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# Winona-Montgomery Consolidated School District
The **Winona-Montgomery Consolidated School District** (**WMCSD**), formerly the **Winona Separate School District**, is a public school district based in Winona, Mississippi, United States. It currently serves all of Montgomery County.
Effective July 1, 2018 the Winona and Montgomery County School District were consolidated into the Winona-Montgomery Consolidated School District. The consolidation was mandated by the Mississippi state government. In 2018 the Montgomery School District attempted to get a restraining order to stop the consolidation. The current district was formed in 2018.
The Winona Separate School District served almost all of Winona and some unincorporated areas to the southwest.
## Schools
- Winona Secondary School
- Winona Elementary School
## Demographics
### 2007-08 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 1,303 students enrolled in the Winona Separate School District during the 2007--2008 school year. The makeup of the district was 47% female and 53% male. The racial makeup of the district was 53.95% African American, 45.28% White, 0.31% Hispanic, and 0.46% Asian
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# Kut Chap district
**Kut Chap** (*กุดจับ*, `{{IPA|th|kùt tɕàp|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *กุดจับ*, `{{IPA|tts|kǔt tɕǎp|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the western part of Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise): Ban Phue, Mueang Udon Thani and Nong Wua So of Udon Thani Province; Na Klang and Suwannakhuha of Nong Bua Lamphu province
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was created on 20 July 1972, when the three *tambons*, Kut Chap, Pa Kho, and Chiang Pheng, were split off from Mueang Udon Thani district. It was upgraded to a full district on 8 September 1976.
## Administration
The district is divided into seven sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 94 villages (*mubans*). There are four townships (*thesaban tambons*), Chiang Pheng, Sang Ko, and Tan Lian each covers parts of the same-named *tambons*, and Kut Chap covers parts of *tambons* Kut Chap and Mueang Phia. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- -------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Kut Chap กุดจับ 11 8,818
2\. Pa Kho ปะโค 14 8,900
3\. Khon Yung ขอนยูง 14 8,935
4\. Chiang Pheng เชียงเพ็ง 14 9,211
5\. Sang Ko สร้างก่อ 13 8,377
6\. Mueang Phia เมืองเพีย 15 12,414
7\
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# Pieter Kuijpers
**Pieter Kuijpers** (born 30 July 1968, Tegelen) is a Dutch film director, producer and screenwriter.
## Films
- *Darkling* (1995)
- *Godforsaken* (*Van God Los*, 2003)
- *The Archives* (*De Ordening*, 2003)(TV)
- *Off Screen* (2005)
- *Gruesome School Trip* (*De Griezelbus*, 2005)
- *Dennis P
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# Komandorsky Nature Reserve
**Komandorsky Nature Reserve** (*Командо́рский госуда́рственный биосфе́рный запове́дник*) is a *zapovednik* (nature reserve) located on the Commander Islands, Kamchatka Krai, Russia.
The total area of the preserve is 3,648,679 ha (36,486.79 km^2^) of which 2,177,398 ha (21,774 km^2^) constitute a marine buffer zone. The land territory includes most of Bering Island, all of Medny Island, as well as thirteen smaller islands and rocks. It was created in 1993 to protect the ecosystems of the Commander Islands and the surrounding marine waters of the Bering Sea and northern Pacific Ocean.
Because of its isolation and the productivity of the Bering Sea and the Pacific continental shelf, the reserve is marked by a diversity of animal life. It is a refuge for over a million seabirds, several hundred thousand northern fur seals, several thousand Steller\'s sea lions, common seals, and spotted seals, a population of sea otter, some 21 whale species, two endemic subspecies of Arctic fox, and endangered or threatened migratory birds, such as the whooper swan, Steller\'s eider, and Steller\'s sea eagle.
Fishing is entirely prohibited within the 50 km buffer zone surrounding the preserve.
An additional stated purpose of the preserve is to foster the ecologically and culturally sustainable development of the only inhabited settlement on the Commander Islands, the village of Nikolskoye (pop. approximately 750 as of 2007)
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# Hyacinthe Jadin
**Hyacinthe Jadin** (27 April 1776 -- 27 September 1800) was a French composer who came from a musical family. His uncle Georges Jadin was a composer in Versailles and Paris, along with his father Jean Jadin, who had played bassoon for the French Royal Orchestra. He was one of five musical brothers, the best known of whom was Louis-Emmanuel Jadin.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Jadin was born in Versailles. At the age of 9, Jadin\'s first composition, a *Rondo* for piano, was published in the *Journal de Clavecin.* By the age of thirteen, Jadin had premiered his first work with the Concert Spirituel.
Jadin took a job in 1792 as assistant rehearsal pianist (*Rezizativbegleiter*) at the Theatre Feydeau. In this year he composed the *Marche du siège de Lille* (\"March of the Siege of Lille\"), commemorating the successful resistance of the citizens of Lille when besieged by Austrian forces.
In 1794, Jadin published an overture for 13 wind instruments entitled *Hymn to 21 January*. The piece commemorated the one-year anniversary of the execution of Citizen Capet (the name given to Louis XVI during his trial for treason). In 1795, he began teaching a female piano class at the Paris Conservatoire.
From 1795 until his death Jadin suffered from tuberculosis. At the time of his death, he was impoverished.
## Works
While chamber music formed a large part of Jadin\'s creative career, he is most well known for his progressive style of piano composition. Jadin\'s works anticipated the music of Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert; his piano sonatas in particular display a proto-Romanticism, which in parts both rejected and extended the heritage of his Classical predecessors.
### Orchestra
- Piano Concerto No. 1 (1796--97)
1. Allegro brillante
2. Adagio
3. Rondeau - Allegretto
- Piano Concerto No. 2 in D minor (1796), accompanied by 2 violins, viola, double bass, flutes, oboes, bassoons, and horns
1. Allegro moderato
2. Adagio
3. Rondo - Allegro
- Piano Concerto No. 3 in A (1798), accompanied by 2 violins, viola, double bass, 2 flutes, 2 bassoons, and 2 horns
1. Allegro moderato
2. Rondo - Allegro
### Concert band {#concert_band}
- *Ouverture pour instruments à vent* (c. 1795)
### Wind band with chorus {#wind_band_with_chorus}
- *Hymne du vingt-un janvier* (1794), based on text by Charles Le Brun
- *Chanson pour la fête de l\'agriculture* (1796), based on text by Ange Etienne Xavier Poisson de Lachabeaussière
- *Hymne du dix germinal*, based on text by Théodore Désorgues
### Stage
- *Le testament mal-entendu* (1793), *comédie mêlée d\'ariettes* in 2 acts, libretto by François Guillaume Ducray-Duminil
- *Cange ou Le commissionnaire de Lazare* (1794), *fait historique* in 1 act, libretto by André-Pépin Bellement
### Piano
- Rondo (1785)
- Piano (or Harpsichord) Sonata No. 1 in D (1794), accompanied by violin
1. Allegro
2. Andantino un poco allegretto
3. Menuet: Allegro
4. Final: Presto
- Piano (or Harpsichord) Sonata No. 2 in B-flat (1794), accompanied by violin
1. Allegro fieramente
2. Rondo: Allegretto non tropo
- Piano (or Harpsichord) Sonata No. 3 in F minor (1794), accompanied by violin
1. Allegretto poco agitato
2. Adagio
3. Menuet: Allegro
4. Rondo: Allegro non tropo
- Piano Sonatas, op. 3 nos. 1-3 (1795)
- Piano Sonata in B-flat, op. 4 no. 1 (1795)
1. Allegro
2. Andante
3. Finale: Presto
- Piano Sonata in F-sharp minor, op. 4 no. 2 (1795)
1. Allegro motto
2. Menuet - Trio
3. Finale: Allegro
- Piano Sonata in C-sharp minor, op. 4 no. 3 (1795)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Adagio
3. Rondeau: Allegretto
- Piano Sonata in F minor, op. 5 no. 1 (1795)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Adagio
3. Final: Allegro
- Piano Sonata in D, op. 5 no. 2 (1795)
1. Allegro
2. Andante
3. Final: Presto
- Piano Sonata in C minor, op. 5 no. 3 (1795)
1. Allegro maestoso
2. Andante
3. Allegro
- Duo in F (1796), for four hands
1. Allegro brillante
2. Andante
3. Rondo: Allegro
- Piano Sonata in C minor, op. 6 no. 1 (1800)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Andante sostenuto
3. Final: Allegro
- Piano Sonata in A, op. 6 no. 2 (1800)
1. Andante
2. Rondeau: Allegretto
- Piano Sonata in F, op. 6 no. 3 (1800)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Adagio
3. Allegro assai
### Chamber
- String Quartets for 2 violins, viola, and violoncello
- B-flat, op. 1 no. 1 (1795)
1. Largo - Allegro non troppo
2. Adagio
3. Menuet - Trio
4. Finale - Allegro
- A, op. 1 no. 2 (1795)
1. Allegro
2. Menuet - Trio
3. Pastoral Andante
4. Finale
- F minor, op. 1 no. 3 (1795)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Menuet
3. Adagio
4. Polonaise
- E-flat, op. 2 no. 1 (1796)
1. Largo - allegro moderato
2. Adagio
3. Menuetto
4. Allegro Finale
- B minor, op. 2 no. 2 (1796)
1. Allegro
2. Menuetto
3. Adagio non troppo
4. Allegro Finale
- C, op. 2 no. 3 (1796)
1. Allegro
2. Andante
3. Menuetto
4. Presto Finale
- C, op. 3 no. 1 (1797)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Adagio
3. Menuette - Andante
4. Presto Finale
- E, op. 3 no. 2 (1797)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Menuet
3. Adagio
4. Allegro
- A minor, op. 3 no. 3 (1797)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Adagio
3. Menuet
4. Finale
- G, op. 4 no. 1 (1798)
1. Allegro moderato
2. Rondo Allegro
- F, op. 4 no. 2 (1798)
1. Allegro non troppo
2. Minuetto Trio
3. Adagio molto
4. Allegro assai
- D, op. 4 no. 3 (1798)
1. Largo - Allegro moderato
2. Minuetto
3. Andante
4. Finale Allegro
- String Trios books 1 & 2 for violin, viola, and violoncello.
- Opus 2, 1797 dedicated \'a son ami (Rodolphe?) Kreutzer\' for \'Violon, Alto et Basse\':
- E flat major, op. 2 no. 1
1. Allegro moderato
2. Menuet
3. Siciliane
4. Finale: Allegro
- G major, op. 2 no. 2
1. Allegro
2. Menuet
3. Finale: Allegro
- F major, op. 2 no. 3
1. Allegro
2. Menuet: Andante/ Trio: Allegro
3. Adagio
4. Rondeau: Allegro
- IMSLP also lists a set of three string trios, Opus 1a -First Published 1790, dedicated to \'Son ami Montbeillard\' for the combination of 2 violins & bass
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# Newburgh On Ythan Golf Club
**Newburgh On Ythan Golf Club** was founded in 1888 and is one of the oldest golf courses in Scotland. Located in Aberdeenshire, the course was originally presented to the people of the tiny fishing village of Newburgh for their enjoyment. The Golf Links is a Par 72, Competition Standard Scratch 72, measuring 6,423yards. The quality and standard of the course and greens is very high and it is acknowledged in Scottish golfing circles that the course offers a true test of links golf.`{{According to whom|date=June 2025}}`{=mediawiki}
The original 9 holes measured 1 mile, 401 yards (1 976 m) but it was changed around 1901 and was played as 18 holes up until the design was extended back to 18 holes in 1996 and now has a growing reputation as a 'tough but fair' traditional gorse lined links course where classic links shot making is required.
In 1897, Crown Prince Vajiravudh of Siam stayed for one month at the village hotel The Udny Arms, and spent his time learning to play golf on the links course. He was instructed by the professional of the day. The prince had completed his military training at Sandhurst and was studying History & Law at Christ Church, Oxford at the time of his Scottish break. Vajiravudh went on to be King and ruled Siam (now Thailand) from 1910 until his death in 1925.
In 2001 the clubhouse was officially opened by the former British Open Champion, Paul Lawrie. In 2008 the course held the North East District Men\'s Amateur Open Championship, a Scottish Golf Union Order of Merit ranking event.
In 2023, after a loss of members, the OGV Group took over management of the Newburgh-on-Ythan golf club
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# Canton Public School District (Mississippi)
The **Canton Public School District** is a public school district based in Canton, Mississippi, United States.
In addition to Canton it serves a part of Gluckstadt.
## Schools
- Canton High School
- Huey L Porter Middle School
- Nichols Middle School
- Canton Elementary School
- Jimmie M. Goodloe Elementary School
- McNeal Elementary School
- Canton School of Arts and Sciences
- Canton Public Alternative School
## Demographics
### 2006--07 school year {#school_year}
There were a total of 3,325 students enrolled in the Canton Public School District during the 2006--2007 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 50% female and 50% male. The racial makeup of the district was 98.71% African American, 0.78% Hispanic, 0.39% White, and 0.09% Asian. 89.7% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
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# Bill Foley
William Foley}} `{{Infobox person
| name = Bill Foley
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = William Foley
| birth_date = <!-- {{Birth date and age|YYYY|MM|DD}} -->
| birth_place =
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date then birth date) -->
| death_place =
| nationality = American
| other_names =
| awards = [[Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography]] (1983)<br>[[CPJ International Press Freedom Awards|International Press Freedom Award]] (1991)
| occupation = [[Photojournalist]], lecturer and speaker
| spouse = [[Cary Vaughan]]
| alma_mater= [[Indiana University Bloomington]]
}}`{=mediawiki}
**William Foley** is an American photojournalist whose work has been recognized by several national and international awards, including a Pulitzer Prize and International Press Freedom Awards. He has worked on assignment in 47 countries, with a particular focus on the Middle East,`{{Self-published inline|date=December 2011}}`{=mediawiki} and currently lectures in fine arts (photography).
## Photojournalist career {#photojournalist_career}
Completing his studies at Indiana University Bloomington in 1978, Foley left Indiana and took a \$99 one-way flight to Amsterdam, where he began to tour Europe. In London, he met photo editor Horst Faas, then the Associated Press (AP) photo chief for the Middle East and Europe. Faas sent Foley on assignment to Egypt, where he worked for the next several years, primarily covering the presidency of Anwar Sadat. Foley was present at the 6 October 1981 military parade in which Sadat was assassinated, and photographed him only moments before his death, calling the photograph \"The Last Smile\".`{{Self-published inline|date=December 2011}}`{=mediawiki}
At Sabra and the Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon in September 1982, Foley shot a \"series of pictures of victims and survivors of the \[\[Sabra and Shatila massacre\|\[Sabra and Shatila\] massacre\]\]\", for which he and AP won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography. He later described the scene he found upon entering the camp after the departure of the Christian militiamen who had been guarding its gates:
> Nothing was moving. In a place where I had made many friends, and hundreds of photographs, it was many things, but never silent. Usually, kids were yelling and playing, women were talking, dogs were barking, cars horns were honking \... but, on this morning, all was quiet. I was surrounded by piles of what, at first glance, looked like garbage, but as my brain started to work, I realized it was piles of corpses. The smell of decay was everywhere, as many of those killed had been dead for over 24 hours, in the September heat.
From 1984 to 1990, he worked as a contract photographer for *Time*, covering stories including the Palestinian intifada, Operation Desert Shield, the Iran--Iraq War, and Nelson Mandela\'s first visit to New York City. He has also done photographic project for the New York-based Children\'s Aid Society and the UK-based Save the Children.
For his efforts to free Hezbollah hostage and Beirut AP colleague Terry A. Anderson, Foley received one of the first International Press Freedom Awards from the Committee to Protect Journalists in 1991, along with his wife Cary Vaughan.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
He currently works as an Assistant Professor of Photography at Marian University in Indianapolis. He also taught for five years as an adjunct professor at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts
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# Nong Wua So district
**Nong Wua So** (*หนองวัวซอ*, `{{IPA|th|nɔ̌ːŋ wūa sɔ̄ː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *หนองงัวซอ*, `{{IPA|tts|nɔ̌ːŋ ŋûa sɔ̂ː|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the western part of Udon Thani province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the north clockwise) Kut Chap, Mueang Udon Thani, and Nong Saeng of Udon Thani Province, Khao Suan Kwang of Khon Kaen province and Non Sang and Mueang Nongbua Lamphu of Nong Bua Lamphu province.
## History
The district was established as a minor district (*king amphoe*) on 16 April 1971, when it was split off from Mueang Udon Thani district. It was upgraded to a full district on 1 April 1974.
## Administration
The district is divided into eight sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 78 villages (*mubans*). There are two townships (*thesaban tambon*). Nong Wua So covers parts of *tambons* Nong Wua So and Mak Ya; and Nong O Non Wai covers parts of *tambons* Nong O and Non Wai. There are a further seven tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
----- -------------- ----------- ---------- -------
1\. Mak Ya หมากหญ้า 12 8,077
2\. Nong O หนองอ้อ 11 9,055
3\. Up Mung อูบมุง 10 8,435
4\. Kut Mak Fai กุดหมากไฟ 11 7,984
5\. Nam Phon น้ำพ่น 8 6,789
6\. Nong Bua Ban หนองบัวบาน 9 6,077
7\. Non Wai โนนหวาย 9 7,738
8\
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# Haddy Jallow
**Haddy Jallow** (born 14 October 1985) is a Gambian-Swedish actress who, on 23 January 2007, won Sweden\'s top film award, the Guldbagge Award as \"Best Actress in a Leading Role\" for her performance as a teenage rape victim in *Säg att du älskar mig* (*Say That You Love Me*), released in Sweden on 25 August 2006.
A native of the former British colony of Gambia, Jallow grew up in the Stockholm suburb of Rinkeby, an area noted for its high concentration of African immigrants, and subsequently moved with her family to Skogås, a suburban municipality with a rural environment.
At the age of 15, she was cast by director Daniel Fridell in a 2001 episode of the Swedish television series *En klass för sig*, which portrayed high-school life. Her award-winning portrayal came five years later, when she was cast by Fridell in his much-harsher vision of the same setting, playing Fatou, a student who is brutally raped by two of her classmates and is subsequently further victimized by the prevailing culture among students. Her uncompromising performance in the visceral role brought plaudits from film reviewers not only in Sweden, but in a number of other venues throughout the European Union.
After another four-year absence from the screen, Jallow was announced for a leading role in Swedish director Daniel Lehmussaari\'s horror thriller, *Arvet*, filming on location in Northern Sweden city of Luleå, with a planned release date of 1 June 2011
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# City Engineering College
**City Engineering College** was started in 2001 by the *Jayanagar Education Society*. The college is located off Kanakapura Main Road, near Bangalore.`{{Edition needed|date=September 2024}}`{=mediawiki}
The college is the sister project of AMC Engineering College, Bangalore. It started a civil engineering branch in the 2011--12 academic year
| 50 |
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| 0 |
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# Karim Kerkar
**Karim Kerkar** (born 3 January 1977) is a professional footballer who currently plays for Ajman Club in the UAE Football League. Born in Givors, Rhône, France, he represented Algeria at international level.
## Personal
Kerkar was born to a family of Algerian immigrants in the town of Givors in France. He is the older brother of Charlton Athletic midfielder Salim Kerkar and US Possession forward Farid Kerkar.
## Career
French-born Kerkar, who represented Algeria at international level, started his career with Gueugnon before spending three years with Le Havre. In 2002, Kerkar tried his luck with Manchester City but failed to play in a three-month spell and moved to Qatar club Al-Siliya. Kerkar came back to Britain in 2004, spending a month with Scottish side Clyde, where his performances won him a short-term move to Dundee United. At the end of 2004, Kerkar decided to pursue his career elsewhere and moved to the United Arab Emirates with Dubai Club before moving on quickly to Al-Wahda. Kerkar spent two weeks with St Mirren in September 2007 and subsequently agreed a contract, only to renege on it twenty-four hours later, causing manager Gus MacPherson to announce he was \"frustrated and disappointed\". MacPherson advised Kerkar had been made clear as to the club\'s feelings regarding the matter, with the manager\'s misery compounded when St Mirren were beaten 2-0 the following day by Dundee United - Kerkar\'s last Scottish club. Kerkar had been on trial with St Johnstone the month previously and also went back on his word to sign.
Kerkar returned to former club Dubai Club in early 2008.
On 14 June 2011 Kerkar signed a one-year contract with Ajman Club. On 16 October 2011 he made his league debut for the club, in the first week of the 2011-12 UAE Football League season
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# Mueang Nong Khai district
**Mueang Nong Khai** (*เมืองหนองคาย*, `{{IPA|th|mɯ̄a̯ŋ nɔ̌ːŋ kʰāːj|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is the capital district (*amphoe mueang*) of Nong Khai province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise): Phon Phisai of Nong Khai Province, Phen of Udon Thani province, Sakhrai and Tha Bo of Nong Khai Province. To the north across the Mekong River is the Lao province Vientiane Prefecture.
The district is served by the Nong Khai railway station.
## Administration
The district is divided into 16 sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 181 villages (*mubans*). The town (*thesaban mueang*) Nong Khai covers the *tambons* Nai Mueang, Michais, and parts of the *tambons* Pho Chai, Khun Wan, Hat Kham, Nong Kom Ko, and Mueang Mi. There are two sub-district municipalities (*thesaban tambons*): Nong Song Hong covers parts of *tambon* Khai Bok Wan, and Wiang Khuk covers parts of the same-named *tambon*. There are a further 14 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
------ ---------------------- ------------- ---------- --------
1\. Nai Mueang ในเมือง 17 19,866
2\. Mi Chai มีชัย 9 6,679
3\. Pho Chai โพธิ์ชัย 12 15,152
4\. Kuan Wan กวนวัน 7 5,458
5\. Wiang Khuk เวียงคุก 8 6,274
6\. Wat That วัดธาตุ 14 9,271
7\. Hat Kham หาดคำ 16 15,692
8\. Hin Ngom หินโงม 8 4,197
9\. Ban Duea บ้านเดื่อ 16 7,183
10\. Khai Bok Wan ค่ายบกหวาน 16 13,924
11\. Phon Sawang โพนสว่าง 10 6,004
13\. Phra That Bang Phuan พระธาตุบังพวน 14 10,647
16\. Nong Kom Ko หนองกอมเกาะ 12 11,005
17\. Pa Kho ปะโค 7 5,927
18\. Mueang Mi เมืองหมี 7 4,384
19\. Si Kai สีกาย 8 3,490
Missing numbers are *tambons* which now form Sakhrai District
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# Skansen Bridge
The **Skansen Bridge** (*Skansen jernbanebro*) is a 52-meter span fixed-trunnion bascule railway bridge located at Skansen in Trondheim, Norway.
## History
The bridge was opened on March 22, 1918, allowing trains on the Dovre Line access to Trondheim Central Station while also being able to open to allow ships on the Trondheim Canal (*Vestre kanalhavn*) access to the Trondheimsfjord. It was built at the same time the Dovre Line was rebuilt from narrow gauge `{{RailGauge|1067mm|lk=on}}`{=mediawiki} to `{{RailGauge|1435mm|allk=on}}`{=mediawiki} and the stretch between Marienborg and Trondheim Central Station was double tracked.
Skansen Bridge was designed by structural engineer Joseph Strauss, who among other things also constructed the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco. The Strauss designed single-leaf iron truss railway bridge with overhead counterweight provides clearance for boat traffic. This type of bridge has a counterweight suspended in a parallelogram, as well as motors and gears to lift and lower the end of the bridge.
In 2006, Skansen Bridge received architectural conservation by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage (*Riksantikvaren*) based upon Skansen Bridge being unique in Norway and only one of a few of its kind left in the world. The conservation includes the entire bridge including construction and technical equipment, the guard cabin and the transformer building. The conservation does not include the railway track, signal equipment or the overhead wires.
## Gallery
## Related reading {#related_reading}
- Koglin, Terry L
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# Living Is a Problem Because Everything Dies
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 84, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{single chart|Scotland|1|date=20070526|rowheader=true|access-date=23 June 2018}}
^
``
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# Pak Khat district
**Pak Khat** (*ปากคาด*, `{{IPA|th|pàːk kʰâːt|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the eastern part of Bueng Kan province, northeastern Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the east clockwise) Bueng Kan and So Phisai of Bueng Kan Province, and Rattanawapi of Nong Khai province. To the northwest across the Mekong river is the Laotian province Bolikhamxai.
## History
The minor district (*king amphoe*) was established on 1 October 1978, when it was split off from Phon Phisai district. It was upgraded on 20 March 1986.
## Administration
The district is divided into six sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further subdivided into 64 villages (*mubans*). The township (*thesaban tambon*) Pak Khat covers parts of *tambons* Pak Khat and Non Sila. There are a further six tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai Villages Pop.
----- ----------- --------- ---------- -------
1\. Pak Khat ปากคาด 18 8,058
2\. Nong Yong หนองยอง 11 6,197
3\. Na Kang นากั้ง 7 3,979
4\. Non Sila โนนศิลา 12 6,502
5\. Som Sanuk สมสนุก 8 5,355
6\
| 171 |
Pak Khat district
| 0 |
10,047,537 |
# GE C32-8
The **GE C32-8** was a 6-axle diesel-electric locomotive model built by GE Transportation Systems in 1984. It is part of the GE Dash 8 Series of freight locomotives.
Only 10 of these 3200 hp locomotives were built. They were some of the first locomotives built in the DASH-8 line with all 10 going to Conrail as road numbers 6610 to 6619. When delivered they wore the standard Conrail Can Opener (Wheel on Rail) paint scheme.
