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# 1602 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
## Works
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
- William Basse, *Three Pastoral Elegies*
- Francis Beaumont, *Salamacis and Hermaphroditus*, published anonymously; a translation from Ovid\'s *Metamorphoses*
- John Beaumont, `{{sic|hide=y|''The Metamorphoses of Tabacco''}}`{=mediawiki}
- Nicholas Breton:
- *The Mother\'s Blessing*
- *Olde Mad-Cappes New Gally-Mawfrey*
-
- *A True Description of Unthankfulnesse; or, An Enemie to Ingratitude*
- Thomas Campion\'s *Observations in the Art of English Poesie* (in response, Samuel Daniel published *Defence of Ryme* 1603); London: by Richard Field for Andrew Wise; criticism
- John Davies, *Mirum in Modum*
- Francis and Walter Davison, editors, *A Poetical Rhapsody*
- Thomas Deloney, *Strange Histories of Kings, Princes, Dukes, Earles, Lords, Ladies, Knights, and Gentlemen*, published anonymously, with music
- Samuel Rowlands, *\'Tis Merrie When Gossips Meete* (has been attributed to Robert Greene, and part of it is plagaiarized from him)
- Robert Southwell, *St. Peter\'s Complaint, with Other Poems*
- William Warner, *Albions England*, fifth edition, in 13 books, with Epitome
### Other
- Jean Bertaut, *Recueil de quelques vers amoureux*,(\"Collection of Some Amorous Verse\"), France
- Giambattista Marino, *Le Rime*, Italy
- Jean Passerat, *Le premier livre des poèmes
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# 1601 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
- John Donne secretly weds Ann More, niece of Sir Thomas Egerton
## Works
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
- Nicholas Breton, *A Divine Poeme*
- Robert Chester, *Loues martyr: or, Rosalins complaint*
- Henoch Clapham, *Aelohim-triune*
- Robert Jones:
- *The First Booke of Songes or Ayres of Foure Parts*
- *The Second Booke of Songes and Ayres*
- Gervase Markham, *Marie Magdalens Lamentations for the Losse of her Master Jesus*
- Thomas Morley:
- *First Booke of Ayres*
- *The Triumphes of Oriana*
- William Shakespeare, *The Phoenix and the Turtle* published in Robert Chester\'s *Loves Martyr*
- John Weever, *The Mirror of Martyrs; or, The Life and Death of that Thrice Valiant Captaine, and Most Godly Martyre, Sir John Old-castle Knight Lord Cobham*
### Other
- Jean Bertaut, *Recueil des oeuvres poetiques* (\"Collection of Poetic Works\"), France
## Births
- August 22 -- Georges de Scudéry (died 1667), French novelist, dramatist and poet; elder brother of Madeleine de Scudéry
- Also:
- John Earle born about this year (died 1665), English bishop, writer and poet
- Antonio Enríquez Gómez (died 1661), Spanish dramatist, poet and novelist
- Saib Tabrizi (died 1677), Persian, master of a form of classical Arabic and Persian lyric poetry known as ghazel
## Deaths
- April 10 -- Mark Alexander Boyd (born 1562), Scottish poet and soldier of fortune
- By May -- Geoffrey Whitney (born 1548), English poet
- August 4 -- Edward Grant (born 1548), English scholar, poet and headmaster of Westminster School
- Late -- Daniel Hermann (born c
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# Hülben
**Hülben** is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
It is located next to the area of the Celtic Heidengraben.
## Geography
Hülben is a municipality on the northern edge of the Swabian Jura, above the spa town of Bad Urach.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
The following cities and municipalities are bordering the municipality Hülben, they are (starting from the north) called the clockwise and belong to Reutlingen district or to Esslingen district ^1^
Neuffen ^1^, Erkenbrechtsweiler ^1^, Grabenstetten, Bad Urach and Dettingen an der Erms.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The municipality Hülben includes the village Hülben and a group of houses.
## History
### Establishing and territorial affiliation {#establishing_and_territorial_affiliation}
Hülben was probably founded in the time of the Alemannic conquest between 700 and 800. The village name is a dwelling place name by the two *Hülben*, where at that time had settled the first settlers. 1137 Hülben is first mentioned in the Zwiefalter chronicles. 1265 came Hülben as part of the House of Urach to Württemberg, and became Protestant 1534 after the Battle of Lauffen.
Only in 1866 Hülben had his own parish.
### Pietism
Nationally the community became known by the derived from Michael Cullin (\* 1540) family of teachers named Kullen. From 1722 to 1966 (until 1939 without interruption) members of the family Kullen worked in the school service of Hülben. From the family Kullen came also the old pietism community, which holds the \"fair Monday hour\" till today.
## Population
The population figures are census results (^1^) or official updates of the State Statistical Office (only principal residences).
+-----------------------------------------------------+
| Date Number of inhabitants |
| ------------------------- ----------------------- |
| 1\. December 1871 ^1^ 957 |
| 1\. December 1900 ^1^ 1.330 |
| 17\. May 1939 ^1^ 1.921 |
| 13\. September 1950 ^1^ 2.209 |
| 6\. June 1961 ^1^ 2.545 |
| 27\. May 1970 ^1^ 2.676 |
| 25\. May 1987 ^1^ 2.610 |
| 31\. December 1995 2.893 |
| 31\. December 2000 2.936 |
| 31\. December 2005 2.885 |
| 31\. December 2010 2.826 |
+-----------------------------------------------------+
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
## Politics
### Council
The council Hülben has 12 members. The local elections in Baden-Württemberg 2014 were made in Hülben according to the majority vote, this means that only one list was drawn up. The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
### Mayor
- 1922-1951: Ernst Schaude
- 1952-1982: Fritz Herter
- 1982-2006: Hans Notter
- Since 2006: Siegmund Ganser
## Arms
Blazon: \"In blue over a silver Wellenschildfuß a golden ammonite.\"
### Old coat of arms {#old_coat_of_arms}
The old coat of arms was awarded on 26 April 1951 by Ministry of the Interior Württemberg-Hohenzollern.
Blazon: \"In silver over a black Wellenschildfuß a black bar.\"
After a council resolution of 12 March 1948, the emblem of the already then no longer predominantly agricultural municipality should include other figures. The Wellenschildfuß refers to the municipality of origin, which is derived from \"hülwe\" = pool or lake. The bar is reminiscent of the Knights of Dettingen who had possessions in Hülben. The family of Cudi miles de Tettingen led this crest figure.
## Natural Monuments {#natural_monuments}
The *Hülben stalactite cave* was discovered during the construction of national road Bad Urach-Hülben on September 19, 1978, it is a stalactite cave with stalactites and stalagmites. An about 5 m deep shaft leads into the easily accessible part of the cave. This has about room size, but with only partial low altitude.
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# Hülben
## Regular events {#regular_events}
- Hüle-Hock, end August
- Kirchweih Monday hour on Monday after the 3rd Sunday of October
- Feuerwehr Hock, in mid-June
- May Hock, May 1
## Arts
Modern art (glasses) outside Hülben
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Traffic
The National Road 250 connects the municipality to the south with Bad Urach. The state road 1250 connects Hülben to the north with Neuffen.
The Public transport is guaranteed by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 221.
## Personality
### Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Hans Schwenkel (1886-1957), Württemberg State Curator of Nature Conservation during Nazi era
- Gotthilf Kächele (1888-1969), baker champion and politician
- Eberhard Kullen (1911-2007), Federal Railroad official, head of old pietism community Hülben
### Personalities who have worked at the site {#personalities_who_have_worked_at_the_site}
- Ernst Schaude (1916-2001), jurist, Government Vice-President of the Regierungspräsidium Stuttgart, grew up in Hülben
- Markus Pleuler (born 1970), football player, comes from Hülben
### Famous pastors {#famous_pastors}
- Johann Ludwig Fricker (1729-1766), pastor in Hülben
- Wilhelm Zimmermann (1807-1878), pastor in Hülben, professor of German literature and history, a deputy in the Frankfurt National Assembly, Member of Parliament
### In Hülben active painters {#in_hülben_active_painters}
- Karl Wilhelm Bauerle (1831-1912), a painter at the court of Queen Victoria
## Literature
- *Hülben*. Hrsg.: Gemeinde Hülben. Neuffen, Hülben \[1995\]. -- Mit Abbildungen
- *Hülben. Ein Gang durch die Geschichte*. Herausgeber: Gemeinde Hülben. Redaktion: Kreisarchivarin Irmtraud Betz. Hülben 1987. -- Mit Abbildungen
**Pietismus**
- Dr. Wilhelm Busch: *Aus einem schwäbischen Dorfschulhause (Familie Kullen)*. 2. Aufl. Elberfeld 1906
- Friedrich Baun: *Die Familie Kullen. Zweihundert Jahre im Dienst der Schule zu Hülben (1722--1922)*. Stuttgart 1922
- Julius Roessle \[Rößle\]: *Von Bengel bis Blumhardt. Gestalten und Bilder aus der Geschichte des schwäbischen Pietismus*. 4. Auflage. Metzingen/Württ. 1966, Seite 324--332: \"Hülben und die Familie Kullen\"
- *Gelebter Glaube. Erfahrungen und Lebenszeugnisse aus unserem Land. Ein Lesebuch*. Herausgegeben von Werner Raupp. Metzingen/Württemberg 1991, S. 179--188: \"Familie Kullen\"
- Rolf Scheffbuch: *Das Kullen-Schulhaus in Hülben*. Hrsg. \[und Verleger\]: Siegfried Kullen, Hülben, \[Hauptstr. 18\], 2011, `{{ISBN|978-3-00-036752-6}}`{=mediawiki}. \[Erschienen anlässlich des 200-Jahr-Jubiläums der Erbauung
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# The Bluenotes
**The Bluenotes** were a vocal group from Asheboro, North Carolina featuring Tom Underwood, Joe Tanner (who also played guitar), Pat Patterson, and Ralph Harrington. They recorded for the Colonial and Brooke record labels. Their first recordings were released as the Blue Notes in 1955 and 1956 for Colonial records of Chapel Hill, N.C. By their third Colonial release, \"Page One/Mighty Low\" (released in 1957) they reverted to spelling their group name as one word (Bluenotes) which continued throughout the group\'s lifespan. Besides their own releases, they also created vocal backing for other Colonial recording artists including George Hamilton IV (on his hit song \"A Rose And A Baby Ruth\"), Johnny Dee (Loudermilk) on several of his Colonial releases, Billy Craddock, Doug Franklin and Henry Wilson. \"My Lucky Love/Drizzlin\' Rain\" (Colonial 777), which they recorded with Doug Franklin, was their first release to chart reaching \# 73 in September 1958. Moving over to the Brooke label in Asheboro, N.C. in 1959, the Bluenotes had their second hit record with their first release for the label \"I Don\'t Know What It Is / You Can\'t Get Away From Love\" (Brooke 111) which reached \# 61 in early 1960. They released two other singles for Brooke Records (one featuring group member Ralph Harrington who also had some occasional solo releases on Colonial) before disbanding.
Joe Tanner, during his tenure with the Bluenotes wrote, arranged and produced many songs including \"Only One Love\" (George Hamilton IV), and \"Sittin\' in the Balcony\" (John D. Loudermilk) where he provided the distinctive lead guitar break which was copied nearly note for note later by Eddie Cochran on his Liberty recording of the song. After the breakup of The Bluenotes he relocated to Nashville following John D. Loudermilk, where his success continued. He worked with Roy Orbison for many years arranging and conducting the recording session for \"In Dreams\", writing the million seller \"Evergreen\" as well as playing the memorable guitar riff on Orbison\'s hit song, \"Oh, Pretty Woman\".
The "Oh Pretty Woman" guitar riff is in contention... Some say the part was played by Joe Tanner (although he was not booked for that session). Others say, one of the session players borrowed Tanners guitar (a custom made Rickenbaucher 12 String), lending itself to that unique sound
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# Mehrstetten
**Mehrstetten** is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is located seven kilometers southeast of Münsingen.
## Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
The city Münsingen district of Reutlingen and the community Schelklingen (Alb-Donau-Kreis) are bordering to the municipality Mehrstetten.
## Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The municipality includes the village Mehrstetten, the settlement Greut, the homestead Ziegelhof and the group of houses Station Mehrstetten. In the municipality lies the deserted Aymstetten.
## History
Mehrstetten was mentioned around 1300 as *Merstetten* for the first time. Mehrstetten came in 1654 to the office Münsingen in the Duchy of Württemberg, this became in 1808 Oberamt and in 1938 district Münsingen and with its resolution on January 1, 1973 the district of Reutlingen.
## Religions
Since the 15th century there is in Mehrstetten a parish. Since the Reformation the place is marked Protestant.
## Community development {#community_development}
1977 part of the district-Schelklingen Sondernach with three repatriates courts came to Mehrstetten.
## Population Development {#population_development}
The population figures are census results (¹) or official updates the State from the Statistical Office in Stuttgart (only principal residents). `{{historical populations
| align=none | width = 22em | year_name = Date
| December 1871 ¹ | 820
| December 1900 ¹ | 882
| December 1925 ¹ | 863
| May 17, 1939 ¹ | 788
| {{nowrap|September 13, 1950 ¹}}| 913
| June 6, 1961 ¹ | 963
| May 27, 1970 ¹ | 1,053
| May 25, 1987 ¹ | 1,201
| December 31, 1990 | 1,312
| December 31, 1995 | 1,392
| December 31, 2000 | 1,417
| December 31, 2005 | 1,446
| December 31, 2010 | 1,348
}}`{=mediawiki}
## Council
The council Mehrstetten has 10 members. The local elections in Baden-Württemberg on May 25, 2014 resulted in the following official results. The turnout was 57.00% (2009: 64.48%). The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------- ------- --------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ------- -- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
\- Align = \"right\" bgcolor = \"# ffffff\" \| Free Voters Association (FWV) 44.3% 4 seats 2009: 54.3%, 5 seats \- Align = \"right\" bgcolor = \"# ffffff\" \| Independent Citizens\' List (UB) 55.7% 6 seats 2009: 45.7%, 5 seats \- Align = \"right\" bgcolor = \"# ffffff\" \|
------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------- ------- --------- ---------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ---------------------------------- ------- -- ------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------
## Mayor
The mayor is elected for a term of eight years. The current mayor is Robert Mellinghof, elected in 2022.
## Arms
Blazon: In silver on green bottom two facing upright black steeds.
## Community partnership {#community_partnership}
Mehrstetten maintains a partnership with the Hungarian Herceghalom.
## Things
## Local museum {#local_museum}
Exceptional pieces about the village life on the Alb plateau in the 19th century, gathered by members of the volunteer-run museum in the former bull stable of Mehrstetten. The museum was opened in 1991.
During a tour you will encounter a kitchen with the old wood stove and churn and the parlor, where hanging above the stove shoes and clothes could dry. Of interest is the unique collection of more than 200 old linen bags. These were formerly the most valuable possession of the people. They were given names and often numbered. Even changes of ownership by inheritance cases can be found on the linen today, old names were deleted and new written underneath.
There are show and craft days, where there is much to experience. The old forge (Alte Schmiede) is just put into operation, also an old transmission or a 400 year old loom. From May to October the museum is open every first Sunday of the month from 13:30 to 16:30.
## Regular events {#regular_events}
- *Hocketse from JuZe Mehrstetten* annually on the second weekend of August
- *Autumn Festival of the band Mehrstetten* annually on the last weekend of October
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# Mehrstetten
## Traffic
The County Road 6772 connects Mehrstetten with the Bundesstraße 465, coming from Bad Urach via Münsingen and Ehingen (Donau) to Biberach an der Riss.
The public transport is guaranteed by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 225. Mehrstetten received 1901 by the extension of the Reutlingen--Schelklingen railway connection to the rail network. The Royal Württemberg State Railways built the station building as Standardized railway station (Württemberg)
## Public institutions {#public_institutions}
- Youth Centre Mehrstetten
## Education
In Mehrstetten there is a primary and a Hauptschule. For the youngsters, there is a kindergarten
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# 1600 in poetry
Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation\'s poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).
## Events
## Works
### Great Britain {#great_britain}
- Robert Armin, *Quips upon Questions; or, A Clownes Canceite on Occasion Offered* (writing under the pen name \"Clunnyco de Curtanio Snuffe\")
- Nicholas Breton:
- *Melancholike Humours*
- *Pasquils Mad-cap and his Message* (published anonymously)
- *Pasquils Mistresse; or, The Worthie and Unworthie Woman* (published under the pen name \"Salochin Treboun\")
- *Pasquils Passe, and Passeth Not*
- *The Second Part of Pasquils Mad-cap intituled: The Fooles-cap*
- Thomas Deloney (uncertain attribution), *Patient Grissell*, a ballad based on Book 10, novel X of Boccaccio\'s *Decameron*
- John Dowland, *The Second Booke of Songs or Ayres* (*First Booke*, 1597; *Third and Last Booke*, 1603)
- Edward Fairfax, translator (of Torquato Tasso\'s *Gerusalemme Liberata*), *Godrey of Bulloigne; or, The Recoverie of Jerusalem*
- Gervase Markham, *The Teares of the Beloved; or, The Lamentation of Saint John, Concerning the Death and Passion of Christ Jesus our Saviour*
- Christopher Marlowe\'s translation of Lucan\'s *Pharsalia* (posthumous)
- Christopher Middleton, *The Legend of Humphrey Duke of Glocester*
- Thomas Middleton, *The Ghost of Lucrece*, a sequel to Shakespeare\'s *Lucrece*
- Thomas Morley, *The First Booke of Ayres; or, Little Short Songs to Sing and Play to the Lute*
- John Norden, *`{{Proper name|Vicissitudo Rerum: An elegaicall poeme, of the interchangeable courses and varietie of things in this world}}`{=mediawiki}*
- Samuel Rowlands:
- *The Letting of Humors Bood in the Head-vaine*
- *A Merry Meeting*, ordered burned and no copy is now extant (republished under the title *The Knave of Cubbes* in 1612)
- Thomas Weelkes\' *Canto*
- John Weever, *The Mirror of Martyrs; or, The Life and Death of that Thrice Valiant Captaine, and Most Godly Martyre, Sir John Old-castle Knight Lord Cobham*
#### Anthologies in Great Britain {#anthologies_in_great_britain}
- Robert Allott (initialed \"R. A
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# Pfronstetten
**Pfronstetten** is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Pfronstetten is located in the Swabian Alb, about 25 km south of Reutlingen.
### Neighboring municipalities {#neighboring_municipalities}
The following towns and municipalities border on the municipality of Pfronstetten, they are named clockwise starting in the north and belong to the district of Reutlingen or the districts of Biberach¹ and Sigmaringen.
### Municipal division {#municipal_division}
A total of seven villages and farms belong to the municipality of Pfronstetten with the municipalities of Aichelau, Aichstetten, Geisingen, Huldstetten and Tigerfeld, which were independent until the municipal area reform in Baden-Württemberg. Only the villages of the same name belong to the municipal districts of Aichelau, Aichstetten, Geisingen, Huldstetten and Pfronstetten. The village of Tigerfeld and the St. Georgenhof farm belong to the district of Tigerfeld.
There are several abandoned villages in the municipality: The two villages of Höfle and Niklausenweiler in the Aichelau district. Niklausenweiler was built as a brickworks at the end of the 18th century, but did not exist for long; the village was named after Abbot Nikolaus von Zwiefalten. The deserted villages of Hendelheim or Hendenheim - the village was mentioned in 1352 as Hendenhain, the place name is still preserved as a field name -, Schäfbuch - the village was mentioned in the 11th and 12th centuries as Schefbuoch and Scepbouch - and Wolfriedeshalden, which was mentioned in the 11th century as Wolfridushaldun, are located in the district of Pfronstetten
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# Pliezhausen
**Pliezhausen** (Swabian: *Bliazhausa*) is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. `{{Commons category}}`{=mediawiki}
## Geography
Pliezhausen is located between the Neckar and the Schönbuch.
## Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The original municipality Pliezhausen consists of the districts Pliezhausen, Dörnach and Gniebel. After the incorporation of Rübgarten on May 9, 1975, the current municipality Pliezhausen was formed.
## History
Pliezhausen was first mentioned in 1092 as\' \'Plidolfeshusin\'. It first belonged to the County Achalm-Urach and came in the 13th century to Württemberg. 1609 ravaged the plague, 40 percent of the 300 inhabitants died. From 1635 led the Thirty Years\' War to further devastation and death. The town originally belonged to Oberamt Urach and came in 1842 to Oberamt Tübingen and in the context of Baden-Württemberg district reform in 1973 to the district Reutlingen.
In 1928, the Pliezhausen brooch, a rare 7th-century gold disc was discovered during excavations in Pliezhausen in the grave of a wealthy Alemannic woman.
## Incorporations
### Dörnach
Dörnach was first documented in 1134. Dörnach was incorporated in 1971 to Pliezhausen.
### Gniebel
Gniebel belonged to the Counts of Zollern. Gniebel was incorporated in 1971 to Pliezhausen.
### Rübgarten
The place itself was first mentioned in 1363. Rübgarten was incorporated in 1975 to Pliezhausen.
## Religions
The Martinskirche in Pliezhausen was built in the 11th or 12th century as a Romanesque chapel. In the 16th century it was remodeled gothic. The original tower dates back to 1523, the current to 1875.
## Mayor
Otwin Brucker was since January 10, 1967, the mayor. On July 18, 2005, Christof Dold was voted as successor.
## Literature
- *Pliezhäuser G\'schichten: gesammelt von Schülern und Lehrern der Grund- und Hauptschule Pliezhausen*. Zwei Bände. Herausgegeben von Grund- und Hauptschule, Pliezhausen 1981.
- Christel Köhle-Hezinger: *Stricken - daheim und in der Fabrik: zur Erwerbsgeschichte von Pliezhausen im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert,* herausgegeben von der Gemeinde Pliezhausen und Dorfmuseum Ahnenhaus, Pliezhausen 1993.
- Susanne Rückl-Kohn: *Geburt + Taufe: von Hebammen, Hausgeburt, Wochenbett und Patenpflicht*, herausgegeben von der Gemeinde Pliezhausen und Dorfmuseum Ahnenhaus, Pliezhausen.
