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# Clearview Regional High School
## Marching band {#marching_band}
The Clearview Regional Marching Band was Tournament of the Bands Chapter One Champions in 1975, 1993-1994 (Group 2) and 1995-1997 (Group 3). The Clearview Band was recognized as the Atlantic Coast Champion in Group 3 in 1995.
The 2008 show was entitled \"Shapes\". The Clearview Regional Marching Band was crowned the 2008 USSBA New Jersey State champions (group II) on October 26, 2008, in Union, NJ. The competition was originally scheduled to be held on the 25th at Giants Stadium, but was rained out and rescheduled to the following day at Union High School.
In November 2008, the Clearview Regional Marching Band took 2nd place for Group II at the USSBA National Championships held at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. The Percussion Section also received the award for \"Best Percussion Award\" in Group II.
The 2009 show was entitled \"Tragic Kingdom: The Rise and Fall of Babylon 2009\", and was written by the Marching Band Director, Calvin Spencer. The Percussion was written by former assistant director, Ron Latham. The Clearview Regional Marching Band finished 2nd in Group I at the USSBA New Jersey state championships. The band placed 3rd at the Northern States Championships and placed 4th at the USSBA National Championships. The Percussion Section received the \"Best Percussion Award\" for Group I. This was the second straight year that the Clearview Percussion Section won this award.
The 2014 show was entitled \"Goddess of Fire\". The band placed 2nd in the Tournament of Bands (ToB) New Jersey state championships, and also placed 1st in the ToB Chapter One South Jersey Championship. The band also placed 2nd in the ToB Atlantic Coast Championships in Hershey, Pennsylvania.
## Administration
The school\'s principal is Keith Brook. His core administration team includes three assistant principals.
## Notable alumni {#notable_alumni}
- John Brancy (born 1988, class of 2007), Grammy Award-winning operatic baritone.
- Jeff Datz (born 1959), professional baseball scout and a former Major League Baseball player and coach.
- Richard Newbill (born 1968), former NFL linebacker who played with the Minnesota Vikings and Seattle Seahawks.
- Michelle Tumolo (born 1991), women\'s lacrosse coach and former player who is the Head Coach of the Army Black Knights women\'s lacrosse team
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# Allan Hawkey
**Allan Charles Hawkey** (born 1941) is a cartoonist based in Hamilton, New Zealand. He was editorial cartoonist for the *Timaru Herald* between 1982 and 1990, signing himself as \'Hawkeye\'. His cartoons have appeared in the *Waikato Times* since 1998 (daily from 2001)*
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# Drugovo Municipality
**Drugovo** (*Другово}}*) is a former municipality in western North Macedonia, created in the 1996 territorial organisation and dissolved following the 2013 Macedonian new territorial organisation, after it was merged with Kičevo Municipality.
- *Drugovo* is also the name of the village where the municipal seat was found.
- Drugovo Municipality was part of the Southwestern Statistical Region.
- The last mayor of the municipality was Dobre Nikoski.
## Geography
The municipality bordered
- Debar Municipality to the west,
- Mavrovo and Rostuša Municipality to the northwest,
- Zajas Municipality to the northeast,
- Kičevo Municipality, Vraneštica Municipality, Plasnica Municipality, and Kruševo Municipality to the east,
- Demir Hisar Municipality to the southeast, and
- Debarca Municipality to the southwest.
## Demographics
According to the last national census from 2002, Drugovo Municipality has 3,249 inhabitants.
- Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
- Macedonians = 2,784 (85.7%)
- Turks = 292 (9.0%)
- Albanians = 155 (4.8%)
- others = 18 (0.6%)
The total number of students in the municipality in 2011, in comparison to the total number of students in 2007, declined for about 30%. Drugovo is the third municipality in North Macedonia by the decline of the total number of students.
## Inhabited places {#inhabited_places}
Settlements in the municipality include
- Belica, Brzhdani, Vidrani, Grand Crsko,
- Upper Dushegubica, Dobrenoec Upper,
- Lower Dushegubica, Lower Dobrenoec,
- Drugovo, Ehloec, Ivanchishta, Source,
- Javorec, Judovo, Kladnik, Klenoec, Kozica,
- Lavchani, Malkoec, Malo Crsko,
- Monastery Dolenci, Podvis, Popoec, Popolzhani,
- Prostranje, Svinjishte, Srbjani and Cer
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# Nicasius, Quirinus, Scubiculus, and Pientia
**Nicasius, Quirinus, Scubiculus, and Pientia** were venerated as martyrs and saints. Their feast day is 11 October. Their historicity is uncertain, and \"no trustworthy historical reports of \[them\] exist.\"
Nicasius has been identified with Nicasius of Rheims, and there are many saints with the name of Saint Quirinus.
## Legends
One legend states that they died in 285 AD and that Nicasius was one of the first missionaries sent from Rome to evangelize Gaul in the first century. Nicasius thus may have been a regionary bishop. Quirinus is stated to have been his priest while his deacon was Scubiculus (who is known as *Egobille* in France). According to the legend he was put to death, together with Nicasius, in the *pagus Vulcassinus* (Vexin).
One variant of the legend states that Quirinus, Nicasius, and the deacon Scubiculus were sent to Gaul by Pope Clement, accompanying Saint Denis there. At Vaux-sur-Seine, Quirinus fought and defeated a dragon, which had laid waste to the area and poisoned a well.
Quirinus and his companions were later imprisoned by soldiers of the emperor Domitian, and were then beheaded. The following night, the beheaded saints picked up their own heads and walked to an island on the river Epte, where they were buried by a lady named Pientia and a priest named Clarus.
## Veneration
Quirinus' relics were translated around 875 to the abbey church of Malmedy during the reign of Charles the Bald, and Malmedy became the centre of his cult. Thus, he is sometimes venerated separately as *St. Quirinus of Malmedy*, and gained much more importance than his alleged companions Nicasius and Scubiculus. Quirinus\' relics were officially confirmed as authentic by Abbot Poppo of Stavelot. They are contained inside a wooden ossuary chest at the foot of a statue on the left of the nave.
Malmedy had been a branch of Stavelot, but between 1065 and 1071 became independent from this monastery. As a result, it needed as a strong heavenly intercessor as its patron saint in order to compete with Stavelot\'s: Saint Remaclus. Malmedy thus devised Quirinus' legend, which was copied from other hagiographies and incorporating common tropes (fighting a dragon, cephalophoric elements, etc.), as well as elements from the lives of other saints of the same name.
Quirinus came to be invoked against drought, fever, bad weather, and demons, and farmers of the Münsterland invoked his aid against diseases affecting their cattle. Quirinus' popularity is evidenced by the number of surnames in Central and Western Europe derived from his name, which include Quirini, Querings, Kehry, Kiry, Kuhrig, Koenrig, Crines, Krines, Krings, Kreugs, Cryns, Creins, Kreins, Krainz, Kircher, Kreine and Grein
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# LE postcode area
The **LE postcode area**, also known as the **Leicester postcode area**, is a group of 21 postcode districts in central England, within 12 post towns. These cover most of Leicestershire (including Leicester, Loughborough, Hinckley, Melton Mowbray, Coalville, Market Harborough, Ashby de la Zouch, Lutterworth, Wigston, Markfield and Ibstock) and most of Rutland (including Oakham), plus small parts of south Nottinghamshire and north Northamptonshire, and very small parts of Derbyshire and Warwickshire.
\_\_TOC\_\_
## Coverage
The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:
\|- ! LE1 \| LEICESTER \| Leicester \| Leicester \|- ! LE2 \| LEICESTER \| Oadby, Knighton, Highfields, Aylestone, Eyres Monsell, Glen Parva, Stoughton, Little Stretton \| Leicester, Oadby and Wigston, Harborough, Blaby \|- ! LE3 \| LEICESTER \| Braunstone, Glenfield, New Parks, Groby Road (A50), Leicester Forest East, Westcotes \| Leicester, Blaby \|- ! LE4 \| LEICESTER \| Beaumont Leys, Belgrave, Rushey Mead, Birstall, Thurmaston \| Leicester, Charnwood \|- ! LE5 \| LEICESTER \| Hamilton, Thurnby Lodge, Evington \| Leicester \|- ! LE6 \| LEICESTER \| Ratby, Groby, Newtown Linford \| Hinckley and Bosworth, Charnwood \|- ! LE7 \| LEICESTER \| Scraptoft, Thurnby, Anstey, Billesdon, Gaddesby, Hungarton, Rearsby, Tilton on the Hill, Tugby, Cropston, Thurcaston, Rothley, Barkby, Syston, Wanlip \| Charnwood, Harborough, Melton \|- ! LE8 \| LEICESTER \| Blaby, Great Glen, Fleckney, Kibworth, Peatling Magna, Countesthorpe, Whetstone \| Blaby, Harborough \|- ! LE9 \| LEICESTER \| Kirby Muxloe, Stoney Stanton, Cosby, Huncote, Croft, Desford, Newbold Verdon, Kirkby Mallory, Earl Shilton, Barwell, Sapcote, Sutton in the Elms, Broughton Astley, Thurlaston, Potters Marston \| Hinckley and Bosworth, Blaby, Harborough \|- ! LE10 \| HINCKLEY \| Hinckley, Burbage, Wolvey, Sharnford, Aston Flamville, Copston Magna \| Hinckley and Bosworth, Blaby, Rugby \|- ! LE11 \| LOUGHBOROUGH \| Loughborough, Nanpantan \| Charnwood \|- ! LE12 \| LOUGHBOROUGH \| East Leake, West Leake, Sutton Bonington, Long Whatton, Mountsorrel, Shepshed, Belton, Hathern, Quorn, Barrow Upon Soar, Sileby, Wymeswold \| Charnwood, North West Leicestershire, Rushcliffe \|- ! LE13 \| MELTON MOWBRAY \| Melton Mowbray \| Melton \|- ! LE14 \| MELTON MOWBRAY \| Ashby Folville, Brooksby, Harby, Hickling, Hoby, Ragdale, Rotherby, Scalford, Somerby, Stonesby, Waltham on the Wolds, Wymondham \| Melton, Rushcliffe \|- ! LE15 \| OAKHAM \| Oakham, Cold Overton, Empingham, Knossington, Langham, Manton, Owston and Newbold, Thistleton, Uppingham, Whissendine \| Rutland, Melton, Harborough \|- ! LE16 \| MARKET HARBOROUGH \| Market Harborough, Arthingworth, Ashley, Braybrooke, Caldecott, Clipston, East Carlton, East Farndon, East Langton, Great Oxendon, Hallaton, Marston Trussell, Medbourne, Rockingham, Sibbertoft, Stoke Albany \| Harborough, West Northamptonshire, North Northamptonshire, Rutland \|- ! LE17 \| LUTTERWORTH \| Lutterworth, Leire, Swinford, Bitteswell, Ullesthorpe, Theddingworth, Gilmorton, Catthorpe, Claybrooke Magna, Wibtoft \| Harborough, Rugby \|- ! LE18 \| WIGSTON \| Wigston, South Wigston, Kilby \| Oadby and Wigston, Blaby \|- ! LE19 \| LEICESTER \| Narborough, Enderby, Littlethorpe \| Blaby \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LE21 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LEICESTER \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LE41 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LEICESTER \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*Large user (otherwise in LE4)* \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LE55 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LEICESTER \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|- ! LE65 \| ASHBY-DE-LA-ZOUCH \| Ashby-de-la-Zouch, Boundary, Calke, Smisby, Willesley, Worthington \| North West Leicestershire, South Derbyshire \|- ! rowspan=\"3\"\| LE67 \| COALVILLE \| Coalville \| North West Leicestershire \|- \| IBSTOCK \| Ibstock \| North West Leicestershire \|- \| MARKFIELD \| Markfield \| Hinckley and Bosworth \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LE87 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LEICESTER \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LE94 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LEICESTER \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|- ! style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LE95 \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|LEICESTER \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\| \| style=\"background:#FFFFFF;\"\|*non-geographic* \|}
The LE65 and LE67 districts were formed from LE6 circa 1992.
The LE19 district was formed in 2002 from parts of the LE3 and LE9 districts.
The LE2, LE3 and LE4 postcode districts are all among the top five by population
| 615 |
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| 0 |
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# Alfa Romeo 184T
The **Alfa Romeo 184T** is a Formula One car which was used by the Alfa Romeo team during the `{{F1|1984}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{F1|1985}}`{=mediawiki} Formula One seasons.
## Design
The car had a 1.5 L V8 turbo engine, which produced around 680 hp at 10700 rpm, was Mario Tollentino\'s first F1 design, and it used the Alfa Romeo 890T engine.
When Alfa\'s first turbo engine, the 890T, was introduced in `{{f1|1983}}`{=mediawiki} it had comparable power to the top turbo engines of the time -- the 4 cylinder BMW and the Renault and Ferrari V6\'s which at times saw lead driver Andrea de Cesaris able to mix it with the quicker cars, while fuel was not a factor as in-race re-fuelling was allowed. By 1984 however, the 890T had not only been left behind on power by its rivals but also on fuel economy with the engine struggling to cope with the new regulations restricting the cars to just 220 litres of fuel per race.
## Racing history {#racing_history}
### 1984: 184T
It achieved a total of 11 points, all in 1984. The car\'s best result was at the 1984 Italian Grand Prix, where Riccardo Patrese came 3rd, at teammate Eddie Cheever\'s expense as the American was running 3rd, but ran out of fuel. The new fuel regulations saw the Alfas mostly uncompetitive in the races as the engine was notoriously hard on fuel consumption. Also, the lack of power saw both Patrese and Cheever having to push their 184Ts harder just to try to keep in touch (more often than not this was a losing battle) and most of the 184T\'s retirements were due to the unreliability of the engine that the faster running produced, or the cars simply ran out of fuel.
### 1985: 184TB
The 184T was replaced for `{{f1|1985}}`{=mediawiki} by the 185T, but the car proved to be uncompetitive so the 184T was brought out of retirement, updated to 1985 regulations and was dubbed the **184TB**. The 184TB model would become the last Alfa Romeo car to be raced in Formula One until the manufacturer\'s return to the sport with the C38 in 2019.
## Livery
The car bore the colours of the team\'s main sponsor, Italian fashion brand Benetton
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# Christian Shephard
**Dr. Christian Shephard** is a fictional character on the ABC television series *Lost* played by John Terry. He is the father of lead characters Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox), who becomes the de facto leader of the survivors of Oceanic 815 after it crashes on an island, and Claire Littleton (Emilie de Ravin), another of the survivors on the Island. Christian died of an alcohol-induced heart attack days before the flight, leading to much of his story being told through flashbacks. In the fourth season and fifth season he is again featured on the Island several times, seemingly acting as a messenger for the leader of the Others, Jacob (Mark Pellegrino). In the sixth season, the Man in Black (Titus Welliver/Terry O\'Quinn) admitted that he had \"impersonated\" Christian during the first week after the crash of Flight 815.