In 1997 Conrail assigned all 10 units to \"Ballast Express\" service. They were repainted into a Gray version of the Quality scheme
| 100 |
GE C32-8
| 0 |
10,047,549 |
# Desulfurococcaceae
**Desulfurococcaceae** are a family of the disc-shaped anaerobic microorganisms belonging to the order Desulfurococcales, in the domain Archaea. Members of this family are distinguished from the other family (Pyrodictiaceae) in the order Desulfurococcales by having an optimal growth temperature below 100 °C, rather than above 100 °C, and by being more diverse. Several genera of the family have been identified
| 62 |
Desulfurococcaceae
| 0 |
10,047,570 |
# Fallen Angel (British TV series)
*Pandoc failed*: ```
Error at (line 51, column 1):
unexpected '{'
{{Episode list
^
``
| 21 |
Fallen Angel (British TV series)
| 0 |
10,047,572 |
# Eoghan Hickey
**Eoghan Hickey** (born 29 October 1981 in Dublin, Ireland) is a former professional rugby union player who played for seven professional clubs throughout four countries. During the 2005--06 Celtic League Hickey played for Leinster, before transferring to Munster for the 2006--07 Celtic League. Prior to this, he played for UCD in the All-Ireland League. In 2007 he transferred to London Irish on a two-year contract before joining Wasps in 2009. In 2010 he returned home to Dublin to play with Lansdowne in the All Ireland League, before joining up with the Italian club Petrarca Padova for the 2011→2012 season. From 2012→2015, Hickey played with Massy based in south west Paris during which time he completed his third university degree.
He has represented Ireland Schools, the Ireland Universities, Ireland U21 and Ireland A, and has also played in the Heineken Cup and the Celtic League.
During his playing career, Hickey also completed a BSc in Statistics from University College Dublin, an MSc in Climate Change Impacts & Sustainability from Brunel University London, and an MBA from HEC Paris. In addition, Hickey also holds a Graduate Diploma in Business Studies, a Certificate in Advanced Management and a Certificate in Mergers & Acquisitions
| 203 |
Eoghan Hickey
| 0 |
10,047,585 |
# Presbyterian University College
The **Presbyterian University, Ghana (formerly Presbyterian University College, Ghana)** is a partially private & public university with multi- campuses and its headquarters located at Abetifi-Kwahu in the Eastern Region of Ghana. It is one of the new universities in Ghana granted accreditation by the Ghana Tertiary Education Commission -- GTEC (formerly National Accreditation Board-NAB). It was established by the Presbyterian Church of Ghana (PCG) on 23 November 2003 and inaugurated on 27 March 2004 by the former president of Ghana in that republic, John Agyekum Kufuor.
On Tuesday, 30 August 2022, the university was granted a Presidential Charter by President of Ghana Nana Akufo Addo. It has been ranked the best private university in Ghana and third best after the University of Ghana and KNUST by world university ranking website [webometrics](http://www.webometrics.info/en/Africa/Ghana).
## History and Background {#history_and_background}
Per historical accounts, the Presbyterian Church of Ghana established Ghana\'s first elementary school in the country in 1843 which resulted in the institutionalization of formal education in the country. In 1848, the church founded a teacher-catechist seminary, the Basel Mission Seminary, later known as the Presbyterian Training College (PTC) at Akropong as the second higher educational institution in West Africa after Fourah Bay College in Sierra Leone. This development led to the establishment of several primary and secondary schools and colleges of education through a strategic partnership with the Ghanaian government; specifically, 1,886 schools made up of 490 kindergartens, 973 primary school, 388 junior secondary schools, 25 senior secondary schools, five vocational institutes and five colleges of education. The church has also been instrumental in providing agricultural and health services for citizens.
The initial plan was to upgrade the Presbyterian Training College at Akropong to a full-fledged university like Fourah Bay College but that did no come into fruition. More than a century and a half later, the Synod of the Presbyterian Church during its 1996 conference voted to establish an actual university culminating in the setting up of an Implementation Committee in 1998. The university sought to augment higher education services to meet to increasing demand for college education. Despite its religious affiliation, the university college welcome students of all backgrounds, ethnicity, religion and geography. The school runs a fee-paying, multi-campus, residential or hostel system in partnership with private enterprise. Its academic programs are in humanities and social sciences, particularly theology, language and mission studies. The school also offers programs in science and technology including health sciences, medicine, dentistry and nursing.
| 412 |
Presbyterian University College
| 0 |
10,047,585 |
# Presbyterian University College
## Objectives
The stated objectives in the institutions statutes are as follows:
- *\"To provide for and promote University education, learning and research,*
- *To acquire and disseminate knowledge and information,*
- *To foster relationships with other institutions of higher learning, persons and bodies.*
- *To produce disciplined, self-motivated individuals and leaders with moral and intellectual values in the realization of their responsibilities to God, fellow citizens and the state.*\"
Furthermore, the principles underpinning the university\'s founding include:
- *\"that in determining the courses and programmes to be taught emphasis shall be placed on a balanced pursuit of the humanities, the basic sciences, the development, application and management of technology, which are of special relevance to the needs and aspirations of Ghanaians in particular, and others in general;*
- *that higher education in this University shall be available to all Ghanaians and others who are capable of benefiting from it;*
- *that research shall be undertaken in all courses which are taught in the University but with attention to courses which relate to the social, cultural, economic, scientific, technical and other problems which exists in Ghana or elsewhere in Africa;*
- *that the fruits of research and knowledge generally shall be spread abroad by the publication of books and papers and by any other suitable means;*
- *that students shall be taught methods of critical and independent thought, while being made aware that they have a responsibility to use their education for the service of the Church, country and humanity;*
- *that as far as practicable the students shall be trained to be innovative and entrepreneurial to enhance socio- economic development;*
- *that the University shall operationalize local, regional and global needs assessment as the basis for practical and multi-disciplinary outreach programmes in the local and regional communities;*
- *that the University shall inculcate in the student ethical, moral and intellectual values that manifest in courage, discipline, fair play, self motivation and respect for the dignity of an honest life.\"*
## Organization
The university has five campuses at Abetifi-Kwahu, Akropong-Akuapem in the Eastern Region, Agogo -- Asante Akyem in the Ashanti Region, the city campus at Tema in the Greater Accra Region and Kumasi Santasi Ashanti Region. Each of these campuses has its own set of faculties and other facilities.
## OKwahu Campus {#okwahu_campus}
### Faculty of Science and Technology {#faculty_of_science_and_technology}
- Department of Information and Communication Technology and Mathematics
- BSc. ICT
- BSc. Mathematics with Statistics
- BSc. Mathematics with Accounting
- Department of Computer Engineering
- BSc. Computer Engineering
### School of Business {#school_of_business}
- Department of Business Administration
- BSc. Business Administration (Accounting & Finance)
- BSc. Business Administration (Banking & Finance)
- BSc. Business Administration (General Management)
- BSc. Business Administration (Human Resource Management)
- BSc. Business Administration (Marketing)
- Department of Agribusiness
- BSc. Agricbusiness
## Asante Akyem Campus {#asante_akyem_campus}
### Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences {#faculty_of_health_and_medical_sciences}
- Department of Physician Assistantship
- BSc. Physician Assistantship
- Department of Nursing & Midwifery
- BSc. Nursing
- BSc. Midwifery
## Akuapem Campus {#akuapem_campus}
### Faculty of Education {#faculty_of_education}
- Department of Social Studies
- BEd. Social Studies
### Faculty of Development Studies {#faculty_of_development_studies}
- Department of International Development Studies
- BSc. International Development Studies
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Management
- BSc. Environmental and Natural Resource Management
## Kumasi Campus {#kumasi_campus}
**Faculty of Law**
- Bachelor of Law (LLB)
| 571 |
Presbyterian University College
| 1 |
10,047,585 |
# Presbyterian University College
## Tema Campus {#tema_campus}
- BSc. Business Administration (Accounting & Finance)
- BSc. Business Administration (Banking & Finance)
- BSc. Business Administration (General Management)
- BSc. Business Administration (Human Resource Management)
- BSc. Business Administration (Marketing)
## School of Graduate Studies {#school_of_graduate_studies}
- MEd. Educational Studies
- MPhil. Educational Studies
- MA. International Development Studies (IDS)
- MSc. Environmental Health & Sanitation
- MSc. Natural Resources Management
- MSc. Financial Risk Management
- Master of Public Health (MPH)
## Affiliations
The university until Tuesday, 30 August 2022 was affiliated to the University of Ghana, University of Cape Coast and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
## Presidential Charter {#presidential_charter}
On Tuesday, 30 August 2022, the university, with two others, was granted a Presidential Charter by President Akufo Addo, in a small ceremony in Accra. The charter granted the university gives it a legal authorization to award its own degree or diploma certificates
| 157 |
Presbyterian University College
| 2 |
10,047,588 |
# Madison County School District (Mississippi)
The **Madison County School District** is a public school district based in Ridgeland, Mississippi (USA).
In addition to Ridgeland, the district serves the cities of Flora and Madison, a small portion of Jackson that lies in Madison County, the community of Camden, and most rural areas in Madison County. Kearney Park and most of Gluckstadt is in this district.
## Schools
### Camden School Zone {#camden_school_zone}
- Velma Jackson High School (Grades 9-12)
- Shirley Simmons Middle School (Grades 6-8)
- Luther Branson Elementary School (Grades K-5)
- Camden Elementary School (Grades K-5)
### Ridgeland School Zone {#ridgeland_school_zone}
- Ridgeland High School (Grades 9-12)
- Olde Towne Middle School (Grades 6-8)
- Highland Elementary School (Grades 3-5)
- Ann Smith Elementary School (Grades K-2)
### Gluckstadt School Zone {#gluckstadt_school_zone}
- Germantown High School (Grades 9-12)
- Germantown Middle School (Grades 6-8)
- Madison Crossing Elementary School (Grades K-5)
- Mannsdale Upper Elementary School (Grades 3-5)
- Mannsdale Elementary School (Grades K-2)
### Madison-Flora School Zone {#madison_flora_school_zone}
- Madison Central High School (Grades 10-12)
- Rosa Scott High School (Grade 9)
- Madison Middle School (Grades 6-8)
- Madison Station Elementary School (Grades K-5)
- East Flora Elementary School (Grades K-5)
- Madison Avenue Upper Elementary School (Grades 3-5)
- Madison Avenue Elementary School (Grades K-2)
### Alternative School {#alternative_school}
- Academic Options Center (Grades K-12)
## Former Schools {#former_schools}
- East Flora High School
- Madison-Ridgeland High School
- Madison Station Elementary School (Original)
- Scott High School
- East Flora Middle School
## Demographics
In 2017 39% of the students were black. That year, under Mississippi school accountability rankings, the school received an \"A\".
### 2018-19 school year {#school_year}
There were more than 13,000 students enrolled in the Madison County School District during the 2018--2019 school year. The gender makeup of the district was 49% female and 51% male. The racial makeup of the district was 38.40% African American, 57.45% White, 1.51% Hispanic, 2.56% Asian, and 0.08% Native American. 25.4% of the district\'s students were eligible to receive free lunch
| 347 |
Madison County School District (Mississippi)
| 0 |
10,047,615 |
# Judges of the International Court of Justice
The first and second lists are of all the permanent judges of the International Court of Justice, the main judicial organ of the United Nations, first chronologically and then by seat. The third list is a list of judges appointed *ad hoc* by a party to a proceeding before the Court pursuant to Article 31 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice.
## Permanent judges {#permanent_judges}
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| State | Judge | Terms start | Term end | President | Vice-President |
+============================================================================================================+=========================================================================================================+=============+==========+==============+================+
| El Salvador`{{flagicon|El Salvador}}`{=mediawiki} El Salvador | | 1946 | 1958 | 1946--1949 | 1949--1955 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| France`{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} France | | 1946 | 1964 | 1949--1952 | 1946--1949 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Chile`{{flagicon|Chile}}`{=mediawiki} Chile | AlvarezAlejandro Álvarez | 1946 | 1955 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Mexico`{{flagicon|Mexico|variant=1934}}`{=mediawiki} Mexico | | 1946 | 1952 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | | 1946 | 1961 | 1955--1958 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Poland`{{flagicon|Polish People's Republic}}`{=mediawiki} Poland | | 1946 | 1967 | 1961--1964 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Yugoslavia`{{flagicon|Yugoslavia}}`{=mediawiki} Yugoslavia | ZoricicMilovan Zoričić | 1946 | 1958 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Belgium`{{flagicon|Belgium}}`{=mediawiki} Belgium | de VisscherCharles De Visscher | 1946 | 1952 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| UK`{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} United Kingdom | | 1946 | 1955 | 1952--1955 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Norway`{{flagicon|Norway}}`{=mediawiki} Norway | | 1946 | 1961 | 1958--1961 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Egypt`{{flagicon|Egypt|variant=1922}}`{=mediawiki} Egypt | BadawiAbdul Badawi Pasha | 1946 | 1965 | | 1955--1958 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USSR`{{flagicon|USSR|variant=1936}}`{=mediawiki} Soviet Union | KrylovSergey Krylov | 1946 | 1952 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Canada`{{flagicon|Canada|variant=1921}}`{=mediawiki} Canada | ReadJohn Read | 1946 | 1958 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| China`{{CHN-ROC}}`{=mediawiki} | HsHsu Mo | 1946 | 1956 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Brazil`{{flagicon|Brazil|variant=1889}}`{=mediawiki} Brazil | | 1946 | 1951 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Brazil`{{flagicon|Brazil|variant=1889}}`{=mediawiki} Brazil | CarneiroLevi Carneiro | 1951 | 1955 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| India`{{flagicon|India}}`{=mediawiki} India | Sir `{{sortname|Benegal Narsing|Rau}}`{=mediawiki} | 1952 | 1953 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Uruguay`{{flagicon|Uruguay}}`{=mediawiki} Uruguay | Armand-UgonEnrique Armand-Ugón | 1952 | 1961 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USSR`{{flagicon|USSR|variant=1936}}`{=mediawiki} Soviet Union | Golunsky`{{Interlanguage link multi|Sergey Golunsky|ru|3=Голунский, Сергей Александрович}}`{=mediawiki} | 1952 | 1953 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USSR`{{flagicon|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} Soviet Union | Kojevnikov`{{sortname|Fyodor|Kozhevnikov}}`{=mediawiki} | 1953 | 1961 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Pakistan`{{flagicon|Pakistan}}`{=mediawiki} Pakistan | | 1954\ | 1961\ | 1970--1973 | 1958--1961 |
| | | 1964 | 1973 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| UK`{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} United Kingdom | | 1955 | 1960 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Argentina`{{flagicon|Argentina}}`{=mediawiki} Argentina | Lucio Moreno Quintana | 1955 | 1964 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Mexico`{{flagicon|Mexico|variant=1934}}`{=mediawiki} Mexico | | 1955 | 1964 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| China`{{CHN-ROC}}`{=mediawiki} | | 1957 | 1967 | | 1964--1967 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Greece`{{flagicon|Greece|old}}`{=mediawiki} Greece | | 1958 | 1967 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Australia`{{flagicon|Australia}}`{=mediawiki} Australia | SpenderSir `{{sortname|Percy|Spender}}`{=mediawiki} | 1958 | 1967 | 1964--1967 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Panama`{{flagicon|Panama}}`{=mediawiki} Panama | | 1959 | 1964 | | 1961--1964 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| UK`{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} United Kingdom | FitzmauriceSir `{{sortname|Gerald|Fitzmaurice}}`{=mediawiki} | 1960 | 1973 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USSR`{{flagicon|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} Soviet Union | Koretsky`{{Interlanguage link multi|Vladimir Koretsky|ru|3=Корецкий, Владимир Михайлович}}`{=mediawiki} | 1961 | 1970 | | 1967--1970 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Japan`{{flagicon|Japan}}`{=mediawiki} Japan | TanakaKōtarō Tanaka | 1961 | 1970 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Peru`{{flagicon|Peru}}`{=mediawiki} Peru | | 1961 | 1970 | 1967--1970 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | | 1961 | 1970 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Italy`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Italy | MorelliGaetano Morelli | 1961 | 1970 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Mexico`{{flagicon|Mexico}}`{=mediawiki} Mexico | | 1964 | 1973 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Senegal`{{flagicon|Senegal}}`{=mediawiki} Senegal | Forster`{{Interlanguage link multi|Isaac Forster|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | 1964 | 1982 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| France`{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} France | Gros`{{Interlanguage link multi|André Gros|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | 1964 | 1982 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Lebanon`{{flagicon|Lebanon}}`{=mediawiki} Lebanon | AmmounFouad Ammoun | 1965 | 1976 | | 1970--1976 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Philippines`{{flagicon|Philippines}}`{=mediawiki} Philippines | | 1967 | 1976 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Sweden`{{flagicon|Sweden}}`{=mediawiki} Sweden | PetrénSture Petrén | 1967 | 1976 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Poland`{{flagicon|Poland}}`{=mediawiki} Poland | | 1967 | 1993 | 1973--1976 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Nigeria`{{flagicon|Nigeria}}`{=mediawiki} Nigeria | OnyeamaCharles Onyeama | 1967 | 1976 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | | 1970 | 1979 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Dahomey`{{flagicon|Benin}}`{=mediawiki}`{{Flagicon|People's Republic of Benin}}`{=mediawiki} Benin/Dahomey | | 1970 | 1979 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Spain`{{flagicon|Spain|variant=1945}}`{=mediawiki} Spain | | 1970 | 1979 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USSR`{{flagicon|USSR}}`{=mediawiki} Soviet Union | Morozov`{{Interlanguage link multi|Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | 1970 | 1985 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Uruguay`{{flagicon|Uruguay}}`{=mediawiki} Uruguay | | 1970 | 1979 | 1976--1979 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| UK`{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} United Kingdom | WaldockSir Humphrey Waldock | 1973 | 1981 | 1979--1981 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| India`{{flagicon|India}}`{=mediawiki} India | | 1973 | 1988 | 1985--1988 | 1976--1979 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Argentina`{{flagicon|Argentina}}`{=mediawiki} Argentina | | 1973 | 1991 | 1988--1991 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| West Germany`{{flagicon|Germany}}`{=mediawiki} West Germany | MoslerHermann Mosler | 1976 | 1985 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Nigeria`{{flagicon|Nigeria}}`{=mediawiki} Nigeria | | 1976 | 1991 | 1982--1985 | 1979--1982 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Syria`{{flagicon|Syria|variant=1972}}`{=mediawiki} Syria | TaraziSalah el-Dine Tarazi | 1976 | 1980 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Japan`{{flagicon|Japan}}`{=mediawiki} Japan | | 1976 | 2003 | | 1991--1994 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Italy`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Italy | | 1979 | 1995 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Egypt`{{flagicon|Egypt|variant=1972}}`{=mediawiki} Egypt | | 1979 | 1981 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Brazil`{{flagicon|Brazil|variant=1968}}`{=mediawiki} Brazil | Sette-CamaraJosé Sette Câmara Filho | 1979 | 1988 | | 1982--1985 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | BaxterRichard Reeve Baxter | 1979 | 1980 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Syria`{{flagicon|Syria}}`{=mediawiki} Syria | El-Khani`{{Interlanguage link multi|Abdallah El-Khani|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | 1981 | 1985 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | | 1981 | 2000 | 1997--2000 | 1994--1997 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| UK`{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} United Kingdom | JenningsSir Robert Jennings | 1982 | 1995 | 1991--1994 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| France`{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} France | de Lacharrière`{{Interlanguage link multi|Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | 1982 | 1987 | | 1985--1987 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Senegal`{{flagicon|Senegal}}`{=mediawiki} Senegal | | 1982 | 1991 | | 1987--1991 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Algeria`{{flagicon|Algeria}}`{=mediawiki} Algeria | | 1982 | 2001 | 1994--1997 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| China`{{flagicon|China}}`{=mediawiki} China | Ni`{{Interlanguage link multi|Ni Zhengyu|zh|3=倪征𣋉}}`{=mediawiki} | 1985 | 1994 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Norway`{{flagicon|Norway}}`{=mediawiki} Norway | | 1985 | 1994 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USSR/Russia`{{Flagicon|Soviet Union}}`{=mediawiki}`{{flagicon|Russia}}`{=mediawiki} Soviet Union/Russia | Tarassov`{{Interlanguage link multi|Nikolay Tarasov|ru|3=Тарасов, Николай Константинович}}`{=mediawiki} | 1985 | 1994 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| France`{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} France | GuillaumeGilbert Guillaume | 1987 | 2005 | 2000--2003 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Guyana`{{flagicon|Guyana}}`{=mediawiki} Guyana | ShahabuddeenMohamed Shahabuddeen | 1988 | 1997 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| India`{{flagicon|India}}`{=mediawiki} India | | 1989 | 1991 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Venezuela`{{flagicon|Venezuela|variant=1954}}`{=mediawiki} Venezuela | Aguilar MawdsleyAndrés Aguilar Mawdsley | 1991 | 1995 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Sri Lanka`{{flagicon|Sri Lanka}}`{=mediawiki} Sri Lanka | | 1991 | 2000 | | 1997--2000 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Madagascar`{{flagicon|Madagascar}}`{=mediawiki} Madagascar | | 1991 | 2009 | | 2003--2006 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Nigeria`{{flagicon|Nigeria}}`{=mediawiki} Nigeria | | 1991 | 1994 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Hungary`{{flagicon|Hungary}}`{=mediawiki} Hungary | Herczegh`{{Interlanguage link multi|Géza Herczegh|hu|3=Herczegh Géza}}`{=mediawiki} | 1993 | 2003 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| China`{{flagicon|China}}`{=mediawiki} China | ShiShi Jiuyong | 1994 | 2010 | 2003--2006 | 2000--2003 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Germany`{{flagicon|Germany}}`{=mediawiki} Germany | | 1994 | 2003 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Sierra Leone`{{flagicon|Sierra Leone}}`{=mediawiki} Sierra Leone | | 1994 | 2012 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Russia`{{flagicon|Russia}}`{=mediawiki} Russia | Vereschetin`{{Interlanguage link multi|Vladlen Veresjtsjetin|lt=Vladlen Vereshchetin|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | 1994 | 2006 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Italy`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Italy | | 1995 | 1997 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| UK`{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} United Kingdom | | 1995 | 2009 | 2006--2009 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Venezuela`{{flagicon|Venezuela}}`{=mediawiki} Venezuela | Parra ArangurenGonzalo Parra-Aranguren | 1996 | 2009 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Netherlands`{{flagicon|Netherlands}}`{=mediawiki} Netherlands | | 1997 | 2006 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Brazil`{{flagicon|Brazil}}`{=mediawiki} Brazil | | 1997 | 2006 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Jordan`{{flagicon|Jordan}}`{=mediawiki} Jordan | Al-KhasawnehAwn Al-Khasawneh | 2000 | 2011 | | 2006--2009 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | | 2000 | 2010 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Egypt`{{flagicon|Egypt}}`{=mediawiki} Egypt | | 2001 | 2006 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Japan`{{flagicon|Japan}}`{=mediawiki} Japan | | 2003 | 2018 | \|2009--2012 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Germany`{{flagicon|Germany}}`{=mediawiki} Germany | | 2003 | 2012 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Slovakia`{{flagicon|Slovakia}}`{=mediawiki} Slovakia | | 2003 | | 2012--2015 | 2009--2012 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| France`{{flagicon|France}}`{=mediawiki} France | | 2005 | 2014 | 2015--2018 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| New Zealand`{{flagicon|New Zealand}}`{=mediawiki} New Zealand | Sir Kenneth Keith | 2006 | 2015 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Mexico`{{flagicon|Mexico}}`{=mediawiki} Mexico | | 2006 | 2015 | | 2012--2015 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Morocco`{{flagicon|Morocco}}`{=mediawiki} Morocco | | 2006 | 42024 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Russia`{{flagicon|Russia}}`{=mediawiki} Russia | | 2006 | 2015 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Brazil`{{flagicon|Brazil}}`{=mediawiki} Brazil | | 2009 | 2022 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Somalia`{{flagicon|Somalia}}`{=mediawiki} Somalia | | 2009 | 2018 | 2018--2021 | 2015--2018 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| UK`{{flagicon|UK}}`{=mediawiki} United Kingdom | GreenwoodSir Christopher Greenwood | 2009 | 2018 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| China`{{flagicon|PRC}}`{=mediawiki} China | \|XueXue Hanqin | 2010 | 2012 | | 2018--2021 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | | 2010 | 2024 | 2021--2024 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Italy`{{flagicon|Italy}}`{=mediawiki} Italy | | 2012 | 2021 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Uganda`{{flagicon|Uganda}}`{=mediawiki} Uganda | | 2012 | | | 2024 --2027 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| India`{{flagicon|India}}`{=mediawiki} India | | 2012 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Australia`{{flagicon|Australia}}`{=mediawiki} Australia | CrawfordJames Crawford | 2015 | 2021 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Russia`{{flagicon|Russia}}`{=mediawiki} Russia | | 2015 | 2024 | | 2021--2024 |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Jamaica`{{flagicon|Jamaica}}`{=mediawiki} Jamaica | | 2015 | 2024 | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Lebanon`{{flagicon|Lebanon}}`{=mediawiki} Lebanon | | 2018 | 2025 | 2024--2025 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Japan`{{flagicon|Japan}}`{=mediawiki} Japan | | 2018 | | 2025--2027 | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Germany`{{flagicon|Germany}}`{=mediawiki} Germany | Georg Nolte | 2021 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Australia`{{flagicon|Australia}}`{=mediawiki} Australia | Hilary Charlesworth | 2021 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Brazil`{{flagicon|Brazil}}`{=mediawiki} Brazil | Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant | 2022 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| USA`{{flagicon|USA}}`{=mediawiki} United States | Sarah Cleveland | 2024 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Mexico`{{flagicon|Mexico}}`{=mediawiki} Mexico | Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo Verduzco | 2024 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Mexico`{{flagicon|Romania|}}`{=mediawiki} Romania | Bogdan Aurescu | 2024 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| South Africa`{{flagicon|South Africa}}`{=mediawiki} South Africa | Dire Tladi | 2024 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
| Jordan`{{flagicon|Jordan}}`{=mediawiki} Jordan | Mahmoud Daifallah Hmoud | 2025 | | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------+----------+--------------+----------------+
: Judges of the International Court of Justice, as of 27 May 2025
| 1,754 |
Judges of the International Court of Justice
| 0 |
10,047,615 |
# Judges of the International Court of Justice
## Permanent judges {#permanent_judges}
### Elections
**1946** -- **1948** -- **1951** -- **1954** -- **1957** -- **1960** -- **1963** -- **1966** -- **1969** -- **1972** -- **1975** -- **1978** -- **1981** -- **1984** -- **1987** -- **1990** -- **1993** -- **1996** -- **1999** -- **2002** -- **2005** -- **2008** -- **2011** -- **2014** -- **2017** -- 2018 -- **2020** -- 2021 -- 2022 -- **2023** -- 2025
| 75 |
Judges of the International Court of Justice
| 1 |
10,047,615 |
# Judges of the International Court of Justice
## Succession of seats {#succession_of_seats}
The court comprises 15 seats. When the original fifteen judges were elected in 1946, they drew lots to determine which five would have 3-year initial terms, which five would have 6-year initial terms, and which five would have 9-year initial terms. From then onwards, all terms have been nine years, with five seats being up for election every three years. The seats are numbered according to the length of the initial term and then in order of the seniority of the first judge to hold the seat.