- Susanne Rückl-Kohn: *Tod + Erinnern: vom Sterben, Tod und Angedenken*, Ausstellung im Dorfmuseum, herausgegeben von der Gemeinde Pliezhausen und Dorfmuseum Ahnenhaus, Plietzhausen 1995.
- Landesarchivdirektion Baden-Württemberg in Verbindung mit dem Landkreis Reutlingen (Hrsg.): *Der Landkreis Reutlingen*. Band II. B: *Gemeindebeschreibungen Münsingen bis Zwiefalten, Gutsbezirk Münsingen* Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen 1997, `{{ISBN|3-7995-1357-4}}`{=mediawiki}
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# Riederich
**Riederich** is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is about 30 km away from Stuttgart and has a population of 4300
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# Sonnenbühl
**Sonnenbühl** is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen, state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
Sonnenbühl is a municipality on the plateau of the Swabian Alb, just south of Reutlingen. The seat of the municipality is in the district Undingen.
## Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Sonnenbühl lies on the northern edge of the Swabian Jura. The district Genkingen (771 m above sea level. NN) extends up to the escarpment. West of Willmandingen (751 m above sea level. NN) originates the Lauchert. In the district Erpfingen (731 m above sea level. NN) originates the Erpf which opens south of the village into the Lauchert. The district Undingen is located 775 m above sea level. NN.
## Geology
The near-surface geological bedrock Sonnenbühls is dominated by the rocks of the White Jura. The limestones of the White Jura are heavily karstified and characterized by karst formations such as caves, sinkholes and dry valleys.
## Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
The following cities and towns are bordering to the municipality of Sonnenbühl, they are starting called clockwise in the north and part of the district of Reutlingen or to Zollernalbkreis¹ and district Tübingen.² Pfullingen, Lichtenstein, Engstingen, Trochtelfingen, Burladingen¹, Mössingen² and Reutlingen.
## Municipality arrangement {#municipality_arrangement}
The municipality Sonnenbühl was created on 1 January 1975 under the municipal reform in Baden-Württemberg, initially under the name Undingen, from the four previously independent municipalities Erpfingen, Genkingen, Undingen and Willmandingen.
## Climate
In February 1978, the district Erpfingen was officially recognized as air spa.
## History
The name Erphinga (Erpfingen) appears on November, 16, 777, for the first time in a deed of the Lorsch codex. Genkingen belongs since 1506 to the nunnery Pfullingen and became part of Württemberg after the Thirty Years\' War. Already 806 Undinga was owned by the Abbey of St. Gall. 1098 it donated Graf Luithold Achalm the monastery Zwiefalten and 1454 Undingen came to Württemberg. The name Willmandingen stands on a charter of 10 July, 772, of the monastery of St. Gallen. 1474 bought Count Eberhard von Württemberg the place, so it came to Oberamt Urach, in 1808 to district Reutlingen.
## Politics
The district Undingen is the administrative headquarter of the total community.
### Council
The council Sonnenbühl has after the last election 21 members (2009: 18). The municipal election held on 25 May 2014 led to the following official results. The turnout was 54.3% (2009: 57.1%). The council consists of the elected honorary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
- Free Voters Association 10 seats 49.8% (2009: 11 seats, 57.6%)
- Sonnenbühl citizens 6 seats 26.9% (2009: 5 seats, 26.8%)
- CDU 5 seats 23.3% (2009: 0 seats, 0.0%)
- Civic Democratic Sonnenbühl 0 seats 0.0% (2009: 2 seats, 15.6%)
### Mayor
The mayor is elected for a term of eight years. On July 12, 2009, the incumbent mayor Gerrit Elser was elected mayor of Giengen. Therefore, a mayoral election was held in Sonnenbühl on October 11, 2009. Uwe Morgenstern was voted with a majority of 58.9%.
- Genkingen
- to 1908: Schumacher
- 1909- ?: John Ruoff
- ? -1950: Weinland
- 1950-1974: Ernst Herrmann
- Undingen
- 1973-1975: Manfred Stierle
- Sonnenbühl
- 1975-1999: Dieter Winkler
- 1999-2009: Gerrit Elser
- Since 2010: Uwe Morgenstern
## Arms of Sonnenbühl {#arms_of_sonnenbühl}
The former autonomous districts had very different own crest. Therefore, it was agreed to the merger on designing a brand new coat of arms. This is formed from the two components of the community name. The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is \". In blue over golden (yellow) hills (Buhl) a golden (yellow) sun with 16 alternating consecutive straight and S-shaped curved golden (yellow) rays\"
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# Sonnenbühl
## Coat of subsites {#coat_of_subsites}
Erpfingen Erpfingen Genkingen Genkingen Undingen Undingen Willmandingen Willmandingen
## Twinning
Since 1987, there is a partnership of Sonnenbühl with the municipality of Corseul in France.
## Museums
In the district Erpfingen the first Easter Egg Museum \[5\] of Germany was established and inaugurated in February 1993. It shows more than a thousand exhibits from all over Europe.
## Sports
In the district Erpfingen is located since 1992 a spa garden and a 1300 meters long summer bobsleigh track. For golf players there is in Undingen an 18-hole golf course. In winter, there are a variety of trails for cross country skiers, in the summer, these are walking trails.
## Tourism
The amusement park Dreamland on the Bear Cave (Bärenhöhle) is a real attraction, especially for families with small children.
## Economy
The area is used both for agriculture and forestry. Sonnenbühl is a year-round holiday destination. These include Sonnenmatte, swimming and camping at Erpfingen, cycling, hiking and ski trails and touristically developed attractions such as the caves. A ski lift at Genkingen allows downhill. In quarries on the northern edge of Willmandingen and Genkingen limestone is broken. In Willmandingen formerly Bohnerz was recovered.
### Transport
The municipality is connected in north-south direction through the provincial road 382 and east-west direction through the provincial road 230. The public transport is ensured by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 223.
## Conservation
The area between Schloss Lichtenstein and Nebelhöhle is a nature reserve.
## Natural monuments {#natural_monuments}
The major attractions in Sonnenbühl are probably the two large caves *Bärenhöhle* and *Nebelhöhle*. The Bärenhöhle is part of the district Erpfingen and is accessible to 271 meters in length. It was discovered in 1949. The first part of the Nebelhöhle was discovered in 1517. The visitable part is 450 meters long.
## Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Johann Ludwig Schneller (1820--1896), a Protestant missionary and educator in Jerusalem (born in Erpfingen)
- Johann Martin Flad (1831--1915), a Protestant missionary in the mission to the Falashas in Ethiopia
- Heinz Schanz (1927--2003), painter
- Willi Betz (1927-2015 ), forwarder. Founder of the freight forwarding and logistics company Willi Betz (born in Undingen)
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# St. Johann (Reutlingen)
**St. Johann** (`{{IPA|de|zaŋkt ˈjoːhan}}`{=mediawiki}; sometimes spelled in full as **Sankt Johann**) is a municipality in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The seat of the municipal administration is Würtingen. Large parts of the area (44.2%) of St. Johann are part of the UNESCO Biosphere Swabian Alb.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
The six districts of the municipality (Bleichstetten, Gächingen, Lonsingen, Ohnastetten, Upfingen and Würtingen) are scattered on the Alb plateau over a wide area.
### Neighbouring communities {#neighbouring_communities}
The following evidence cities and municipalities are adjacent to the municipality of St. Johann. They are starting called in clockwise in the north and part of the district of Reutlingen:
Dettingen an der Erms, Bad Urach, Münsingen, Gomadingen, Engstingen, Lichtenstein, Pfullingen, Eningen and Metzingen.
### Constituent communities {#constituent_communities}
The community consists of the parts of the municipality and formerly independent municipalities Bleichstetten, Gächingen, Lonsingen, Ohnastetten, Upfingen and Würtingen. To the municipality parts Bleichstetten, Lonsingen, Ohnastetten and Upfingen only belong the villages of the same name. The municipal part Gächingen includes the village Gächingen, the farm and the house Birkenhof Tiefental and municipality part Würtingen includes the village Würtingen and the courtyards Fohlenhof and St. Johann.
## History
The districts Upfingen, Ohnastetten and Würtingen were first mentioned in 1138 in a document of the Zwiefalten Abbey. Bleichstetten was recorded in 1102, Lonsingen in 1268 and Gächingen in 1275. On February 1, 1972, Bleichstetten was incorporated to Würtingen. On 1 January 1975, the municipalities Gächingen, Lonsingen, Ohnastetten, Würtingen and Upfingen were merged to form the new municipality Würtingen. The new church was renamed after Gestütshof St. Johann on September 1, 1976.
## Würtingen
The old Heeresweg led by Gächingen ago by Degental between Würtingen and Ohnastetten down to Eningen. In the Thirty Years\' War and subsequent War of succession, earthworks were piled up for defense.
Würtingen belonged to the House of Urach and fell with that to the House of Württemberg.
In the German Peasants\' War Singerhans from Würtingen and Konrad Griesinger from Bleichstetten searched to join Poor Conrad. On May 17, 1514, they were on the way, and taken by the ranger from Urach. Griesinger escaped injured. Later he was together with Bantelhans imprisoned on the Hohenneuffen.
In the Thirty Years\' War Würtingen was taken hard; in 1636 raged the famine, and soon after that the plague. From formerly 370 residents only 58 survived the war.
From 1640 to 1648, 30 towns who belonged to Urach- including Würtingen, Ohnastetten and Bleichstetten - went to the county Achalm and were incorporated to Further Austria. With the Peace of Westphalia the rule Achalm fell back to Württemberg.
## Mayor
The mayor is elected for a term of 8 years. On February 8, 2015, Florian Bauer was elected with 51.11% of the votes in the second ballot.
- 1972-1999: Raimund Speidel
- 1999-2015: Eberhard Wolf
- Since 2015: Florian Bauer (FDP)
## Arms
Blazon: In blue a rising silver Ross before a cut ear golden awns.
## Twinning
St. Johann has since October 30, 1999, a partnership with the French community of the municipality of Thénezay.
## Music
The Gächinger Kantorei was founded in 1954 by Helmuth Rilling; today it has its seat in Stuttgart.
## Buildings
- Town Hall in Würtingen, timber-framed building from 1744
- Evangelical Church Andreas in Würtingen
- Lookout on the Hohewarte
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Late Gothic Wehrkirche St. Georg in Gächingen
- Late Gothic Marienkirche in Upfingen
- Evangelical Pankratiuskirche with black shale - tower in Ohnastetten
- Ross fountain in Lonsingen
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- Grain Mill in Würtingen (was demolished 2010)
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# St. Johann (Reutlingen)
## Teams
The evangelical German pioneer Indian Mission was founded in 1962 and has its headquarter in Lonsingen.
## Economy and infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
Here is a biogas plant within the boundaries of Upfingen.
## Traffic
The National Road 380 connects Gächingen, Lonsingen and Würtingen to the north with Reutlingen. The L 249 connects Lonsingen and Upfingen with Bad Urach. The districts are interconnected via county roads.
The public transport is guaranteed by the Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau (NALDO). The community is located in the comb 221.
## Public Institutions {#public_institutions}
The *Gestütshof St. Johann* is a domain of Marbach stud. There horses are kept since the 17th century. The stud gave the community its name.
## Education
- School St. Johann
- Neighborhood elementary school Lonsingen
- Primary and Secondary School with Werkrealschule Würtingen
## Personality
### Freemen
- Honorary citizen of Würtingen:
- Stephan Haid (1874-1932), born in Würtingen, senior teacher and organist,
- Honorary citizens of St. Johann:
- Helmuth Rilling, (born 1933), founder, conductor and director of the Gächinger Kantorei and International Bach Academy in Stuttgart
- Mayor Raimund Speidel (Official period 1972 to 1999)
### Sons and daughters of the town {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_town}
- Johann Georg Hegel, (1615-1680), born in Würtingen, Lutheran pastor, the progenitor of the \"respectable\" Hegel family in Württemberg
- Eberhard Friedrich Hiemer (1682-1727), Lutheran theologian
- Lothar Schall (1924-1996), born in Stuttgart, painter, entertained from 1973 a studio in Gächingen.
- Friedrich Wilhelm \"Fritz\" Schnitzler (1928-2011) was born in Ohnastetten, was a German farmer, politician of the CDU, business managers and farmers\' union functionary
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# Walddorfhäslach
**Walddorfhäslach** is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
### Overview
The municipality of Walddorfhäslach was created on April 1, 1972, through the merger of the formerly independent municipalities of Walddorf and Häslach, which at the time belonged to the district of Tübingen. As part of the district reform, Walddorfhäslach was incorporated into the district of Reutlingen in 1973.
The district of Walddorf was first mentioned in a document by Pope Innocent III as Waltdorf. Walddorf probably originated as a settlement in the 7th or 8th century, as indicated by the suffix -dorf in the place name. The discovery of three dead trees on the west side of the church in 1866 made this assumption more likely.
The district of Walddorf has been authorized to hold fairs since the first quarter of the 18th century at the latest, making it a market town. With the support of the bailiff of Tübingen, a corresponding application was submitted to the Duke of Württemberg in 1707. As the central town of the so-called Unteramt at the time, it was believed that it was entitled to do so. Only the responsible official town of Tübingen objected vehemently. The oldest written evidence of the Trinitatis fair dates back to 1723. At present, four markets are usually held each year. The markets take place in the main street around the Walddorf town hall.
The name Haselach dates back to 1310. For a long time, the actual name document was unknown and people had to rely on the information in the work \"Das Königreich Württemberg. Eine Beschreibung nach Kreisen, Oberämtern und Gemeinden\", Stuttgart 1904-1907 (Volume II, page 582), whose authors failed to cite a source. The document was only found in the Reutlingen town archives shortly before Häslach\'s 700th anniversary in 2010.
Today, it is generally assumed that the place name can be traced back to an earlier place name, according to which Häslach was the \"settlement by a stream at Haselgebüsch\". The compound is derived from the word parts Häsl for hazel (hazel bush) and Ach, an Old High German word for stream, which also occurs in other town names, such as Bacharach, Laufach
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# Wannweil
**Wannweil** is a town in the district of Reutlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is located 5 kilometers northwest of Reutlingen between the cities Reutlingen and Tübingen.
It was home of 1990 soccer world champion Guido Buchwald and of Germany\'s former president Horst Köhler during his study period in Tübingen.
## History
Wannweil was first mentioned in a 1257 Document as *Wyle bi Betzingen*, the name Wannwyle first appearing in 1465. In 1333, Albrecht of Blankenstein sold Wyle to the Spital of Reutlingen. Since then, it shares its history with the city. With the Treaty of Paris, Wannweil and Reutlingen were given to the Kingdom of Württemberg.
## Politics
### Municipal council {#municipal_council}
The municipal council has 14 elected members and its chairman is the mayor.
**Result of the last election**
Grün-Alternative Liste Wannweil 8.594 Votes = 4 Seats
CDU 8.432 Votes = 3 Seats
Freie Liste Wannweil 7.074 Votes = 3 Seats
SPD 5.388 Votes = 2 seats
Freie Wählervereinigung 3.595 Votes = 1 Seats
Bürgerbeteiligung in Wannweil 3.546 Votes = 1 Seats
### Mayor
The mayor is elected for 8 years
- 1967--1995: Rüdiger Scherret
- 1995--2018: Anette Rösch
- since 2018: Dr. Christian Majer
### Crest
Blazon: \"In red on a green hill a ruin of a silver tower, around whose foot, out of the black gate, a silver snake with a golden crown winds.\"
### Town twinning {#town_twinning}
A partnership has been in place since May 2003 with the French municipality Mably (Loire department). Exchange meetings usually take place on Ascension Day.
## Religion
A church in Wannweil was first mentioned in 1275. The place has been Evangelical-Lutheran since the introduction of the Reformation in Reutlingen in 1530. Today there is one evangelical and one Roman Catholic parish in the village. In addition, the Volksmission entschiedener Christen (\"People\'s Mission of Committed Christians\") and the New Apostolic Church are active in Wannweil
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# 1931 Australian federal election
The **1931 Australian federal election** was held on 19 December 1931 to elect all 75 seats in the House of Representatives and 18 of the 36 seats in the Senate.
The incumbent first-term Australian Labor Party (ALP) government led by Prime Minister James Scullin was defeated in a landslide by the United Australia Party (UAP) led by Joseph Lyons. As of 2025, this is the last time that a sitting government at federal level has been defeated after a single term.
The election was held at a time of great social and political upheaval, coming at the peak of the Great Depression in Australia. The UAP had only been formed a few months before the election, when Lyons and a few ALP dissidents joined forces with the Nationalist Party and the Australian Party. Although it was dominated by former Nationalists, Lyons became the merged party\'s leader, with Nationalist leader John Latham as his deputy.
Scullin\'s position eroded further when five left-wing Labor MPs from New South Wales who supported NSW Premier Jack Lang broke away and moved to the crossbenches in protest of Scullin\'s economic policy, reducing Scullin to a minority government. Late in 1931, they supported a UAP no-confidence motion and brought down the government. The two Labor factions were decimated; massive vote-splitting left them with only 18 seats between them (14 for the official ALP and four for the Langites).
Prior to the election, it was assumed that the Country Party, led by Earle Page, would hold the balance of power, and Page tentatively agreed to support the UAP if that were the case. The two parties campaigned separately and stood candidates against each other in the House of Representatives, but ran joint tickets in Senate. However, the UAP came up four seats short of a majority. The five MPs from the Emergency Committee of South Australia, which contested the election in that state in place of the UAP and Country Party, joined the UAP party room, giving the UAP enough numbers to form a majority government by two seats. Page was still willing to form a coalition with the Country Party, but negotiations broke down and Lyons decided the UAP would govern by itself. As a result, the First Lyons Ministry was composed solely of UAP members.
Labor spent the next 10 years in opposition; it did not return to power until 1941.
## Issues
The election was dominated by the Great Depression in Australia, which was at its height. As the Labor government had come to office two days before the Wall Street crash of 1929, it was seen as being responsible for many of the economic and social problems Australia faced, which sparked the historic Australian Labor Party split of 1931 in which Lyons and four other Labor dissidents crossed the floor to the opposition, ultimately merging into the UAP. Although the UAP, like the Nationalists, was a mostly upper- and middle-class conservative party. However, the presence of Lyons and other ex-Labor MPs allowed the party to project an image of national unity.
By the time the writs were issued, official Labor and Lang Labor were in open warfare. Combined with the Labor defections to the UAP, this made a UAP victory all but certain. Due to the massive vote splitting brought on by a large number of three-cornered contests, Labor tallied its lowest primary vote since Federation, while the two Labor factions, official Labor and Lang Labor, won only 18 seats between them, with official Labor losing a record 32 seats on a massive 15.2% swing to the UAP.
The two Labor factions did not reunite until 1936.
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# 1931 Australian federal election
## Results
### House of Representatives {#house_of_representatives}
-------------------
Party
Total
Valid votes
Informal ballots
Turnout
Registered voters
-------------------
: House of Representatives (IRV) -- Turnout: 95.04% (CV)
### Results by electorate {#results_by_electorate}
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| Constituency | Total\ | Seats won |
| | seats | |
+====================+========+===========+
| UAP | CP | ALP |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| | | |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| New South Wales | 28 | 13 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| Victoria | 20 | 12 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| Queensland | 10 | 2 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| South Australia | 7 | 0 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| Western Australia | 5 | 1 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| Tasmania | 5 | 5 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| Northern Territory | 1 | 0 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
| Total | 76 | 33 |
+--------------------+--------+-----------+
### Senate
Party Votes \% Swing Seats won Seats held
------- ------------------------------ ----------- ------- -------- ----------- ------------
\| UAP/Country (Joint Ticket) 945,741 30.16 \* 6
\| Australian Labor Party 917,218 29.25 −19.70 3 10
\| United Australia Party 791,870 25.26 −14.02 9 21
\| Australian Labor Party (NSW) 379,870 12.12 \* 0 0
\| Communist Party of Australia 29,443 0.94 \* 0 0
\| Country Party \* \* −11.18 0 5
\| Independents 71,181 2.27 +1.68 0 0
Total 3,135,323 18 36
: Senate (P BV) --- 1931--34---Turnout 95.02% (CV) --- Informal 9.60%
### Results by electorate {#results_by_electorate_1}
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| Constituency | Total\ | Seats won |
| | seats | |
+===================+========+===========+
| UAP | CP | ALP |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| | | |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| New South Wales | 3 | 2 |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| Victoria | 3 | 3 |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| Queensland | 3 | 0 |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| South Australia | 3 | 2 |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| Western Australia | 3 | 2 |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| Tasmania | 3 | 3 |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
| Total | 18 | 12 |
+-------------------+--------+-----------+
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# 1931 Australian federal election
## Seats changing hands {#seats_changing_hands}
Seat Pre-1931
-------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ------------------------
Party Member Margin
Adelaide, SA \| Labor George Edwin Yates
Angas, SA \| Labor Moses Gabb
Ballaarat, Vic \| Labor Charles McGrath
Barton, NSW \| Labor James Tully
Bass, Tas \| Labor Allan Guy
Batman, Vic \| Labor Frank Brennan
Bendigo, Vic \| Labor Richard Keane
Boothby, SA \| Labor John Price
Brisbane, Qld \| United Australia Donald Charles Cameron
Calare, NSW \| Labor George Gibbons
Corangamite, Vic \| Labor Richard Crouch
Corio, Vic \| Labor Arthur Lewis
Dalley, NSW \| Labor Ted Theodore
Darling Downs, Qld \| United Australia Arthur Morgan
Denison, Tas \| Labor Charles Culley
East Sydney, NSW \| Labor (NSW) Eddie Ward
Eden-Monaro, NSW \| Labor *John Cusack*
Fawkner, Vic \| Independent Nationalist George Maxwell
Flinders, Vic \| Labor *Jack Holloway*
Franklin, Tas \| Labor Charles Frost
Fremantle, WA \| Labor John Curtin
Grey, SA \| Labor Andrew Lacey
Gwydir, NSW \| Labor Lou Cunningham
Hume, NSW \| Labor Parker Moloney
Hunter, NSW \| Labor Rowley James
Indi, Vic \| Labor Paul Jones
Lang, NSW \| Labor William Long
Macquarie, NSW \| Labor Ben Chifley
Maribyrnong, Vic \| Labor James Fenton
Martin, NSW \| Labor *John Eldridge*
North Sydney, NSW \| Independent Nationalist Billy Hughes
Oxley, Qld \| United Australia James Bayley
Parramatta, NSW \| Labor Albert Rowe
Reid, NSW \| Labor Percy Coleman
South Sydney, NSW \| Labor Edward Riley
Wannon, Vic \| Labor John McNeill
Wentworth, NSW \| Independent Nationalist Walter Marks
Werriwa, NSW \| Labor Bert Lazzarini
West Sydney, NSW \| Labor Jack Beasley
Wimmera, Vic \| Country Progressive *Percy Stewart*
Wilmot, Tas \| Labor Joseph Lyons
- Members listed in italics did not contest their seat at this election
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# Heddesbach
**Heddesbach** is a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
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| 0 |
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# Heiligkreuzsteinach
**Heiligkreuzsteinach** is a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, about 25 km northeast of Heidelberg. From 1525 it was part of the Electoral Palatinate (German: Kurpfalz). With the end of the Electoral Palatinate in 1803 Heiligkreuzsteinach became part of Baden and after the union of Baden and Wurttemberg in 1952 it became part of the new established German State Baden-Württemberg.