Christian is introduced in the fourth episode of the series, and goes on to feature in thirteen more, including a pivotal scene in the series finale, as well as two webisodes. He is an example of two of the main themes in *Lost*: father issues and character crossovers.
## Character biography {#character_biography}
### Before the crash {#before_the_crash}
Initially, Christian is the chief of surgery at St. Sebastian Hospital. He is a recovering alcoholic. He marries Margo (Veronica Hamel), and the two have one child together, Jack. When Jack comes home following a bullying incident, Christian discourages Jack from trying to be heroic, saying that he doesn\'t have what it takes. Years later, Christian meets Carole Littleton (Susan Duerden), a woman from Sydney, Australia. The two have a brief relationship before she returned to her home country, and later she gives birth to Christian\'s daughter, Claire (Emilie de Ravin). Christian would often fly over to visit, supporting the two the best he could. Carole and her sister, Lindsey (Gabrielle Fitzpatrick), do not approve of him juggling time between two families, which leads to Christian being told he is no longer allowed to visit.
Jack grows up to be a doctor, working at the same hospital as Christian. Christian tries to coach Jack on his poor bedside manner, most notably when Sarah (Julie Bowen) is brought in with severe injuries to her spine; he states that \"false hope is still hope.\" Jack and Sarah grow close and eventually marry.
When he learns Carole has been in a car accident, Christian travels to Australia and pays for the medical treatment to keep her alive. While at the hospital, he introduces himself to Claire for the first time, much to Lindsay\'s resentment. Christian takes Claire out for coffee and tells her of his other family. Claire doesn\'t react well and walks out on him, so he returns to Los Angeles.
After Jack and Sarah\'s marriage fails, Jack finds Christian\'s number on her phone bill, and assumes he is the man Sarah was now seeing, confronting him at an AA meeting. After being assaulted, Christian slips back into drinking heavily after being sober for fifty days. Later, Christian operates on a woman while under the influence, and is exposed by Jack, ending his career. At an airport bar, Christian meets Ana Lucia Cortez (Michelle Rodriguez). The two agree to travel to Australia together under different aliases; Ana Lucia names him \"Tom\", and Christian calls her \"Sarah\". Once in Australia, Christian asks Ana Lucia to serve as his bodyguard. The two drive to Lindsey\'s house, where he angrily demanded to see his daughter. After almost becoming violent, Christian is restrained and driven away. He is dropped off outside a bar, where he meets James \"Sawyer\" Ford (Josh Holloway). The two drink together, when Christian admits his mistakes, and that he isn\'t able to call his son and apologize.
Christian later suffers a severe heart attack and dies in an alley. His body is discovered and placed in a morgue, where he is identified by Jack. A funeral service was arranged back in LA, but Jack has trouble clearing Christian\'s coffin onto the doomed plane.
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# Christian Shephard
## Character biography {#character_biography}
### After the crash {#after_the_crash}
After the plane crashes, Vincent, the dog that was on the plane, wanders through the jungle. Christian orders Vincent to go wake Jack, since there is work to do. The first few days on the island, Jack sees his father on the island and is certain that he\'s hallucinating from fatigue. Locke (Terry O\'Quinn), a fellow crash survivor, refers to Jack\'s hallucinations as the \"white rabbit\" and convinces him to follow them. Jack does so and subsequently is led to a set of caves where he finds his father\'s coffin. Christian\'s body is nowhere to be found. Months later, when Hurley (Jorge Garcia) stumbles upon Jacob\'s cabin in the jungle he looks through the window and observes Christian in a rocking chair. Another person inside the cabin peeps through the window at Hurley, scaring him and causing him to run away.
When Claire wakes up one night while returning to the beach with Miles Straume (Ken Leung) and Sawyer, she sees Christian rocking his grandson, Aaron. Claire recognizes him as her father, and he then leads her into the jungle. Miles witnesses the encounter while Sawyer sleeps through it. Miles informs Sawyer of the encounter in the morning, and Sawyer finds Aaron lying on a nearby tree stump with Claire and Christian nowhere to be found. Locke encounters Christian acting as an intermediary for the invisible Jacob in his cabin. He tells Locke that the people from the freighter are already on their way back to the island and the only way to keep it safe is to have the island moved. Claire is also present, but Christian tells Locke to keep her whereabouts to himself.
On the freighter, now fated to explode thanks to a failsafe bomb Michael Dawson is keeping temporarily frozen, Christian appears to Michael moments before the C-4 explodes. He simply says, \"You can go now, Michael.\" The bomb then explodes and Michael is killed.
Some time later, after Jack has escaped from the Island, he sees Christian late one night in the lobby of his hospital. Due to the sudden fright, Jack has a fellow doctor prescribe him medication to deal with the \"hallucinations.\" Jack is continually visited by Christian, causing a mental breakdown.
Meanwhile, on the island, Christian once again appears to Locke as he is attempting to reach the wheel that Ben used to move the island. This encounter took place at a time where the ancient well that led to the wheel had not been built yet, and where the giant statue was still standing. Christian criticizes Locke for not moving the island himself, as per Christian\'s instructions. He also concurs with Richard Alpert\'s assessment that Locke would \"have to die.\" Christian gives Locke additional instructions on what to do when he moves the wheel, including how to contact Eloise Hawking. Christian tells Locke to \"say hello to \[his\] son\" for him; though he doesn\'t give Locke a name, Locke deduces that Christian was referring to Jack and passes the message on, upsetting Jack.
In \"Namaste\", Christian appears to Sun and Lapidus after they have crashed on the island circa 2007 in the Barracks. He informs Sun that Jin is on the island, but that Jin is existing in 1977, and they have a long journey ahead of them. During this encounter, Christian\'s appearance was preceded by both the \"Whispers\" and by the Smoke Monster. When Sun and Lapidus tell Ben Linus that they were told to wait at the Barracks by Christian, Ben has an alarmed look on his face, but does not elaborate.
In the episode \"The Last Recruit,\" the Man in Black reveals to Jack that he had been impersonating as his father in a similar way to how he now impersonates Locke and how he impersonated Mr. Eko\'s brother, Yemi, revealing that at least some, if not all of Christian\'s appearances on the island post-death were the Man in Black.
### Afterlife
In the series finale, Jack meets Christian again in what is believed to be an alternate timeline in which Oceanic flight 815 never crashed, and in which many characters regain memories of their original island lives. However, in one of the show\'s final scenes, Jack encounters his father in a church, where he realizes that everyone in the \"alternate timeline\" is actually dead, in an afterlife constructed by the survivors in an unknown fashion so they could be with the people most important to them before \"moving on\" together. Jack finally makes amends with his father and, as the various characters seat themselves in the church pews, Christian exits through the front door, filling the room with a bright light.
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# Christian Shephard
## Characteristics
Whilst living, Christian is a quick tempered alcoholic. He is hard on his son, but is keen to be a better father to Jack than his father (Ray Shephard) was to him. A common theme throughout *Lost* is father issues. Jack\'s difficulties getting on with his father are the first instance of this, with many other characters such as Locke, Hurley and Kate also having difficult relationships with their dads. Christian further exemplifies this theme with his poor relationship with his daughter, Claire, where he was barely present in her upbringing. The connection between characters before the plane crash is another frequently occurring theme. Christian is present in flashbacks of Jack, Sawyer, Ana Lucia and Claire. Ben Rawson-Jones from Digital Spy describes Christian as \"flawed character with both wisdom and regret\".
After his death and reappearance on the island, Christian becomes a very mysterious figure, acting as a messenger for the even more mysterious Jacob. Christian is able to appear anywhere, both on and off the island, at will, and intervenes several times to stop Michael\'s suicide attempts. He was also able to defy time, in appearing to Locke at the bottom of what would someday be the Orchid Station, at a time when even the ancient well had not been built, the Statue was still standing, and before the original Christian had even died. Christian\'s posthumous appearances have prompted much speculation from critics. One reviewer calls Christian\'s appearance a vision. Erin Martell of TV Squad pondered that Christian\'s appearance is \"like the Yemi apparition that turned into the Smoke Monster\". Alan Sepinwall notes Christian holds Aaron, thus making him corporeal, but wondered about the significance of Miles seeing him.
In a review of the season finale he considers Christian \"may be the walking dead\". The first apparition of Christian had him wearing a clean suit, and having very well kept hair, whereas in his most recent apparition, Christian is wearing pants and a tattered looking shirt, as well as having stubble and untidy hair. This could suggest that he is alive in some sense, though it is unclear. Oscar Dahl commented \"I still don\'t think that Jacob is Christian Shepherd`{{sic}}`{=mediawiki} or anything like that\" *Entertainment Weekly*\'s Jeff Jensen calls him \"Ghost Dad\". Chris Carabott \"expect\[s\] th\[is\] mystery will last until the final season\". *Lost* producers Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse have confirmed Christian is dead, stating \"In terms of actually physically corporally in existence\... he\'s dead\". They have also described Christian as one of three characters that are considered \"undead\", with Mr. Eko\'s brother Yemi and Kate\'s horse as the others. They elaborate that Yemi\'s post-death appearances are incarnations of the monster.
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# Christian Shephard
## Development
American John Terry previously appeared in *ER*, *24* and *Las Vegas*. His early appearances in *Lost* are mostly in flashbacks of various characters. He begins to feature more prominently on the island throughout the fourth season.
## Reception
Chris Carabott of IGN gave his highest rating, 9/10, to the webisode featuring Christian telling Vincent to wake Jack, describing it as \"a shocking new look at \... Christian Shephard\", whereas Oscar Dahl from BuddyTV found the presence of a \"supposed-to-be-dead Christian\" confusing. Christian\'s first appearance in Jacob\'s cabin gave Jeff Jensen of *Entertainment Weekly* \"the chills\". Digital Spy\'s Ben Rawson-Jones described it as \"a pleasure\" when Christian returned in the second half of season 4, adding \"John Terry is superb\"
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# Ontario Highway 560
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# 1997 Ryder Cup
The **32nd Ryder Cup Matches** were held at the Valderrama Golf Club in Sotogrande, Spain, marking the first time the event was contested in continental Europe. The European team won the competition by a margin of 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} and retained the Ryder Cup.
The Europeans held a 10`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}--5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} lead heading into the final day, but the Americans mounted a comeback by winning the singles matches 8--4 but fell just short. Colin Montgomerie halved the final match with Scott Hoch (conceding a 15 ft par putt on the final hole) to seal the outright victory for the Europeans.
This was the first of six consecutive victories at home by Europe, a streak that remains intact through 2023.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format used in 1997 was as follows:
- **Day 1** (Friday) -- 4 fourball (better ball) matches in a morning session and 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** (Saturday) -- 4 fourball matches in a morning session and 4 foursome matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** (Sunday) -- 12 singles matches
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup, and 14 points were required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
## Teams
The selection process for the European team remained largely unchanged from that used in 1995 with two captain\'s picks. If captain Ballesteros qualified automatically, he had the choice of standing down and selecting a third player. The qualifying period remained the same, starting with the Canon European Masters in Switzerland at the beginning of September 1996 and ending with the BMW International Open on 31 August, the remaining two team members being chosen soon afterwards by the team captain. Prior to the final event Miguel Ángel Martín was in 10th place in the points list. He had, however, not played since The Open Championship because of a wrist injury. In the final event both José María Olazábal and Pádraig Harrington had chances to overtake Martin but neither succeeded. Olazábal finished 11th in the final points list with Harrington 12th. Because of uncertainty about Martin\'s fitness, the announcement of the two captain\'s picks, which was to have been immediately after the BMW International Open, was cancelled. On the Tuesday Martin was given an ultimatum that he was required to play 18 holes the following day to demonstrate that he would be fit to play in the Ryder Cup. Martin refused and was replaced by Olazábal, who had finished in the next qualifying place. Ballesteros announced his wildcards on the Thursday, choosing Nick Faldo and Jesper Parnevik. Miguel Ángel Martín had a world ranking of 79 at the time of the Ryder Cup.
---------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
Seve Ballesteros
Colin Montgomerie
Darren Clarke
Bernhard Langer
Ian Woosnam
Per-Ulrik Johansson
Lee Westwood
Ignacio Garrido
Thomas Bjørn
Costantino Rocca
José María Olazábal
Nick Faldo
Jesper Parnevik
---------------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow; the world rankings and records are at the start of the 1997 Ryder Cup.
----------------
**Team USA**
Name
Tom Kite
Tiger Woods
Justin Leonard
Tom Lehman
Davis Love III
Jim Furyk
Phil Mickelson
Jeff Maggert
Mark O\'Meara
Scott Hoch
Brad Faxon
Lee Janzen
Fred Couples
----------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow; the world rankings and records are at the start of the 1997 Ryder Cup.
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball}
Results
------------------------ --------- --------------------
**Olazábal/Rocca** 1 up Love III/Mickelson
Faldo/Westwood 1 up **Couples/Faxon**
**Parnevik/Johansson** 1 up Lehman/Furyk
Montgomerie/Langer 3 & 2 **Woods/O\'Meara**
2 Session 2
2 Overall 2
### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Rocca/Olazábal 1 up **Hoch/Janzen**
**Langer/Montgomerie** 5 & 3 O\'Meara/Woods
**Faldo/Westwood** 3 & 2 Leonard/Maggert
Parnevik/Garrido halved Lehman/Mickelson
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
| 649 |
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| 0 |
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# 1997 Ryder Cup
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
### Morning four-ball {#morning_four_ball_1}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------
**Montgomerie/Clarke** 1 up Couples/Love III
**Woosnam/Bjørn** 2 & 1 Leonard/Faxon
**Faldo/Westwood** 2 & 1 Woods/O\'Meara
Olazábal/Garrido halved Mickelson/Lehman
3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session
8 Overall 4
### Afternoon foursomes {#afternoon_foursomes_1}
Results
------------------------- --------- ------------------------
**Montgomerie/Langer** 1 up Janzen/Furyk
Faldo/Westwood 2 & 1 **Hoch/Maggert**
Parnevik/Garrido halved Leonard/Woods
**Olazábal/Rocca** 5 & 4 Love III/Couples
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
10`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 5`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------------- --------- -------------------------
Ian Woosnam 8 & 7 **Fred Couples**
**Per-Ulrik Johansson** 3 & 2 Davis Love III
Jesper Parnevik 5 & 4 **Mark O\'Meara**
Darren Clarke 2 & 1 **Phil Mickelson**
**Costantino Rocca** 4 & 2 Tiger Woods
Thomas Bjørn halved Justin Leonard
Ignacio Garrido 7 & 6 **Tom Lehman**
**Bernhard Langer** 2 & 1 Brad Faxon
Lee Westwood 3 & 2 **Jeff Maggert**
José María Olazábal 1 up **Lee Janzen**
Nick Faldo 3 & 2 **Jim Furyk**
Colin Montgomerie halved Scott Hoch
4 Session 8
14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
--------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Thomas Bjørn 1.5 1--0--1 0--0--1 0--0--0 1--0--0
Darren Clarke 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Nick Faldo 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Ignacio Garrido 1.5 0--1--3 0--1--0 0--0--2 0--0--1
Per-Ulrik Johansson 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Bernhard Langer 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 0--1--0
Colin Montgomerie 3.5 3--1--1 0--0--1 2--0--0 1--1--0
José María Olazábal 2.5 2--2--1 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--0--1
Jesper Parnevik 2 1--1--2 0--1--0 0--0--2 1--0--0
Costantino Rocca 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
Lee Westwood 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Ian Woosnam 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
---------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Fred Couples 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
Brad Faxon 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 1--1--0
Jim Furyk 1 1--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Scott Hoch 2.5 2--0--1 0--0--1 2--0--0 0--0--0
Lee Janzen 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--0
Tom Lehman 2 1--1--2 1--0--0 0--0--1 0--1--1
Justin Leonard 1 0--2--2 0--0--1 0--1--1 0--1--0
Davis Love III 0 0--4--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--2--0
Jeff Maggert 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--0
Phil Mickelson 2 1--1--2 1--0--0 0--0--1 0--1--1
Mark O\'Meara 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 1--1--0
Tiger Woods 1
| 379 |
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| 1 |
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# Norm Wallman
**Norman \"Norm\" Wallman** (born February 6, 1938) is a politician from the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. A resident of Cortland, Nebraska, Wallman served two terms in the unicameral Nebraska Legislature, from 2007 to 2015. He was born in Gage County, Nebraska
| 48 |
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| 0 |
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# Nicolás Sorín
**Nicolás Sorin** is a film composer and producer. He works in the cinema of Argentina.
Sorin started his music career at Berklee College of Music where he studies with Bob Brookmeyer, Maria Schneider and Vuk Kulenovic.
