Love Ya\"
10. \"Deadma\'\"
11. \"Blackbird\"
12. \"Times Like These\"
13
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# Unburnable
***Unburnable*** is a 2006 novel written by Antiguan author Marie-Elena John and published by HarperCollins/Amistad. It is John\'s debut novel. Part historical fiction, murder mystery, and neo-slave narrative, *Unburnable* is a multi-generational saga that follows the African Diaspora in the United States and the Caribbean, offering a reinterpretation of black history. John was an Africa Development specialist in New York City and Washington, D.C., prior to turning to writing. Since publication of Unburnable, she has worked with the United Nations, currently serving as Senior Racial Justice Lead at UN Women.
## Plot introduction {#plot_introduction}
The narrative of family, betrayal, vengeance, and murder follows a fictional character named Lillian Baptiste as she is willed back to her island home of Dominica from Washington, D.C., to finally settle her past. Haunted by scandal and secrets, Baptiste had fled Dominica when she was fourteen after discovering she was the daughter of Iris, the half-crazy woman whose life was told of in chanté mas songs sung during Carnival: songs about a village on a mountaintop littered with secrets, masks that supposedly fly and wreak havoc, and a man who suddenly and mysteriously dropped dead. After twenty years away, Lillian returns to her island of birth to face the demons of her past.
## Themes
Set in both contemporary Washington, D.C., and Dominica, and switching back and forth between contemporary and historical stories, *Unburnable* weaves together the black experience with Caribbean culture and history. Among the themes in the novel are the Caribs (the Kalinago), the Maroons, the history of Carnival and masquerade, the practice of Obeah, the fusion of African religions and Catholicism, resistance to slavery and post-colonial issues.
## Reviews
The novel has received favourable book reviews in the United States and the Caribbean. *Essence Magazine*\'s book editor, Patrick Bass, selected *Unburnable* as one of three \"Patrick\'s Pick\'s\", commenting that \"*Unburnable* marks the arrival of a major new voice in fiction.\" In *Black Issues Book Review*, Denise M. Doig called the novel\'s author \"superb\". Dalia King of *The Trinidad Guardian* in her review of the novel commented, \"John weaves the weighty issues of race, sex and politics into the fabric of a historical Dominica without allowing the essential story of \'Unburnable\'---that of a woman searching for her past so that she may find herself---to get lost in the novel's own self-importance\"
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# Dhaka, East Champaran
**Dhaka** is a town and a notified area in the district of East Champaran entry point Mehsi in the state of Bihar, India. Dhaka is Nagar Parishad that is divided into 25 wards. It is the headquarters of Sikrahana subdivision. In the last 10--15 years Dhaka emerged as the town for its nearby area. It is very close to the border of Nepal. People of all religions live here, but this is a predominantly Muslim area. Its land is second cheapest after Raxaul in Bihar. There are both criminal and civil courts dealing with cases for the whole jurisdiction. There are two graduate degree level colleges in Dhaka. There are busy and bustling markets here that offers goods of all brands.
Dhaka is also known as a land of \'champaran satyagrah\' which was started by Mahatma Gandhi. Another prominent leader and freedom fighter was Siyaram Thakur. And MLA from 1977 to 1979. From Janta party government.
## Geography
Dhaka is located at 26.68 N 85.17 E. It has an average elevation of 55 metres (180 feet). Its boundaries touch Nepal, Sitamari, and Sheohar.
It is 30 km from Chakia, 12 km from Bairgania and 28 km from Motihari.
## Political history {#political_history}
Dhaka is famous for leaders like Avaneesh Kumar Singh. Born in an educated family, his father Late Shri Vindhyachal Singh was a noted scholar. Vindhyachal Singh served as Deputy District Magistrate and District Welfare officer of Chaibasa and Dumka respectively of then Bihar and now Jharkhand. Avaneesh Kumar Singh emerged as a Hindu face and he brought The Bhartiya Janta Party on grounds in the late 1990s. With a record margin of 1.5 lakh votes he won the first election and later served 4 times from the same constituency and one time from Chiraia Constituency as Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA). Motiur Rahman, who was MLA during early 1990s, and became Rajya Sabha MP in 2004. He died in 2007. Apart from him, many politicians such as Anwarul Haque, Nek Mohammad, Pawan Jaiswal, Faisal Rahman are from this area. Pawan Jaisawal was MLA of Dhaka from 2010-2015. Faisal Rahman served as MLA from 2015-2020. The current MLA is Pawan Jaisawal, from Bhartiya Janta Party.
Faisal Rahman is the son of MP Motiur Rahman. As an MLA Pawan Jaiswal started a very good and appreciable tradition of group marriage \"samuhik vivah\". In his first year 75 were married, then 101 couples, then 125 couples benefited from this policy.
Shri Vishwanath Singh and Shri Namdev Prasad Shrivastava from the nearby village Ruphara were eminent freedom fighters and were prominent in Gandhi\'s Champaran Satyagraha and Quit India Movement.
Siyaram Thakur another prominent leader and a freedom fighter who went to jail during British time . He was MLA and minister from janta party government during the period of 1977-1979. He worked as a political leader and for the welfare of the people of his constituency
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# Françoise Faucher
**Françoise Faucher** O.C. (born 1929 in Montmorency, France) is a French actress. She trained in drama in France under René Simon and Bernard Bimont before immigrating to Canada in the 1950s. She became a member of Montreal\'s Théâtre du Nouveau Monde, participating in many plays. She wrote scripts for radio and TV programs, sparking off a productive career as a moderator. Although most of her work has been in live theatre, her credits include many French-Canadian TV series such as: *Les Mont-Joye, Les Bergers, La pension Velder,* etc. Faucher was appointed an Officer of the Order of Canada in 1982. In 2010, she received the Governor General\'s Performing Arts Award
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# Osborne Russell
**Osborne Russell** (19 June 1814 -- 1 May 1884) was a mountain man and politician who helped form the government of the U.S. state of Oregon. He was born in Maine.
## Early life {#early_life}
Osborne Russell was born 19 June 1814, in the village of Bowdoinham, Maine. He was one of nine children in the farming family of George G. and Eleanor (Power) Russell. At age 16, Russell ran away for a life at sea, but quickly gave up that career by deserting his ship at New York. Afterwards he spent three years in the employ of the Northwest Fur Trapping and Trading Company, which operated in Wisconsin and Minnesota. Russell first came to the Oregon Country in 1834 as a member of Nathaniel J. Wyeth\'s second expedition where Russell joined Nathaniel Wyeth\'s Columbia River Fishing and Trading Company expedition to the Rocky Mountains. The company was contracted to deliver \$3,000 worth of supplies and trade goods to Milton Sublette and Thomas Fitzpatrick of the Rocky Mountain Fur Company for the 1834 Rendezvous. Men for this venture were recruited on the frontier at St Louis and Independence, Missouri. It was in Independence that Osborne Russell joined the company. The term of service was for eighteen months at a wage of \$250.
In spite of his previous experience with the Northwest Fur Trapping and Trading Company, Russell was still inexperienced in the ways of the wilderness when he joined Wyeth\'s company. Through his journal we see Russell develop into a seasoned veteran of the mountains and a Free Trapper. When Wyeth\'s party arrived at the Rendezvous at Ham\'s Fork of Green River, he found that the Rocky Mountain Fur Company had been dissolved and a new company formed. The new company defaulted on its contract with Wyeth, who was then left with a surplus of goods and supplies that he had transported to the mountains. By necessity, Wyeth had to alter his own plans to salvage his company from financial ruin. He and his party pushed on to the Snake River plain, (near what would become Pocatello, Idaho) where he established Fort Hall, named after one of the partners in the company, Henry Hall. Here Wyeth would trade his remaining goods with the local Indians. The fort was quickly completed, and trade with the Indians was started by the autumn of 1834. It was not until the spring of 1835 that Wyeth fielded trapping parties operating out of the fort. These trapping parties were poorly managed, and unlike many others, Russell did not desert.
After his release from the Columbia River Fishing and Trading Company in late 1835, Russell joined with Jim Bridger\'s brigade of former Rocky Mountain Fur Company men. He continued with them even after the merger with the American Fur Company leaving it in complete control of the fur trade in the Rocky Mountains. With low prices, scarcity of beaver and declining demand for furs, rumors at the 1838 rendezvous indicated the American Fur Company was soon to abandon the Rocky Mountains. Russell would not attend the 1839 Rendezvous, as he had left the employ of the company to become a Free Trapper, once again operating out of Fort Hall. Fort Hall was now owned by the Hudson\'s Bay Company.
He returned to the country in 1842 with the Elijah White party. He participated in the May 2, 1843 Champoeg Meeting, voting in favor of forming a government. In October of that year he was selected by the First Executive Committee to serve as the Supreme Judge for the Provisional Government of Oregon and served until May 14, 1844. In 1844, he was elected to the second Executive Committee of the Provisional Government of Oregon. He was unsuccessful in his run for governor of the Provisional Government in 1845, giving his support to George Abernethy. Russell eventually went to California in 1848, after the discovery of gold there.
Osborne Russell died in Placerville, California on 1 May 1884.
Although not published until well after the establishment of Yellowstone National Park, Osborne\'s *Journal of a Trapper* contains an early description of Yellowstone and surrounding areas.
## Works
- Russell, Osborne and Aubrey L. Haines
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# Kingdoms of Sorcery
***Kingdoms of Sorcery: An Anthology of Adult Fantasy*** is an anthology of fantasy stories, edited by American writer Lin Carter. It was first published in hardcover by Doubleday in January 1976 as the first of two such anthologies continuing a series of nine assembled by Carter for the *Ballantine Adult Fantasy series*.
## Summary
The book collects sixteen tales and excerpts from novels from five varieties of fantasy writing, with an overall introduction and notes on the individual authors by Carter. The collection is a companion volume to Carter\'s later anthology *Realms of Wizardry* (1976).
## Contents
- \"Magic Casements: An Introduction\" (Lin Carter)
- I. The Forerunners of Modern Fantasy
:\*\"The History of Babouc the Scythian\" (Voltaire)
:\*\"The Palace of Subterranean Fire\" - from *Vathek* (William Beckford)
:\*\"The Witch Woman\" - from *Lilith* (George Macdonald)
- II\. Fantasy as Saga
:\*\"The Folk of the Mountain Door\" (William Morris)
:\*\"A Night-Piece on Ambremerine\" - from *Mistress of Mistresses* (E. R. Eddison)
:\*\"Dr. Meliboë the Enchanter\" - from *The Well of the Unicorn* (Fletcher Pratt)
:\*\"The Two Best Thieves in Lankhmar\" - from *Swords Against Wizardry* (Fritz Leiber)
- III\. Fantasy as Parable
:\*\"Shadow and Silence\" (Edgar Allan Poe)
:\*\"Fables from the Edge of Night\" (Clark Ashton Smith)
:\*\"The Tomb of the God\" (Robert H. Barlow)
- IV\. Fantasy as Anecdote
:\*\"Merlyn Vs. Madame Mim\" - from *The Sword in the Stone* (T. H. White)
:\*\"The Owl and the Ape\" (L. Sprague de Camp)
:\*\"The Twelve Wizards of Ong\" (Lin Carter)
- V. Fantasy as Epic
:\*\"Deep Magic from the Dawn of Time\" - from *The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe* (C. S. Lewis)
:\*\"The Bridge of Khazad-Dûm\" - from *The Fellowship of the Ring* (J. R. R. Tolkien)
:\*\"The Story of the Blessing of El-Ahrairah\" - from *Watership Down* (Richard Adams)
- \"More Magic Casements
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# Lavrentis Machairitsas
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# Nobu and Mio Adilman
**Nobu Adilman** and **Mio Adilman** are Canadian television personalities and brothers. The Adilmans have been involved in the film and television industry mostly as actors and writers.
They are the sons of entertainment writer Sid Adilman. and Toshiko Adilman, a Japanese translator. They are of Jewish background on their father\'s side.
Nobu Adilman worked as a writer on the Canadian television series *Emily of New Moon* and *Cold Squad*, and acted in the film *Parsley Days*. Together, the Adilmans also made the short films *I Pie: A Love Story* and *Yoga, Man*. In 2002, the Adilmans co-hosted the CBC Television series *ZeD* and then became co-hosts of the series *SmartAsk* that same year. Nobu Adilman at first was uncertain about working for *SmartAsk*, saying \"it\'s not like Canada has a rich history of game shows,\" but was persuaded when he was told the Adilmans could be themselves on the show.
In 2004, the press noted it when the Adilmans temporarily returned to *ZeD* to co-host a five-hour special called Zed Uncut, which was shot live. (They were substituting for regular host Sharon Lewis). In 2005, the Adilmans appeared together in *Trailer Park Boys* as the fictional drug dealers Terry and Dennis. In March 2007, Nobu Adilman hosted the series *Food Jammers*. Mio Adilman more recently appeared in *Hannibal* and *The Strain*
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# Achí, Bolívar
**Achí** (`{{IPA|es|aˈtʃi}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of the 46 municipalities of the Bolívar department in the Caribbean Region of Colombia. It is crossed by the Cauca River and borders the Sucre department in the so-called Momposina Depression.
The municipality of Achí is bordered by the municipality of Magangué to the north; the municipalities of Pinillos and Tiquisio to the east; the municipalities of Montecristo and San Jacinto del Cauca to the south; and the Sucre Department to the west with the municipalities of Majagual and Guaranda. Its economy is based on agriculture, livestock, and fishing.
The origins of Achí lie in the old town of Ojolargo, located where the present-day village of Mao is, some 6 km from what is now Achí. Ojolargo was founded on September 24, 1770, and in 1779 had 471 inhabitants. However, this village was short-lived as its inhabitants fled from a cholera epidemic that swept through in 1814 and began settling instead in Achí, where they found an abundance of the tropical fruit that bears the name of Achí. In 1815 the mayor of Majagual, Estanislao Huertas Lorenzana, ordered the transfer of the inhabitants of Ojolargo to the new village of Achi. In 1817 the formation of the town was completed, becoming part of the Canton of Majagual. On March 6, 1869, the village is destroyed by an earthquake. In 1934 Achí breaks away from the municipality of Majagual, thus becoming a new municipality, with its first mayor being Pedro Barragén Constantino. The municipalities of Montecristo, Bolívar and San Jacinto del Cauca segregate from Achí in 1994 and 1997, respectively
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# List of You're Under Arrest characters
The Japanese manga series *You\'re Under Arrest* features a cast of characters by Kosuke Fujishima. The series centers around two female police officers of contrasting personalities and their activities at Bokuto Station.
## Main characters {#main_characters}
### Natsumi Tsujimoto {#natsumi_tsujimoto}
The voice of `{{nihongo|Natsumi Tsujimoto|辻本 夏実|Tsujimoto Natsumi}}`{=mediawiki} was provided by Sakiko Tamagawa and her English voice by Tamara Burnham Mercer. In the live action version, she was portrayed by actress Misaki Ito.
#### Fictional biography {#fictional_biography}
Natsumi is an officer stationed at the fictional Bokuto Station in Tokyo\'s Sumida Ward. She is very outgoing as well as very laid back. She often demonstrates superhuman strength second only to Shoji Tokairin and is a motorcycle enthusiast, capable of high-risk maneuvers on both bikes and mopeds. Natsumi has a prodigious appetite for food and alcohol, and has been known to show up at work with a hangover. She is also a chronic late sleeper. Despite having many bad habits, she is a very capable police officer and does her job seriously when needed. She keeps a mini-moped, a Honda Motocompo (JR-2) in Miyuki\'s Honda Today squad car and uses it when a flanking strategy is required. It is prominently labeled \"NATSUMI\" (in the Nihon-shiki transliteration system) before her first day at Bokuto in the beginning of the first anime, later re-coloured and re-labeled \"POLICE\" in the later appearances and on the Bandai Model kit of the Honda Today. When off-duty, she operates a Yamaha RZV motorbike until it is damaged beyond repair during later part of the first season. She is subsequently tricked into buying a Subaru R-2, which is in a near-non-functioning state. This car is then thoroughly renovated and heavily modified by Miyuki into a patrol car. She uses the wrecked motorbike\'s engine, modifying the car to make its operation follow closely to that of a motorbike. In the manga version, this car operates with double engines.
Natsumi is also familiar with judo and kendo, being able to defeat her opponents during training sessions. Her strength and her familiarity with hand-to-hand combat complement Miyuki\'s brilliant mind in creating devices or modifying known vehicles very well, making her and Miyuki famous throughout Bokuto Station. She is also the only person in this series able to consistently defeat Strikeman\'s fastballs and is called Home-Run Girl by Strikeman for this very reason.
#### History
According to the information in the *You\'re Under Arrest* series, Natsumi was born on August 12, 1975. Not much information is revealed in the story, though she had lived in Asakusa before enrolling in the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and became classmates with Miyuki Kobayakawa before being dispatched elsewhere in the Greater Tokyo Area.
The two eventually met by accident when Natsumi was late for work during her first day on duty with the Bokuto Station. She was partnered with Miyuki for a number of years. But for a short time, Natsumi was scouted by Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Headquarters to be part of a prototype female motorbike unit before declining an invitation to train further with them. She was known to be infatuated with Detective Tokuno and the Kachou of the Traffic Division before meeting Shoji Tokairin, who became her rival and love interest. Natsumi and Miyuki, later on in the series, broke the back of a car smuggling syndicate that operated by stealing luxury vehicles, leading to the group\'s disbanding. Due to her actions, Assistant Kaoruko Kinoshita moved her to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department with Miyuki as part of her specialized training program in enhancing officer\'s skills related to police work. During the Hachi-Ichi-Go crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You\'re Under Arrest: The Movie*), she and Miyuki proved themselves as law enforcers when they apprehended renegade police officer Tadashi Emoto as he tried to commit suicide by trying to jump from the top floors of the Tokyo Tower. She was also sent to Los Angeles in the United States with Miyuki as part of a foreign officer exchange program with the Los Angeles Police Department.
At the end of the series, Natsumi is recruited to serve in the Special Assault Team and was an operative stationed with the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department branch. Her partnership with Miyuki and subsequent transfer to the Special Assault Team had then ended nearly on bad terms, almost destroying their friendship until coming to terms with reality. She was replaced in Bokuto Station by Saori Saga, an ex-student who she and Miyuki saved during her police officer days before Saori was dispatched to the said station.
She had been temporarily been at Bokuto again before being transferred out to be trained under the JGSDF\'s Ranger Platoon before being reassigned again to Bokuto Station, serving as Miyuki\'s partner again after Saori had left Bokuto to be relocated in another station.
#### Reception
A character that is parodied after Natsumi is shown in the first episode of *Full Metal Panic? Fumoffu*. She is depicted as a wild policewoman who chases the two main character in a police car. Though, in *YUA*, Miyuki is the car driver of the duo, not Natsumi.
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# List of You're Under Arrest characters
## Main characters {#main_characters}
### Miyuki Kobayakawa {#miyuki_kobayakawa}
The voice of `{{nihongo|Miyuki Kobayakawa|小早川 美幸|Kobayakawa Miyuki}}`{=mediawiki} was provided by Akiko Hiramatsu (Japanese), and Jo Ann Luzzatto (English; OVA) & Juliet Cesario (English; onward) (Filipino) Kathyin Masilungan. In the live action version, she was portrayed by actress Sachie Hara.
#### Fictional biography {#fictional_biography_1}
Miyuki is Natsumi\'s partner and roommate. Miyuki is not as physically challenging as Natsumi, but she is much more thoughtful and more polite. A technical genius, Miyuki frequently performs custom vehicle modifications for various people at the precinct and is an expert with computers. Miyuki is a superb driver, almost as daring as Natsumi, and very difficult to shake in a pursuit. She is also punctual, shy, and diligent -- in contrast, Natsumi is tardy, bold, and frequently lazy. Her mini patrol car, a Honda Today, is a heavily modified version for patrol duties. Starting with Today\'s 545 cc EH engine, Miyuki has stroked it out to 600 cc and turbocharged as well as converted to DOHC. Later she swaps the engine to a 700 cc stroked version of the later 656 cc MTREC engine (although still having a yellow number plate for K-cars), also with twin cams, a turbocharger, an intercooler, and nitrous oxide boost. She also has a blue Toyota Sports 800 as her car.
Unlike Natsumi\'s infatuation towards the chief (Kachou) of Traffic Division, Miyuki admires and respects him because of his dedication in working with the division. During situations where force was the only solution, Miyuki uses airsoft guns with paintball bullets in order to incapacitate or to leave a homing beacon on the opponents. Her love interest happens to be with the \"White Hawk\" Ken Nakajima but has initial difficulty in telling him until the end of the series. Her feelings for Ken were driven to the point when she pointed an air gun on Natsumi\'s head when she joked that she would have to marry Ken in the future.
Miyuki is fearful of anything that cannot be explained by science, such as the paranormal, supernatural or anything that was similar to science fiction. She is also afraid of reptiles.
Her character design was also used as the template for a goddess whom the characters prayed to in a four panel gag strip added to a version of *YUA* who eventually became Belldandy when the strip proved popular and was developed into *Oh! My Goddess*.
#### History {#history_1}
According to the information in the *You\'re Under Arrest* series, Miyuki was born on April 7, 1976. She had previously lived in the Okayama Prefecture before moving to the Greater Tokyo Area and entered the Metropolitan Police Department Academy and was classmates with Natsumi Tsujimoto before being transferred to Bokuto Station. She resides currently in Kōtō, Tokyo alongside Natsumi.
When she was trying to pick up Natsumi, she met with her instead by luck when seeing her breaking some of traffic violation rules (to the point that her driving license could end up being suspended by the sheer amount of violations committed, with several of them being even punishable by jail time) but she knew at once that she\'s Natsumi, her partner to be. Eventually catching up with her, Miyuki made a first impression with her and after Natsumi\'s transfer to Bokuto Station was complete, Miyuki and Natsumi became partners in the station\'s Traffic Division. The two became famous with Miyuki\'s brains and Natsumi\'s fists in solving various cases involving either themselves or with their colleagues. Miyuki was the other half of the duo responsible for ground breaking work in dismantling a mysterious car smuggling syndicate operation in Tokyo, resulting in her subsequent transfer to the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department\'s Criminal Investigation Bureau under its Scientific Investigations Laboratory. The Lab invited her to permanently transfer to the department, but she refused the offer.
In the Hachi-Ichi-Go (蜂一号) crisis (Bee Number One in the dub of *You\'re Under Arrest: The Movie*), Miyuki\'s expertise in computers and in electronics have managed to gain breakwork during initial investigations over the mysterious power outages in the Sumida Ward, but was not able to secure any details regarding them. Nearing the end of the movie, she and Natsumi apprehend renegade officer Tadashi Emoto after wounding Kachou as a means of \"proving\" that he acted alone throughout the crisis. Miyuki was sent to Los Angeles with Natsumi as part of a foreign police officer exchange program for a short time with the Los Angeles Police Department.
Nearing the end of the series, Miyuki nearly broke her friendship with Natsumi after learning that the latter was being recruited into the Special Assault Team. The two patched up their differences when Miyuki told Natsumi that she wasn\'t open enough for her to accept Natsumi\'s recruitment into the SAT since the two had acted like real friends, even like sisters when Miyuki explained that Natsumi\'s SAT recruitment happened so fast without her realizing it all along, which forced her to shield herself from seeing reality as it was. Miyuki also renewed her \"friendship\" with Nakajima, further opening their relationship to other possibilities.
Her partner is Saori Saga, who took over Natsumi\'s position after she was permanently stationed in the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department branch as part of her duties as an SAT operative before being transferred to the United States to conduct forensic training.
#### Reception {#reception_1}
Miyuki was among the Top 10 Most Popular Female Characters in the August 2001 issue of *Newtype* magazine.
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# List of You're Under Arrest characters
## Main characters {#main_characters}
### Ken Nakajima {#ken_nakajima}
is a motorcycle patrol officer portrayed in the live action by actor Kazushige Nagashima.
### Teizō Saejima {#teizō_saejima}
Season 3 Full Throttle. `{{nihongo|Teizō Saejima|鮫島 逓増| Samejima Teizō}}`{=mediawiki} A Police Motorcycle Rider member with a scratch on his forehead Working with Police Officer Police Officer Ken Nakajima. Although there was no name, it is one of the few general officers inherited from the original.
### Yoriko Nikaidou {#yoriko_nikaidou}
is a dispatcher at Bokuto Station portrayed in the live action by actress Otoha.
### Futaba Aoi {#futaba_aoi}
is a transgender woman officer.
### Saori Saga {#saori_saga}
*Voiced by*: Sakura Tange (Japanese) Mayumi Iizuka (2nd Season Fast & Furious & Season 3 Full Throttle ) (Japanese), Megan Hancock (English) Saori Saga kun is 18 year old Middle High School Student & she has a sibling sister 17 year old Sayōfuka Saga.
### Kaori Takano {#kaori_takano}
*Voiced by*: Haruka Tomatsu Season 3 Full Throttle.
### Sakura Fujieda {#sakura_fujieda}
*Voice by*: Kana Hanazawa Season 3 Full Throttle
### Chief
## Secondary characters {#secondary_characters}
### Officers
#### Takao Arizuka {#takao_arizuka}
(蟻塚 貴男 *Arizuka Takao*) Is an (警視 Keishisei), he is feared by low-ranking officers since his mere presence in a police station during inspection would mean the end of someone\'s career as he always bring a notebook with him.