American congressman Herman Lehlbach was from Heiligkreuzsteinach
| 73 |
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| 0 |
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# Helmstadt-Bargen
**Helmstadt-Bargen** is a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
The town has three schools and 2 concert venues. Of the three places that have been offered as home of Dr. Faust, Helmstadt is the one mentioned in contemporary sources (in 1513 and 1528). The one other place given for Faust in contemporary sources is Heidelberg, but Mutianus Rufus in October 1513 mentions both Heidelberg and Helmstadt, apparently meaning Heidelberg to identify the general region. Contemporary sources therefore are consistent with Helmstadt being Faust\'s home
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| 0 |
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# Hirschberg an der Bergstraße
**Hirschberg an der Bergstraße** (`{{IPA|de|ˈhɪʁʃˌbɛʁk ʔan deːɐ̯ ˈbɛʁkˌʃtʁaːsə}}`{=mediawiki}, `{{lit|Hirschberg on the [[Bergstraße (route)|Mountain Road]]}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar district of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Hirschberg is situated on the Bergstraße (\"Mountain Road\") on the western rim of the Odenwald. It lies between Weinheim to the north and Schriesheim to the south
| 56 |
Hirschberg an der Bergstraße
| 0 |
10,042,291 |
# Alessandro Marchesini
**Alessandro Marchesini** (30 April 1664 -- 27 January 1738) was an Italian painter and art merchant of the late-Baroque and Rococo, active in Northern Italy and Venice. He first trained in Verona with Biagio Falcieri and then with Antonio Calza. He then moved to Bologna, to work in the studio of Carlo Cignani. He is described as gaining fame for his allegories with small figures. He painted in for the church of San Silvestro, Venice; and for the church of Santo Stefano, Verona. He is also remembered for recommending a young painter, Canaletto, to the Lucchese art collector Stefano Conti, stating that he was like Luca Carlevaris *but with a sun shining*. Among his pupils is Carlo Salis
| 121 |
Alessandro Marchesini
| 0 |
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# Ilvesheim
**Ilvesheim** (*Ilwese*) is a municipality of about 9,300 residents (2022) in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is one of the first towns located along the famous Bertha Benz Memorial Route.
## History
Ilvesheim was first mentioned in a deed of the Lorsch Abbey from March 14, 766 AD, as a village called \"Ulvinisheim\". The ending \"heim\" means it was founded during the Frankish conquests. It is not clear whether the current name is from a then-resident called \"Ulvinius\" or after a small tributary creek that empties into the Neckar River, called \"Ilbe.\"
Emperor Barbarossa transferred the Lorsch possession to his half brother, the Palatinate Count Conrad in 1155. Since the end of the 13th century, Ilvesheim indisputably belonged to the Kurpfalz and was a part of the Seckenheimer concentrum. The area started as a fiefdom under the Lords of Strahlenberg. In the middle of the 14th century, it fell to the squires from Erligheim; from 1550-1654 the county of Steinach, and then to the barons of Hundheim in 1700.
The town was heavily destroyed during the Nine Years War in 1689. After the breakup of the Palatinate in 1803, Ilvesheim eventually transferred to the Grand Duchy of Baden, and administered by the Office of Ladenburg. In 1863, it fell under the district office of Mannheim, which later became Mannheim County (Landkreis). Today Ilvesheim is its own independent municipality, but part of the Heidelberg licensing district.
In the 18th century Ilvesheim exhibited a typical size for country towns in the region. Circa 1850, there was a surge in growth. After World War II the town took in more than 500 displaced persons. Between 1871 and 1961 Ilvesheim had the fastest growth rate in the district of Mannheim, reaching a then all-time high of 8196 residents in 1973. After falling to only 6862 residents in 1997, the community has rebounded with an upswing in construction of new housing.
## Location
Ilvesheim lies predominantly on the northside of a large natural loop on the Neckar river. After the Neckar canal was built in the 1920s to facilitate transport shipping the main part of the city was effectively severed from the northern land, and became an \"island,\" sandwiched between the Neckar river to the south, and the new waterway to the north. These days, the island effect is becoming less prominent as housing construction expands to the north of the canal (an area known as Nord-Ilvesheim). There is also a small section of land and group of houses on the east side of the Neckar river called \"Neckarplatten\" which falls under Ilvesheim\'s administration. Overall the district covers 589 acres, 35.3 percent of which consists of housing and roads, 6.8 percent water, and 55 percent used for agriculture. \[2\] Ilvesheim actively uses its agricultural lands.
## Nature
Ilvesheim is in a part of the Neckar river water protection area. There is a makeshift beach located on the north side of the river, just across from the [Seckenheim Schloss](https://web.archive.org/web/20130424045900/http://www.schloss-seckenheim.de/), which is frequented during the summer months. Fishing outside of the area is quite popular. In Nord Ilvesheim, there is a nature recovery zone with a lake cordoned off by a fence and trees. This project was started after years of pollution and littering destroyed the natural environment. Visitation to the area is not open to the general public but may be coordinated through the Rathaus (City Hall).
## Sports and Leisure {#sports_and_leisure}
Along the Neckar river there is a hard-surfaced walking/biking path, elevated above the bank, which makes up a portion of the Neckar recreational path. The path skirts housing as well as the outside sports center with soccer fields and an outdoor swimming pool (Freibad), popular during the summer months. There is also a putt-putt course open from March until October, next to a playground. On the southside of the canal is the Neckarhalle and Hallenbad, home to many indoor sport events, to include handball, swimming, indoor soccer, and karate.
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# Ilvesheim
## Neighbouring places {#neighbouring_places}
Ilvesheim is bordered mainly by Mannheim administrative communities to the south (Seckenheim), west (Feudenheim) and partly to the north (Strassenheim and farmland). It is bordered by Heddesheim to the northeast, and Ladenburg and Edingen-Neckarhausen east along the Neckar river. Although it is situated closer to Mannheim, Ilvesheim is part of the greater Heidelberg licensing district, being its westernmost municipality. Its residents register their vehicles with the \"HD\" symbol, rather than the \"MA\" seen in Mannheim. Ilvesheim is well connected to both cities via the tramline [RNV](http://www.rnv-online.de/) 5 (stop in Seckenheim, just south of the river). Mannheim is about 10 km westward, while Heidelberg is about 15 km southeast from Ilvesheim.
## Weather
The climate is governed mostly by maritime air masses, and winds prevail mostly from the west. \[4\] Ilvesheim and the surrounding area benefit from the sheltered position in the Rhine valley between the Haardt (hills) in the west and the Odenwald in the east. Between 1971 and 2000, a weather station in Mannheim recorded an average temperature of 10.5 °C and 668 mm of rainfall per year. The warmest month is July with an average of 19.9 °C, the coldest January with 1.8 °C. Temperatures above 30 °C are not uncommon in the summer. Most rainfall occurs in July and the driest month is February
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# Laudenbach (Rhein-Neckar)
**Laudenbach** is a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 16 |
Laudenbach (Rhein-Neckar)
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10,042,302 |
# Lobbach
**Lobbach** is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Lobbach
| 0 |
10,042,307 |
# Alex Rousseau
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| 18 |
Alex Rousseau
| 0 |
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# Malsch (Rhein-Neckar)
**Malsch** is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
### Geographical Location {#geographical_location}
Malsch is located in the northwestern corner of the Kraichgau south of the cities of Wiesloch and Walldorf at the border of the Upper Rhine Plain. The town is located at the foot of the Letzenberg, a hill of 244 m height.
### Neighboring towns {#neighboring_towns}
Adjacent towns are, starting from the north clockwise: Malschenberg, Rauenberg, Mühlhausen, Rettigheim, Östringen, Bad Schönborn, Kronau und St. Leon-Rot
| 87 |
Malsch (Rhein-Neckar)
| 0 |
10,042,321 |
# Mühlhausen, Kraichgau
**Mühlhausen** (`{{IPA|de|myːlˈhaʊzn̩|-|De-Mühlhausen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Mühlhausen has three districts
| 21 |
Mühlhausen, Kraichgau
| 0 |
10,042,324 |
# BMP Radio
**BMP Radio**, also known as **Border Media Partners**, was a privately owned Hispanic focused radio broadcasting company headquartered in Houston, Texas. On July 17, 2009, *Radio-Info.com* announced that BMP would be seized by its banks after failing to make debt payments for two years. Ten days later, it was confirmed that Goldman Sachs Group, Vestar Capital Partners, and D.B. Zwirn & Co. seized the business and the assets are expected to be liquidated. It was reported that President Jeff Hinson was expected to step down by July 31. This occurred as expected, and station owner and station broker Larry Patrick was named trustee and engaged to dispose of the stations and return any monies to the lenders.
During the 2009 Texas Association of Broadcasters meeting in Austin, Texas it was reported that the McAllen and Laredo area stations would be assigned to a U.S. affiliate of the companies that own the Mexican stations programmed by BMP; this happened in 2012 when the stations were sold to R Communications. The stations in Waco were sold to the Bill McCutcheon interests, while REO Radio Group acquired its stations in Austin.
In October 2013, the last of BMP, the cluster in San Antonio, was sold to Larry Wilson\'s L&L Broadcasting for \$31M
| 212 |
BMP Radio
| 0 |
10,042,333 |
# Juan Ibarrola
**Juan Ibarrola Orueta** (1900 in Llodio, Álava -- 1976) was a Spanish military commander who fought with the Republicans during the Spanish Civil War. He was a captain of the Civil Guard (*Guardia Civil*); unlike many of his fellow officers he rallied to the Republic when the Nationalist rising began. Featured in the war in Morocco, the coup d\'état of July 1936 that led to the Civil War he was captain of the Guardia Civil in Bilbao and took command of a column to expel the rebels from the province of Álava without success.
He was unusual in the Republican Army as he was Catholic, but he was also a Basque and the Basques had generally rallied to the Republic. He was a medical instructor before the war.
He fought in the north of Spain, was promoted to command the 50th Division, and commanded the XI Army Corps at Teruel
| 153 |
Juan Ibarrola
| 0 |
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# Neulußheim
**Neulußheim** is a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, with about 7,100 inhabitants. Larger cities in the surrounding area include Speyer, Mannheim and Heidelberg. It was founded in 1711 at a crossroads by Julius Schickard. Due to the logistical advantage and the construction of a station on the Mannheim-Karlsruhe railway line in 1870, the hamlet rapidly increased in population. The railway station with an overhead crossing was built in 1984 by Gottfried Böhm, a famous German architect. In 2020, the German public broadcasting service \"ZDF\" published a documentary about the ongoing construction of two elevators and other restoration works at the station.
Notable sights include the \"Turmuhrenmuseum\" and the old railway station
| 118 |
Neulußheim
| 0 |
10,042,339 |
# Reichartshausen
**Reichartshausen** is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It belongs to the Waibstadt municipal administration association
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Reichartshausen
| 0 |
10,042,345 |
# Reilingen
**Reilingen** (`{{IPA|de|ˈʁaɪlɪŋən|lang|Reilingen.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is located on Bertha Benz Memorial Route
| 23 |
Reilingen
| 0 |
10,042,348 |
# Spechbach, Baden-Württemberg
**Spechbach** is a town in the district of Rhein-Neckar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
### Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Spechbach is located on the border between the Kleiner Odenwald and Kraichgau, 21 km southeast of Heidelberg, between Heidelberg, Sinsheim and Mosbach. The district of Spechbach essentially comprises the Spechbachtal of the same name as well as the ridges on both sides and lies at an altitude of about 160 to 330 meters.
### Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
The community borders on Epfenbach in the east, on Neidenstein in the south-east, on Eschelbronn in the south, on Meckesheim in the south-west and on Lobbach in the west and north. The municipality is a member municipality in the municipality administration association Elsenztal, the seat of which is the municipality of Meckesheim.
## History
Under the Roman Empire, the area was occupied by a settlement, likely of Celtic origin, known as Vicus Nediensis, which served as a farmyard behind the Limes. There is no evidence of the Roman settlement after the Third Century, so the area was probably not resettled until the time of the Carolingian Empire.
The modern settlement of Spechbach developed on the lower right-hand slope of the Spechbach valley. The place was first mentioned in 1246 with the naming of a Heidelberg citizen \"Conradus de Spehbach\". The place name is probably derived from Specht. The place initially belonged to the Staufer empire around Wimpfen and came under Palatinate suzerainty with the Meckesheimer Zent in 1330. The Lords of Weinsberg, in 1401 the Neidenstein branch of the Lords of Venningen, and later also the Lords of Helmstatt, the Landschad von Steinach, appeared as local lords on the occasion of an inheritance division. the Freiherrn von Zandt, the family von Üxküll and others, whereby the Venningen had the dominant influence in the place until the mediatization of the imperial knighthood, although there were also several local lords at times.
In the 15th and 16th centuries, a distinction was made between Großspechbach and Kleinspechbach, the latter essentially consisting of a mill at Lobbach and was devastated in the Thirty Years War. Spechbach was initially a street village with farmsteads along the main street and the church with a walled cemetery above it. There were 33 Fallgüter in the village, but they were already severely divided by the late 18th century. The whole place was initially laid out on manorial land. From 1838 the Venningen house sites were released into rural property. The growth in the 19th century mainly led to a further densification of the town center, while only along the road to Lobenfeld was another residential area. The other new development areas of the place were not developed until after 1951.
Spechbach belonged to the Palatinate Amt Dilsberg until 1803, then to the Baden District Office Neckargemünd. The manor also had its own Amt in Eichtersheim from 1807 to 1813. In 1857 Spechbach came to the Baden District Office Eberbach, in 1863 to the District Office Heidelberg, with which it passed in 1938 to the District of Heidelberg and in 1973 to the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis.
## Politics
### Administrative association {#administrative_association}
The community belongs to the local administration association Elsenztal with seat in Meckesheim.
### Municipal Council {#municipal_council}
The local council in Spechbach has ten members. The local council consists of the elected voluntary councilors and the mayor as chairman. The mayor is entitled to vote in the municipal council.
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The blazon of the coat of arms reads: *A black woodpecker sitting in silver on a blue wavy beam, above it two diagonally crossed red lilies.*
The coat of arms goes back to a court seal from 1705. It was designed in 1921 by the Generallandesarchiv Karlsruhe. The woodpecker symbolizes the place name while speaking. The Lilienstaves come from the coat of arms of the Lords of Venningen, who had shares in the local government since 1401.
The flag is blue and white and was awarded by the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district office in 1981.
## Tourist Attractions {#tourist_attractions}
The center of Spechbach is characterized by the neighboring Protestant and Catholic churches. The Catholic Church of St. Martin is the older of the two churches and goes back to a St. Martin\'s Church that already existed in the Middle Ages. The church was reformed in 1561, used from 1699 as a Simultankirche and in 1707 again given to the Catholics in the course of the Church division. A new nave was built in 1767 and extended to the west in 1828. On the outer wall is the ornate tombstone of Victor Kirchgessner (1830--1898), pastor in Weingarten and Walstetten, from 1880 in Spechbach. The Protestant church was built in 1776. In the town center, on the site of a previous building, there is also the historic town hall built in 1865 and renovated in 1964, the Catholic parish hall from 1912 as well as several half-timbered houses and historic inns such as the Gasthof Sonne from 1796. Spechbach also has a Roman fountain, reminiscent of the Römerstrasse from Ladenburg to the Roman Limes border town Osterburken. However, almost nothing of the actual ground monument can be seen without professional guidance.
Spechbach-katkirche-web.jpg \| Kath. church Spechbach-evkirche-web.jpg \| Evang. church Spechbach-katgemhaus-web.jpg \| Kath. Parish hall Spechbach-rathaus-web.jpg \| City Hall
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| 0 |
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# Spechbach, Baden-Württemberg
## Economy and Infrastructure {#economy_and_infrastructure}
### Economy
Until the 1960s, the main source of income for the Spechbach family was agriculture. In 1960 there were 55 full-time farms of which only one still exists today. In 2007 there were still eight part-time businesses.
### Infrastructure
Spechbach has been a federal pilot community since February 16, 2012. With its inclusion in the federal pilot project \"Energy-efficient urban renovation - energy-efficient district supply\" by the Federal Ministry for Transport, Building and Urban Development and the KfW Reconstruction Loan Corporation, the community and its project \"BürgerEnergiedorf Spechbach\" are among five pilot projects in Baden-Württemberg.
### Education
Confessional schools have been documented in Spechbach since the 17th century, and a community schoolhouse from 1880. Since December 1966 there is only one primary school, all secondary schools are in the surrounding communities and cities
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10,042,353 |
# Wiesenbach (Rhein-Neckar)
**Wiesenbach** is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis in Baden-Württemberg.
## Geography
The town sits on the L 532/ B 45, between the heights of the Odenwald and the hills of the Kraichgau about 127 to 327 meters above sea-level. It is 15 km east of Heidelberg.
It is called the *gateway from the little Odenwald to the Kraichgau*.
The German painter Wolfgang Maria Ohlhäuser lived there for 23 years
| 72 |
Wiesenbach (Rhein-Neckar)
| 0 |
10,042,356 |
# Rudy Doliscat
**Rudy Doliscat** (born November 16, 1967, in Port-au-Prince, Haïti) is a former professional Canadian soccer defender.
## Club career {#club_career}
Doliscat made his pro debut in the Canadian Soccer League with the Montreal Supra. After the team folded he joined the Montreal Impact. He was a member of the Impact\'s inaugural edition in 1993, where he played 20 games. He was the first Impact player to commit a foul in club history on May 14, 1993, against Los Angeles Salsa. In 1994, he was part of the team\'s starting eleven when the Impact beat the Colorado Foxes 1--0 in the playoff final and won the League Championship. He was the championship MVP.
In 1996, he was one of the five defenders to take part in at least 20 games and help Montreal post the best defence in the league with 18 goals allowed in 27 games, a club record at the time. During the 1995-1996 indoor season, Doliscat played for the Buffalo Blizzard of the National Professional Soccer League. He was named First Team All Rookie. In 1997, Doliscat played for the Sacramento Knights in the Continental Indoor Soccer League. He returned to the Impact that fall to play for the team in the NPSL. He remained with the Impact for the outdoor season. In 1999 when Montreal\'s new ownership chose not to play the 1999 outdoor season in order to better prepare the 1999-2000 indoor season, he joined arch-rivals the Toronto Lynx. Leaving Montreal with 3 Regular-Season Titles in 1995, 1996, 1997 and one League Championship, and playing a total of 79 games and scoring 3 goals.
In 1999 Doliscat played his last season in the USL First Division with the Toronto where he played 18 games and recorded 3 assists. He then moved to the Philadelphia KiXX for the 1999-2000 indoor season.
## International career {#international_career}
Doliscat made his debut for Canada in an April 1992 friendly match against China and went on to earn 5 caps, scoring 1 goal, which gave Canada a draw against Morocco in a World Cup preparation match in June 1994.
His final international was a January 1995 Sky Dome Cup game against Portugal.
### International goals {#international_goals}
: *Scores and results list Canada\'s goal tally first.*
\# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
---- -------------- ----------------------------------------------------- ---------- ------- -------- ----------------
1 June 1, 1994 Complexe sportif Claude-Robillard, Montreal, Canada 1--1 1--1 Friendly match
## Coaching career {#coaching_career}
Once he retired he was named head coach of the Canada national soccer team for the Francophone Games in 2005. But Canada was eliminated from Francophone Games after losing all three of their games. After his unsuccessful stint as coach he became technical assistant director at the Quebec Soccer Federation and as well is a soccer analyst for the RDS sports network
| 470 |
Rudy Doliscat
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10,042,366 |
# Wilhelmsfeld
**Wilhelmsfeld** is a municipality in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis of Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
Wilhelmsfeld is a state-certified climatic health resort in the hills of the southern Odenwald, between 260 and 533m above sea-level. The surrounding communities are Heidelberg, Schriesheim, Heiligkreuzsteinach, and Schönau.
## History
Wilhelmsfeld was established in 1710, when Johann Wilhelm, prince-elector of the Electorate of the Palatinate, granted five farmers from the Steinach river valley the right to settle there. The settlement was named after the prince-elector, but it belonged to Heiligkreuzsteinach administratively. Wilhelmsfeld became independent in 1810, after the region was annexed by Baden.
## Government
### Municipal council {#municipal_council}
The municipal council includes 14 councilors excluding the mayor (*Bürgermeister*).
### Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The coat of arms is based on a seal from 1818. The coat of arms was created by the General State Archive in 1911 on basis of the seal. The sickle and the handaxe represent agriculture and forestry, the most important industries in Wilhelmsfeld in the 19th century.
The flag is white and blue and was awarded by the Ministry of the State in 1956.