There are no formal rules for the allocation of seats other than that no two judges may be nationals of the same country. In practice, the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council have each had a permanent seat on the Court, except on three occasions. Between 1967 and 1985, there was no Chinese judge, since 2018, there has not been a judge from the UK and since 2024, there has not been a judge from the Soviet Union/Russia. The remaining seats have been informally allocated by regional groups in the same way as the fifteen seats on the Security Council. Since 1970, the conventional allocation has been three seats to Asia Pacific, three seats to Africa, two seats to Latin America and the Caribbean, two seats to Eastern Europe, and five seats to Western Europe and others. That convention was broken in 2018 when an Asian judge was elected to a seat previously occupied by judges from the Western Europe and others group.
+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Seat 1 (Asia) | Seat 2 (WE&O) | Seat 3 (Africa) | Seat 4 (WE&O) |
| ------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------- |
| Initial term of nine years | Initial term of nine years | Initial term of nine years | Initial term of nine years |
| Al-Khasawneh Awn Al-Khasawneh | Gros `{{Interlanguage link multi|André Gros|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | Alvarez Alejandro Álvarez | Fitzmaurice Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice |
| | de Lacharrière `{{Interlanguage link multi|Guy Ladreit de Lacharrière|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | Moreno Quintana Lucio Moreno Quintana | Waldock Sir Humphrey Waldock |
| | Guillaume Gilbert Guillaume | Forster `{{Interlanguage link multi|Isaac Forster|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | Jennings Sir Robert Jennings |
| | | Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf | Sir Christopher Greenwood Christopher Greenwood |
| | | | Nawaf Salam |
| | | | Mahmoud Daifallah Hmoud |
+-----------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------------+
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Seat 5 (LA&C) | Seat 6 (LA&C) | Seat 7 (WE&O) | Seat 8 (Africa) |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | --------------------------------- |
| Initial term of nine years | Initial term of six years | Initial term of six years | Initial term of six years |
| Carneiro Levi Carneiro | Armand-Ugon Enrique Armand-Ugón | Baxter Richard Reeve Baxter | de Visscher Charles De Visscher |
| Cordova Roberto Córdova | Sette-Camara José Sette Câmara Filho | Joan E. Donoghue Joan E. Donoghue | Tanaka Kōtarō Tanaka |
| Aguilar Mawdsley Andrés Aguilar Mawdsley | Shahabuddeen Mohamed Shahabuddeen | Sarah Cleveland | Dire Tladi |
| Parra Aranguren Gonzalo Parra-Aranguren | Juan Manuel Gómez Robledo Verduzco \[es\] | | |
| Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade | | | |
| Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant Leonardo Nemer Caldeira Brant | | | |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Seat 9 (WE&O) | Seat 10 (Eastern Europe) | Seat 11 (Eastern Europe) | Seat 12 (WE&O) |
| ---------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Initial term of six years | Initial term of six years | Initial term of three years | Initial term of three years |
| Morelli Gaetano Morelli | Krylov Sergei Krylov | Herczegh `{{Interlanguage link multi|Géza Herczegh|hu|3=Herczegh Géza}}`{=mediawiki} | Zoricic Milovan Zoričić |
| Keith Sir Kenneth Keith | Golunsky `{{Interlanguage link multi|Sergei Golunsky|ru|3=Голунский, Сергей Александрович}}`{=mediawiki} | | Petrén Sture Petrén |
| Crawford James Crawford | Kojevnikov Feodor I. Kozhevnikov | | Mosler Hermann Mosler |
| Charlesworth Hilary Charlesworth | Koretsky `{{Interlanguage link multi|Vladimir Koretsky|ru|3=Корецкий, Владимир Михайлович}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | Morozov `{{Interlanguage link multi|Platon Dmitriejevitsj Morozov|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | Tarassov `{{Interlanguage link multi|Nikolaj Konstantinovitsj Tarasov|ru|3=Тарасов, Николай Константинович}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | Vereschetin `{{Interlanguage link multi|Vladlen Veresjtsjetin|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| | Bogdan Aurescu | | |
+--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| Seat 13 (Asia) | Seat 14 (Africa) | Seat 15 (Asia) |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| Initial term of three years | Initial term of three years | Initial term of three years |
| Badawi Abdul Badawi Pasha | Read John Read | Hsu Hsu Mo |
| AmmounFouad Ammoun | Onyeama Charles Onyeama | |
| Tarazi Salah el-Dine Tarazi | | |
| El-Khani `{{Interlanguage link multi|Abdallah El-Khani|nl}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| Ni `{{Interlanguage link multi|Ni Zhengyu|zh|3=倪征𣋉}}`{=mediawiki} | | |
| Shi Shi Jiuyong | | |
| Xue Hanqin Xue Hanqin | | |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------+---------------------------------+
| 832 |
Judges of the International Court of Justice
| 2 |
10,047,615 |
# Judges of the International Court of Justice
## Judges sitting *ad hoc* {#judges_sitting_ad_hoc}
Judge Nationality Appointing State Case(s) including parties and years of initiation to deposition
---------------------------------- ------------- ------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Georges Abi-Saab Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983--1986
Adetokunbo Ademola South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
Mohsen Aghahosseini Aerial Incident of 3 July 1988 (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1989--1996
Roberto Ago Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958--1960
Bola Ajibola Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996--2002
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998--1999
Luis Alayza y Paz Soldán Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949--1950
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950--1951
Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014--present
Louise Arbour Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014--present
Enrique Armand-Ugón Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962--1970
Antonio de Arruda Ferrer-Correia East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991--1995
Garfield Barwick Nuclear Tests (Australia v. France) 1973--1974
Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) 1973--1974
Suzanne Bastid Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984--1985
Philémon Beb à Don Northern Cameroons (Cameroon v. United Kingdom) 1961--1963
Mohammed Bedjaoui Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998--2012
Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001--2012
Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002--2005
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. India) 2014--present
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. Pakistan) 2014--present
Obligations concerning Negotiations relating to Cessation of the Nuclear Arms Race and to Nuclear Disarmament (Marshall Islands v. United Kingdom) 2014--present
Mohamed Bennouna Frontier Dispute (Benin/Niger) 2002--2005
Franklin Berman Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001--2005
Alphonse Boni Western Sahara 1974--1975
Bengt Broms Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991--1992
Charles Brower Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013--present
Ian Brownlie Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001--2005
Andreas Bucher Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009--2011
Sayeman Bula-Bula Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000--2002
José Joaquin Caicedo Castilla Asylum (Colombia/Peru) 1949--1950
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 20 November 1950 in the Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru) 1950
Haya de la Torre (Colombia v.Peru) 1950--1951
Ian Callinan Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013--2015
Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005--2009
Jean-Yves de Cara Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003--2010
Paul Carry Interhandel (Switzerland v. United States of America) 1957--1959
Jorge Castañeda Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982--1985
Federico de Castro Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958--1961
Mohamed Ali Currim Chagla Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955--1960
Hilary Charlesworth Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan: New Zealand intervening) 2010--2014
Joseph Chesson South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
Maxwell Cohen Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America) 1981--1984
Claude-Albert Colliard Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) 1984--1986
Jean-Pierre Cot Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001--2012
Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004--2009
Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008--2013
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011--present
Questions relating to the Seizure and Detention of Certain Documents and Data (Timor-Leste v. Australia) 2013--2015
Yves Daudet Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010--2013
Obligation to Negotiate Access to the Pacific Ocean (Bolivia v. Chile) 2014--present
Alleged Violations of Sovereign Rights and Maritime Spaces in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013--present
Igor Daxner Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947--1949
Vojin Dimitrijević Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001--2003
John Dugard Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999--2001
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002--2006
Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003--2008
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010--present
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011--present
Patrick Ferdinand Duinslaeger Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999--2004
Bohuslav Ečer Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v. Albania) 1947--1949
Ahmed Sadek El-Kosheri Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America) 1992--2003
Jens Evensen Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978--1982
Manuel Fernandes Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India) 1955--1960
Paul-Henning Fischer Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen (Denmark v. Norway) 1988--1993
Passage through the Great Belt (Finland v. Denmark) 1991--1992
Carl-August Fleischhauer Certain Property (Liechtenstein v. Germany) 2001--2005
Yves Fortier Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991--2001
Thomas Franck Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998--2002
Giorgio Gaja Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999--2004
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1997--2007
Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy: Greece intervening) 2008--2012
Walter Ganshof van der Meersch Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) 1958--1961
Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962--1970
Carlos Garcia Bauer Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951--1955
David Goitein Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957--1959
Julio Diego Gonzáles Campos Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999--2007
Paul Guggenheim Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala) 1951--1955
Gilbert Guillaume Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) 2003--2010
Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2005--2009
Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006--2008
Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008--2014
Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2010--present
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand) 2011--present
Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) 2011--present
Sead Hodžić Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001--2003
Robert Yewdall Jennings Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom) 1992--2003
Eduardo Jiménez de Aréchaga Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1978--1982
Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982--1985
Application for Revision and Interpretation of the Judgment of 24 February 1982 in the Case concerning the Continental Shelf (Tunisia/Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) (Tunisia v. Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) 1984--1985
Philippe Kirsch Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009--2012
Milenko Kreća Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Belgium) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Italy) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. France) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Germany) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Netherlands) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Portugal) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. United Kingdom) 1999--2004
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. United States of America) 1999
Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999--2015
Marc Lalonde Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995--1998
Legality of Use of Force (Serbia and Montenegro v. Canada) 1999--2004
Elihu Lauterpacht Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993--2007
François Luchaire Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Republic of Mali) 1983--1986
Ahmed Mahiou Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro) 1993--2007
Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998--2012
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 July 1996 in the Case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia), Preliminary Objections (Yugoslavia v. Bosnia and Herzegovina) 2001--2003
Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger) 2010--2013
Auguste Mampuya Kanunka Tshiabo Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) 1998--2012
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002--2006
Jean-Pierre Mavungu Mvubidi-Ngom Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999--2001
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (New Application: 2002) (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 2002--2006
Louis Mbanefo South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
Kéba Mbaye Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989--1991
Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) 1996--2002
Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 11 June 1998 in the Case concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v. Nigeria), Preliminary Objections (Nigeria v. Cameroon) 1998--1999
Thomas Mensah Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2001--2012
Gaetano Morelli Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943 (Italy v. France, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America) 1953--1954
Hermann Mosler North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) 1967--1969
Nagendra Singh Appeal Relating to the Jurisdiction of the ICAO Council (India v. Pakistan) 1971--1972
Johannes Offerhaus Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957--1958
Francisco Orrego Vicuña Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile) 2008--2014
Bernard Oxman Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea (Romania v. Ukraine) 2004--2009
Geoffrey Palmer Request for an Examination of the Situation in Accordance with Paragraph 63 of the Court\'s Judgment of 20 December 1974 in the Nuclear Tests (New Zealand v. France) Case 1995
Felipe Paolillo Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002--2003
Mónica Pinto Land and Maritime Delimitation and Sovereignty over Islands (Gabon/Equatorial Guinea)
Syed Sharif Uddin Pirzada Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999--2000
Fausto Pocar Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) 2009--2011
Pemmaraju Sreenivasa Rao Sovereignty over Pedra Branca/Pulau Batu Puteh, Middle Rocks and South Ledge (Malaysia/Singapore) 2003--2008
B. P. Jeevan Reddy Aerial Incident of 10 August 1999 (Pakistan v. India) 1999--2000
François Rigaux Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America) 1992--2003
Willem Riphagen Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited (Belgium v. Spain) (New Application: 1962) 1962--1970
Emmanuel Roucounas Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008--2011
José María Ruda Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991--2001
Jean Salmon Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999--2001
Karim Sandjabi Anglo-Iranian Oil Co. (United Kingdom v. Iran) 1951--1952
Bernardo Sepúlveda Amor Avena and Other Mexican Nationals (Mexico v. United States) 2003--2004
José Sette-Camara Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) 1990--1994
Mohamed Shahabuddeen Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991--2001
Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998--2002
Bruno Simma Maritime Delimitation in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) 2014--present
Leonid Skotnikov Question of the Delimitation of the Continental Shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan Coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia) 2013--present
Krzysztof Skubiszewski East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991--1995
Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) 1997--present
Max Sørensen North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Netherlands) (1967--1969)
North Sea Continental Shelf (Federal Republic of Germany/Denmark) (1967--1969)
Jean Spiropoulos Ambatielos (Greece v. United Kingdom) 1951--1953
Michel Stassinopoulos Aegean Sea Continental Shelf (Greece v. Turkey) 1976--1978
Ninian Stephen East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) 1991--1995
Fredrik Julius Christian Sterzel Application of the Convention of 1902 Governing the Guardianship of Infants (Netherlands v. Sweden) 1957--1958
Serge Sur Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal) 2009--2012
Hubert Thierry Arbitral Award of 31 July 1989 (Guinea-Bissau v. Senegal) 1989--1991
Santiago Torres Bernárdez Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986--1992
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991--2001
Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada) 1995--1998
Legality of Use of Force (Yugoslavia v. Spain) 1999
Territorial and Maritime Dispute between Nicaragua and Honduras in the Caribbean Sea (Nicaragua v. Honduras) 1999--2007
Application for Revision of the Judgment of 11 September 1992 in the Case concerning the Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) (El Salvador v. Honduras) 2002--2003
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006--2010
Francisco Urrutia Holguin Arbitral Award Made by the King of Spain on 23 December 1906 (Honduras v. Nicaragua) 1958--1960
Nicolas Valticos Continental Shelf (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Malta) 1982--1985
Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986--1992
Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain) 1991--2001
Joe Verhoeven Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Burundi) 1999--2001
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) 1999--present
Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Rwanda) 1999--2001
Raúl Emilio Vinuesa Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay) 2006--2010
Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia) 2008--2013
Michel Virally Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador/Honduras: Nicaragua intervening) 1986--1992
Budislav Vukas Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia) 1999--2015
Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece) 2008--2011
Christopher Gregory Weeramantry Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) 1998--2002
J.T. van Wyk South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
Chris van den Wyngaert Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 2000--2002
Mohamed Yaqub Ali Khan South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Abdulqawi Yusuf Certain Questions of Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters (Djibouti v. France) 2006--2008
Sir Muhammad Zafarullah Khan South West Africa (Ethiopia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
South West Africa (Liberia v. South Africa) 1960--1966
Trial of Pakistani Prisoners of War (Pakistan v. India) 1973
Jaroslav Žourek Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (Israel v. Bulgaria) 1957--1959
Aerial Incident of 27 July 1955 (United States of America v
| 2,748 |
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| 3 |
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# Altdeutsche Tracht
The fashion known as ***Altdeutsche Tracht***, \"old German\" dress or costume (also known as ***Deutsche Nationaltracht***, \"German national costume\"), became popular in Germany between 1813 and 1815, during the time of what is in German historiography known as the *Befreiungskriege*, the \"liberation wars\", the last years of the Napoleonic Wars. It was an expression of anti-French German national sentiment and met with great approval among women and men of various social strata. The new fashion was intended as a demonstration of resistance against the \"French fashion foolishness\", as it was described.
It is said that the Austrian officer Count von Sztáray complained already in 1800 to the University of Heidelberg that he saw students dressing according to the fashion of the French enemy:
: It cannot escape the notice of any right-thinking man, how conspicuously many young gentlemen of this University model themselves according to the pattern of the latest thing coughed up by the worst class of French people in costume, moral behaviour, gestures and public decency, to the disgrace of the upright of the German nation.
Leading advocates of a German national fashion included Ernst Moritz Arndt and Karoline Pichler. This new fashion was considered a sign of resistance against the rule of foreigners, but also against the old type of monarchical rule, and of a liberal, democratic disposition. After the foundation of the *Urburschenschaft* in Jena in 1815, it became a sign of belonging to the student *Burschenschaften*, who wanted to stand out from the traditionally minded, regionally oriented *corps* students.
The most prominent bearer of this fashion was the Bavarian Crown Prince Ludwig, the later King Ludwig I.
The new fashion built on the elements of the fashion of the time, supplemented through reminiscences of the 16th century, the period of the Reformation and Martin Luther, which were seen as characteristically German. In the female form, the historical elements added to the fashion included slashed and puffed sleeves, and ruffled collars. The most important piece of clothing for men was a long tight-fitting coat that was often worn with a widely opened collar. To this came widely cut trousers and often a large velvet beret. The dominant colour was black, the colour of the uniforms of many *Freikorps* during the liberation war. In particular among the young men, a rebellious behaviour and unkempt hair and beards were also common.
The fashion was seen as provocative and rebellious enough to be partly prohibited by the authorities during the persecution of \"demagogues\" (see also Carlsbad Decrees)
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| 0 |
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# Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken
{{ infobox nobility \| name = Frederick Louis \| title = Count Palatine of Zweibrucken \| image = Fredrik Ludvig, 1619-1681, pfalzgreve av Landsberg och Zweibrücken - Nationalmuseum - 15766.tif \| caption = \| noble family = House of Wittelsbach \| father = Frederick Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Landsberg \| mother = Countess Emilia Antwerpiana of Nassau \| spouse = Juliana Magdalena of Palatinate-Zweibrücken\
Anna Marie Elisabeth Hepp \| birth_date = \| birth_place = Heidelberg \| death_date = `{{death date and age|1681|4|11|1619|10|27|df=yes}}`{=mediawiki} \| death_place = Landsberg Castle, Obermoschel }} **Frederick Louis** (*Friedrich Ludwig*; 27 October 1619 -- 11 April 1681) was the Duke of Landsberg from 1645 until 1681, and the Count Palatine of Zweibrücken from 1661 until 1681.
## Life
Frederick Louis was born in Heidelberg in 1619 as the only surviving son of Frederick Casimir, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Landsberg. After his father\'s death in 1645, Frederick Louis inherited his territories devastated by the Thirty Years\' War. To a limited extent he contributed to the reconstruction efforts and he promoted trade to stabilise the situation. In 1661 he inherited the Duchy of Zweibrücken, another territory devastated by the war, following the death of Frederick, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken. He died at Landsberg Castle, near Obermoschel, in 1681. With the sons and grandsons of his first marriage predeceased and the sons of his second morganatic marriage illegitimate, he was succeeded by King Charles XI of Sweden.
## Marriage
Frederick Louis married his first cousin, Juliana Magdalena of Palatinate-Zweibrücken (23 April 1621 - 25 March 1672), daughter of Duke John II, on 14 November 1645 in Düsseldorf and had the following children:
1. Charles Frederick (12 September 1646 - 22 October 1646)
2. William Louis (23 February 1648 - 31 August 1675), married his first cousin Charlotte Frederica of Palatinate-Zweibrücken; they had three children:
1. Charles Louis (18 August 1673 - 11 November 1674)
2. William Christian (5 July 1674 - 28 November 1674)
3. Wilhelmine Sophie (27 July 1675 - 5 November 1675)
3. A daughter (28 December 1648 - 1 January 1649)
4. A son (9 January 1650 - 12 January 1650)
5. Gustavus John (11 January 1651 - 25 February 1652)
6. A daughter (born and died 15 April 1652)
7. Charlotte Amalie (24 May 1653 - 8 August 1707), married Count John Phillip of Isenburg-Offenbach
8. Louise Magdalena (17 June 1654 - 11 February 1672)
9. Maria Sophie (13 August 1655 - 8 October 1687)
10. Elizabeth Christine (27 October 1656 - 29 August 1707), married firstly Count Emich XIV of Leiningen-Dagsburg and secondly Christoph Frederick, Burgrave and Count of Dohna-Lauck
11. Charles Casimir (6 August 1658 - 14 September 1673)
12. Juliana Eleanore (27 June 1661 - 12 February 1662)
13. John (11 February 1662 - 25 January 1665)
Frederick Louis morganatically married Anna Marie Elisabeth Hepp (c. 1635 - 8 March 1722) on 21 August 1672 and had the following children:
1. William Frederick of Fürstenwärther (12 October 1673 - 3 April 1732)
2. Charles Aemilius of Fürstenwärther (28 November 1674 - 21 April 1758), married twice and leave descendants
3. Louis Philip of Fürstenwärther (10 May 1676 - 26 February 1724)
4. A son (born and died 10 May 1677)
5
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# Travelodge (British company)
\
11 hotels in Ireland (2024)\
11 hotels in Spain (2024) \| area_served = United Kingdom\
Republic of Ireland\
Spain \| key_people = `{{Plainlist|
* Martin Robinson ([[chairman]])
* Jo Boydell ([[CEO]])
}}`{=mediawiki} \| industry = Hospitality \| products = Hotels \| revenue = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} £909.9m (31 December 2022) \| operating_income = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} EBITDA profit of £212.9m (31 December 2022) \| net_income = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} £154.2m (31 December 2022) \| aum = \| assets = `{{increase}}`{=mediawiki} £888.4m (net) (2010)`{{needs update|date=October 2023}}`{=mediawiki} \| owner = GoldenTree Asset Management \| num_employees = Over 13,000 (2024) \| homepage = `{{URL|https://travelodge.co.uk}}`{=mediawiki} }}
**Travelodge Hotels Limited**, trading as **Travelodge**, is a private company operating in the hotels and hospitality industry throughout the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain.
## Company history {#company_history}
### Opening by Trusthouse Forte {#opening_by_trusthouse_forte}
In the early 1970s, Charles Forte imported the Travelodge brand from the United States with the hope of establishing it in the UK. The first Travelodge locations opened in 1973 in former Excelsior Motor Lodge branches, a brand of motels owned by Forte which were located near busy roads. In 1976, Trusthouse Forte would open Little Chef Lodges; these were attached to Little Chef restaurants and the first chain of budget hotels in the UK. In 1988, the two chains were combined and rebranded to become \"Forte Travelodge\".
### Granada ownership {#granada_ownership}
In 1995, Travelodge was bought by Granada, when the Forte Group (formerly Trusthouse Forte) underwent a hostile takeover. Granada decided to open Travelodges away from the roadside, with the first urban Travelodge opening in 1997. In 2001, Granada merged and then de-merged with Compass Group, where their hospitality interests were transferred to Compass.
### Sale to Permira {#sale_to_permira}
In February 2003, Travelodge and Little Chef were sold to Permira, who created the special-purpose entity, TLLC Group Holdings Ltd and moved Travelodge\'s headquarters from Toddington in Bedfordshire to Thame in Oxfordshire in June 2003.
In 2004, it bought the Moat House hotel on Drury Lane for £11m, and the \'London Farringdon\' and \'London Islington\' Thistle hotels. In July of that year, it decided to sell 136 of its hotels for £400m, then lease them back.
In October 2005, Permira sold Little Chef to The People\'s Restaurant Group for £52 million, whilst retaining Travelodge.
### Purchase by Dubai International Capital {#purchase_by_dubai_international_capital}
In August 2006, Travelodge was sold to Dubai International Capital (DIC), a United Arab Emirates-based company, for £675 million.
In mid-2010, Travelodge bought 52 Innkeeper\'s Lodge properties from the Mitchells & Butlers pub chain, leaving less than half the original number of Innkeeper\'s Lodge hotels. In 2011, Travelodge announced a tie-up with British supermarket Waitrose to develop three joint sites in the UK.
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| 0 |
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# Travelodge (British company)
## Company history {#company_history}
### Financial restructuring in 2012 {#financial_restructuring_in_2012}
In February 2012, DIC had to prepare a bailout package due to a large debt of £17.5 million that was added to Travelodge\'s balance sheet following its purchase; despite significant earnings since 2006, these could not cover the debt repayments and the company recorded a debt of £517m in 2011. The company undert passing to New York-based hedge funds GoldenTree Asset Management and Avenue Capital Group, as well as Goldman Sachs. On 17 August 2012 Travelodge UK confirmed that the financial restructuring would be through a company voluntary arrangement which would include:
- At least £75m of new money being injected into the company.
- £55m being invested into a major refurbishment programme across the estate, covering over 11,000 rooms and 175 hotels. The refurbishment programme was due to start in early 2013 and continue through to summer 2014.