#### Kaoruko Kinoshita {#kaoruko_kinoshita}
(木下 薫子 *Kinoshita Kaoruko*) Is an (警部補 *Keibuho*) Assistant Inspector serving in Chiyoda Police Headquarter & Sumida Bokutō Police Station in the last three season 1, The Movie Theatrical and season 2 fast and furious During the course of her career, Kaoruko had participated in at least one Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Color Guard parade. Unit in 2008 she did not appeared in Season Three Full Throttle.
#### Chie Sagamiōno {#chie_sagamiōno}
#### Shouji Toukairin {#shouji_toukairin}
Is a (巡査長 Junsachō) Chief Police Officer.
Serving in Toyama Prefecture Police Mountain and he serve in Bokutō Police Station.
#### Inspector Tokuno {#inspector_tokuno}
#### Nobuyuki Sugihara {#nobuyuki_sugihara}
#### Shunsuke Okabayashi {#shunsuke_okabayashi}
: Shunsuke is played by actor Noboru Kaneko.
### Civilians
#### Daimaru Nakajima {#daimaru_nakajima}
#### Sena Wakabayashi {#sena_wakabayashi}
*Voiced by*: Hiroko Konishi (1st Season)/Fumiko Orikasa (2nd Season) (Japanese), Ashley McDaid (English)
#### Boxy
#### Strikeman
#### 50 C.C. Old Lady {#c.c._old_lady}
#### Yūji Katsui {#yūji_katsui}
#### Saki Abdusha {#saki_abdusha}
. Season 1 Episode 22 Yoriko Nikaidō\'s Day Off. `{{nihongo|''Saki Abdusha''|サキ アブドゥシャ|Abudo~usha Saki}}`{=mediawiki}
Prince of Middle East was exile to Japan order by Section Chief or Kachō
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# Bernard IV Jordan of L'Isle-Jourdain
**Bernard** (or **Bertrand**) **IV Jordan** (died 1340) was the Lord of L\'Isle-Jourdain (*Insule iordani*) from 1303 or 1304 to his death. He was the son and successor of Jordan IV and his first wife Faidiva. Bernard Jordan maintained an alliance with Gaston I of Foix.
He may have taken part in the Aragonese Crusade in 1284. For five years from his accession to 1309, Bernard Jordan served as seneschal of Languedoc for Philip IV of France. Between 1328 and 1331, he was interested in accompanying Philip VI of France on a Reconquista against the Kingdom of Granada, but nothing ever came of it.
On 29 April 1319, Pope John XXII called him \"son\" when writing to complain of the recent Ghibelline ascendancy in Lombardy.
Bernard married firstly Marguerite de Foix (died 1304), daughter of Roger-Bernard III of Foix (1240--1303) and Margaret of Béarn, married secondly Berenguela de Montcada, and thirdly Sedille de Durfort, daughter of Arnaud de Durfort.
He was succeeded by his eldest son Bertrand and is also known to have had several other children; Gaston, John, Mathe, Marguerite and Indie
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# Lost in Space (comics)
***Lost in Space*** was a comic book published by Innovation Comics, based upon the television series *Lost in Space*. It utilized the settings and characters from the series, but was set years after the end of the series, and featured older characters coming to terms with being cut off from Earth for so many years.
## History
In the 1980s, Bill Mumy (who played Will Robinson on the series) had tried, and failed, to convince Irwin Allen to allow production of a *Lost in Space* film for theatres or TV. In 1991, a fledgling publisher called Innovation Comics began to produce an ambitious, high-quality *Lost in Space* comic, which was authorized and licensed. It was scripted by Mumy himself, and his intention was to reflect the more serious tone of the first season episodes, but this was somewhat undercut by artwork that sexualized the characters of Judy and Penny Robinson, prompting some exasperated notes from Mumy in the editorial pages.
The comic also established a romantic triangle between Judy, Penny (now depicted as someone in her late teens), and Don that was not present in the original series.
One storyline in this comic book retcons the \"serious episodes\" - which some critics claim ended about a third of the way through the first season - as excerpts from Prof. Robinson\'s log, while the more humorous episodes were taken from Penny\'s diary. Also suggested is the idea that Dr. Smith is working with some of the aliens encountered in the early episodes, rather than with any terrestrial source, as evidenced by his efforts to make radio contact with some third party after the Jupiter II has left Earth.
*Lost in Space* was Innovation\'s best selling property, outselling all their other comics combined. The comic only managed to run for 18 issues, 2 annuals and 1 of 2 issues of a miniseries however, but not because of poor sales. Innovation\'s ambitious projects couldn\'t keep ahead of their bottom line, and the company went out of business.
While this left a major story arc unresolved, a trade paperback entitled \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Soul\" was later published, completing the story.
## Other *Lost In Space* comics {#other_lost_in_space_comics}
### Movie Adapatation {#movie_adapatation}
In 1998 Dark Horse Comics published a tie-in comic based on that year\'s *Lost in Space* film which ran for three issues.
### The Lost Adventures {#the_lost_adventures}
*Irwin Allen\'s Lost in Space: The Lost Adventures* were a series of comics published in 2016 by American Gothic Press, based on two unused scripts for the original series, \"The Curious Galactics\" and \"Malice in Wonderland\" by Carey Wilbur. These never filmed scripts were adapted by Holly Interlandi into a series of comics, with art by Kostas Pantoulas and Patrick McEvoy. While \"The Curious Galactics\" was originally a First Season script, both stories are presented as being set after the events of Season Three.
### Netflix Reboot {#netflix_reboot}
A new comic based on the reboot of *Lost in Space*, sub-titled *Countdown to Danger* was published in four parts during 2019. The new comic is written by Richard Dinnick and Brian Buccellato with art by Zid.
## Related comics {#related_comics}
A comic book named *Space Family Robinson* was published by Gold Key Comics and written by Gaylord DuBois. The Robinsons were: scientist father Craig, scientist mother June, early teens Tim (son) and Tammy (daughter), along with pets Clancy (dog) and Yakker (parrot). They lived in \"Space Station One\", a spacious moving craft with hydroponic gardens, observatory, and 2 small shuttle crafts (\"Spacemobiles\"). In the second issue, a cosmic storm deposited them far from Earth and they have adventures while they try to work their way home. That comic book is not a spinoff of the TV series but was in print prior to the conception of the show.
*Space Family Robinson* was published by Whitman and distributed by Western Publishing and sold for 60 cents each. They featured captions on their front covers such as #58\'s: `{{Blockquote|text="An Emergency Landing on a War-Torn Planet Brings the Robinsons their strangest experience in Space!"}}`{=mediawiki}
They were also sold in plastic packages of three comic books for \$1.39 (\$1.80 value) with other titles in the package such as *Buck Rogers* #14 and *Doctor Solar* #30.
In 1966 the weekly UK publication *Lady Penelope*, the comic for girls who love television, printed *Space Family Robinson* stories. These used the same characters and technology as the Gold Key titles but were original scripts, not reprints. Authorship is not known for certain, although there is good reason to think that some may have been written by then sub-editor on *Lady Penelope*, Brian Woodford. The artist was John Burns
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# Cajander
**Cajander** is a Finnish surname
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# Robert I. Levy
**Robert I. Levy** (1924 -- 29 August 2003, Asolo, Veneto, Italy) was an American psychiatrist and anthropologist known for his fieldwork in Tahiti and Nepal and on the cross-cultural study of emotions. Though he did not receive a formal degree in anthropology, he spent most of his adult life conducting anthropological fieldwork or teaching in departments of anthropology. In developing his approach to anthropology, he credited his cousin, the anthropologist Roy Rappaport, and Gregory Bateson (another famous anthropologist who never received a graduate degree in anthropology).
Robert Levy initially trained as a psychoanalytic psychiatrist and had a private practice in psychiatry for several years before he became involved in an ethnographic research project in the Society Islands (Tahiti), organized by anthropologist Douglas Oliver. He did field work in the Society Islands for twenty-six months, first during a pilot study in July and August 1961, then for two years between July 1962 and June 1964. He published this research in a number of articles and the book *Tahitians: mind and experience in the Society Islands* (1973), which was selected as a finalist for the National Book Awards in 1974. In this seminal work both in the ethnography of Polynesian societies and in psychological anthropology, he first demonstrated what he called person-centered ethnography, an approach to fieldwork that drew on his training as a clinical psychiatrist to understand individual feelings, experience, and motivation within a given cultural setting.
From 1964 to 1966 he was a senior scholar in the Institute of Advanced Projects at the East--West Center and research associate in anthropology at Bishop Museum, Honolulu. In 1969 he took a faculty position as professor in the newly established anthropology department at the University of California, San Diego, where he taught for many years.
His other major fieldwork site was the Newar city of Bhaktapur in Nepal.
After retiring from UCSD in 1991, he was appointed research professor of anthropology at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and research professor of anthropology at Duke University.
He received a number of awards for his scholarly activities. He was elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1996. In 2001 the Society for Psychological Anthropology honored him with its Lifetime Achievement Award.
He died while on holiday in the Italian town of Asolo, from complications of Parkinson\'s disease. A number of articles relating to his research, as well as a brief memorial written by his wife, were published in a special volume of *Ethos* (December 2005, Vol. 33, No. 4), the journal of the Society for Psychological anthropology.
His students included the anthropologists Douglas Hollan, Paula Levin, Steven Parish
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# Mikhail Yuzefovich
**Mikhail Vladimirovich Yuzefovich** (*Михаил Владимирович Юзефович*) (29 June 1802 -- 2 June 1889) was the deputy commissioner of the Kiev school district, chairman of the Kiev archaeological commission, and instigator of the Ems Ukaz that severely restricted the use of Ukrainian language.
Yuzefovich was known for his extreme Russian nationalist views and fierce opposition to the revival of the Ukrainian culture and language. In his 1876 report to the Russian government \"On the so-called Ukrainophile movement\", he characterised Ukrainian language societies as subversive and claimed they were organised by Polish and Austrian enemies of Russia. Yuzefovich\'s recommendations were incorporated in the Ems Ukaz, which was signed on 30 May 1876 by the Russian tsar Alexander II in the town of Bad Ems, Germany. This Ukaz also became known as the \"Yuzefovich Ukaz\". Taras Shevchenko called Yuzefovich \'traitor\'.
Yuzefovich was born to a noble Polonized family in Brest. His ancestors were members of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Registered Cossacks. Yuzefovich was born in Pyriatyn county of the Poltava Governorate (today in Boryspil Raion) and was homeschooled. In 1819 he graduated the Moscow University Noble Boarding School (*Московский университетский благородный пансион*) receiving the 14th rank of state service (see Table of Ranks).
His military service Yuzefovich started as junker at the Chuguev Uhlan Regiment (*Чугуевский 11-й уланский полк\]\]*) commanded by his uncle Dmitriy Yuzefovich (*Дмитрий Юзефович\]\]*), a Russian hero of the 1812 Patriotic War. In 1822 Mikhail Yuzefovich was promoted to the rank of cornet. Since 1826 he served at Caucasus region and as a poruchik took part in the 1828--1829 Russo-Turkish War. Yuzefovich had been distinguished at the 1828 Siege of Kars and the 1829 battle of Bayburt (both in northeast Anatolia Region). In 1830 the Yuzefovich\'s regiment was transferred to a garrison service and rerouted to extinguish the 1830-1831 Polish Uprising. In 1836 he resigned due to health in rank of major.
He also was in acquaintance with Russian poet Pushkin.
Since 1840 he worked for the Ministry of National Enlightenment of the Russian Empire as an inspector of budget schools in the Kiev Educational District and took part in creation of public student quarters at the district\'s gymnasiums. In 1843 Yuzefovich was granted the rank of court councilor (the 7th in table of ranks) and appointed an acting deputy trustee of the Kiev Educational District (confirmed in 1845)
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# Large Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia
The **Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia** project was a series of workshops held from April 2004 to September 2006 for the purpose of defining a standard formal vocabulary for the annotation and retrieval of video.
## Mandate
The Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia project was sponsored by the Disruptive Technology Office and brought together representatives from a variety of research communities, such as multimedia learning, information retrieval, computational linguistics, library science, and knowledge representation, as well as \"user\" communities such as intelligence agencies and broadcasters, to work collaboratively towards defining a set of 1,000 concepts. Individually, each concept was to meet the following criteria:
- Utility: the concepts must support realistic video retrieval problems
- Feasibility: the concepts are capable or will be capable of detection given the near-term (5 year projected) state of technology
- Observibility: the concepts occur with relatively high frequency in actual video data sets
Jointly, these concepts were to meet the additional criterion of providing broad (domain independent) coverage. High-level target areas for coverage included physical objects, including animate objects (such as people, mobs, and animals), and inanimate objects, ranging from large-scale (such as buildings and highways) to small-scale (such as telephones and appliances); actions and events; locations and settings; and graphics. The effort was led by Dr. Milind Naphade, who was the principal investigator along with researchers from Carnegie Mellon University, Columbia University, and IBM.
## Development tracks {#development_tracks}
The project had two main \"tracks\": the development and deployment of keyframe annotation tools (performed by CMU and Columbia), and the development of the Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia concept hierarchy itself. The second track was executed in two phases: The first consisted in the manual construction of an 884 concept hierarchy, was performed collaboratively among the research and user community representatives.
The second track, performed by knowledge representation experts at Cycorp, Inc., involved the mapping of the concepts into the Cyc knowledge base and the use of the Cyc inference engine to semi-automatically refine, correct, and expand the concept hierarchy. The mapping/expansion phase of the project was motivated by a desire to increase breadth---the mapping had the effect of moving from 884 concepts to well past the initial goal of 1000---and to move Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia from a one-dimensional hierarchy of concepts, to a full-blown ontology of rich semantic connections.
## Project results {#project_results}
The outputs of the effort included:
1. A \"lite\" version of the Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia concept hierarchy consisting of a subset of 449 concepts.
2. A corpus of 61,901 video keyframes, taken from the 2006 TRECVID data set, annotated using Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia \"lite.\"
3. The full taxonomy of 2,638 concepts, built semi-automatically by mapping 884 concepts, manually identified by collaborators, into the Cyc knowledge base, and querying the Cyc inference engine for useful additions.
4. The full ontology, in the form of a 2006 ResearchCyc release that contained the Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia mappings into the Cyc ontology.
## Public detectors {#public_detectors}
Several sets of concept detectors were developed and released for public use:
1. [VIREO-374](http://vireo.cs.cityu.edu.hk/research/vireo374/), 374 detectors developed by City University of Hong Kong.
2. [Columbia374](http://www.ee.columbia.edu/ln/dvmm/columbia374/), 374 detectors developed by Columbia University.
3. [Mediamill101](http://www.science.uva.nl/research/mediamill/), 101 detectors developed by The University of Amsterdam.
## Use in the larger research community {#use_in_the_larger_research_community}
Since its release, Large-Scale Concept Ontology for Multimedia has begun to be used successfully in visual recognition research: Apart from research done by project participants, it has been used by independent research in concept extraction from images, and has served as the basis for a video annotation tool
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# First Call
**First Call** was an American contemporary Christian music (CCM) group, consisting of Mel Tunney, Marty McCall, and Bonnie Keen. During their career spanning more than 30 years, the group worked with many noted producers and arrangers including David Maddux, Steven V. Taylor, Dan Keen, Greg Nelson, Keith Thomas, Neal Joseph, Wayne Kirkpatrick, Phil Naish and Darrell Brown.
## Group history {#group_history}
In the 1970s, McCall was a producer, songwriter, and background vocalist prior to forming the band Fireworks, Keen was pursuing a career in musical theater, and Tunney was solidly ensconced in the burgeoning contemporary Christian music industry following a stint touring with the group, Truth. The three met while working as backup vocalists for other recording artists and commercial jingles, and soon formed a friendship. Recognizing the benefit of marketing themselves as a ready-made trio for backup vocals and other studio recordings, and having developed a reputation for delivering pristine vocals in a variety of styles, they were considered the \"first call\" by music producers---the first choice for studio work. The term corresponded with their Christian faith, and the vocal band had their name.
None of the three initially foresaw a recording or touring career. As a side project to their backing-vocal careers, they agreed to record an a cappella Christmas album called *An Evening in December* (1985). The album sold well in the Contemporary Christian market, and the trio was offered the opportunity to accompany five-time Grammy Award-winning Christian vocalist Sandi Patty on her 150-city \"Let There Be Praise\" tour. Their first album of non-Christmas music, *Undivided* (1986), was followed by *Something Takes Over* (1987) and *God Is Good* (1989). The two Christmas music collections, *An Evening in December* Volume I (1985) and Volume II (1987), have long been bestsellers in the group\'s catalog. Many comparisons have been made to the group\'s style similarity to the recording group The Manhattan Transfer.
Tunney left the group amicably in 1990 to join her husband, Dick Tunney, in their own concert and songwriting ministry, while maintaining her friendship with McCall and Keen. Vocalist and session singer Marabeth Jordan joined McCall and Keen, and the trio continued performing and recording, producing two more successful albums, *Human Song* (1992) and *Sacred Journey* (1993). On the cusp of signing the largest record contract of their career in 1994, it was revealed that Jordan had been involved in an extra-marital affair with fellow CCM artist Michael English. The ensuing publicity had a devastating personal and professional effect on the group and the individuals involved. First Call lost their record deal, Jordan left the group and English returned his six recently awarded Dove Awards to the Gospel Music Association, and had his recording contract dissolved.
McCall and Keen decided to continue recording together as First Call, and signed with Warner Alliance for two more albums, a Christmas project, *Beyond December*, in 1995, followed their eponymously titled album *First Call* in 1996. Although First Call did not formally disband, McCall and Keen each pursued solo projects and other ministry opportunities. McCall released his solo effort *Images of Faith* (1997) on Warner Alliance and Keen released *Marked for Life* (1999) on Spring Hill Records. The three original members continued to perform together for reunion concerts, and were a featured artist on the 2015 *CCM United We Will Stand* concert.
McCall, Keen and Tunney reunited in 2005 to record a hymns collection for Discovery House Music called *Rejoice*. The CD released in 2006. Ten years later, First Call released a six-song EP, appropriately entitled *Second Birth*.
Marty McCall served for 16 years as Worship Pastor and Director of the Worship Department at McLean Bible Church, a Washington, DC area mega church. In addition to his role in First Call, McCall is a worship consultant and a creator of online resources for worship leaders, teams and singers.
Bonnie Keen continues to work as a recording artist, Emmy-nominated actor, and author, having penned three non-fiction titles, *Blessed Are the Desperate*, *God Loves Messy People*, and *A Ladder Out of Depression*.
Mel Tunney, along with her husband Dick, joined the staff of First Baptist Church of Columbia, Tennessee in 2006, serving first as interim worship leaders then as worship leaders/artists in residence. Mel joined the staff of The Church at Woodbine, a regional campus of Brentwood Baptist Church, in the fall of 2015.
## Awards
First Call won a Grammy Award for their contribution to the 1996 compilation project, *Tribute: The Songs of Andrae Crouch*. The group was a recipient of GMA Dove Awards in the \"Group of the Year\" category for both 1988 and 1989. They also have multiple Grammy nominations.
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# First Call
## Discography
Year Album Members Who Performed Record Label
------ --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------- --------------------
1985 *Evening in December* as \"First Call & Friends\" Keen, McCall, Tunney Word
1986 *Undivided* Keen, McCall, Tunney Word
1987 *Somethin\' Takes Over* Keen, McCall, Tunney Dayspring/Word
1987 *An Evening in December, Vol. 2* Keen, McCall, Tunney Dayspring/Word
1989 *God Is Good* Keen, McCall, Tunney Dayspring/Word
1992 *Human Song* Keen, McCall, Jordon Myrrh/Word/Epic
1993 *Concert Medley* Keen, McCall, Jordon Myrrh/Word
1993 *Sacred Journey* Keen, McCall, Jordon Myrrh/Word/Epic
1994 *La Razón de Cantar* Keen, McCall, Jordon Myrrh/Word/Epic
1995 *The Early Years* Keen, McCall, Tunney Myrrh/Word
1995 *Beyond December* Keen, McCall Warner Alliance
1996 *First Call* Keen, McCall Warner Bros.
1996 *Comienza a Sanar* Keen, McCall Warner Bros.
2000 *Friends Forever* Keen, McCall, Tunney Ministry Music
2006 *Rejoice* Keen, McCall, Tunney Discovery House
2007 *First Call: The Definitive Collection* Keen, McCall, Tunney Word
2016 *Second Birth* Keen, McCall, Tunney First Call
2019 *Rejoice* Keen, McCall, Tunney First Call Records
### Appearances on other albums {#appearances_on_other_albums}
- 1988 *Prism: Red* (Reunion Records) \"If You\'re Happy And You Know It\"
- 1989 *Our Hymns* (Word) \"O Sacred Head, Now Wounded\"
- 1990 *Our Christmas* (Word) \"Angels We Have Heard on High\"
- 1990 *Handel\'s Young Messiah* (Word) \"Every Valley Shall Be Exalted\"
- 1992 *Wings of Victory* - Glen Campbell (New Haven)
- 1993 *Breakaway Praise 2* (Joyful Heart) \"I Wanna Thank You Lord,\" \"I Love You Lord\"
- 1993 *The New Young Messiah* (Sparrow Records) \"Rejoice Greatly, O Daughter of Zion\"
- 1993 *David T
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# Malka Drucker
**Malka Drucker** (born March 14, 1945) is an American rabbi and author living in Santa Barbara, California.
## Overview
Ordained in 1998 from the Academy for Jewish Religion, a transdenominational seminary, Drucker is the founding rabbi of HaMakom: The Place for Passionate and Progressive Judaism, in Santa Fe, and served for fifteen years. She retired as spiritual leader of Temple Har Shalom in Idyllwild, California, in 2021.
Malka Drucker is married to Dr Sheila Namir, a psychologist.
Drucker is the author of 21 books including the award winning *Frida Kahlo, Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocaust*, *Grandma\'s Latkes* and *The Family Treasury of Jewish Holidays.* Her highly acclaimed Jewish Holiday Series won the Southern California Council on Literature for Children Prize series. *Eliezer Ben Yehuda: Father of Modern Hebrew* won the ADL (Anti-Defamation League) Janusz Korczak Literary Competition and her biography of Frida Kahlo was chosen as an American Booksellers Association \"Pick of the Lists.\" Drucker\'s collaboration with photographer Gay Block, *White Fire: A Portrait of Women Spiritual Leaders in America*, received the 2005 Southwest PEN award for non fiction. *Portraits of Jewish American Heroes* published August 2008 won the New Mexico Children\'s Book Prize. In 2009 the collection of essays *Women and Judaism*, edited by Malka Drucker, was published by Praeger Books. With Rabbi Nadya Gross, she has written \"Embracing Wisdom: Soaring in the Second Half of Life.
In 1986, rabbi Harold Schulweis, Malka Drucker and Gay Block decided to document activities of non-Jewish Europeans who risked torture and death to save Jews during the Holocaust, a topic they considered both important and under-publicized. Their work would eventually led to a book by Drucker (*Rescuers: Portraits of Moral Courage in the Holocaust*), as well as an exhibition of Block\'s photographs.
A 2013 dissertation from the University of New Mexico\'s department of anthropology, \"Storied Lives in a Living Tradition: Women Rabbis and Jewish Community in 21st Century New Mexico\", by Miria Kano, discusses Drucker and four other female rabbis of New Mexico
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# Cristina García (novelist)
**Cristina García** (born July 4, 1958) is a Cuban-born American novelist and playwright. Her first novel, *Dreaming in Cuban* (1992), was a finalist for the National Book Award. She has since published her novels *The Agüero Sisters* (1997) and *Monkey Hunting* (2003), and has edited books of Cuban and other Latin American literature. Her other novels include, *A Handbook to Luck* (2007); *The Lady Matador\'s Hotel* (2010); *King of Cuba* (2013); *Here in Berlin* (2017); and *Vanishing Maps* (2023).
Garcia has taught at universities nationwide, including UCLA; UC Riverside; Mills College; University of San Francisco; University of Nevada, Las Vegas; University of Texas-Austin; and Texas State University-San Marcos, where she was the 2012--2014 University Chair in Creative Writing. García\'s novels explore the memories, histories, and cultural rituals of her Cuban heritage and that of the diaspora in the United States and globally.
## Biography
García was born in Havana to Cuban parents, Francisco M. Garcia and Esperanza Lois. In 1961, when she was two years old, her family was among the first wave of people to flee Cuba after Fidel Castro came to power. They moved to New York City, where she was raised in Queens, and Brooklyn Heights. She earned a bachelor\'s degree in political science from Barnard College (1979) and a master\'s degree in international relations from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies (1981). She has been a Guggenheim Fellow, a Hodder Fellow at Princeton University, and a recipient of the Whiting Writers Award. She is on the editorial advisory board of *Chiricú Journal: Latina/o Literatures, Arts, and Cultures*. She has a daughter.
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# Cristina García (novelist)
## Career
### Journalism
García pursued a career in journalism following graduate school after having worked as a part-time \"copy girl\" with *The New York Times*. She obtained an intern position with *The Boston Globe* and a job as a reporter for the *Knoxville Journal*. In 1983 she was hired by *Time* magazine. Beginning there as a reporter/researcher, she became the publication\'s San Francisco correspondent in 1985, and its bureau chief in Miami for Florida and the Caribbean region in 1987. In 1988 she was transferred to Los Angeles. She terminated her employment with *Time* in 1990 to write fiction.