## Culture and attractions {#culture_and_attractions}
The Teltschik Tower is a 41-meter-tall lookout tower, which stands on the mountain, *Schriesheimer Kopf*, at 530m above sea level. The tower was financed by a donation from the Teltschik family.
## Notable natives {#notable_natives}
The doctor, poet, and Philippine national hero, José Rizal, spent an important part of his life in Wilhelmsfeld. He stayed several months in 1886 with the Protestant pastor Ullmer\'s family, while he practiced medicine at the university eye clinic in Heidelberg. He finished the last chapters of his novel *Noli Me Tángere* while living under the pastor
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10,042,391 |
# Brigachtal
**Brigachtal** is a municipality in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
Brigachtal
| 0 |
10,042,402 |
# Dauchingen
**Dauchingen** (Low Alemannic: *Dauchinge*) is a municipality in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
## History
Some of the earliest evidence of human habitation of the area of Dauchingen are Roman and suggest a *villa rustica* from between the years 88 to 138 AD. The first settlements in the area however are Alemanni and dates to 270 AD. The first documentation of a settlement at Dauchingen comes from 1092 and refers to it \"Tuchingen\", a property of St. George\'s Abbey in the Black Forest. Ownership of Dauchingen passed to the Duchy of Zähringen, whose ruling house went extinct in 1218, and then to the House of Urach (Medieval), and then to County of Fürstenberg. In 1405, the Fürstenbergs renounced their claim to Dauchingen in favor of the County of Zollern. The town was sold in 1479 by Gregor von Roggwil of Constance to the Free Imperial City of Rottweil.
In 1803, Rottweil was mediatized to the Electorate of Württemberg, and Dauchingen thus became a possession of Württemberg. The town was assigned in 1806 or 1808 to Oberamt Rottweil. In October 1810, the now Kingdom of Württemberg ceded Dauchingen to the Grand Duchy of Baden per the Baden-Württemberg Border Treaty of 1810. Dauchingen was assigned to the district of Villingen. As part of the 1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform, that district was dissolved and replaced with the new Schwarzwald-Baar district, to which Dauchingen was assigned. The town of Dauchingen began a steady spread to the south in the latter half of the 1970s.
## Geography
Dauchingen is a municipality (*Gemeinde*) of the Schwarzwald-Baar district of Baden-Württemberg, one of the 16 states of the Federal Republic of Germany. The municipality lies at the northern edge of the district, along its border with the district of Rottweil. Inside Schwarzwald-Baar, Dauchingen borders Villingen-Schwenningen. Dauchingen is physically located in the Baar region. Elevation above sea level in the municipal area ranges from a high of 764 m Normalnull (NN) to a low of 624 m NN.
## Coat of arms {#coat_of_arms}
The coat of arms for Dauchingen displays a lion in yellow, facing to the right and holding a white plowshare in its forepaws, upon a field of red. This pattern was derived from a town seal used in 1807 that showed the Zähringen Lion, holding the letter \"D\" in its paws. The present coat of arms was designed by the Karlsruhe General State Archives in 1902, but it was not selected by the municipal council until after 1945. The coat of arms received approval for official use by the Federal Ministry of the Interior, which also issued an accompanying flag, on 18 August 1961.
## Transportation
Dauchingen is connected to Germany\'s network of roadways by the Bundesstraße 27 and Bundesstraße 523 federal roadways and Bundesautobahn 81. It is also connected to Germany\'s railways by the Rottweil--Villingen railway, which passes through the municipality
| 480 |
Dauchingen
| 0 |
10,042,410 |
# Savini
**Savini** is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
- Alberto Savini (born 1999), Italian footballer
- Alfonso Savini (1836--1908), Italian painter
- Daniel Savini (born 1997), Italian cyclist
- Filippo Savini (born 1985), Italian cyclist
- Henri Savini (born 1975), French footballer
- Maurizio Savini, 21st-century Italian sculptor
- Mirko Savini (born 1979), Italian footballer
- Robert M
| 63 |
Savini
| 0 |
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# André Boulerice
**André Boulerice** (born May 8, 1946) is a Canadian politician from Quebec and gay rights activist. He was a member of the National Assembly of Quebec for the riding of Sainte-Marie--Saint-Jacques in Montreal.
Born in Joliette, Quebec, he graduated in specialized education from Cégep du Vieux Montréal. He joined the Parti Québécois in 1970 and later worked for the Chambly school board.
He was first elected to the legislature in the 1985 election, representing the electoral district of Saint-Jacques. Boulerice, one of the first openly gay members of the legislature, was reelected in 1989, 1994, 1998 and 2003 in the redistributed electoral district of Sainte-Marie--Saint-Jacques. He was also the deputy government leader, president of the Quebec division of the Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie and immigration minister. He helped introduce civil union for same-sex couples. Boulerice resigned in September 2005
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# Gütenbach
**Gütenbach** is a municipality in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is the home of the Faller toy company.
## History
Gütenbach, originally called Wuotenbach, was first mentioned in an official certificate in the year 1360 AD, hence, it was founded during the Late Middle Ages. Between the 15th and 16th centuries, the name was changed to Wüttembach. At the beginning of the 17th century the town was subject to the Authority of Triberg, which was part of Further Austria. In 1806, Gütenbach joined the new-founded Grand Duchy of Baden.
## Geography
Gütenbach is located in the middle of the Black Forest, about 7 km west of Furtwangen. The city is in the drainage basin of the Rhine river and close to the drainage divide of the Danube and the Rhine. The Teichbach stream starts at the confluence of Vordertalbach and Hintertalbach creeks, and flows through the town. After passing the Teichschlucht canyon, Teichbach flows into the Wilde Gutach, at the so-called Pfaffmühle.
The town lies in an altitude between 530 m and 1,120 m. Over 62% of the territory is covered with forest, which is a cause of Podzolization of the soil.
### Neighbour towns {#neighbour_towns}
- East: Furtwangen
- South: St. Märgen
- North and West: Simonswald
## Economy
Gütenbach\'s farmers used to produce clocks during the winter at their home. Later, the town developed a well-established clock-industry. Nowadays, the clock industry is represented by the manufacturer Hanhart, which also makes watches and stopwatches. Furthermore, in the 20th century, the toy company Faller settled in Gütenbach. The town\'s largest employer is the special purpose machinery manufacture Rena
| 274 |
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| 0 |
10,042,419 |
# Amy Fearn
**Amy Elizabeth Fearn** `{{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}}`{=mediawiki} (*née* **Rayner**; born 20 November 1977) is an English football referee from Loughborough, Leicestershire, who in 2010 became the first woman to referee in The Football League. With a degree in economics and a full-time career in accountancy, having also refereed football since age 14, she became only the second woman after Wendy Toms to rise to the position of assistant referee in English professional football. On 9 February 2010, she became the first woman to act as the main referee in a Football League match.
## Career
She grew up in Staffordshire, where, as a girl, she expressed a desire to play football with her brother. However, she grew frustrated at the lack of opportunities to play because no girls\' football facilities were available at the time. When she was 13, her father went on a course to gain a qualification as a referee, something which inspired Fearn to do the same. She qualified just after her 14th birthday. Being under 16 meant she could only referee those at under 12 level, something which she did for two years. When she became 16, the restriction was lifted, and she began refereeing in the Midland Football Alliance before being promoted to the Football Conference, aged 26. Around this time, she was given responsibilities as an assistant referee, also being appointed to the FIFA assistants\' list in 2005. She balances her football officiating duties with a full-time job as a Management Accountant for Santander in Leicester. In 2006, aged 28, she expressed a desire to move up to the Football League.
On 9 February 2010, Fearn became the first woman to take full control of a Football League match as the match referee. The original referee Tony Bates suffered a calf strain, and Fearn, as senior assistant on the day took over for the last 20 minutes of Coventry\'s 1-0 Championship win over Nottingham Forest at the Ricoh Arena.
In 2013, she became the first woman to referee an FA Cup Game in the Main Draw.
Fearn was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2023 Birthday Honours for services to association football.
| 364 |
Amy Fearn
| 0 |
10,042,419 |
# Amy Fearn
## Criticism by managers {#criticism_by_managers}
### Mike Newell {#mike_newell}
In November 2006, Luton Town manager Mike Newell made controversial comments about Fearn, then known as Amy Rayner, who was the assistant in their game against Queens Park Rangers, which Luton lost 3--2. Angry with the official\'s decision not to award Luton a penalty, Newell said \"She shouldn\'t be here. I know that sounds sexist but I am sexist. This is not park football, so what are women doing here?\". The FA promised to investigate, with Neale Barry saying \"English football needs more Amy Rayners\". Newell later apologised, saying, \"My apology to Amy Rayner, and to anyone I\'ve offended, is unreserved. I was out of order and she has accepted it\". Newell was fined £6,500 and given a warning by his club.
### Casey Stoney {#casey_stoney}
On 19 March 2021, Fearn refereed the match between Arsenal and Manchester United in the FA WSL, with her performance being criticised by United manager Casey Stoney. The BBC Sport website reported: \"Stoney believed her players - Lauren James in particular - were the victims of overly aggressive tackles by Arsenal and criticised referee Amy Fearn, who sent off Gunners forward Beth Mead shortly after the hour mark for a second bookable offence. In an post-match interview to BT Sport, she \"How you can have somebody fouled and fouled and fouled and fouled and we do nothing? I thought the referee was atrocious at best tonight and that\'s not an excuse for my team losing but we\'ve got to improve the officiating in this league, we really have to because if Lauren James reacts to any of those she ends up off the pitch. She gets no protection. It\'s so disappointing\"
| 289 |
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| 1 |
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# Königsfeld im Schwarzwald
**Königsfeld im Schwarzwald** (Low Alemannic: *Kinnigsfeld*) is a town in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is the northernmost town of the district Schwarzwald Baar. Königsfeld has six boroughs (Königsfeld, Neuhausen, Erdmannsweiler, Buchenberg, Burgberg and Weiler). Founded in 1807, it is a centre of the Moravian Church. Until after the Second World War, most of the town\'s inhabitants continued to be Moravians and the *Vorsteher* (congregational business manager) of the Congregation also served as *de facto* Mayor of the town. After the war, great numbers of refugees from former eastern provinces of Germany settled in the town. Königsfeld is on several major bus lines, the next train stations are in St. Georgen and Villingen-Schwenningen. Regional bus lines connect Königsfeld to these towns. Until 1981 it was served by the train station Peterzell-Königsfeld, 5 km outside Königsfeld. Königsfeld is the seat of several boarding schools and a classical Gymnasium/High School/Public School and a School for Home Economics, all operated by the Moravian Church. Humanitarian Albert Schweizer maintained a home in Königsfeld because his wife could not live in Lambaréné due to her health. His home in Königsfeld is now a museum. There is also a small museum dealing with the history of the town
| 210 |
Königsfeld im Schwarzwald
| 0 |
10,042,432 |
# Mönchweiler
**Mönchweiler** is a municipality in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 2
| 31 |
Mönchweiler
| 0 |
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# Niedereschach
**Niedereschach** is a town, with 6000 inhabitants, in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geography
Niedereschach lies in the Eschach valley on the eastern edge of the Black Forest between 620 and 720 metres above sea level between the county town of Villingen-Schwenningen and the town of Rottweil.
### Neighbouring municipalities {#neighbouring_municipalities}
The parish is bounded in the north by municipality of Zimmern ob Rottweil and in the east by Deißlingen, both in the county of Rottweil, and in the south by Dauchingen and Villingen-Schwenningen and in the west by Königsfeld im Schwarzwald. Within the parish lie the villages of:
- Niedereschach
- Kappel
- Schabenhausen
- Fischbach
### Municipal divisions {#municipal_divisions}
With the municipality of Niedereschach with the former independent parishes of Fischbach, Kappel and Schabenhausen there are 33 village, hamlets, farmsteads and houses.\
To the former parish of Fischbach belong the villages of Fischbach and Sinkingen, the hamlet of Vorderweiler, the farmstead of Pfaffenberg(höfe) and the houses of Auf dem Bühl, Eichbühl and Kirchhalde.\
To the old paris of Kappel belong the village of Kappel itself, the farmstead of Winkelhof (Im Winkel) and Haus Dobel.\
To the parish of Niedereschach in the boundaries of the 1970s municipal reform belong the village of Niedereschach itself, the farms of Klosterhof (formerly Seyhof) and Mühle and the houses of Am Eichenberg, An der Schabenhäuserhalde, Bubenholz, Ebersteinerhof, Oberer Vogelsang, Pulvermühle, Granegg Castle and Vogelsang. To the former parish of Schabenhausen belong the hamlets of Altbad, Auf den Höfen, Bei der Mühle, Im oberen Loh, Kohlerberg, Kohlwald, Mittendorf (Beim Neubad), Unterdorf (Bei der Krone), the farms of Hasenstall, Lohhof and Schlössle and the dwelling place of Bärleswies.
## History
Niedereschach was first mentioned in the records in 1086. In the course of its history it became an estate of the abbeys of Gengenbach and St. Georgen and of the free imperial town of Rottweil. In 1805 the village became part of the Duchy of Württemberg and, in 1810, transferred to the Grand Duchy of Baden.
In addition, Granegg Castle is supposed to have stood on the mountain between Fischbach and Schabenhausen, until the Middle Ages. A road was named after this castle, the *Graneggstraße*
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# Schonach im Schwarzwald
**Schonach im Schwarzwald** is a town in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Sport
Winter sports, especially Nordic combined and cross-country skiing, have a great influence on Schonach. In every year, Schonach is a station of the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup holding the Schwarzwaldpokal. In 1981 and 2002, Schonach hosted the FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships.
Famous athletes from Schonach:
- Urban Hettich
- Hans-Peter Pohl
- Christian Dold
- Georg Hettich
- Hansjörg Jäkle
- Alexander Herr
## Sights
Notable sights in the city of Schonach include:
- The St. Urban, A Roman Catholic church
- The Langenwaldschanze, a ski jumping hill, home to various championships
- The 1st World Largest Cuckoo Clock
Schonach is part of various hiking trails in the region. Also, the city has the title of a Luftkurort, German for *health resort*
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# Vulcanair
**Vulcanair** is an Italian aircraft manufacturer based in Casoria, near Naples.
## History
Partenavia was established in 1957 by Prof. Luigi Pascale and produced a quite large family of single-engined sport aircraft which eventually culminated with the successful twin-engined P.68 Victor and its derivatives.
The Canguro was designed by aeronautical engineer Stelio Frati in the 1970s (first flight on December 30, 1978) for Siai Marchetti that, in 1981, developed the SF.600A version, with turboprop engine, retractable landing gear and cargo capability with lateral sliding door or hinged rear fuselage. Today just ten Canguro have been produced.
Former spare parts producer Vulcanair set up a programme to produce a complete range of Italian designed twin-engined light transport aircraft. Vulcanair was founded in 1996 after purchasing all the assets, type design, trademarks and rights of the bankrupt Partenavia. In 1997, Vulcanair took over the SIAI-Marchetti SF.600 Canguro programme from Finmeccanica and later acquired Samanta, a Naples-based air-work operator with SF.600 and P.68 experience. Around 1998, Vulcanair took over Milan-based Aercosmos that had bought Partenavia Costruzioni Aeronautiche SpA from Alenia in 1993.
Vulcanair was then in the position to revive the production of twin-engined aircraft ranging from the basic P.68C to the turbine-powered 8,000 lbs MTOW Canguro (possibly in a stretched version). The Brazilian prestigious \"Aero Magazine\" named the P68C best aeroplane, 2010/2011, at the \"XII Prêmio Aero Magazine de Aviação\".
Vulcanair\'s current products are based upon the designs of Stelio Frati (SF600A Canguro) and Luigi Pascale (P68 Series). The current production lineup is the P68C (in normally aspirated and turbocharged variants), the P68 Observer 2 (a surveillance orientated variant with a mainly Perspex cockpit, again in normally aspirated and turbocharged versions), a retractable undercarriage variant of the normally aspirated P68C, the P68R (or Vr), a Rolls-Royce RR250-B17C turboprop powered 11 seat AP68TP-600 A-Viator and the SF600A Canguro.
Vulcanair production takes place on a 60,000 square metres site at Capodichino Airport in Naples, Italy.
## Aircraft
- Vulcanair Canguro
- Vulcanair Mission
- Vulcanair P68 Series
- Vulcanair V1
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# Buster Jones
**Edward Lorenzo \"Buster\" Jones** (December 12, 1943 -- September 16, 2014) was an American voice actor and television host. He is known for his roles as Black Vulcan in *Super Friends*, Blaster in *The Transformers*, Doc in *G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero* and Winston Zeddemore in *The Real Ghostbusters* (replacing Arsenio Hall) and later *Extreme Ghostbusters*.
Jones was born in Paris, Tennessee and attended Lane College in Jackson, Tennessee, where he played in a band and got a job as a disc jockey. During his career as a DJ, he worked in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles. He also did voice work in commercials, which led to his career as a voice actor in TV series.
Jones appeared as the host of *Soul Unlimited*, Dick Clark\'s short-lived all-black version of *American Bandstand* that was created as a competitor to *Soul Train*.
He also provided voices for *Defenders of the Earth* (as Lothar), *The Super Globetrotters* (as Spaghetti Man), *Captain Planet and the Planeteers*, and *The New Batman Adventures*.
Jones died at home in North Hollywood, California, on September 16, 2014, at age 70.
## Filmography
Year Title Role Notes
------------ ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -----------------------------------
1974 *The Six Million Dollar Man* Captain Episode: \"Day of the Robot\"
1977--1984 *Super Friends* Black Vulcan (voice) Main cast
1979 *The Super Globetrotters* Twiggy Sanders / Spaghetti Man (voice) Main cast
1979 *Captain America* Anesthetist Television film
1985--1986 *G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero* Doc, Zap (voice) Main cast
1985--1986 *The Transformers* Blaster (voice) Recurring cast
1986 *Defenders of the Earth* Lothar (voice) Main cast
1986 *The Transformers: The Movie* Blaster (voice)
1986--1987 *The Flintstone Kids* Officer Quartz (voice) 3 episodes
1987 *Hill Street Blues* Dog Owner Episode: \"Dogsbreath Afternoon\"
1987 *G.I
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# Unterkirnach
**Unterkirnach** is a municipality in the district of Schwarzwald-Baar in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, situated in the Black Forest and 40 km east of Freiburg
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# Blaufelden
**Blaufelden** is a municipality in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
The settlement is first mentioned in a document from 1157. The Reformation was introduced to Blaufelden in 1526 and it has been Lutheran ever since
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# List of films featuring the Irish Republican Army
This is a list of films in which the Irish Republican Army, a faction thereof or a break away organisation (whether real or fictional) is portrayed either through its plot or by a main character.