In a brief period of time his music was being performed throughout the United States and Europe by Symphonic Orquestras and Big Bands. At 21 he was awarded the "Premio Cóndor" and the "Premio Clarín" for the music score of the film *Historias Minimas* as well as two nominations for the Latin Grammys 2007 and 2010 as a producer.
He has worked in Europe with artists such as Miguel Bosé, Victor Manuel and Chris Cameron and has conducted prestigious orchestras such as the London Session Orchestra, the Mexico Symphony Orchestra and the Henry Mancini Orchestra, among others.
## Filmography
- *Historias mínimas* (2002) `{{aka}}`{=mediawiki} *Minimal Stories*
- *El Perro* (2004) a.k.a. *Bombón: El Perro*
- *El Camino de San Diego* (2006) a.k.a. *The Road to San Diego*
- *La Ventana* (Carlos Sorin) 2008
- *Yo, una Historia de Amor* Theatre (Diego Reinhold) 2011
- *El Gato Desaparece* 2011 a.k.a. *The Cat Vanishes*
- *Días de Pesca* 2012 a.k.a. *Gone Fishing*
- *Verdades Verdaderas* (N
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| 0 |
10,040,599 |
# Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz
**Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz** or **SW Bregenz** (formerly **Sportclub Bregenz** or **SC Bregenz**) is an association football club based in the town of Bregenz, Vorarlberg, Austria. The club competes in Austrian 2. Liga, the second tier of the Austrian football. Founded in 1919, it is affiliated to the Vorarlberg Football Association. The team plays its home matches at ImmoAgentur Stadion, where it has been based since 1951. The club\'s history includes numerous promotions and relegations and some spells of sustained success, including participation in the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 2002 and 2004. The club went bankrupt in 2005 and was subsequently refounded.
## History
### Early years (1919--1945) {#early_years_19191945}
FC Bregenz was founded on 28 June 1919 with the club colours being black and white, making it the fourth oldest football club in the Vorarlberg region. In its early history, the club played mainly friendly matches against German and Swiss clubs from around Lake Constance. In 1927, the Bregenz based club made its first appearance in the Vorarlberger A-Klasse, the highest level in Vorarlberg at the time, where they finished second. Already in 1928, FC Bregenz became Vorarlberg champions ahead of FA Turnerbund Lustenau (today SC Austria Lustenau) and FC Lustenau. In 1930, FC Bregenz only reached fourth place and, as a result, were relegated from the A-Klasse. In 1933, the Bregenz team was back in the top flight and managed to stay in the Vorarlberger A-Klasse until its upheaval in 1938. After the *Anschluss* in 1938, the Vorarlberger A-Klasse was replaced by the Bodensee-Vorarlberg Bezirksklasse. The best clubs in Vorarlberg (including FC Bregenz) now played in the same league with clubs such as VfB Friedrichshafen, VfL Lindau, SV Weingarten, FC Lindenberg, and other clubs from Meckenbeuren, Langenargen, Ravensburg, and other areas in Germany. The 1941--42 season was cancelled due to World War II.
### After World War II (1945--1999) {#after_world_war_ii_19451999}
After the end of the war, FC Bregenz returned to its footballing activities. However, the club had to choose a new name as ordered by the French occupying forces. In 1945, the club was therefore renamed Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz. The club logo, which was designed by Bregenz honorary member Hans Kolb, also dates from this year. As early as 1946, Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz played in the highest league in Vorarlberg, which was now called 1. Klasse Vorarlberg. A Vorarlberg league championship was held until 1950. In 1950, the Arlbergliga was founded by the football associations of Vorarlberg and Tyrol. After winning several championships, Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz became the first club from Vorarlberg to be promoted to the top division of Austria, the Staatsliga, in 1954. However, the club only managed one season at the highest level, and they were relegated again the following year. In 1960, the Regionalliga West was founded, in which Bregenz played for many years.
In 1966, Schwarz-Weiß ventured into the top Austrian division for a second time and even finished sixth (1966--67 season). Two years later they were relegated again -- only to return in the 1970--71 season under the sponsor name *SC Olymp Bregenz*. After one year, they relegated again.
The 1970s were marked by several mergers and name changes. In the 1973--74 campaign, after a merger with FC Rätia Bludenz, which had been promoted to the first division, the club was called *FC Vorarlberg* for a short time. In the 1974--75 season the official name was *SC Vorwerk Vorarlberg (Bregenz)* after the new sponsor was introduced. The most momentous merger occurred in 1979: Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz merged with FC Dornbirn 1913 and was named *IG Bregenz/Dornbirn* until 1987. Under the name Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz, the team was promoted to the second division in 1996. After Casinos Austria became the main sponsor, the Bregenz club started playing as *Casino SW Bregenz*.
### Bundesliga, Europe, and bankruptcy (1999--2005) {#bundesliga_europe_and_bankruptcy_19992005}
Between 1999 and the 2004--05 season, the club played in the Austrian Bundesliga. In 2002 and 2004, Bregenz also played European football in the UEFA Intertoto Cup. Opponents included Torino, against whom the club was eliminated after a 1--0 away defeat at the Stadio Delle Alpi and a 1--1 draw at home.
After a successful run, the club ran into increasingly severe financial problems. A poor 2004--05 season was followed by relegation to the second-tier Erste Liga. However, the club was denied a licence for the following season due to financial problems. After also losing the battle before the permanent neutral arbitration court of the Austrian Bundesliga, Bregenz filed for bankruptcy and was consequently dissolved.
### Resurgence (2005--present) {#resurgence_2005present}
The senior team was admitted to the 5th level of the Austrian football pyramid and adapted the traditional black and white club colours of the former SW Bregenz in the 2009--10 season. On 8 July 2013 the club was renamed *Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz* again and they also took over the logo of the former club.
The club was relegated from Austrian Regionalliga West in 2016.
In 2022--23, Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz secure promotion to Austrian 2. Liga from 2023 to 2024 and champions of Regionalliga West in 2022--23.
## Stadium
The ImmoAgentur Stadium in Bregenz, which was constructed in 1994 as the Casino Stadium to replace the demolished Bodensee Stadium, has a capacity of 12,000 spectators (of which approx. 4,000 are seated). The record attendance was 10,800 for the Vorarlberg derby against SC Austria Lustenau in the Austrian Bundesliga in the autumn of 1999. Since the bankruptcy of SW Bregenz in 2005, the successor club SC Bregenz and, since the 2013--14, Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz, have played their home games there. The stadium is located close to the city centre (next to the railway station and the Festspielhaus Bregenz) and in the immediate vicinity of Lake Constance
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# Daisy Irani (television personality)
**Daisy Irani Subaiah** is a Singaporean television actress, director, and producer of Indian origin.
## Early life {#early_life}
She was born to Gujarati film actress Padmarani and stage director Namdar Irani in Bombay, India.
## Career
### Early career {#early_career}
Irani was an established actress in films and theatre in Gujarati, having acted in 18 Gujarati films, several television shows, and theatre performances with the Indian National Theatre.
After she moved to Singapore, she appeared in the role of Daisy Matthews in the popular Singapore TV series *Under One Roof* televised in 1995.
At Mediacorp, she was the executive producer for MediaCorp Studio\'s English Entertainment Productions Division. In 2007, she became the head of the Central Channel\'s Programming and Promotions, as well as their TV12 Creative Services Division. In 2008, the Central Channel became defunct after Kids Central and Arts Central were merged to form Okto, and Vasantham Central became a full-fledged channel as Vasantham, occupying the original Central channel.
### HuM Theatre {#hum_theatre}
In 2010, Irani founded HuM Theatre, a theatre company. In 2020, the theatre company gave Zee TV broadcasting rights to four of its plays.
In 2019, Irani produced a play, *Being Mrs Gandhi*, and acted as Kasturba Gandhi, the wife of Mahatma Gandhi, in celebration of the 150th anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi\'s birth. The production came after Irani attended a talk by Gandhi\'s granddaughter, Ela Gandhi, about her grandmother in 2018.
In 2021, Irani starred in a short film *#MakeThatCall*, about bridging an increasing physical gap between young people and aging parents.
In 2023, Irani staged *We Are Like This Only 3*, with cast from HuM Theatre, with Irani calling it \'unintended trilogy\'. The first two plays focused on tensions between Singaporean Indians and expatriate Indians, while the third play focused on tensions between new Singaporean citizens from India and the Chinese majority.
## Personal life {#personal_life}
She moved from Mumbai to Singapore in 1991 when her husband, Subin Subaiah, was posted there for work. In 2004, the couple received their Singapore citizenship
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# Punch (tool)
A **punch** is a tool used to indent or create a hole through a hard surface. They usually consist of a hard metal rod with a narrow tip at one end and a broad flat \"butt\" at the other. When used, the narrower end is pointed against a target surface and the broad end is struck with a hammer or mallet, causing the blunt force of the blow to be transmitted through the rod body and focused more sharply onto a small area. Typically, woodworkers use a ball-peen hammer to strike a punch.
## Use
Punches are used to drive fasteners such as nails and dowels, making a hole, or forming an indentation or impression of the tip on a work piece. Decorative punches may also be used to create a pattern or even form an image.
## `{{anchor|Nail set}}`{=mediawiki}Pin
Metal pins and similar connectors are driven in or out of holes using a pin punch.
For removal, first use a starter punch to loosen the pin, then use a pin punch to finish.
## Center
A *center punch* is used to mark the center of a point. It is usually used to mark the center of a hole when drilling holes. A drill has the tendency to \"wander\" if it does not start in a recess. A center punch forms a large enough dimple to \"guide\" the tip of the drill. The tip of a center punch has an angle between 60 and 90 degrees. When drilling larger holes, where the drill bit is wider than the indentation produced by a center punch, the drilling of a pilot hole is usually needed.
An automatic center punch operates without the need for a hammer.
## Prick punch {#prick_punch}
A *prick punch* is similar to a center punch but used for marking out. It has a sharper angled tip to produce a narrower and deeper indentation. The indentation can then be enlarged with a center punch for drilling. The tip of a prick punch is 60 degrees (the angle depends on what type of prick punch one is using). It is also known as a dot punch.
## Transfer
A *transfer punch* is a punch (usually in an index set) of a specific outer diameter that is non-tapered and extends the entire length of the punch (except for the tip). It is used to tightly fit the tolerances of an existing hole and, when struck, precisely *transfer* the center of that hole to another surface. It can be used, for example, to duplicate the hole patterns in a part, or precisely set locations for threaded holes (created by drilling and tapping) to bolt an object to a surface.
## Drift
*Main article: Drift pin*
A *drift \"punch\"* is misleadingly named; it is not used as a punch in the traditional sense of the term. A drift punch, or drift pin, or lineup punch, is used as an aid in aligning bolt or rivet holes prior to inserting a fastener. A drift punch is constructed as a tapered rod, with the hammer acting on the large end of the taper. The long end of a drift punch is placed into the semi-aligned bolt holes of two separate components, and then driven into the hole. As it is driven in, the taper forces the two components into alignment, allowing for easy insertion of the fastener. Unlike most punches, force is never (and should never be) applied to the tip, or end of a drift pin.
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| 0 |
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# Punch (tool)
## Roll pins {#roll_pins}
Roll pin punches are used to drive roll pins. Standard pin punches should never be used on a roll pin. Because of the hollow, thin wall construction of a roll pin, a standard pin punch will often collapse, mar or distort the end of the pin or be driven into, and jammed inside, the hollow core of the roll pin. When choosing a roll pin punch, select one that is no larger than the compressed diameter of the pin. If a punch is used that is larger than the pin, the surrounding metal in which the pin is seated can be damaged. Also, a roll pin punch should not be used which is smaller than the compressed diameter of the pin. If this occurs, it may be possible to drive the punch through the hollow center of the roll pin.
Roll pin punches are designed with a small projection in the center of the pin tip to support the circumference of the roll pin. The tips of roll pin punches are not flat and should never be used on regular solid pins. If a roll pin punch is used on a solid pin, it will mar or mark the pin.
If the end of a roll pin punch is damaged or deformed, it should be discarded. It is virtually impossible to regrind the tip of the roll pin punch and properly shape the center projection.
When using a roll pin punch, make sure the axis of the shank of the roll pin punch is in line with the axis of the roll pin. Do not cant the roll pin punch off to one side. When you strike the roll pin punch, hit it directly on the top of its head. If you strike the head of the roll pin punch at an angle you may bend the shank.
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| 1 |
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# Punch (tool)
## Letter
Also known as *letter stamps* or *number stamps*, letter punches are used to emboss the impression of a letter or number into a workpiece. They are most common in the reverse image, this allows the result to be immediately readable, regardless if they may be made as a positive image. This is essential in the case of die or mold making and ensures that the finished product will be readable, as a die is a negative image.
## Hallmark
Specially-made stamps used to strike hallmarks for metal, maker, manufacturing date (also known as date letter), city (or county), fineness, or assay office, to certify the content of noble metals---such as platinum, gold, silver.
## Tablet press {#tablet_press}
These punches are a part of a tablet press. Unlike most punches, tablet press punches have a concave ending in the shape of the desired tablet. There are the lower and the upper punches to compress the powder in between
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Punch (tool)
| 2 |
10,040,746 |
# Huang Gun
**Huang Gun** (`{{zh|s=黄滚|p=Huáng Gǔn}}`{=mediawiki}) is a character featured within the famed classic Chinese novel *Fengshen Yanyi*.