### Novels
Of García\'s first novel, *Dreaming in Cuban*, García said, \"I surprised myself by how Cuban the book turned out to be. I don\'t remember growing up with a longing for Cuba, so I didn\'t realize how Cuban I was, how deep a sense I had of exile and longing.\" The book was nominated for the National Book Award.
Her second novel *The Agüero Sisters* (1997) won the Janet Heidiger Kafka Prize.
García has reported experiencing unease in relating to other Cubans---both with those still in Cuba and those in exile in Florida. Some question why she writes in English. Others take issue with her lack of engagement in anti-Castro causes. She has said she attempts to emphasize in her novels the fact that \"there is no one Cuban exile.\" In 2007 she also said that she \"wanted to break free of seeing the world largely through the eyes of Cubans or Cuban immigrants. After the first three novels---I think of them as a loose trilogy---I wanted to tackle a bigger canvas, more far-flung migrations, the fascinating work of constructing identity in an increasingly small and fractured world.\" At that time García described this \"bigger canvas\" as including \"the entrapments and trappings of gender,\" partly because \"it would be easy, and overly simplistic, to frame everything in terms of equality, or cultural limitations, or other vivid measurables. What\'s most interesting to me are the slow, internal, often largely unconscious processes that move people in unexpected directions, that reframe and refine their own notions of who they are, sexually and otherwise.\"
While García has expressed a desire to avoid overt and propagandistic politics the influence of her heritage is made clear when she discusses the symbolism and characters in her work. She has said, about the symbol of a tree, for example:
> In Afro-Cuban culture, the ceiba tree is also sacred, a kind of maternal, healing figure to which offerings are made, petitions placed. So absolutely, for me trees do represent a crossroads, an opportunity for redemption and change. In *Dreaming in Cuban*, Pilar Puente has a transformative experience under an elm tree that leads to her returning to Cuba. Chen Pan, in *Monkey Hunting*, escapes the sugarcane plantation under the watchful protection of a ceiba tree...In *A Handbook to Luck*, Evaristo takes to living in trees as a young boy, to escape the violence of his stepfather. He stays there for years, first in a coral tree and then in a banyan. From his perches, he witnesses the greater violence of the civil war in El Salvador and speaks a peculiar poetry, born, in part, of his co-existence with trees.
\"King of Cuba\" is a darkly comic fictionalized portrait of Fidel Castro, an octogenarian exile, and a rabble of other Cuban voices who refuse to accept their power is ending.
## Plays
- King of Cuba (2018) \-- adapted from her novel
- The Lady Matador\'s Hotel (2019) \-- adapted from her novel
- Dreaming in Cuban (2022) \-- adapted from her novel
- The Palacios Sisters (2023) \-- Inspired by Chekhov\'s \"Three Sisters\"
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# Cristina García (novelist)
## Works
- *Dreaming in Cuban: A Novel* (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992) `{{ISBN|978-0-345-38143-9}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Cars of Cuba*, essay, with photographer Joshua Greene and creator D. D. Allen (New York: H.N. Abrams, 1995. `{{ISBN|0-8109-2631-8}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The Agüero Sisters* (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997. `{{ISBN|0-679-45090-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Monkey Hunting* (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003. `{{ISBN|0-375-41056-2}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Cubanisimo!: The Vintage Book of Contemporary Cuban Literature*, editor and introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 2003. `{{ISBN|0-385-72137-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- \"Introduction\" to *Twenty Love Poems and a Song of Despair* by Pablo Neruda \[1924\] (New York: Penguin Classics, 2004. `{{ISBN|978-0142437704}}`{=mediawiki})
- *Bordering Fires: The Vintage Book of Contemporary Mexican and Chicano/a Literature*, editor and introduction (New York: Vintage Books, 2006. `{{ISBN|1-4000-7718-4}}`{=mediawiki})
- *A Handbook to Luck* (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007. `{{ISBN|0-307-26436-X}}`{=mediawiki})
- *The Lady Matador\'s Hotel: A Novel* (Simon & Schuster, 2010. `{{ISBN|1-4391-8174-8}}`{=mediawiki})
- *King of Cuba: A Novel* (Scribner, 2013) `{{ISBN|978-1476725666}}`{=mediawiki}
- *Here In Berlin* (Counterpoint, 2017) ISBN 978-1619029590
- Vanishing Maps (New York: Alfred A
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# Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University
**Blagoveschensk State Pedagogical University** (BSPU) is located in Blagoveschensk, the administrative center of the Amur Oblast. The city of Blagoveschensk was founded in 1856 and is one of the most important administrative, cultural, scientific, and industrial centers of the Russian Far East region; with more than 220,000 inhabitants. Blagoveschensk is often called "The Gate to China" for its unique location on the border with China. The Chinese city Heihe is located directly across the river Amur, and many Chinese companies work in the Amur region in the timber industry, agriculture, construction, and tourism.
Vera Schekina (Щекина Вера Витальевна), the rector of the *Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University* has signed a letter of support for the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
## Overview
BSPU was founded in 1930 and is one of the oldest educational institutions in the Far East of Russia. There are over 400 faculty members and about 6,000 students within 10 departments, across 35 specialties. The university also has 14 postgraduate courses; both of pedagogical and non-pedagogical specializations. The university library was the only scientific library in Amur region before 1955. It currently hosts more than 600,000 copies. There are 6 reading halls which can seat 600 people. In 2004 with the help of the Heihe Institute, the library opened the class of Chinese studies, where students can read Chinese newspapers, watch Chinese movies and practice their pronunciation skills. There are 19 computer classes with Internet access and modern multimedia equipment.
Additionally, BSPU has its own printing office and 20 scientific laboratories and research centers, including a chemical laboratory of hetero-organic substances, laboratory of modern educational technologies, the center of environmental studies, an archeological museum, the center of linguistics and communication, and an insect laboratory. The university has established a strong partnership with leading Russian universities and scientific centers, such as Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, and Far Eastern State University .
## History
On October 16, 1930 the Blagoveshchensk Agrarian-Pedagogical Institute (later Pedagogical) was founded (the building of the men\'s Blagoveshchensk Gymnasium, built in 1912-1913 by architect Eduard Schaefer).
On January 14, 1981 the Institute was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour.
In 1995 the Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical Institute received the status of a university. On December 23, 1996 it became the Blagoveshchensk State Pedagogical University.
## International cooperation {#international_cooperation}
BSPU has relations with the Chinese educational institutions of Heihe Institute, Changchun University, Harbin Pedagogical University, Harbin University, Far-Eastern University of Finances and Economics, Daqing Pedagogical Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Beijing University of Language and Culture and others.
BSPU and Heihe Institute are engaged in a joint bachelor\'s degree project in Philology, where Chinese students study for 2 years in Heihe and 2 years in Blagoveschensk.
In August 2005 BSPU joined the consortium of Russian universities engaged in a distance learning project started by the Institute for International Studies at Stanford University (USA). Russian students study international relations, political science, and environmental issues. The best students take part in annual international student conferences. In June 2005 BSPU became a member of the university network collaborating with the Department of Culture and Cooperation of the French Embassy in Russia. BSPU established a Resource Center of French Language and Culture that provides students and professors with training aids and up-to-date information on educational and cultural programs organized by the French Embassy. Students often take language courses in China, Great Britain, America, or Germany during summer vacation
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# John A
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# James Shuler
**James Shuler** (May 29, 1959 -- March 17, 1986) was a U.S. Olympic and professional boxer from Philadelphia known as \"Black Gold.\"
## Amateur career {#amateur_career}
Shuler was trained by Joe Frazier.
Shuler was the 1979 and 1980 National Golden Gloves Light Middleweight Champion. He qualified at 156 pounds and was a member of the 1980 U.S. Olympic boxing team that perished in an air crash in Warsaw, Poland, on March 14, 1980. Shuler was not with the team, however, as he had stayed in America due to injury. The team was en route to Warsaw, Poland for the USA vs. Poland Box-off as part of \"USA vs. the World.\" event. Among the USA Boxing teammates who were killed in the plane crash were Lemuel Steeples from St. Louis; Kelvin Anderson from Connecticut; Paul Palomino - the brother of Carlos Palomino; George Pimentel, and Olympic Coach, Sarge Johnson. Members of the team who were also not aboard included Bobby Czyz and Alex Ramos RBF.
Shuler did not participate in the 1980 Olympics due to the boycott. In 2007, he posthumously received one of 461 Congressional Gold Medals created especially for the spurned athletes.
### Highlights
National Golden Gloves (156 lbs), Indianapolis, Indiana, March 1979:
- 1/2: Defeated Alfred Mayes by decision
- Finals: Defeated Randy Smith by decision
Pan Am Trials (156 lbs), Toledo, Ohio, May--June 1979:
- 1/2: Defeated James Rayford by decision
- Finals: Defeated Alfred Mayes by decision
Pan American Games (156 lbs), San Juan, Puerto Rico, July 1979:
- 1/4: Defeated Luis Felipe Martínez (Cuba) by split decision, 3--2
- 1/2: Defeated Jorge Amparo (Dominican Republic) by decision
- Finals: Lost to José Molina (Puerto Rico) RSC 2
World Cup (156 lbs), New York City, October 1979:
- 1/4: Defeated Jim Spencer (Australia) by unanimous decision, 5--0
- 1/2: Defeated Khamzat Dzhabrailov (Soviet Union) by unanimous decision, 5--0
- Finals: Defeated Park Il Chun (South Korea) by unanimous decision, 5--0
Frazier--Ali teams match-up (156 lbs) Houston, Texas, February 1980:
- Lost to Jeff Stoudemire by decision
National Golden Gloves (156 lbs), Hirsch Memorial Coliseum, Shreveport, Louisiana, March 1980:
- 1/8: Defeated Shane Hoose by decision
- 1/4: Defeated Roy Sapp by decision
- 1/2: Defeated Charles Garner RSC 2
- Finals: Defeated Donald Bowers by decision
Olympic Trials (156 lbs), Atlanta, Georgia, June 1980:
- 1/4: Defeated Alfred Mayes by unanimous decision, 5--0
- 1/2: Defeated Donald Bowers by decision
- Finals: Defeated Kenneth Styles RSC 2 `{{small|(2:26)}}`{=mediawiki}
USA--USSR Duals (156 lbs), Showboat Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada, January 1977:
- Lost to Alexander Koshkin (Soviet Union) KO 1 `{{small|(2:00)}}`{=mediawiki}
Shuler finished his amateur career with a record of 165--8.
## Professional career {#professional_career}
Shuler began his professional boxing career as a middleweight on September 12, 1980, with a second-round knockout of Chris Rogers in Philadelphia. During his five years as a pro, he won the NABF, national Middleweight championship with a win over Sugar Ray Seales. He had a 22--1 record with sixteen knockouts. His first and only professional loss came on March 10, 1986, to Thomas Hearns when he was knocked out in the first round.
## Death
Shuler died in a motorcycle accident in Philadelphia on 17 March 1986, just one week after his last fight against Thomas Hearns.
## Memory and tribute {#memory_and_tribute}
Bob Arum, the promoter of Shuler\'s last fight, said that the boxer came to Arum\'s room a day after the Hearns fight and thanked him for promoting it. Arum, who had promoted many bouts, said that Shuler was the only fighter who had ever done that, adding, \"He was a decent, decent young man.\"
In 1995, his close friend Percy Custus opened the \'James Shuler Memorial Boxing Gym\' in Shuler\'s native Philadelphia in honor of the fallen fighter. Custus met Shuler in the 1970s at the Joe Frazier Gym where they trained together and remained close friends for the rest of James' life.
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# James Shuler
## Professional boxing record {#professional_boxing_record}
\|- \| style=\"text-align:center;\" colspan=\"8\"\|**22 Wins** (16 knockouts, 6 decisions), **1 Loss** (1 knockout) \|- style=\"text-align:center; background:#e3e3e3;\" \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Result** \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Opp Record** \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Opponent** \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Type** \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Round** \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Date** \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Location** \| style=\"border-style:none none solid solid; \"\|**Notes** \|- \|`{{no2}}`{=mediawiki}Loss \|`{{small|40-2}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Thomas Hearns \|KO \|1 \|10/03/1986 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] NABF Middleweight Title'''. Shuler knocked out at 1:13 of the first round.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|16-13}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Jerry Holly \|UD \|10 \|04/07/1985 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Resorts Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\|`{{small|8-2, 9-0, 10-0.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|34-0-2}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} James Kinchen \|SD \|12 \|16/02/1985 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} The Sands, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] NABF Middleweight Title'''. 115-114, 116-113, 114-115.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|15-4}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Guyana}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny Bristol \|UD \|10 \|25/02/1984 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Resorts Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|23-3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Clint Jackson \|PTS \|12 \|17/01/1984 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Pennsylvania Hall, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] NABF Middleweight Title'''.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|15-5}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Leroy Green, Jr. \|KO \|1 \|25/11/1983 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Canada}}`{=mediawiki} Pacific Coliseum, Vancouver, British Columbia \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|12-5-2}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Wilbur Henderson \|KO \|3 \|28/09/1983 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Scranton, Pennsylvania \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|21-4}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Norberto Sabater \|KO \|2 \|17/09/1983 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} The Sands, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|--}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Wilfredo Acosta \|KO \|1 \|14/06/1983 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Philadelphia Civic Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|30-23-5}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}`{=mediawiki} Inocencio De la Rosa \|KO \|4 \|18/03/1983 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Atlantic City Convention Center, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|56-7-3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Ray Seales \|UD \|12 \|23/10/1982 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Great Gorge Resort, McAfee, New Jersey \|align=left\|`{{small|'''[[World Boxing Council|WBC]] NABF Middleweight Title'''. 118-111, 119-110, 117-112.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|9-9}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}`{=mediawiki} Dario De Asa \|KO \|2 \|18/09/1982 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} The Sands, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|4-5}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Collin Keller \|KO \|2 \|12/06/1982 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Playboy Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|6-4}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Ricky Sheppard \|KO \|4 \|11/04/1982 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Playboy Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|17-8}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|Dominican Republic}}`{=mediawiki} Jesus Castro \|KO \|4 \|13/02/1982 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Playboy Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\|`{{small|Castro knocked out at 0:42 of the fourth round.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|1-6}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Wyatt Simpkins \|KO \|4 \|07/11/1981 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Playboy Hotel and Casino, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|5-2-2}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Kenny Hodges \|KO \|3 \|18/07/1981 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino, Las Vegas, Nevada \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|2-3}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Willard Nance \|KO \|4 \|17/06/1981 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Martin Luther King Arena, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|0-2}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|Vincent Evans \|TKO \|1 \|11/04/1981 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Concord Resort Hotel, Kiamesha Lake, New York \|align=left\|`{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:33 of the first round.}}`{=mediawiki} \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|0-7}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Robert Gregory Dean Thomas \|TKO \|5 \|28/03/1981 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Resorts Casino Hotel, Atlantic City, New Jersey \|align=left\| \|- \|`{{yes2}}`{=mediawiki}Win \|`{{small|2-2}}`{=mediawiki} \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Charlie Hecker \|TKO \|3 \|28/11/1980 \|align=left\|`{{flagicon|United States}}`{=mediawiki} Felt Forum, New York City \|align=left\|`{{small|Referee stopped the bout at 1:09 of the third round
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# Edward D. Miller
**Edward D. Miller Jr.** (born 1943) is an American medical executive. He was the Frances Watt Baker, M.D. and Lenox D. Baker Jr., M.D. Dean of the Medical Faculty at Johns Hopkins University and the Chief Executive Officer of Johns Hopkins Medicine from 1997 to 2012.
He is an anesthesiologist who has published over 150 scientific papers and other works on cardiovascular effects of anesthetic drugs and vascular smooth muscle relaxation.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Miller was born in 1943 in Rochester, New York. He received an A.B. from Ohio Wesleyan University and an M.D. from the University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine and Dentistry.
## Career
He was then an intern at University Hospital in Boston, chief resident in anesthesiology at Peter Bent Brigham Hospital in Boston, and research fellow in physiology at Harvard Medical School. In the 1970s and 1980s, he was a member of the medical faculty at the University of Virginia. He was then professor and chairman of the Department of Anesthesiology at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University.
He became professor and director of the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine at Johns Hopkins in 1994, and was appointed interim dean in 1996. Shortly after he was appointed, the school and Johns Hopkins Health System merged, with Miller becoming the first CEO and medical school dean under the restructuring.
He became dean and CEO of Johns Hopkins Medicine in 1997. He was succeeded in 2012 by Dr. Paul B. Rothman.
In 2012, he was named to a four-year term at the University of Virginia.
He quit the governing board of the University of Virginia a year early in 2015, the Board of Visitors, with the *Washington Post* noting he had criticized a decline in research funding and a tuition increase
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# The Bunker (1981 film)
***The Bunker*** is a 1981 American made-for-television historical war film produced by Time-Life Productions based on the 1975 book *The Bunker* by James P. O\'Donnell.
The film, directed by George Schaefer and adapted for the screen by John Gay, is a dramatization depicting the events surrounding Adolf Hitler\'s last weeks in and around his underground bunker in Berlin before and during the Battle of Berlin. The film stars Anthony Hopkins as Hitler, plus a cast including Richard Jordan, Susan Blakely, and Cliff Gorman.
At the 33rd Primetime Emmy Awards in 1981, Anthony Hopkins won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie beating out two actors from the miniseries *Shogun* (Richard Chamberlain and Toshiro Mifune) and two actors from the miniseries *Masada* (Peter O\'Toole and Peter Strauss).
## Plot
The film opens in July 1945, with American correspondent James O\'Donnell (James Naughton) gaining entry to the now dark and flooded *Führerbunker* by bribing a Soviet sentry with a packet of cigarettes. The film then tells the story of the occupants of the bunker between January and May 1945 as an extended flashback. A number of historical events and the reactions of the bunker\'s residents are presented, including the encirclement of Berlin, Hitler\'s last meeting with Albert Speer and the attempts by Speer to sabotage Hitler\'s scorched earth policy, Speer\'s abortive plan to kill Hitler in the bunker, Hitler\'s dismissal of Heinz Guderian, Hitler\'s firing of Heinrich Himmler and Hermann Goering, the failure of German forces to lift the siege, the murder of the Goebbels children, Hitler\'s wedding to Eva Braun, and the suicides of Hitler, Braun and the Goebbels.
The film ends as groups of survivors are leaving the bunker complex of the Reich Chancellery. The final scene depicts the bunker\'s mechanic and final occupant, Hentschel, listening to a radio announcement that Hitler has died fighting. He throws a set of papers at the radio in disgust and the scene dissolves to a series of still images with voiceover explaining the fate of the remaining survivors. The last still image is of Hitler giving a speech during his rise to power, with O\'Donnel\'s voiceover:
: *It was Thomas Hardy who said \'While much is too strange to be believed, nothing is too strange to have happened.\'*
The still then comes to life briefly, depicting Hitler giving a political speech. The scene dissolves into the final still image of the ruined bunker as the credits roll.
## Production
The actors\' interpretations of the events differ in ways from the traditional accounts. For example, during the final meeting between Hitler and Albert Speer, Hopkins adopts a sarcastic tone and gestures (including mock applause) that suggest that Hitler was already aware of Speer\'s betrayal, even though he uses the exact words recounted by the witnesses. This became a fairly controversial scene due to a perception in some circles that the resemblance to Jesus Christ\'s legendary foreseeing of Judas\'s betrayal was intentional. These accusations were consistently denied,`{{By whom|date=July 2014}}`{=mediawiki} as were reports regarding a rumoured on-set romance between Piper Laurie (Magda Goebbels) and Cliff Gorman (Joseph Goebbels).
The film shifts the point-of-view character regularly, and characters who are not known to have left their experiences on record often tell the story. Dr. Werner Haase is used in this manner, even though he was never interviewed (having died in 1950). Likewise, two scenes are written from the viewpoint of Hitler\'s cook, Constanze Manziarly, and in one scene, Manziarly actually has a flashback, remembering happier days. However, Manziarly disappeared while escaping from the bunker, so neither O\'Donnell nor any other person was able to interview her or get her viewpoint.
The ending is also influenced by O\'Donnell\'s book and its focus on the bunker itself, ending just as the main surviving characters are leaving the bunker.
## Cast
In a short scene at the beginning of the film, a younger O\'Donnell is played by actor James Naughton. O\'Donnell himself provided brief voice-over narrations at the beginning and end of the film.
Anthony Hopkins won an Emmy for his portrayal of Adolf Hitler. Actors on the set claimed his performance was so convincing`{{By whom|date=October 2014}}`{=mediawiki} that those playing German soldiers snapped to attention whenever Hopkins came onto the set, even if he wasn\'t in character.
Actors Michael Sheard (Himmler) and Tony Steedman (Jodl) reprised their characters from the 1973 British television film *The Death of Adolf Hitler*.
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# The Bunker (1981 film)
## Awards and nominations {#awards_and_nominations}
+------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------+------+
| Year | Award | Category | Nominee(s) | Result | Ref. |
+======+=======================+=================================================================+==========================================+========+======+
| | Primetime Emmy Awards | Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or a Special | Anthony Hopkins | | |
+------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | | Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Special | Piper Laurie | | |
+------+-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+--------+------+
| | | Outstanding Film Sound Mixing | René Magnol, Robert L. Harman,\ | | |
| | | | William McCaughey, and Howard S
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# Mawddwy Railway
The **Mawddwy Railway** was a rural line in the Dyfi Valley in mid-Wales that connected Dinas Mawddwy with a junction at `{{rws|Cemmaes Road}}`{=mediawiki} railway station on the Newtown and Machynlleth Railway section of the Cambrian Railways.
Despite being only 6 miles 63 chains (10.9 km) long, there were three intermediate stations at Cemmaes, Aberangell (where it linked to the Hendre-Ddu Tramway) and Mallwyd.
## History
### Slate quarrying: 1790s -- 1865 {#slate_quarrying_1790s_1865}
Three parallel veins of Ordovician slate run through mid Wales. These veins surface at three locations -- around Abergynolwyn in the west, surrounding Corris, and at their easternmost in the district around Dinas Mawddwy. Each of these locations has been a centre for slate quarrying, Corris being the largest producer of the three.
Slate quarrying at Dinas Mawddwy dates back to at least 1793. In 1839, the Minllen Slate and Slab Company was formed to work the quarry, but it went bankrupt in 1844. The main quarry was Minllyn quarry, a Narrow Vein quarry about a mile south of the town. This was connected to the Mawddwy Railway\'s `{{rws|Dinas Mawddwy}}`{=mediawiki} station by a 1/2 mi `{{Track gauge|2ft2in|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki}-gauge incline. In 1856, a prosperous mill owner from Ardwick, Sir Edmund Buckley purchased the Lordship of Dinas Mawddwy and with it a large estate covering 12,000 acres of the town and local area. Buckley was reputed to be the \"richest man in Manchester\" and was for one term the Conservative MP for Newcastle-under-Lyme. Sir Edmund\'s eldest son, also called Edmund Buckley and later made a baronet took over the Dinas Mawddwy estate and title in 1864.
The younger Sir Edmund Buckley spent lavishly on his new estate. He built a huge neo-Gothic house at Dinas Mawddwy called *Y Plas* (\"The Palace\"). He also wanted to build an industrial empire of his own, and purchased the Minllyn quarry. To get the slate to market, he decided to build a railway connecting Dinas Mawddwy with the Newtown and Machynlleth Railway line, at `{{rws|Cemmes Road}}`{=mediawiki} -- its name anglicised so that it would not be confused by passengers with the Mawddwy Railway\'s nearby `{{rws|Cemmaes}}`{=mediawiki} station.
### Construction and opening: 1865 -- 1876 {#construction_and_opening_1865_1876}
The Mawddwy Railway was constructed as a public railway, authorised under an act of Parliament, the Mowddwy Railway Act 1865 (28 & 29 Vict. c. cccvi), of 1865. It was originally intended to be built to the same `{{TrackGauge|2ft3in}}`{=mediawiki} gauge as the nearby Talyllyn Railway, but this was changed to standard gauge before construction began. Construction was contracted to Richard Samuel France, who started work in 1866. The railway opened on Monday 30 September 1867. The first locomotive to work trains was *Mawddwy* which had previously been owned by France and used during construction. This was joined in 1868 by a second Manning Wardle locomotive, named *Disraeli*. Slate traffic and agricultural produce made up the bulk of the traffic on the railway, but from the earliest days it was clear that the railway company was struggling financially.
In 1876, a serious blow landed when Sir Edmund Buckley unexpectedly declared bankruptcy. Despite inheriting a vast fortune, he had so over-invested both at Dinas Mawddwy and elsewhere that the entire inheritance was gone; indeed Buckley was £500,000 (`{{inflation|index=UK|value=500000|start_year=1876|fmt=eq|cursign=£}}`{=mediawiki}) in debt, an almost unbelievable amount in the 1870s. Buckley had to sell off most of his estates to pay his debts. One asset he did retain was the Mawddwy Railway, but now he had no capital to spend on it.
### First operating period: 1877 -- 1908 {#first_operating_period_1877_1908}
In 1874, the Hendre Ddu Tramway was opened to connect Buckley\'s Hendreddu quarry to the Mawddwy Railway at Aberangell. Further quarries were connected to the tramway -- Maes-y-gamfa quarry in 1886, Gartheiniog quarry in 1887 and finally Tal-y-Mierin in 1913.