Title Director Notable cast Summary Released Notes
---------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------- -------------------------------
*Juno and the Paycock* Alfred Hitchcock Maire O\'Neill, Edward Chapman, Sidney Morgan, Sara Allgood A long suffering wife\'s dismay as her troubled family is unwound by the prospect of wealth. Her husband is useless, her son is pursued by rebels for informing, and her daughter is dangerously in love with a lawyer due an inheritance. She tries to save her family from the storms that follows. Based on the 1924 play by Seán O\'Casey. 1930
*The Informer* John Ford Victor McLaglen A disgraced former IRA member decides to inform on his former comrade and use the bounty to emigrate. His former comrade is then killed in a gunfight and things spiral as it becomes known it was he who informed. Based on the novel by Liam O\'Flaherty. 1935
*Beloved Enemy* H.C. Potter Merle Oberon, Brian Aherne, David Niven During the Irish War of Independence an Irish rebel leader and a British aristocratic woman fall in love. The rebel however is pursued by a British Army officer. 1936
*My Life for Ireland* Max W. Kimmich Anna Dammann, René Deltgen A Nazi propaganda film where a young student who sells out his love interest to the Secret Service after seeing her with a wanted Irish revolutionary, must risk his life to rehabilitate himself. 1941
*I See a Dark Stranger* Frank Launder Deborah Kerr, Trevor Howard A young Irish woman becomes a Nazi spy. 1946
*Odd Man Out* Carol Reed James Mason A wounded Irish nationalist leader in Belfast attempts to evade police following a failed robbery. (The group he belongs to is not named, but the IRA were the only Irish republican group active at the time.) 1947
*The Quiet Man* John Ford John Wayne A retired boxer returns home to Ireland. He falls for a fiery red-headed, whose brother forms a rivalry with him. 1952
*The Gentle Gunman* Basil Dearden John Mills, Dirk Bogarde IRA Volunteer Terry Sullivan (Mills) become disillusioned with a bombing campaign of London during the Second World War. 1952
*Shake Hands with the Devil* Michael Anderson James Cagney, Don Murray, Dana Wynter, Glynis Johns A young American gets involved in the 1921 battles between the Black and Tans and the IRA, - but at last he becomes sick of all the killing and puts an end to it by shooting an IRA-leader. 1959
*A Terrible Beauty* (also known as *The Night Fighters*) Tay Garnett Robert Mitchum The Night Fighters is a look at the conflicted loyalties that trouble a daring young IRA recruit who comes to realize that some of his IRA cohorts are seriously misguided, and that the Nazis aren\'t to be trusted as allies. Based on the 1958 A Terrible Beauty novel by Arthur Roth. 1960
*Ryan\'s Daughter* David Lean Sarah Miles, Robert Mitchum, John Mills, Leo McKern, Trevor Howard IRA men arrive in a village to prepare to receive a delivery of German rifles from a ship offshore. Although the villagers help them recover the weapons during a storm, they are captured by the local British Army detachment on leaving the beach. 1970
*Duck, You Sucker!* Sergio Leone James Coburn, Rod Steiger An Irish explosives expert on the run and a Mexican bandit unintentionally get involved in the Mexican Revolution. 1971
*A Sense of Loss* Marcel Ophüls Documentary shot over six weeks in December 1971, and January 1972, the film consisted of interviews with Protestants, Catholics, politicians, and some soldiers, combined with TV news clips of bombings and violence. 1972
*NO GO!* Richard Chase Docudrama about both the Provisional IRA and Official IRA in Derry\'s Bogside. 1973
*Hennessy* Don Sharp Rod Steiger, Lee Remick After his family is killed, a once peaceful Irishman plots revenge, setting out to destroy the British Parliament. 1975
*The Eagle Has Landed* John Sturges Michael Caine, Donald Sutherland, Robert Duvall A former IRA man sheltering in Nazi Germany, where he works as a lecturer, is parachuted into England to make preparations for a Luftwaffe parachute unit, disguised as Polish soldiers, tasked with capturing or killing Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill. 1976
*The Patriot Game* Arthur MacCaig A history of the Northern Irish conflict from 1968 to 1978, including the origins of the IRA and the conflict itself. 1979 documentary
*The Outsider* Tony Luraschi Craig Wasson, Sterling Hayden, Patricia Quinn, Niall O\'Brien An Irish-American man travels to Ireland during the 1970s and joins the IRA. Based on the book *The Heritage of Michael Flaherty* by Colin Leinster. 1979
*The Long Good Friday* John Mackenzie Bob Hoskins, Helen Mirren A London crime boss is beset by problems which prove to be caused by the Provisional IRA, targeting his organisation following coincidental events that incorrectly implicate his involvement. 1980
*Guests of the Nation* John J. Desmond Two British enlistees being held captive by the IRA during the Irish War of Independence form a sense of camaraderie with their IRA guards. Difficulties ensure when they are to be executed. Based on a short story by Frank O\'Connor. 1981 Television film
*Harry\'s Game* Lawrence Gordon Clark Ray Lonnen, Derek Thompson An IRA rifleman who assassinated a British minister in front of his family in London is tracked down by an undercover British Army officer. Based on Gerald Seymour's 1975 novel. 1982 Television serial
*Giro City* (also known by *And Nothing But the Truth*) Karl Francis Glenda Jackson, Jon Finch, Kenneth Colley, Bruce Alexander, Sharon Morgan Drama about a TV current affairs team who are working on two major news stories, and find themselves coming up against censorship and self-censorship in the media. 1982 Television film
*Cal* Pat O\'Connor Helen Mirren, John Lynch, Donal McCann, Ray McAnally, John Kavanagh, Tom Hickey, J. J. Murphy A young Provisional IRA member wants to leave after falling in love with the widow of a victim. Based on a novella by Bernard MacLaverty. 1984
*The Glory Boys* Michael Ferguson Anthony Perkins, Rod Steiger, Alfred Burke, Joanna Lumley The IRA assigns one of its members to aid a PLO assassin in his attempt to kill an Israeli nuclear scientist in London, while British Intelligence officers attempt to prevent and capture them. 1984 Television serial
*Contact* Alan Clarke Sean Chapman A platoon of British paratroopers on border patrol in South Armagh face a series of tense encounters. Based on A.F.N. Clarke\'s experiences as a Parachute Regiment officer in 1970s Northern Ireland. 1984 Television film
*In This Corner* Atom Egoyan An amateur boxer from Canada becomes an unwitting pawn in The Troubles when he is convinced by Irish Republican Army to help smuggle accused member back into Ireland as part of his entourage. 1986 Television film
*A Prayer for the Dying* Mike Hodges Mickey Rourke, Bob Hoskins, Alan Bates, Liam Neeson, Leonard Termo, Camille Coduri, Alison Doody A former IRA member escapes to London and tries to forget his past. 1987
*Naming the Names* Sylvestra Le Touzel Stuart Burge Young Belfast woman committed to republican cause caught in web of conflicting loyalties and violence. Based on a short fiction story by Anne Devlin. 1987 TV movie
*Act of Betrayal* Lawrence Gordon Clark Elliott Gould, Patrick Bergin An IRA informer and his family are given new identities and new lives in Australia but the IRA are still determined to track them down. 1988 TV movie
*The Dawning* Robert Knights Anthony Hopkins, Hugh Grant, Jean Simmons, Trevor Howard, Rebecca Pidgeon Depiction of the Irish War of Independence through the eyes of the Anglo-Irish landlord class. 1988
*The Grasscutter* Ian Mune Terence Cooper, Ian McElhinney An Ulster Volunteer Force informer living under an assumed identity in New Zealand is revealed, with both loyalist and republican groups eager to track him down. 1988
*A Casualty of War* Tom Clegg Following an American air strike on Libyan leader Colonel Gaddafi\'s personal residence, the Libyan leader agrees to supply the IRA with weapons in revenge for Britain\'s involvement. Aware of the plans, MI5 persuade a former SAS man to go undercover and investigate the shipment. It is a dangerous mission especially with all becoming increasingly suspicious of him, who having retired, has become a well-known writer. 1989 Television film
*Elephant* Alan Clarke A chilling commentary on the sectarian murders which are everyday events there, covering several sectarian murders that happened during the troubles. 1989 Television film
*Who Bombed Birmingham?* Mike Beckham John Hurt, Martin Shaw Docudrama about the Birmingham Pub Bombings and the subsequent Birmingham Six. 1991 Documentary film
*Behind the Mask* Frank Martin A documentary on the life and attitudes of IRA members. Includes interviews with Brendan Hughes, Martin Meehan, Joe Cahill, Gerry Adams, and Martin McGuinness, as well as some others. 1991 Documentary film
*The Treaty* Jonathan Lewis Brendan Gleeson, Bosco Hogan, Ian Bannen, Julian Fellowes, Barry McGovern Depiction of the negotiations for the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty towards the end of the Irish War of Independence, and the aftermath of the treaty leading to the Irish Civil War. 1991 Television film
*Force of Duty* Pat O\'Connor Adrian Dunbar, Donal McCann, Patrick Malahide An RUC detective is consumed by guilt after he fails to act decisively in a moment of terror. As the pressure on him builds, he gradually loses control of his life. 1992 Television film
*Patriot Games* Phillip Noyce Harrison Ford A former CIA analyst witnesses and intervenes in an attempted kidnapping of the British Minister of State for Northern Ireland by a radical IRA splinter group. The group then aims to take revenge on him, while he aims to stop them. Adaptation of the 1987 novel by Tom Clancy. 1992
*The Crying Game* Neil Jordan Stephen Rea, Miranda Richardson, Forest Whitaker, Jaye Davidson, Adrian Dunbar, Tony Slattery, Jim Broadbent, Ralph Brown, Andrée Bernard The Provisional IRA unit kidnap a black British soldier after a female member of their unit lures him to a secluded area by promising sex. The unit intends to use him to secure the release of an imprisoned Provisional IRA member. He is executed when the deadline expires. Years later a member of the unit befriends his partner in London. 1992
*Circles of Deceit* Geoffrey Sax The British Secret Service enlists the help of a former Special Air Service soldier to go undercover and infiltrate the IRA. 1993 Television film
*In the Name of the Father* Jim Sheridan Daniel Day-Lewis Pete Postlethwaite Based on the Guildford Four, father and son are falsely imprisoned as IRA members accused of committing the Guildford pub bombing. 1993
*Blown Away* Stephen Hopkins Jeff Bridges, Tommy Lee Jones A former IRA bomber escapes from prison and begins a campaign targeting members of the Boston police\'s bomb squad. 1994
*Patriots* Frank Kerr An Irish-American girl in Boston, whose grandfather fought the Black and Tans, is persuaded to travel to Ireland to help the IRA. Unbeknownst to her, her recruiter is a double agent for the British Army. 1994
*More Than a Sacrifice* Tom Collins A look at how four republicans adjusted to a post-ceasefire way of life after the 1994 IRA ceasefire. 1995 Documentary film
*The Boys of Barr na Sráide* Conor O\'Carroll 1996 Short film
*Michael Collins* Neil Jordan Liam Neeson, Aidan Quinn, Stephen Rea, Alan Rickman, Julia Roberts, Brendan Gleeson Biopic about Irish revolutionary Michael Collins. 1996
*Some Mother\'s Son* Terry George Helen Mirren, Fionnula Flanagan Two mothers are faced with a dilemma when their sons in the IRA take part in the 1981 Hunger Strike. 1996
*The Eliminator* Enda Hughes Set in the middle of the Troubles, it tells the story of a gang of youths in County Armagh known as \'The Organisation\' fighting the British secret service for control of a super-vehicle named The Viper, whose plans are in the hands of a republican rebel. 1996
*The Devil\'s Own* Alan J. Pakula Brad Pitt, Harrison Ford An NYPD officer discovers that an Irish immigrant they housed is an undercover member of the IRA attempting to purchase missiles. 1997
*Midnight Man* Lawrence Gordon Clark British soldiers force a recently captured IRA member to cooperate with them and to go undercover to prevent an attempt on the life of the U.S. president. But the spy soon realizes that the first plot is but a ruse for a more sinister scheme risking trouble between China and the United Kingdom. 1997 Television film
*A Further Gesture* (Also known as *The Break*) Robert Dornhelm Stephen Rea, Alfred Molina, Rosana Pastor, Brendan Gleeson, Jorge Sanz Following his escape from prison, an IRA member escapes to America. Jaded, he is determined not to take up any fresh causes in America. He then falls in with some Guatemalan exiles who aim to assassinate a member of the CIA. He reluctantly helps the amateur trio so that he and one of the Guatemalans he has fallen for can escape together. This "further gesture" is to have unexpected repercussions for all four. 1997
*The Informant* Jim McBride A man who escaped the troubles is reluctantly pulled out of retirement in the Republic of Ireland by the IRAwho bring him back to Belfast to perform one last job due to his skill with an RPG. Initially refusing the job, he realises he has no choice. He is to kill a judge using an RPG. During the getaway he is arrested and becomes a supergrass. 1997
*The Jackal* Michael Caton-Jones Bruce Willis, Richard Gere An ex-IRA gunman is recruited to assist the CIA in tracking down a suspected presidential assassin. 1997
*The Boxer* Jim Sheridan Daniel Day-Lewis, Emily Watson A boxer, and former Provisional IRA returns home from a 14-year stint in prison at the age of 32. Weary of the unbroken cycle of violence in Northern Ireland, he attempts to settle down and live in peace. He starts up a non-sectarian boxing club for boys in an old gymnasium. 1997
*The General* John Boorman Brendan Gleeson Details the life of Dublin underworld figure Martin Cahill. 1998
*Titanic Town* Roger Michell A mother and her family move during the height of the troubles into a housing estate in Catholic West Belfast. Violent conflict exists side-by-side with normal civilian life. But when an old friend is killed in the crossfire, it leads the mother to a meeting of a women\'s peace group. Based on the 1993 autobiography by Mary Costello. 1998
*Divorcing Jack* David Caffrey David Thewlis, Rachel Griffiths, Jason Isaacs, Richard Gant, Robert Lindsay A Northern Irish reporter gets entangled in a web of political intrigue and sectarian violence, at the same time as Northern Ireland is set to elect a new Prime Minister. Adaptation of the 1995 book by Colin Bateman. 1998
*Ronin* John Frankenheimer Robert De Niro IRA operatives hire mercenaries to retrieve a mysterious briefcase. 1998
*The Craic* Ted Emery Two best friends flee from Belfast and illegally enter Australia after a violent confrontation with the IRA. 1999
*Exiled* Bill Muir An Irishman emigrates to New York to escape the tensions of Northern Ireland in 1991. However, this does not free him from strife, soon finding himself in the middle of a gun-running operation involving his cousin and two hot-headed friends. 1999
*Brits* Peter Taylor Depiction of the covert war in Northern Ireland including interviews of former members of 14 Intelligence Company, the RUC Headquarters Mobile Support Unit and MI6. 2000 Documentary television series
*Borstal Boy* Peter Sheridan Shawn Hatosy, Danny Dyer, Michael York, Eva Birthistle, Ian McElhinney, Ronnie Drew A young Behan, is jailed during an IRA bombing mission in Liverpool. He loses his naïveté over the three years of his sentence to a juvenile borstal, softening his radical Irish republican stance and warming to his British fellow prisoners. Based on the 1958 autobiography by Brendan Behan. 2000
*An Everlasting Piece* Barry Levinson Barry McEvoy, Brían F. O\'Byrne, Anna Friel, Pauline McLynn, Laurence Kinlan, Billy Connolly, Enda Oates Two wig salesmen, one Catholic and one Protestant, live in war-torn Belfast, Northern Ireland in the mid-1980s and embark on their plan to get rich through selling hair pieces. Their business ends up involved with the troubles. 2000
*The Bombmaker* Graham Theakston Dervla Kirwan, Mark Womack, David Hunt, Francis Magee, Samantha Bond, Angeline Ball, Keith Duffy, Scott Maslen A former IRA bombmaker is forced to come out of retirement when her daughter is kidnapped and held to ransom. Based on the novel by Stephen Leather. 2001 Television film
*Shamrock and Swastika* Brendan Culleton, Irina Maldea Examination of the Irish Republican Army\'s collaboration with the Abwehr during World War II. 2001 Television documentary
*H3* Les Blair Dean Lennox Kelly, Mark O\'Halloran, Depiction of the 1981 Irish hunger strike. 2001
*Bloody Sunday* Paul Greengrass James Nesbit, Tim Pigott-Smith, Nicholas Farrell, Gerard McSorley Depiction of the 1972 Bloody Sunday massacre. 2002 Television film
*Sunday* Charles McDougall Ciarán McMenamin, Christopher Eccleston Depiction of the 1972 Bloody Sunday massacre. 2002 Television film
*The Rising of the Moon* Deborah Baxtrom IRA member Bobby Sands is visited by his mother while imprisoned in Northern Ireland. 2002
*Boxed* Marion Comer Tom Murphy A priest is called upon to provide last rites to an IRA prisoner. 2002 Drama
*The Maze* A history of the notorious HMP Maze and its role in the troubles. 2002 Television documentary
*Omagh* Pete Travis Depiction of the 1998 Omagh Bombing by the Real IRA. 2004 Television film
*Breakfast on Pluto* Neil Jordan Cillian Murphy, Liam Neeson, Stephen Rea A transgender woman foundling searching for love and her long-lost mother in small town Ireland and London in the 1970s. 2005
*The Year London Blew Up* Edmund Coulthard Dramadoc about the 1974-75 Provisional IRA campaign in London, which culminated in the Balcombe Street siege. 2005 Television film
*Johnny Was* Mark Hammond Patrick Bergin, Samantha Mumba, Lennox Lewis, Roger Daltrey, Eriq La Salle A Provisional IRA volunteer from Ireland escapes his violent past to lie low in London. This changes when his former mentor breaks out of Brixton Prison with members of a dissident republican group hellbent on derailing the Irish peace process. 2006
*The Wind That Shakes the Barley* Ken Loach Cillian Murphy, Liam Cunningham, Pádraic Delaney, Orla Fitzgerald Two brothers join the IRA in the Irish War of Independence after seeing a friend killed by the Black and Tans. However tensions rise when they are on opposing sides in the Irish Civil War that follows. 2006
*I.R.A. King of Nothing* Damian Chapa A disgruntled IRA member becomes Ireland\'s biggest threat to the peace process. 2006
*Fifty Dead Men Walking* Kari Skogland Ben Kingsley, Rose McGowan, Jim Sturgess A loose adaptation of Martin McGartland\'s 1997 autobiography of the same name. 2008
*Hunger* Steve McQueen Michael Fassbender, Liam Cunningham Depiction of the Bobby Sands during the 1981 Irish hunger strike. 2008
*Five Minutes of Heaven* Oliver Hirschbiegel Liam Neeson, James Nesbitt Depiction of a historical killing in 1975 during the troubles, and a reconciliation attempt after 33 years. 2009
*Voices From The Grave* Kate O\'Callaghan The story of the Northern Ireland Troubles through the Provisional IRA\'s Brendan Hughes and the UVF\'s David Ervine, two men who played key roles on opposite sides of the ongoing conflict. Based on the book *Voices from the Grave: Two Men\'s War in Ireland* by Ed Maloney. 2010 Documentary
*Shadow Dancer* James Marsh Andrea Riseborough, Clive Owen, Gillian Anderson, Domhnall Gleeson Following a failed bombing an IRA member is turned into an informer for MI5 to avoid imprisonment and protect her son. Based on the 1998 novel by Tom Bradby. 2012
*\'71* Yann Demange Jack O\'Connell A young British soldier is accidentally abandoned, following a riot in Belfast, in 1971. 2014
*The Journey* Nick Hamm Timothy Spall, Colm Meaney, Freddie Highmore A fictional account of the true story of how political enemies Ian Paisley and Martin McGuinness formed an unlikely political alliance. 2016
*Rebellion* Colin Teevan Charlie Murphy, Ruth Bradley, Sarah Greene, Brian Gleeson, Niamh Cusack, Michelle Fairley, Ian McElhinney, Barry Ward, Laurence O\'Fuarain, Perdita Weeks A five part serial drama about the birth of modern Ireland. The story is told from the perspectives of a group of fictional characters who live through the political events of the 1916 Easter Rising. 2016
*The Foreigner* Martin Campbell Jackie Chan, Pierce Brosnan A man seeks revenge for the death of his daughter, killed by a bombing committed by a rogue faction of the IRA. 2017
*Maze* Stephen Burke Tom Vaughan-Lawlor Prison film about the IRA Maze prison escape of 38 Provisional Irish Republican Army prisoners. 2017
*Resistance* Colin Teevan Brian Gleeson, Simone Kirby, Natasha O\'Keeffe, Gavin Drea Set in late 1920, Resistance is a sequel series to the 2016 miniseries *Rebellion.* 2019
*Spotlight on the Troubles: A Secret History* Peter Johnston A special from Spotlight delving into the role of British Intelligence\'s \"dirty war\" and collusion during the troubles. 2019 documentary
*Baltimore* Christine Molloy Joe Lawlor Imogen Poots Biopic of heiress-turned-IRA member Rose Dugdale. 2023
*Dead Shot* Tom Guard & Charles Guard Aml Ameen, Colin Morgan, Tom Vaughan-Lawlor, Sophia Brown, Máiréad Tyers, Mark Strong and Felicity Jones. A retired Irish paramilitary witnesses the shooting of his pregnant wife by a British soldier and escapes, wounded and presumed dead, to 1970s London to plot his revenge. 2023
*The Secret Army* Darragh MacIntyre & Chris Thornton Documentary by Darragh MacIntyre & Chris Thornton investigating the lost 1972 film *\'The Secret Army*\' by John Bowyer Bell and Zwy Aldouby. It showed segments from the lost film, including some unseen footage of Provisional IRA operations and training. It also included interviews with Des Long, Tony Devine, Jacob Stern, and Tim Pat Coogan
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# Braunsbach
**Braunsbach** is a municipality in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is on the Kocher river, about 15 km from the district seat of Schwäbisch Hall. The town is bordered to the north by the town Künzelsau, the county seat of Hohenlohe, in the east by the town of Langenburg, on the southeast by Wolpertshausen, in the south by the town of Schwäbisch Hall, in the southwest by Untermünkheim and in the west by Kupferzell in Hohenlohe.
## History
Braunsbach was formed in February 1972 by the voluntary merger of the formerly independent communities of Arnsdorf, Braunsbach, Döttingen, `{{Interlanguage link multi|Geislingen am Kocher|de}}`{=mediawiki}, Jungholzhausen, `{{Interlanguage link multi|Orlach|de}}`{=mediawiki} and Steinkirchen.
In late May 2016, severe weather led to flooding of Orlacher Bach and Schlossbach within 3 hours that strewed rubble across the town causing large damage but no casualties.
## Points of interest {#points_of_interest}
- (Braunsbach Castle), in part built in 1250
- Protestant church in the castle
- Döttingen Gate Braunsbach (rest of the wall surrounding the village)
- (Tierberg Castle), 13th century, former hunting lodge of the princes of Hohenlohe
- (Döttingen Castle) (built in the 16th century), now hotel and restaurant
- House of the former Mayor J. M. Gronbach in Orlach (now House Schumm) known for the story \"Das Mädchen von Orlach\" (\"The Girl from Orlach\")
- Kocher Viaduct near Geislingen (largest reinforced concrete bridge in Europe 1128 m long and 185 m high)
- Bridge Museum in Geislingen
-
- Nature reserve \"Grimm brook mouth\"
- Hall of the Land of Castles (local name: Burgenlandhalle) Braunsbach (in part former synagogue)
- Jewish cemetery in Braunsbach
## The Girl from Orlach {#the_girl_from_orlach}
\"The Girl from Orlach\" is a ghost story of the Biedermeier whose protagonist, Magdalena Gronbach, allegedly was capable of extrasensory perception. In February 1831 a white ghost of a woman appeared to her several times. Always when she appeared, a small fire broke out in the house. She said she was the Cistercian nun Mariane Susanne from Orlach who had been born just as Magdalena on September 12, but not in 1812, but precisely 400 years before that, i.e. in 1412. She implored salvation from Magdalena, and when Magdalena wanted to know which reward she would receive she replied: \"Do not lay up treasures on earth!\" In early June of the same year the ghost of a Capuchin friar appeared to her in the form of a dark menacing black shadow. She fell into a trance and in this state answered all questions she was asked. Thereupon many people came from all over the country to ask for advice regarding what would happen in the future. After having observed Magdalena for five weeks the chief medical officer Justinus Kerner concluded that this was a \"state of possession
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# Bühlertann
**Bühlertann** is a municipality in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Bühlerzell
**Bühlerzell** is a municipality in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Archie J. Bahm
**Archie John Bahm** (21 August 1907 -- 12 March 1996) was an American philosopher and professor of philosophy at the University of New Mexico.
## Biography
Bahm served as Acting Chair of the University of New Mexico\'s Department of Philosophy from 1954 to 1955 and again from 1964 to 1965. He was a member of numerous committees to support and promote the exchange of philosophical ideas and organized the Albuquerque Chapter of the Southwestern Regional American Humanist Association in 1954. He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto. He was also an organizer, past president, and past secretary-treasurer of the New Mexico Philosophical Society.