- Bank debt of £235m will be written off and £71m repaid, reducing total bank debt from £635m to £329m.
However, Travelodge also stated that it was no longer viable to operate 49 hotels (8% of the estate), for which the company would now seek new operators.
Hotels transferred to other hotel operators include Edinburgh Belford transferred to Britannia Hotels, Blackpool transferred to Ibis, Huddersfield, Liphook and Walsall transferred to Metro Inns, and Bolton Services, Eastbourne, Edinburgh Haymarket, Manchester Airport, Manchester Worsley and Wentbridge transferred to independent operators. Travelodge\'s hotels in Coventry and Sutton Scotney (North and South) were closed. Travelodge UK also operate eleven hotels in the Republic of Ireland and five hotels in Spain. In late 2023, they also announced their new contactless hotel in St Albans.
## Description
Travelodge is known for its budget style hotels and room types. They have a range of hotels across the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain. Travelodge offers many different room types, from their iconographic standard budget style to a more sleek-high end look. In 2022, they introduced a new look and style and began refitting their existing hotels as well as any newly opened sites. During this refurb, they renovated the Bar Cafés, reception areas, and rooms & bathrooms.
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| 1 |
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# Travelodge (British company)
## Controversies
### Overbooking
In 2006, the BBC programme *Watchdog* highlighted Travelodge\'s policy of overbooking their hotels, turning guests away even when they have booked against a credit card, which resulted in leaving customers stranded late at night with nowhere to sleep. In 2018, *Watchdog Live* on *The One Show* returned to the issue, with further examples of Travelodge failing to provide rooms on arrival to customers with \'guaranteed\' bookings. The issue has been widely reported in subsequent years across the media, highlighting that Travelodge would oversell expensive hotels, and then relocate travellers to cheaper alternatives in less desirable locations, yet not refund the difference. A report by *The Guardian* highlighted that customers were at risk of having nowhere to sleep even though they had pre-paid for their rooms, and that Travelodge offers no compensation for customers who are affected. A report in the *Daily Mirror* claimed the practice was a breach-of-contract by Travelodge.
### Plymouth advertising {#plymouth_advertising}
To advertise its new location in Plymouth in 2004, Travelodge ran a poster campaign using the phrase \"Other hotels in Plymouth fleece you, we prefer duvets\" which was not well received by other hotels in the area and was reported to the Advertising Standards Authority.
### Eviction of homeless families {#eviction_of_homeless_families}
In March 2020, *The Guardian* reported that Travelodge gave homeless families and key workers only two hours\' notice to leave when it shut 360 of its UK hotels in response to the Coronavirus pandemic. Although the government had told hotels to close, this did not apply to those accommodating key workers or homeless people. In May 2023, *The Guardian* reported that homeless families being housed in the Enfield Travelodge were being removed due to an upcoming Beyonce concert set to take place at the nearby Tottenham Hotspur stadium between 29 May and 4 June.
## Trivia
- In 2007, *The Daily Telegraph* reported that David and Jean Davidson, a retired couple originally from Sheffield, had stayed at Travelodges in Newark, Worksop and Grantham for a combined total of 22 years, effectively making Travelodge their home. The retired banker and former sailor and his wheelchair-using wife found the cost of their stay comparable with living in a house, but with the benefits of housekeeping service and without added costs such as council tax or utilities
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| 2 |
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# Backa Theatre
**Backa Theatre** (Swedish: *Backa Teater*) is a youth theater located in Gothenburg, Sweden. It focuses on producing theater for children and their families.
The theater was founded in 1978 by director Eva Bergman and actor Ulf Dohlsten as part of Gothenburg City Theatre. It is now led by playwright, director Carl Mattias Andersson, who himself has background as an actor at Backa Theatre. The company has had the privilege to set up newly written plays, for example *In a dark and northern place* which was written by Mattias Andersson. The theatre moved into new premises on Gothenburg\'s northern riverbank during autumn 2007
| 105 |
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| 0 |
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# Alfred Lamert Dickens
**Alfred Lamert Dickens** (March 1822 -- 27 July 1860) was an English railway engineer and the younger brother of the Victorian novelist Charles Dickens.
## Biography
As a boy Alfred, nicknamed Enrique by friends, attended a school in Hampstead with his brother Frederick Dickens for two years, until his father John Dickens could no longer afford the fees. At the end of the school day the boys would be collected by their older brother, Charles. On 20 February 1824, John Dickens was imprisoned in the Marshalsea Debtors\' Prison for debt under the Insolvent Debtors Act 1813, because he owed a baker, James Kerr, £40 and 10 shillings. His wife Elizabeth Dickens, and her four youngest children, including the two-year-old Alfred, joined her husband in the Marshalsea in April 1824. John Dickens was released after three months, on 28 May 1824.
Some years later, John Dickens was again briefly imprisoned for debt and was released only when his son Charles borrowed money from his friends based on the security of his salary. However, on his release from prison, John Dickens immediately wrote begging letters to those same friends of his son\'s also asking for money. He wrote to Thomas Beard claiming that his son Alfred \"is walking to and from Hampstead daily in dancing Pumps\".
Charles Dickens wrote to his friend Angela Burdett-Coutts asking her to help Alfred to find a position as an engineer, \"knowing the kind interest you take in any application or design of mine.\" Alfred Dickens later became an engineer for the Malton & Driffield Railway.
When the General Board of Health was established following the 1848 Public Health Act, Alfred Dickens became one of the group of civil engineers required by the Board to hold enquiries and produce reports investigating the petitions from individual local authorities (Local Boards) seeking town improvements and loans to fund them. One such in 1855, was Alfred Dickens\'s report which highlighted the terrible overcrowding suffered by many people in the Canning Town area of London. Among the other engineers at the General Board was Henry Austin, who had married Letitia Dickens, sister to Alfred and Charles Dickens, in 1837. The squalid conditions Charles Dickens described would have been influenced by these close family ties.
Alfred Dickens died at the Mosley Arms Inn in Manchester on 27 July 1860, from pleurisy. His widow, Helen, and their five children were living in Manchester at the time of his death, and Charles went there at once and brought them back with him to London. Alfred was buried on the western side of Highgate Cemetery, near to his father John, and then Charles took the family with him to his country home at Gads Hill Place in Kent, finding a farmhouse nearby for them to live in while he found them a home in London. Charles hired Helen to care for and mind his mother, Elizabeth Dickens (died 1863), for the remainder of his mother\'s life
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# Phen district
**Phen** (*เพ็ญ*, `{{IPA|th|pʰēn|pron}}`{=mediawiki}) is a district (*amphoe*) in the northern part of Udon Thani province, Isan, Thailand.
## Geography
Neighboring districts are (from the northeast clockwise) Sang Khom, Ban Dung, Phibun Rak, Mueang Udon Thani, Ban Phue of Udon Thani Province, Sakhrai, Mueang Nong Khai and Phon Phisai of Nong Khai province.
## History
The district dates back to *Mueang* Phen, which was a subordinate of *Mueang* Nong Khai. In 1907 it became a district, then named Mueang Phen (เมืองเพ็ญ) in Udon Thani Province. In 1917 it was renamed Phen.
## Administration
The district is divided into 11 sub-districts (*tambons*), which are further divided into 151 villages (*mubans*). Phen is a township (*thesaban tambon*) which covers parts of the *tambon* Phen. There are a further 11 tambon administrative organizations (TAO).
No. Name Thai name Villages Pop.
------ ------------- ----------- ---------- --------
1\. Phen เพ็ญ 16 12,407
2\. Ban That บ้านธาตุ 19 16,337
3\. Na Phu นาพู่ 15 12,156
4\. Chiang Wang เชียงหวาง 15 13,964
5\. Sum Sao สุมเส้า 19 11,916
6\. Na Bua นาบัว 11 6,521
7\. Ban Lao บ้านเหล่า 11 8,379
8\. Chom Si จอมศรี 17 9,751
9\. Tao Hai เตาไห 8 5,782
10\. Khok Klang โคกกลาง 11 7,262
11\
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# Tevfik Rüştü Aras
**Tevfik Rüştü Aras** (11 February 1883 -- 5 January 1972) was a Turkish politician, serving as deputy and foreign minister of Turkey during the Atatürk era (1923--1938).
## Early years {#early_years}
Aras was born in 1883 in Çanakkale. He graduated from the medical school of Beirut. He served as a doctor in İzmir, Istanbul, and Thessaloniki (*Selanik* ). He became a member of the Committee of Union and Progress, and during his membership he met Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic of Turkey.
In 1918, he was a member of the high commission of health (*Yüksek Sağlık Kurulu*). At that time he married the journalist Evliyazade Makbule, who was the daughter of a wealthy family from İzmir.
## Political career {#political_career}
The Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) was inaugurated in 1920 and Aras was elected to the parliament from Muğla. In his first period as a Member of Parliament (MP), he was appointed to the Independence Court of Kastamonu. In the autumn of 1920, he became one of the founders of the Communist Party of Turkey. Tevfik Rustu visited the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with Ali Fuat Cebesoy, when Mr. Cebesoy was appointed as ambassador to Moscow. He served as MP for İzmir in the second, third, fourth and fifth periods of TGNA, between 1923 and 1939.
When the Law on the Maintenance of Order was effected on 4 March 1925, he was the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the third İsmet İnönü government. He stayed in office by keeping his position in all the cabinets until Atatürk died. He implemented Atatürk\'s foreign policy, held good relations with neighbouring countries and opposition to hegemonic powers. He visited Russia three times at the invitation of Maxim Litvinov, the People\'s Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union. These visits took place in 1926 (Odessa), and in 1936 and 1937 (Moscow).
In 1933, he met with Bulgarian Prime Minister Mushanov in Plovdiv, because of the incident in Razgrad, where the Turkish cemetery was attacked. Aras claimed that the situation was stabilized and that the incident was an attempted provocation.
Aras was elected as the president of League of Nations during the Special Session of the Assembly Convened for the Purpose of Considering the Request of the Kingdom of Egypt for Admission to the League of Nations in Geneva, on 26--27 May 1937.
He was removed from his position as Foreign Minister right after Ataturk\'s passing away by the new Head of Republic Ismet Inonu. Aras and Inonu had different opinions in foreign affairs especially in Soviet relations, Inonu believed that Aras was more loyal to Ataturk rather than the government and conducting foreign affairs directly with him and finally Inonu had suspected Aras for lobbying against him before the Head of Republic election. This conflict prompted Aras to take his place in the opposition to Inonu. He supported the establishment of the Democratic Party (DP), but was soon dismissed by the DP following his attempt to include socialist ideas into the party program. He advocated for a conciliatory policy towards the Soviet Union to which the DP did not agree to. He then was also involved in the establishment of the New Turkey Party in 1961.
Aras was appointed ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1939 since he was removed and stayed in London for three and a half years. He retired in 1943 and published some stories in the Istanbul press (especially in the newspaper Tan). He took office as chairman of the board of Turkiye Is Bankasi, a Turkish Bank.
The speeches he gave during his ministerial period were collected in a book called \"10 Years in Pursuit of Lausanne\" (*Lozan\'ın izlerinde 10 yıl*) by Mr. Numan Menemencioglu in 1937. He also collected his stories (published in the daily press between 1945--63) into a book called *My Views* (*Görüşlerim*).
He died on 5 January 1972 in İstanbul, and was laid to rest at the Aşiyan Asri Cemetery.
## Role in the Armenian genocide {#role_in_the_armenian_genocide}
Tevfik Rüştü Aras was the brother-in-law of Nazim Bey, one of the chief organizers of the Armenian genocide. Tevfik Rüştü Aras became Inspector-General of Health Services and was given the task to destroy the bodies of victims. He organized the disposal of Armenian corpses with thousands of kilos of lime over six months. The bodies were dumped into wells which were then filled with lime and sealed with soil. Tevfik Rüştü Aras was given six months to complete the task, after which he returned to Istanbul. H.W. Glockner, a British POW, wrote in his memoirs that he had seen the bodies of murdered Armenians in Urfa thrown into large ditches and covered with lime, just as Tevfik Rüştü Aras has been instructed to do.
In 1926, following the passage of the \'Settlement Law\' designed to break up Kurdish majority areas in the eastern provinces, Aras justified the deportations to the British administrator of Iraq, Sir Henry Dobbs. Dobbs recorded how Aras said that the government was \'determined to clear the Kurds out of their valleys, the richest part of Turkey to-day, and to settle Turkish peasants there,\' adding that the Kurds \'were to be treated as were the Armenians.\' Aras apparently justified this argument: \'The Kurds would for many generations be incapable of self-government \... He always said long before the war that Turkey must get rid of the Albanians, Bulgarians and Arabs, and must become more homogeneous.\'
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# Tevfik Rüştü Aras
## Personal life {#personal_life}
He had a daughter from his marriage to Evliyazade Makbule called Emel, who later married Fatin Rüştü Zorlu, the minister of foreign affairs from 1957 to 1960
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# Sanjay Jagdale
**Sanjay Madansingh Jagdale** (born 22 September 1950) is a former Indian cricketer and a former member of the Selection Committee. He was born at Indore in Madhya Pradesh.
He is the son of former Indian national team selector Madhavsinh Jagdale. Sanjay Jagdale and Madhavsinh Jagdale represent the only father-son pair of Indian cricket selectors never to represent India in International Cricket. Sanjay represented Madhya Pradesh in Indian domestic cricket. He was appointed the new secretary of BCCI in August 2011 and on 31 May 2013 he resigned his post along with Ajay Shirke following corruption in the Indian Premier League.
## National selector {#national_selector}
After retiring from domestic cricket in 1983, Sanjay Jagdale returned to the game as a cricket administrator. Although a cricketer with moderate record, Sanjay Jagdale excelled in identifying talent. Narendra Hirwani - an ex Indian Test cricketer considers Sanjay Jagdale as his mentor and *guru* and as part of the junior selection committee in the early 1990s, he spotted talents like VVS Laxman, Murali Karthik, Hrishikesh Kanitkar, Sridharan Sriram, Naman Ojha and Vipin Acharya.
Sanjay served on the Senior selection committee (representing Central Zone) on various occasions:
- October 2000 - September 2004: Member, Selection Committee under Chandu Borde (2000 and 2001), Brijesh Patel (2002), Syed Kirmani (2003)
- November 2005 to present: Member, Selection Committee under Kiran More (2005), Dilip Vengsarkar (2006 -).
In January 2007, Sanjay Jagdale was entrusted with the additional responsibility of Manager for India\'s campaign in the 2007 World Cup. He had earlier been India\'s manager during the 2005 tour to Sri Lanka.
## Controversies
### Kale\'s Bribery Charges {#kales_bribery_charges}
In November 2003, Abhijit Kale who represented India in a single One Day International match was accused by the then BCCI\'s joint secretary Ratnakar Shetty of attempting to bribe two members of the selection committee - Kiran More and Pranab Roy. Abhijit Kale was suspended immediately from playing international or domestic cricket and was subject to an inquiry commission (November 2003) and disciplinary committee hearing in May 2004. The commission headed by D.V. Subba Rao heard the testimony of Kale and Sanjay Jagdale who testified for the selection committee and submitted its report in December 2003. After the disciplinary hearings, Kale is believed to have sent an apology letter to the then BCCI president Jagmohan Dalmiya. On 2 June 2004, Abhijit Kale was banned from playing domestic cricket until 31 December 2004
| 404 |
Sanjay Jagdale
| 0 |
10,047,856 |
# Pentecost University
**Pentecost University** is a private university located at Sowutuom, in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. It was founded by The Church of Pentecost (COP) and evolved from the Pentecost Bible College, which initially trained only Lay Leaders and full-time Ministers for the COP. On May 22, 2003, former President of Ghana J. A. Kufuor officially inaugurated PUC at the Sowutuom campus. The first PUC Council was inducted on May 6, 2004. Pentecost University received accreditation from the National Accreditation Board (NAB) of Ghana in November 2004 and awarded its Presidential Charter on May 28, 2020, by Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo, the President of the Republic of Ghana. Prior to receiving a Presidential Charter, the university was affiliated to the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, University of Cape Coast, and University of Ghana. On June 1, 2020, the university announced the appointment of Rev. Prof. Kwabena Agyapong-Kodua, who replaces Apostle Daniel Okyere Walker, as the first Vice-Chancellor since the university became fully-fledged.
The student population is about 3000, made up of students enrolled in degree, certificate and professional programmes.
The main campus of Pentecost University is sited at Sowutuom, away from Accra. Sowutuom (which literally translates "hold your gun") is within the western parts of Accra, a quiet and serene area off the Kwashieman-Ofankor highway.
## Faculties
Currently, the university has four Faculties namely, Faculty of Engineering, Science and Computing (FESAC), Faculty of Business Administration (FBA), Faculty of Theology and Mission (FTM) and Faculty of Health and Allied Sciences (FHAS). It also has to its credit the Pentecost University Graduate School (PUGS) and the College of Foundation and Professional Studies (COFOPS) (See University website: <https://pentvars.edu.gh/> for a detailed list of all degree, certificate and professional programmes).
## Professional programmes {#professional_programmes}
The university also runs professional programmes designed to keep students up to the latest trends in their respective work environment. Foundation and professional programmes under the COFOPS include:
- Association of Business Executives (ABE)
- National Computing Centre Education (NCC Education)
- Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM UK)
- Certificate in Theology & Church Administration
- Certificate in Alternative Conflict Resolution
- Certificate in Business Administration
- Certificate in Leadership and Governance in Health Systems Management
- Certificate in Holistic Early Child Care Development
- Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (CILT)
- BCS Approved Centre (Professional IT Training)
- Institute of Chartered Accountants Ghana (ICAG)
## Affiliations
Pentvars holds established agreements with several internationally recognised bodies and Universities for Faculty, student and staff exchange, potential funding as well as collaborative research. These bodies include Saginaw Valley State University, USA; London South Bank University, Bucks New University, University of Salford and NCC Education, all in the UK. Pentvars is also a member of the following Associations: Association of African Universities, Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE), USA, and Council of Independent Universities, Ghana
| 480 |
Pentecost University
| 0 |
10,047,880 |
# Do-Do's & Whoa-Oh's
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| 23 |
Do-Do's & Whoa-Oh's
| 0 |
10,047,906 |
# Jamie Harvey
**Jamie Harvey** (born 15 August 1955) is a Scottish former professional darts player who played in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) and British Darts Organisation (BDO) tournaments. Originally nicknamed "The Tartan Terror" he later used the nickname **Bravedart** for his matches -- a play on the lead character from the film *Braveheart*. As darts began to introduce entrance tunes for its players during the 1990s, Harvey used to come to stage whilst the tune \"The Bonnie Banks o\' Loch Lomond\" was played.
## Career
Having made his World Championship debut in 1992, Harvey was one of the players who started the Professional Darts Corporation (then known as the World Darts Council, WDC) in 1993 and played at every PDC World Championship between 1994 and 2006.
His best performance came in 1996 at the Circus Tavern, when he reached the World Championship semi-finals but lost 1--5 to Dennis Priestley. Later that year he also reached the semi-finals of the World Matchplay -- losing 9--13 to eventual champion Peter Evison. He never made the final of any of the major PDC tournaments, but has won the Antwerp Open and also the Scottish Masters in his home country. He remained one of the most popular players on the circuit throughout his career.
Although he has reached the quarter finals of the World Championship in 2001 and the quarter finals of the World Matchplay as recent as 2004, his ranking has slipped in the past few years. He started 2007 ranked 48 in the world, but failed to qualify for the World Championship for the first time that year. In the 2008 PDC World Darts Championship qualifiers, he won four matches before falling at the final hurdle to Jacko Barry and he slipped to 73rd in the PDC Order of Merit. He still competed at nine PDC Pro Tour non-televised events in 2007, but collected only £300 in prize money with a last 32 performance being his best. Harvey is now ranked 129th on the PDC Order of Merit.
Harvey is currently battling throat cancer. On 2 September 2009, he underwent surgery to remove a cancerous growth in his throat and had his voice box removed.
In 2011, Harvey returned to the BDO and plays just Scottish events
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Jamie Harvey
| 0 |
10,047,920 |
# Highs in the Mid-Sixties series
right The ***Highs in the Mid-Sixties*** series is a group of 23 compilation albums of garage rock and psychedelic rock recordings that were issued by AIP Records in the mid-1980s. This series is a companion to the *Pebbles* series of similar music; the title is technically preceded by \"Pebbles Presents:\". The title sounds like it might have come from a weather report, although \"Highs\" intends to mean \"the best\" (and is also an apparent drug reference), while the recordings on these albums were originally released in the mid-1960s.
## Nature of the music {#nature_of_the_music}
The individual albums in the *Pebbles* series include records from throughout the US, along with a few from Canada and other countries. Additionally, the *Pebbles, Volume 6* LP features British bands, while the recordings on *The Continent Lashes Back* sub-series within the Pebbles series are taken from continental Europe. By contrast, the recordings on the *Highs in the Mid-Sixties series* are strictly by American artists, and the individual albums showcase garage rock recordings by bands from particular cities, states and regions. As a result, many of the albums evidence a particular regional \"sound\" in the musical scene in that part of the country.
The first three albums concentrate on recordings that were released in the Los Angeles area; this is appropriate, since AIP Records is headquartered in southern California. However, the specific years are not actually correct, since the original years of release are not limited to the year shown on any of these three albums. Further information on the nature of the music is given in the article on the *Pebbles* series.
## Regions represented {#regions_represented}
The areas that are documented in the *Highs in the Mid-Sixties series* cover a large portion of the nation, particularly between the Pacific Coast and the Mississippi River. However, the series is hardly comprehensive; among the notable omissions are New York, along with the rest of the Northeast, plus San Francisco (although the last album among the CDs in the Pebbles series, *Pebbles, Volume 11* covers northern California). Areas that are particularly rich in excellent garage rock recordings are represented by several LPs; for example, five of the albums are devoted to Texas, which is probably the most widely anthologized state on compilation albums of this type of music. However, the only areas that are not represented on at least two of the albums are *Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 4* (Chicago) and *Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 18* (Colorado).
## Release data {#release_data}
Unlike the Pebbles series -- which has been released over an extended period of time by several record labels and in a variety of formats -- the 23 albums in the *Highs in the Mid-Sixties series* were released only as LPs and in a short time span of 1983 to 1986 (in fact, the 23rd album is the only 1986 release). This is one of the fastest series of releases among garage rock compilation albums. By way of example, the 28 LPs in the Pebbles series were released between 1978 and 1988, and the 20 LPs in the Rubble series were released between 1984 and 2002.
## Discography
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 1: L.A. \'65 / Teenage Rebellion; #AIP 10003
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 2: L.A. \'66 / Riot on Sunset Strip; #AIP 10004
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 3: L.A. \'67 / Mondo Hollywood; #AIP 10005
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 4: Chicago; #AIP 10006
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 5: Michigan; #AIP 10007
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 6: Michigan, Part 2; #AIP 10011
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 7: The Northwest; #AIP 10012
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 8: The South; #AIP 10014
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 9: Ohio; #AIP 10015
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 10: Wisconsin; #AIP 10017
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 11: Texas, Part 1; #AIP 10019
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 12: Texas, Part 2; #AIP 10021
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 13: Texas, Part 3; #AIP 10022
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 14: The Northwest, Part 2; #AIP 10020
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 15: Wisconsin, Part 2; #AIP 10025
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 16: The Northwest, Part 3; #AIP 10024
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 17: Texas, Part 4; #AIP 10026
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 18: Colorado; #AIP 10027
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 19: Michigan, Part 3; #AIP 10028
- Highs in the Mid-Sixties, Volume 20: L.A
| 763 |
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# John Verpoorten
**John Verpoorten** (May 15, 1940 -- December 15, 1977) was an American comic book artist and editorial worker best known as Marvel Comics\' production manager during the latter part of the Silver Age of Comic Books and afterward, during a seminal period of Marvel\'s expansion from a small publishing concern to a multinational popular culture corporation.
## Biography
After attending New York City, New York\'s School of Visual Arts, Verpoorten began his career at the Tom Gill Studio for four years.
In 1967, Verpoorten started working for Marvel Comics as an inker. His title was \"Art Associate,\" and at the time he was described as being 6 feet 6 inches tall and 290 pounds (Fantastic Four, April 1967, Bullpen Bulletin). Verpoorten worked on books including *Fantastic Four*, *The Inhumans*, and *Captain America* before becoming Marvel\'s production manager, coordinating the work of writers, artists, letterers and printers. He held this position for seven years, until his unexpected death in 1977.
In 1975, Verpoorten also helped produce *Big Apple Comix*, an independent comic book published by former Marvel staffer Flo Steinberg
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# Bonus share
**Bonus shares** are shares distributed by a company to its current shareholders as fully paid shares free of charge.
- to capitalise a part of the company\'s retained earnings
- for conversion of its share premium account, or
- distribution of treasury shares.
An issue of bonus shares is referred to as a **bonus share issue.**
A bonus issue is usually based upon the number of shares that shareholders already own. (For example, the bonus issue may be \"*n* shares for each *x* shares held\"; but with fractions of a share not permitted.) While the issue of bonus shares increases the total number of shares issued and owned, it does not change the value of the company. Although the total number of issued shares increases, the ratio of number of shares held by each shareholder remains constant. In this sense, a bonus issue is similar to a stock split.
## Process
Whenever a company announces a bonus issue, it also announces a book closure date which is a date on which the company will ideally temporarily close fresh transfers of stock.