Huang Gun is the father of Prince Huang Feihu and has guarded the Demarcation Pass for many a year. During the time of Huang Feihu\'s escape from the capital and his arrival at Demarcation Pass, Huang Gun would coldly scold his child for his betrayal. In time, Radiance would duel it out with the angry Huang Gun while Huang Feihu made his escape. Following a furthered battle with Radiance, Huang Gun would later be tricked by Huang Feihu\'s generals and be forced to tag along with his son. Huang Gun would thus stand his ground throughout the conflict with Yu Hua and Han Glory. Following the assistance of Nezha at certain points in time and Huang Feihu\'s arrival within Phoenix City, Huang Gun would remain there as a high ranked commander
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Huang Gun
| 0 |
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# Muttaburra Airport
**Muttaburra Airport** `{{airport codes|UTB|YMTB}}`{=mediawiki} is a small airstrip in the remote town of Muttaburra in the state of Queensland, Australia. The airport is located about 6 km from the town and is near the golf course.
Its main use is for bringing in supplies, but it is also used by the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia and some of the local property owners that hire a plane because they don\'t have their own airstrip or plane to fly to major cities or towns to go shopping and get more supplies
| 94 |
Muttaburra Airport
| 0 |
10,040,787 |
# Derlis Florentín
**Derlis Javier Florentín Noguera** (9 January 1984 -- 28 March 2010) was a Paraguayan football striker.
## Career
Florentín started his career with Humaitá.
## International career {#international_career}
He was part of the U17 and U20 Paraguay national football teams that won the Milk Cup competition in 2001 and 2003.
## Club statistics {#club_statistics}
Club performance League
------------------ ------------------- ----------- --------
Season Club League Apps
Japan League
2005 Mito HollyHock J2 League 17
2005 Consadole Sapporo J2 League 19
Country Japan 36
Total 36
## Death
Florentín died in a car accident at midnight when his car crashed into another on Cordillera Highway, 54 kilometers away from Asunción. He was taken to a nearby hospital, but died shortly after. His companion, Aléxis Afonso, also died in the accident
| 131 |
Derlis Florentín
| 0 |
10,040,789 |
# Demir Kapija Municipality
**Demir Kapija** (*Демир Капија* `{{IPA|mk|ˌdɛmir ˈkapija||Mk-Demir Kapija.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in southern part of North Macedonia. *Demir Kapija*, which means \"iron door\" or \"iron gate\" in Turkish, is also the name of the town where the municipal seat is found. Demir Kapija Municipality is part of the Vardar Statistical Region.
## Geography
The Došnica river which springs from Mount Kožuf is the source of drinking water and hydroelectric power production (at Čiflik) for the municipality.
The municipality borders
- Negotino Municipality to the northwest,
- Konče Municipality to the northeast,
- Valandovo Municipality to the east,
- Gevgelija Municipality to the southeast, and
- Kavadarci Municipality to the southwest.
## Demographics
According to the 2021 North Macedonia census, this municipality has 3,777 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the municipality include:
------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ---------
2002
Number \%
**TOTAL** **4,545** **100**
Macedonians 3,997 87.94
Turks 344 7.57
Serbs 132 2.9
Roma 16 0.35
Albanians 23 0.51
Vlachs
Bosniaks 1 0.02
Other / Undeclared / Unknown 32 0
| 168 |
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| 0 |
10,040,828 |
# La Venta (Colombia)
**La Venta** is a fossil locality located in the modern departments of Tolima and Huila in Colombia. This site is one of the richest Neogene fossil assemblages in South America and represents the best-known Cenozoic fossil site outside of Argentina. It provides a glimpse of what life in the region was like before the main wave of the Great American Interchange.
## Geology
*Main article: Honda Group, Colombia* The fossils occur in Middle Miocene rocks of the Honda Group, which is divided into the younger Villavieja Formation and the older La Victoria Formation. The **La Venta fauna** contained ancient species of animal genera and families still alive today, as well as some entirely extinct prehistoric lineages. These animals lived some 13.8 to 12 million years ago in the Laventan age, which was named after La Venta. At that time, the climate of the region was wetter than today and there was much forest of trees similar (and probably related) to the *sapino* (*Goupia glabra*) of our time.
### List of fauna {#list_of_fauna}
Fossil animals found at La Venta include:
- Freshwaters fishes, including remains of fishes of the families like Anostomidae, Osteoglossidae (arapaimas), Characidae, Pimelodidae, Callichthyidae, Ariidae, Doradidae, Loricariidae, Cichlidae and the river stingrays Potamotrygonidae.
- A fossil of an anuran amphibian was classified in the current species *Rhinella marina* (cane toad).
- Freshwater turtles like *Podocnemis pritchardi*, *Podocnemis medemi* and *Chelus colombiana*, along the terrestrial tortoise *Geochelone hesterna*.
- Anilid snakes (*Colombophis*) and the primitive anaconda *Eunectes stirtoni*.
- A lizard, *Paradracaena colombiana*.
- Several types of crocodylomorphs: perhaps the earliest record of the extant Broad-snouted Caiman, possibly the prehistoric *Caiman lutescens*. Also a species of the giant caiman *Purussaurus*, *P. neivensis*, the bizarre *Mourasuchus*, the mysterious species *Balanerodus logimus*, the gharial *Gryposuchus colombianus*, a false-gharial crocodile *Charactosuchus fieldsi* and the terrestrial sebecid *Langstonia*.
- Several types of birds, like the cuculiform *Hoazinoides magdalenae*, the jacamar *Galbula hylochoreutes*, the limpkin *Aramus paludigrus* , an unnamed species of *Anhinga*, and an unnamed species of giant *Phorusrhacid* possibly the largest yet discovered.
- Prehistoric armadillos, like *Anadasypus hondanus*, *Nanoastegotherium prostatum* and *Pedrolypeutes praecursor*.
- One of the earliest known pampatheres, *Scirrotherium*.
- Several fossils of glyptodonts, including two species of *Boreostemma*, *B. gigantea* and *B. acostae* (formerly including in the genus *Asterostemma*).
- An anteater, *Neotamandua borealis*.
- Sloths, like the big *Magdalenabradys*, and small genera like *Brievabradys*, *Neonematherium* and *Huilabradys*.
- A prehistoric manatee, *Potamosiren*.
- Several kinds of New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), like the species *Cebupithecia sarmientoi*, *Stirtonia victoriae* and *S. tatacoensis*, *Aotus dindensis*, *Nuciruptor rubricae*, *Mohanamico*, *Lagonimico*, *Patasola* and *Laventiana*.
- Bats (Chiroptera), like the living species of fisher bat *Noctilio albiventris* and *Thyroptera lavali* along with extinct species like *Potamops mascahehenes*, *Notonycteris magdalenensis*, *Notonycteris sucharadeus*, *Palynephyllum antimaster* and *Molossus colombiensis*.
- Rodents like *Scleromys shurmanni*, *Scleromys colombianus*, *Olenopsis aequatorialis* and *Neoreomys huilensis*.
- Many species of (South American endemic ungulates), including the astrapotheres *Granastrapotherium snorki*, *Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi*, and *Hilarcotherium castanedaii*; the notoungulates *Huilatherium pluriplicatum*, *Pericotoxodon platygnathus*, and *Miocochilius anomopodus*; and the litopterns *Megadolodus*, *Mesolicaphrium*, *Villarroelia* and an unnamed species of *Theosodon*.
- Small marsupials like the opossums *Thylamys minutus*, *T. colombianus* and *Marmosa laventicus*, the paucituberculatans *Pitheculites chenche* and *Hondathentes cazador*, and the microbiotherian *Pachybiotherium minor*.
- Several kinds of omnivore and carnivore metatherians that belong to the order Sparassodonta, like the primitive *Hondadelphys*, the saber-toothed *Anachlysictis* (family Thylacosmilidae), *Lycopsis longirostris*, a medium-sized member of the family Prothylacinidae along with its bigger relative, *Dukecynus magnus*
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| 0 |
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# Trilophosaurus
***Trilophosaurus*** (Greek for \"lizard with three ridges\") is a lizard-like trilophosaurid allokotosaur known from the Late Triassic of North America. It was a herbivore up to 2.5 m long.
## Description
*Trilophosaurus* had a short, unusually heavily built skull, equipped with massive, broad flattened cheek teeth with sharp shearing surfaces for cutting up tough plant material. Teeth are absent from the premaxilla and front of the lower jaw, which in life were probably equipped with a horny beak. Based on evidence derived from tooth wear patterns, *Trilophosaurus* was able to masticate labiolingually. The skull is also unusual in that the lower temporal opening is missing, giving the appearance of a euryapsid skull. Because of this, the trilophosaurs were once classified with placodonts within Sauropterygia. Carroll (1988) suggested that the lower opening may have been lost to strengthen the skull.
## Taxonomy
*Trilophosaurus* is traditionally thought to include two valid species: the typical *T. buettneri* and the more robust *T. jacobsi*. In 1993, paleontologists Hans-Dieter Sues and Paul E. Olsen reassigned *T. jacobsi*, as well as two additional trilophosaurids (*Tricuspisaurus* and *Variodens*), to Procolophonidae based on similarities between its tricuspid teeth and those of the newly described procolophonid *Xenodiphyodon*. This view persisted in subsequent publications until the cranial material of *T. jacobsi* was described by Heckert *et al.* (2006). The new material confirmed the originally classification that *T. jacobsi*, as well as *Tricuspisaurus* and *Variodens* based on similarities to it, are indeed trilophosaurids. Meanwhile, a third species of *Trilophosaurus*, *T. dornorum*, was named by Mueller & Parker (2006) based on teeth of a robust individual. However, Spielmann *et al.* (2009) argued that the robustness of the new species is not sufficient to differentiate it from other *Trilophosaurus* species, especially in light of new robust specimens of *T. jacobsi*. Therefore, they considered *T. dornorum* to be a junior synonym of *T. jacobsi*, a view that was maintained since in other publications. Spielmann *et al.* (2006) redescribed the type material of *Malerisaurus langstoni* and concluded that it\'s indistinguishable from *T. buettneri*, and thus *M. langstoni* represents its synonym.
Nesbitt *et al.* (2015) performed a phylogenetic analysis focusing on relations within Allokotosauria and recovered *T. jacobsi* to be more closely related to *Spinosuchus caseanus* than to the type species of *Trilophosaurus*. To further test this possibility, the types of *S. caseanus* and *T. jacobsi* were scored separately from the referred the Kahle *Trilophosaurus* Quarry elements (referred to *T. jacobsi* by Spielmann *et al.* (2008) or to *S. caseanus* by Spielmann *et al.* (2009)). A phylogenetic analysis recovered the three in a monophyletic clade to the exclusion of *T. buettneri* based on a single autapomorphy. Furthermore, the types of *S. caseanus* and *T. jacobsi* as well as the Kahle Quarry material all scored identically, suggesting that *T. jacobsi* not only should be reassigned to *Spinosuchus*, but in fact represents the junior synonym of its type and only species (*S. caseanus*). Nesbitt *et al.* (2015) refrained from officially synonymizing the two taxa pending further study of other advanced trilophosaurids
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# Ahorn, Baden-Württemberg
**Ahorn** (`{{IPA|de|ˈaːhɔʁn|-|De-Ahorn.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Main-Tauber in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It consists of the villages Berolzheim, Buch, Eubigheim, Hohenstadt, and Schillingstadt
| 28 |
Ahorn, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,040,841 |
# Assamstadt
**Assamstadt** (`{{IPA|de|ˈasamˌʃtat|-|De-Assamstadt.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Main-Tauber in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Assamstadt is famous for its carnival
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Assamstadt
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# Königheim
**Königheim** (`{{IPA|de|ˈkøːnɪçˌhaɪ̯m|-|De-Königheim.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a country town in the district of Main-Tauber in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It consists of the villages Brehmen, Gissigheim, Königheim, and Pülfringen.
The oldest historic relic is a Celtic Viereckschanze or Nemeton
| 37 |
Königheim
| 0 |
10,040,846 |
# Random measure
In probability theory, a **random measure** is a measure-valued random element. Random measures are for example used in the theory of random processes, where they form many important point processes such as Poisson point processes and Cox processes.
## Definition
Random measures can be defined as transition kernels or as random elements. Both definitions are equivalent. For the definitions, let $E$ be a separable complete metric space and let $\mathcal E$ be its Borel $\sigma$-algebra. (The most common example of a separable complete metric space is $\R^n$.)
### As a transition kernel {#as_a_transition_kernel}
A random measure $\zeta$ is a (a.s.) locally finite transition kernel from an abstract probability space $(\Omega, \mathcal A, P)$ to $(E, \mathcal E)$.
Being a transition kernel means that
- For any fixed $B \in \mathcal \mathcal E$, the mapping
$$\omega \mapsto \zeta(\omega,B)$$
: is measurable from $(\Omega, \mathcal A)$ to $(\R, \mathcal B(\R))$
- For every fixed $\omega \in \Omega$, the mapping
$$B \mapsto \zeta(\omega, B) \quad (B \in \mathcal E)$$
: is a measure on $(E, \mathcal E)$
Being locally finite means that the measures
$$B \mapsto \zeta(\omega, B)$$ satisfy $\zeta(\omega,\tilde B) < \infty$ for all bounded measurable sets $\tilde B \in \mathcal E$ and for all $\omega \in \Omega$ except some $P$-null set
In the context of stochastic processes there is the related concept of a stochastic kernel, probability kernel, Markov kernel**.**
### As a random element {#as_a_random_element}
Define
$$\tilde \mathcal M:= \{ \mu \mid \mu \text{ is measure on } (E, \mathcal E) \}$$
and the subset of locally finite measures by
$$\mathcal M:= \{ \mu \in \tilde \mathcal M \mid \mu(\tilde B) < \infty \text{ for all bounded measurable } \tilde B \in \mathcal E \}$$
For all bounded measurable $\tilde B$, define the mappings
$$I_{\tilde B } \colon \mu \mapsto \mu(\tilde B)$$
from $\tilde \mathcal M$ to $\R$. Let $\tilde \mathbb M$ be the $\sigma$-algebra induced by the mappings $I_{\tilde B }$ on $\tilde \mathcal M$ and $\mathbb M$ the $\sigma$-algebra induced by the mappings $I_{\tilde B }$ on $\mathcal M$. Note that $\tilde\mathbb M|_{\mathcal M}= \mathbb M$.
A random measure is a random element from $(\Omega, \mathcal A, P)$ to $(\tilde \mathcal M, \tilde \mathbb M)$ that almost surely takes values in $(\mathcal M, \mathbb M)$
## Basic related concepts {#basic_related_concepts}
### Intensity measure {#intensity_measure}
For a random measure $\zeta$, the measure $\operatorname E \zeta$ satisfying
$$\operatorname E \left[ \int f(x) \; \zeta (\mathrm dx )\right] = \int f(x) \; \operatorname E \zeta (\mathrm dx)$$
for every positive measurable function $f$ is called the intensity measure of $\zeta$. The intensity measure exists for every random measure and is a s-finite measure.