Bahm in 1933 contributed "A Religious Affirmation" to *The New Humanist*, listing items that "a person should":
1. Be creedless; that is, be intelligent enough to make adaptations without dependence upon some formula.
2. Be self-reliant; that is, be not dependent upon supernatural agency for intellectual support or moral guidance.
3. Be critical; that is, question assumptions and seek certitude scientifically.
4. Be tolerant; that is, be open-minded and hold conclusions tentatively.
5. Be active; that is, live today and grow by exercising his capacities.
6. Be efficient; that is, accomplish the most with the least effort.
7. Be versatile; that is, vary his interests to attain a variety of interesting thoughts.
8. Be cooperative; that is, find some of his satisfactions in social activities.
9. Be appreciative; that is, make the present enjoyable by his attitude.
10. Be idealistic; that is, create and live by ideals which he finds inspiring
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# Fichtenau
**Fichtenau** is a community of several villages, in the district of Schwäbisch Hall, in Baden-Württemberg, Germany
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# Santo Antônio do Paraíso
**Santo Antônio do Paraíso** (Portuguese meaning \"Saint Anthony of paradise\") is a municipality of the state of Paraná, Brazil. The population is 2,068 (2020 est.) in an area of 165.90 km^2^
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# Fichtenberg (Württemberg)
**Fichtenberg** is a municipality in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Enrique Fernández Heredia
**Enrique Fernández de Heredia Gaztáñaga** was a military commander in the Spanish Civil War fighting on the Republican side. He was a commander of artillery in the Spanish Republican Army before the war and was promoted to command the 31st Division. He later commanded the XVIII Corps at Brunete and Teruel
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# Frankenhardt
**Frankenhardt** is a rural Gemeinde (municipality) in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It consists of thirty-nine villages, hamlets and other settlements. The largest village is Honhardt, followed by Gründelhardt and Oberspeltach. The township lies about twenty kilometres east of the town of Schwäbisch Hall.
The township was created in 1974 by the merger of the townships of Gründelhardt and Honhardt. One year later, the new created township was merged with the municipality of Oberspeltach
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# Kreßberg
**Kreßberg** is a municipality in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. No town or village has that name.
The community of Kreßberg consists of 33 separate villages:
Waldtann, Marktlustenau, Mariäkappel, Leukershausen, Bergbronn, Bergertshofen, Wüstenau, Riegelbach, Rötsweiler, Stegenhof, Schwarzenhorb, Hohenberg, Selgenstadt, Vötschenhof, Oberstelzhausen, Unterstelzhausen, Tempelhof, Hohenkreßberg, Gaisbühl, Schönbronn, Bräunersberg, Halden, Vehlenberg, Ruppersbach, Asbach, Haselhof, Waidmannsberg, Mistlau, Neuhaus, Sixenhof, Rudolfsberg, Schönmühle, and Rotmühle
The total population figure of Kreßberg is just 3788 (2010).
First settlements in the Kreßberg area were established between the 7th and the 9th centuries. The community in its current dimensions has existed since 1 January 1973, when the former communities of Waldtann, Marktlustenau, Mariäkappel, and Leukershausen were combined during the municipal reform
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# Mainhardt
**Mainhardt** is a municipality in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1939 2.853 |
| 1961 3.532 |
| 1970 3.818 |
| 1980 4.210 |
| 1990 4.636 |
| 2000 5.397 |
| 2010 5.715 |
| 2017 5
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# Michelfeld
**Michelfeld** is a town in the district of Schwäbisch Hall in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# HMCS Oshawa
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{{Infobox ship image
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``
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# Gibraltar Local Disability Movement
The **Gibraltar Local Disability Movement** (**GLDM**) was a pressure group operating in Gibraltar that sought to improve the lives of disabled people, promote equal opportunities, and tackle disability discrimination in Gibraltar.\
It was first established in 1985 in response to Gibraltar\'s lack of infrastructure and facilities for disabled people. The Gibraltar Local Disability Movement ceased to be active for several years during the 1990s and early 2000s but was reactivated in 2005 to address the situation for disabled people in Gibraltar, which did not see great improvement for several years.
It had become apparent to many in the Gibraltarian community that people with disabilities and their families needed disability issues to be addressed. Many found that groups, society, and even the Government of Gibraltar had become distant.
The GLDM website was established on June 27, 2005, with an aim to give people a platform to provide information and voice their views on local disability issues. However, the website appears to have been out of use since the early 2010s, with the GLDM\'s social media profiles showing little to no activity.
## Objectives
The society\'s main objectives were:
1. To work towards the elimination of discrimination against disabled persons;
2. To promote the equalisation of opportunities for disabled persons;
3. To take such steps as it considers appropriate with a view to encouraging good practice in the treatment of disabled persons;
4. Make proposals or give other advice to any Government Ministers as to any aspect of the law or a proposed change to the law;
5. Make proposals or give other advice to any Government agency or other public authority as to the practical application of any law;
6. Work towards the elimination of discrimination against - and equalize opportunities for - people with disabilities. It will also promote good practice to employers and service providers, provide advice and information and advise the Government about the implementation of the Disability discrimination act
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# Mycobacterium nebraskense
***Mycobacterium nebraskense*** is a slow growing, yellow, pigmented mycobacterium that was first isolated from human sputum at the University of Nebraska Medical Center, in Omaha, Nebraska, USA. Mycobacterium species are common causes of pulmonary infections in both humans and animals.
A thorough systemic analysis conducted at the Mayo Clinic 2023, based on all the published cases in the literature, highlights significant gender disparities in Mycobacterium nebraskense infections, indicating a higher susceptibility among females.
Remarkably, a substantial portion of cases present with asymptomatic infections, complicating the understanding of disease manifestation. Individuals over 60 are particularly vulnerable to Mycobacterium nebraskense infections, emphasizing age-related susceptibility. Those with preexisting lung conditions are at a higher risk due to varied comorbidity profiles, adding complexity to the disease.
Clinical decision-making, whether to treat or observe, is contingent upon individual presentations, with immunosuppressed individuals not universally requiring therapeutic intervention. The proposed empirical treatment approach includes antibiotics such as amikacin, clarithromycin, or rifabutin, taking into consideration reported resistance to doxycycline and minocycline. Combination therapy is commonly advocated to minimize the risk of resistance development, aligning with established practices in managing mycobacterial infections
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# Nikolai Afanasyev
**Nikolay Mikhailovich Afanasyev** (*Николай Михайлович Афанасьев*; 14 November 1916 -- 15 March 2009), also known as **Nicolai Michaelovich Afanasiev**, was a Russian firearms designer.
## Biography
Nicolai Michaelovitch Afanasiev was born in Russia on 14 November 1916 in St. Petersburg. In 1938 he graduated from a Tekhnikum of the Mechanization of Agriculture.
In 1939 he was drafted to serve in a tank corps in Mongolia, where he started to work on machine gun design. After the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union, he volunteered for front-line service. He was allowed to be a fighter from September 1941 until the fall of 1942, when he was recalled to work on armaments, initially on improving fuses for 82- and 120-mm mortars.
After 1948 Afanasiev worked at the KBP Instrument Design Bureau.
He died on 15 March 2009.
## Designs
- LAD machine gun -- 1942
- Afanasev A-12.7 -- 1950
- Afanasev Makarov AM-23 -- 1953
- a bullpup design with which he participated in the AKM contest - 1955
- 2A-14 23 mm autocannon, used in the ZU-23 -- 1960 (with P.G. Yakushev)
- 2A-7 23 mm autocannon, used in the ZSU-23-4 -- 1960 (with P.G
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# George Herbert Rogers
**George Herbert Rogers** (July 1820 -- 12 February 1872), commonly known as G. H. Rogers, was an Australian stage actor.
## Life and career {#life_and_career}
Rogers was born at St Albans, Hertfordshire, England, the son of Thomas Rogers, a surgeon, and brother of Henry Rogers, the essayist and author of *The Eclipse of Faith*. George Rogers, having quarrelled with his family, enlisted in the army and came to Hobart with his regiment in July 1839. Rogers was promoted corporal (and sergeant) and showing talent in regimental theatricals, had his discharge purchased by public subscription. Rogers was then employed as a civil officer in the convict department.
Rogers took to the stage and was playing with a local company when he was engaged by George Selth Coppin who was visiting Hobart. Rogers had been well-educated but he had had no formal training for the stage. Under Coppin\'s management he played in Australia\'s leading cities and by the beginning of 1848 had established a great reputation in old men\'s parts, although not yet 30 years of age. Rogers was for many years leading old man at the Theatre Royal, Melbourne. For a time Rogers drew a large salary but later fell into misfortune and was in poor health for the final two years before his death at Melbourne on 12 February 1872. He was married twice and was survived by sons and daughters, including the actress Frances Julia Rogers.
Rogers immersed himself in his parts and completely lost his individuality. He was as inimitable in burlesque as in serious drama, and played such diverse parts as the Widow Twankey in *Aladdin*, Falstaff, Antonio in *The Merchant of Venice* and Fagin in *Oliver Twist*. But his greatest triumphs were in old English comedy, and though possibly Lambert may have equalled his performance of Sir Anthony Absolute, Roger\'s Sir Peter Teazle stood alone on the Australian stage. He was a member of the Melbourne Garrick Club
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# Chats Falls
**Chats Falls** (in French: *Chute des Chats*, meaning \"Cat Falls\") were a set of waterfalls on the Ottawa River, near Fitzroy Harbour, Ontario, and Quyon, Quebec, Canada. A hydroelectric generating station is now located here, owned and operated jointly by Hydro-Québec and Ontario Power Generation. It lies within the cities of Ottawa, Ontario and Pontiac, Quebec.
## History
Prior to the construction of the dam and power generating station, the Chats Falls was a waterfall with a 10.7 metre (35 feet) drop in the river, and consisted of a series of chutes running from what is now the eastern end of the dam all the way to the westernmost corner of Pontiac Bay (45 29 00 N 76 15 15 W display=inline type:waterbody). In their natural state the Chats Falls were a tourist attraction. In the years leading up to World War One it was fairly common to see large steam boats (paddle wheelers) heading up river with their decks full of sightseers.
In 1786, a homestead was built on what is known today as Indian Point on the northern end of Pontiac Bay. In 1800 this property was taken over by the XY Company, followed by the North West Company in 1804, and then the Hudson\'s Bay Company in 1821, when these two companies merged. The HBC operated a small trading post, which closed in 1837.
### Horse railway {#horse_railway}
In 1847, the Union Rail Road was established at Chats Falls. Passengers were treated to a horse-drawn railroad trip of 5 km through the dense forest skirting the rough waters. While the roof sheltered passengers from rain and sun, the sides were open to mosquitoes, which brought complaints from many of the river travelers.
In 1853, James Poole, editor of The Carleton Place Herald, wrote about the Chats Falls horse railway: `{{quote|"Certainly this is one of the last things you dare to hope for in the heart of the wilderness far away from either a road or a cow-path - and you must almost doubt whether it is a reality, or like the palace of Aladdin, you are not under the mysterious influence of some kind genii for your present position."}}`{=mediawiki} `{{Clear left}}`{=mediawiki}
## Generating station {#generating_station}
Construction on a run-of-river generating station and dam began in 1929 and was completed in 1932, destroying the falls and creating Lac des Chats reservoir behind the dam. The powerhouse is in the middle of the Ottawa River on the Ontario/Quebec border.
On March 2, 1953, a fire started in the morning, burning for 7 hours and destroying 2 generators and the building\'s roof. The station went completely down when the cables were damaged. Two of the eight generating units were brought back into operation the following day and another four units brought on-line the following week. In all, \$2 million in damage was done.
The power station has 8 turbines (4 managed by Ontario Power Generation and 4 managed by Hydro-Québec) with a head of 16.16 meter (53 feet), generating a total of 79 MW
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# George Grafton Wilson
**George Grafton Wilson** (Plainfield, Connecticut, 29 March 1863 -- Cambridge, Massachusetts, 30 April 1951) was a professor of International Law during the first half of the 20th century. He served on the faculties of Brown University, Harvard University, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, and the U.S. Naval War College.
## Early life and education {#early_life_and_education}
The son of Archibald A. Wilson and his wife, Betsey L. Brown, Wilson earned all three of his academic degrees at Brown University, taking his A.B. in 1886, his A.M. in 1888 and his Ph.D. in 1891. He went to Europe and studied at Heidelberg University, Berlin University, University of Paris and Oxford University in 1890-91. On his return, he married Elizabeth Rose on June 30, 1891, with whom he was to have four children: Grafton Lee Wilson, Miriam Wilson (Mrs. Paul Harrison Arthur), Rose Wilson (Mrs. Harry Gray Anderson), and Brayton Fuller Wilson.
## Academic career {#academic_career}
Wilson\'s first appointment was as principal of schools, Groton, Connecticut, 1886--87, and then Principal, Rutland High School, Rutland, Vermont in 1889-90. In 1891, Brown University appointed him associate professor of social and political sciences and he was promoted to full professor in 1894. In 1910, Harvard University appointed him professor of International Law, an academic post he held until he retired in 1936.
During this same period, he served as professor of International Law at the U.S. Naval War College from 1900 to 1937. In addition, he was appointed professor of International Law at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy in 1933 for a number of years. He served as special counsel, U.S. Maritime Commn., 1941--1945; lecturer in International Law at the University of Hawaii, 2d semester, 1937.
On overseas assignments, he was an American delegate plenipotentiary to the London Naval Conference in 1908-09; counselor at the American Legation at The Hague during the early period of World War I from 1914. He served as an exchange professor to France in 1912-13. At the Hague in August 1914 Wilson aided U.S. Minister Henry Van Dyke to alleviate the distress of American travelers stranded in Europe by the war. He served as Legal adviser for the U.S. mission for return of Dutch ships in 1919 and was a member of the legal staff at the Washington Naval Conference in 1921-22. In 1923, he was lecturer at The Hague Academy of International Law. He was the American member of the International Commission for the United States and The Netherlands in 1928. In 1928, he was designated by Nicaragua as member of the International Central American Tribunal.
He served as a member of the board of editors of the *American Journal of International Law* from 1907, becoming Law editor-in-chief, 1924--43 and then honorary editor-in-chief from 1943. He was also director of the *Revue de Droit International* from 1913 and Membre de l'Institut de Droit International; member of the American Philosophical Society; fellow and later vice president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and vice president of the American Society of International Law.
## Published works {#published_works}
- *Town and City Government in Providence*, (1899)
- *Insurgency*, (1900)
- *Submarine Telegraph Cables in Their International Relations*, (1901)
- *International Law Situations*, U.S. Naval War College, editor for 36 annual volumes, (1902--37)
- *International Law* (with George Fox Tucker), (1901, ten additions to 1937)
- *L'Insurrection*, (1902)
- *International Law*, Hornbook series, (1910, 3d edit
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# Wind engineering
thumb\|upright=1.35\|Flow visualization of wind speed contours around a house thumb\|upright=1.35\|Wind engineering covers the aerodynamic effects of buildings **Wind engineering** is a subset of mechanical engineering, structural engineering, meteorology, and applied physics that analyzes the effects of wind in the natural and the built environment and studies the possible damage, inconvenience or benefits which may result from wind. In the field of engineering it includes strong winds, which may cause discomfort, as well as extreme winds, such as in a tornado, hurricane or heavy storm, which may cause widespread destruction. In the fields of wind energy and air pollution it also includes low and moderate winds as these are relevant to electricity production and dispersion of contaminants.
Wind engineering draws upon meteorology, fluid dynamics, mechanics, geographic information systems, and a number of specialist engineering disciplines, including aerodynamics and structural dynamics. The tools used include atmospheric models, atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnels, and computational fluid dynamics models.
Wind engineering involves, among other topics:
- Wind impact on structures (buildings, bridges, towers)
- Wind comfort near buildings
- Effects of wind on the ventilation system in a building
- Wind climate for wind energy
- Air pollution near buildings
Wind engineering may be considered by structural engineers to be closely related to earthquake engineering and explosion protection.
Some sports stadiums such as Candlestick Park and Arthur Ashe Stadium are known for their strong, sometimes swirly winds, which affect the playing conditions.
## History
Wind engineering as a separate discipline can be traced to the UK in the 1960s, when informal meetings were held at the National Physical Laboratory, the Building Research Establishment, and elsewhere. The term \"wind engineering\" was first coined in 1970. Alan Garnett Davenport was one of the most prominent contributors to the development of wind engineering. He is well known for developing the Alan Davenport wind-loading chain or in short \"wind-loading chain\" that describes how different components contribute to the final load calculated on the structure.
## Wind loads on buildings {#wind_loads_on_buildings}
The design of buildings must account for wind loads, and these are affected by wind shear. For engineering purposes, a power law wind-speed profile may be defined as:
$$\ v_z = v_g \cdot \left( \frac {z} {z_g} \right)^ \frac {1} {\alpha}, 0 < z < z_g$$
where:
$$\ v_z$$ = speed of the wind at height $\ z$
$$\ v_g$$ = gradient wind at gradient height $\ z_g$
$$\ \alpha$$ = exponential coefficient\
Typically, buildings are designed to resist a strong wind with a very long return period, such as 50 years or more. The design wind speed is determined from historical records using extreme value theory to predict future extreme wind speeds. Wind speeds are generally calculated based on some regional design standard or standards. The design standards for building wind loads include:
- AS 1170.2 for Australia
- EN 1991-1-4 for Europe
- NBC for Canada
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# Wind engineering
## Wind comfort {#wind_comfort}
The advent of high-rise tower blocks led to concerns regarding the wind nuisance caused by these buildings to pedestrians in their vicinity.
A number of wind comfort and wind danger criteria were developed from 1971, based on different pedestrian activities, such as:
- Sitting for a long period of time
- Sitting for a short period of time
- Strolling
- Walking fast
Other criteria classified a wind environment as completely unacceptable or dangerous.
Building geometries consisting of one and two rectangular buildings have a number of well-known effects:
- Corner streams, also known as corner jets, around the corners of buildings
- Through-flow, also known as a passage jet, in any passage through a building or small gap between two buildings due to pressure short-circuiting
- Vortex shedding in the wake of buildings
For more complex geometries, pedestrian wind comfort studies are required. These can use an appropriately scaled model in a boundary-layer wind tunnel, or more recently, use of computational fluid dynamics techniques has increased. The pedestrian level wind speeds for a given exceedance probability are calculated to allow for regional wind speeds statistics.
The vertical wind profile used in these studies varies according to the terrain in the vicinity of the buildings (which may differ by wind direction), and is often grouped in categories, such as:
- Exposed open terrain with few or no obstructions and water surfaces at serviceability wind speeds
- Water surfaces, open terrain, grassland with few, well-scattered obstructions having heights generally from 1.5 to 10 m
- Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions 3 to 5 m high, such as areas of suburban housing
- Terrain with numerous large, high (10 to 30 m high) and closely spaced obstructions, such as large city centres and well-developed industrial complexes
## Wind turbines {#wind_turbines}
Wind turbines are affected by wind shear. Vertical wind-speed profiles result in different wind speeds at the blades nearest to the ground level compared to those at the top of blade travel, and this, in turn, affects the turbine operation. The wind gradient can create a large bending moment in the shaft of a two bladed turbine when the blades are vertical. The reduced wind gradient over water means shorter and less expensive wind turbine towers can be used in shallow seas.
For wind turbine engineering, wind speed variation with height is often approximated using a power law:
$$\ v_w(h) = v_{ref} \cdot \left( \frac {h} {h_{ref}} \right)^ a$$
where:
$$\ v_w(h)$$ = velocity of the wind at height $h$ \[m/s\]
$$\ v_{ref}$$ = velocity of the wind at some reference height $h_{ref}$ \[m/s\]
$$\ a$$ = Hellman exponent (aka power law exponent or shear exponent) (\~= 1/7 in neutral flow, but can be \>1)
## Significance
The knowledge of wind engineering is used to analyze and design all high-rise buildings, cable-suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges, electricity transmission towers and telecommunication towers and all other types of towers and chimneys. The wind load is the dominant load in the analysis of many tall buildings, so wind engineering is essential for their analysis and design. Again, wind load is a dominant load in the analysis and design of all long-span cable bridges
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# 1992 Alpine Skiing World Cup – Women's downhill
**Women\'s downhill World Cup 1991/1992**
## Final point standings {#final_point_standings}
In women\'s downhill World Cup 1991/92 all results count
| 28 |
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| 0 |
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# Willard Rhodes
**Willard Rhodes** (1901 -- May 15, 1992) was an American ethnomusicologist. He is known for his extensive recording of American Indian music between 1939 and 1952.
Rhodes grew up in Dunkirk, Ohio and received A.B. and Bachelor of Music degrees from Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He received an M.A. from Columbia University in 1929. In France, he studied with Nadia Boulanger. From 1937 to 1969, he served as a professor at Columbia University, where he founded the graduate program in ethnomusicology, and co-founded the Society for Ethnomusicology, serving as that organization\'s first president.
He also conducted field recording in Zimbabwe, Nigeria, and India. His field recordings have been released by Folkways Records and the Library of Congress Recording Laboratory.
A collection of Rhodes\' recordings and other materials is held by the UCLA Ethnomusicology Archive.
A selection of American Indian music, chosen by Rhodes, was released on the Voyager Golden Record (1977)
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# WBZI
**WBZI** (1500 AM \"Real Roots Radio\") is a daytime-only radio station in Xenia, Ohio, United States, operating with 500 watts. Its current owner Town and Country Broadcasting operates it with a country oldies format serving Greene, Clark, eastern Montgomery and surrounding counties. Its downtown studios are located on West Second Street and transmitter on East Kinsey Road (the former studio location.) World news from Fox News Radio is aired at the top of the hour in addition to farm and agriculture news from the ABN throughout the day.
## History
Began operation in November 1963 by founder Xenia Broadcasting Inc. as WGIC (for: \"Greene Information Center.\") It is Xenia and Greene County\'s first and oldest full service AM radio station. Crosstown competitor WHBM (now WZDA licensed to Beavercreek) was the first Xenia FM station being founded one year earlier. Several format changes took place on the station during the 1970s, most noted as contemporary hit-formatted \"G-15\" using an automation package called \"Stereo Rock\" produced by Dallas-based TM Productions being used successfully on FM stations at the time (notably the former WPTH-FM in Ft Wayne, WFBQ-FM in Indianapolis and WCIT in Lima). The format was switched over to 95.3 FM in 1978 as \"I-95\" (where the WBZI calls originated.) As a result, WGIC swapped contemporary hits for southern gospel competing with crosstown rival WELX (now WGNZ).