Depending upon the constitutional documents of the company, only certain classes of shares may be entitled to bonus issues, or may be entitled to bonus issues in preference to other classes. Bonus shares are distributed in a fixed ratio to the shareholders.
Sometimes a company will change the number of shares in issue by capitalizing its reserve. In other words, it can convert the right of the shareholders because each individual will hold the same proportion of the outstanding shares as before.
Because a bonus issue does not represent an economic event -- no wealth changes hands. The current shareholders simply receive new shares, for free, and in proportion to their previous share in the company. Therefore, a bonus share issue is very similar to a stock split. The only practical difference is that a bonus issue creates a change in the structure of the company\'s shareholders\' equity (in accounting). Another difference between a bonus issue and a stock split is that while a stock split usually also splits the company\'s authorized share capital, the distribution of bonus shares only changes its issued share capital (or even only its outstanding shares).
## Tax implications {#tax_implications}
A bonus share issue is most commonly not taxed as a dividend, even if it is charged to retained earnings.
However, there may be capital gains or profit on sale implications on the subsequent sale of these shares. In general, the cost base of the bonus shares is usually zero, but if the bonus issue is taxable as a dividend, then the cost base is generally the taxed dividend amount, plus any calls on partly paid bonus shares. The acquisition date is the date of issue
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# Ghezala
`{{Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-- Basic info ---------------->
|official_name =Ghezala
|other_name =
|native_name =غزالة
|nickname =
|settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)-->
|motto =
<!-- images and maps ----------->
|image_skyline =
|imagesize = 300px
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|image_shield =
|shield_size =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|image_map1 =
|mapsize1 =
|map_caption1 =
|image_dot_map =
|dot_mapsize =
|dot_map_caption =
|dot_x = |dot_y =
|pushpin_map = Tunisia<!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map -->
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_map_caption =Location in Tunisia
<!-- Location ------------------>
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = [[Image:Flag of Tunisia.svg|25px]] [[Tunisia]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[Governorates of Tunisia|Governorate]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Bizerte Governorate]]
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|subdivision_type3 =
|subdivision_name3 =
|subdivision_type4 =
|subdivision_name4 =
<!-- Politics ----------------->
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1 =
|leader_title2 =
|leader_name2 =
|leader_title3 =
|leader_name3 =
|leader_title4 =
|leader_name4 =
|established_title = <!-- Settled -->
|established_date =
|established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) -->
|established_date2 =
|established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3 =
<!-- Area --------------------->
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref =Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
|area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
|area_water_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|area_blank1_title =
|area_blank1_km2 =
|area_blank1_sq_mi =
<!-- Population ----------------------->
|population_as_of =2004
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =5490
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
|population_urban =
|population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_blank1_title =Ethnicities
|population_blank1 =
|population_blank2_title =Religions
|population_blank2 =
|population_density_blank1_km2 =
|population_density_blank1_sq_mi =
<!-- General information --------------->
|timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset = 1
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|coordinates = {{coord|37|05|02|N|9|32|08|E|region:TN|display=inline,title}}
|elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags-->
|elevation_m =
|elevation_ft =
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
|postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
|postal_code =
|area_code =
|blank_name =
|blank_info =
|blank1_name =
|blank1_info =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}`{=mediawiki}
**Ghezala** is a town of north-western Tunisia located at 50 kilometres west of Bizerte and 70 kilometres northwest of Tunis.
Attached to the Bizerte Governorate, it is the administrative seat of Ghezala Delegation which has 27,799 inhabitants while the town counts a population of 5,490 inhabitants
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| 0 |
10,048,146 |
# Mario Guevara
**Mario Elías Guevara Rivera** (born March 1, 1971) is a former Salvadoran professional football player.
## Club career {#club_career}
Nicknamed *el Jefe* (the boss), Guevara started his career at local club Tiburones, then had a lengthy spell at Primera División club Alianza F.C. with whom he won several league titles.
After 10 seasons with them he moved to Once Municipal to become player/coach in 2006, and finished his career with a return to lower league outfit Alba-Ajacutla.
## International career {#international_career}
Guevara made his debut for El Salvador in a March 1999 UNCAF Nations Cup match against Guatemala and has earned a total of 18 caps, scoring no goals. He has represented his country in 7 FIFA World Cup qualification matches as well as at the 1999 UNCAF Nations Cup.
His final international game was a September 2004 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Jamaica.
## Honours
### Player
#### Club
Alianza F.C
| 156 |
Mario Guevara
| 0 |
10,048,199 |
# Fiji Sports Council
The **Fiji Sports Council** is an organisation that is the custodian of all Fiji Government owned sporting venues around the country. Fiji Sports Council is tasked to manage, maintain and upkeep all facilities under its area of responsibilities. The Fiji Sports Council is self funding and does not receive Government funding for its operational expenses. It is also one of the leading providers of quality sports and recreational venues and programmes at national, regional and international levels.
It was established in 1978 under the Fiji Sports Council Act and a year later in 1979 it hosted the first South Pacific Games. It is not affiliated to FASANOC. It was established under an Act of Parliament so has its own rules. The organisation is headed by its Acting Chief Executive Officer Gilbert Vakalalabure, who currently holds the role of Chairman of the Fiji Sports Council Board of Directors.
It also runs an annual Fiji Sports Awards program, recognising athletes, teams, volunteers, technical officials, administrators, and coaches.
## Aims
Its main aim is to foster, promote and market the recreational and sporting facilities in Fiji and to also:
- Work with other organizations involved in the business of sports and recreation
- Develop any land or other property as a source of sustainable revenue for the Council and erect and maintain buildings and other structures
- Manage and maintain any land or buildings provided for the purpose of sport and recreation
- Charge fees for admission to land or buildings under its control for maximum number of end users
- Employ and remunerate staff as required at competitive rates
- Train and employ Fiji Sports Council staff according to intellectual capital and requirements to generate wealth
- Generate \$4.239 million in 2007 and an increase of 10% thereafter
## Achievements
Since its establishment in 1978, it has helped develop sporting centres and upgrade it to international standards such as:
- HFC Bank Stadium
- Damodar City Aquatic Centre (currently being refurbished,works began May 2022, expected to reopen late 2023)
- National Hockey Centre (currently being refurbished,works began May 2022, expected to reopen late 2023)
- National Fitness Centre
## Funding
It mainly funds its organisation by running its own advertising campaign and also collects money through *Billboard* advertising
| 380 |
Fiji Sports Council
| 0 |
10,048,216 |
# Rafael Barrientos (footballer)
**Rafael Ernesto Barrientos Cruz** (born May 12, 1979) is a retired Salvadoran footballer.
## Club career {#club_career}
Nicknamed *el Chele*, Barrientos started his career at FAS, where he played alongside talented teenagers Gilberto Murgas and Eliseo Quintanilla. He then joined C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo with whom he would stay for three years. In 2004, he moved to Alianza F.C., only to leave them after a year for Once Municipal with whom he would win the 2006 Apertura. He signed for Nejapa F.C. in 2007 and finished his career in December 2009.
## International career {#international_career}
Barrientos made his debut for El Salvador in a July 2000 friendly match against Mexico and has earned a total of 12 caps, scoring no goals. He has represented his country in 3 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2001 UNCAF Nations Cup.
His final international was the June 2001 UNCAF Cup match against Costa Rica
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| 0 |
10,048,232 |
# Noxal surrender
**Noxal surrender** was a provision of Roman law when a delict was brought against a *paterfamilias* for a wrong committed by a son or slave. The defendant had the option in that instance of surrendering the dependent rather than paying the full damages
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| 0 |
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# Chor Machaaye Shor
***Chor Machaaye Shor*** (`{{translation|Thief Makes Noise}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 2002 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by David Dhawan and stars Bobby Deol, Shilpa Shetty, and Bipasha Basu in the main leads while Paresh Rawal, Om Puri, Rajat Bedi, and Rajpal Yadav play supporting roles. The plot of the film is based on the 1999 Hollywood film *Blue Streak* (which itself is a remake of the 1965 British film *The Big Job*).
## Plot
Shyam is a small-time thief who works as a security guard at a museum. He devises a plan with his three friends, Johnny, Titu, and Tony, to steal a particular Nizam diamond. The foursome successfully manages to steal the diamond, only for Shyam to double-cross Titu and Tony. Johnny and Shyam escape with the diamond. Johnny escapes, but Shyam is apprehended, before which he hides the diamond in an air duct of a dilapidated building. Shyam is sentenced to 2 years in prison.
2 years have passed, and a freshly released Shyam heads towards the dilapidated building that housed the diamond, but much to his amazement, a new police headquarters is built in place of the dilapidated building. Shyam decides to portray a fake police inspector, Ram, to enter the building to steal the diamond. He attracts the attention of ACP Ranvir Singh for his heroism and Inspector Pandey, an inspector who frequently suspects Ram of his true identity. Ram even manages to romance Inspector Ranjita. In the midst of all this, Shyam tries his best to locate the diamond but is forced to enact as a cop to subdue criminals, such as Kalia Anthony and his own friend Johnny. Before Johnny is arrested, Johnny calls Ram as Shyam which causes Pandey to become suspicious of Inspector Ram.
Ram later reveals that Shyam is actually his \"twin\" brother who is a rascal. Ranvir Singh makes it his job to reform Shyam, so Shyam is forced to balance both Inspector Ram and Shyam (who is employed as the driver of Ranvir), and he even manages to romance Ranvir\'s daughter Kajal. Shyam\'s other friend Guru is forced to enact as Shyam/Ram\'s mother as Pandey keeps on suspecting Shyam/Ram while Ranvir seems oblivious to what is happening. Meanwhile, Titu and Tony come to know of Shyam\'s release and they come to know that the diamond is hidden somewhere inside the police headquarters. Posing as teaboys, they threaten Shyam, but Shyam retaliates and attacks, causing them to retreat. Shyam and his other cronies devise a plan to convince Ranvir that doppelgangers (twins) exist, so they refer to Ranvir as Raghu, who is a wanted drug smuggler.
Kajal, however, is the only one who finds out the real truth about Shyam/Ram. Then Ranvir finds out and gets enraged. Unaware, Tito and Tony find the actual doppelganger of Ranvir, Raghu Swami. And they threaten to make him pose as Ranvir so that it makes it easier to steal the diamond. Shyam finds out about this and thwarts Tito and Tony\'s plans. Shyam escapes with the diamond and ends up in a car retailer shop with both Tito and Tony following him. A fight ensues; however, the cops arrive to arrest Shyam, Tito, and Tony. Johnny then appears and presumably shoots Shyam, and in turn, Shyam shoots Johnny. Both presumably die. Tito and Tony are arrested while the ever-suspicious Pandey finds out that the gun was fake, which meant that Johnny and Shyam did not really kill each other.
At the airport, Pandey and Ranvir bid farewell to Kajal, who is going to London. Pandey and Ranvir are then confronted by three Sikhs, who are actually Guru, Shyam, and Johnny in disguise (this also confirms that Johnny and Shyam are still alive). Pandey once again suspects them to be Shyam and refuses to believe that twins exist, but the tables turn when Pandey meets his own doppelganger, a Punjabi tourist, for a short while. The film ends with Shyam (disguised as a Sikh) who gifts Kajal a diamond ring, which reveals that Kajal was going to marry Shyam in London.
## Cast
- Bobby Deol as Shyam Singh / Ram Singh
- Shilpa Shetty as Kajal
- Bipasha Basu as Inspector Ranjita
- Paresh Rawal as ACP Ranbir Singh / Raghuswami (dual role)
- Om Puri as Inspector Pandey
- Ashish Vidyarthi as Tito
- Rajat Bedi as Tony
- Rajpal Yadav as Johnny
- Shekhar Suman as Guru Shayam\'s friend / Vaijayanti Ram\'s mother / Mala
- Razak Khan Khali Anthony
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| 0 |
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# Chor Machaaye Shor
## Soundtrack
Music by Anu Malik.
1. \"Kaan Ke Neeche\" - Vinod Rathod, Anuradha Sriram
2. \"Aankhein Hain Teri\" - Udit Narayan, Dimple Verma
3. \"Chor Machaaye Shor\" - Sonu Nigam
4. \"Chadh Gayi Chadh Gayi\" - Sonu Nigam, Anuradha Sriram
5. \"Ishqan Ishqan\" - Karsan Sargathiya, Sunidhi Chauhan, Adnan Sami
6. \"Tum Tata Ho Ya Birla\" - Vinod Rathod, Anuradha Sriram
## Critical response {#critical_response}
Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 1 star out of 5, writing ″Bobby Deol gives his all to this role and seems comfortable in light scenes. Shekhar Suman gets into several get-ups, but he entertains most as Bobby\'s mother. Shilpa Shetty gets no scope to perform but dances exceptionally well. Bipasha Basu is wasted. Paresh Rawal is just about okay. Om Puri is competent. Ashish Vidyarthi and Rajat Bedi lend passable support. Rajpal Yadav impresses. On the whole, CHOR MACHAAYE SHOR stands on a weak foundation ? its script. Despite impressive names on and off screen, the film has precious little to impress an avid cinegoer. Priyanka Bhattacharya of Rediff.com wrote ″Chor Machaaye Shor is a typical Bollywood masala potboiler with fun, romance, music and mandatory dishum-dishum. But if you are attuned to and enjoy David Dhawan\'s brand of humour, then this one is a barrel of laughs
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# Guru (1997 film)
***Guru*** (`{{translation|Teacher / master}}`{=mediawiki}) is a 1997 Indian Malayalam-language fantasy drama film directed by Rajiv Anchal and written by C. G. Rajendra Babu from a story by Rajeev. Mohanlal plays the lead role, while Suresh Gopi, Madhupal, Sithara, Kaveri, Sreelakshmi, Nedumudi Venu and Sreenivasan appears in supporting roles, and Nassar in a cameo appearance.
The original musical score and songs were composed by Ilaiyaraaja. The score was conducted and performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra, Hungary. This was the first time in Indian cinema, the background score of a film was recorded completely outside the country. *Guru* was selected as India\'s official entry to the Oscars for the Best Foreign Language Film category, but was not nominated. *Guru* is the first Malayalam film submitted by India for the Oscars.
## Synopsis
Raghuraman is the son of a local Hindu temple priest in an idyllic village. The people, Hindus and Muslims, live in harmony. When ambitious politicians goons, disguised as Muslims, cause trouble at the local temple, tensions break out between the two communities leading to widespread religious riots. Raghurāman, after his family is killed, joins a Hindu extremist gang to take revenge by attacking a group of Muslims who have taken refuge in a Guru\'s Ashram (a place where a holy Guru lived and worked). After infiltrating Ashram, he meets Vaidehi who suggests he meditate for a few moments. During meditation, he experiences an altered state of consciousness and perceives being transported into another world.
In this new world, everyone is blind. They believe the sense of sight to be a lie and that is blasphemous to even talk about it. Children are taught from a very young age that sight does not exist. Raghurāman befriends Ramanagan, a man he saves from death. Raghurāman tries to tell them that there is a world of sight and that he can see, but they refuse to believe him and warn him that such talk will get him killed by the king and the elders.
Living with the man, he learns of their daily life and culture. He notices that they have built a world where sight is not required for anything. He observes when a baby is born in the valley, the juice of a special fruit is given to the infant by the midwives immediately. Ramanagan informs Raghuraman this is the fruit of the sacred tree which was given to them by a goddess when the infants of the valley started to die upon being born. Intrigued by this Raghuraman climbs the tree eats the tasty and highly addictive fruit which is called Ilama pazham (Ilama fruit) by the valley people, the seeds of which are extremely poisonous, which is a common delicacy among them. After eating it, he turns blind and helpless. He is captured by the king\'s soldiers and is ordered to be executed by forcing him to eat the seeds of Ilama pazham, a very rare and cruel punishment.
After the soldiers follow the orders, he is left to die and is surprised when he wakes up hours later having gotten his sight back. He uses his newfound knowledge to spread the truth about their blindness and the cure. He convinces Ramanagan and his family to trust him and eat the seeds and they too gain their eyesight. The news spreads like wildfire and more and more people begin to eat the seeds and follow Raghuraman.
When the king and advisers learn of this, they arrest Raghuraman. The people respond by starting a rebellion. They storm the palace with weapons where Raghuraman begs them not to use violence and that it achieves nothing. At the same time, in the real world, Raghuraman drops his weapon and wakes up. The extremist group begins their assault on the refugees in the Ashram but Raghuraman rushes to save them, irrespective of their religion.
## Cast
- Mohanlal as Raghuraman
- Suresh Gopi as King Vijayanta
- Madhupal as Ramanagan
- Kaveri as Princes Syamantaga
- Sithara as Vaidehi
- Sreelakshmi as Sitalakshmi
- Sonia as Queen, King Vijayanta\'s Wife
- Charuhasan as Raghuraman\'s father
- N. F. Varghese as MLA John Kuruvila
- Murali as Sahib Abdullah
- Sreenivasan as Sravanan
- Nedumudi Venu as Teacher
- Captain Raju as Old King (King Vijayanta\'s father)
- Reena as Old Queen (King Vijayanta\'s mother)
- Mohan Raj as Senadhipan
- Kochu Preman
- Chandni Shaju as Princes Syamantaga\'s Thozhi
- K. B. Ganesh Kumar
- Shankar as Singer (cameo appearance)
- Nassar as The culprit (cameo appearance)
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# Guru (1997 film)
## Production
Rajiv Anchal cites his influence for the film to H. G. Wells\'s short story *The Country of the Blind*, which tells the story of a man who finds himself in a valley of blind men. Anchal first read the book during his college education. He was awestruck by its story and the description of the valley of the blind. He used the Wellsian theme in the film to picturise the human condition, that of \"darkness overpowering the soul\". Anchal is a disciple of the spiritual leader Karunakara Guru, founder of Santhigiri Ashram in Pothencode, Thiruvananthapuram. The idea for the film came when he met Guru seven years ago (before the release). The film is based on the Guru and tells the message Guru strives to convey to the materialistic world. The fund for the film was raised by 60 of the disciples in the Santhigiri Ashram, including Anchal. The film was made on a production cost of `{{INR}}`{=mediawiki}3 crore. The dream land was shot completely in and around an abandoned magnesite mine located near Yercaud in Tamil Nadu.
## Soundtrack
The film\'s soundtrack contains six songs, all composed by Ilaiyaraaja and lyrics by S. Ramesan Nair. The orchestration for the film\'s original songs and background score were composed and conducted by Ilaiyaraaja and performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra, Hungary. The audio cassette of the soundtrack was presented by Mammootty.
## Accolades
*Guru* was selected as India\'s official entry to the Oscars for the Best Foreign Language Film category for the 70th Academy Awards. *Guru* was the first Malayalam film submitted by India for the Oscars.
Kerala State Film Awards
- Best Production Designer -- T. Muthuraj
- Best Makeup Artist -- Pattanam Rasheed
- Best Costume Designer -- S. B. Satheeshan
Kerala Film Critics Association Awards
- Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values
- Best Cinematographer - S. Kumar
- Best Art Director - Muthuraj
- Best Lyricist - S. Ramesan Nair
Screen Awards
- Best Actor (Malayalam) -- Mohanlal
- Best Cinematography (South) -- S
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# California Code of Regulations
The **California Code of Regulations** (**CCR**, **Cal. Code Regs.**) is the codification of the general and permanent rules and regulations (sometimes called administrative law) announced in the *California Regulatory Notice Register* by California state agencies under authority from primary legislation in the California Codes. Such rules and regulations are reviewed, approved, and made available to the public by the Office of Administrative Law (OAL), and are also filed with the Secretary of State.
The CCR consists of 28 titles and contains the regulations of approximately 200 regulatory agencies. Title 24, the California Building Standards Code, is not maintained by the OAL but by the California Building Standards Commission. It has been alleged that the regulations have substantial portions under copyright (*e.g.*, Title 24, the California Building Standards Code), but Title 24, California Code of Regulations, though administered and authored by the Building Standards Commission of the State of California, including the building, residential, electrical, mechanical, plumbing, energy, historical building, fire, existing building, green building, and referenced standards codes applicable in the state of California along with the standards incorporated by reference into these codes, is considered to be in the public domain. In Veeck v. SBCCI, the 5th Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals ruled:
The regulations have the force of California law. Some regulations, such as the California Department of Social Services Manual of Policies and Procedures concerning welfare in California, are separately published (*i.e.*, \"available for public use in the office of the welfare department of each county\").
Its role is similar to the *Code of Federal Regulations*. Unlike the *Federal Register*, California regulations are not normally published in the *Notice Register*, meaning that until they are codified in the CCR they must be obtained from the individual agencies or elsewhere.
## History
The CCR\'s predecessor, the California Administrative Code (CAC), resulted from efforts that began in 1941 to codify the growing body of state regulations. In 1988, the Legislature renamed the CAC to the CCR to reduce confusion with the enacted statutory codes.
The OAL contracts with Barclays, a division of Thomson Reuters, to provide a free online version of the official CCR, which is currently provided on the Web through a Westlaw-based interface. In 2008, Carl Malamud published title 24 of the CCR, the California Building Standards Code, on Public.Resource.Org for free, even though the OAL claims publishing regulations with the force of law without relevant permissions is unlawful. In March 2012, Malamud published the rest of the CCR on law.resource.org.
In February 2013 California State Assemblyman Brian Nestande (R-42) introduced AB 292 that would mandate the CCR be published under a Creative Commons license.
## Procedure
Regulations are reviewed, approved, and made available to the public by the California Office of Administrative Law (OAL) pursuant to the California Administrative Procedure Act (APA). The California Regulatory Notice Register contains notices of proposed regulatory actions by state regulatory agencies to adopt, amend, or repeal regulations contained in the CCR. A state agency must complete its rulemaking and submit the rulemaking file to OAL within one year of the date of publication of a Notice of Proposed Action in the Notice Register. The OAL publishes the Notice Register every Friday
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# Overseas School of Colombo
**The Overseas School of Colombo** is a multinational English medium international school located in Pelawatte near Battaramulla, a suburb of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The school offers IB programs from Pre-K through to 12th grade in Sri Lanka. OSC is accredited by the Council of International Schools and the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools.
## History
Founded in 1957 as a non-profit organisation under Sri Lankan law, the school was named The Colombo School for Overseas Children. It was located at Queen\'s Street in Colombo Fort when the school opened on 23 September 1957. The founders were from diplomatic missions (British High Commission, Burmese High Commission and Dutch Embassy) and the business community; this still reflects the school population today.
In September 1961, the school leased the premises known as \"Rippleworth\" at Turret Road (Dharmapala Mawatha) in Colombo 3. The younger children remained at the Fort while the older children moved to Rippleworth. In August 1963 the school in Fort had 100 children, while the school at Rippleworth, known as the Upper School, had about 72 children. In 1967 the school gained accreditation by the International Schools Association in Geneva, Switzerland.
To cope with an increasing numbers of pupils, in 1971 the school relocated to 51 Muttiah Road in Colombo 2 (Rivington) until finally in 1983 the school was relocated to its present address Pelawatte, Battaramulla. During the same year the school obtained accreditation by the International Baccalaureate (IB) Organisation as an IB World School offering the IB Diploma Programme. In 1982, the school changed its name to Overseas Children\'s School (OCS).
In 1990 the school received further accreditations from ECIS (European Council of International Schools) and MSA (Middle States Association of Colleges & Schools) and over the next five years opened a gymnasium and swimming pool. As the school developed it became recognised as an Office of Overseas sponsored school and has built close ties with the US Embassy while maintaining links with the other diplomatic missions. In 1996 the school took its present name, The Overseas School of Colombo. Continuing its campus development programme, the school built a performing arts facility in 2005, renovated its primary and secondary libraries, and inaugurated a new sports facility in 2009.
The Overseas School of Colombo remains Sri Lanka\'s oldest internationally accredited educational institution. It is the only school in Sri Lanka to offer the International Baccalaureate Programme from Pre-school to Grade 12.
## Curriculum
OSC is a full IB World school offering the IB Primary Years Programme, Middle Years Programme and Diploma Programme.
## Students
For the 2010-11 school year, the student body numbers 410, from 40 nationalities. The largest percentage of students are Sri Lankan 19% with Americans comprising 14%, Indians 10%, British 9% and Australian 6%.
The majority of the families come from foreign missions, United Nations organisations and NGOs, while the rest are mainly from the corporate sector. The average annual turnover of students is 25% due to families being transferred to other posts abroad. OSC graduates go on to universities in the United States, England, Canada, Australia, and Sri Lanka among other countries.
## Student Government Association {#student_government_association}
Every student at the OSC is a member of the Student Government Association (SGA) a forum for their voices. The organisation helps maintain a high level of cooperation and school spirit, extending to the Primary School also in the form of the PSGA.
The SGA consists of an Executive Committee and a membership of two elected representatives from each grade level guided by a teacher supervisor. The representatives attend weekly meetings to provide feedback on students' requirements, ideas and issues, and two SGA representatives also attend School Board meetings.
## Community service {#community_service}
OSC students participate in community service activities. All Secondary School students enroll in community service projects which mostly take place on Thursday afternoons. The projects range from work with sick or orphaned children, to support for street dogs through inoculations
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# GR connector
The **GR connector**, officially the **General Radio Type 874**, was a type of RF connector used for connecting coaxial cable. Designed by Eduard Karplus, Harold M. Wilson and William R. Thurston at General Radio Corporation, it was widely used on General Radio\'s electronic test equipment as well as some other manufacturers\' (e.g. Tektronix, Hewlett-Packard, Philips) instruments from the 1950s to the 1970s.