### Supporting measure {#supporting_measure}
For a random measure $\zeta$, the measure $\nu$ satisfying
$$\int f(x) \; \zeta(\mathrm dx )=0 \text{ a.s. } \text{ iff } \int f(x) \; \nu (\mathrm dx)=0$$
for all positive measurable functions is called the **supporting measure** of $\zeta$. The supporting measure exists for all random measures and can be chosen to be finite.
### Laplace transform {#laplace_transform}
For a random measure $\zeta$, the Laplace transform is defined as
$$\mathcal L_\zeta(f)= \operatorname E \left[ \exp \left( -\int f(x) \; \zeta (\mathrm dx ) \right) \right]$$
for every positive measurable function $f$.
## Basic properties {#basic_properties}
### Measurability of integrals {#measurability_of_integrals}
For a random measure $\zeta$, the integrals
$$\int f(x) \zeta(\mathrm dx)$$ and $\zeta(A) := \int \mathbf 1_A(x) \zeta(\mathrm dx)$
for positive $\mathcal E$-measurable $f$ are measurable, so they are random variables.
### Uniqueness
The distribution of a random measure is uniquely determined by the distributions of
$$\int f(x) \zeta(\mathrm dx)$$
for all continuous functions with compact support $f$ on $E$. For a fixed semiring $\mathcal I \subset \mathcal E$ that generates $\mathcal E$ in the sense that $\sigma(\mathcal I)=\mathcal E$, the distribution of a random measure is also uniquely determined by the integral over all positive simple $\mathcal I$-measurable functions $f$.
### Decomposition
A measure generally might be decomposed as:
$$\mu=\mu_d + \mu_a = \mu_d + \sum_{n=1}^N \kappa_n \delta_{X_n},$$ Here $\mu_d$ is a diffuse measure without atoms, while $\mu_a$ is a purely atomic measure.
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# Random measure
## Random counting measure {#random_counting_measure}
A random measure of the form:
$$\mu=\sum_{n=1}^N \delta_{X_n},$$
where $\delta$ is the Dirac measure and $X_n$ are random variables, is called a *point process* or **random counting measure**. This random measure describes the set of *N* particles, whose locations are given by the (generally vector valued) random variables $X_n$. The diffuse component $\mu_d$ is null for a counting measure.
In the formal notation of above a random counting measure is a map from a probability space to the measurable space `{{nowrap|(<math>N_X</math>, <math>\mathfrak{B}(N_X)</math>)}}`{=mediawiki}. Here $N_X$ is the space of all boundedly finite integer-valued measures $N \in M_X$ (called counting measures).
The definitions of expectation measure, Laplace functional, moment measures and stationarity for random measures follow those of point processes. Random measures are useful in the description and analysis of Monte Carlo methods, such as Monte Carlo numerical quadrature and particle filters
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# Carrieton
**Carrieton** is a small town situated in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia. It is located between the towns of Orroroo to the south and Cradock to the north.
Originally opened in 1877 as **Yanyarrie Whim**, (Yanyarrie in the local indigenous dialect is the word for \"eagle feathers\") with the construction of a post office, the settlement was renamed in 1888 as Carrieton, after the daughter of Governor Jervois, Lucy Caroline.
## Railways
The town was on the Peterborough--Quorn railway line which opened in December 1881, served by a Class 1 station. A large goods shed and fettler\'s cottage were also constructed.
Passenger services were discontinued during 1969, when the South Australian Railways withdrew the railcar service.
Declining rail traffic saw the gradual withdrawal of services on the railway, with the last station master being withdrawn on 1 July 1971. The railway was closed in 1981 and removed in 1986.
## Colonial history {#colonial_history}
Carrieton acquired a school (1882), a police station (1884), St Raphael\'s Roman Catholic Church (the large presbytery was built in 1889), a small Methodist Church (1882), an Anglican Church (1888) and the railway station, built in 1885 at a cost of £1,500.
## Recent history {#recent_history}
The road was renamed the RM Williams Way in recognition of the area where R. M. Williams had many associations. Carrieton is often referred to as \'Gum Greek\' country. The town is serviced through a community general store, hotel, post office, and accommodation, and it is a part of the District Council of Orroroo Carrieton.
Recently, after large downpours in January 2020, many of the creeks surrounding Carrieton were demolished. The bridge over Yanyarrie Creek 10 km north of Carrieton was especially damaged as huge slates of bitumen disappeared down the creek. Yanyarrie creek has since been repaired with a detour, after the first detour was ruined again by another flash flood a few weeks after the first one.
## Carrieton Rodeo {#carrieton_rodeo}
Carrieton is home to the Carrieton Rodeo, an Australian Professional Rodeos Association event, held every year on Proclamation Day. It held its 60th anniversary meet on 28 December 2012
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# Roger Rowley
Major General **Roger Rowley,** DSO, ED, CD, GCLJ, GOMLJ (12 June 1914 - 14 February 2007) was a Canadian Army officer who was awarded a Distinguished Service Order for his role in liberating Boulogne during September 1944, and a Bar five weeks later for the capture of Breskens on the Scheldt estuary.
## Early life {#early_life}
Rowley was born in Ottawa, Canada, on 12 June 1914. He was educated at Ashbury College Ottawa, Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova Scotia. After graduation, Rowley became a bond trader. He joined the Canadian militia and was commissioned as an officer in the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa in 1933.
## Second World War {#second_world_war}
In the early years of the war, Captain ( and later Major) Rowley served with the Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa when they deployed overseas with the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division. This included the regiment\'s part in the raid on Iceland in 1940. Troops were sent to the northern island country to destroy facilities that might have been of use to German forces if they were to invade the island. The raid was a success.
The Vickers machine gun was, along with 4.2 in mortars, the primary weapon of the CH of O as it performed its duties as the Support Battalion to the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division.
Promoted to Lieutenant Colonel, Rowley commanded the Stormont, Dundas and Glengarry Highlanders, during the Allied campaign in North West Europe during 1944. The SD&G formed part of 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, whose participation secured the liberation of the Channel ports of Boulogne and Calais. The Canadians launched their attack on Boulogne on 17 September 1944. The battle raged for six days until the remaining German prisoners surrendered on 22 September. Rowley\'s DSO citation praised his speed and daring after the heavy bombing of the château outside the town, as well as his action under heavy artillery and machine-gun fire as the battalion attacked the citadel: *\"This officer\'s leadership, dash, bravery and unlimited energy were an inspiration to his officers and men, and his action was one of the principal factors in the capture of Boulogne.\"*
On 22 October 1944, Rowley was ordered to capture the port of Breskens on the Scheldt estuary. The infantry assault was postponed due to heavy losses among the tank support. Less than two hours later a signal, said to have been ordered by Winston Churchill, insisted there could be no delay. Rowley\'s infantry assaulted along the sea wall and by noon they held the harbour. Rowley\'s citation for his DSO Bar, signed by Montgomery, declared that despite the shortage of time: *\"Lt-Col Rowley planned and ordered the new attack with such brilliance and led it with such determination that the garrison was quickly overcome and Breskens was captured.\"*
After the German surrender, Rowley was posted to the Far East to command an infantry training battalion. After the Japanese surrender, he attended the Staff College, Camberley before joining the Canadian Army staff in Washington, DC. He served in Canada\'s NATO army until the late 1960s.
## Later military career {#later_military_career}
After the war, Rowley served at the National Defence Headquarters in Ottawa as Director of Military Training. He commanded the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade Group in Germany, then spent a year at the Imperial Defence College in London before becoming commandant at the staff college at Kingston. He was general officer-in-waiting at the Sovereign\'s Parade during 1976\'s Royal visit to Canada
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# Werbach
**Werbach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈvɛʁbax|-|De-Werbach.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Main-Tauber in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Geographical location {#geographical_location}
Werbach is located in the Taubertal between Tauberbischofsheim, Wertheim (Main) and Würzburg.
## History
Werbach is first mentioned in the year 1248. In 1563 the plague killed almost 500 people in Werbach. During the Campaign of the Main near Werbach one of the last combats of the Austro-Prussian War took place. On 24 July 1866 troops of Baden fought against troops of Oldenburg. The troops of Oldenburg, allies of the Prussians, occupied Werbach.
According to a municipal reform in Baden-Württemberg the municipalities of Werbach, Wenkheim, Werbachhausen and Brunntal were combined to the new municipality of Werbach on 31 December 1973. Gamburg and Niklashausen followed on 1 January 1975
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# Elisha Haley
**Elisha Haley** (January 21, 1776 -- January 22, 1860) was a United States Representative from Connecticut, serving one term from 1835 to 1837.
## Biography
He was born in Groton in the Connecticut Colony where he attended the common schools. He engaged in agricultural pursuits.
### State Senate {#state_senate}
Haley served in the Connecticut House of Representatives in 1820, 1824, 1826, 1829, 1833, and 1834. He was member of the Connecticut Senate in 1830 and also served as a captain in the Connecticut militia.
### Congress
He was elected as a Jacksonian to the Twenty-fourth Congress and reelected as a Democrat to the Twenty-fifth Congress (March 4, 1835 -- March 3, 1839). In Congress, he served as chairman, Committee on Public Expenditures (Twenty-fifth Congress).
### Later career and death {#later_career_and_death}
After leaving Congress, he engaged in civil engineering. He died in Groton, Connecticut, in 1860 and was buried in Crary Cemetery
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Elisha Haley
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# Bad Peterstal-Griesbach
**Bad Peterstal-Griesbach** (*Bad Petersdal-Griesbach*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
Matthias Erzberger was murdered here on August 26, 1921, for signing the 1918 Armistice for the German Empire.
Two former military fortifications are located in *Zuflucht*, a village in Bad Peterstal-Griesbach: the Schwedenschanze (Zuflucht) and the Röschenschanze. They are two of the many military protection forces in the history of the Black Forest, which were created since the Thirty Years\' War (1618--1648) mainly to repel French troops
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# Berghaupten
**Berghaupten** (*Berghoupte*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Furthermore, it is a state-approved resort located in the Black Forest. Neighbouring municipalities are Ohlsbach (in the north), Gengenbach (in the east), Hohberg (in the south -- west) as well as Offenburg (in the north-west).
## History
On the nearby hill of Geißkopf (359 m) there is evidence of a Roman or Germanic military encampment.
## Sport
Motorcycle speedway and grasstrack speedway is held at the Motorrad Grasbahn, approximately 1 kilometre north of the municipality off the Bellenwaldstraße. The club MSC Berghaupten organise race meetings at the site, one of which was the final of the German Individual Speedway Championship in 2013
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10,040,897 |
# Biberach, Baden
**Biberach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈbiːbəʁax|-|De-Biberach.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}, *Biibere*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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Biberach, Baden
| 0 |
10,040,906 |
# New Jersey State League of Municipalities
The **New Jersey State League of Municipalities** is a voluntary association created by a New Jersey statute in 1915 to serve municipalities and local officials in the U.S. state of New Jersey. All 564 of New Jersey\'s municipalities are members of the League and all elected and appointed officials of member municipalities are entitled to the League\'s services. The organization is headquartered in the state capital of Trenton.
The League\'s Annual Conference, held each November in Atlantic City allows delegates the opportunity to participate in more than 100 panels, clinics, workshops, and other sessions. The 2004 Conference was attended by over 21,000 individuals, making it the largest municipal gathering in the country.
The organization grants awards to New Jersey mayors as part of its *Mayors Hall of Fame,* rcognizing 10 years, 20 years and 30 years of service. In 1999, an award for the *Elected Officials Hall of Fame* was initiated
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New Jersey State League of Municipalities
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# Durbach
**Durbach** is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is situated on the verge of the northern Black Forest Mountains six kilometers north east of the town of Offenburg.
Main branches of commerce are agriculture (especially production of wine) and tourism. It is known for its Riesling wine. The Riesling grape grown in the Ortenau district is known as Klingelberger for the name of a vineyard in Durbach.
## History
Durbach was mentioned first in 1287 as Turbach. In 1973 the community included Ebersweier.
## Culture and attractions {#culture_and_attractions}
Attractions include the town itself and surrounding vineyards which span the slopes of the mountains.
- Schloss Staufenberg is a castle, owned by the Markgraf von Baden with views over the Rhine valley and Strassbourg to the Vosges mountains in Alsace.
- Contemporary art museum Hurrle
- The «Skulpturenpark» is an exhibition of contemporary sculptures in the park of the MediClin Staufenburg Klinik.
## Partnership
Partnership towns are:
- Bürserberg, Vorarlberg, Austria
- Châteaubernard, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France.
## Gallery
Image:Durbach mit Winzergenossenschaft.jpg \|Durbach Image:Durbach\_(5).jpg \|Staufenberg Castle Image:Sammlung_Hurrle\_(11).jpg \|Hurrle Collection Image:Skulpturenpark_Durbach_2014-26-049-f.jpg \|Martin Petz (Topas),\
Solitudine, 1996\
`{{small|Sculptures park}}`{=mediawiki} Image:Skulpturenpark_Durbach_2014-48-107-f.jpg \|Christa Biederbick-Tewes,\
Kleine Reiterin, 1986\
`{{small|Sculptures park}}`{=mediawiki} <File:Durbach-Ebersweiler>, Heilig Kreuz Kirche in straatzicht IMG 5334 2023-05-06 11.04.jpg\|Ebersweier, church (Heilig Kreuz Kirche) in the street
## Other projects {#other_projects}
- [Commons Durbach](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Durbach)
- [Commons Skulpturenpark Durbach](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Skulpturenpark_Durbach)
- [Commons Burg Staufenberg](https://commons.wikimedia
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# Fischerbach
**Fischerbach** is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## History
The town was first registered in 1139. The village was part of the Gengenbach monastery and the \"Herren von Wolfach\" (a noble family first registered in 1084) and later became part of the Fürstenberg shire. In 1806, Fischerbach became part of Baden, and since 1973, Fischerbach has been part of the district of Ortenau. Administratively Fischerbach is autonomous.
## Education
Fischerbach has a kindergarten and elementary as well as a secondary school
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# Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn)
**Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn)** (`{{IPA|de|ˈɡuːtax}}`{=mediawiki}; *Guedä*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
The borough is home to the Black Forest Open-Air Museum
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Gutach (Schwarzwaldbahn)
| 0 |
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# Bruno Schmitz
**Bruno Schmitz** (21 November 1858 -- 27 April 1916) was a German architect best known for his monuments in the early 20th century. He worked closely with sculptors such as Emil Hundrieser, Nikolaus Geiger and Franz Metzner for integrated architectural and sculptural effect.
His single most famous work is the massive 1913 Völkerschlachtdenkmal (Monument to the Battle of the Nations) located in Leipzig, Saxony, designed with local architect Clemens Thieme. The Monument was inaugurated in 1913 by Wilhelm II, German Emperor. Bohemian sculptor Franz Metzner designed the architectural figures, including the powerful and strangely scaled *Masks of Fate* in the monument\'s crypt.