By the early 1890s, the infrastructure of the Mawddwy Railway was considerably worn and Buckley had no funds to repair it. The slate industry declined during the late 1890s and early 1900s, and the railway continued to run down as there were no capital funds and barely any profit. Passenger services were suspended \"pending repairs\" in April 1901. Buckley offered the entire railway to the Cambrian Railways for £12,000, but the Cambrian did not have the capital reserves to make the purchase. The Cambrian\'s Chairman Charles Sherwood Denniss suggested that Buckley apply for a Light Railway Order and run the line as a tourist attraction. A single daily freight train continued to run until April 1908, at which point all services were abandoned due to the poor state of the track and locomotives.
### Revival and Cambrian takeover: 1909 -- 1918 {#revival_and_cambrian_takeover_1909_1918}
The local community, led by David Davies, grandson of industrialist David Davies and local MP, called a series of meetings with the aim of reviving the railway. He proposed forming a new company to revive it as a light railway. In 1910 a Light Railway Order was granted, permitting the railway company to construct a \"new\" light railway on the disused trackbed. Davies negotiated an agreement with the Cambrian Railways that would keep the railway in the nominal control of the Mawddwy Railway company, but the Cambrian would fund the rebuilding of the railway, run all services, and keep the majority of the revenue.
Reconstruction commenced immediately under the direction of G. C. MacDonald, the Engineer of the Cambrian Railways. The track was relaid in heavier rail and several bridges were rebuilt or strengthened. On 29 July 1911 the railway reopened under the chairmanship of David Davies, with trains operated by the Cambrian Railways using its own rolling stock. The rolling stock of the old Mawddwy Railway was either scrapped, or repaired for use elsewhere on the Cambrian system.
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# Mawddwy Railway
## History
### Grouping and Nationalisation: 1919 -- 1949 {#grouping_and_nationalisation_1919_1949}
The advent of World War I dealt a significant blow to the railway. Several local slate quarries closed and tourist traffic fell considerably, although timber and munitions traffic for the war effort offset this somewhat. After the war ended, the railway continued to struggle. In 1923 the Great Western Railway (GWR) took control of the Mawddwy Railway as part of the grouping of British railways. The GWR introduced buses to the Dyfi valley, many taken over from the Corris Railway. These competed with the passenger services of the railway, leading to the end of passenger services from 1 January 1931.
### Closure: 1950 -- 1952 {#closure_1950_1952}
Freight services continued through World War II, although the local slate industry continued to decline. The Hendre-Ddu Tramway closed in 1939, though part of the tramway continued in use to bring timber from the forests west of Aberangell. After the war, the Mawddwy line became part of British Railways at nationalisation. In September 1950 heavy flooding of the River Dyfi damaged the railway bridge north of Cemmaes Road station. The line was officially closed on 1 July 1952. The track was lifted early in 1952.
### After closure: 1952 -- present {#after_closure_1952_present}
In 1946, the slate warehouse at Dinas Mawddwy station was converted into a woollen mill by a consortium of local sheep farmers. In 1966, it was taken over by Raymond Street, a Cheshire industrialist. Street renamed the operation \"Meirion Mill\" and turned it into a tourist attraction, weaving and selling a wide range of woollen products. In July 1975, Street opened the `{{RailGauge|2ft}}`{=mediawiki} gauge Meirion Mill Railway on the trackbed of the Mawddwy Railway, running approximately one mile from the station southwards towards Aberangell. This tourist railway operated until Easter 1977, when it was closed and lifted.
## Locomotives
These are the locomotives owned and used by the original Mawddwy Railway between 1867 and 1908. After the takeover by the Cambrian, all trains were run by Cambrian Railways locomotives.
Name Type Builder Works number Date built Cylinder size Wheel diameter Notes
------------ ------ ---------------- -------------- ------------ --------------- ---------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Mawddwy* Manning Wardle 140 1864 12 in x 17 in 3 ft 0 in Delivered in 1865 to contractor R. S. Francis for use on construction of the Potteries, Shrewsbury and North Wales Railway. Sold to the Mawddwy Railway in late 1865. Rebuilt in 1893 and 1911. Transferred to the Van Railway after 1911, scrapped in 1940.
*Disraeli* Manning Wardle 268 1868 13 in x 18 in 3 ft 6 in Slightly larger locomotive than *Mawddwy*, scrapped in 1911.
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# Mawddwy Railway
## Route
The Mawddwy Railway began at `{{rws|Cemmes Road}}`{=mediawiki}, where it formed a junction with the Cambrian Railways main line. The Mawddwy Railway station here was separate from the Cambrian one, with its single platform on the north side of the Cambrian running line. There were tracks on either side of the Mawddwy Railway platform, and its passing loop was to the north east of the platform.
The Mawddway Railway line left Cemmaes Road heading eastwards through a cutting, on a falling gradient of 1 in 41. The line turns to the north through the cutting and emerged to cross the Twymyn on a wooden bridge. On the north side of the bridge, the line continued to head north east and climbed uphill at 1 in 83 to arrive at `{{rws|Cemmaes}}`{=mediawiki} just over a mile from Cemmes Road. On the north side of the station the railway crossed the Afon Dyfi on a low bridge and continued straight across the floodplain of the river. As it passed Dol-y-fonddu Farm the line turned to run due north along the valley.
As the valley narrowed, the line kept to the west bank of the Dyfi, curving to follow the meanders of the river. It passed Cwm Llinau village on the far side of the river, and three miles from its starting point, it arrived at Nantcyff. Here a siding served a silica mine between 1928 and 1935. The railway then ran for another mile northwards to reach `{{rws|Aberangell}}`{=mediawiki}. Here there was a small station building and platform, built of slate. To the immediate north of the station was another passing loop, which ran beside the wharf carrying the Hendre-Ddu Tramway.
From Aberangell station, the line passed under Gwastagoed Farm Road Bridge, and ran north towards Dinas Mawddwy. It ran under the hillside called Camlan, which according to local legend is the site of the Battle of Camlann in which King Arthur was killed. At the foot of Camlan was `{{rws|Mallwyd}}`{=mediawiki} a small halt which served the village of Mallwyd on the east bank of the Dyfi.
About 600 yards before Dinas Mawddwy station, the railway passed \"Quarry cottages\" at Maes-y-camlan. Here there was a junction, with the main line heading north-west to Dinas Mawddwy and a short branch heading due north to the main mill of the Minllyn slate quarry. A long incline carried the `{{RailGauge|2ft2in}}`{=mediawiki} gauge tramway down from the quarry to the mill.
The final stretch of the Mawddwy Railway headed into Dinas Mawddwy station, where the line terminated just over 6.5 miles from Cemmes Road. The station at Dinas Mawddwy was by far the largest and grandest on the railway, with decorative iron gates leading into the grounds and a fine two-storey station building, much larger than any of the others on the railway
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# Goodloe Harper Bell
**Goodloe Harper Bell** (April 7, 1832 -- January 17, 1899), born to David and Lucy Bell, was the first teacher at the first Seventh-day Adventist school and co-founder of the Seventh-day Adventist school system. This first school was located on the first floor of the old *Review and Herald* building in Battle Creek, Michigan. Bell and his family lived on the second floor.
An original portrait of G. H. Bell resides at the Andrews University Museum. It was donated by Dr. Lavan C. and Junette Mapes.
Some of his early students include Edson and Willie White, sons of James and Ellen G. White. Ellen White was a great supporter and influence to G. H. Bell. Others included in the roster of his early students are two notable brothers, William K. Kellogg and John Harvey Kellogg.
## Genealogical information {#genealogical_information}
Bell was the eldest of ten children born to David and Lucy Bell née Blodgett. Bell\'s sister Florilla and her husband Charles Miller are the great-grandparents of Burt Reynolds.
## Textbooks by Bell {#textbooks_by_bell}
- Bell\'s Language Series - Circa. 1896
- Book 1/Primary Language Lessons
- Book 2/Elementary Grammar
- Book 3/Complete Grammar
- Book 4/Rhetoric, Higher English
- Book 5/Studies in English Lit
- Bible Lessons for the Sabbath School vol. 1 to 8 - Circa. 1887
- Progressive Bible Lessons for Children - Circa
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# Glen Strathfarrar
**Glen Strathfarrar** (*Srath Farair*) is a glen in the Highland region of Scotland, near Loch Ness.
The Glen is part of the Affric-Beauly hydro-electric power scheme, with a dam at Loch Monar and a 9 km tunnel carrying water to an underground power station at Deanie; a second dam just below Loch Beannacharan feeds a tunnel carrying water to Culligran power station (also underground). The Monar dam at Loch Monar is the largest arch dam in Britain.
The central section of Glen Strathfarrar (covering 4027 ha) is designated as a national scenic area, one of forty such areas in Scotland, which have been defined so as to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development. The area covered by the NSA represents the section of the glen least affected by the hydro-electric scheme, and includes the **Culligran Falls**.
## Etymology
Glen Strathfarrar is named for the **River Farrar**, recorded in Roman times as *Varrar*. The name is from *\*h2uer*, \"flowing water\" (cf. the *-wery-* element in Tryweryn).
Other etymologies have involved an Old Pictish element *\*var*, apparently meaning \"to wind\", the Latin *varius* with a connotation of \"bending river\", and an Old Celtic *\*vo-arar* meaning \"gentle river\". Other hypothesizes connect *Farrar* with a river in modern-day France known in Latin as *Arar*, allegedly connected to Welsh, *araf* meaning \"fast\".
The full name is a curious \'Gaelicisation\' of the Gaelic: as a strath is an elongated glen, a title of \'Glen Strath\' is tautological, and it is therefore likely that an English-only speaker, ignorant of the meaning of \'Strath\' when transcribing the map of the location, recorded that this was the \'Glen of Strathfarrar\'.
## Geography
The River Farrar (*Farar / Uisge Farair*) is formed as the waters of the Uisge Misgeach and the Garbh-uisge merge around 2 km after the latter exits Loch Monar. The river then adopts a sinuous course along the flat floor of the glen, running eastwards through two lochs, Loch a\' Mhuillidh and Loch Beannacharan, which is dammed as part of the Affric-Beauly hydro-electric power scheme. The river then continues east, passing over Culligran Falls, before merging with the waters of the River Glass to form the River Beauly below Struy Bridge near the village of Struy.
There are a number of mountains on either side of the glen, many of which are popular with walkers. These include the Munros of Sgùrr a\' Choire Ghlais, Sgurr Fhuar-thuill, Càrn nan Gobhar and Sgurr na Ruaidhe to the north, as well as Sgùrr na Lapaich, another Càrn nan Gobhar, An Riabhachan and An Socach to the south. There are also two Corbetts - Beinn a\' Bha\'ach Ard and Sgorr na Dìollaid.
## Natural heritage {#natural_heritage}
Glen Strathfarrar contains several areas of Caledonian Forest, the name given to the remnants of the old-growth temperate rainforest of Scotland composed chiefly of Scots pine trees that first colonised the area after the last Ice Age 8--10,000 years ago, and which forms an important habitat for species such as capercaillie, crested tit and the endemic Scottish crossbill. Since the late 18th century commercial timber extraction (especially during the two world wars) and human settlement have contributed to the serious deterioration of the woodland. In addition to the pinewood, there are areas of birch, and more open areas of heather, bracken and grass. Red deer, otters, and golden eagles are all known to inhabit the area, which also hosts several dragonfly species.
Glen Strathfarrar is designated as part of both Special Protection Area and a Special Area of Conservation under the Natura 2000 programme, as well as being designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The glen, along with the neighbouring glens of Glen Affric and Glen Cannich, was proposed for inclusion in a national park by the Ramsay Committee in 1945, but this has not been actioned as of 2020.
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# Glen Strathfarrar
## History
During the Penal laws, the Gaels of Glen Strathfarrar who belonged to the illegal Catholic Church in Scotland attended a covert \"Mass house\". Between 1735 and 1746, the laity were served from a mountain cave dwelling in Glen Cannich by three outlawed Roman Catholic priests of the Society of Jesus; Frs. Charles (*Maighstir Teàrlach, an t-Athair Teàrlach Mac Fhearchair*) and John Farquharson (*Maighstir Iain,\<ref name=SMB\>\[https://stmarysbeauly.org/cannich/christianity-in-strathglass/ Christianity in Strathglass\], From the Website for St. Mary\'s Roman Catholic Church, \[\[Beauly\]\].\</ref\> an-tAthair Iain Mac Fhearchair*) and future Catholic martyr Fr. Alexander Cameron (*Maighstir Sandaidh, an t-Athair Alasdair Camshròn*).
A small island in Loch a\' Mhuillidh holds the remains of a building used by Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat on his flight from Culloden after the unsuccessful Jacobite rising of 1745. Following this rebellion the Highlands underwent massive social changes. Rising rents, religious persecution, and the introduction of both sheep farming and deer forests led to both large scale voluntary emigration and the evictions known as the Highland clearances. This is not to say that every Highland landlord was guilty of unnecessary cruelty.
For example, upon hearing news of the 1830 Glen Cannich clearances ordered by Mrs William Chisholm of Chisholm to make way for Lowland shepherds, Thomas Fraser, 12th Lord Lovat offered all of her former tenants highly favourable terms to resettle on his own estate at Strathfarrar. Even though it meant relocating his existing tenants from the Glen, Lord Lovat\'s offer was accepted and the former Glen Cannich tenants\' new leases began on Whitsunday, 1831.
The Affric-Beauly hydro-electric power scheme following the Second World War led to yet further depopulation in Strathfarrar, with only two buildings (the keeper\'s house at Monar and Pait Lodge) surviving the rising waters of Loch Monar.
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# Glen Strathfarrar
## Access
The road along the glen is private, and a locked gate system operates whereby permission for motor vehicle access must be requested at the gatehouse. A quota of cars are allowed in the glen each day. Access times vary, according to the month, between 9am and 8pm. In the winter the only means of access is to contact Mountaineering Scotland who will give a security code for the gate. The resulting relative lack of cars through the glen contributes to the remote and utter peace and calm, especially of the upper reaches of the glen toward Loch Monar.
As with all land in Scotland, there is a right of responsible access to most of the land in the glen, and there is thus no restriction on access along the glen by foot, bicycle or other non-motorised transport
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# Combat Action Medal
The **Combat Action Medal** (**CAM**), formerly known as the **Air Force Combat Action Medal** (**AFCAM**), is a decoration of the United States Air Force and United States Space Force to recognize airmen and guardians for active participation in ground or air combat.
The CAM was first awarded on June 12, 2007 as the Air Force Combat Action Medal, to six airmen who were engaged in air or ground combat off base in a combat zone during Operation Enduring Freedom (Afghanistan, October 7, 2001 -- December 28, 2015) or Operation Iraqi Freedom (Iraq, March 19, 2003 -- September 1, 2010). The medal is retroactive from September 11, 2001 forward to a date to be determined and may be awarded posthumously.
On 16 November 2020, the Air Force Combat Action Medal was renamed to the Combat Action Medal by the Secretary of the Air Force.
## Criteria
For an airman or guardian to wear the CAM, members must provide proper documentation to their commander which includes a narrative explanation of the airman or guardian\'s involvement in combat activities to the first O-6 (Colonel) in their operational chain of command on an AF Form 3994. The application will be processed through the chain of command and eventually be approved or disapproved by the Commander of Air Force Forces (COMAFFOR).
Nomination of the award of the CAM will be restricted to members of the U.S. Armed Forces who on or after September 11, 2001, were under any of the following conditions:
- Deliberately go into the enemy\'s domain (outside the wire) to conduct official duties, either on the ground or in the air, and have come under enemy fire by lethal weapons while performing those duties, and are at risk of grave danger.
- While defending the base (inside/on the wire), and must have come under enemy fire and engage the enemy with direct and lethal fire, and are at risk of grave danger.
- Are personnel in ground operations who actively engage the enemy with direct and lethal fires also may qualify even if no direct fire is taken, as long as there was risk of grave danger and meets other criteria.
Retroactive awards prior to September 11, 2001, are not authorized.
It is worn after the Air and Space Achievement Medal and before the Air Force Presidential Unit Citation.
The CAM may be awarded to members from the other Armed Forces and foreign military members serving in a U.S. Air Force or U.S. Space Force unit, provided they meet the criteria for the award.
### Ribbon devices {#ribbon_devices}
According to USAF Memo, June 25, 2015, Air Force Instruction 36--2803, December 18, 2013 (Change 1, June 22, 2015): *AFCAM*, *Authorized Device: A gold star will be worn to recognize subsequent operations when approved by the Chief of Staff of the Air Force (5.3.1.7., pages 148-49).* However, in AFI 36-2903, gold stars are not included in the AF list of authorized ribbon devices (11.4, page 224); service/campaign stars (`{{frac|3|16}}`{=mediawiki}\" bronze/silver star) are the only star devices authorized for wear. Also, no ribbon device is authorized for wear in AFI 36-2803 to denote subsequent awards of the CAM, which normally would be oak leaf clusters. The Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard authorizes a `{{frac|5|16}}`{=mediawiki}\" gold star to denote subsequent awards of specific decorations and a `{{frac|3|16}}`{=mediawiki}\" bronze service star is worn on the Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal to denote a subsequent operation.
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# Combat Action Medal
## Medal design {#medal_design}
In conjunction with the Army Institute of Heraldry, the medal was designed by Susan Gamble, a professional artist and Master Designer for the U.S. Mint, and wife of Mike Gamble, an Air Force colonel. She was quoted by *The Washington Post* as saying, \"It was just a real pleasure to give this back to the Air Force that\'s been part of my life.\"
Gamble based the silver medal\'s design and ribbon color (scarlet with ten yellow stripes) from the circular insignia painted on planes which were piloted by Brigadier General William \"Billy\" Mitchell, including a French-built SPAD XVI (SPAD 16) fighter aircraft he piloted in France during World War I. His SPAD 16 (single-engine, two-seat, reconnaissance and bomber aircraft) is currently displayed at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. Mitchell is generally known as the father of the U.S. Air Force.
A laurel wreath surrounds the medal\'s eagle emblem executed in a simple, linear Art Deco style. The eagle with a national flag shield with thirteen perpendicular stripes on its breast faces right, over the right talon clutching arrows (represents the power of war), to reflect that this is a combat medal. The left talon clutches an olive branch (represents the power of peace). The eagle which symbolizes Mitchell\'s military rank insignia of colonel, has above it a five-pointed star which represents Mitchell\'s wartime promotion to the temporary rank of brigadier general in October, 1918. The reverse side of the medal contains two rows of words written on a scroll at the center of the eagle, \"U.S. Air Force\" and \"Combat Action\".
The ribbon\'s diagonal stripes at first could not be manufactured in the United States; but military medals cannot be manufactured outside the U.S. This design problem was resolved when a mill in Bally, Pennsylvania, Bally Ribbon Mills, bought a new loom specifically to weave the diagonal stripe. A Rhode Island firm, Ira Green Inc. in Providence, made the metal parts. The CAM is the only U.S. military award to have a diagonally patterned ribbon, much like the British Distinguished Flying Cross and Netherlands Airman\'s Cross. The CAM service ribbon has five stripes.
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# Combat Action Medal
## Recent Awards {#recent_awards}
### First award - June 12, 2007 - June 21, 2009 {#first_award___june_12_2007___june_21_2009}
The CAM was presented for the first time to seven airmen (six men and one woman) by the Air Force Chief of Staff, General T. Michael Moseley (now retired), at the U.S. Air Force Memorial in Arlington, Virginia: and 819 RED HORSE (Airfields Shop) Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana
- Staff Sgt Thomas Benincosa Layton, Utah for actions in January 2008 at Iraq)
- Maj. Steven A. Raspet of Fountain Valley, California ( for actions on January 8, 2006, at Afghanistan)
- Capt. Allison K. Black of Northport, New York (for actions on December 4, 2001, at Afghanistan)
- Senior Master Sgt. Ramon Colon-Lopez of Bridgeport, Connecticut (for actions on March 11, 2004, at Afghanistan)
- Master Sgt. Charlie Peterson of Detroit, Michigan (for actions on July 28, 2004, at Iraq)
- Master Sgt. Byron P. Allen of Birmingham, Alabama (for actions on April 12, 2004, at Iraq)
- Staff Sgt. Daniel L. Paxton of Abingdon, Virginia (for actions on March 28, 2003, at the Kuwait-Iraq border)
- Senior Airman Alex P. Sekula of Kissimmee, Florida (for actions on June 21 2009, Tarin Kowt-Central Afghanistan) along with his first Purple Heart
### Awards (posthumous) {#awards_posthumous}
The CAM was presented posthumously to:
- A1C Elizabeth Jacobson of Riviera Beach, Florida for action on September 28, 2005, at the Kuwait-Iraq border.
- MSgt. John A
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# List of awards and nominations received by Ludacris
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# Bukit Aman
**Bukit Aman** (officially ***Ibu Pejabat Polis Diraja Malaysia***) is a metonym for a large area that serves as the Royal Malaysia Police headquarters and has several police complexes. It is situated on a hill in Kuala Lumpur known as Bukit Ayang (later renamed Bukit Aman, which translates as \'Peace Hill\') and houses several buildings that serve as the headquarters for some departments of the Royal Malaysia Police. The Malaysia Control Centre, a national level command and control facility, is also located here.
## History
### 1870s--1896
Bukit Aman was a police station for the Selangor Military Police Force (SMPF) and was known as Bluff Hill. The police station was built around 1871 and serves as the SMPF\'s Kuala Lumpur district headquarters. Bluff Hill Police Station was involved in the Selangor Civil War and was captured by rebel forces in 1872. Bluff Hill Police Station was later renamed **Bluff Road Police Station**. Captain Charles Henry Syers, the SMPF Commissioner of Police, relocated the SMPF\'s Headquarters from Klang to Kuala Lumpur in 1882, after Kuala Lumpur grew into a larger city as a result of tin mining activities. At the time, SMPF had two police stations in Kuala Lumpur: Bluff Road Police Station and Central Police Station (located at the Pudu Road-Cross Road intersection), and Bluff Road was chosen as the headquarters.
### 1896--1940s
On 1 July 1896, all state police for the Federated Malay States\' states were merged into the Federated Malay States Police (FMSP), and the headquarters of SMPF were converted into the headquarters of FMSP. A police training depot was established here in October 1903. Two of the first police departments were established here in 1908: the Detective Branch and the Criminal Record Registration Branch. The training depot was relocated to Riffle Range Road in 1940, and it is now known as PULAPOL.
### During WWII {#during_wwii}
During WWII, Bluff Road Police Station served as a command centre for Malaya Command in order to defend the Malay Peninsula. After the Imperial Japanese Army had taken over Malaya, the FMSP withdrew from Selangor and temporarily relocated to Singapore. During the Japanese occupation of Malaya, the Bluff Road Police Station served as the Imperial Japanese Army\'s headquarters in Malaya.
### Post-WWII {#post_wwii}
Bluff Road Police Station was returned to the British Administration after the Imperial Japanese Army surrendered. It later became the headquarters of the Malayan Union Police, and after Malaya gained independence from the United Kingdom, it became the headquarters of the Federation Police Force (*Pasukan Polis Tanah Melayu*). The name of Bluff Hill has been reverted to its pre-colonial era, Bukit Ayang; however, the Bluff Road Police Station has retained its name.
Tun Mohammed Hanif Omar, the then-Inspector-General of Police, renamed Bluff Road Police Station to ***Ibu Pejabat Polis Diraja Malaysia, Bukit Aman*** on 25 March 1975.
## Tenants
The offices of the Inspector-General of Police, Deputy Inspector-General of Police, and Directors of various Police Departments are located in Bukit Aman
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# Margaret Carnegie Miller
**Margaret Carnegie Miller** (March 30, 1897 -- April 11, 1990) was the only child of industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie and Louise Whitfield, and heiress to the Carnegie fortune.
A resident of Manhattan, New York City, from 1934 to 1973, Miller was a trustee of the Carnegie Corporation of New York, a grant-making foundation. The foundation was established by her father in 1911. From 1973 until her death in 1990, she was an honorary lifetime trustee.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
On April 22, 1919, four months before her father\'s death, Margaret married Roswell Miller Jr. (1894--1983) at the Andrew Carnegie Mansion at 2 East 91st Street on the Upper East Side. Officiating at the wedding were Rev. William Pierson Merril, pastor of the Brick Presbyterian Church, where Margaret and Mrs. Carnegie were members, and Rev. Henry Sloane Coffin, pastor of the Madison Avenue Presbyterian Church where Mr. Carnegie was a member. Margaret Carnegie\'s marriage to Roswell Miller ended in divorce in 1953. During the divorce, she lost her Atlantic Beach summer house. Miller had four children: Louise, Roswell III, Barbara, and Margaret; three grandchildren: Gail Boggs, Barbara Sanders, and Pamela Morrison Mitchell; and five great-grandchildren: Andrew Boggs, Morgan Boggs, Laura Draper, Courtney Sweeney, and Dylan Evans.
## Death
Miller died on April 11, 1990, at her home in Fairfield, Connecticut, at the age of 93.
## In literature and popular culture {#in_literature_and_popular_culture}
The plight of Margaret Carnegie as the only child of a millionaire is the subject of Scottish author and columnist Neil Munro\'s \"Carnegie\'s Wee Lassie\" (1902), one of his Erchie MacPherson sketches
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# Aldon Lewis Lenard
**Aldon Lewis Lenard** (January 6, 1921 in northern Italy -- February 23, 2007 in Kingston, Ontario, Canada) was an athlete, university professor, athletics administrator, coach, and referee.