The connector had several desirable properties:
- Good control of the electrical impedance across a wide range of frequencies, therefore low reflection
- Reliable mating
- Hermaphrodism, so there were no \"male\" or \"female\" connectors; any GR connector could mate with any other GR connector.
This last characteristic was achieved by having both the inner and outer conductors made from four leaves, two of which were displaced slightly outwards and two of which were displaced slightly inwards. By rotating one connector by 90 degrees, its inner leaves would mate with the other connector\'s outer leaves and vice versa.
When frequently mated, the inner leaves were susceptible to breakage due to stubbing, flexing and fatigue cracking as the connector was pressed together and alignment was perfected.
In 1961, an optional locking mechanism consisting of an outer hex nut encasing a captured threaded barrel was added to the 874 line. It can be seen in the photograph of a GR-900 to GR-874 adapter. The locking assembly is not captive and can be backed off the RF connector. The threaded barrel is supplied on each connector. The threaded barrel was withdrawn into the nut on one connector and extended on the other to allow the barrel to engage the nut of both mating connectors. This style of locking mechanism was continued in GR-874\'s thematic successors; the GR-900 precision 14 mm connector that retains a crenelated hermaphroditic mechanical anti-spin feature to protect the sexless RF interface from rotating and galling when the locking mechanism is tightened, and the fully genderless APC-7 7 mm connector.
Adapters to other connector series were available.
Eventually, the limited frequency range of a 14 mm connector and its high manufacturing cost overcame its ease of assembly and the GR-874 was supplanted generally by the 7 mm type N connector and its variants, the BNC connector and the TNC connector, and the later higher frequency 3.5 mm SMA connectors. General Radio, then still a major source of RF test equipment, designed the incompatible GR-900 as a 14 mm successor to the GR-874, filling the industry\'s need for a higher performance genderless connector for fully reversible lab standards and related test equipment. The GR-900 was in turn succeeded in this essential niche role by the APC-7 connector
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# CONCORD
Concord}} `{{advert|date=July 2016}}`{=mediawiki}
**CONCORD**, also referred to as **CONCORD Europe**, is the European confederation of non-governmental organisations working on sustainable development and international development cooperation.
It was established in its current form in 2003 and is the main NGO interlocutor with the EU institutions on development policy. `{{As of|2024}}`{=mediawiki} it was made up of 57 member organisations, which are national NGO platforms and international NGO networks, representing more than 2,600 NGOs.
The stated goal of the Confederation is to enhance the impact of European development NGOs by combining expertise and accountability. Since 2003, CONCORD has reviewed and protested the EU\'s policies and practices relation to overseas aid and its commitment to the UN Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals, policy coherence for development and funding issues.
CONCORD maintains a secretariat based in Brussels, Belgium.
## History
The organisation was registered in Belgium in 1980 but established by development NGOs from across Europe in its current form in 2003. CONCORD is an acronym for ***CON**federation for **CO**operation of **R**elief and **D**evelopment NGOs*. This name is no longer used and CONCORD is now describing itself as \"European Confederation of NGOs working on sustainable development and international cooperation\".
## EU Development Policy {#eu_development_policy}
The EU and its member states are the world\'s biggest donors of official development assistance. A major area of work for EU development policy operates within the Cotonou agreement which establishes a relationship between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific states related to development policy. EU action in the field of development is based on the European Consensus on Development, signed on 20 December 2005, whereby EU Member States, the Council, the European Parliament and the European Commission agreed to a common EU vision of development.
EU partnerships and dialogue with developing countries promote respect for human rights, fundamental freedoms, peace, democracy, good governance, and gender equality, the rule of law, solidarity and justice through global education. The European Community\'s contribution is focused on certain areas of intervention, responding to the needs of partner countries.
## Publications
CONCORD publishes AidWatch, an annual report on the EU\'s aid policy. In 2011, the AidWatch report criticised EU members states for increasingly tying overseas development aid to specific domestic and foreign policy goals, inflating aid by 5billion Euros.
CONCORD also publishes a report every 2 years on Policy Coherence for Development (PCD), a legal provision under the EU Lisbon Treaty. PCD aims to ensure that the external impacts of other EU policies do not undermine the aims and objectives of EU development cooperation.
In 2010, CONCORD published its Narrative on Development. The report outlines that European Union Development policies should not pursue unilateral European interests. Legally, they are to support sustainable and human development in developing countries.
## Partners
At global level, CONCORD is actively involved in the Open Forum for CSO Development Effectiveness, the Beyond 2015 campaign, The Humanitarian Forum international network of NGOs and BetterAid. Through these collaborations CONCORD engages with similar NGO networks from South America, Asia and Africa
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# Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande
**Philippe François Rouxel, viscount de Blanchelande** (21 February 1735 -- 15 April 1793) was a French Army officer and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Saint-Domingue from 1790 to 1792. He was born on 21 February 1735 in Dijon, France, and subsequently joined the French army, rising to the rank of *Maréchal de camp* by 1781. In that year, Blanchelande led a French expeditionary force which captured Tobago from the British. He was subsequently made governor of the island, serving from 1781 to 1784.
Blanchelande subsequently succeeded Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier as governor of Saint-Domingue at the end of 1790. In 1791, during the Haitian Revolution, Rouxel led French troops against rebel slaves led by Dutty Boukman. In 1792, he was replaced as governor by Adrien-Nicolas Piédefer, marquis de La Salle, who would himself be replaced by François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort after June 1793. Convicted of counter-revolutionary actions and treason, Blanchelande was condemned to the guillotine by the Revolutionary Tribunal on 11 April 1793 and executed on 15 April
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# Milner Baily Schaefer
**Milner Baily (\"Benny\") Schaefer** (1912 in Cheyenne, Wyoming -- 1970 in San Diego, California), is notable for his work on the population dynamics of fisheries.
## Career
Schaefer worked as a biologist at the Washington State Fisheries Department. From 1937 to 1942 as a scientist for the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Commission in New Westminster, British Columbia, Canada. In 1946 he joined the United States Fish and Wildlife Service and held various posts at the Fishery Biology Headquarters at Stanford University. Later, he worked at the Pacific Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Laboratory in Honolulu, Hawaii, and completed a fisheries doctorate from the University of Washington in 1950. In 1951 Schaefer became Director of Investigations at the Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC). IATTC established its first headquarters at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography.
## Schaefer short-term catch equation {#schaefer_short_term_catch_equation}
During his period at the IATTC, Schaefer worked on the development of theories of fishery dynamics and published a fishery equilibrium model based on the Verhulst population growth model and an assumption of a bi-linear catch equation, often referred to as the Schaefer short-term catch equation:
$H(E,X)=q E X\!$
where the variables are; *H*, referring to catch (harvest) over a given period of time (e.g. a year); *E*, the fishing effort over the given period; *X*, the fish stock biomass at the beginning of the period (or the average biomass), and the parameter *q* represents the catchability of the stock. Assuming the catch to equal the net natural growth in the population over the same period ($\dot{X}=0$), the equilibrium catch is a function of the long term fishing effort *E*:
$H(E)=q K E \left(1-\frac{qE}{r}\right)$
*r* and *K* being biological parameters representing intrinsic growth rate and natural equilibrium biomass respectively.
Schaefer published during the 1950s a range of papers of empirical studies based on the model, the most famous perhaps being *A study of the dynamics of the fishery for yellowfin tuna in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean*. Other researchers also soon saw the potential of developing the model tools further.
## Gordon-Schaefer model {#gordon_schaefer_model}
Schaefer\'s seminal paper further extends the biological model to account for dynamics of fishing pressure in an unregulated fishery, assuming that fishing effort increases until profit can no longer be made. Thus, the fishery reaches an equilibrium, referred to as the *bionomic equilibrium* by H. Scott Gordon in a paper published the same year as Schaefer\'s but focused on purely economics of fishing. Apparently, Schaefer and Gordon did not know about each other\'s work, and today their bioeconomic model is known as Gordon-Schaefer Model. It is a common to credit Schaefer only for the biological part of this model , but this is a mistake. Together, the work by Schaefer and Gordon set the basis for quantitative analyses of fisheries economics
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# Surgeons' Hall
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# List of Hawker Hart and variants operators
Several countries and many Royal Air Force units operated the Hawker Hart and its variants.
## Operators
### Hawker Hart {#hawker_hart}
`{{flag|Afghanistan|1930}}`{=mediawiki}
- Afghan Air Force received eight aircraft in 1937.
`{{flag|Canada|1921}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Canadian Air Force
`{{flag|Egypt|1922}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Egyptian Air Force
`{{EST}}`{=mediawiki}
- Estonian Air Force received eight Harts with interchangeable wheel and float undercarriages in 1932. They remained in use until the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940.
`{{FIN}}`{=mediawiki}
- Finnish Air Force received five ex-Swedish Air Force Harts in 1940.
`{{flagicon|India|British}}`{=mediawiki} British India
- Royal Indian Air Force
- No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force
- No. 2 Squadron, Indian Air Force
- No. 1 Service Flying Training School, Ambala
`{{flag|Iran|1925|name=Iran}}`{=mediawiki}
- Imperial Iranian Air Force
`{{flag|South Africa|1928}}`{=mediawiki}
- South African Air Force received over 50 ex-RAF Harts from 1937.
- 1 Squadron SAAF
`{{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}`{=mediawiki}
- Southern Rhodesian Air Force
- No. 1 Squadron
`{{SWE}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Swedish Air Force received four Hawker-built Harts powered by Bristol Pegasus radial engines in 1934, with 42 more Pegasus powered Harts built under licence.
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No. 5 Squadron RAF June 1940--February 1941
- No. 6 Squadron RAF October 1935--March 1938
- No. 11 Squadron RAF February 1932--July 1939
- No. 12 Squadron RAF January 1931--October 1936
- No. 15 Squadron RAF June 1934--March 1936
- No. 17 Squadron RAF October 1935--May 1936
- No. 18 Squadron RAF November 1931--May 1936
- No. 24 Squadron RAF
- No. 27 Squadron RAF 1939--1940
- No. 33 Squadron RAF February 1930--March 1938
- No. 39 Squadron RAF November 1931--July 1939
- No. 40 Squadron RAF November 1935--March 1936
- No. 45 Squadron RAF September 1935--January 1936
- No. 57 Squadron RAF October 1931--May 1936
- No. 60 Squadron RAF
- No. 81 Squadron RAF
- No. 142 Squadron RAF
- No. 173 Squadron RAF
- No. 235 Squadron RAF
- No. 237 Squadron RAF
- No. 296 Squadron RAF
- No. 500 Squadron RAF
- No. 501 Squadron RAF
- No. 502 Squadron RAF
- No. 503 Squadron RAF
- No. 504 Squadron RAF
- No. 510 Squadron RAF
- No. 600 Squadron RAF
- No. 601 Squadron RAF
- No. 602 Squadron RAF
- No. 603 Squadron RAF
- No. 604 Squadron RAF
- No. 605 Squadron RAF
- No. 609 Squadron RAF
- No. 610 Squadron RAF
- No. 611 Squadron RAF
- Fleet Air Arm
- 780 Naval Air Squadron
- 781 Naval Air Squadron
`{{flag|Kingdom of Yugoslavia}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Yugoslav Air Force - Four Harts were loaned to Yugoslavia in 1931.
### Hawker Audax {#hawker_audax}
`{{flagicon|India|British}}`{=mediawiki} British India
- Royal Indian Air Force
- No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force
- No. 2 Squadron, Indian Air Force
- No. 3 Squadron, Indian Air Force
- No. 4 Squadron, Indian Air Force
- No. 1 Service Flying Training School, Ambala
`{{flag|Canada|1921}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Canadian Air Force
`{{flag|Egypt|1922}}`{=mediawiki}
- 4 Squadron, Royal Egyptian Air Force
`{{flag|Iraq|1924}}`{=mediawiki}
- Iraqi Air Force
`{{flag|Iran|1925}}`{=mediawiki}
- Imperial Iranian Air Force
`{{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}`{=mediawiki}
- Southern Rhodesian Air Force
- No. 1 Squadron
`{{flag|Straits Settlements}}`{=mediawiki}
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No. 2 Squadron RAF
- No. 4 Squadron RAF
- No. 5 Squadron RAF in India
- No. 13 Squadron RAF
- No. 16 Squadron RAF
- No. 20 Squadron RAF
- No. 24 Squadron RAF
- No. 26 Squadron RAF
- No. 28 Squadron RAF
- No. 52 Squadron RAF
- No. 61 Squadron RAF
- No. 63 Squadron RAF
- No. 77 Squadron RAF
- No. 105 Squadron RAF
- No. 114 Squadron RAF
- No. 144 Squadron RAF
- No. 146 Squadron RAF
- No. 148 Squadron RAF
- No. 173 Squadron RAF
- No. 208 Squadron RAF
- No. 211 Squadron RAF
- No. 226 Squadron RAF
- No. 237 Squadron RAF
- No. 267 Squadron RAF
- No. 615 Squadron RAF
- Fleet Air Arm
- 780 Naval Air Squadron
### Hawker Demon {#hawker_demon}
`{{AUS}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Australian Air Force
- No. 1 Squadron RAAF
- No. 2 Squadron RAAF
- No. 3 Squadron RAAF
- No. 4 Squadron RAAF
- No. 12 Squadron RAAF
- No. 21 Squadron RAAF
- No. 22 Squadron RAAF
- No. 23 Squadron RAAF
- No. 25 Squadron RAAF
- No. 1 Service Flying Training School
- No. 1 Air Depot
- No. 2 Air Depot
- No. 3 Bombing and Gunnery School
- Communications and Survey Flight
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No. 6 Squadron RAF
- No. 23 Squadron RAF
- No. 25 Squadron RAF
- No. 29 Squadron RAF
- No. 41 Squadron RAF
- No. 64 Squadron RAF
- No. 65 Squadron RAF
- No. 74 Squadron RAF
- No. 208 Squadron RAF
- No. 600 Squadron RAF
- No. 601 Squadron RAF
- No. 604 Squadron RAF
- No. 607 Squadron RAF
- No. 608 Squadron RAF
### Hawker Hardy {#hawker_hardy}
`{{flag|Belgian Congo}}`{=mediawiki}
- Force Publique
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Air Force
- No. 6 Squadron RAF
- No. 30 Squadron RAF
`{{flag|Southern Rhodesia}}`{=mediawiki}
- Southern Rhodesia Air Force
- No. 237 Squadron RAF
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# List of Hawker Hart and variants operators
## Operators
### Hawker Hartebeest {#hawker_hartebeest}
`{{flag|South Africa|1928}}`{=mediawiki}
- South African Air Force
- 1 Squadron SAAF
- 2 Squadron SAAF
- 40 Squadron SAAF
- 41 Squadron SAAF
### Hawker Osprey {#hawker_osprey}
`{{POR}}`{=mediawiki}
- Portuguese Navy
`{{flag|Spain|1931}}`{=mediawiki}
- Spanish Republican Navy
`{{SWE}}`{=mediawiki}
- Royal Swedish Air Force
`{{UK}}`{=mediawiki}
- Fleet Air Arm
- 701 Naval Air Squadron
- 711 Naval Air Squadron
- 712 Naval Air Squadron
- 713 Naval Air Squadron
- 714 Naval Air Squadron
- 715 Naval Air Squadron
- 716 Naval Air Squadron
- 718 Naval Air Squadron
- 750 Naval Air Squadron
- 755 Naval Air Squadron
- 757 Naval Air Squadron
- 758 Naval Air Squadron
- 759 Naval Air Squadron
- 800 Naval Air Squadron
- 801 Naval Air Squadron
- 802 Naval Air Squadron
- 803 Naval Air Squadron
- No. 404 (Fleet Fighter) Flight
- No. 405 (Fleet Fighter) Flight
- No. 406 (Fleet Fighter) Flight
- No. 407 (Fleet Fighter) Flight
- No. 409 (Fleet Fighter) Flight
- No. 443 (Fleet Reconnaissance) Flight
- No. 444 (Fleet Reconnaissance) Flight
- No. 445 (Fleet Reconnaissance) Flight
- No
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# General Radio
**General Radio Company** (later, **GenRad**) was a broad-line manufacturer of electronic test equipment in Massachusetts, U.S. from 1915 to 2001. During the middle of 20th century, they were a major competitor to Hewlett-Packard and Tektronix.
## History
On June 14, 1915, Melville Eastham and a small group of investors started **General Radio Company** in Cambridge, Massachusetts, a few blocks northwest of Massachusetts Institute of Technology.`{{r|Burke}}`{=mediawiki} During the 1950s, the company moved to West Concord, Massachusetts, where it became a major player in the automatic test equipment (ATE) business, manufacturing a line of testers for assembled printed circuit boards. It also produced extensive lines of electrical component measuring equipment, sound and vibration measurement and RLC standards. In 1975, the company name was changed to **GenRad**.
In 1991, a startup **QuadTech**`{{r|QuadTech}}`{=mediawiki} was founded as spinoff of GenRad\'s Instrumentation division and Precision Product lines, as well as the rights to use the \"GenRad\" and \"General Radio\" names. In 2000, **IET Labs**`{{r|IET}}`{=mediawiki} acquired from QuadTech the GenRad RLC standards, impedance decades, megohmmeters, digibridges, audio lines, stroboscope lines. Then in 2005 **IET Labs** purchased the Digibridge and Megohmmeter lines, which continue to be manufactured in West Roxbury, Massachusetts. In 2001, **Teradyne** acquired the GenRad board test system lines, which were relocated to Teradyne\'s corporate campus in North Reading, Massachusetts.`{{r|VanVeen_20061204|pages=240-241|quote=The deal was wrapped up in late October, and on October 27, Teradyne CEO George Chamillard addressed GenRad employees at Westford to share with them his thoughts on the difficulties they all faced and what had to be done to succeed. }}`{=mediawiki}
Among General Radio\'s accomplishments over the years have been:
- The introduction of one of the world\'s first portable oscilloscopes.
- The production of many high-precision standards for inductance, resistance, and capacitance.
- The production of the stroboscope as the *Strobotac*.
- The production of the sound level meter.
- The *Variac* variable autotransformer, which was a U.S. trademark of General Radio from 1934 to 2001.
- Invention of the \"five-way\" binding post connector.
- Invention of the GR connector
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# Kisschasy: The Movie
***Kisschasy: The Movie*** is Kisschasy\'s first ever official DVD release. *Kisschasy: The Movie* follows Aussie band Kisschasy as they hit the road for their largest and longest tour to date. This tour covered 37 shows in only six weeks. The movie documents the entire tour, from the first morning they wake up til the last person standing at the home-coming party
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# New Selected Poems 1966–1987
***New Selected Poems 1966--1987*** is a poetry collection by Seamus Heaney, who received the 1995 Nobel Prize in Literature. It was published in 1990 (see 1990 in poetry) by Faber and Faber. It includes selections from each of Heaney\'s seven first volumes of verse:
- *Death of a Naturalist* (1966)
- *Door into the Dark* (1969)
- *Wintering Out* (1972)
- *North* (1975)
- *Field Work* (1979)
- *Station Island* (1984)
- *The Haw Lantern* (1987)
It also includes several prose poems from Heaney\'s limited volume *Stations* (1975), as well as excerpts from *Sweeney Astray* (1983), Heaney\'s verse translation of the Irish legend Buile Shuibhne. The collection includes poems such as \"The Haw Lantern\", \"Mid-Term Break\", \"Follower\" and \"Clearances\"
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# Metropolitan Panteleimon of Belgium
**Metropolitan Panteleimon** (*Μητροπολίτης Παντελεήμων*, born **Nikolaos Kontoyiannis**, *Νικόλαος Κοντογιάννης*; 7 February 1935 -- 24 January 2023) was the Metropolitan of Belgium and Exarch of the Netherlands and Luxembourg, under the spiritual leadership of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. He retired in 2013.
Panteleimon was born in Chios, Greece on 7 February 1935. He was a graduate of the Theological Institute of Halki seminary, Istanbul. In 1982, he was unanimously elected by the Holy Synod of the Ecumenical Patriarchate as the Head of the Holy Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Belgium, based in Brussels.
Metropolitan Panteleimon died on 24 January 2023, at the age of 87
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# Does the Team Think?
***Does The Team Think?*** was a radio panel game broadcast originally on the BBC Light Programme (and later on BBC Radio 2 and BBC Radio 4) from 1957 to 1976, and revived, again on Radio 2, with a new cast, in 2007. It also broadcast as a TV programme.
## Format
The show was a parody of *Any Questions?*, where audience members pose questions to an assembled panel. The questions and answers were played for laughs (in contrast to the serious political debate in *Any Questions?*), with the panellists improvising witty answers.
## Original series 1957--1976 {#original_series_19571976}
The idea of a parody version of *Any Questions?* was suggested by Jimmy Edwards in 1957. The Light Programme agreed to run a short series, which ended up running almost twenty years. The panel was chaired by Peter Haigh for the first series and by McDonald Hobley for the majority of its run. Regular panellists were Edwards, Arthur Askey, Tommy Trinder and Ted Ray, with a guest questioner joining them each week. Other panellists who appeared on the radio series included Bernard Braden, Kenneth Horne, Cyril Fletcher, Derek Roy, Richard Murdoch, Cardew Robinson, Alfred Marks and Leslie Crowther.
## TV series {#tv_series}
A television programme of the same name was briefly trialled in 1961, also hosted by McDonald Hobley.
In 1982, a second TV series ran for 9 episodes, with Tim Brooke-Taylor as the host. It was produced by Robert Reed for Thames Television. Jimmy Edwards, Frankie Howerd, Beryl Reid and Willie Rushton were regular panellists. Guest questioners were Steve Davis, Robert Dougall, Britt Ekland, Roy Plomley, Magnus Pyke, Shaw Taylor and Barbara Woodhouse.
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# Does the Team Think?
## 2007 revival
The radio show was revived in 2007. It was broadcast on BBC Radio 2 and was written and hosted by Vic Reeves, and produced by Paul Russell for Open Mike Productions. The title was changed slightly, to *Does the Team Think\...*. The first programme went out on 28 June 2007. It was recorded at University of London Union on 27 March, 2, 23 and 30 April 2007. A second series was aired in 2009. The first programme from this series was aired on 17 June 2009 and featured Reeves\' comedy partner Bob Mortimer, and *Shooting Stars* team captains Ulrika Jonsson and Jack Dee.
### Episodes
Episode Original airdate Guests
------------------ ------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------
Series 1 -- 2007
1\. 1--1 2007-06-28 Alan Carr, Jools Holland, Ben Miller, Pauline McLynn
2\. 1--2 2007-07-05 Paul Whitehouse, Rowland Rivron, Andy Parsons, Lucy Porter
3\. 1--3 2007-07-12 Suggs, Sean Lock, Patrick Kielty, Liz Smith
4\. 1--4 2007-07-19 Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen, Tom Baker, Jo Caulfield, Arthur Smith
5\. 1--5 2007-07-26 Paul Whitehouse, Lucy Porter, Michael McIntyre, Andy Parsons
6\. 1--6 2007-08-02 Jo Caulfield, Arthur Smith, Tom Baker, Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen
7\. 1--7 2007-08-09 Sean Lock, Suggs, Patrick Kielty, Liz Smith
8\. 1--8 2007-08-16 Alan Carr, Ben Miller, Rowland Rivron, Shappi Khorsandi
Series 2 -- 2009
9\. 2--1 2009-06-17 Jack Dee, Julian Clary, Ulrika Jonsson, Bob Mortimer
10\. 2--2 2009-06-24 Rhod Gilbert, Marcus Brigstocke, Noddy Holder, Liza Tarbuck
11\. 2--3 2009-07-01 Andy Parsons, Ralf Little, Rich Hall, Gaby Roslin
12\. 2--4 2009-07-08 Sean Hughes, Roy Walker, Bob Mortimer, Rhona Cameron
13\. 2.5 2009-07-15 Jack Dee, Julian Clary, Ulrika Jonsson, Bob Mortimer
14\. 2.6 2009-07-22 Noddy Holder, Rhod Gilbert, Marcus Brigstocke, Liza Tarbuck
15\. 2.7 2009-07-29 Andy Parsons, Ralf Little, Gaby Roslin, Rich Hall
16\. 2
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# Roger Dill
**Roger Dill** (born 5 July 1957) is an international cricket umpire from Bermuda.
He became the first umpire from the ICC Associates panel to officiate in a full One Day Internationals (ODIs) in May 2006, during the triangular series played by Bermuda, Canada and Zimbabwe. He has officiated in 25 ODIs.
Dill is also a sergeant in the Bermudian fire brigade
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# Wild river
A **wild river** (United States, Australia, & New Zealand) or **heritage river** (Canada) is a :river or a river system designated by a government to be protected and kept \"relatively untouched by development and are therefore in near natural condition, with all, or almost all, of its natural values intact.\"
Within some nations including in the United States of America, Canada, New Zealand, and the Commonwealth of Australia, governments have opted to focus on rivers and river systems as a kind of \"unmodified or slightly modified\" landscape feature to protect, manage and preserve in near \'natural\' condition -- variously labeling or formally declaring such areas to be \"wild rivers\" (or \"heritage rivers\").
The term \"wild river\" may also more generically describe or identify free-flowing rivers without dams.