## Artistic commissions {#artistic_commissions}
Apart from the Völkerschlachtdenkmal (Monument to the Battle of the Nations) in Leipzig, Schmitz designed the Kyffhäuser Monument and the Kaiser Wilhelm Monument at Porta Westfalica, bringing him the distinction of designing the three largest war monuments in Germany. All of them are rough, primitive masonry structures in a style that blends Romanesque precedents with modernist touches, and all of them are associated with German nationalism in the period before World War I.
Schmitz\'s daughter Angelica Schmitz (1893--1957) was the wife of the Ukrainian-American sculptor Alexander Archipenko.
## Selected works {#selected_works}
- Geschäftshaus (commercial building) (1883), Düsseldorf.
- Kyffhäuser Monument (1889--96), Porta Westfalica, with Emil Hundrieser and Nikolaus Geiger, sculptors.
- Kaiser Wilhelm Monument (1890--96), Teutoburg Forest, Porta Westfalica, with Caspar von Zumbusch, sculptor.
- Deutsches Eck Monument (1894--97), Koblenz, with Emil Hundrieser, sculptor.
- Kaiserin Augusta Monument (1896), Koblenz, with Karl Friedrich Moest, sculptor.
- Völkerschlachtdenkmal (Monument to the Battle of the Nations) (1898--1913), Leipzig, with Clemens Thieme, architect, and Franz Metzner, sculptor.
- Bismarckturm (Bismark Tower) (1899--1900), Unna.
- Villa Stockwerk (1899--1902), Cologne.
- Mannheimer Rosengarten (1899--1903), Friedrichsplatz, Mannheim.
- Kaiser Wilhelm Monument (1901), Halle.
- Automat Commercial Building (1904--05), Berlin.
- Weinhaus Rheingold (Rheingold Wine House) (1905--06), Berlin (destroyed).
- Carl Hoffman Tomb, Old St. Matthew\'s Church, Berlin, with Nikolaus Geiger, sculptor.
- A number of the Bismarck towers.
### United States {#united_states}
- Indiana Soldiers and Sailors\' Monument (1888--1902), Monument Circle, Indianapolis, Indiana.
- German Pavilion (1904), Saint Louis World\'s Fair, Saint Louis, Missouri.
<File:Geschäftshaus> Schadowstraße 17 in Düsseldorf der Firma J. H. Wildemann, Umbau von den Architekten \"van Els & Schmitz\" im Jahre 1883.jpg\|Geschäftshaus (commercial building) (1883), Düsseldorf. <File:Old> rendering of the Soldiers and Sailors Monument in Indianapolis, IN, USA.jpg\|*The Symbol of Indiana*. Schmitz\'s 1888 rendering for the Soldiers\' and Sailors\' Monument in Indianapolis, Indiana.
<File:Kyffhäuser> general view.jpg\|Kyffhäuser Monument (1889--96), Porta Westfalica. <File:ReiterstandbildKyffhäuser.JPG>\|*Equestrian statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I* by Emil Hundrieser, Kyffhäuser Monument, Porta Westfalica. <File:Denkmal-Wilhelm-I> Schmitz.jpg\|Schmitz\'s ca. 1890 rendering for the Kaiser Wilhelm Monument in Porta Westfalica. <File:Porta> Westfalica - Kaiser-Wilhelm-Denkmal.jpg\|Kaiser Wilhelm Monument (1890--96), Teutoburg Forest, Porta Westfalica, Caspar von Zumbusch, sculptor. <File:Deutsches> Eck LOC.jpeg\|Deutsches Eck Monument (1894--97), Koblenz. <File:Kaiser> W 1.jpg\|Emil Hundrieser\'s colossal *Equestrian statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I* atop the Deutsches Eck was severely damaged in World War II. A copy by Raymond Kittl was installed in 1993. <File:Kaiserin-Augusta-Denkmal> 11 Koblenz 2014.jpg\|Kaiserin Augusta Monument (1896), Koblenz, Karl Friedrich Moest, sculptor. <File:Bismarckturm> Unna IMGP2644 wp.jpg\|Bismarckturm (Bismark Tower) (1899--1900), Unna. <File:Villa> Stockwerk an der Volksgartenstraße 54 in Köln 1899 von Schmitz.jpg\|Schmitz\'s 1899 rendering for the Villa Stockwerk in Cologne. <File:Haus> in Köln, Volksgartenstr. 58, Architekt Prof. Bruno Schmitz, Berlin.jpg\|Villa Stockwerk (1899--1902), Cologne. <File:Friedrichsplatz> Mannheim 1901 von Bruno Schmitz.jpg\|Schmitz\'s 1901 rendering of Friedrichsplatz, Mannheim. <File:Mannheim> Friedrichsplatz Rosengarten.jpg\|Rosengarten Concert Hall (1899--1903), Friedrichsplatz, Mannheim. <File:LPE02134> Germany Louisiana Purchase Expostion.jpg\|German Pavilion (1904), Saint Louis World\'s Fair, Saint Louis, Missouri. <File:Berlin>, Mitte, Geschäftshaus Automat 01.jpg\|Automat Commercial Building (1904--05), Berlin. <File:WP> Aschinger Berlin.JPG\|Schmitz\'s 1905 rendering for the Weinhaus Rheingold (Rheingold Wine House) in Berlin. <File:WP> Aschinger Berlin 2.JPG\|Weinhaus Rheingold (Rheingold Wine House) interior, 1906 (destroyed). <File:Matthäuskirchhof> Berlin4.JPG\|Carl Hoffmann Tomb, Old St. Matthew\'s Church, Berlin. *Weeping Woman* by Nikolaus Geiger. <File:Bundesarchiv> Bild 183-1988-0929-301, Leipzig, Völkerschlachtdenkmal, Wächterfiguren.jpg\|*Wächterfiguren* (*Guards*), by Franz Metzner, encircling the dome of the Völkerschlachtdenkmal. <File:Krypta> Völkerschlachtdenkmal.JPG\|*Masks of Fate*, by Franz Metzner, crypt of the Völkerschlachtdenkmal
| 655 |
Bruno Schmitz
| 0 |
10,040,962 |
# Hohberg
**Hohberg** (*Hohberig*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 16 |
Hohberg
| 0 |
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# Kappel-Grafenhausen
**Kappel-Grafenhausen** (*Kabbl-Groffähüüsä*) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, within the administrative region of Freiburg. Nestled between the *Black Forest* and the *Vosges Mountains*. The village spans about 2,600 hectares, which includes residential, transportation, forested areas, and water bodies. The highest elevation point reaches over 522 meters above sea level, while the lowest is around 155 meters
As of the end of 2022, **Kappel-Grafenhausen** had a population of 5,346, divided between its two main areas: **Kappel**, with 2,806 residents, and **Grafenhausen**, with 2,540. The municipality is well-connected, located near the A5 motorway that links **Karlsruhe** and **Basel**, and accessible via local rail and bus lines
| 112 |
Kappel-Grafenhausen
| 0 |
10,040,990 |
# 1995 Ryder Cup
The **31st Ryder Cup Matches** were held September 22--24, 1995 at the East Course of Oak Hill Country Club in Pittsford, New York, a suburb southeast of Rochester.
The European team won the competition by a margin of 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} to 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points to win back the Cup. At the time, this was only Europe\'s second victory on U.S. soil, the first was eight years earlier in 1987. This was the third consecutive Ryder Cup where Bernard Gallacher captained the European side and the only victory.
Going into the Sunday singles matches, Europe trailed by 2 points, 7 to 9. For the first time, they overcame a deficit entering the singles to win the Cup. The unheralded Irish rookie Philip Walton secured victory for Europe by defeating Jay Haas 1 up. The next Ryder Cup where Europe won from behind was 2012, also held in the U.S.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format used in 1995 was as follows:
- **Day 1** (Friday) --- 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** (Saturday) --- 4 foursome matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** (Sunday) --- 12 singles matches
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup, and 14 points were required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.
| 264 |
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| 0 |
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# 1995 Ryder Cup
## Teams
----------------
**Team USA**
Name
Lanny Wadkins
Corey Pavin
Tom Lehman
Davis Love III
Phil Mickelson
Jay Haas
Jeff Maggert
Loren Roberts
Ben Crenshaw
Peter Jacobsen
Brad Faxon
Curtis Strange
Fred Couples
----------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1995 Ryder Cup.
Two changes were made to the selection process for the European team. For the first time prize money in the three Major Championships played in the USA was included. This change was meant to provide more opportunities for the leading players to gain automatic qualification. The number of captain\'s picks was, however, reduced from three to two. The qualifying period remained the same, starting with the Canon European Masters in Switzerland at the beginning of September 1994 and ending with the Volvo German Open on August 27, the remaining two team members being chosen soon afterwards by the team captain. In the final event Ian Woosnam had a chance to overtake Philip Walton but a poor last round left him out of the automatic qualifying places. Gallacher announced his picks on August 28. He had already indicated that he would choose Nick Faldo as one of his choices. José María Olazábal was chosen as the second selection. Olazábal had finished in the top 10 in two recent PGA Tour events but had been troubled with a foot injury during the season. Olazábal continued to be troubled with his foot injury and withdrew from the team on September 11. Gallacher immediately chose Ian Woosnam as his replacement. Olazábal had finished 12th in the points list and had a world ranking of 10 at the time of the Ryder Cup.
---------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
Bernard Gallacher
Colin Montgomerie
Bernhard Langer
Sam Torrance
Costantino Rocca
Seve Ballesteros
David Gilford
Mark James
Howard Clark
Per-Ulrik Johansson
Philip Walton
Nick Faldo
Ian Woosnam
---------------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1995 Ryder Cup.
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
---------------------- --------- ----------------------
Faldo/Montgomerie 1 up **Pavin/Lehman**
**Torrance/Rocca** 3 & 2 Haas/Couples
Clark/James 4 & 3 **Love III/Maggert**
**Langer/Johansson** 1 up Crenshaw/Strange
2 Session 2
2 Overall 2
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
------------------------- --------- ----------------------
**Gilford/Ballesteros** 4 & 3 Faxon/Jacobsen
Torrance/Rocca 6 & 5 **Maggert/Roberts**
Faldo/Montgomerie 3 & 2 **Couples/Love III**
Langer/Johansson 6 & 4 **Pavin/Mickelson**
1 Session 3
3 Overall 5
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes_1}
Results
----------------------- --------- ----------------------
**Faldo/Montgomerie** 4 & 2 Strange/Haas
**Torrance/Rocca** 6 & 5 Love III/Maggert
Woosnam/Walton 1 up **Roberts/Jacobsen**
**Langer/Gilford** 4 & 3 Pavin/Lehman
3 Session 1
6 Overall 6
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball_1}
Results
---------------------- --------- --------------------
Torrance/Montgomerie 4 & 2 **Faxon/Couples**
**Woosnam/Rocca** 3 & 2 Love III/Crenshaw
Ballesteros/Gilford 3 & 2 **Haas/Mickelson**
Faldo/Langer 1 up **Pavin/Roberts**
1 Session 3
7 Overall 9
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------------- --------- -------------------------
Seve Ballesteros 4 & 3 **Tom Lehman**
**Howard Clark** 1 up Peter Jacobsen
**Mark James** 4 & 3 Jeff Maggert
Ian Woosnam halved Fred Couples
Costantino Rocca 3 & 2 **Davis Love III**
**David Gilford** 1 up Brad Faxon
**Colin Montgomerie** 3 & 1 Ben Crenshaw
**Nick Faldo** 1 up Curtis Strange
**Sam Torrance** 2 & 1 Loren Roberts
Bernhard Langer 3 & 2 **Corey Pavin**
**Philip Walton** 1 up Jay Haas
Per-Ulrik Johansson 2 & 1 **Phil Mickelson**
7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 13`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
---------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Fred Couples 2.5 2--1--1 0--0--1 0--1--0 2--0--0
Ben Crenshaw 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Brad Faxon 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 1--1--0
Jay Haas 1 1--3--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 1--0--0
Peter Jacobsen 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Tom Lehman 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--0--0
Davis Love III 3 3--2--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Jeff Maggert 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
Phil Mickelson 3 3--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 2--0--0
Corey Pavin 4 4--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 2--0--0
Loren Roberts 3 3--1--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 2--0--0
Curtis Strange 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--2--0 0--0--0
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
--------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Seve Ballesteros 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 1--1--0
Howard Clark 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Nick Faldo 2 2--3--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--2--0
David Gilford 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 1--0--0 1--1--0
Mark James 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Per-Ulrik Johansson 1 1--2--0 0--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0
Bernhard Langer 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 2--0--0 0--2--0
Colin Montgomerie 2 2--3--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--2--0
Costantino Rocca 3 3--2--0 0--1--0 2--0--0 1--1--0
Sam Torrance 3 3--2--0 1--0--0 2--0--0 0--2--0
Philip Walton 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 0--0--0
Ian Woosnam 1
| 786 |
1995 Ryder Cup
| 1 |
10,041,049 |
# London Buses route 44
**London Buses route 44** is a Transport for London contracted bus route in London, England. Running between Tooting and Victoria stations, it is operated by London General, a subsidiary of Go-Ahead London.
## History
Today\'s route 44 commenced operation on 1 October 1950 in Stage 1 of London Transport\'s Post-war \"Buses for Trams\" scheme, running as a daily service between Mitcham (Three Kings Pond) and London Bridge station via Tooting, Wandsworth, Clapham Junction, Vauxhall and Borough Market. It replaced tram route 12 which ran from London Bridge to Battersea and Wandsworth and trolleybus route 612 from Battersea and Mitcham, both of which were withdrawn at the same time
| 113 |
London Buses route 44
| 0 |
10,041,154 |
# West Hills (Pennsylvania)
The **West Hills** is a term generally used to collectively describe the western suburbs of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A smaller portion of the area is known as the **Airport Area**.
Though most communities are located southwest and west of the Ohio River, some of the West Hills area is located on the northern side of the river. I-79 and state routes 60 and 65 serve the West Hills, with I-376 (known locally as the Parkway West), connecting the region to the Pittsburgh International Airport.
## Communities
While there are no official boundaries of what communities are part of this Pittsburgh region, the following list of communities are considered to be part of the western hills area of Pittsburgh. `{{div col|colwidth=22em}}`{=mediawiki}
- Carnegie
- Coraopolis
- Crafton
- Crescent Township
- Edgeworth
- Findlay Township
- Ingram
- Kennedy Township
- Leetsdale
- McKees Rocks
- Moon Township
- Neville Island
- North Fayette Township
- Oakdale Borough
- Robinson Township
- Rosslyn Farms
- Sewickley
- Stowe Township
- Thornburg
## History
Once largely rural, the West Hills area has grown considerably since the addition of the Pittsburgh airport in 1951.