Lenard was born in Italy and moved to Canada with his family at age three. They settled in Windsor, Ontario, where Lenard completed high school and played a range of sport, including football, basketball, and track and field. He played semi-professional football with the Hamilton Flying Wildcats and the Hamilton Tigers (today merged into the Hamilton Tiger-Cats of the Canadian Football League) in the Ontario Rugby Football Union for two seasons, and was a quarterback, kicker, and defender. He was a national All-Star for two seasons.
He joined the Royal Canadian Navy in 1941, served for four years during World War II, and won a number of field events at service meets, such as the discus and the javelin.
At the war\'s end, Lenard enrolled in the Physical and Health Education (today the Kinesiology and Health Studies) program at Queen\'s University. He played football and starred at quarterback, and won the Jenkins Trophy as the outstanding student-athlete in his graduating year, 1950. He was a conference All-Star for two seasons. He was a member of the first-ever class to graduate from Queen\'s with undergrad degrees in physical and health education. He also played varsity basketball, golf, track and field, swimming, and softball for Queen\'s.
Lenard then enrolled in a Master\'s program at the University of Michigan. He did his doctorate at the University of Illinois, and returned to Queen\'s in 1954 to join the faculty, teaching both undergraduate and graduate courses. He was eventually appointed as full professor.
He became an assistant football coach at Queen\'s in 1954, and stayed with that until 1970, contributing to Queen\'s first Vanier Cup title in 1968 under head coach Frank Tindall; Queen\'s also won eight Yates Cup titles during that stretch, out of 17 seasons. There was no true Canadian national university football championship prior to 1965, but the Old Four league, which comprised Queen\'s, the University of Toronto, McGill University, and the University of Western Ontario, was generally respected as the top university football league in the country.
Lenard also coached the golf team with success for many years into the 1980s, winning several conference titles.
He was appointed in 1963 as Athletic Director for Queen\'s, and served in that post for 20 years, until 1983. During that time, from 1972, the Ontario University Athletics Association (OUAA, today Ontario University Athletics (OUA)) group unified its operations to include all provincial institutions which wanted to compete, under one league structure; before that, there had been several separate leagues. Lenard led the move to overcome resistance to change. Today, the OUA, with 19 member institutions, is the largest university sports conference in the world.
Under Lenard\'s leadership, Queen\'s expanded from 19 to 42 varsity teams, the most in the country, and fielded teams in every available varsity sport. Queen\'s also opened a new and greatly expanded athletics complex in 1971, to meet rising enrollment from baby-boomers who were reaching university age.
Lenard was elected President of the National Athletic Director\'s Association in 1972, and Vice-President of the Canadian Interuniversity Athletic Union (CIAU, today Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS)) in 1973. He served as Chairman of the CIAU Administrative Council from 1973 to 1974, Chairman of the OUAA Administrative Council from 1974 to 1976, and President of the OUAA from 1980 to 1988.
He was also a basketball referee for 12 seasons, and managed the Kingston City Basketball League.
Lenard was a recipient of the J.P. Loosemore Award from the OUAA for outstanding service to university athletics. He was inducted into the Queen\'s University Golden Gaels Football Hall of Fame, the Queen\'s University Golden Gaels Coaches\' Hall of Fame, and the Kingston and District Sports Hall of Fame.
Lenard wrote the book *How to Play Canadian Football*.
He had won the inaugural Kingston City Golf Championship in 1957, and many more golf club championships and local events. Lenard continued to compete very avidly and successfully at golf, bowling, and curling, until suffering a stroke in 2001 at age 80, from which he lost the use of his right side. His final years were quiet, but he lived to see the planning for the Queen\'s Centre, the next generation Athletics and Student Life Centre for the campus. This new project was the most complex and most expensive (slated for \$230 million) ever undertaken at any Canadian university, and had its groundbreaking ceremony on March 2, 2007.
Lenard died at age 86 in Kingston on February 23, 2007. His wife Jean, whom he had married in 1946, died ten days later, on March 7, 2007
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# The Bunker (2001 film)
***The Bunker*** is a 2001 war horror film directed by Rob Green, written by Clive Dawson and starring Jason Flemyng.
## Plot
In late 1944, the remnants of a platoon of Panzergrenadiers are caught in an ambush by American troops. As they retreat, Private Hugo Engels is killed and the platoon finds a bunker occupied by Privates Heinrich Mirus (John Carlisle) and Michael Neumann (Andrew-Lee Potts) who have orders to defend it. Corporal Otto Schenke confronts Sergeant Theobald Heydrich about not counter-attacking. Mirus relates the history of the area, where victims of the Black Plague were massacred on the orders of a stranger who influenced the townspeople to turn against one another.
During the night, tunnels are discovered beneath the bunker. Corporal Schenke (Andrew Tiernan) wants to explore them but Lieutenant Hercule Krupp (Simon Kunz) refuses. Mirus sneaks into the tunnels and a curious Private First Class Wolfgang Kreuzmann (Eddie Marsan) follows him. When they are discovered missing, Krupp believes they\'ve deserted and orders a pursuit. Neumann is caught and reveals that Mirus had been using the tunnels as private property for several weeks while concealing his specific activities in them. Corporal Bruno Baumann (Jason Flemyng) discovers plans for the complex while Corporal Tobias Ebert (Jack Davenport) finds a warning sign. Ebert also discovers a mine shaft where he is attacked from behind by a silhouetted figure resembling Kreuzmann.
Baumann concludes there are Americans in the tunnels, and uses a generator to turn lights on in the complex. Krupp asks Mirus to explain the mysterious activities but is interrupted by machine gun fire in the bunker. Rejoining the platoon, they discover they had been firing at nothing. Cut phone lines convince them Americans are in the tunnels. The platoon splits up and searches the complex. Mirus reveals his belief that his dead son is talking to him about the tunnels. Schenke and Krupp\'s search discovers Ebert\'s body. Another group discovers a mass grave and Kreuzmann is found catatonic and incoherent. Kreuzmann breaks away from the group and runs into Krupp and Schenke as they continue their exploration. Startled, Schenke and Krupp shoot him dead, in the process creating a collapse that kills Krupp.
The gunfire alerts Neumann who enters the tunnel and, running from a shadowy figure, joins Schenke. Mirus attempts to run away and becomes tangled in barbed wire. When Heydrich, Baumann and Helmut Franke try to blow the bunker door with a stick grenade, Schenke and Neumann mistake the noise for an American assault. They set the fuse to a demolition charge to blow the ammunition up and keep it from the Americans.
Heydrich, Baumann and Franke\'s attempt to open the door fails. While searching for another exit they meet Schenke and Neumann who open fire thinking the trio are Americans. The three are driven back after running out of ammunition. Neumann fires at the trio while Schenke kills Franke and then threatens Neumann. The ammunition detonates and Heydrich, Baumann and Neumann flee with Schenke firing at them. The trio find the main exit blocked, try to escape through the mine shaft, and fire at an approaching figure. When Heydrich shoots Schenke with his flare pistol, he bursts into flames. Neumann manages to break through the wall of the mass grave with his entrenching tool and into open air. Heydrich is stabbed by Schenke who survived the fire, and Baumann assaults Schenke with bare hands. Heydrich is killed during the altercation and Baumann escapes with Neumann, throwing a grenade into the grave with Schenke where it explodes.
Corporal Baumann gives Neumann permission to surrender to the Americans and he sets off, finding Mirus\' body in the barbed wire. When he sees American soldiers, he waves a handkerchief to surrender.
The film cuts to a flashback in which Baumann\'s squad is marching through a field on a sunny day, coming upon a group of deserters about to be executed. Baumann is asked to participate in the firing party. Baumann shoots at a man who is praying, and misses before hitting him twice. An officer delivers the coup de grace and the firing party pose for photographs with the executed man.
Baumann\'s flashback ends and he staggers off to surrender to the Americans.
## Cast
- Jason Flemyng as Cpl. Bruno Baumann
- Andrew Tiernan as Cpl. Otto Schenke
- Christopher Fairbank as Sgt. Theobald Heydrich
- Simon Kunz as Lt. Hercule Krupp
- Andrew-Lee Potts as Pvt. Michael Neumann
- John Carlisle as Pvt. Heinrich Mirus
- Eddie Marsan as Pfc. Wolfgang Kreuzmann
- Jack Davenport as Cpl. Tobias Ebert
- Charley Boorman as Pfc. Helmut Franke
- Nicholas Hamnett as Pvt. Hugo Engels
- Iain McKee as Private
- Nick Rutherford as Deserter
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# The Bunker (2001 film)
## Release
The film was released on DVD by Film 2000 on 21 April 2003. It was re-released a year later by MTI Home Video.
## Reception
AllMovie gave the film a mixed review stating, \"The Bunker is an admirable horror outing that comes close to delivering the shocks, but ends up on the drab side of things when all is said and done\"
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# 1627 in music
The year **1627 in music** involved some significant events.
## Events
- January 13 -- Tarquinio Merula is officially appointed *maestro di cappella* in Cremona, after having been elected provisionally the previous year.
- June 21 -- Christopher Gibbons election as a scholar of the Charterhouse is approved by the Governors, following his nomination in January through the Signet Office.
## Published music {#published_music}
- Giovanni Battista Abatessa -- *Corona di vaghi fiori\...*, a collection of songs with *alfabeto* notation, for the guitar, published in Venice
- Giacinto Bondioli -- Psalms for five voices, Op. 8 (Venice: Bartolomeo Magni for Gardano)
- Carlo Farina
-
-
- Melchior Franck
- for four, five, and six instruments with basso continuo (Coburg: Johann Forckel for Friederich Gruner), a collection of intradas
- for seven voices and organ bass (Coburg: Johann Forckel), a wedding motet
- for six voices (Coburg: Johann Forckel), a wedding motet
- Sigismondo d\'India -- First book of motets for four voices (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti)
- Carlo Milanuzzi -- *Concerto sacro di salmi intieri* for two and three voices, book 1, Op. 14 (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti)
- Francesco Pasquali -- Third book of madrigals, Op. 5 (Rome: Paolo Masotti)
## Classical music {#classical_music}
- Girolamo Frescobaldi -- *Il secondo libro di toccate*
- Johann Ulrich Steigleder -- *Tabulaturbuch*, 40 variations on Vater unser
## Opera
- Heinrich Schütz -- *Dafne*
## Births
- April 9 -- Johann Caspar Kerll, organist and composer (died 1693)
## Deaths
- March 23 -- Lodovico Zacconi, composer (born 1555)
- May 2 -- Lodovico Grossi da Viadana, Italian composer and monk (born c.1560)
- August 21 -- Jacques Mauduit, composer (born 1557)
- November 30 -- Pedro Ruimonte, musician and composer (born 1565)
- December -- Thomas Lupo the elder, viol player and composer (born 1571)
- *date unknown*
- Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, poet and composer (born 1556)
- Leone Leoni, composer (born c
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# Anatom Airport
**Anatom Airport** `{{airport codes|AUY|NVVA}}`{=mediawiki}, also known as **Aneityum Airport**, is an airfield serving the island of Aneityum, in the Taféa province in Vanuatu. The airfield is actually located on the smaller Inyeug island.
## Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 7 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway which is 610 m in length
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# Filmy
**Filmy** is an Indian Hindi-language movie channel based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is owned by Sahara One Media & Entertainment Limited and was headed and launched by Sandeep Bhargava on 12 February 2006
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# Tammi (company)
**Tammi**, also known as **Kustannusyhtiö Tammi** and **Tammi Publishers**, is a Finnish publishing company established in 1943 by an initiative of Väinö Tanner, leader of the Social Democratic Party of Finland. In 1996, the company was bought by the Bonnier Group, and, as of the early 2000s, it was the third largest book publisher in Finland. In 2018, the company was merged into the Finnish book publishing company Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö (WSOY).`{{R|ytj-1}}`{=mediawiki} Tammi was formerly known as **Kustannusosakeyhtiö Tammi**.
Its series *Keltainen kirjasto* (Yellow library), published since 1954, specialises in \"quality literature\", including books by many recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature.
## Controversy over Yrjö Leino memoirs {#controversy_over_yrjö_leino_memoirs}
Yrjö Leino, a Communist activist, was Finland\'s Minister of the Interior in the crucial 1945--48 period. In 1948 he suddenly resigned for reasons which remain unclear and went into retirement. Leino returned to the public eye in 1958 with his memoirs of his time as Minister of the Interior, which were due to be published by Tammi. The manuscript was prepared in secret -- even most of the Tammi staff were kept in ignorance -- but the project was revealed by Leino because of an indiscretion just before the planned publication. It turned out the Soviet Union was very strongly opposed to publication of the memoirs. The Soviet Union\'s Chargé d\'Affaires in Finland Ivan Filippov (Ambassador Viktor Lebedev had suddenly departed from Finland a few weeks earlier on 21 October 1958) demanded that Prime Minister Karl-August Fagerholm\'s government prevent the release of Leino\'s memoirs. Fagerholm said that the government could legally do nothing because the work had not yet been released nor was there censorship in Finland. Filippov advised that if Leino\'s book was published, the Soviet Union would draw \"serious conclusions\". Later the same day Fagerholm called the Tammi publisher, Untamo Utrio, and it was decided that the January launch of the book was to be cancelled. Eventually, the entire print run of the book was destroyed at the Soviet Union\'s request. Almost all of the books -- some 12,500 copies -- were burned in August 1962 with the exception of a few volumes which were furtively sent to political activists. Deputy director of Tammi Jarl Hellemann later argued that the fuss about the book was completely disproportionate to its substance, describing the incident as the first instance of Finnish self-censorship motivated by concerns about relations to the Soviet Union (see Finlandization). The book was finally published in 1991, when interest in it had largely dissipated
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# Aniwa Airport
**Aniwa Airport** `{{airport codes|AWD|NVVB}}`{=mediawiki} is an airfield on the island of Aniwa, in the Taféa province in Vanuatu.
## Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 69 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway which is 940 m in length
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# Perodua Rusa
The **Perodua Rusa** is a cab over microvan manufactured by the Malaysian automaker Perodua between 1996 and 2007, and based on the Daihatsu Zebra. Launched on March 6, 1996, the Rusa is the first van model to be produced by a Malaysian automotive company. The original model received a 1.3-litre engine, complemented by a 1.6-litre model in May 1997.
## Etymology
The vehicle\'s name \"Rusa\" is the Malay translation of \"Deer\". Later replaced by the Perodua logo, the van\'s original logo was a galloping deer.
## History
Perodua Rusa received almost 3,000 bookings on its launch day. At launch, Rusa was priced between RM 34,000 for the standard model and RM 39,200 for the deluxe models.
## Models
Three variations of the Rusa vans were offered: The CX (1.3-litre, two-seat version), the EX (1.3 litre, five-seat version) and the GX (1.6-litre, seven-seat version). The CX is primarily intended to serve as a cargo vehicle, while the EX and GX are intended for private use. The van is also used by Malaysian police and fire fighting forces. The engines were both of Daihatsu origins, from that company\'s H engine family.
## Specifications
Data CX EX
---------------------------------- --------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------
Overall Length/Width/Height (mm) 3880/1560/1845
Wheelbase (mm) 2080
Track Front (mm) 1340
Rear (mm) 1330
Minimum Road Clearance (mm) 170
Kerb Weight (kg) 935 1140
Gross Vehicle Weight (kg) 1600
Seating Capacity 2 5
Min. Turning Radius (m) 4.2
Engine Type HD-C petrol engine, water-cooled, in-line 4-cylinder,
4-cycle, 16V, SOHC
Total displacement 1296
Bore X stroke 76 x 71.4
Max. Output (EEC) at 6000 rpm
Max. torque (EEC) at 3200 rpm
Compression ratio 9.5 : 1
Clutch Dry single plate with diaphragm
Transmission 5 M/T
Transmission Gear Ratio 1st: 4.059, 2nd: 2.045, 3rd: 1.376, 4th: 1.000. 5th: 0.838, Rev.: 4.12
Final reduction gear ratio 4.875
Steering type Rack-and-pinion Hydraulic power steering
Main brakes Front Disc
Rear Leading-Trailing Drum
Brake Booster Size (inch) 8
Suspension Front MacPherson Strut
Rear Leaf Spring
Tyres 175/70R13
Fuel Tank Capacity (litre) 47
Running Performance Max. Speed (km/h/j) 133
0-400 (sec) 24.1
Fuel Consumption 90 km/h Constant 12.7
Speed with 5th gear
## Gallery
<File:Perodua> Rusa (first generation) (front), Serdang.jpg\|Front-side shot of a first generation Perodua Rusa (commercial variant), in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. <File:Perodua> Rusa (first generation) (rear), Serdang.jpg\|Rear-side shot of a first generation Perodua Rusa (commercial variant), in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. <File:Perodua> Rusa (first generation, first facelift) (front), Kajang.jpg\|Front-side shot of a first generation Perodua Rusa EX (1.3), in Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. <File:Perodua> Rusa (first generation, first facelift) (rear), Kajang.jpg\|Rear-side shot of a first generation Perodua Rusa EX (1.3), in Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. <File:Perodua> Rusa (first generation, second facelift) (front), Serdang.jpg\|Front-side shot of a first generation, second facelift Perodua Rusa (commercial variant), in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. <File:Perodua> Rusa (first generation, second facelift) (rear), Serdang.jpg\|Rear-side shot of a first generation, second facelift Perodua Rusa (commercial variant), in Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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# Nedelle Torrisi
**Nedelle Torrisi** is an American musician who lives in Brooklyn, New York.
## Biography
Torrisi grew up studying classical violin and performing in musicals. Her mother is an ex-nun and pianist, while her father was an ex-Jesuit priest and jazz drummer. Her brother is a clarinetist and neuroscientist. Torrisi studied jazz voice at Berklee College of Music, and earned her BA in jazz/world music history from San Francisco State University.
## Musical career {#musical_career}
She has released and toured using her first name only, her full name, and as Cryptacize with Chris Cohen. As a solo act, she has opened tours for Of Montreal, Deerhoof, Destroyer, Fred Thomas, Jens Lekman, Julia Holter, Magnolia Electric Co., and Xiu Xiu.
Her first solo album, *From the Lion\'s Mouth* was released by Kill Rock Stars on February 22, 2005. The album *The Locksmith Cometh* was released in 2007 via the Tangrams7 label.
Her debut album using her full name was self-titled, and released in 2013. It was made available through online distribution only. In February 2014 this self-titled album was reissued on vinyl LP through the Ethereal Sequence record label, and distributed by Drag City. The vinyl LP was renamed *Advice from Paradise.*
In 2017 Torrisi released a collaborative split 7-inch with Julia Holter and Ramona Gonzalez, aka Nite Jewel. The 7-inch record, released by the Domino record label, featured two versions of a Depeche Mode cover song, \"Condemnation.\" Proceeds from the sales were donated to a mental health organization in honor of their late friend and collaborator, director Travis Peterson.
In May 2018 a solo album *Only For You* was released on Frenchkiss Records. Torrisi has also collaborated with Billy Uomo on a series of ten EPs that he is currently releasing on Terrible Records.
From 2022-2024 Torrisi attended the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop, notable for being an environment in which musical theatre composer + lyricist collaborations form. Notable collaborations to form in the workshop include Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, and Tom Kitt and Brian Yorkey.
## Collaborations
She was a member of the band Cryptacize, who as of April 2009 had released two full-length albums on Asthmatic Kitty Records entitled *Dig That Treasure* and *Mythomania*.
Torrisi has performed background vocals on an album by Ariel Pink\'s Haunted Graffiti, entitled Before Today, Sufjan Stevens\' Carrie & Lowell and Javelin, and a Devonte Hynes / Blood Orange album called Coastal Grooves. She played violin on an album by Xiu Xiu, and provided lead vocals for a song by Saturday Looks Good To Me. Torrisi sang and played keyboards in the touring lineup of The Rentals in 2014, supporting the album Lost in Alphaville. She also sang on their 2020 album, *Q36*.
She was a touring member of The Curtains in 2006. She has performed with Sufjan Stevens intermittently from 2009-2012 as a background singer, dancer, keyboardist, and violinist during his U.S. and world tours for The Age of Adz album, also appearing on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Following this, Torrisi played in Stevens\' band for a Christmas-themed tour in 2012. Cryptacize was also the opening band for Steven\'s U.S. tour in the fall of 2009.
Torrisi collaborated with Terrible Records solo artist Billy Uomo on several shared musical projects. Torrisi and Uomo have appeared in music videos, and produced scores for film and television.
In 2021 Torrisi self-released an EP of jazz and pop cover songs with jazz organist and pianist Larry Goldings, entitled *Five Songs*.
She has performed as a singer and multi-instrumentalist in Rodrigo Amarante\'s live band for performances and tours in 2021-2022.
## Discography
### Albums
- *Republic of Two* (2003)
- *Summerland* with Thom Moore (2004)
- *From the Lion\'s Mouth* (2005)
- *The Locksmith Cometh* (2007)
- *Dig That Treasure* Released by Cryptacize (2008)
- *Mythomania* Released by Cryptacize (2009)
- *Nedelle Torrisi* (2013)
- *Advice From Paradise* (2015)
- *Only for You* (2018)
- *Five Songs* EP Released by Nedelle Torrisi and Larry Goldings (2021)
### Singles
- Split cassingle with The Curtains (2006)
- \"Friends and Ancestors\" with Fred Thomas of Saturday Looks Good to Me (2005)
- \"I Love Thousands Every Summer\" b/w \"Psychic Returns\" Thin Wrist Recordings (2012)
- \"[Condemnation](https://www.dominomusic.com/releases/julia-holter/condemnation/limited-edition-vinyl)\" Depeche Mode cover in collaboration with Julia Holter, Ramona Gonzalez and Cole M.G.N
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# Craig Cove Airport
**Craig Cove Airport** is an airport in Craig Cove on Ambrym Island in Vanuatu `{{airport codes|CCV|NVSF}}`{=mediawiki}
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# 1578 in music
## Events
- Autumn -- Pope Gregory XIII\'s plans for a corrected edition of the *\[\[Graduale Romanum\]\]* is abandoned due to lack of funds.
- Bernardino Bertolotti becomes a court musician of the Este family at Ferrara.
## Publications
- Costanzo Antegnati -- First book of masses for six and eight voices (Venice: Angleo Gardano)
- Giammateo Asola -- *psalmodia\]\]* (Venice: Angelo Gardano), also includes two Magnificats
- Lodovico Balbi -- *Ecclesiasticarum cantionum* for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Paolo Bellasio -- First book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Antoine de Bertrand
- First book of *Les Amours de Pierre Ronsard* for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard), a chanson cycle setting texts by Ronsard
- Second book of *Les Amours de Pierre Ronsard* for three voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Third book of chansons for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Joachim a Burck
- for four voices (Mühlhausen: Georg Hantzsch), settings of hymns by Ludwig Helmbold
- (Sacred odes of Ludwig Helmbold of Mühlhausen), book two (Mühlhausen: Georg Hantzsch), a collection of hymn settings
- Antonio de Cabezón -- *Obras de música para tecla, arpa y vihuela* (Madrid: Francisco Sanchez), a collection of instrumental arrangements of pieces by various composers, published posthumously by his son Hernando
- Fabrice Caietain -- Second book of *airs, chansons, villanelles, napolitaines & espagnolles* for four voices (Paris: Le Roy & Ballard)
- Ludwig Daser -- *Patrocinium musices* for four voices (Munich: Adam Berg), a setting of the Passion
- Johannes Eccard -- *Neue deutzsche Lieder* (New German Songs) for four and five voices (Mühlhausen: Georg Hantzsch)
- George de la Hèle -- 8 Masses for five, six, and seven voices (Antwerp: Christophe Plantin)
- Fernando de las Infantas
- , book one, for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- , book two, for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Giorgio Mainerio -- *Il primo libro de\' balli* for four voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Tiburtio Massaino
- First book of masses for five and six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Second book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: heirs of Girolamo Scotto)
- Claudio Merulo
- First book of motets for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Second book of motets for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Philippe de Monte -- Seventh book of madrigals for five voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
- Andreas Pevernage -- *Cantiones aliquot sacrae* for six, seven, and eight voices (Douai: Jean Bogard)
- Costanzo Porta -- First book of masses for four, five, and six voices (Venice: Angelo Gardano)
## Classical music {#classical_music}
- Jan Trojan Turnovský -- *Missa super Jerusalem cito veniet*
## Births
- December 2 -- Agostino Agazzari, Sienese composer (d. 1640)
## Deaths
- *probable* -- Francesco Portinaro, composer and humanist (b. c
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# Dillon's Bay Airport
**Dillon\'s Bay Airport** `{{airport codes|DLY|NVVD}}`{=mediawiki} is an airfield near Dillon\'s Bay on the island of Erromango, in the Taféa province in Vanuatu.
It is one of two airfields in the island, the other being Ipota Airport in the east.
## Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 538 ft above mean sea level. It has one runway which is 660 m in length
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# Mnaseas
*Mnaseas* (skipper)}}
**Mnaseas of Patrae** (*Μνασέας ὁ Πατρεύς*) or of Patara, whether that in Lycia or perhaps the Patara in Cappadocia was a Greek historian of the late 3rd century BCE, who is reckoned to have been a pupil in Alexandria of Eratosthenes. His *Periegesis* or *Periplus* described Europe, Western Asia and North Africa, but whether in six or eight books cannot now be determined. His *On Oracles* appears to have consisted of a catalogue of oracular responses with commentary. Only fragments of his work survive, some found in fragmentary papyri at Oxyrhynchus, others embedded as scholia or as quotations in other works, often selected, apparently, because of the unusual interpretations they offer.