## Concerns about the term {#concerns_about_the_term}
Where rivers or river systems may be labeled \'wild rivers\' with the intention of protecting them to a Wilderness (IUCN Category 1b) standard, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) warns:
Most recently, in Australia, following some declarations, and in the lead up to a number of other \'wild river declarations using Queensland\'s wild rivers\' legislation, Australia\'s Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission observed:
## Wild rivers by country {#wild_rivers_by_country}
### Australia
In 1979, Tasmania\'s Hydro-Electricity Commission released a proposal to dam and inundate the Gordon (37 km) and Franklin (33 km) Rivers, leading the Tasmanian Wilderness Society and other conservation groups to mobilize one of Australia\'s largest conservation battles and acts of civil disobedience, focused heavily on \"\...the protection of the Franklin River, one of Australia's last truly wild rivers\...\" resulting in the river being World Heritage listed (as part of the Tasmanian Wilderness world heritage area) and a subsequent Australian High Court decision preventing the damming of this wild river.
The then Prime Minister of Australia, in December 1992, gave a \'Statement on the Environment\' speech committing the Commonwealth of Australia to identifying all of Australia\'s near-pristine rivers and to encouraging government agencies plus Australian peoples generally to more effectively protect and manage those rivers as total catchments. This commitment translated into the establishment of an Australian Heritage Commission Wild Rivers Project:
By 1998 the Australian Heritage Commission\'s Wild Rivers Project, working in cooperation with all states, had produced maps identifying Australia\'s wild rivers across all of the Commonwealth\'s States, plus \"Conservation Guidelines for the Management of Wild River Values\".
New South Wales opted to adapt, protect and declare wild rivers, including over 7600 km of waterways and tributaries of the Grose and Colo rivers, under its existing *National Parks and Wildlife Act* 1974.
Queensland identified an initial 19 rivers to be protected as wild rivers and, in September 2005, opted to enact \"Australia's first comprehensive and stand alone legislation to identify, protect and preserve that State's remaining wild rivers\". In 2007, Queensland declared its first wild rivers within the Gulf of Carpentaria, as well as at Fraser Island, and Hinchinbrook Island and in April 2009 a further three wild river areas have been declared in Cape York Peninsula.
Australia\'s Wilderness Society (who find their early origins in the original Tasmanian Franklin Wild River campaign), also chose to renew and re-initiate its wild river campaigning \"\...to seek government action around a Wild Rivers framework building on the Australian Heritage Commission's earlier work\...\", being an ongoing campaign as follows:
In January 2010, the Queensland *Wild Rivers Act 2005* became the subject of national interest when federal Opposition leader Tony Abbott announced a plan to \'overturn\' the Act through a proposed [*Wild Rivers Environmental Management Bill*](http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id:legislation%2Fbillhome%2Fr4646). This legislation intended to insert a provision in the Queensland Act, granting Indigenous titleholders a right to consent to this one regulation. The introduction of the *Wild Rivers (Environmental Management) Bill* to both houses of federal parliament in 2010 and 2011 led to a series of parliamentary inquiries, though in October 2011, Queensland Liberal National Party candidate Campbell Newman indicated he planned to \'axe\' the legislation if elected. Elected in March 2012, Newman subsequently announced he would eventually replace the *Wild Rivers Act* solely in Cape York Peninsula under a [Bio-Regional Management Plan](http://ehp.qld.gov.au/cape-york/bioregion-management-plan.html) anticipated in October 2013.
### Canada
Canada has been described as follows:
In 1984 Canada\'s federal, provincial and territorial governments established a Canadian Heritage Rivers System as Canada\'s national river conservation program -- to conserve and protect the heritage values and integrity of the best examples of Canada\'s large, free flowing rivers and river systems.
Canada\'s river conservation program was not established by statute, but is instead a cooperative arrangement between Canada\'s ten provinces and three territories establishing a fifteen-member (appointed) Canadian Heritage Rivers board, to which participating members nominate rivers to be designated as heritage rivers, for which river management plans building on existing statutory powers are prepared, agreed, and endorsed.
The French River in Ontario was the first river to be designated a heritage river, in 1986, and since then 40 rivers have been designated across Canada:
### New Zealand {#new_zealand}
Through to the 1970s in New Zealand a conservation movement formed around a number of largely unprecedented campaigns \"\...to save wild river landscapes\...\" including particularly campaigns to prevent damming of the Clutha River, damming of the Motu River, and raising the waters of Lake Manapouri (with the Save Manapouri Campaign now regarded as a key milestone in New Zealand environmental protection, and the Lake itself ultimately ending up in the Te Wahipounamu World Heritage Area).
These wild river campaigns led, in 1981, to the passing of a *Wild and Scenic Rivers* legislation and, in 1984, to the Motu River becoming New Zealand\'s first \"Wild and Scenic River\". Since then 14 other wild rivers have been protected in accordance with New Zealand\'s Wild Rivers legislation (with \'Water Conservation orders\' being made), and in 2009 conservation groups have initiated a renewed and reinvigorated national scale \"wild rivers\" campaign with the following rationale:
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# Wild river
## Wild rivers by country {#wild_rivers_by_country}
### United States {#united_states}
Following a Presidential Commission reviewing the outdoor recreational resources of the United States of America, the United States Congress passed the *Wild and Scenic Rivers Act* in October 1968, creating a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System as follows:
As of 2008 (after 40 years since the United States National Wild and Scenic Rivers System was first created), more than 11000 mi of 166 rivers in 38 States plus the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico have been protected
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# People Management
***People Management*** (**PM**) is the UK\'s biggest human resources (HR) publication, with an average circulation of 134,853 (2015). It is the official magazine of the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), and is published by Haymarket Media Group. People management is defined as a set of practices that encompass the end-to-end processes of talent acquisition, talent optimization, and talent retention while providing continued support for the business and guidance for the employees of an organization.
In 1996, it became the first magazine in the UK to refuse "ageist" recruitment advertisements, as the start of a campaign against age discrimination, which saw *PM* draw up a charter that was eventually signed by 65 recruitment communications and marketing businesses.
In addition to age discrimination, the magazine has worked to raise awareness of the employment issues facing employees with mental illness, ex-offenders, dyslexic people, women, ethnic minorities, people with disabilities, and gay, lesbian and bisexual workers. It has also highlighted best practice in managing and supporting employees with cancer. In 2006, it ran a successful campaign to draw attention to the issue of pregnancy at work, for which it joined forces with baby charity Tommy\'s.
Its website includes an HR jobs search and a supplier directory. In 2011, *People Management* changed from a fortnightly publication schedule to a monthly one. April 2011 was the first monthly issue to be published. In 2015, international editions of *People Management* were launched in the Middle East and Asia.
## Awards
- 2015: the April 2015 \"Sex, drugs and crossbows\" cover wins BSME business brand cover of the year
- 2015: *People Management* named \'HR publication of the year\' at the annual Towers Watson awards
- 2013: *People Management* named \'Best for Membership (Not-for-profit/Charities/Associations)\' at the International Content Marketing Awards
- 2011: *People Management* shortlisted for the Stonewall publication of the year award -- the second time *PM* has made the shortlist
- 2007: *PM* editor Steve Crabb won editor of the year in the [British Society of Magazine Editors (BSME)](http://www.BSME.com) annual awards (business and professional non-weekly category); editor Susanne Lawrence had previously won it in 1993
- 2001: the magazine won the \'Media\' award from [Help the Aged](http://www.helptheaged.org.uk) in their [NOJO](http://www.50connect.co.uk/additional/charity/charity_archives/help_the_aged_awards) awards for their campaigning work on age discrimination
- 1999 and 2000: *PM* won \'Most Effective Business-to-Business Title\' and \'Website of the Year\' in the [APA](http://www.apa.co.uk) Awards
- 1992: the magazine won overall best cover in the Magazine Publishing Awards (business category);
- 1992: *PM* journalist D. MacKenzie Davey won best regular columnist in the Magazine Publishing Awards (business category); editor Susanne Lawrence had won the award for best specialist columnist in 1983
- 1989: the magazine won best feature in the Magazine Publishing Awards (business magazine category)
- 1989 and 1980: *PM* journalist Jane Pickard won magazine industrial journalist of the year at the Industrial Society; editor Susanne Lawrence had previously won it in 1980
- 1988: the magazine won best use of illustration in the Magazine Publishing Awards, for an article on transvestism
- 1988: the magazine won best specialist columnist, for \'Computerfile\', at the Magazine Publishing Awards (business category)
## Previous names {#previous_names}
- Since 1995: *People Management*, incorporating *Personnel Management*,*PM Plus*, *Training and Development*, and *Transition*
- 1990--1995: *PM Plus*
- 1986--1990: *IPM Digest*
- 1969--1980: *Personnel Management*
- 1967--1969: *Personnel*
- 1947--1967: *Personnel Management*
## Editors
- 1970: Pam Pocock
- 1974: Susanne Lawrence
- 1994: Rob MacLachlan
- 1999: Steve Crabb
- 2008: Rob MacLachlan
- 2012: Robert Jeffery
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# People Management
## Publishing history {#publishing_history}
- October 2015: *People Management Asia*, and *People Management Middle East* are launched
- July 2012: Contract moves to Haymarket Media Group
- April 2011: *People Management* reverts to monthly frequency
- January 1995: *People Management* launched as a fortnightly publication to coincide with merger of IPM and Institute of Training and Development (ITD); new title incorporates *Personnel Management*, *PM Plus*, *Training and Development* and *Transition*
- July 1990: *PM Plus* launched as new mid-monthly edition of *Personnel Management*, replacing IPM\'s house journal *IPM Digest*
- 1981: Susanne Lawrence together with David Evans of Centurion Press set up new company, Personnel Publications Ltd (PPL), to produce *Personnel Management* for IPM; contract moves from Business Publications. First issue under PPL -- July
- May 1969: Contract moves from Haymarket to Mercury House Business Publications Ltd (BPL). BPL\'s long-standing independent monthly *Personnel and Training Management* (formerly *Personnel Management and Methods*) becomes *Personnel Management*, monthly magazine of IPM
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# Swedish Chamber Choir
The **Swedish Chamber Choir** (earlier known as Simon Phipps Vocal Ensemble) is a Swedish mixed choir based in Gothenburg. The choir was formed in 1997 and has been led by British conductor Simon Phipps since the beginning. In recent years the choir has received a lot of attention winning several international competitions.
The choir received the Swedish award *Choir of the year 2006*. In 2011 the Swedish Chamber Choir won both the EBU *Silver Rose Bowl* and the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing.
## Recordings
Footprint Records has released 3 recordings of the choir under the theme *Sacred and Profane*. The choir has also released a self-produced Christmas CD and a recording of Swedish music from 1950 and onwards.
- *Sacred and Profane*, Choral music by Benjamin Britten. Released in 2004.
- *Sacré et Profane*, Choral music by Francis Poulenc. Released in 2005.
- *och när snön faller vit*, Christmas music. Released in 2006.
- *Geistlich und Weltlich*, Choral music by Johannes Brahms. Released in 2007.
- *New Favourites*, modern Swedish choir music. Released in 2011.
- *Shakespeare Songs and Sonnets*, Released in 2014.
- *So Fair and Bright*, Released in 2016.
- *Like to the Lark*, Released in 2019
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# Arza Casselman
**Arza Clair Casselman**, `{{Post-nominals|country=CAN|QC}}`{=mediawiki} (January 19, 1891 -- May 11, 1958) was a Canadian lawyer and political figure in Ontario, Canada. He represented Grenville in 1921 and then Grenville---Dundas from 1925 to 1958 in the House of Commons of Canada as a Conservative and later Progressive Conservative member.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
### Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Casselman was born January 19, 1891, in Mariatown, Ontario, located in what was then Williamsburg Township (now, the municipality of South Dundas) in the United Counties of Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry. Casselman was the son of Michael and Almeda Casselman, who were married in 1872. His mother was born in Williamsburg Township in 1851 and his father was born in Matilda Township in 1848, now also part of South Dundas. His family was likely descended from the first Casselmans to settle in Dundas County, who arrived in Canada around 1784 from the Mohawk Valley, New York, as United Empire Loyalists.
Casselman\'s father Michael was also involved in politics, but at the municipal level. Michael Casselman was elected to the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Counties Council in 1899 and was chosen as Counties Warden in 1903. Witnessing his father being actively engaged in local politics perhaps had some influence on A. C. Casselman\'s future political interests.
Casselman received his secondary education in Morrisburg, Ontario, at the Morrisburg Collegiate Institute before attending Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto where he received his degree in law. After his graduation from Osgoode Hall, Casselman was called to the bar in 1915.
### Military service {#military_service}
Casselman put his career in law on hold shortly after being called to the bar in 1915 as World War I was being fought. He instead joined the Canadian Army at 26 years old where he served overseas during the war as a gunner in the 10th Canadian Siege Battery. Around 1918, after World War I had ended, Casselman was discharged from the Canadian Army.
### Adulthood
In 1919, Casselman moved to the town of Prescott, Ontario, where he purchased a law practice from a local solicitor named John K. Dowsley. Dowsley was selling the practice as he had been recently appointed as a provincial court judge. Shortly after Casselman moved to Prescott and purchased his practice, he became heavily involved in municipal, provincial, and federal politics.
In 1926, he purchased the Isaac Wiser House in Prescott (now 741 King St. West), which was designated a heritage property by the municipality in 1996.
In 1931, Casselman was named King\'s Counsel (later Queen\'s Counsel during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II), which is a high honour for any barrister.
### Marriages
In 1920, Casselman married Dorothy Chalmers, daughter of Annie and Fred Chalmers from Morrisburg, Ontario. She died in 1921. In 1925, he was married for the second time, this time to Elizabeth Mundle, daughter of Florence and John A. Mundle. Casselman and his new wife moved into Mayfield House on Wood Street in the town of Prescott, which was purchased immediately following their marriage. The couple had two children, Clifford Mundle, born in 1927, and Richard Clair, born in 1929.
In 1946, Casselman was remarried for a third time after his second wife Elizabeth died. He wed Jean Rowe, the daughter of Earl Rowe and his wife, Treva, from Newton-Robinson, Simcoe County. The couple had two children: Nancy Jean, born in 1948, and William Clair, born in 1952.
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# Arza Casselman
## Political career {#political_career}
Casselman\'s immediate and avid interest in all branches of politics upon his arrival in Prescott in 1919 led him to befriend politician J. D. Reid, a Prescott native who at the time had been MP for the Grenville riding for nearly three decades. When Reid retired from that office in 1921 after being appointed to the senate, it cleared the way for Casselman\'s first federal election. In 1921, he was elected as MP for the first time in the Grenville riding. The following year he resigned this seat to Rt. Hon. Arthur Meighen, a fellow Conservative leader, to allow Meighen to run successfully in an upcoming by-election.
In 1924 the federal electoral district of Grenville was abolished when the county\'s riding was amalgamated with that of Dundas to become a new district known as Grenville-Dundas. In 1925, a federal election was held to determine who would be the first representative for the new electoral district in the House of Commons. The candidates were A. C. Casselman for the Conservative party and William Garnet Anderson for the Liberal party. Casselman won the election with 8,175 votes to Anderson\'s 5,221 votes. This was the start of Casselman\'s 33 consecutive years as MP for Grenville-Dundas.
After winning the 1925 election, Casselman sought re-election in 1926 and again won, this time against Progressive candidate Preston Elliot. Casselman went on to be re-elected as MP in the next eight federal elections, taking place in 1930, 1935, 1940, 1945, 1949, 1953, 1957, and 1958. During the 1925, 1926, 1930 and 1935 federal elections Casselman represented the Conservative party, while in the 1940 election he represented the National Government party. During the last five federal elections he ran for, in 1945, 1949, 1953, 1957, and 1958, Casselman represented the Progressive Conservatives.
In 1935, Casselman was appointed by Rt. Hon. R. B. Bennett as Chief Whip for the Conservative party, with subsequent appointments by R. J. Manion, John Bracken, and George Drew. He maintained this post for 20 years, resigning in 1955 due to poor health.
An important moment in Casselman\'s political career was his 1941 trip to the United Kingdom with Hon. R. B. Hanson and other ministers, during which the men had audiences with Anthony Eden, Winston Churchill, Lord Alexander, and the entire British cabinet.
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# Arza Casselman
## Later life and death {#later_life_and_death}
In 1958, Casselman was elected as Grenville-Dundas\' MP for the final time, and was appointed Deputy Chairman of the House of Commons Committee by then Prime Minister John Diefenbaker. The 1958 federal election won by Casselman would be the last election he would ever run for, as he died on May 11, 1958, just months after the March 1958 election was held. Casselman was 67 years old. Later that year, his wife Jean succeeded him as MP for Grenville-Dundas
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# Exclusive Books
**Exclusive Books** is one of South Africa\'s largest bookselling chains with stores throughout South Africa, and one store in Gaborone, Botswana and one in Windhoek, Namibia. As of 1 December 2013, the chain is owned and operated by a private group of investors. It was previously owned by the Times Media Group (TMG), after TMG took control of Avusa.
## History
In 1951, Pam Joseph, in partnership with Philip Joseph\'s mother, Pauline, purchased a small second-hand bookshop in the centre of Johannesburg and renamed it Exclusive Books.
Philip Joseph expanded the business by setting up a further branch in 1954 in Hillbrow, then one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The bookstore offered late night and Sunday trading, contributing to its growth. The Hillbrow store closed in 1993, and within the same year, the Hyde Park store became the group\'s flagship. It was the largest bookshop of its kind in Southern Africa at the time.
In 1998, it launched the Fanatics loyalty program, which grew to a membership of 170,000 members by 2001. In 1999, Exclusive Books introduced Seattle Coffee Company cafés adjoining eighteen of the book stores.
Until 2012, they sponsored an annual book prize called the Exclusive Books Boeke Prize.
On 22 September 2013, it was announced that Exclusive Books -- and its sister company Van Schaik Bookstore -- was being sold by TMG to a private consortium led by Medu Capital for R435 million. At the conclusion of this sale, the company briefly traded under the name *Jadeite Trading (Pty) Ltd Trading As Exclusive Books*, before being re-registered as *Exclusive Books Group (Pty) Ltd*. On 21 August 2014, the company announced its new brand and a shift in its corporate focus, including the introduction of its own café brand, EB Café.
In July 2017, Market Theatre Foundation partnered with Exclusive Books.
In June 2020, Exclusive Books announced that it would host all upcoming book launches online via Zoom, to comply with the Covid-19 regulations in place.
## Corporate social responsibility {#corporate_social_responsibility}
In 2002, in a move to formalize the corporate social responsibility programme, Exclusive Books established the Exclusive Books Reading Trust. The three trustees are Zakes Mda, Mandla Langa, and Brian Wafawarowa.
The Reading Trust was established to fund literacy, library and reading projects around South Africa. Through the Reading Trust Exclusive Books has opened libraries in Cape Town and Limpopo and has donated thousands of books every year to various organizations and charities.
## E-commerce {#e_commerce}
The first Exclusive Books e-commerce site was launched as ExclusiveBooks.com and went live in 1999. In 2010, this was replaced by Exclus1ves.co.za, which was one of the first e-commerce sites in South Africa to incorporate gamification, they now operate as Exclusivebooks.co.za
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# Davidka
The **Davidka** (*דוידקה*, *\"Little David\"* or *\"Made by David\"* ) was a homemade Israeli mortar used in Safed and Jerusalem during 1947--1949 Palestine war. Its bombs were reported to be extremely loud, but very inaccurate and otherwise of little value beyond terrifying opponents; they proved particularly useful in scaring away both Arab soldiers and civilians. It is nominally classified as a 3-inch (76.2 mm) mortar, although the bomb was considerably larger.
## Etymology
The **Davidka** (\"Little David\" or \"Made by David\"\") was named for its inventor, David Leibowitch, although the name also metaphorically evoked the biblical battle of David and Goliath (I Samuel chap. 17): In 1948, the defense forces of the state of Israel felt themselves fighting against the \"giant\" British-trained and British-led professional Arab Legion, amongst many others, and so they felt the metaphor appropriate.
## History
The mortar was designed at the Mikveh Israel agricultural school in Holon in the winter of 1947--1948. It was first used in combat on March 13, 1948, in the attack on the Abu Kabir neighborhood of Jaffa. The greatest victory attributed to the Davidka was the liberation of the Citadel, a strongpoint in the center of Safed, on the night of May 9--10, 1948.
Six Davidkas were manufactured in all, and two were given to each of the Palmach\'s three brigades (*Harel*, *Yiftach*, and *HaNegev*). One was used by the *Yiftach* Brigade in the battle for Safed, and now stands in a square in Safed. Another stands in Jerusalem\'s Davidka Square, memorializing the *Harel* Brigade\'s participation in the battle for Jerusalem. The Hebrew inscription on the monument (\"וגנותי על-העיר הזאת, להושיעה\") is from 2 Kings 19:34, meaning \"For I will defend this city, to save it\" (where God miraculously saves Jerusalem in honor of King David, the namesake of the weapon).
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# Davidka
## Characteristics
The secret of the Davidka was its 40 kg (88 lb) bomb, which was much larger than the mortar from which it was fired.
In conventional mortars, the bomb is inserted into the tube and the entire projectile travels through the tube to gain initial guidance at launch time. The Davidka\'s tail tube is the only part of the shell which fit inside the launch tube. This contributed to the weapon\'s notorious inaccuracy, as the shell lacked adequate guidance during the launch phase to acquire aerodynamic stability in the intended direction. It is not a spigot mortar, either; in a spigot mortar the \"barrel\" is a guiding rod inserted **inside** the shell\'s propellant chamber. The Davidka\'s propellant chamber fires inside the mortar tube (barrel) as does a conventional mortar, but the 3 inch (76.2 mm) caliber of the barrel is much smaller than the caliber of the warhead of the bomb. It is therefore an oversized conventional mortar, where most of the bomb, and especially its center of gravity, remain outside the barrel---an aerodynamically unstable design, which only worked at all because the center of pressure was still within the barrel. The head of the bomb was essentially a large can filled with nails, rocks, or any other material which could be used for shrapnel. This meant that the blast effects of the weapon were completely random and of dubious efficacy as an anti-personnel weapon. It was of no practical value for siege combat or other light artillery purposes, but it made a loud bang.
Small pieces of metal and tubes were welded onto the outside of the casing, reducing the weapon\'s accuracy even further than its already non-aerodynamic design, but contributing greatly to the whistles and shrieks which it made when in flight. The noise was its most important effect, so that anyone attacked by a Davidka mortar would hear the shell seeming to fall very near to them before bursting very loudly, increasing the fear factor. The Arabs abandoned many strongholds during the war as a direct result of this visceral fear: one story relates that, having been told that many of the proponents and designers of America\'s atomic bomb were Jewish (e.g., Einstein and Oppenheimer ), the Arabs thought that they were being attacked with atomic weapons and subsequently abandoned their homes. This was especially true in the liberation of Safed.
The Davidka was used in the battles for Haifa, Ein Zeitun, Safed and Biddu. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the Davidka carried a bomb that weighed 60 lb and caused fear and panic when used in built-up areas.
## Syrian rebels\' copy {#syrian_rebels_copy}
In a May 2013 Al Jazeera video, the first still photo on the title page shows a concept copy of the DAVIDKA made by the Syrian rebels, but with larger wings and an LP tank added to enhance the effect of the high explosive payload.
<File:Davidkabirya.jpg%7CDavidka> at Birya Fortress <File:Davidka-batey-haosef-1.jpg>\|Batei HaOsef Museum exhibit of a Davidka mortar with a cutaway shell to the left of the mannequin <File:Davidka> Mortar Memorial in Jerusalem, Israel
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# Dwight Wilson (veteran)
**Percy \"Dwight\" Wilson** (February 26, 1901 -- May 9, 2007) was the second-last surviving Canadian veteran of the First World War.
## Biography
Born in Vienna, Ontario, he signed up as a 15-year-old boy in 1916. When asked about his actual age, he told the recruiting officer 16, which was good enough for the Canadian Expeditionary Force. On the two-week voyage crossing the North Atlantic to England, he entertained the other troops on the RMS *Grampian* liner by singing.
On his arrival, Wilson\'s youth was quickly discovered, and did not get a chance to visit the battlefield, as he was returned to Canada in 1917. Still determined, he enlisted again and wound up once more at Camp Petawawa for military training. The war overseas ended before he got another chance.
Wilson and his wife Eleanor were married in 1927, and they stayed together until she died at the age of 94. They had two sons, Dean and Paul.
Shortly after the Second World War began, Wilson enlisted for a third time. This time, however, due to his old age, he was unable to participate in the war. He spent the war as a captain in the Perth County Reserves.
Wilson lived at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre in the Veterans Residence in Toronto for the last year of his life. He died at the age of 106 from complications of a broken hip, which had occurred two weeks earlier. His death left John Babcock, who lived in Spokane, Washington, United States, as the only surviving Canadian veteran of the First World War
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# New Government Degree College, Rajshahi
The **New Government Degree College** (*নিউ গভঃ ডিগ্রী কলেজ, রাজশাহী*) is a government-sponsored independent college located in Rajshahi, Bangladesh.
## History
This college was established in 1966 opposite Rajshahi Central Prison. Since then it has been offering undergraduate programs and graduate programs under Bangladesh National University.
## Academic results {#academic_results}
The college is one of the most advanced higher secondary educational institutes in Bangladesh. It is known for its very high results in H.S.C. (Higher Secondary Certificate) exams. In H.S.C. 2012, among the first top 10 colleges to attain highest G.P.A. of 5.00, it was the only college in Bangladesh outside of capital Dhaka. Besides this college remains in top hundred colleges every year all over Bangladesh in terms of H.S.C. result. For instance 26th position all over Bangladesh in HSC 2020 result.