The airport\'s main terminal moved to Findlay Township in 1991 on land that once was a farm. With an empty terminal area in Moon, development on expanding the area\'s corporate business parks continued
| 227 |
West Hills (Pennsylvania)
| 0 |
10,041,155 |
# Nicola Toki
**Nicola Jane Toki** (née **Vallance**) is a New Zealand conservationist. She has worked for the Department of Conservation as threatened species ambassador and became chief executive of Forest & Bird in April 2022.
## Biography
Toki was born in Invercargill, and spent much of her early years moving around the South Island to support her father\'s career as a ski-plane pilot.
Toki studied at the University of Otago where she studied zoology and ecology, as well as a postgraduate diploma in natural history film-making.
, Toki lives in Waipara with her husband and son.
## Career
After finishing university, Toki worked as a camera operator for Channel 9, held an internship at Otago Museum, and then worked at the Dunedin branch of the Department of Conservation. She went on to work for the Department of Conservation as a media manager and for Forest & Bird as a conservation advocate. Between 2015 and 2019, Toki worked as a Department of Conservation threatened species ambassador, where she advocated for New Zealand\'s threatened species. After leaving that role, she was retained by the Department of Conservation as eastern South Island operations director.
In April 2022 Toki was appointed as Chief Executive of Forest & Bird, replacing Kevin Hague. On her appointment, Toki said that she was looking forward to taking Forest & Bird (established in 1923) into its next century of operations, and wanted to work more closely with mana whenua.
She helps present the weekly radio show *Critter of the Week* with Jesse Mulligan on Radio New Zealand and previously had regular appearances on TVNZ\'s *Good Morning* and *Meet the Locals*.
## Political and conservation views {#political_and_conservation_views}
Toki has disagreed with previous New Zealand Government policy proposals to mine in national parks and other significant conservation areas previously off-limits to mining interests. While at Forest and Bird she advocated for the protection of New Zealand endemic species through the use of 1080, and campaigned against intensive and large-scale dairy farming.
Toki has said that she would like to see the Prime Minister or Deputy Prime Minister hold the conservation portfolio, because it is an area that does not receive much attention nor funding
| 364 |
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| 0 |
10,041,181 |
# Kippenheim
**Kippenheim** (*Kibbennä*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
Kippenheim has restored its pre-war synagogue.
## Notable residents {#notable_residents}
- Stef Wertheimer (born 1926), German-born Israeli entrepreneur, industrialist and politician
- Kurt Maier (born 1930), Kippenheimer Holocaust survivor and librarian.
- Inge Auerbacher (born 1934), Kippenheimer Holocaust survivor and chemist.
## Geographical Location {#geographical_location}
Kippenheim is located on the foothills of the Black Forest in the Upper Rhine Plain about 7 km south of Lahr.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 2012 5,259 |
| 2013 5,528 |
| 2014 5,327 |
| 2015 5,352 |
| 2016 5,474 |
| 2017 5,532 |
| 2018 5,545 |
| 2019 5,552 |
| 2020 5,547 |
| 2021 5,586 |
+------------------------+
## History
As documented in the General State Archives in Karlsruhe, Kippenheim, then Chippinheim, was first mentioned in 763.
The Celts were probably the first to settle down in Kippenheim. The power of the Celtic tribes was broken by the Germans advancing from the North Sea region and the Roman attacks from the south.
Around the year 250 AD, the Alemanni broke through the border wall from the east and occupied the border area up to the Rhine, where most of the Alemannic villages probably came into being and probably also Kippenheim or Chippinheim, as it was first called around the turn of the century, the home of the Chippo was what the Alemanni Chippo would suggest.
This village is officially mentioned for the first time when Pope Honorius III confirmed a donation in 1225. On December 1, 1146, the well-known church teacher Bernhard von Clairvaux called for the second crusade in the Kippenheim church.
As can be seen from a contract from 1367, at that time Kippenheim and Mahlberg formed a parish and a market cooperative. The present church itself, i.e. the choir and foundations of the nave, which was destroyed by fire in the early 18th century and rebuilt, date from around 1500. The massive tower is much older. Kippenheim had a certain ecclesiastical importance in the 16th and 17th centuries when it became a suburb of Protestantism under the rule of Mahlberg.
During the Thirty Years\' War (1618-1648), the town of Kippenheim suffered primarily from the countless passages of Imperial and Protestant troops. Probably the blackest day in the history of the village was in 1677 when Kippenheim was destroyed by the French. Kippenheim was also affected by the subsequent wars.
Once again there was unrest in the country, namely at the time of the revolutionary years 1848/49, which also heated up the minds of the people of Kippenheim, but had no significant impact on life in the village. Finally, after the war of 1870/71, Kippenheim experienced new prosperity with the rise of the German Empire. But that only lasted until 1914. During the First World War, 51 Kippenheimers died on the battlefields. The villagers endured difficult years before things slowly started to improve again.
At the beginning of the National Socialist period, the call for a boycott on April 1, 1933, was only hesitantly followed, but in the following years the municipal council, which consisted only of NSDAP members, consistently pushed through anti-Jewish orders. The Second World War also claimed numerous victims in Kippenheim and ended in 1945 with total defeat. During the "Wagner-Bürckel Action" on October 22, 1940, the last Jews from Kippenheim were deported to the Gurs camp.
Kippenheim was spared the direct effects of war until the last year of the war, but in February and April, 1945 buildings were also destroyed here as a result of various attacks. The inhabitants found protection in bunkers and shelters in the Leimental and in the vineyards, so there were no major losses. In 1946, in gratitude for the fact that Kippenheim was protected from severe war damage, the chapel \"Maria Frieden\" was built on the Hohbühl, in the middle of the wine-growing region.
## Religions
Kippenheim is both Protestant and Roman Catholic. In addition to these congregations, there is also a New Apostolic church in town.
The Jewish community in Kippenheim existed until the Shoah. Albert Weill, the father of the composer Kurt Weill, came from here. The former synagogue in Kippenheim, in which a memorial commemorates the history of the Jewish community, can still be visited today. The friends\' association of the former synagogue in Kippenheim keeps the memory of Kippenheim\'s Jewish history alive through events and guided tours through Kippenheim, Schmieheim, and the Kippenheim synagogue.
Since 2009, Kippenheim has been home to Wat Phra Dhammakaya Schwarzwald, a temple and meditation center of the Dhammakaya Buddhist movement from Thailand
| 781 |
Kippenheim
| 0 |
10,041,185 |
# CANPASS
The **Canadian Passenger Accelerated Service System** (**CANPASS**) is a Canada Border Services Agency program in place to streamline customs and immigration clearance for travellers flying on corporate and private aircraft. The CANPASS Corporate Aircraft program and the CANPASS Private Aircraft program allow company and private aircraft that frequently fly directly into Canada from the United States to access more airports and receive expedited clearance. Enrolment in each program costs `{{CAD|40}}`{=mediawiki} for a validity period of five years.
## Former commercial passenger and boat programs {#former_commercial_passenger_and_boat_programs}
The CANPASS Air program for commercial airline passengers was introduced in July 2005 at Edmonton International Airport. The program was launched to \"streamline the secure movement of trusted travellers into Canada.\" The program used iris recognition as proof of identity. The program was opened to citizens and permanent residents of Canada and the United States with a processing fee of `{{CAD|50}}`{=mediawiki} for a one-year membership. The program was first launched in Edmonton, Calgary, Halifax, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg, and Ottawa.
The CANPASS Air program for commercial airline passengers as well as the CANPASS Private Boats program for watercraft passengers were discontinued in 2018. Former CANPASS Air and Private Boat members were encouraged to apply to the joint Canadian-American NEXUS program, which offers the same benefits when entering Canada as well as benefiting from expedited processing through Global Entry when entering the United States. Members maintained their privileges until their membership expired
| 238 |
CANPASS
| 0 |
10,041,187 |
# Casa de los Balcones
**La Casa de los Balcones** (Spanish for \"the house of the balconies\") is a historic house and a museum in La Orotava on the island of Tenerife in the Canary Islands.
## History
It was first built in 1632. It offers a great variety of typical Canarian products which one of then includes artwork, embroideries ceramics and more. The building has three stories, it features five balconies and at the second story, they are made out of wood. The patio features plants.
It has an artwork complex which is the most famous in the Canary Islands. It also has a training centre. Thousands of people visit the building in numerous departments. In the Casa de los Balcones has the crafts of Eladia Machado. In various living rooms, it features artwork. It became a tourist attraction of northern Tenerife
| 143 |
Casa de los Balcones
| 0 |
10,041,191 |
# Lautenbach (Ortenaukreis)
**Lautenbach** (*Luddebach*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It has a Gothic pilgrimage church, Mariä Krönung
| 24 |
Lautenbach (Ortenaukreis)
| 0 |
10,041,199 |
# Institute of Croatian Language
The **Institute for the Croatian Language** (*Institut za hrvatski jezik*, IHJ), formerly known as the **Institute for the Croatian Language and Linguistics** until 2023, is a state-run linguistics institute in Croatia whose purpose is to \"preserve and foster\" the Croatian language.
It traces its history back to 1948, when it was part of the Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts (today\'s Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts). The modern institute as an independent institution dates back to 1991.
The Institute publishes *Rasprave*, a biannual journal
| 90 |
Institute of Croatian Language
| 0 |
10,041,201 |
# Dennis P.
***Dennis P.*** is a 2007 Dutch film directed by Pieter Kuijpers. Based on the book *Aan de Haal* by Gijsbert Termaat and Tjerk de Vries, the film is about 25-year-old Dennis Phrommer, a former employee of diamond trade company Gassan Diamonds in Amsterdam who committed a spectacular theft of 8137 diamonds, together 3422.9 carat, and other jewelry, with a value of €10 million, from his employer.
## Plot
Dennis (Edo Brunner) is in love with prostitute Tiffany (Nadja Hüpscher). He is not so interested in sex, but pays her to keep him company, and gives her expensive presents. He gets the money from repeatedly stealing diamonds from his employer Globus Diamonds. In view of an upcoming investigation into the missing diamonds Dennis fears he cannot go on like this. Instead he decides to steal one more time, but now a lot. He succeeds and leaves most diamonds with Tiffany\'s parents, who will hide them. He and Tiffany go to Mexico: on one hand Dennis flees the country, on the other hand he fulfills Tiffany\'s wish to go to that country. However, they have to take separate flights: due to the overbooking of their flight the departure is after the theft is discovered, therefore Dennis has to acquire a false passport.
In Mexico it turns out that Tiffany has a lover there whom she is going to marry. The fact that, on top of that, he is a policeman, is no complication, he knows about the theft, but will not report it. Anyway, Dennis is disappointed, and returns to the Netherlands. On arrival he visits his parents\' house, where he hears from his mother (Willeke van Ammelrooy) that his father (John Leddy) has just died. His mother strongly disapproves of the theft and refuses the money Dennis gives her, but her father was more positive, with the motto \"It is better to regret what you have done than to regret what you did not do\". First Dennis plans not to attend the funeral because he would likely be caught by the police, but he goes anyway and, after that, turns himself in. His mother is at last proud of him
| 362 |
Dennis P.
| 0 |
10,041,206 |
# Meißenheim
**Meißenheim** (`{{IPA|de|ˈmaɪsn̩haɪm|pron}}`{=mediawiki}; *Missennä*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 3,092 |
| 2001 3,583 |
| 2011 3,748 |
| 2021 4,073 |
+------------------------+
## Personalities
### Sons and daughters of the place {#sons_and_daughters_of_the_place}
- Ferdinand Kopf (1857-1943), born in Kürzell, lawyer, member of parliament
- Karl Hoppe (1889-1963), politician (Social Democratic Party of Germany, Communist Party of the Saar), member of the Saarland Parliament 1947-1952
### Other personalities related to the place {#other_personalities_related_to_the_place}
thumb\|upright=0
| 98 |
Meißenheim
| 0 |
10,041,214 |
# Mühlenbach, Baden-Württemberg
**Mühlenbach** (*Miiläbach*) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 17 |
Mühlenbach, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
10,041,231 |
# Neuried
**Neuried** (*Neiriäd*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 16 |
Neuried
| 0 |
10,041,232 |
# Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!
is a Japanese *tokusatsu* direct-to-video comedy series produced by Toei Video that was released in June 2006. Its sequel, which began filming on February 23, 2007, is titled `{{nihongo|''Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!! SPARK''|超忍者隊イナズマ!!ＳＰＡＲＫ|Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!! Supāku}}`{=mediawiki}, and was released July 21, 2007.
The series itself is in the *jidaigeki* genre (Japanese for an Edo period drama). The cast of both movies feature actors from the Super Sentai Series\' recent programs, primarily from *Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger* and *Mahō Sentai Magiranger*. As a result, the series\' characters would often reference their original characters.
Jun Terada is a producer in the year 2076 and is trying to convince the president of Magical TV to allow her to create her life\'s work, *Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!*, based on the long-standing legend of a legendary lightning that bestows powers upon those struck by it. However, because the show is to be the 100th anniversary of the `{{nihongo|Hyper Hero Team Series"|ハイパー勇者隊シリーズ|Haipā Yūshatai Shirīzu}}`{=mediawiki}, it must be a first for the 100-year-long franchise. President Mishima convinces her to turn it into a reality show by traveling back to 1720 in the Edo period and picking three extremely inept locals and force them through humiliating training to become ninja.
When Jun and her writing partner Kuratanomiya arrive in the past, they find Hosomatsu, Kankichi, and Kaguya, three extremely cowardly, inept, and clumsy individuals, to be the stars of their show. Jun, as a Kami, begins to train the three, fooling them with futuristic technology and giving them self-confidence. Unbeknownst to Jun and Kuratanomiya, there are actual monsters killing various people throughout O-Edo, while Jun trains her Inazuma team. When Kuratanomiya encounters the villains on a night on the town, who turn out to be the trio\'s idols possessed by evil slug-like monsters, Jun must reveal the truth to her stars that they are without power, but the trio decide to fight anyway with Jun\'s earlier words taken to heart. But learning that the legendary lightning exists, Jun discovers that it\'s the spark from the glitches in the time teleport system that created the monster slugs. With that knowledge, Jun sends Kuratanomiya back to the future so she can become an antenna for the legendary lightning and empower the Inazuma team before they are killed by the three monsters.
Of past *Super Sentai* actors, two of them came from the cast of *Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger* (Ryuji Sainei, who played Kuratanomiya, also played Ban/DekaRed; and Mika Kikuchi, who played, Jun, also played Umeko/DekaPink), while many others were from *Mahou Sentai Magiranger* (Atsushi Hashimoto, who played Hosomatsu/Raiden, also played Kai/MagiRed; Hiroya Matsumoto, who played Kankichi/Senden, also played Tsubasa/MagiYellow; Asami Kai, who played Kaguya/Shiden, also played Urara/MagiBlue; Ayumi Beppu, who played Woman Space Sheriff Beppy, also played Houka/MagiPink, Yuki Ito, who played Tojiro/Tōrōki, also played Makito/MagiGreen; Yousuke Ichikawa, who played Terunosuke/Dokuyamo, also played Hikaru/MagiShine; and Meibi Yamanouchi, who played Ito/Jorōgumo, also played Heavenly Saint Lunagel).