A modern edition of the fragments is P. Cappelletto, 2003. *I frammenti di Mnasea: introduzione testo e commento*
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# William II of Cagliari
**William II Salusio V** (died 1254) was the Judge of Cagliari from 1232 to his death. His Christian name was William, but his regnal name was Salusio, based on ancient Cagliaritan traditions which alternated their rulers between the forenames Torchitorio and Salusio. He would have been called Salusio in official documents, though he is known historically as William, after his grandfather, William I (Salusio IV).
William was the only son of Benedetta and Torchitorio IV of Cagliari. He was born after their marriage in 1214 and before Torchitorio\'s death in 1217, probably nearer the latter. He was still a child when he first began undersigning the donations of his mother to the Church in the peaceful interval of 1225--1226. Throughout her reign, Benedetta and her husbands --- Lamberto Visconti (1220--1225), Henry of Capraia (1227--1228), and Rinaldo Glandi (1230--1232) --- exercised the government nominally on his behalf, though his mother ruled also in her own right. In 1230, Ubaldo of Gallura invaded Cagliari, but the Gherardeschi of Pisa repulsed him in the name of Benedetta and the young William.
Benedetta died late in 1233 or early in 1234 and the Giudicato of Cagliari was divided between several powerful Pisan families. Though William was her successor, his rule was nominal, all the more so because he was still too young to rule in his own right and was put under the regency of his mother\'s sister Agnes and her husband, Marianus II of Logudoro. Nevertheless, in reality, he was a puppet of the Pisans.
In 1235, he attained his majority and volitionally submitted completely to Pisa. His reign, however, was consequently peaceful, though he did make war on the Visconti of Gallura until 1244 with the support of Ranieri della Gherardesca di Bolgheri, second husband of Agnes. In 1239, he made a treaty with Leonard, Archbishop of Cagliari, but he was but a pawn in the Pisan game and his writ lacked any value. He died in 1254. His son John succeeded him as Torchitorio V
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# Aromai Airport
**Aromai Airport** is an airport in Siwo on Emae Island in Vanuatu `{{airport codes|EAE|NVSE}}`{=mediawiki}.
A departure tax is charged for departures from this airport
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# Public Understanding of Science
***Public Understanding of Science*** is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1992 and published by SAGE Publications. It covers topics in the popular perception of science, the role of science in society, philosophy of science, science education, and science in public policy. The editor-in-chief is Hans-Peter Peters (Research Center Jülich & Free University of Berlin, Germany).
## Abstracting and indexing {#abstracting_and_indexing}
*Public Understanding of Science* is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the *Journal Citation Reports*, its 2019 2-year impact factor is 2.754, ranking it 13 out of 88 journals in the category \"Communication\" and 2 out of 46 journals in the category \"History & Philosophy of Science\".
## Criticism
*Public Understanding of Science* has been criticised for its lack of commitment to open access, given that it publishes research about public understanding and access to scientific knowledge. Journal editors have published reasons for their position in the journal. However debate continues even within the journal\'s editorial team.
## Editors
John Durant, 1992-1997\
Bruce V. Lewenstein, 1998-2003\
Edna F. Einsiedel, 2004-2009\
Martin W
| 186 |
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| 0 |
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# Thomas Fraser, 10th Lord Lovat
**Thomas Fraser, 10th Lord Lovat** (1631--1699), was a younger son of Hugh, 7th Lord Lovat (1591--1646), hereditary chief of the Clan Fraser. He was known as Thomas of Beaufort, which marked him as the belonging to the second line of the family tree after the chiefly family, the Lovats.
As an eighteen year old, he led 1000 Fraser men in support of the deposed Stuarts in a battle with Oliver Cromwell\'s army in 1651 at the Battle of Worcester. Losing, he was kept in jail at Inverness for several years.
Eventually released, he married Sybilla McLeod, the daughter of John McLeod, chief of the Clan McLeod. They had fourteen children together, although nine died in childhood. The eldest son, Alexander (1664 -1689), died of wounds while leading Frasers in support of the deposed Stuart King James II forces at the Battle of Killiecrankie.
Described as thoughtful and scholarly, he became the 10th Lord Lovat in 1696 following the death of his great-nephew Hugh, 9th Lord Lovat, whose only infant son had predeceased him in the same year. Thomas was not able to enjoy his title and estates for long, since he was placed under sentence of death for the reckless behaviour of his son Simon in 1697. This included Simon threatening to hang the son of a noble, and his forced marriage and rape of Hugh\'s widow, Amelia Murray. As a result, both Thomas and his son were forced to flee the ancestral home of the Lovat Frasers, Dounie Castle, and take refuge in the highlands. Thomas died at Dunvegan Castle on Skye at the age of 69. He was buried there, but his son Simon, who eventually became the 11th Lord Lovat, made amends for his father\'s exile by placing a large memorial stone for him at [Wardlaw Mausoleum](http://wardlawmausoleum.com/), near Beauly
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| 0 |
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# List of alumina refineries
This is a list of alumina refineries in the world. The list is incomplete and missing some data.
## Smelter-grade alumina refineries {#smelter_grade_alumina_refineries}
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Country | Location | Coordinates | data-sort-type=\"number\" \|Total Annual Capacity (kt) | Ownership |
+======================+========================================================================================+========================+=============================================================================+========================================================================================================================================+
| Australia | Nhulunbuy, Northern Territory | | 3,500, closed in 2014 | Rio Tinto Alcan |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Australia | Gladstone, Queensland | | 3,954 | 80% Rio Tinto Alcan 20% Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Australia | Yarwun, Queensland | | 3,400 | 100% Rio Tinto |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Australia | Kwinana, Western Australia | | 2,150 | 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Australia | Pinjarra, Western Australia | | 4,200 | 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Australia | Wagerup, Western Australia | | 2,400 | 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Australia | Worsley Alumina, Worsley, Western Australia | | 4,600 | 86% South32, 10% Japan Alumina Associates, 4% Sojitz Alumina |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Azerbaijan | Gyandzha Alumina | | peak of 410 in 1988, closed as of 1997 due to energy issues | Azeralyuminii (Levine, 1996);\ |
| | | | | DET.Al Holding |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Birac | | 600 | Energoinvest Alumina (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Bosnia Herzegovina | Mostar Alumina | | | Energoinvest Alumina |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brazil | Alumar, Sao Luis, Maranhao | | 3,500 | 19% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals, 35% Alcoa, 36% South32, 10% Rio Tinto |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brazil | Pocos De Caldas, Alcominas | | 390 | 100% Alcoa |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brazil | Belem, Alunorte, Barcarena, Pará | | 6,300 | 86.0% Norsk Hydro, 3.6% CBA, 1.2% Japan Alunorte Investment, 0.1% Mitsubishi Corp., 0.2% Mitsui & Co, 3.8% NAAC (Hydro Aluminium 2004) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brazil | Alumínio | | 940 | 100% Cia Brasileira de Aluminio |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brazil | Alumina Rondon | | 3,000 in 2019 | 100% Cia Brasileira de Aluminio |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Brazil | Ouro Preto | | 150 | 66.67% Hindustan Aluminium, 33.33% Novelis |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Canada | Saguenay, Quebec | | 1,400 | 100% Rio Tinto (Alcan 2006) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Chalco Mining | | 2,410 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Chongqing branch | | 800 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Guizhou Huajin | | 1,600 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Guangxi Pingguo branch | | 2,210 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Chalco Shandong | | 2,270 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Shanxi New Material Alumina | | 2,600 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Shanxi Huaxing | | 2,000 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Xinghua Technology | | 900 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Dingtai Tuoyuan | | 150 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | East Hope (Sanmenxia) | | 650 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Guixi Huayin | | 200 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Jiaokou | | 50 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Kaiman | | 1100 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Lubei | | 320 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Luneng Jinbei | | 975 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Nanchuan | | 0 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Nanshan | | 400 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Pingdingshan | | 375 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Shanxi Tongde | | 0 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Luneng Jinbei | | 975 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Wanji Xiangjiang | | 400 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Weiqiao | | 2500 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Wusheng (Pinglu) | | 200 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Xinfa Huayu (Chiping Xinfa) | | 2300 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Yangquan | | 400 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Yimei | | 150 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Yunnan | | 0 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Zhengzhou | | 2490 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Zhongmei | | 83 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Zhongzhou Aluminum | | 3,050 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| China | Zunyi Aluminum | | 1,000 | 100% Chinalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Germany | Stade Alumina | | \> 1,000 | Dadco Alumina and Chemicals Ltd, VAW aluminium AG |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Greece | Distomon Alumina | | 830 | 100% Mytilineos Holdings through Rio Tinto through Pechiney |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Guinea | Friguia | | 755 | 100% Alumina Company of Guinea |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Guinea | Sangaredi - currently in Feasibility Study | | 0 | 33% Global Alumina, 33% BHP, 25% Emirates Global Aluminium, 8.3% Mubadala Development Company PJSC{{cite web |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, re-named to Pioneer Aluminum Industries Limited in 2007 | | 1500 | Penna Group (68%), Rescom Group through its investment arm KCap Holdings (26%) and others, since 2021. |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Belgaum, Karnataka | | 390 | Indal, Hindalco (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | NALCO, Damanjodi, Odisha | | 2,275 | NALCO (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Gujarat Alumina Project | | | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Korba Alumina, Chhattisgarh | | 205 | Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative, Sterlite Industries (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Vedanta Alumina, Lanjigarh, Odisha | | 1000 (to be 1400 in 2011) | Vedanta Resources |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Mettur Alumina, Tamil Nadu | | 100 | Malco, Sterlite Industries (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Muri Alumina | | 120 | Indal, Hindalco (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Renukoot Alumina, Uttar Pradesh | | 700 | Hindalco (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| India | Utkal Alumina International Limited, Doraguda, Rayagada, Odisha | | 1500 | Hindalco |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Iran | Jajarm | | | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ireland | Aughinish | | 1,900 | United Company of Rusal 100% (Rusal 2007) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Italy | Eurallumina | | 0 - closed 2009 | United Company of Rusal 100% (Rusal 2007) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Jamaica | Clarendon | | 1,400 | 50% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals, 50% Jamaican Government |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Jamaica | Ewarton Alumina | | 675 | Jamaican Government, United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Jamaica | Nain St. Elizabeth (Alpart) | | 1,700 | 65% United Company of Rusal, 35% Hydro Aluminium |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Jamaica | Kirkvine Alumina | | 625 | Jamaican Government, United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Japan | Ehime | | 0 | 100% Sumitomo Chemical |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Japan | SAL Yokohama Alumina | | 0 | 100% Showa Denko KK |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Japan | Shimizu Alumina | | 0 | 100% Nippon Light Metal (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Kazakhstan | Pavlodar Alumina | | 1,540 | 100% Alkaz (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Montenegro | Podgorica Alumina | | 0 | Kombinat Aluminijuma Podgorica, CAV (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Romania | Oradea | | 400 | shut down in 2002 |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Romania | Tulcea | | 600, stopped production June 2022 | 100% Alro SA, Slatina |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Russia | Achinsk Alumina Refinery | | 1,100 | 100% United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Russia | Bauxitogorsk | | 186 | 100% United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Russia | Bogoslovsk | | 1100 | 100% United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Russia | Komi Aluminium Project, Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic | | 1,400 (Under Construction) | United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Russia | Ural Aluminium Smelter, Kamensk-Uralsky, Sverdlovsk Region | | 750 | United Company of Rusal (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Russia | Pikalevo Alumina Refinery, Leningrad region | | 268 | 100% United Company of Rusal (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Russia | Volkhov Alumina | | 400 | 100% North-West Aluminium (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Saudi Arabia | Ma\'aden | | 1,800 | 25.1% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Spain | San Ciprian | 43º41\'56\"N 7º27\'50W | 1,530 | 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Slovakia | Slovalco | | 0 - since at least 2010 only aluminum, not alumina, produced by the company | 100% Zavod SNP (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Slovenia | Talum Alumina | | 0 - since at least 2010 only aluminum, not alumina, produced by the company | 100% Eti Holding S.A. |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Suriname | Paranam | | 0 | 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Turkey | Seydisehir Alumina | | 200 | 100% Eti Holding S.A. (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ukraine | Zaporizhzhia Aluminium Combine, Zaporizhzhia City | | 270 | United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Ukraine | Mykolaiv Alumina Refinery | | 1421 | 100% United Company of Rusal |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| United Arab Emirates | Al-Taweelah Alumina Refinery | | 2,000 | 100% Emirates Global Aluminium |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| United Kingdom | Burntisland | | 120 (closed 2002) | 100% Rio Tinto (United Nations 2000) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| USA | Gramercy, Louisiana | | 1,215 (close to 50% specialty alumina) | New Day Aluminum |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| US Virgin Islands | St Croix | | 600 (closed since 2000) | 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals (Plunkert 1997) |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| USA | Burnside, Louisiana | | 560 (closed 2020) | 100% Almatis |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| USA | Corpus Christi | | 1,610 (closed 2016) | Sherwin Alumina Company, wholly owned by Glencore |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| USA | Point Comfort, Texas | | 2,330 (idled 2016, closed 2020) | 100% Alcoa World Alumina & Chemicals |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Venezuela | Bauxilum | | 2,000 | Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Venezuela | Venalum | | 0 | Corporacion Venezolana de Guayana |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Vietnam | Lam Dong Project | | 0 | Pechiney, CAV |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Vietnam | Tan Rai Alumina Project | | 0 | |
+----------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
## Specialty alumina plants {#specialty_alumina_plants}
| 1,723 |
List of alumina refineries
| 0 |
10,045,739 |
# List of alumina refineries
## Specialty alumina plants {#specialty_alumina_plants}
Country Location Total Annual Capacity (kt) Ownership
--------- ------------------------------------ ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Canada Brockville, Ontario 20 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)
Canada Saguenay, Quebec 180 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)
China Zhengzhou Institute 20 100% Chinalco
France Beyrede 28 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)
France Gardanne 650 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006), specialty alumina only since 2007
France La Bathie 31 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)
Germany Martinswerk Alumina 100% Albemarle Corporation\|-
Germany Teutschenthal 28 100% Rio Tinto Alcan (Alcan 2006)
Germany Schwandorf 265 Nabaltec AG since 1994
Hungary Ajka 100% Silkem Hungary, specialty alumina only since 2013
Hungary MOTIM-Magyarovar Alumina 75 GPS Kft
| 118 |
List of alumina refineries
| 1 |
10,045,761 |
# 1630 in music
## Events
- Giacomo Carissimi becomes the chapelmaster at the Church of San Apollinare in the German-Hungarian College in Rome.
- Ján Šimbracký buys a house in Spišské Podhradie.
## Publications
- Paolo Agostini -- Posthumous book of masses (Rome: Giovanni Battista Robletti)
- Adriano Banchieri -- *Trattenimenti da villa concertati in ordine seguente nel chitarrone con 5 voci in variati modi* (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti), a collection of canzonettas for five voices and a theorbo
- Ignazio Donati -- *Le Fanfalughe* for two, three, four, and five voices (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti), a book of madrigals
- Melchior Franck
- for eight voices (Coburg: Johann Forckel), a motet written for the jubilee held June 25--27, 1630
- for eight voices (Coburg: Johann Forckel), a Christmas motet
- (Coburg: Johann Forckel), incidental music for an oratorio performed in Coburg on June 14, 1630
- Marco da Gagliano -- *Responsoria maioris hebdomadae* for four voices (Venice: Bartolomeo Magni)
- Giovanni Girolamo Kapsberger
- (Rome: Paolo Masotti)
- , vol. 2 (Rome: Paolo Masotti)
- Carlo Milanuzzi -- Seventh book of *ariose vaghezze* for solo voice and guitar, Op. 17 (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti)
- Martin Peerson -- *Mottects or grave chamber musique, containing songs of five parts of several sorts* (London: William Stansby)
## Classical music {#classical_music}
## Opera
- Claudio Monteverdi -- *Proserpina rapita*
## Births
- *date unknown* -- Antonio Sartorio, composer (died 1680)
- *probable*
- Thomas Baltzar, violinist and composer (died 1663)
- Hafız Post, Turkish composer (died 1694)
- Susanna van Lee, Dutch actress and dancer (died 1700)
## Deaths
- February 12 or 13 -- Camillo Cortellini, composer, singer, and violinist (born 1561)
- February 26 -- William Brade, English composer, violinist and viol player (born 1560)
- June (or later) -- Alessandro Grandi, Italian composer (born 1590)
- June 11 -- Giovanni Francesco Anerio, Italian composer of oratorios (born *c*.1567)
- June 29 -- John Mundy, English organist and composer (born c
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# Mangatainoka
**Mangatainoka** is a small settlement in the Tararua District of New Zealand\'s North Island. It is located on the banks of the Mangatainoka River, 5 km north of Pahiatua.
Mangatainoka is home to the Tui Brewery, which ceased brewing in 2021. It also has a golf course.
## Geography
The greater Mangatainoka area, as defined by Statistics New Zealand, covers an area of 496.81 km2. The statistical area includes the settlement of Papatawa, and surrounds but does not include the towns of Woodville and Pahiatua.
## Demographics
Mangatainoka statistical area had an estimated population of `{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Mangatainoka|y}}`{=mediawiki} as of `{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|||y|y||,}}`{=mediawiki} with a population density of `{{Decimals|{{formatnum:{{NZ population data 2023 SA2|Mangatainoka|y}}|R}}/496.81|1}}`{=mediawiki} people per km^2^.
Mangatainoka had a population of 1,743 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 6 people (−0.3%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 9 people (−0.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 678 households, comprising 888 males and 855 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.04 males per female. The median age was 42.3 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 360 people (20.7%) aged under 15 years, 279 (16.0%) aged 15 to 29, 858 (49.2%) aged 30 to 64, and 246 (14.1%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 92.6% European/Pākehā, 14.5% Māori, 1.0% Pasifika, 1.7% Asian, and 0.9% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 7.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census\'s question about religious affiliation, 49.9% had no religion, 38.6% were Christian, 1.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Muslim and 1.2% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 198 (14.3%) people had a bachelor\'s or higher degree, and 327 (23.6%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was \$32,700, compared with \$31,800 nationally. 201 people (14.5%) earned over \$70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 771 (55.7%) people were employed full-time, 225 (16.3%) were part-time, and 42 (3.0%) were unemployed.
In 2018, 7.2% worked in manufacturing, 6.0% worked in construction, 3.3% worked in hospitality, 3.6% worked in transport, 6.9% worked in education, and 8.1% worked in healthcare.
## Transportation
As of 2018, among those who commute to work, 55.9% drove a car, 2.4% rode in a car, 0.6% use a bike, and 0.6% walk or run. No one commuted by public transport.
Mangatainoka railway station and railway line opened to Mangatainoka in August 1897 and the settlement was briefly the terminus of the Wairarapa Line until the final section to a junction with the Palmerston North--Gisborne Line in Woodville was opened on 11 December 1897. Passenger train services were originally provided by the Napier Express until it was re-routed via the former Wellington and Manawatu Railway Company\'s western line through the Kāpiti Coast and Horowhenua in early 1909.
It was replaced by the Wairarapa Mail, which served Mangatainoka until 1948, when it was fully replaced by the NZR RM Wairarapa class railcars that had begun operating some services in 1936. Standard and 88 seater class railcars also operated to Mangatainoka, especially after the Wairarapa railcars were withdrawn in the wake of the Rimutaka Incline\'s 1955 closure. Carriage trains through Mangatainoka were reintroduced in 1964 but did not fully replace the railcars until 1977.
As roads in the area improved through the 1980s, passenger numbers declined and all services north of Masterton ceased on 29 July 1988. Since this time, only freight trains have regularly operated through Mangatainoka; passenger services have been limited to occasional excursions, typically organised by enthusiast societies.
## Education
Mangatainoka School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1--8 students, with a roll of `{{NZ school roll data|2900|y}}`{=mediawiki} as of `{{NZ school roll data|||y|}}`{=mediawiki}
| 635 |
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| 0 |
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# Marronnier Park
**Marronnier Park** (`{{Korean|hangul=마로니에 공원}}`{=mediawiki}) is a park in the Daehangno district of Seoul.
The park was designated on April 29, 1982 and is 5802 m2 large.
## Overview
At the center of the park is a horse chestnut (marronnier) tree, of the genus Aesculus, for which the park takes its name. The Marronnier originates from the Mediterranean Sea region. From May to June, red or white flowers bloom.
In the park is the Former Main Building of Seoul National University, then Keijō Imperial University.
## Culture
Though the park is not very large it forms the center of one of Seoul\'s major theater districts, Daehangno, and is a popular gathering spot for the city\'s university students.
## Location
Hyehwa-dong, Jongno District, near number 2 Exit Hyehwa Station of line `{{rint|seoul|4}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Alvin Brooks
**Alvin Joseph Brooks Jr.** (born August 6, 1959) is a basketball coach and head coach of the Lamar University\'s men\'s basketball team. Brooks returned to Lamar as men\'s basketball head coach on April 1, 2021. Prior to Lamar, he most recently served as an assistant coach for the Houston Cougars. Brooks has also served as Director of Basketball Operations for the Kentucky Wildcats. He coached the Houston Cougars from 1993 to 1998. He also served as an assistant coach for the Texas Tech Red Raiders basketball team and was at Texas A&M through the \'06--\'07 season.
## Playing career {#playing_career}
Brooks was an award-winning player in college and high school. As a senior at Houston\'s Wheatley High School, he averaged 25.9 points and 9.0 assists per game on the way to earning All-City honors. He began his collegiate career in record-setting fashion at Sam Houston State, where he set the Bearkats\' single-season record with 165 assists and was named the Lone Star Conference Freshman of the Year. He also received All-Lone Star Conference Honorable Mention after averaging 14.2 points and 5.2 assists per game.
Following his freshman season, he left SHSU and competed at Henderson County Junior College, leading the team to a 20--8 record as a sophomore.
Transferring to Lamar, Brooks was the starting point guard for two NCAA Tournament teams that posted a combined 47--6 record. As a junior, he led the 10th-seeded Cardinals into the Sweet 16 with a win against No. 5 Oregon State.
As a senior, he was an All-Southland Conference Second-Team selection after setting school records for single-game assists, season and career.
Brooks is a 1982 graduate of Lamar with a bachelor\'s degree in life and earth science with a minor in physical education.
Following his collegiate playing days, he was selected in the 10th round of the 1981 NBA draft by the San Antonio Spurs.
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# Alvin Brooks
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Brooks began his coaching career as an assistant at Lamar in 1982. In five seasons on the sidelines with the Cardinals, he helped guide the program to a combined 115--44 record, two Southland Conference championships and five postseason tournament appearances.
In 1986, he first began his career at the University of Houston as an assistant coach. In seven seasons, he helped lead the Cougars to a 142--73 overall record with three NCAA Tournament appearances and three NIT berths. The Cougars also swept the 1992 Southwest Conference regular season and SWC Postseason Classic championships. He served as the head coach at Houston from 1993 to 1998, becoming the first African-American head coach in program history and one of the nation\'s youngest head coaches at that time. During his head coaching tenure, he led the Cougars to a 17--10 overall record and second-place finish in the Southwest Conference in 1995--96. The Cougars also enjoyed a pair of wins against nationally ranked teams that season against No. 3 Memphis and No. 19 Tulsa in double overtime.
Following his head coaching stint at Houston, Brooks served as an assistant coach at Texas Tech (1999--01) -- where he worked on Dickey\'s staff---North Texas (2001--03), UTEP (2003--04) and Texas A&M (2004--07). Before rejoining the Cougars, Brooks worked as the director of operations at Kentucky from 2007 to 2009.
Returning to Houston in 2010--11, Brooks helped lead the Cougars to 12 wins, including a 76--71 upset of No. 19/18 UCF at Hofheinz Pavilion early in the Conference USA season. In 2011--12, Brooks helped guide the Cougars to wins against Arkansas and NCAA Tournament participant Southern Miss. In 2012--13, Brooks helped lead the Cougars to a 20--13 record---the program\'s first 20-win season since 2009---and a berth in the College Basketball Invitational quarterfinals following a thrilling 73--72 win against Texas inside Hofheinz Pavilion. During the 2013--14 season, the Cougars knocked off eventual national champion UConn in a New Year\'s Showdown inside Hofheinz Pavilion in the inaugural American Athletic Conference game for both programs. The Cougars went on to record three wins against nationally ranked opponents, the program\'s highest single-season total since 1983--84. In 2014--15, Houston overcame injuries throughout the season to win their final three regular-season games and upset Tulane in the First Round of the American Athletic Conference Championship. The Cougars also enjoyed a win against defending national champion UConn inside Hofheinz Pavilion. Brooks helped lead the Cougars to a 22--10 record in 2015--16---only the 15th 22-win season in program history---and a berth in the NIT for the first time in a decade. In 2016--17, the Cougars enjoyed their second straight 20-win season and competed in the NIT for the second straight year, a first for the program since 2005 and 2006.
In 2017--18 the Cougars enjoyed their third straight 20 win season with a 27--8 record and the team\'s first NCAA birth since 2010. The Cougars defeated the San Diego Aztecs in the first round and lost to the NCAA Runner Ups Michigan Wolverines at the buzzer in the 2nd round. In 2018--19 the Cougars had the best record in program history at 33--4 and won the conference title in the American Athletic Conference. The Cougars also made it to the Championship of the American Athletic Conference Tournament but lost to Cincinnati. The Cougars made it to the NCAA tournament for the second consecutive year and played Georgia State in the 1st round. They went on to play Ohio State in the 2nd round and won again. The Sweet 16 matchup of Kentucky and Houston was one of the tightest games of the year but Kentucky pulled out the win in the last 30 seconds. The Cougars were ranked in the Top 25 for 145 consecutive weeks and were ranked as high as #8.