## Extra curriculum activities {#extra_curriculum_activities}
- Bangladesh National Cadet Corps
- Bangladesh Scouts
- Library, Indoor Games, Debating Clubs, Math Clubs, NLCC language club and so on
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# Danish League Cup
The **Danish League Cup**, was a football competition, arranged by *Divisionsforeningen*, for all the top level Danish football teams. The competition has existed in various formats, with the exact name of the league depending on the sponsor. For instance, the Danish League Cup was named **Carlsberg Grand Prix** in 1984, where Brøndby IF won the trophy. While the name changed to **Spar Cup** in 1996, where FC Copenhagen won the trophy. The last time the League Cup was organised as an official tournament was apparently in 1996. It shortly reappeared in 2005-2006, as the tournament known as **Tele2 LigaCup**. Games played in the Tele2 LigaCup were however not counted as official matches by the Danish Football Association, as the matches were only played with one regular half (45 minutes). The Tele2 LigaCup also had a limited representation of clubs, as the format was just a round-robin tournament between the top 3 finishers of the Danish Superliga.
## Selected finals {#selected_finals}
Year Winning Team Runners Up Losing Team Venue
------ -------------- ----------------- ----------------- -------------------
2005 Brøndby IF FC Midtjylland F.C. Copenhagen *Brøndby Stadion*
2006 Brøndby IF F.C
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| 0 |
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# Japan Air Transport
`{{nihongo|'''Japan Air Transport Corporation'''|日本航空輸送株式会社|Nihon Kōkū Yusō Kabushiki Kaisha}}`{=mediawiki} was the national airline of the Empire of Japan from 1928 to 1938.
## History
Commercial aviation began in Japan with the privately held **Japan Air Transport Institute**, which pioneered passenger service between Sakai, Osaka and Tokushima on Shikoku island on 12 November 1922.
On 30 October 1928, the Japanese government established the Japan Air Transport Corporation (JAT) as the national flag carrier under the Ministry of Communications. JAT absorbed the Japan Air Transport Institute and two other small companies and began scheduled passenger services in 1929; international service from Fukuoka to Dalian via Korea commenced in September 1929. It initially used the Imperial Japanese Army air base at Tachikawa as its terminal in Tokyo. JAT later moved to Haneda Airport, which was completed in August 1931.
JAT was heavily subsidized by the Japanese government, receiving the equivalent of \$1 billion in today\'s currency prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. During the early 1930s, its aircraft were often chartered (for free) by the military for missions in Asia, especially during the 1931 invasion of Manchuria. This role declined as military transport missions in China were taken over by three new carriers that JAT helped to establish: Manchukuo National Airways in 1932, Huitong Airways in 1936 and China Airways in 1938. These subsidiary companies were joint ventures between JAT and the puppet governments of Manchukuo and the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. JAT\'s network connected to the Manchukuo network at Sinuiju in Korea.
JAT began service from Fukuoka to Naha and Taipei (Taihoku) in October 1935, providing the first same-day connection between the Japanese home islands and Taiwan.
JAT shifted its focus to the civilian passenger market and began using new 14-passenger Douglas DC-2s on new, more commercially profitable routes between Japan and Manchukuo in 1936. With the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, JAT benefited from a resurgence in military passenger traffic.
In 1938, JAT carried nearly 70,000 passengers, representing 2.6 percent of the world\'s passenger traffic.
In December 1938, the government established a new airline, Imperial Japanese Airways, as a monopoly for all civil aviation and Japan Air Transport Corporation was merged into the new company.
## Aircraft
- Fokker Trimotor (1929-1938)
- Fokker Super Universal
- Nakajima Super Universal (1929-1938)
- Nakajima-Douglas DC-2 (1936-1938)
- Nakajima AT-2 (1937-1938)
## Destinations
JAT flew to the following destinations prior to its merger into IJA in 1938.
### Japanese home islands {#japanese_home_islands}
- Aomori
- Fukuoka - Fukuoka Airport
- Kochi
- Matsue
- Nagoya
- Naha - Naha Airport
- Niigata
- Osaka - Kizugawa Airport 1929-1938
- Sapporo
- Sendai
- Tokyo - Tachikawa Airfield 1929-1933; Haneda Airport 1933-1938
- Tokushima - Seaplane base 1922-??
- Tottori
- Toyama
### Asia
- Beijing (Peking)
- Daegu (Taikyu)
- Dalian (Dairen) - Zhoushuizi Airport
- Hsinking (Shinkyo)
- Hualien (Karenko)
- Kaohsiung (Takao)
- Shenyang (Mukden)
- Nanjing (Nanking)
- Pyongyang (Heijo)
- Seoul (Keijo) - Yeouido Airport
- Shanghai
- Sinuiju (Singisyu)
- Taichung (Taityu)
- Tainan
- Taipei (Taihoku) - Songshan Airport
- Qingdao (Tsingtao)
- Ulsan (Urusan)
- Yilan (Giran) - Yilan Airfield 1936 - 1938
## Accidents and incidents {#accidents_and_incidents}
24 August 1938: Nakajima Super Universal (J-BJDO) collided in mid-air with a Mitsubishi Ka-1 (J-BIDH) over Ōmori, Tokyo, killing all five on board both aircraft and 40-80 on the ground (sources differ). The high causality count was because a large crowd gathered around the wreckage, but then the Fokker\'s fuel tank exploded a few minutes after the crash
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# Wau Ecology Institute
The **Wau Ecology Institute** (**WEI**) was established in 1961 near the town of Wau, Papua New Guinea, in Morobe province, as a field station of the Bishop Museum. In 1973 it became an independent environmental organisation. It has laboratory space for visiting scientists, a herbarium and zoological reference collections. The Institute ceased operations around 2007 and is now run as a local coffee plantation by former employees and area gold miners.
## Publications
Some publications of the WEI are:
- Menzies, J.I. (1975). *Handbook of Common New Guinea Frogs*. WEI Handbook No.1. Wau Ecology Institute: PNG.
- Lamb, K.P.; & Gressitt, J.L. (eds). (1976). *Ecology and Conservation in Papua New Guinea*. WEI Pamphlet No.2. Wau Ecology Institute: Wau, PNG.
- Gressitt, J.L.; & Hornabrook, R.W. (1977). *Handbook of Common New Guinea Beetles*. WEI Handbook No.2. Wau Ecology Institute: Wau, PNG.
- Simon, Martin. (1977). *Guide to Biological Terms in Melanesian Pidgin*. WEI Handbook No.3. Wau Ecology Institute: Wau, PNG.
- Beehler, Bruce McP. (1978). *Upland Birds of North-eastern New Guinea. A guide to the hill and mountain birds of Morobe Province*. WEI Handbook No.4. Wau Ecology Institute: Wau, PNG.
- Gressitt, J.L.; & Nadkarni, Nalini. (1978). *Guide to Mt Kaindi. Background to montane New Guinea ecology*. WEI Handbook No.5. Wau Ecology Institute: Wau, PNG.
- Menzies, J.I.; & Dennis, Elizabeth. (1979). *Handbook of New Guinea Rodents*. WEI Handbook No.6. Wau Ecology Institute: PNG.
- McCoy, Michael. (1980). *Reptiles of the Solomon Islands*. WEI Handbook No.7. Wau Ecology Institute: Wau, PNG.
- Hadden, Don. (1981). *Birds of the North Solomons*. WEI Handbook No.8. Wau Ecological Institute: Wau, PNG.
- Beehler, Bruce McP.; Pratt, Thane K.; & Zimmerman, Dale Allen. (1986). *Birds of New Guinea*. WEI Handbook No.9. Wau Ecology Institute: Wau, PNG. Princeton University Press: Princeton, NJ, USA
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# Gent-Dampoort railway station
**Gent-Dampoort railway station** (*Station Gent-Dampoort*; *Gare de Gand-Dampoort*) is the second largest railway station in Ghent, East Flanders, Belgium. It is situated in the Dampoort neighbourhood, after which it is named.
The station opened on 15 June 1861 on railway lines 58 and 59. The current building was built in 1973 by the architects Dirk Servaes and Johan Beyne. The train services are operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB)
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# My Chauffeur
***My Chauffeur*** is a 1986 American comedy film produced by Crown International Pictures and Marimark Productions starring Deborah Foreman, Sam J. Jones, Howard Hesseman and E.G. Marshall. It was written and directed by David Beaird. The original music score was composed by Paul Hertzog with additional music by The Wigs.
The film was released on January 24, 1986 and was marketed with the tagline: \"Some women will, some won\'t\... some men do, some don\'t. This driver might go everywhere, do anything\...for your sizzling backseat pleasure\".
## Synopsis
Casey Meadows is a free-spirited young woman working as a dishwasher in an upscale restaurant. One day she receives a hand-delivered job offer as a driver for Brentwood Limousine Service. The company manager, McBride is appalled at Casey\'s young, brash presence\...and the fact that she\'s a woman in an all-male establishment. McBride soon learns that Mr. Witherspoon, the company owner, personally handpicked her and offered the letter of employment. McBride reluctantly agrees to hire her, but warns her that she will be fired if she steps out of line.
Casey experiences sexism and chauvinism from her fellow (mostly older) limo drivers. While frustrated at the ostracism and intolerance of her new co-workers, she manages to find some kindness and support in Jeremy O\'Brien, an older Irish driver. Jeremy convinces her to tough it out and give the hidebound men time to adjust to her presence. She agrees to stay.
Casey is routinely given bad assignments that are engineered to get her fired. Her first job is driving a high, oversexed and hungover British punk rock singer named Cat Fight (Leland Crooke) to his concert. Casey finds Cat Fight in a motel bed with his three women backup dancers in a drug-induced stupor. Realizing she\'ll be fired if she doesn\'t deliver him to the concert, she dumps a cooler of ice water on Cat Fight\'s bed and manages to get him and the three women into the car and to the arena just in time for the concert.
Casey is then assigned to transport Battle Witherspoon (Sam J. Jones), an arrogant, heartless, workaholic executive who is stalking his ex-girlfriend. The angry ex tells him she can no longer stand to be with him and says she is pregnant with another man\'s child. Casey, sympathetic, offers a visibly devastated Battle some liquor from the onboard bar. After consuming an excessive amount, Battle runs out of the car and strips his clothes off, running through a park and making a huge nuisance of himself. He finally returns to the limo and passes out. Not knowing where Battle\'s residence is, Casey takes him to her home so he can recover from the day\'s events. The following morning, he awakens and is back to his old hateful self, hurtfully insulting Casey before leaving.
Unknown to Casey, Battle Witherspoon is the son of Mr. Witherspoon (E.G. Marshall), the owner of the limo company. Mr. Witherspoon orders Battle to check out another of his companies upstate in Sonoma. Casey is assigned to drive Battle up north, much to their mutual displeasure. Halfway through the trip, the car overheats and breaks down in a remote location on the highway. Battle and Casey walk off in search of a phone. After walking and bickering for several hours, night falls and they get caught in a rainstorm. Casey sprains her ankle and is unable to walk. Battle continues his walk while carrying Casey in his arms. They finally find a rustic cabin occupied by a hillbilly couple, who invite them to spend the night. Both are put in a bedroom with a single bed and after another one of their arguments, Battle kisses her. The following morning, Battle proposes marriage but Casey refuses, fearing he will return to his emotionally distant ways.
Casey is next assigned to transport a Middle Eastern sheik to a meeting. The sheik (Teller) is approached by a con artist (Penn Jillette) out for a wild night on the town. After Casey returns, she is fired by McBride after learning that police and government agents have been searching for the missing sheik.
Realizing that he\'s fallen for Casey, Battle starts making some positive changes in his life and continues his efforts to court Casey. He slowly wins Casey over and takes her home to meet his father. When she arrives at the estate, she experiences Deja Vu, recalling the times she played in the Witherspoon mansion as a child. It turns out that Casey\'s mother was formerly employed by Witherspoon. But shockingly, Witherspoon reveals that he is Casey\'s biological father, making Battle and Casey siblings. Jeremy then comes into the room with Giles, another limo driver, ordering Giles to confess what he knows about Casey\'s paternity. He reveals Witherspoon is not Casey\'s biological father, Giles is. Giles was in a relationship with Casey\'s mother before she and Witherspoon spent their \"little weekend together\". Giles (who was especially hostile to Casey) reveals that he denied paternity in order that Casey would receive stable financial support as an heiress to the Witherspoon fortune.
The movie ends with Battle and Casey\'s wedding. As they climb into the back of a Brentwood Limousine, the driver is McBride, who has received his comeuppance for his misogynistic treatment of Casey.
## Main cast {#main_cast}
Actor Role
----------------- ---------------------------------
Deborah Foreman Casey Meadows
Sam J. Jones Battle Witherspoon
Sean McClory Jeremy O\'Brien
Howard Hesseman McBride
E.G. Marshall Mr. Witherspoon
Mark Holton Doughboy
Penn Jillette Bone
Teller Abdul
Julius Harris Johnson
Laurie Main Jenkins
John O\'Leary Giles
Stanley Brock Downs
Jack Stryker Moses
Vance Colvig Doolittle (as Vance Colvig Jr.)
Ben Slack Dupont
Elaine Wilkes Colleen
Diana Bellamy Blue Lady
Leland Crooke Catfight
Robin Antin Bimbo
Cindy Beal Beebop
Sue Jackson Boom Boom
Darian Mathias Dolly
Carlton Miller Amy
Stan Foster LaRue
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# My Chauffeur
## Box office {#box_office}
The film opened on January 24, 1986 on 1,253 screens, Crown International Pictures\' widest release at the time. *Daily Variety* reported, based on data provided by the studio, that it opened at number one in the United States with an opening weekend gross of \$4,781,488, making it Crown\'s first number one weekend film. The following day, it noted that there was industry skepticism about the figure reported and that based on sample data, the film grossed only between \$2.2 to \$3.6 million which would have ranked it between third and sixth. The following weekend, on the advice of legal counsel, Crown did not release any data but *Daily Variety* estimated that it grossed \$890,000 with a 10-day total of \$3,750,000. No more data was reported by Crown but *Daily Variety* reported it grossed \$270,000 in its third weekend for a total of \$4,075,000
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# Lars Tysklind
**Lars Tysklind** (born 1953) is a Swedish Liberal People\'s Party politician, member of the Riksdag from 2002 to 2018. Tysklind is a dentist
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# Marita Aronson
**Marita Aronson** (born 10 May 1939 in Guddarp, Småland) is a Swedish Liberal People\'s Party politician. She was a member of the Riksdag from 2002 to 2006
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# Flip chart
A **flip chart** is a stationery item consisting of a pad of large paper sheets. It is typically fixed to the upper edge of a whiteboard, or supported on a tripod or four-legged easel. Such charts are commonly used for presentations.
## Forms
Although most commonly supported on a tripod, flip charts come in various forms. Some of these are:
- stand-alone flip chart: resembles a big isosceles triangle box that usually sits on a table. Imagine a book that you would open at 270° angle and then lay on a table. The paper is flipped from one side of the top of the triangle box to the other.
- metallic tripod (or easel) stand: usually has 3 or 4 metallic legs that are linked together at one extremity. A support board is attached to two of these legs to support the large paper pad. This is the most common type of flip chart stand.
- metallic mount on wheels: usually has a flat base to support the paper pad and is mounted on one or two legs that then have a set of wheels. The advantage of these more recent forms of stands is that it is easier to transport the flip chart from one location to another.
## Usage
Text is usually hand written with marker pens and may include figures or charts. A sheet can be flipped over by the presenter to continue to a new page.
Some flip charts may have a reduced version of the page that faces the audience printed on the back of the preceding page, making it possible for the presenter to see the same thing the audience is seeing. Others have teaching notes printed on the back.
Flip charts are used in many different settings such as:
- in any type of presentation where the papers pads are pre-filled with information on a given topic
- for capturing information in meetings and brainstorming sessions
- in classrooms and teaching institutions of any kind
- to record relevant information in manufacturing plants
- a creative drawing board for Art students
- a palette for artists in "life-drawing" classes
- for strategy coaching for sports teams
- for teaching
A variety of paper sizes are used from the floor standing through to the smaller table-top versions, subject to the country\'s adopted paper sizes. These include A1, B1, 25\" x30\" through to 20\" x 23\".
## History
The earliest known patent of a flipchart is from May 8, 1913. Flip charts have being in use from the 1900s, the earliest recorded use of a flip chart is a photo from 1912 of John Henry Patterson (1844-1922), NCR\'s CEO while addressing the 100 Point Club standing next to a pair of flip charts on casters. The flipchart we know (on a small whiteboard) was invented by Peter Kent in the 1970s. Peter Kent was the founder and CEO of the visual communications group Nobo plc, and it is believed`{{By whom|date=November 2018}}`{=mediawiki} that they were the first company to put the large pieces of paper over whiteboards, rather than over other materials. In 1999, Flipcharts2go.com went online offering wide format, custom printed and bound flipcharts for both short term and long term use in planning, sales presentations, training and production tracking.
## Digital
Recently,`{{when|date=May 2013}}`{=mediawiki} scientists have developed a digital self writing flip chart which writes word for word everything it is instructed to record. The disability action group \"Armless\" has stated that this is a significant step forward for disabilities groups to have conferences like people without disabilities. Also available are flipchart stands that are self heightening
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# Anita Brodén
**Anita Brodén** (born 1948) is a Swedish Liberal People\'s Party politician, member of the Riksdag since 2002
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# Live at the Fillmore (Dredg album)
***Live at the Fillmore*** is the first live album by the American progressive/experimental rock band Dredg, released in 2006. The live album contains songs from Dredg\'s three studio albums, *Leitmotif*, *El Cielo*, and *Catch Without Arms*, as well as the song \"Stone by Stone\", a b-side from Catch Without Arms. Chi Cheng was a special guest and played with the band. A remix version of the track \"Sang Real\" is available digitally only
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# Anne-Marie Ekström
**Anne-Marie Ekström** (born 1947) is a Swedish Liberal People\'s Party politician. She was a member of the Riksdag from 2002 to 2006
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# Christer Winbäck
**Christer Winbäck** (born 1953) is a Swedish Liberal People\'s Party politician, member of the Riksdag since 2002
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# List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue
Since 1659, Saint-Domingue (now the Republic of Haiti), was a French colony, recognized by Spain on September 20, 1697. From September 20, 1793, to October 1798 parts of the island were under British occupation.
## Governors (1691--1714) {#governors_16911714}
1. October 1, 1691 -- July 1700 Jean du Casse
2. July 1700 -- December 16, 1703 Joseph d\'Honon de Gallifet (acting)
3. December 16, 1703 -- October 13, 1705 Charles Auger
4. October 13, 1705 -- December 28, 1707 Jean-Pierre de Charitte (acting)
5. December 28, 1707 -- 1710 François-Joseph, comte de Choiseul-Beaupré
6. 1710 -- February 7, 1711 Jean-Pierre de Charitte (2nd time)
7. February 7, 1711 -- May 24, 1711 Laurent de Valernod
8. May 24, 1711 -- August 29, 1712 Nicolas de Gabaret
9. August 29, 1712 -- 1713 Paul-François de La Grange, comte d\'Arquian
10. 1713 -- 1714 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac
## Governors-General (1714--1803) {#governors_general_17141803}
1. 1714 -- 11 January 1717 Louis de Courbon, comte de Blénac
2. January 11, 1717 -- July 10, 1719 Charles Joubert de La Bastide, marquis de Châteaumorand
3. 10 July 1719 -- 6 December 1723 Léon de Sorel
4. December 6, 1723 -- October 8, 1731 Gaspard-Charles de Goussé, chevalier de La Rochalar
5. October 8, 1731 -- February 4, 1732 Antoine-Gabriel, marquis de Vienne de Busserolles
6. February 4, 1732 -- October 8, 1732 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (acting)
7. October 8, 1732 -- July 1737 Pierre, marquis de Fayet
8. July 1737 -- November 11, 1737 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (2nd time) (acting)
9. November 11, 1737 -- November, 1746 Charles de Brunier, marquis de Larnage
10. November 19, 1746 -- August 12, 1748 Étienne Cochard de Chastenoye (3rd time) (acting)
11. August 12, 1748 -- March 29, 1751 Hubert de Brienne-Conflans, comte de Conflans
12. March 29, 1751 -- May 31, 1753 Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideux du Bois de Lamothe
13. May 31 -- March 24, 1757 Joseph-Hyacinthe de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil
14. March 24, 1757 -- July 30, 1762 Philippe-François Bart
15. July 30, 1762 -- March 7, 1763 Gabriel de Bory de Saint-Vincent
16. March 7, 1763 -- August 4, 1763 Armand, vicomte de Belzunce
17. August 4, 1763 -- April 23, 1764 Pierre-André de Gohin, comte de Montreuil (acting)
18. April 23, 1764 -- July 1, 1766 Charles Henri Hector d\'Estaing
19. July 1, 1766 -- February 10, 1769 Louis-Armand-Constantin de Rohan, prince de Montbazon
20. February 10, 1769 -- January 15, 1772 Pierre Gédéon de Nolivos
21. January 15, 1772 -- April 30, 1772 De la Ferronays (acting)
22. April 30, 1772 -- April 15, 1775 Louis-Florent de Vallière
23. May 12, 1775 -- August 16, 1775 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud de Villeverd (acting)
24. August 16, 1775 -- December 13, 1776 Victor-Thérèse Charpentier
25. December 28, 1776 -- May 22, 1777 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (acting)
26. May 22, 1777 -- March 7, 1780 Robert, comte d\'Argout
27. March 7, 1780 -- April 25, 1780 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (2nd time) (acting)
28. April 25, 1780 -- July 28, 1781 Jean-François, comte de Reynaud de Villeverd (2nd time)
29. July 28, 1781 -- February 14, 1782 Jean-Baptiste de Taste de Lilancour (3rd time) (acting)
30. February 14, 1782 -- July 3, 1785 Guillaume de Bellecombe
31. July 3, 1785 -- April 27, 1786 Gui-Pierre de Coustard (acting)
32. April 27, 1786 -- November 1787 César Henri, comte de La Luzerne
33. November 1787 -- December 22, 1788 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade (acting)
34. December 22, 1788 -- 1789 Marie-Charles du Chilleau
35. 1789 -- August 19, 1789 Alexandre de Vincent de Mazade (2nd time) (acting)
36. August 19, 1789 -- November 1790 Antoine de Thomassin de Peynier
37. November 9, 1790 -- 1792 Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande
38. 1792 -- June 1792 Adrien-Nicolas, marquis de la Salle, comte d\'Offémont
39. June 1792 -- October 21, 1792 Jean-Jacques d\'Esparbes
40. October 21, 1792 -- January 2, 1793 Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau
41. January 2, 1793 -- June 19, 1793 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (commissioner)
42. June 19, 1793 -- October 1793 François-Thomas Galbaud du Fort
43. October 1793 -- May 11, 1796 Étienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux
44. May 11, 1796 -- August 24, 1797 Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (2nd time) (commissioner)
45. April 1, 1797 -- May 5, 1802 Toussaint Louverture
46. March 27, 1798 -- October 23, 1798 Gabriel-Marie-Théodore-Joseph Hédouville (commissioner)
47. February 5, 1802 -- November 2, 1802 Charles Leclerc
48. November 2, 1802 -- November 30, 1803 Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau (2nd time)
For continuation after independence, *see:* List of heads of state of Haiti
## British Governors (1793--1798) {#british_governors_17931798}
1. September 20, 1793 -- October 1794 John Whitelocke
2. October 1794 -- October 1796 Adam Williamson
3. October 1796 -- January 1797 John Graves Simcoe
4. January 1797 -- March 1797 Nesbit
5
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# William Hobbs (choreographer)
**William Hobbs** (29 January 1939 -- 10 July 2018) was a choreographer of stage combat.
Born in Hampstead, London, he arranged scenes of cinematic fencing from the 1960s to the 2000s as well as working in theatre productions.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
Hobbs was born in 1939 in Hampstead, London, the son of Kenneth and Joan (née Kerlindsay). His father was an RAF Lancaster bomber pilot who was killed in 1942 during a raid on Germany. Six years later, Hobbs moved to Australia with his mother and his aunt Lesley. While at school in Australia, Hobbs developed interests in fencing and the theatre. He later returned to the UK and studied for three years at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama.
He worked on community enterprises, being the co-owner of the Swash and Buckle Fencing Club (established initially for Equity members), and was a founder of the Actors\' Centre in 1978. Gene Wilder accepted the patronage of Swash and Buckle, a friendship formed during Hobbs\' work on the Adventure of Sherlock Holmes\' Smarter Brother.
## Filmography
### Choreography
### Actor
- *Othello* (1965) - Cypriot Officer / Senators-Soldiers-Cypriots
- *The Tragedy of Macbeth* (1971) - Young Seyward
- *The Three Musketeers* (1973) - Assassin
- *Captain Kronos -- Vampire Hunter* (1974) - Hagen
- *The Duellists* (1977) - Swordsman
- *Death or Freedom (film)* (1977) - Hauptmann (final film role)
## Publications
- 1967, *Techniques of the Stage Fight*, Studio Vista, `{{ISBN|978-0-289-36985-2}}`{=mediawiki}.
- 1980, *Stage Combat: \"The Action to the Word\"*, Barrie & Jenkins, `{{ISBN|978-0-214-20574-3}}`{=mediawiki}.
- 1995, *Fight Direction for Stage and Screen*, Heinemann, `{{ISBN|978-0-435-08680-0}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Runar Patriksson
**Runar Patriksson** (born 1944) is a Swedish Liberal People\'s Party politician, member of the Riksdag 1998--2006
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Runar Patriksson
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# Lennart Fremling
**Lennart Fremling** (1946--2013) was a Swedish Liberal People\'s Party politician, member of the Riksdag 1991--1998 and again 2002--2006
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Lennart Fremling
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