The former WGIC and its news department played a huge role in relaying information and desperately needed help between the listening public and the local residents in the aftermath of an F5 tornado which ravaged the city of Xenia and the neighboring communities of Beavercreek and Wilberforce on April 3, 1974. As such, WGIC operated on an emergency basis past its daytime hours-only license during this time.
WBZI-FM switched to country in 1980 competing with WONE (AM) in Dayton and the former WJAI-FM in Eaton (now WGTZ). Several other format and callsign changes took place quite frequently for the FM station throughout the 1980s and 1990s. It is currently classic hits WZLR.
WBZI moved to AM 1500 in 1984 for about a year, then reassigned later in 1988 and with it the country format (after a two-year stint as WLGY from 1985 to 1987.) It is currently managed by Joe Mullins, son of fiddler and Bluegrass personality Paul \"Moon\" Mullins (not to be confused with the radio Hall of Famer also known as \"Moon\" Mullins, who died in 2017, from WBKR) who retired from radio broadcasting in 2005 due to the impact of Parkinson\'s disease. Moon died in 2008. Like his father, Joe is also a bluegrass musician as well as a broadcaster. In addition to managing the station, Joe is also the current afternoon personality with two programs, *Hymns from the Hills* and *The Banjo Show*.
Their web-site features a listen live feature.
On March 23, 2018, WBZI rebranded as \"Real Roots Radio\".
## Real Roots Radio {#real_roots_radio}
Real Roots Radio is also heard on:
**AM repeaters**
WKFI 1090 in Wilmington, Ohio serving southwestern Ohio, metropolitan Cincinnati and portions of Northern Kentucky.
WEDI 1130 in Eaton, Ohio serving Preble, western Montgomery and surrounding counties in Western Ohio and Eastern Indiana.
**FM translator**
W262BG 100.3 in Xenia serving Xenia and nearby communities
| 539 |
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| 0 |
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# NZ Shipping Co Ltd v A M Satterthwaite & Co Ltd
***New Zealand Shipping Co. Ltd. v. A. M. Satterthwaite & Co. Ltd.**\'\', or***The Eurymedon**\'\' (`{{IPAc-en|j|ʊəˈr|ɪ|m|ə|d|ɒ|n}}`{=mediawiki}) is a leading case on contract law by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. This 1974 case establishes the conditions when a third party may seek the protection of an exclusion clause in a contract between two parties.
## Facts
A drilling machine was to be shipped from Liverpool to Wellington, New Zealand. The bill of lading stipulated the limited liability of the carrier. It further stated that the clause would extend to servants, agents, and any independent contractors, which is often referred to as a \"Himalaya clause\". The carrier company was a subsidiary of the company that also owned the stevedore operation that unloaded the drill. Due to negligence the stevedores damaged the drill while unloading it. The stevedores claimed protection of the immunity clause in the contract between the carrier and Satterthwaite.
## Judgment
This case had facts on all fours with the earlier House of Lords\' case, *Scruttons Ltd v Midland Silicones Ltd*, where their lordships held that the doctrine of privity prevented the stevedore from relying on a limitation of liability clause in a bill of lading. However, in that case Lord Reid proposed that in future such stevedores might be covered under the contractual clause through agency provided certain pre-conditions were satisfied:
In this case, the Privy Council considered that all four aspects of the \"Lord Reid test\" had been met, so that the stevedores were fully protected under the damage exclusion clause. Also, it used the concept of implied agency to give effect to the exemption (Himalaya) clause (thus extending it from the carriers to the stevedores) using the carriers as the agent.
Although the contract of carriage (as evidenced by the bill of lading) was bilateral, the bill of lading operated as a unilateral contract between the shippers and the stevedores; and this unilateral contract was activated by performance (unloading of the drill), and the stevedore was then entitled to rely upon the protections within the bill of lading.
Lord Wilberforce stated: `{{blockquote|the Bill of Lading brought into existence a bargain initially unilateral but capable of becoming mutual, between the shippers and the appellants (NZ Shipping Co Ltd), made through the carrier as agent. This became a full contract when the appellant performed services by discharging the goods. The performance of these services for the benefit of the shipper was the consideration for the agreement by the shipper that the appellant should have the benefit of the exemptions and limitations contained in the Bill of Lading
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# Binjari
The **Binjari Community Government Council** was a local government area in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located 15 minutes from Katherine, Northern Territory.
## Suburbs
+-------------+
| - Binjari |
+-------------+
## Meetings
2nd Thursday of every month
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# Westbrook High School (Connecticut)
**Westbrook High School** is a U.S. public high school located in Westbrook, Connecticut. The school serves grades 9 through 12, and usually enrolls between 150 and 250 students each year. Westbrook High School is a part of the Westbrook Public Schools. The school competes athletically and academically (e.g. High School Quiz Bowl) with many other shoreline high schools, and is well known for its music and theatre programs. It is located on McVeagh Road in Westbrook next to the St. Mark\'s Catholic Church
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# Monobloc (film)
***Monobloc*** (**Monoblock**) is a 2005 Argentine film, directed by Luis Ortega, his second feature, and written by Ortega and Carolina Fal. The film stars Graciela Borges, Rita Cortese, Carolina Fal, and Evangelina Salazar, the filmmaker\'s own mother.
## Plot
The film tells the story of three women who live in an undistinguished apartment block in a chaotic world.
Perla, her disabled daughter Nena, and their next-door neighbor Madrina, spend their days engaged in unrealistic conversations.
For example, Perla dreams of resuming her study of the French language although she is in constant need of blood transfusions to delay her imminent death.
The transfusions are performed by a mysterious female staff member in a surreal stark-white hospital room, and provide rare glimpses of the world outside the block.
## Cast
- Graciela Borges as Perla
- Rita Cortese as Madrina
- Carolina Fal as Nena
- Evangelina Salazar
- Silvia Süller
## Distribution
The film opened in Argentina on June 9, 2005.
The film was shown at various film festivals, including: the Toronto International Film Festival, Canada; the Indianapolis International Film Festival, United States; the El Grito Sagrado Film Festival, Argentina and others.
## Critical reception {#critical_reception}
Critic Diana Sanchez enjoyed Ortega\'s direction, and wrote, \"What I like best about *Monobloc* is that Ortega is not afraid to take risks; he creates an unknown environment using normally straightforward cinematographic elements like sound, camera movements and seemingly impossible locations. He aims to jar the audience from complacency and elicit a reaction. Although it portrays a universe very different from our own, the film asks: are not some of our preoccupations equally absurd? Does our world really make any sense? The ever-present tension that permeates the film hints at a bleak vision of a society that is hurtling towards self-destruction.\"
Jonathan Holland, film critic at *Variety*, gave the film a mixed review and wrote, \"Pretentious, dreamlike *Monobloc* is a ponderous attempt by sophomore helmer Luis Ortega to achieve auteur status. Designed, by the helmer\'s own surprising admission, to be beyond total comprehensibility, the pic is love-it-or-hate-it fare featuring a strong cast and crew who have whipped up a sumptuous-looking and sometimes seductive piece that throws away the rulebook, but unlike David Lynch\'s best work seems uninterested in supplying any rules of its own.\"
## Awards
**Wins**
- Buenos Aires International Festival of Independent Cinema: Special Mention, Luis Ortega; 2005.
- Havana Film Festival: Best Art Direction, Mercedes Alfonsín; 2005.
- San Sebastián International Film Festival: Horizons Award - Special Mention; Luis Ortega; 2005.
- Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor, Best Art Direction, Mercedes Alfonsín; Best Supporting Actress, Evangelina Salazar; 2007.
**Nominations**
- Argentine Film Critics Association Awards: Silver Condor, Best Actress, Carolina Fal; Best Cinematography, Jorge Pastorino; Best Sound, Martín Porta and Catriel Vildosola; 2007
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# Process-oriented programming
**Process-oriented programming** is a programming paradigm that separates the concerns of data structures and the concurrent processes that act upon them. The data structures in this case are typically persistent, complex, and large scale - the subject of general purpose applications, as opposed to specialized processing of specialized data sets seen in high productivity applications (HPC). The model allows the creation of large scale applications that partially share common data sets. Programs are functionally decomposed into parallel processes that create and act upon logically shared data.
The paradigm was originally invented for parallel computers in the 1980s, especially computers built with transputer microprocessors by INMOS, or similar architectures. Occam was an early process-oriented language developed for the Transputer.
Some derivations have evolved from the message passing paradigm of Occam to enable uniform efficiency when porting applications between distributed memory and shared memory parallel computers . The first such derived example appears in the programming language Ease designed at Yale University in 1990. Similar models have appeared since in the loose combination of SQL databases and objected oriented languages such as Java, often referred to as object-relational models and widely used in large scale distributed systems today. The paradigm is likely to appear on desktop computers as microprocessors increase the number of processors (multicore) per chip.
The Actor model might usefully be described as a specialized kind of process-oriented system in which the message-passing model is restricted to the simple fixed case of one infinite input queue per process (i.e. actor), to which any other process can send messages
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# Professional bodybuilding
**Professional bodybuilding** or **pro bodybuilding** can refer to bodybuilding for an income and/or possessing qualifications such as an IFBB Pro, IFBB Elite Pro or WNBF Pro League or Wabba International Pro Card.
A professional bodybuilder may be one who earns his or her primary income from bodybuilding. It is possible, though difficult except at the highest level, to earn a reasonable income purely from competition winnings. It is much more likely that a particular athlete will be sponsored by local companies and supplement manufacturers. Many bodybuilders use their newfound fame and knowledge to pursue business ventures such as higher-level personal training or opening their own gyms. Guest posing and public appearances also support income.
In 1946, Canadian brothers Joe and Ben Weider created the International Federation of BodyBuilders (IFBB), which subsequently split into the IFBB Professional League and IFBB Amateur League, which are no longer affiliated and run as two completely separate entities despite both retaining the IFBB name. In 1965, Joe went on to start the Mr. Olympia---the first IFBB professional competition. Originally, Mr. Universe was known as the most prestigious and elite of competitions; however, an individual could only win this contest twice, whereas the Olympia was created to be won as many times as possible. The IFBB and the Olympia were created as a way for elite amateur athletes to further their competitive career and earn money. In 1966, Larry Scott received \$1,000 for his Mr. Olympia win. In 2006, there were over 40 IFBB professional competitions and the total prize money topped \$1.6 million.
IFBB Professional League status is regarded as the elite level federation in professional bodybuilding. In order to become an IFBB Pro, a bodybuilder must first earn their IFBB Pro Card. A bodybuilder looking to do this must first win a regional contest weight class. When a bodybuilder wins or places highly, they earn an invitation to compete at their country\'s National Championships contest for that year. The winners of each weight class at the National Championships will then go head-to-head in a separate contest to see who is the overall champion for the year. Depending on the federation, the overall champion will be offered a Pro Card. Some federations offer Pro Cards to winners of individual weight class champions. This can mean that more than one bodybuilder earns a Pro Card each contest depending on what contest it is.
In the United States, the National Physique Committee (NPC) is affiliated with the IFBB Pro League and awards IFBB Pro Cards to the winners of its best competitors. Some events held by the NPC where a bodybuilder can earn a pro card are: Nationals, The North American Championships, The Universe Championships, and The USA Championships.
Bodybuilders who do not want to use performance enhancing substances such as steroids do natural bodybuilding. The IFBB does some urine drug testing, but, critically, not out-of-competition randomised drug tests. Performance enhancing drug use is rampant because every bodybuilder knows exactly when they are going to be tested. Testosterone propionate, oxandrolone, and stanozolol tablets stay in the body for three weeks, ephedrine for ten days, testosterone decanoate soft gel for seven days, and fat burning agents such as clenbuterol and Cytomel for five days, so competitors can stop taking these and other drugs a few weeks before a competition and then pass a test. Similarly, human growth hormone is undetectable in urine tests, and some diuretics are still undetectable or not yet on the \"Prohibited List\"
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# Tamzara
**Tamzara** is a folk dance native to Armenian Highlands. In Armenia the dance originally had a ritual character, it was a wedding song and dance. Now \"Tamzara\" has lost its former ritual significance, when it was performed during almost all community events and parties. It is today performed by Armenians, Assyrians, Azerbaijanis (in the regions of Sharur, Nakhchivan and parts of Iranian Azerbaijan), Greeks and Turks. In post-Soviet Armenia, tamzara dance is gaining more and more popularity among all strata of the population.
This dance was also especially popular in the formerly Armenian-populated regions of Erzincan, Erzurum, Kigi, Arapgir, Harput, and Malatya. There are many versions of Tamzara, with slightly different music and steps, coming from the various regions and old villages in the Armenian Highlands. According to Folk Dance Federation of California, Inc (July, 2001) Tamzara is performed by Armenians not only in Armenia, also in the countries of Armenian Diaspora.
## History and description {#history_and_description}
The meaning of this dance, which is famous in the villages of Charchibogan, Chomakhtur and other villages of Nakhchivan\'s Sharur region, is \"Gizili tanbatan\" (half golden) in word-by-word translation. Tamzara is included to the repertoire of the folklore dancing collectives respectively. The women dancing used to dress luxuriously and adorn themselves with golden accessories, including rings, ear-rings, bracelets, chains and others.
In 2018, Azerbaijani-style Tamzara, along with Yalli and Kochari, was inscribed into the UNESCO List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in need of urgent safeguarding.
## Style
All Tamzaras have the unique `{{music|time|9|8}}`{=mediawiki} rhythm, with the two accented beats at the end of each measure. In addition, the melody to most Tamzaras is very similar, though there are exceptions. Like most folk dances of the Armenian Highlands, Tamzara is done as a line dance or circle dance, with a large group of people with interlocked pinkies. However one version of the Tamzara is done by a man with one or two women standing shoulder to shoulder facing the same direction with their arms around each other\'s waists.
Tamzara is one of the most popular Armenian folk dances to have been preserved in the United States by the Armenian-American community
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# Amycolatopsis
***Amycolatopsis*** is a genus of high GC-content bacteria within the family Pseudonocardiaceae. The genus is known for producing many types of antibiotics, including
- Epoxyquinomicin, related to *Amycolatopsis sulphurea*, are a class of weak antibiotic and anti-inflammatory agent.
- Vancomycin, obtained from *Amycolatopsis orientalis*, is being used for infections resistant to other antibiotics.
- Ristocetin, made by *Amycolatopsis lurida*, was an antibiotic but ceased to apply due to adverse effects of platelet agglutination. Now it is used to assay von Willebrand disease.
## Degradation of bio-polymers {#degradation_of_bio_polymers}
Several bacteria from the genus *Amycolatopsis* are able to enzymatically hydrolyze the ester bonds of poly-lactic acid (PLA) films in aquatic medium. So far, it is one of the few known bacteria able to biodegrade the bioplastic outside compost facilities in a relatively short period of time.
## Species
***Amycolatopsis*** comprises the following species: `{{div col|colwidth=300px}}`{=mediawiki}
- *A. acidicola* Teo et al. 2020
- *A. acididurans* Teo et al. 2021
- *A. acidiphila* Oyuntsetseg et al. 2017
- \"*A. aidingensis*\" Li et al. 2021
- *A. alba* Mertz and Yao 1993
- *A. albidoflava* corrig. Lee and Hah 2001
```{=html}
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```
- *A. albispora* Zhang et al. 2016
- *A. alkalitolerans* Narsing Rao et al. 2020
- *A. anabasis* Wang et al. 2020
- *A. antarctica* Wang et al. 2018
- *A. arida* Nouioui et al. 2018
- *A. australiensis* Tan et al. 2006
- *A. azurea* (Ōmura et al. 1983) Henssen et al. 1987
- *A. balhimycina* Wink et al. 2003
- *A. bartoniae* Zucchi et al. 2012
- *A. benzoatilytica* Majumdar et al. 2006
- *A. bullii* Zucchi et al. 2012
- \"*A. camponoti*\" Zakalyukina et al. 2022
- *A. cappadoca* Işık et al. 2019
- *A. cihanbeyliensis* Tatar et al. 2013
- *A. circi* Everest and Meyers 2012
- *A. coloradensis* Labeda 1995
- *A. decaplanina* Wink et al. 2004
- *A. dendrobii* Tedsree et al. 2021
- *A. deserti* Busarakam et al. 2017
- *A. dongchuanensis* Nie et al. 2012
- *A. eburnea* Chaiya et al. 2019
- *A. echigonensis* Ding et al. 2007
- *A. endophytica* Miao et al. 2012
- *A. equina* Everest and Meyers 2012
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- \"*A. flava*\" Wei et al. 2015
- *A. granulosa* Zucchi et al. 2012
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *A. halotolerans* Lee 2006
- *A. helveola* Tamura et al. 2010
- *A. hippodromi* Everest and Meyers 2012
- *A. japonica* corrig. Goodfellow et al. 1997
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *A. jejuensis* Lee 2006
- *A. jiangsuensis* Xing et al. 2014
- *A. jiguanensis* Huang et al. 2021
- *A. kentuckyensis* Labeda et al. 2003
- *A. keratiniphila* Al-Musallam et al. 2003
- \"*A. lactamdurans*\" Barreiro et al. 2000
- *A. lexingtonensis* Labeda et al. 2003
- *A. lurida* (Lechevalier et al. 1986) Stackebrandt et al. 2004
- *A. magusensis* Camas et al. 2013
- *A. marina* Bian et al. 2009
- *A. mediterranei* (Margalith and Beretta 1960) Lechevalier et al. 1986
- *A. methanolica* De Boer et al. 1990
- *A. minnesotensis* Lee et al. 2006
- *A. nigrescens* Groth et al. 2007
- *A. niigatensis* Ding et al. 2007
- *A. nivea* Niu et al. 2020
- *A. oliviviridis* Penkhrue et al. 2018
- *A. orientalis* (Pittenger and Brigham 1956) Lechevalier et al. 1986
- *A. palatopharyngis* Huang et al. 2004
- *A. panacis* Peng et al. 2019
- *A. pigmentata* Tamura et al. 2010
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *A. pithecellobii* corrig. Mingma et al. 2020
- \"*A. pittospori*\" Kaewkla and Franco 2021
- *A. plumensis* Saintpierre-Bonaccio et al. 2005
- *A. pretoriensis* Labeda et al. 2003
- *A. regifaucium* Tan et al. 2007
- *A. rhabdoformis* Souza et al. 2015
- *A. rhizosphaerae* Thawai 2018
- *A. rifamycinica* Bala et al. 2004
- *A. roodepoortensis* Everest et al. 2015
- *A. ruanii* Zucchi et al. 2012
- *A. rubida* Huang et al. 2001
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *A. saalfeldensis* Carlsohn et al. 2007
- *A. sacchari* Goodfellow et al. 2001
```{=html}
<!-- -->
```
- *A. samaneae* Duangmal et al. 2011
- *A. silviterrae* Jamjan et al. 2018
- *A. speibonae* Everest et al. 2015
- *A. stemonae* Klykleung et al. 2015
- *A. suaedae* Chantavorakit et al. 2019
- *A. sulphurea* Lechevalier et al. 1986
- *A. taiwanensis* Tseng et al. 2006
- *A. thailandensis* Chomchoei et al. 2011
- *A. thermalba* Zucchi et al. 2012
- *A. thermoflava* Chun et al. 1999
- *A. thermophila* Zucchi et al. 2012
- *A. tolypomycina* Wink et al. 2003
- *A. tucumanensis* Albarracín et al. 2010
- *A. ultiminotia* Lee 2009
- *A. umgeniensis* Everest et al. 2013
- *A. vancoresmycina* Wink et al. 2003
- *A. vastitatis* Idris et al. 2019
- *A. viridis* Zucchi et al. 2012
- *A. xuchangensis* Huang et al. 2021
- *A. xylanica* Chen et al
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# Ten Brothers (2007 TV series)
***Ten Brothers*** (Traditional Chinese: 十兄弟) is a TVB costume comedy series released overseas in September 2005 and broadcast on TVB Jade in February 2007.
The series is partially based on the Chinese mythology of the same name.
## Synopsis
Chan Dai-Ha (Frankie Lam) sells Chinese desserts and falls in love with a wealthy girl named Gei Hao-Yee (Kenix Kwok). Each time Dai-Ha tries to help Hao-Yee, he does something wrong and angers her instead. One day, Hao-Yee and her servant falls down a hill and he saves them. Without thanking him, she shouts at him and mistakenly drinks the soup with ten magical beans in it. The magical beans make her pregnant. However, due to a law in the town forbidding unmarried pregnancy, the villagers are angry and want her punished. Dai-Ha finds out and explains to the villagers that he is the father, causing a deferral of Hao-Yee\'s execution.
Dai-Ha brings her to his small home where their ten babies are born. Together, they both raise the children, but soon all the children become adults except for Ten (Jeffrey Wong). The parents were afraid of their adult sons, and abandoned them. The children ran around town causing trouble. Subsequently, Two (Jason Lam) and Three (Jack Wu) are adopted by the evil marshal Man Sai-Hung\'s (Liu Kai Chi) wife, who did not want her husband to know that their real sons had died. When Dai-Ha sees them he tells Hao-Yee and they both stop the villagers from burning them revealing that she really does care. Though because they are poor, Four (Don Li) and Ten were sold to a circus whose leader was extremely strict and disciplined harshly. Nine (Adam Ip) was sold to a richer family. The remaining sons were taught by their mother, and One (Lai Lok-yi), who was the most mature, helped Dai-Ha with his business. One and Four fall in love with the same girl that works at the circus but it turns out she loves One whereas Four believes she should be with him. Meanwhile, Two and Three find out that they are a part of the family because of a mark on their backs they all have and when they try to go back it starts a war. At first it seems pretty even because the brothers have special powers with one disadvantage, limestone which weakens them like the way kryptonite is to Superman.