In 37 years on the sidelines, Brooks has competed in 21 postseason tournaments as a coach or player. He has guided 18 players who competed in the NBA with a dozen more players playing professionally overseas. Brooks assisted Head Coach Kelvin Sampson in all aspects of the program, including recruiting, practices, skill development and opponents\' scouting. During his tenure, the Cougars have enjoyed success in the classroom as well. Eleven student-athletes have been named to the conference All-Academic Team for posting a cumulative grade-point average of 3.0 or higher.
Brooks also has been active in the local community. Since arriving at Houston, Brooks and the Cougars have served Thanksgiving lunches to Star of Hope Mission residents, assisted in the unloading of more than 22 tons of pumpkins for a local church\'s fundraiser, moved furniture and equipment for local residents\' Extreme Home Makeover and conducted a Texas Special Olympics event inside Hofheinz Pavilion.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
Brooks and his wife Richelle have five children: daughter Andree and sons Casey, Julian, Vincent and Alvin III. The family lives in Houston. His son Alvin Brooks III is associate head coach at the University of Kentucky
| 827 |
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| 1 |
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# Ariel (song)
Ariel}} `{{Infobox song
| name = Ariel
| image = Ariel by Dean Friedman US single side-A.png
| alt = side-A label by Lifesong Records
| caption = Side A of the US single
| type = single
| artist = [[Dean Friedman]]
| album = Dean Friedman
| B-side = Funny Papers
| released = April 1977
| recorded =
| studio =
| venue =
| genre = [[Soft rock]]
| length = 3:22 <small>(single version)</small> <br /> 4:22 <small>(album version)</small>
| label = Lifesong
| writer = Dean Friedman
| producer = Rob Stevens
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title = Woman of Mine
| next_year = 1977
}}`{=mediawiki}
\"**Ariel**\" is a hit single written and performed by Dean Friedman, released in April 1977. It was the first of two hits from Friedman\'s eponymous debut LP. \"Ariel,\" however, was his only hit in North America. It reached number 26 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 chart, number 17 on the *Cashbox* Top 100, and number 19 in Canada. The song spent 22 weeks on the Billboard chart and 24 weeks on *Cashbox.*
## Background
\"Ariel\" has been described as a \"quirkily irresistible and uncategorizable pop song about a free-spirited, music-loving, vegetarian Jewish girl\" from Paramus, New Jersey, where Friedman grew up. The lyrics describe the young girl from \"deep in the bosom of suburbia,\" who sang \"mighty fine,\" with \"\'Tears on My Pillow\' and \'Ave Maria\'.\" It describes the girl Ariel, \"standing by the \[since dismantled\] waterfall at Paramus Park,\" one of the many shopping malls in Paramus. The quarters she was collecting for \"friends of BAI\" refers to the New York radio station WBAI, and their listener association, while the song also makes reference to \"channel 2\", which refers to local CBS flagship station WCBS-TV.
Chicago radio superstation WLS, which gave the song much airplay, ranked \"Ariel\" as the 60th most popular hit of 1977. It reached as high as number four on their survey of August 20, 1977.
## Controversy
The record label (Lifesong) that produced \"Ariel\" insisted Friedman change the song\'s second verse, which refers to the eponymous Ariel as \"a Jewish girl\", believing that radio stations might use it as an excuse not to play the record. The management company received threats from the Jewish Defense League protesting against the edit in the single, which also varied from the album version by having the third verse removed to make the single shorter for radio.
## Chart performance {#chart_performance}
### Weekly charts {#weekly_charts}
+--------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (1977) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+:===============================+:=========+
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 91 |
+--------------------------------+----------+
| Canada *RPM* Top Singles | 19 |
+--------------------------------+----------+
| New Zealand (RIANZ) | 19 |
+--------------------------------+----------+
| U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 | 26 |
+--------------------------------+----------+
| U.S. *Cash Box* Top 100 | 17 |
+--------------------------------+----------+
### Year-end charts {#year_end_charts}
Chart (1977) Rank
-------------------------- ------
Canada 148
U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100 69
U.S
| 498 |
Ariel (song)
| 0 |
10,045,833 |
# DXMF-AM
**DXMF** (576 AM) **Bombo Radyo** is a radio station owned and operated by Bombo Radyo Philippines through its licensee People\'s Broadcasting Service, Inc. Its studio and offices are located at Bombo Radyo Broadcast Center, San Pedro St., Davao City; its transmitter is located at Brgy. Ma-a, Davao City. It operates daily from 4:00 AM to 9:30 PM
| 59 |
DXMF-AM
| 0 |
10,045,894 |
# Will: G. Gordon Liddy
***Will: G. Gordon Liddy*** is an American television film which first aired on NBC on January 10, 1982. The film depicts the rise and fall of Watergate co-conspirator G. Gordon Liddy. Liddy was portrayed by two actors: American actor Robert Conrad played Liddy as an adult and child actor Danny Lloyd portrayed him in his youth. Other figures associated with the Watergate scandal and portrayed in this film include Jeb Magruder and John Dean. The movie was directed by Robert Lieberman and was based on Liddy\'s 1980 autobiography.
## Plot
The film follows the rise and fall of convicted Watergate conspirator G. Gordon Liddy. Robert Conrad is cast as the adult Liddy, who is sentenced to 20 years in prison. The film follows the convicted felon through the four and half years he spent behind bars. While in prison, the film portrays Liddy as capable and able to match up to any man in the prison. The film includes several famous details from Liddy\'s 1980 autobiography including the legendary \"hand held over the burning flame,\" and Liddy\'s oath, \"I will kill for you, Mr. President.\"
## Background and production {#background_and_production}
The film was based on Liddy\'s 1980 bestselling autobiography, *Will: The Autobiography of G. Gordon Liddy*, and directed by Robert Lieberman. Courtroom scenes for the movie were shot in Illinois, at the 1905 DeKalb County Courthouse.
It was produced by John Ashley, a former actor who was a friend of Conrad\'s. Ashley recalls adapting the book being very difficult, not because of censorship but because it was hard to know what to leave out.
## Cast
- John Byner as the voice of Richard Nixon
- Robert Conrad as G. Gordon Liddy
- Danny Lloyd as Young G. Gordon Liddy
- Katherine Cannon as Fran Liddy
- Gary Bayer as Jeb Magruder
- Peter Ratray as John Dean
- James Rebhorn as Peter Maroulis
- Red West as Kaworski
- Maurice Woods as Copperhead
## Distribution
The made-for-television film debuted in the United States on NBC on January 10, 1982. Copies of the film are held in the Nixon Presidential Materials collection of the U.S. National Archives.
| 362 |
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| 0 |
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# Will: G. Gordon Liddy
## Reception
*Will* was the subject of a review by John O\'Connor of *The New York Times*. While O\'Connor praised Lieberman, screenwriter Frank Abatemarco and Conrad, he questioned the overall purpose of the film. He rebuked Liddy, stating, \"What purpose is ultimately served? The basic criterion seems to be that *it sells,* enabling various companies and individuals, including Mr. Liddy, to make some money\" and comparing it with *Helter Skelter*, a CBS television movie about Charles Manson and the Manson Family murders. Noting that the source for the film was an autobiography, he went on to pan the producers as \"ambivalent\" toward the film\'s subject. O\'Connor concluded his review by noting the film\'s attempt to gloss over the darker parts of Liddy\'s history: \"After a while, it gets increasingly difficult to remember that this law-and-order fanatic is not beyond putting himself above the law, that he seems to exist in a world of absurd macho fantasy (his book refers to \'my best Effrem Zimbalist Jr. (sic) manner\' or \'I gave him Broderick Crawford in *Highway Patrol*\'), and that his basic social and political instincts are fascistic.\"
Comedy sketch show *SCTV* spoofed *Will*, depicting Liddy as a rat-eating sociopath who repeatedly suggests to Nixon that they kill their political opponents with piano wire. Canadian actor Dave Thomas played Liddy in the spoof.
In the September/October 2004 issue of *Washington Free Press* Dr. John Ruhland included the film on a list of \"Rad Videos\" summarized as \"Dirty Politics in the United States.\" He called the film a \"campy and terribly acted account of the Watergate break-in.\" He noted the film\'s value as a tool for giving a view into the workings of the United States government
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| 1 |
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# DXDC
**DXDC** (621 AM) **RMN Davao** is a radio station owned and operated by the Radio Mindanao Network. The station\'s studio is located at the 2/F San Vicente Bldg., Iñigo St. cor. Bonifacio St., Davao City, and its transmitter is located at Gatdula Heights, Madapo Hills, Davao City. It operates 24 hours a day
| 55 |
DXDC
| 0 |
10,045,907 |
# Euromasters
**Euromasters** is a gabber act from the Netherlands. Different producers have contributed to this project, although the performances were always done by Rob Christensen (Masters of Ceremony) and Fabian Kruizinga.
## Members
Member (Real Name) Alias
-------------------------- --------------------
H.Reefboer & T
| 43 |
Euromasters
| 0 |
10,045,930 |
# Interdental plate
The **interdental plate** refers to the bone-filled mesial-distal region between the teeth. The word \"*interdental*\" is a combination of \"*inter*\" + \"*dental*\" (meaning \"*between the teeth*\") which originated in approximately 1870. In paleobiology, the presence or absence of the interdental plate can determine the place of an animal in the evolutionary scale, and paleontologists use the interdental plate when trying to classify a new specimen. Thecodont reptiles and theropod dinosaur fossils have an interdental plate, whereas acrodont reptiles such as Sphenodontia do not. Its presence in *Archaeopteryx*, an extinct avialan, resulted in the proposal of the dinosaur-bird connection.
The term can also be used to refer to a manufactured object designed to be placed or worn between the teeth. An example would be a dental prosthetic designed to prevent contact between the teeth while the wearer is sleeping. A 2004 patent relates to an apparatus designed to measure the pressure exerted by the tongue as a means of diagnosing ailments related to swallowing
| 166 |
Interdental plate
| 0 |
10,045,936 |
# 1650 in music
The year **1650 in music** involved some significant events.
## Events
## Publications
- Alberich Mazak -- *Cultus harmonicus*, volume two, a collection of his complete works, published in Vienna
- Claudio Monteverdi -- *Messa a quattro voci, et Salmi a Una, Due, Tre, Quattro, Cinque, Sei, Sette, & Otto Voci Concertati* (Mass for four voices, and Psalms arranged for one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, and eight voices) (Venice: Alessandro Vincenti), published posthumously
## Classical music {#classical_music}
- Melchior Franck -- *Der 133. Psalm Davids (Siehe wie fein und lieblich)* for five voices (Coburg: Johann Eyrich), published posthumously
- Samuel Scheidt -- *Tabulatur-Buch*
- Heinrich Schütz -- *Symphoniae sacrae*, part 3
- *probable*
- Giovanni Battista Abatessa -- *Ghirlanda di varii fiori* (Garland of Various Flowers), a collection of guitar music, published in Milan
- Giovanni Battista Granata -- *Nuove suonate di chitarriglia spagnuola piccicate, e battute\...*, a collection of guitar music, published in Bologna
## Opera
- Francesco Cavalli -- *Orimonte*
## Births
- *date unknown*
- Joachim Neander, hymn-writer (d. 1680)
- André Raison, organist and composer (d. 1719)
- *probable*
- Cataldo Amodei, Italian composer (d. c. 1695)
- Papanasa Mudaliar, Carnatic music composer (d. 1725)
- Giovanni Battista Rogeri, luthier
- Robert de Visée, luthenist, guitarist and viol player (d. 1725)
## Deaths
- May 20 -- Francesco Sacrati, composer (b. 1605)
- November 24 -- Manuel Cardoso, organist and composer (b. 1566)
- *date unknown* -- Martin Peerson (born *ca.* 1571 -- *ca
| 254 |
1650 in music
| 0 |
10,045,959 |
# Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs – The Iraqi Connection
***Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs -- The Iraqi Connection*** is a 2002 documentary film about the Mizrahim, or Jewish community of Iraq. It was written and directed by Samir , an Iraqi born in Baghdad in 1955 and living since 1961 in Switzerland.
The film focuses on five expatriate Iraqi Jews, most living in Israel: Shimon Ballas, Moshe (Moussa) Houri, Sami Michael, Samir Naqqash, and Ella Habiba Shohat.
The film\'s music is by Rabih Abou-Khalil. It was produced by Karin Koch and Samir and edited by Nina Schneider and Samir. The directors of photography were Nurith Aviv and Philippe Bellaiche.
The film was a coproduction between TagTraum Cologne, Gerd Haag, SF DRS, Teleclub, and Dschoint Ventschr Filmproduktion. It is 112 minutes in length.
The DVD, which is distributed by Arab Film Distribution, comes with a 30-minute \"Making of the film\" featurette. The DVD has multiple audio tracks and subtitles in English, German, French, Arabic, Hebrew, Italian, and Spanish.
## Reception
- *A fascinating but disorganized documentary.*\
-- Stephen Holden, *The New York Times*, December 4, 2003
- *Grainy video and gimmicky editing give this documentary an amateurish feel, but Samir\'s charming, rueful interlocutors shine through.*\
-- Anya Kamenetz, *Village Voice*, December 2, 2003
- *Samir\'s presentation is uninspired and too long. It\'s outdated, too.*\
-- V.A. Musetto, *New York Post*, December 5, 2003
- *Explores identity, but words get in the way.*\
-- Michael O\'Sullivan, *The Washington Post*, April 16, 2004
- *Timely and thought-provoking, if a bit rambling
| 259 |
Forget Baghdad: Jews and Arabs – The Iraqi Connection
| 0 |
10,045,980 |
# Battle of Colson's Mill
The **Battle of Colson\'s Mill** was a battle of the American Revolutionary War that took place in North Carolina on July 21, 1780. A Patriot militia under William Lee Davidson scattered a gathering of Loyalists at Colson\'s Mill, near the junction of the Rocky and Pee Dee Rivers in present-day Stanly County, North Carolina.
## Background
Following the British defeat at Ramsour\'s Mill, where he arrived with over 1,200 men after the battle on June 20, 1780, General Griffith Rutherford of the Salisbury District Brigade set about chasing down refugees from the battle that were trying to regroup with British troops elsewhere. While he met with some success, expiring enlistments and furloughs rapidly reduced his army\'s size to about 200. On June 22, he learned that a group of several hundred Loyalists had been recruited by Colonel Samuel Bryan about 75 mi to the northeast, near the Yadkin River. Rutherford set off in pursuit, putting out a call for men. By the time he was within 15 mi of Bryan\'s position his force had grown back to 600 men.
Bryan anticipated Rutherford\'s approach, and began to withdraw down the east side of the Yadkin River with the goal of joining with British regulars on the Pee Dee River. Rutherford gave chase, but his attempts to cut Bryan\'s retreat off failed. At Salisbury he detached Colonel William Lee Davidson and a picked force to ride down the west side of the Yadkin in case Bryan tried to cross over. However, this design was frustrated when Bryan, marching day and night, reached the British force.
Two days into the chase, Davidson learned that several hundred Loyalists had gathered near Colson\'s Mill, not far from the junction of the Rocky and Pee Dee Rivers.
Moving rapidly in order to gain the element of surprise, Davidson and his force attempted to surround the farm on which the Loyalists were gathering. However, his front was discovered shortly before the flanking men were in place, and fire commenced. Davidson, the only man in uniform, was targeted by Loyalist marksmen, and was severely injured by a bullet to the gut. However, his men did not falter when he went down, when Col. Francis Locke took command and they dispersed the Loyalist troop, killing three, wounding several more, and taking ten prisoners. The escape of the Loyalists was helped by their familiarity with the local terrain.
## Battle
One other of Davidson\'s men was also wounded in the action. Davidson spent two months recovering from his wounds, and continued to serve afterward. He was eventually killed in the Battle of Cowan\'s Ford in February 1781. The victory at Colson\'s Mill, in combination with the victory at Ramsour\'s Mill the previous month, seriously dampened active Tory support for the British as they moved further into the Carolinas; and Lord Cornwallis possibly lost 3,000 auxiliary Tory troops at a key moment in the Southern Campaign
| 490 |
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| 0 |
10,046,022 |
# Queensland Alumina Limited
**Queensland Alumina Limited** (**QAL**) is one of the largest alumina refineries by alumina production capacity in the world, located in Parsons Point, South Trees, Gladstone, Queensland, Australia.
The refinery was planned in 1964 and has been operating since 1967, the refinery has a capacity to produce 3.95 million tonnes of alumina a year. In 1981 the output was at a quarterly basis over 600,000 tonnes per quarter.
At times of lower demand, operations have been altered. Subsequent rises in demand have seen expansion in output and employment.
QAL has been operated by a range of consortium partners of international aluminium producers over time. Comalco brought in to the consortium in 1969. In 1982 it was owned Comalco (30.3%), Kaiser Aluminum (28.3%), Alcan (21.4%), and Pechiney Ugine Kuhlmann (20%).
Since April 2005, it has been owned by Rio Tinto Alcan (80%) and Rusal (20%). In September 2017 the QAL celebrated 50 years of operation
| 157 |
Queensland Alumina Limited
| 0 |
10,046,026 |
# Nobody's Perfect (Hannah Montana song)
\"**Nobody\'s Perfect**\" is a song by American recording artist Miley Cyrus, credited as her character Hannah Montana from the eponymous television series. It was released on May 15, 2007 by Walt Disney Records as the lead single from *Hannah Montana 2* (2007), the accompanying soundtrack album for its second season. Written by Matthew Gerrard and Robbie Nevil and produced by Gerrard, \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" discusses the importance of overcoming mistakes; it is heavily based on synthpop musical styles.
Contemporary music critics spoke favorably of \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" in their reviews, and were appreciative of its overall production. The track peaked at number 27 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100; by exceeding sales of 906,000 copies as of October 2010, it has additionally become the most successful track from the *Hannah Montana* franchise. A live performance of Cyrus performing the track as Montana serves as the accompanying music video for the track; it was broadcast first on Disney Channel, although it was later included in the Vevo catalog. The song was also performed during Cyrus\' headlining Best of Both Worlds Tour (2007--08).
## Background and composition {#background_and_composition}
In *Hannah Montana*, Miley Cyrus portrays the character Miley Stewart, a teenager who lives the secret double life as the pop star Hannah Montana. She stated that \"most songs for the first season reflect the show, with Miley or Hannah making sure the other doesn\'t get caught or whatever,\" opining that the tracks provided series producers with the opportunity to \"make sure that everyone understood the characters\". By comparison, Cyrus described material used during the second season as \"more speaking out to the fans.\"
\"Nobody\'s Perfect\" was written and produced by Matthew Gerrard; he additionally oversaw its mixing and programming, and performed the guitar, bass, and keyboards. Greg Critchley plated the drums, while Marco Luciana was responsible for the keyboards and Ashley Sauning contributed the background vocals. \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" appears as the second track on *Hannah Montana 2* with a duration of three minutes and twenty seconds. It is written in the key of C-minor with Cyrus\' vocals spanning two octaves from C~4~ to D~5~. The song was described by Allmusic as \"synth-driven pop\", and discusses the importance of overcoming mistakes.
## Release
Before being released as the lead single from *Hannah Montana 2* on May 15, 2007, \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" was included on the reissued two-disc special edition of the original soundtrack *Hannah Montana* (2006). Within the *Hannah Montana* storyline, \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" was written by Miley\'s father Robby Stewart; it is first heard in the episode \"Get Down, Study-udy-udy\" during the second season, where Miley reworks the song into the \"Bone Dance\" as a way of helping her study for a biology mid-term exam. A live performance of Cyrus performing the track as Montana acts as an accompanying music video for the track; it was initially released on July 3, 2007, although it was reissued through Vevo on December 10, 2010. It was also performed during Cyrus\' headlining Best of Both Worlds Tour (2007--08).
## Reception
\"Nobody\'s Perfect\" received generally favorable reviews from contemporary music critics. Writing for AllMusic, Heather Phares appreciated the incorporation of \"shiny, synth-driven pop\", which she credited with \"\[making\] the first soundtrack a hit.\" Shirley Halperin from *Entertainment Weekly* shared a similar sentiment, describing it as \"pure pop candy\". Bob Waliszewski and Bob Smithouser from Plugged In (publication) classified \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" as \"pro-social content\", where \"rather than \[beating\] herself up over mistakes, the singer acknowledges that \'Nobody\'s Perfect\'\" through the lyrics \"Everybody has those days\" and \"You live and you learn it\". \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" charted at number 27 on the U.S. *Billboard* Hot 100, and reached numbers 14 and 25 on the *Billboard* Digital Songs and Pop 100 charts, respectively. As of October 2010, the track has sold 906,000 copies in the United States, becoming the most successful song from the *Hannah Montana* franchise. \"Nobody\'s Perfect\" also charted at numbers 73 and 87 on the Hot Canadian Digital Singles and Australian ARIA Charts, respectively.
## Credits and personnel {#credits_and_personnel}
Credits adapted from the liner notes of *Hannah Montana 2*.
Recording
- Mastered at Capitol Mastering (Hollywood, California)
Personnel
- Greg Critchley -- drums
- Matthew Gerrard -- songwriter, producer, mixing, guitar, bass, keyboards, programming
- Marco Luciana -- keyboards
- Hannah Montana -- lead vocals
- Robbie Nevil -- songwriter
- Ashley Sauning -- background vocals
| 730 |
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| 0 |
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# Nobody's Perfect (Hannah Montana song)
## Charts
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Chart (2007) | Peak\ |
| | position |
+==================================================================================================================================================================+==========+
| scope=\"row\" `{{single chart|Australia|87|song=Nobody's Perfect|artist=Hannah Montana|year=2007|access-date=March 9, 2014|refname="ARIA"}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| Canada (Canadian Digital Songs) (*Billboard*) | 73 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| scope=\"row\" `{{single chart|Billboardhot100|27|song=Nobody's Perfect|artist=Hannah Montana|year=2007|access-date=March 9, 2014|refname="Hot100"}}`{=mediawiki} | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
| US Pop 100 (*Billboard*) | 25 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+----------+
: Chart performance for \"Nobody\'s Perfect\"
## Certification
## Release history {#release_history}
Country Date Format Label Ref
| 78 |
Nobody's Perfect (Hannah Montana song)
| 1 |
10,046,034 |
# Michael Rosensweig
**Michael Rosensweig** (born December 22, 1956) is a Rosh Yeshiva at the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary of Yeshiva University and the Rosh Kollel of the Beren Kollel Elyon.
## Biography
In 1973, at the young age of 16, Rabbi Rosensweig traveled to Israel to study under Rabbi Aharon Lichtenstein at Yeshivat Har Etzion for a year and a half. He then studied under Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik at Yeshiva University for six years. He received his *Semicha* from the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary and was a distinguished fellow at RIETS\'s post-semicha Gruss Kollel Elyon. He also studied with Rabbi Yerucham Bobrofksy, a disciple of Rabbi Baruch Ber Leibowitz, at Yeshiva High School of Queens.
Rosensweig graduated summa cum laude from Yeshiva College in 1980. He received his M.A. and Ph.D. in Medieval Jewish History from the Bernard Revel Graduate School of Jewish Studies, where he was mentored by Haym Soloveitchik, for whom he wrote both his M.A. thesis and doctoral dissertation. His dissertation is titled *Debt Collection in Absentia: Halakhah in a Mobile and Commercial Age*. Rosensweig is one of the only doctoral students mentored by Soloveitchik.
## Talmudic Methodology {#talmudic_methodology}
Inspired by his teachers Rabbi Soloveitchik and Rabbi Lichtenstein, Rabbi Rosensweig employs a unique expanded form of the conceptual Brisker methodology in explaining Talmudic topics, with intense focus on the opinions of Rambam. To develop a broader and more nuanced perspective on issues and the topic as a whole, Rabbi Rosensweig meticulously presents the varying approaches of the Rishonim and Acharonim on the sugya, highlighting their underlying conceptual assumptions as well as pointing to consistencies in their views in other areas. He also seeks to accentuate the broader Torah values expressed by Halachic institutions.
## Appointment as Rosh Yeshiva and Rosh Kollel {#appointment_as_rosh_yeshiva_and_rosh_kollel}
In 1985, Rosensweig was appointed Rosh Yeshiva at RIETS, where he currently holds the *Nathan and Perel Schupf Chair of Talmud*. In 1997, he was appointed Rosh Kollel of the prestigious Beren Institute for Advanced Talmudic Studies (Beren Kollel Elyon) at RIETS.
In 2013, Rosensweig was invited to become the Rosh HaYeshiva at Yeshivat Kerem B\'Yavneh in Israel.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
His father was Rabbi Dr. Bernard (Berel) Rosensweig (1926-2021), a professor of Jewish History at Yeshiva University. He was a student of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Rabbi Avraham Aharon Price.
He is the great-grandson of Rabbi Yehudah Yudel Rosenberg (1860-1935) on his mother's side.
In 1983, Rabbi Rosensweig married Smadar Rosensweig, a current professor at Yeshiva University\'s Stern College. She is a daughter of David and Yaffa Eliach.