Hao-Yee\'s decision earlier on was to help her sons instead of marrying someone else and getting pregnant. In the first place it has caused her father to disown her, but he comes back. Four gives him porridge which he says the secret is keeping the spoon in while it cooks, which is also the same thing Hao-Yee said earlier. While Hao-Yee\'s father deny\'s it; they find a painting that he said was of his daughter, one which he had refused to show them, that clearly depicts Hao-Yee. Shortly after they accept each other, Hao-Yee\'s father catches a disease and is blocked away from other civilizations, like they used to do. As Ten cries over this his tears heal the disease. Hao-Yee points out when he had been stung by bees as a prank gone wrong, he cried out all the poison. So they use Ten to heal everyone with the sickness.
One day, a mysterious white-haired man appears in One\'s visions and tells him that the brothers will die on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month if they do not leave with him. One did not initially believe him, but did so later. When the parents find out about the prophecy, on the 15th of the 8th lunar month, they sent their children away. But after they have left they see their mother in trouble and all rush back to help her. As they disappear they became ten sparkling stars in the sky. In the future they have their own son who points up to the stars and happily acknowledges them as \'brothers\'.
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# Ten Brothers (2007 TV series)
## Cast
### The Ten Brothers {#the_ten_brothers}
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Cast | Role | Description |
+=================+====================+===============+
| Lai Lok-yi\ | Thousand Mile Eye\ | Brother One |
| (黎諾懿) | (千里眼) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Jason Lam\ | Distant Hearing\ | Brother Two |
| (林遠迎) | (順風耳) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Jack Wu\ | Strong Three\ | Brother Three |
| (胡諾言) | (大力三) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Don Li\ | Stretchy Four\ | Brother Four |
| (李逸朗) | (奀皮四) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Nicky Law\ | Flying Five\ | Brother Five |
| (羅貫峰) | (飛天五) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Kwok Cheng\ | Iron Head Six\ | Brother Six |
| (郭淨) | (銅頭六) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Mat Yeung\ | Long Legs Seven\ | Brother Seven |
| (楊明) | (高腳七) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Russell Cheung\ | Digging Eight\ | Brother Eight |
| (張智軒) | (遁地八) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Adam Ip\ | Big Mouth Nine\ | Brother Nine |
| (葉暐) | (大口九) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Jeffrey Wong\ | Crying Ten\ | Brother Ten |
| (王秉熹) | (大喊十) | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
| Wai AI.\ | | |
+-----------------+--------------------+---------------+
### Other characters {#other_characters}
+-----------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Cast | Role | Description |
+=======================+=================+=============================================+
| **Frankie Lam**\ | Chan Dai-Ha\ | Gei Hao-Yee\'s husband. |
| (林文龍) | (陳大蝦) | |
+-----------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| **Kenix Kwok**\ | Gei Hao-Yee\ | Chan Dai-Ha\'s wife. |
| (郭可盈) | (紀巧兒) | |
+-----------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| **Leila Tong**\ | Hung Siu-Lan\ | Thousand Mile Eye\'s lover |
| (唐寧) | (洪小蘭) | |
+-----------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| **Nancy Wu** (胡定欣) | Yuen Tung-Tung\ | Strong Three\'s lover Man Sai-Hung\'s niece |
| | (阮彤彤) | |
+-----------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| **Henry Lo** (魯振順) | Fa Siu Hung\ | Acrobatic troupe leader |
| | (花筱紅) | |
+-----------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------+
| **Liu Kai Chi**\ | Man Sai-Hung\ | General **Villain** Yuen Tung-Tung\'s uncle |
| (廖啟智) | (萬世雄) | |
+-----------------------+-----------------+---------------------------------------------+
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# Ten Brothers (2007 TV series)
## Controversy of finale {#controversy_of_finale}
In the series finale, actor Felix Lok ad-libbed one of his lines, and replaced one of the words in the line with a corresponding English one. Although code-switching has been very common in Hong Kong as of the last 10--20 years, such practice is unheard of for the time period of the drama, and, in most circumstances, unlikely, considering the historically non-existent knowledge of English for the characters. TVB was ridiculed by the public for allowing such a slip up
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# Zalmon Wildman
**Zalmon Wildman** (February 16, 1775 -- December 10, 1835) was an American businessman and banker who served several months as a United States representative from Connecticut in 1835.
## Early life {#early_life}
He was born in Danbury, Connecticut where he completed preparatory studies. He was manufacturer of hats in Danbury---known as \'Hat City\' \-- and established the first hat shops from there in Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia in 1802. In addition, he was the first president of Danbury National Bank from 1824 to 1826.
## Political career {#political_career}
Wildman was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1818 and 1819. He was appointed postmaster of Danbury, Connecticut and served from April 9, 1805, to May 26, 1835.
### Congress
He was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and served from March 4, 1835, until his death.
### Death and burial {#death_and_burial}
He died in Washington, D.C., December 10, 1835. He was buried in Wooster Cemetery, Danbury, Connecticut
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# Commonwealth v Yarmirr
***Yarmirr v Northern Territory*** was an Australian court case, decided in 2001. It was an application for the determination of native title to seas, sea-bed and sub-soil, over an area in the Northern Territory, ultimately determined on appeal to the High Court of Australia.
## Application
The application was made by Mary Yarmirr and others on behalf of a number of different clan groups of Aboriginal people to an area of seas and sea-beds surrounding Croker Island in the Northern Territory of Australia. The native title rights and interests claimed included the right to exclusive possession.
The case established that traditional owners do have native title of the sea and sea-bed; however, common law rights of fishing and navigation mean that only non-exclusive native title can exist over the sea.
The case aimed to determine, under Territorial application of the *Native Title Act 1993* (Cth):
- Whether common law applies to territorial sea beyond low-water mark
- Whether common law recognises native title in territorial sea beyond low-water mark
- Whether recognition by common law influenced by legislative purpose of *Native Title Act 1993* (Cth)
- Relevance of concept of radical title
- Effect of successive acquisitions of sovereignty over the territorial sea and sea-bed by the Crown in right of the United Kingdom in 1824 and the Crown in right of the Commonwealth by the *Seas and Submerged Lands Act 1973* (Cth)
- Nature and effect of right and title to the territorial sea and sea-bed vested in the Northern Territory by the *Coastal Waters (Northern Territory Title) Act 1980* (Cth).
## Determination
The trial judge, Olney J, determined members of the Croker Island community have a non-exclusive native title right to have free access to the sea and sea-bed of the claimed area for all or any of the following purposes:
1. to travel through or within the claimed area;
2. to fish, hunt and gather for the purpose of satisfying their personal, domestic or non-commercial communal needs, including the purpose of observing traditional, cultural, ritual and spiritual laws and customs;
3. to visit and protect places which are of cultural and spiritual importance;
4. to safeguard their cultural and spiritual knowledge.
The claimed area was defined by maps attached to the application for determination. It included the seas and extended to land or reefs within the proposed boundaries. Native title of Croker Island and other islands within the claimed area had been granted in 1980 and were not within the claim.
## Appeal
Both the Commonwealth and the claimants appealed the original determination. A full court of the Federal Court, by a majority, Beaumont and von Doussa JJ, dismissed both appeals. Merkel would have dismissed the appeal by the Commonwealth, allowed the appeal by the claimants and remitted the matter back to the trial judge for further hearing.
Both the Commonwealth and the claimants appealed to the High Court, which upheld the Commonwealths\' appeal and dismissed claimants\' appeal. The determination was thus amended so as to be restricted to and apply to the internal waters of the Northern Territory, including the inter-tidal zone both of the mainland and of the islands within the claimed area.
The claimants were ordered to pay the costs of both the claimants\' and the Commonwealth\'s appeals
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# Goshen High School (Alabama)
**Goshen High School** is a secondary school located at 101 Eagle Circle in Goshen, Alabama.
## Community
Goshen is located about 10 mile west of Troy, and 10 miles east of Luverne. The earliest record of a public school in Goshen was in the middle 19th century. A small wooden structure made from hand-split logs was located between Goshen and the Troy-Luverne Highway (U.S. Route 29) on a parcel of land called \"Goshen Hill\". This is what is now known as Mt. Zion Community. This first public school in Goshen was a one-room building with one teacher. The school term was whenever the students were not busy on the farm. The school was moved to its present site in the town of Goshen in 1897 and employed its first principal, Miss Ada Ray, about 1920. Goshen High School has grown continually over the past number of years, and has over 200 students in grades seven through twelve. The current principal is Bennie Shellhouse.
## Teaching grades {#teaching_grades}
- mid-19th century to 1897 Grades (6 - 12)
- (Goshen Location) 1897 to 2004 Grades (6 - 12)
- 2004 to present (7 - 12)
## ARMT results {#armt_results}
Scale: % meeting or exceeding standards
### Grade 7 {#grade_7}
Reading 63% (2006) 68% (2005) The state average for Reading was 74% in 2006.
Math 45% (2006) 52% (2005) The state average for Math was 59% in 2006.
Source: Alabama Dept. of Education, 2005--2006
### Grade 8 {#grade_8}
Reading 60% (2006) 65% (2005) 31% (2004) The state average for Reading was 72% in 2006.
Math 67% (2006) 54% (2005) The state average for Math was 68% in 2006.
Source: Alabama Dept
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# Haagse Hout
**Haagse Hout** (`{{IPA|nl|ˌɦaːxsə ˈɦʌut}}`{=mediawiki}; `{{literally|Woods of The Hague}}`{=mediawiki}) is one of the eight districts of The Hague. This area was originally called *Die Haghe Houte*, which later became the current *Haagse Hout*. The district has `{{wikidata|property|preferred|P1082}}`{=mediawiki} residents as of `{{wikidata|qualifier|preferred|P1082|P585}}`{=mediawiki}.`{{wikidata|reference|P1082}}`{=mediawiki} It is located in the north-east of the city, bordering Wassenaar to the north and Leidschendam-Voorburg to the east. Haagse Hout is divided into four neighbourhoods:
- Benoordenhout
- Bezuidenhout
- Mariahoeve en Marlot
- Haagse Bos
Bezuidenhout is usually divided further into Bezuidenhout East and Bezuidenhout West. Mariahoeve and Marlot are also sometimes separately named. Villapark Marlot has the highest income of The Hague, and is one of the greener areas. The Haagse Bos is the largest green area, almost completely covered by parks and fields. This city park divides Haagse Hout into two: Benoordenhout and Bezuidenhout (`{{lit|North of the Woods}}`{=mediawiki} and \'South of the Woods\')
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# Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal
***Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal***, known in Japan as `{{nihongo|'''''Rurōni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Rōman Tan- Tsuioku-hen'''''|るろうに剣心 -明治剣客浪漫譚- 追憶編||"Rurouni Kenshin: Meiji Swordsman Romantic Story – Recollection (or Reminiscence) Chapter"|lead=yes}}`{=mediawiki}, is a Japanese original video animation (OVA) series, based on the *Rurouni Kenshin* manga series by Nobuhiro Watsuki, and a prequel to its 1996--1998 anime adaptation. *Trust & Betrayal* chronicles the story of Himura Kenshin as the `{{Transliteration|ja|Hitokiri Battōsai}}`{=mediawiki} during the final years of the Bakumatsu era while also revealing the origins of his cross-shaped scar and exploring his relationship with a woman named Yukishiro Tomoe.
The OVA series was first licensed by ADV Films for VHS and DVD releases in North America and the United Kingdom, and by Madman Entertainment for releases in Australasia, under the title ***Samurai X: Trust & Betrayal***. *Trust & Betrayal* was later collected into a two-hour feature-length motion picture with new animated sequences and released theatrically in Japan. In 2003, this movie edition was eventually released in North America on DVD as a director\'s cut edition by ADV Films. After ADV Films\' closure in 2009, Aniplex of America licensed the OVA series for a Blu-ray release in North America under its original title: *Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal*. The OVA was praised for its story, animation, art, music and Japanese voice acting.
## Plot
During a bandit raid that leaves a group of travelers dead, a young boy named Shinta is spared and rescued by the swordsman Hiko Seijūrō, a master of the legendary `{{Transliteration|ja|Hiten Mitsurugi-ryū}}`{=mediawiki} style. Impressed by Shinta\'s act of burying both the victims and their attackers, Hiko takes him as an apprentice, renaming him Kenshin---a name he deems more fitting for a swordsman.
After years of training, Kenshin abandons his master in a heated dispute, believing he must join the revolutionary forces opposing the Tokugawa shogunate to fulfill `{{Transliteration|ja|Hiten Mitsurugi}}`{=mediawiki}\'s oath of protecting the weak. He enlists with the Choshu clan\'s Kiheitai under Takasugi Shinsaku, later serving as an assassin for Katsura Kogorō alongside I\'izuka, the clan\'s execution examiner. Kenshin gains notoriety as the feared \"`{{Transliteration|ja|Hitokiri Battōsai}}`{=mediawiki}\", but during one mission, he kills Kiyosato Akira, a bodyguard whose dying strike leaves the first half of Kenshin\'s cross-shaped scar. Soon after, he encounters Yukishiro Tomoe, unaware she is Kiyosato\'s fiancée. Though conflicted, Kenshin spares her and brings her to his hideout. Katsura grows suspicious of a spy within the Choshu ranks after an assassin targets Kenshin---a secret known only to a select few.
Following the Ikedaya incident, Katsura relocates Kenshin and Tomoe to the village of Otsu, where they pose as a married couple. Over time, their relationship deepens, though unbeknownst to Kenshin, Tomoe had initially conspired with shogunate agents to avenge Kiyosato. Her brother, Yukishiro Enishi, alerts her to the approaching assassins, but by then, Tomoe has fallen in love with Kenshin. She attempts to dissuade the attackers but fails. Meanwhile, I\'izuka---revealed as the true spy---manipulates Kenshin into confronting Tomoe, exposing her past ties to Kiyosato.
Distraught, Kenshin battles the shogunate agents but is gravely wounded. As their leader delivers a fatal strike, Tomoe intervenes, only for Kenshin\'s blade to accidentally kill her. With her dying breath, she completes his scar. Devastated, Kenshin vows to fight for Katsura\'s vision of a new era, then dedicate himself to protecting the innocent---without taking another life. Katsura later informs him that Shishio Makoto has replaced him as an assassin and dealt with I\'izuka.
As the shogunate collapses, Kenshin briefly clashes with `{{Transliteration|ja|[[Shinsengumi]]}}`{=mediawiki} captains Okita Sōji and Saitō Hajime, his future rival. After the war, the `{{Transliteration|ja|Hitokiri Battōsai}}`{=mediawiki} vanishes, and Kenshin returns to the graves of the travelers he buried as a child, leaving Tomoe\'s scarf as a tribute. Later, Hiko discovers the scarf, recognizing that Kenshin has finally learned his lesson.
## Cast
List of *Rurouni Kenshin* characters}}
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Character | Japanese voice | English voice |
+===================+===================+=====================+
| Himura Kenshin\ | Mayo Suzukaze\ | J. Shannon Weaver\ |
| Shinta | Masami Suzuki | Katherine Catmull |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Yukishiro Tomoe | Junko Iwao | Rebecca Davis |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Yukishiro Enishi | Nozomu Sasaki | Brian Gaston |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Hiko Seijūrō | Shūichi Ikeda | Joe York |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Katsura Kogorō | Tomokazu Seki | Corey M. Gagne |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Takasugi Shinsaku | Wataru Takagi | Jason B. Phelps |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Saitō Hajime | Hirotaka Suzuoki | Ken Webster |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Okita Sōji | Akari Hibino | J. Shannon Weaver |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Kiyosato Akira | Tetsuya Iwanaga | Ray Clayton |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Iizuka | Ryūsei Nakao | Lowell Bartholomee |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Katagai | Mitsuaki Hoshino | Douglas Taylor |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Tatsumi | Minoru Uchida | John Paul Shephard |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Ikumatsu | Hiromi Setsu | Lara Toner |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Hijikata Toshizō | Rikiya Koyama | |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Kondō Isami | Hiroshi Takahashi | |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Shigekura Jūbei | Satoshi Tsuruoka | Charles C. Campbell |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| Landlady | Shizuka Okohira | Lainie Frasier |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
| | | |
+-------------------+-------------------+---------------------+
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# Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal
## Production
Director Kazuhiro Furuhashi returned from the 1990s *Rurouni Kenshin* television series and requested Masahide Yanagisawa to design the character based on his skills. Masashi Shogo worked for the screenplay. Another staff member was Yuji Mitsuya who worked as recording director. Furuhashi took liberty with the animation and often did stares from Yukishiro Enishi\'s point of view to see his sister die. While the OVAs are notorious for its violence, Furuhashi decided to use only the first episode as a major delivery of Kenshin\'s murders in order to tone down the gore. Nevertheless, Furuhashi aimed to make the fights realistic to give the viewers a disturbed impression whenever somebody is cut and the symbolism in Kenshin\'s scar. Furuhashi was mainly influenced by the drama *Hissatsu* when making the OVA. In order to contrast the style of the television series, Furuhashi watched *Zatoichi* movies. He also used influences from Akira Kurosawa\'s works and the novel *Rashomon*. Furuhashi wanted to make the art more realistic, resulting in kimonos and hakama moving in a different fashion too.
Daryl Surat of *Otaku USA* stated that this series uses a more \"realistic\" art style than the television series uses, and that the series has \"graphic, bloody violence galore\" beginning in the opening sequence. The decision to have Tomoe manually give Kenshin his second scar was the original decision for the manga. Furuhashi revealed that Nobuhiro Watsuki told him the original idea during a phone call during the middle of the original anime\'s production. Furuhashi did not expect Watsuki to change his mind and was confused when he saw the manga version so he decided to stick to the original plan. Nevertheless, Furuhashi also wanted to remind viewers of the style of the television series by often featuring flowers and leave the impression of a period drama. In order to focus more on Kenshin and Tomoe\'s romance especially with the former\'s focus on bloodshed, the director decided to make one scene of the latter menstruating and symbolize her conflicted feelings towards her husband. In contrast to common romantic stories, Furuhashi was interested in showing a married couple dealing with everyday\'s lives and keep focus on the fact that the wife might want to kill her husband. The antagonists facing Kenshin were written to give a major threat to the protagonist in the fourth episode and symbolize more the theme of the end of the Edo period to show both sides have their own fair side.
One of the major themes of *Trust* is understanding the repercussions and after-effects murder can have, something that Kenshin has yet to comprehend though others have tried to point it out to him.
## Release
*Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal* was directed by Kazuhiro Furuhashi, with the screenplay written by Masashi Sogo, and animated by Studio Deen. The four episodes were first released on four VHS sets by SPE Visual Works from February 20 to September 22, 1999. A \"Director\'s Cut\" volume, which included the four episodes, was later released on VHS on November 20, 1999, and on DVD on December 18 of that same year. It was later released in four DVD sets on March 23, 2001. Aniplex launched a Blu-ray set on August 24, 2011.
In North America, the OVA was licensed by A.D. Vision and released under the title *Samurai X: Trust & Betrayal*. They first released the series in two VHS sets; *Trust* on August 22, 2000, and *Betrayal* on November 14 of the same year. It also released on two DVDs on October 10 and November 7, 2000. The \"Director\'s Cut\" DVD volume was released on May 20, 2003. Aniplex of America released the OVA on a Blu-ray set, under the title *Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal*, on August 23, 2011.
In Australia and New Zealand, the OVA was released by Madman Entertainment on two DVD sets on December 4, 2000, and March 20, 2001. In the United Kingdom, two DVDs were released by A.D. Vision on January 27 and March 17, 2003.
### Music
The music for *Trust & Betrayal* was composed by Taku Iwasaki. A soundtrack album, containing 16 tracks, was released on March 20, 1999.
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# Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal
## Reception
*Trust & Betrayal*\'s story, animation, art, music and Japanese voice acting have all been heavily praised by various critics and, consequently, the series itself has been widely acknowledged as a masterpiece and one of anime\'s crowning achievements.
THEM Anime Reviews gave the entire OVA series a perfect score of 5 out of 5 stars, with reviewer Tim Jones stating, \"powerful, evocative, saddening, and heavily charged, *Rurouni Kenshin: Trust & Betrayal* is a series that goes far beyond its comic-book origins, testing the limits of not only its franchise, but the medium of original video animation as a storytelling device. Furthermore, while it surpasses the original television series in many ways, it remains complementary and insightful to why Kenshin becomes the way he is. After all, nothing builds character quite so well as a stirring tragedy. It doesn\'t get much more tragic or stirring than this.\" He summarised the series as \"dramatic, tragic, beautiful\" and \"a sterling example of Japanese animation at its finest\".
*Trust & Betrayal* has received significant praise from Anime News Network reviewers. Mike Crandol noted it as one of the greatest OVA series of all time, celebrating the new characters designs as well as the fights scenes which were also noted to be \"terribly bloody\" and beautiful at the same time. In his review, Carl Kimlinger described the series as \"stirring, devastating, smart, redemptive and pure perfection\" and gave the series an \'A+\' rating for the subbed version and an \'A\' rating for the dub. Bamboo Dong claimed that watching this series would benefit the viewer with a \"stunning overall experience\" before finishing off that \"*Rurouni Kenshin: Tsuioku Hen* is a masterpiece, with dramatic visuals and beautiful animation\".
*Animerica* reviewer Rio Yañez praised *Trust*{{\'}}s \"introspective take on violence\" as well as its being \"chock-full of insane samurai sword fights and free-flying appendages\" while avoiding stereotypical freeze frame animation. While considering the violence \"over the top\", he felt it was well handled, avoiding being excessive or gratuitous, and that the action scenes were \"well balanced by the lavish background paintings and designs\". He did criticize ADV Film\'s English dub as \"kung fu style dubbing\", noting that the voice actors frequently mispronounced the Japanese names and left the voice track mildly confusing despite the English script\'s serious take of the material.
DVD Talk reviewer Don Houston found the OVA\'s story and music solid. The director\'s cut version received positive comments by how the four OVAs were arranged with Houston commenting it \"seems more like a movie that stands alone, rather than just the precursor to a long lasting series.\"
Daryl Surat of *Otaku USA* said that, despite what Dave Riley said, viewers should watch the television series before watching *Trust & Betrayal*. Surat explained that the OVA has \"great moments\" that a viewer unfamiliar with the television series would not \"bat an eye toward
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