Rav Rosensweig resides in Kew Gardens, Queens with his wife, Smadar. They have seven children.
His son, Rabbi Itamar Rosensweig, is a maggid shiur at RIETS and a dayan on the Beth Din of America.
## Works
### Books
- *Mimini Mikhael - Essays on Yom Kippur and Teshuvah*
### English Articles {#english_articles}
- *[Personal Initiative and Creativity in Avodat Hashem](https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/729754/)* (1989)
- *[Elu Va-Elu Divre Elokim Hayyim: Halakhic Pluralism and Theories of Controversy](https://www.jstor.org/stable/23260661)* (1992)
- *[Reflections on the Conceptual Approach to Talmud Torah](https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/726229/)* (2006)
- [*Family Structure: Halakhic and Anthropological Perspectives*](https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/749846/) (2010)
### Hebrew Articles {#hebrew_articles}
- [שיטת הרמב\"ם בעניין ברכת חתנים](https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/727346/) (2003)
- [שיטת הרמב\"ם בעניין מנחת חביתין](https://www.yutorah.org/lectures/727165/) (2008)
- [בעניין טיבו של איסור ריבית דאורייתא: הקדמה לפרק איזהו נשך](https://www.yutorah
| 552 |
Michael Rosensweig
| 0 |
10,046,036 |
# Piotr Gajewski
**Piotr Marcin (Peter) Gajewski** (born January 12, 1959) is a Polish-American former politician, conductor, and founder and former music director of the National Philharmonic, currently in residence at the Music Center at Strathmore in North Bethesda, Maryland, in the United States. It is a successor ensemble to the National Chamber Orchestra.
He served on the Rockville City Council in Maryland from 2007 to 2011.
In addition to his appearances with the National Philharmonic, Maestro Gajewski is in much demand as a guest conductor. In recent years, he has appeared with most of the major orchestras in his native Poland, as well as the Buffalo Philharmonic, Royal Liverpool Philharmonic in England, the Karlovy Vary Symphony in the Czech Republic, the Okanagan Symphony in Canada and numerous orchestras in the United States. Gajewski made his opera debut in 1994 with Washington\'s Summer Opera Theatre.
Born in Warsaw, Poland, Piotr Gajewski began studying piano at the age of four. After emigrating to the United States in 1969, he continued his studies at the New England Conservatory Preparatory Division, Carleton College and the University of Cincinnati, College-Conservatory of Music, where he earned B.M. and M.M. degrees in Orchestral Conducting.
Upon completing his formal education, Gajewski continued refining his conducting skills at the 1983 Tanglewood Music Festival in Massachusetts, where he was awarded a Leonard Bernstein Conducting Fellowship and where his teachers included Leonard Bernstein, Seiji Ozawa, André Previn, Gunther Schuller, Gustav Meier and Maurice Abravanel.
Maestro Gajewski has conducted many important world premieres, including works by Steven Gerber, Joel Hoffman, Andreas Makris, Gerhard Samuel, Burnett Thompson, and Peter Ware. In 2000, his recording with the National Philharmonic (then the National Chamber Orchestra) of Steven Gerber's Violin Concerto, Cello Concerto, and Serenade for String Orchestra on the Koch International label was released to enthusiastic reviews. Gajewski is also a winner of many prizes and awards, among them a prize at New York\'s prestigious Leopold Stokowski Conducting Competition
| 325 |
Piotr Gajewski
| 0 |
10,046,042 |
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince Albert
The **Diocese of Prince-Albert** (*Dioecesis Principis Albertensis*), in Saskatchewan, is a Latin Catholic suffragan in the western Canadian ecclesiastical province of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Regina.
Its cathedral episcopal see is Sacred Heart Cathedral, at Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. It also has the National Shrine of the Little Flower, in Wakaw, Saskatchewan.
## History
- Established on 4 June 1891 as **Apostolic Vicariate of Saskatchewan** on territory slit off from the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Saint-Boniface.
- Promoted on 1907.12.02 as **Diocese of Prince-Albert** / Principis Alberten(sis) (Latin)
- Lost territory on 1910.03.04 to establish the Apostolic Vicariate of Keewatin.
- Renamed on 1921.04.30 as **Diocese of Prince-Albert--Saskatoon**.
- Lost territory on 1921.05.06 to establish the Territorial Abbacy of Saint Peter--Muenster.
- Renamed (back) on 1933.06.09 as Diocese of Prince-Albert, having gained territory from Apostolic Vicariate of Keewatin and lost territory to establish the Diocese of Saskatoon.
## Statistics
As per 2014, it pastorally served 40,800 Catholics (20.5% of 198,600 total) on 118,834 km^2^ in 80 parishes with 62 priests (47 diocesan, 15 religious), 1 deacon, 79 lay religious (15 brothers, 64 sisters) and 2 seminarians.
## Bishops
(all Roman Rite, often members of Latin congregations)
*Apostolic Vicar of Saskatchewan*
- Albert Pascal, Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (O.M.I.) (1891.06.02 -- 1907.12.02 *see below*), Titular Bishop of Mosynopolis (1891.06.02 -- 1907.12.02)
*Suffragan Bishop of Prince-Albert (first time)*
- Albert Pascal, O.M.I. (*see above* 1907.12.02 -- death 1920.07.12)
*Suffragan Bishop of Prince-Albert--Saskatoon*
- Henri-Jean-Maria Prud\'homme (1921.06.16 -- 1933.06.09 *see below*)
*Suffragan Bishops of Prince-Albert (again)*
- Henri-Jean-Maria Prud\'homme (*see above* 1933.06.09 -- retired 1937.01.29), emeritate as Titular Bishop of Saldæ (1937.01.29 -- death 1952.01.05)
- Réginald Duprat, Dominican order (O.P.) (1938.03.17 -- retired 1952.06.29), emeritate as Titular Bishop of Tremithus (1952.06.29 -- death 1954.02.13)
- Léo Blais (1952.07.04 -- 1959.02.28); next Titular Bishop of Hieron (1959.03.18 -- death 1991.01.21), first as Auxiliary Bishop of Montréal (Quebec, Canada) (1959.03.18 -- 1971.05.11), then on emeritate
- Laurent Morin (1959.02.28 -- retired 1983.04.09), previously Titular Bishop of Arsamosata (1955.09.08 -- 1959.02.28) as Auxiliary Bishop of Montréal (Quebec, Canada) (1955.09.08 -- 1959.02.28); died 1996
- Blaise-Ernest Morand (1983.04.09 -- retired 2008.05.26), succeeded as former Coadjutor Bishop of Prince-Albert (1981.04.22 -- 1983.04.09)
- Albert Privet Thévenot, White Fathers (M. Afr.) (2008.05.26 -- retired 2021.03.25)
- Stephen Andrew Hero (2021.03.25 -- \..
| 390 |
Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince Albert
| 0 |
10,046,050 |
# Langenaltheim
**Langenaltheim** is a municipality in the Middle Franconian district of Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Germany
| 15 |
Langenaltheim
| 0 |
10,046,064 |
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince George
The Roman Catholic **Diocese of Prince George** (*Dioecesis Principis Georgensis*) was created as the Vicariate Apostolic of Prince Rupert on January 14, 1944, when the Vicariate Apostolic of Yukon-Prince Rupert was split. It is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Vancouver. It was elevated on July 13, 1967. `{{As of|2022|October|df=}}`{=mediawiki}, the bishop is Stephen Jensen.
## Diocesan Demographics {#diocesan_demographics}
The diocese consists of 1 emeritus bishop, 1 bishop, 5 religious and 16 diocesan priests, 4 brothers, 17 sisters, all serving 51,200 Catholics in 18 parishes, 20 missions and 8 schools.
## History
The first priest to baptise in the area of Fort George was Father Demers in 1842. In 1885, Father Adrien-Gabriel Morice, OMI, served the Carrier and Sekani First Nations from Stuart Lake. He created the first writing system for the Carrier language, the Carrier syllabics, and translated the Carrier prayer book, which is still used today. Father Morice was also credited with the first map of the interior of British Columbia, published by the government in 1907.
On January 14, 1944, the Vicariate Apostolic of Yukon-Prince Rupert split into the Vicariate Apostolic of Prince Rupert and the Vicariate Apostolic of Whitehorse. The Peace Region of BC, which was part of the old Archdiocese of Grouard-MacLennan, became part of the newly formed Vicariate of Prince Rupert. Emile-Marie Bunoz became the first bishop of the newly formed territory.
in 1956, Bishop John Fergus O\'Grady, OMI, became the third bishop of the vicariate. Under his leadership, the number of schools was greatly increased to thirteen. The Frontier Apostolate was created by Bishop O\'Grady to help staff the schools and administrations. 1960, Prince George College (later known as O\'Grady Catholic High School) was built and staffed by the Sisters of Mercy, of Ireland.
On July 13, 1963, Vicariate Apostolic of Prince Rupert was elevated to a diocese and changed its name to Diocese of Prince George. The administration moved from Prince Rupert to Prince George.
During the 1980 and 1990s, the diocese suffered financial setbacks. The diocese had to sell off property and its debt was paid off by 1996. Immigration Canada changed its rules around recruiting from other countries and the Frontier Apostolate, which helped bring immigration to the area, came to an end. Low registration also forced the closure of O\'Grady Catholic High School in Prince George in 2001 and, in 2008, St. Joseph\'s elementary in Vanderhoof.
## Ordinaries
- Emile-Marie Bunoz, O.M.I. (1944--1945)
- Anthony Jordan, O.M.I. (1945--1955), appointed Coadjutor Archbishop of Edmonton, Alberta
- John Fergus O\'Grady, O.M.I. (1955--1986)
- Hubert Patrick O\'Connor, O.M.I. (1986--1991)
- Gerald William Wiesner, O.M.I. (1992-2013) - Bishop Emeritus
- Stephen Jensen (2013--present)
## Churches
**Prince George**
- Sacred Heart Cathedral
- Saint Mary\'s Parish
- Christ our Saviour Parish
- Immaculate Conception Parish
- St. Theresa's Mission (Ft. Babine, Ft. Ware, TsayKeh, Takla)
**Burns Lake**
- Immaculata Parish
- Grassy Plains Mission
**Chetwynd**
- Our Lady of Peace Parish
- Holy Cross Mission (Tumbler Ridge)
- St. Theresa's Mission (Camp Emile)
**Dawson Creek**
- Notre Dame Parish
- St. Anne Mission (Kelly Lake)
**Fort St. James**
- Our Lady of the Snows
- St. Cecilia Mission (Tache)
- Portage Mission
**Fort St. John**
- Church of the Resurrection
- Doig Mission
- Halfway Mission
- Blueberry Mission
**Fraser Lake**
- St. Andrew's Parish
- Nadleh Mission
- Stellaquo Mission
**Kitimat**
- Christ the King Parish
**McBride**
- St. Patrick's Parish
**Mackenzie**
- St. Peter's Parish
**New Hazelton**
- St. Mary's Parish
- St. Felix Mission, (Stewart)
- Holy Rosary Mission, (Moricetown)
**Prince Rupert**
- Annunciation Parish
- Our Lady of the Islands Mission (Queen Charlottes)
**Smithers**
- St. Joseph's Parish
- St. Anthony's Mission (Houston)
**Terrace**
- Sacred Heart Parish
**Vanderhoof**
- St. Joseph's Parish
- Stoney Creek Mission
## Education
### Catholic high schools {#catholic_high_schools}
- O\'Grady Catholic High School, of Prince George, was opened in 1960 and closed 2001.
### Catholic elementary schools {#catholic_elementary_schools}
School City Est. Website
----------------------- --------------- ------ -------------------------------------------
Sacred Heart Prince George 1949 <http://www.shspg.com/>
Immaculate Conception Prince George 1981 <http://www.icschool.ca/>
St. Mary's Prince George 1960 <http://www.stmaryspg.org/>
Notre Dame Dawson Creek 1944 <http://www.notredamedc.org/>
St. Anthony's Kitimat 1957 <http://www.stanthonysschoolkitimat.com/>
Annunciation Prince Rupert 1916 <https://www.annunciationpr.ca/>
St. Joseph's Smithers n/a
Veritas Terrace <http://www.sacredheartnews
| 710 |
Roman Catholic Diocese of Prince George
| 0 |
10,046,068 |
# Cullenia
***Cullenia*** is a genus of flowering plants native to India and Sri Lanka. Earlier classification schemes placed the genus in the kapok-tree family (Bombacaceae), but the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group places it in the mallow family (Malvaceae).
The name is after General William Cullen (1785--1862), a Resident in the court of the Maharaja of Travancore who also took an interest in botany
| 63 |
Cullenia
| 0 |
10,046,094 |
# Wilhelm Dames
**Wilhelm Barnim Dames** (9 June 1843, in Stolp -- 22 December 1898, in Berlin) was a German paleontologist of the Berlin University, who described the first complete specimen of the early bird *Archaeopteryx* in 1894. This specimen is currently in the Museum für Naturkunde.
He studied at the universities of Berlin and Breslau, where he was a student of Ferdinand von Roemer. In 1874 he obtained his habilitation, and in 1891 succeeded Heinrich Ernst Beyrich as a full professor of geology and paleontology at the University of Berlin. With Emanuel Kayser, he was co-editor of the journal *Paläontologische Abhandlungen*.
Dames was also the first to describe an Archaeoceti fossil from Egypt in 1883. In 1894 he published *Über Zeuglodonten aus Ägypten und die Beziehungen der Archaeoceten zu den übrigen Cetaceen* (\"On Zeuglodontes from Egypt and the relationship of Archaeoceti to the other cetaceans\").
A Devonian brachiopod coming from an outcrop in Lower Silesia Dames had studied was named in his honour *Kyrtatrypa barnimi*
| 166 |
Wilhelm Dames
| 0 |
10,046,095 |
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Catharines
The **Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Catharines** (*Dioecesis Sanctae Catharinae in Ontario*) (erected 22 November 1958) is a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Toronto in St. Catharines, Ontario. It covers the municipalities of Niagara Region and Haldimand County.
## Bishops
### Ordinaries
- Thomas Joseph McCarthy (9 November 1958 Appointed - 7 July 1978 Resigned)
- Thomas Benjamin Fulton (7 July 1978 Appointed - 2 February 1994 Retired)
- John Aloysius O'Mara (2 February 1994 Appointed - 9 November 2001 Retired)
- James Matthew Wingle (9 November 2001 Appointed - 7 April 2010 Resigned)
- Gerard Paul Bergie (14 September 2010 Appointed - )
### Other priests of this diocese who became bishops {#other_priests_of_this_diocese_who_became_bishops}
- Frederick Joseph Colli, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Ottawa, Ontario in 1994
- Richard John Grecco, appointed Auxiliary Bishop of London, Ontario in 1997
- Wayne Joseph Kirkpatrick, Installed as 10th Bishop of Antigonish, Nova Scotia February 3, 2020
## History
The Diocese of St. Catharines underwent considerable change and consolidation from 1982 to 1997, in terms of episcopal leadership, spiritual renewal, the first ever lay diocesan congress, and Catholic secondary schools. Bishop John A. O\'Mara made the congress the primary diocesan instrument to prepare local Catholics for the Great Jubilee in the year 2000. Priests and people have also celebrated many notable anniversaries and undertaken a number of church renovations and expansions, the most impressive among them being the wholesale restoration of the cathedral.
The founding bishop of the diocese, Most Rev. Thomas J. McCarthy, died on November 15, 1986. He had been bishop for twenty years, from 1958 to 1978, during which time he guided the local church through the many reforms in liturgy and governance brought about by the implementation of Vatican II.
## Schools
Since 1982 Catholic secondary education in the diocese has experienced tremendous growth in the number of students and new schools. Added to the roster of high schools were St. Paul in Niagara Falls (1982); Holy Cross in St. Catharines, 1985; Lakeshore Catholic in Port Colborne (1988); St. Michael in Niagara Falls (1989); Monsignor Clancy in Thorold (1989); Blessed Trinity in Grimsby (1994); St. Francis and Ecole secondaire Jean Vanier (Saint-Jean Brebeuf) in St. Catharines (1995). Major renovations and expansion have been carried out at Lakeshore Catholic, St. Paul, Notre Dame, Denis Morris and Holy Cross.
- Niagara Catholic District School Board
- Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board
- Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir
## Restoration
The largest restoration project was the cathedral parish of St. Catherine of Alexandria. More than one million dollars was spent on the work, which included a new pipe organ, work on the foundation, and repairs to the bell tower. The diocese also renovated the former Church of the Resurrection on Merrittville Highway near Brock University for a diocesan pastoral centre. It houses the Chancery, the diocesan archives, the Marriage Tribunal, the Office of Religious Education, the diocesan newspaper and a pastoral/theological resource library.
| 498 |
Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Catharines
| 0 |
10,046,095 |
# Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Catharines
## Present cathedral {#present_cathedral}
The first Catholic church at St. Catharines was built to meet the spiritual needs of the Irish labourers who built the first Welland Canal which was opened in 1829. It was a wood structure on the same site as the present cathedral. On November 12, 1831, Bishop Alexander Macdonell of Kingston blessed and opened this church which was the first Roman Catholic Parish church to be built in the Niagara Peninsula. This first Catholic Church was burned down by an arsonist on August 23, 1842. Fortunately the second Welland Canal was being built between 1842--45 and thus there were once again many Irish labourers in the area. There was much sickness in the work camps and Dr. Constantine Lee, then Pastor at St. Catharines, contracted one of the diseases while ministering to the workers and died in the winter of 1842--43. Often there were delays in construction of the canal, so the Irish workers used their free time to build a new parish church. Father McDonagh laid the cornerstone on Ascension Day, May 25, 1843. The Irish Canal workers continued to build the church for the next two years --- for which there is a commemorative stone in Latin, dated 1844, by the entrance to the church. Father McDonagh opened the new church, which was dedicated to St. Catherine of Alexandria on June 10, 1845. During the latter part of the nineteenth century many additions were made to the church to give it the structure it has now. In the post-Vatican II period its interior was updated somewhat to give the church the appearance that it has today. For almost a century the church was usually the seat of the Deanery of St. Catharines, the Dean residing at its Rectory. In 1945 it celebrated the centennial of the opening of the present church. On November 25, 1958, it became the Cathedral Church of the newly formed Diocese of St. Catharines.
## Crest
The first crest was designed when the new Diocese of St. Catharines was established in 1958. This crest consisted of the Bishop\'s mitre, and the broken Catherine Wheel superimposed upon the Welland Canal. This was replaced by a second crest in 1983, which hoped to incorporate still more of the theological, historical and geographical features of the Diocese. The components of the new crest are: The crest is divided into left and right halves from top to bottom by the Welland Canal --- portrayed in the crest by six links going from right to left, back and forth three times. The crest is divided into a top and bottom half by two wavy lines, representing the two major rivers in the St. Catharines Diocese --- the Grand River to the left and the Welland river to the right. The blue background represents the sky and the rest and peace that only Heaven can give.
It symbolizes the desire of the Diocese for peace with its neighbours in the United States of America, as well as within the local Niagara Peninsula community, an area of Canada which has had more than its share of battles over the centuries.
## Conclusion
In 1997, the Diocese of St. Catharines numbered about 150,000 Catholics, with about 50 parish and mission churches and served by some 100 priests. There were twenty religious communities of fathers, brothers, and sisters who ran a wide variety of educational, social, medical and charitable institutions within the Diocese. Catholic chaplains were also assigned to major religious and secular institutions. The Catholic community has contributed to all walks of life in the Niagara Peninsula over the years. In addition to their spiritual role, first as missionaries, then as chaplains and finally as parish priests, the clergy have taken a strong hand over the years in building up the institutional and spiritual life of the area with the help of religious communities. The laity over the years have served as explorers, traders, soldiers, farmers, canal builders, railroad workers and factory labourers. In addition to their spiritual and charitable contributions the laity have added immensely to the social, intellectual and cultural life of the Peninsula community
| 696 |
Roman Catholic Diocese of Saint Catharines
| 1 |
10,046,104 |
# Fra Semplice
**Fra Semplice da Verona** (c. 1589, Verona -- 1654, Rome) was an Italian painter of the Baroque era, active in Verona. He was a friend of Paolo Massimo and trained with Marcantonio Bassetti. Also known as Fra Semplice of Verona. He painted in Venice and Rome. He painted a *St Felix, Martyr* for a church in Castelfranco. He also painted *The ousting of the unworthy guest* once owned by Charles I of England
| 76 |
Fra Semplice
| 0 |
10,046,114 |
# Malaysia Federal Route 82
**Federal Route 82**, or **Jalan Paluh Hinai-Pekan** and **Jalan Batu Balik**, is a federal road in Pahang, Malaysia. The roads connects Paluh Hinai in the west to Pekan in the east.
## Route background {#route_background}
The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 82 starts at Pekan, at its junctions with the Federal Route 3, the main trunk road of the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia.
## Features
- Kampung Sungai Keladi, the birthplace of Tun Abdul Razak, second Malaysian Prime Minister
At most sections, the Federal Route 82 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, with a speed limit of 90 km/h
| 108 |
Malaysia Federal Route 82
| 0 |
10,046,126 |
# Desulfurococcales
The **Desulfurococcales** is an order of the Thermoprotei, part of the kingdom Archaea. The order encompasses some genera which are all thermophilic, autotrophs which utilise chemical energy, typically by reducing sulfur compounds using hydrogen. **Desulfurococcales** cells are either regular or irregular coccus in shape, with forms of either discs or dishes. These cells can be single, in pairs, in short chains, or in aciniform formation.
## Phylogeny
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
| 93 |
Desulfurococcales
| 0 |
10,046,168 |
# David Wedderburn (writer)
**David Wedderburn** (c.1580 -- 23 October 1646) was a writer, and schoolmaster at Aberdeen Grammar School. Though his date of birth is not known, he was baptised on 2 January 1580.
He was educated in Aberdeen. He started working at Aberdeen Grammar School in April 1602.
Wedderburn contributed a Latin poem for the celebrations to welcome James VI and I to Falkland Palace on 19 May 1617. This was the first royal visit to Scotland since 1603. In the poem the King, after a day of hunting, is asked to contemplate the memorials of Scotland\'s past, victories over the Romans and Vikings, the wars of Scottish Independence, and the present union of the kingdoms of Britain. The poem was presented again when some of the royal party visited Aberdeen, and the burgh corporation gave Wedderburn 50 merks.
He had a number of publications, including his 1633 work **Institutiones grammaticae**; and **Vocabula**, first published in 1636. He died in Aberdeen.
## *Vocabula* {#section}
This was a Latin grammar, using sporting exemplars to help teach Latin.
The golf section was titled **Baculus**, a stick. Wedderburn believed that this was the derivation of the term golf as meaning \'club\'. There were a number of other golf terms including the first clear mention of the golf hole.
is also notable for an early reference to schoolboy football and contains a sentence to \"keep goal\". The account was first published in 1938 by Francis Peabody Magoun, an American historian. Magoun gives the original Latin text (see later) and his English translation:
> \"Let us choose sides pick your man first Those on our side come here How many are against us? Kick out the ball so that we may begin the game Come, kick it here You keep the goal Snatch the ball from that fellow if you can Come, throw yourself against him Run at him Kick the ball back Well done. You aren\'t doing anything To make a goal This is the first goal, this the second, this the third Drive that man back The opponents are, moreover, coming out on top, If you don\'t look out, he will make a goal Unless we play better, we\'ll be done for Ah, victory is in your hands Ha, hurrah. He is a very skilled ball player Had it not been for him, we should have brought back the victory Come, help me. We still have the better chance\"
(The original Latin cited with minor corrections by Magoun (1938): *Sortiamur partes; tu primum socium dilige; Qui sunt nostrarum partium huc se recipient; Quot nobis adversantur; Excute pilam ut ineamus certamen; Age, huc percute; Tu tuere metum; Praeripe illi pilam si possis agere; Age objice te illi; Occurre illi; Repercute pilam; Egregie. Nihil agis; Transmittere metum pila; Hic primus est transmissus. Hic secundus, hic tertius est transmissus; Repelle eum, alioqui, adversarii evadunt superiores; Nisi cavesjam occupabit metam; Ni melius a nobis ludatur, de nobis actum est. Eia penes vos victoria est; Io triumphe
| 501 |
David Wedderburn (writer)
| 0 |
10,046,169 |
# Abu Bakar Royal Mosque
The **Abu Bakar Royal Mosque** (*Masjid Diraja Abu Bakar*) is a royal mosque located in Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia. It was officially opened in 1976 by Sultan Ahmad Shah of Pahang replacing the nearby **Abdullah Mosque** or **Old Royal Mosque**. Its interesting features include the royal mausoleum.
## Abdullah Mosque {#abdullah_mosque}
The **Abdullah Mosque**, or the **Old Royal Mosque**, is an old royal mosque of Pahang located near royal mausoleum and the new mosque (Abu Bakar Royal Mosque). The mosque was built in 1928, after an 8-year construction period, during the reign of Sultan Abdullah Al-Mu'tassim Billah Shah and was officially opened on 8 January 1932 by Sultan Abu Bakar of Pahang on behalf of his father. It\'s named after the sultan who commissioned its construction. It may accommodate around 2000 worshippers in total at full capacity. Admission for getting in or seeing it is free. This cultural building is easily readable by foot, near Johor.
The Abdullah Mosque was constructed in Moorish style and was the principal mosque in Pekan for performing Friday prayers from 1932 until 1976
| 183 |
Abu Bakar Royal Mosque
| 0 |
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