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# Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!
## Characters
### Inazuma
- /`{{nihongo|'''Raiden'''|雷電|Raiden|literally "Thunder and Lightning"}}`{=mediawiki}: A metal crafter in Terunosuke\'s service who is originally very cowardly, being less so after becoming an Inazuma and taking Jun\'s words to heart. As Raiden he is the `{{nihongo|Red Lightning|赤の稲妻|Aka no Inazuma}}`{=mediawiki} and is proficient in the Ou shuriken attack. In addition, when the powers of the other Inazuma are infused into him, he can create a giant shadow duplicate of himself which battles the bugs after they combine into a giant monster.
- /`{{nihongo|'''Senden'''|閃電|Senden|literally "Flash of Lightning"}}`{=mediawiki}: A carpenter who is originally very inept at fighting. As Senden he is the `{{nihongo|Yellow Lightning|黄色の稲妻|Kiiro no Inazuma}}`{=mediawiki} and is proficient with his Dekee Bomb attack.
- /`{{nihongo|'''Shiden'''|紫電|Shiden|literally "Purple Lightning"}}`{=mediawiki}: A snack shop girl who is originally very clumsy, considering Tojiro as her mentor. As Shiden she is the `{{nihongo|Purple Lightning|紫の稲妻|Murasaki no Inazuma}}`{=mediawiki} and is proficient with katana. She was at Nagasaki during the events of Inazuma SPARK with Tojiro.
### Allies
- : A television producer with a romantic outlook on things, her previous Hyper Hero Series show, Woman Space Sheriff Beppy, flopped with very low ratings and it was cancelled. She was given a chance to redeem herself with the Inazuma series. Under the guise of **Kami**, Jun recruit the Inazuma team, placing them through training until things got too dangerous and forced to reveal herself to the clueless trio. She played a part in making them true heroes before returning to her time to re-envision the show in the direction of her time at the Edo Era. The show was such a success, that she produces the sequel series.
- : Despite being Jun\'s assistant, Kuratanomiya is a realist and often thinks of her as foolish; however, he remains loyal to her. He acts like a foil and remote controls the Crow Camera. He gets to direct the Spark series.
### Edo Era {#edo_era}
- : A young lord who owns of fabrics shop was admired by Hosomatsu, who serves under him. He was possessed by one of the slugs, wearing a lizard-like helmet and took on the name `{{nihongo|'''Dokuyamo'''|毒守宮|Dokuyamo|literally "Poisonous Lizard"}}`{=mediawiki}.
- : Terunosuke\'s sister who Kankichi respected. She was possessed by one of the slugs, wearing a spider-like helmet and took on the name `{{nihongo|'''[[Jorōgumo]]'''|女郎蜘蛛|Jorōgumo|literally "Lady Spider"}}`{=mediawiki}. While under the monster\'s control, she uses silk-based attacks.
- : A former ronin under Terunosuke, whom Kaguya had feelings for. He was possessed by one of the slugs, wearing a dragon/mantis-like mask and took the name of `{{nihongo|'''Tōrōki'''|蟷螂鬼|Tōrōki|literally "Mantis Demon"}}`{=mediawiki}. While under the monster\'s control, he uses sickles as his weapons.
### Magical TV {#magical_tv}
- : President of Magical TV, Jun\'s boss, and Tsubame\'s father.
### Cast
- Hosomatsu/Raiden: Atsushi Hashimoto (*From Magiranger*)
- Kankichi/Senden: Hiroya Matsumoto (*From Magiranger*)
- Kaguya/Shiden: Asami Kai (*From Magiranger*)
- Terunosuke/Dokuyamo: Yousuke Ichikawa (*From Magiranger*)
- Ito/Jorōgumo: Meibi Yamanouchi (*From Magiranger*)
- Tojiro/Tōrōki: Yuki Ito (*From Magiranger*)
- Jun Terada: Mika Kikuchi (*From Dekaranger*)
- Takanao Kuratanomiya: Ryuji Sainei (*From Dekaranger*)
- Ronin: Seizō Fukumoto
- Woman Space Sheriff Beppy: Ayumi Beppu (*From Magiranger*)
### Songs
Opening Theme: `{{nihongo|"Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!"|超忍者隊イナズマ！|Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!}}`{=mediawiki} by Ichirou Mizuki\
Ending Theme: \"Thank you\" by Mika Kikuchi, Asami Kai, and Meibi Yamanouchi
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# Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!
## *Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!! SPARK* {#cho_ninja_tai_inazuma_spark}
is the sequel to *Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!*. A year after the prequel\'s events, Jun is now producing a sequel to her original show and has the daughter of Magical TV\'s president as her female lead. However, Tsubame is unable to keep herself from helping those she feels are in need, and she is accidentally sent to the Edo period where she tries to befriend a ronin shinobi. Hosomatsu and Kankichi are trying to find out who is killing all of daimyo, but Kaguya is traveling with Tojiro, so they are down one member as Inazuma.
Tsubame tries to get Hayate to smile, but she learns of the loss of his sister and how he is determined to seek suicidal revenge. When Jun finally finds Tsubame in the past using the original defective time teleporter, Tsubame realizes she must stay to save Hayate, sends Jun back to be deliberately struck by the legendary lightning herself. She then fights the two aliens who had behind the attacks as the newest Inazuma and to save Raiden and Senden who had been trapped.
In this new cast, from past *Super Sentai* incarnations came two actors from *GoGo Sentai Boukenger* (Mitsuomi Takahashi, who played Hayate, also played Akashi/BoukenRed; and Mami Yamasaki, who played Tsubame/Hien, played Kaze no Shizuka), while Ayumi Beppu, who played Ayumiko and Hayabusa, also played Houka/MagiPink in *Mahou Sentai Magiranger*.
### New characters {#new_characters}
- / `{{nihongo|'''Hien'''|飛燕|Hien|literally "Swallow in Flight", "''Tsubame''" is also Japanese for [[swallow]]}}`{=mediawiki}: Flightly female lead of Jun Terada\'s second program in the *Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!* series and the daughter of the president of Magical TV, the kind of person who cannot resist to help those in need. She accidentally activate the Teleport Room and ends up in 1721, attempting to learn how to become a better ninja from Hayate, whom she fall in love at first sight. Wanting to help him, Tsubame deliberately hits herself with the Legendary Lightning to fight the Gezoians. In the end, Tsubame returns to her time with Hayate. As Hien, she is the `{{nihongo|Blue Lightning|青の稲妻|Ao no Inazuma}}`{=mediawiki}.
- : An aloof Iga shinobi who worked under Sendai until Aoba Castle was destroyed by the Gezoians, who later murdered his sister. With the item his sister gave him, Hayate pursued the Gezoians, though they were a step ahead of him. It was due to Tsubame\'s constant attempts to befriend him that Hayate finally opened up and smile and end his suicidal lust for revenge. In the end, Hayate faked his death so he join Tsubame in going to the future and work for Magic TV. While there, he learns of Ayumiko and wanted to meet her due to the resemblance to his sister, only to be scared to death of her upon meeting Ayumiko.
- : Hayate\'s slain sister and kunoichi, she was murdered by the Gezoians when she attempted to avenge the residents of Aoba Castle.
- : A pair of ammonite-headed aliens, named `{{nihongo|'''Suru'''|スル|}}`{=mediawiki} and `{{nihongo|'''Mē'''|メー|}}`{=mediawiki}, with a superiority complex from planet Gezo in a farway galaxy, using two suits of samurai armor as puppets to act for them on Earth. Since the Aoba incident they caused, they started to slaughter various daimyos while searching for Japan\'s protected key point, Edo Castle, to bring ruin to the country so their people can take it over. When they wounded Hayabusa, she took one of the egg-like jewels from their chests and gave it to her brother to aid him in tracking them down. Their actions attracted Inazuma\'s attention, sealing Raiden and Senden in gourd to prevent their interference. The two then overpower Hayate when he attempted to get his revenge on them, only to be halted by Hien who destroyed the puppets. Enraged, the jewelless Gezoian with golden teeth battle Hien, using the prison gourd to have an advantage until she uses a decoy bomb to get the gourd to free Raiden and Senden before killing the guy. The other blue-toothed Gezoian attempts to retreat with intent to get reinforcements, only for Tsubume to assume Ou-Tsubame form and chase the UFO into space, blasting it to bits.
- : A popular singer in O-Edo who sings of the exploits of the Inazuma team.
- : The actress who portrayed the title character in `{{nihongo|'''''Woman Space Sheriff Beppy'''''|女宇宙刑事ベッピー|On'na Uchū Keiji Beppī}}`{=mediawiki}. Despite its cancellation, the show gains enough popularity to release DVDs by 2077 during the events of *Inazuma!! SPARK*. Hayate notices a resemblance in Ayumiko Kitabeppu his slain sister Hayabusa from the Edo period and wants to meet her. However, the fact that Ayumiko is a flashy shallow girl frightens Hayate to death.
### New cast {#new_cast}
- Tsubame Mishima/Hien: Mami Yamasaki (*From Boukenger*)
- Hayate: Mitsuomi Takahashi (*From Boukenger*)
- Ayumiko Kitabeppu / Hayabusa: Ayumi Beppu (*From Magiranger*)
- Shōryūsai Mizuki: Ichirou Mizuki
- Gezoian Suru: Yūsuke Numata
- Gezoian Mē: Masato Hirano
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# Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!
## *Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!! SPARK* {#cho_ninja_tai_inazuma_spark}
### Songs {#songs_1}
Opening theme: `{{nihongo|"Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma!! SPARK"|超忍者隊イナズマ!!ＳＰＡＲＫ|Chō Ninja Tai Inazuma!! Supāku}}`{=mediawiki} by Mitsuko Horie\
Insert song: `{{nihongo|"Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma! ~O-[[Edo]] Mix~"|超忍者隊イナズマ！～お江戸MIX～|Cho Ninja Tai Inazuma! ~O-Edo MIX~}}`{=mediawiki} by Shōryūsai Mizuki (Ichirou Mizuki)\
Ending theme: `{{nihongo|"Thank you ~Jun 2007 Ver.~"|Thank you! ～2007ジュンVer
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# Nordrach
**Nordrach** (*Noodere*) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Nearly 80% of its area is forested, part of the Black Forest.
Dr. Otto Walther and his wife, Dr. Hope Adams, founded a hospital for treatment of tuberculosis nearby, the Nordrach Clinic, in the late 19th century. She was the first woman in Germany to be granted a licence to practice as a doctor
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# Oberharmersbach
**Oberharmersbach** (*Haamerschbach*) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
## Demographics
**Population development:**
+------------------------+
| Year Inhabitants |
| ------ ------------- |
| 1990 2,543 |
| 2001 2,594 |
| 2011 2,487 |
| 2021 2,442 |
+------------------------+
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# Oberwolfach
**Oberwolfach** (*Obberwolfä*) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is the site of the Oberwolfach Research Institute for Mathematics, or Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach.
## Geography
### Geographical situation {#geographical_situation}
The town of Oberwolfach lies between 270 and 948 meters above sea level in the central Schwarzwald (Black Forest) on the river Wolf, a tributary of the Kinzig.
### Neighbouring localities {#neighbouring_localities}
The district is neighboured by Bad Peterstal-Griesbach to the north, Bad Rippoldsau-Schapbach in Landkreis Freudenstadt to the east, by the towns of Wolfach and Hausach to the south, and by Oberharmersbach to the west
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# Ohlsbach
**Ohlsbach** (*Ohlschbach*) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Andrew Ornoch
**Andrzej Mateusz Ornoch** (born August 21, 1985) is a former professional soccer player who currently serves as the head coach of The Borough FC in the League1 Ontario Championship. Born in Poland, he represented Canada at international level.
## Early life {#early_life}
Ornoch was born in Poland, but moved to Toronto, Canada at age three with his parents. He began playing youth soccer with North Scarborough SC. He later played with Erin Mills SC.
## College career {#college_career}
In 2003, he began attending the University of Detroit Mercy, where he played for the men\'s soccer team. In 2005, he was named Player of the Year, Offensive Player of the Year, and named to the All-Horizon League First Team. Over his three seasons with the team, he scored 26 goals in 59 appearances.
## Club career {#club_career}
In 2002, Ornoch began his senior career, briefly playing with the Mississauga Olympians of the Canadian Soccer League.
In May 2006, he signed with Hungarian club Lombard Papa FC, forgoing his final season of college eligibility.
In January 2008, he signed a four-year contract with Danish club Esbjerg.
In August 2009, he signed with Dutch side Heracles Almelo on a one-year contract, with two option years. He made one appearance with the team against VVV-Venlo, but did not see any other action, before being released by the club in March 2010.
In August 2010, following a trial period, he signed with Dutch club BV Veendam. He joined on an amateur basis, with the possibility of securing a permanent contract.
In January 2011, it was reported that he bought out his contract with his Dutch club, with the promise to join Canadian Major League Soccer club Toronto FC, but a contract was not signed. However, in March 2011, he joined the club on a trial basis in pre-season. Afterwards, he joined the Mississauga Eagles FC of the Canadian Soccer League.
In July 2011, he signed with SC Telstar in the Dutch Eerste Divisie. He made his club debut on August 4, 2011 against the Go Ahead Eagles. However, he suffered an injury shortly after. In November 2012, fourteen months after suffering his injury, he began training with the club again (although his contract had expired at the end of the previous season).
In 2014, he played with Vaughan Azzurri in League1 Ontario.
## International career {#international_career}
Ornoch made his debut with the Canada national team on November 12, 2006 in a friendly against Hungary. He also played with the Canada U23 at the 2008 CONCACAF Men\'s Olympic Qualifying tournament.
## Post-playing career {#post_playing_career}
In 2011, he founded Dutch Connections FC, in his hometown of Scarborough, with his former Heracles Almelo teammate Jörg van Nieuwenhuijzen . He holds a National 'B' Coaching license and is working towards his National \'A\' Coaching License. In 2024, he served as head coach of The Borough FC (formed by Dutch Connections) in League2 Ontario, and was named the Central Division Coach of the Year
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# Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald
**Ottenhöfen im Schwarzwald** (*Oddeheefe*) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. Ottenhöfen is known for its mills, which can be discovered along the Mill Trail
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# 36th (Eastern) Signal Regiment
**36 (Eastern) Signal Regiment** (36 Signal Regt) was a Territorial Army (TA) signal unit of the British Army\'s Royal Corps of Signals (RCS). The regiment was formed following the formation of the TAVR in 1967, and was disbanded in 2009 following a reorganisation in the RCS. Though not disbanded, the regiment continues its lineage as a squadron, with its own former squadrons forming troops within said squadron.
## Formation
In 1967, a massive reorganisation of the British Army took place, whereas the Territorial Army (TA) and Army Emergency Reserve (AER) were merged and their strength more than halved. Within the Royal Corps of Signals (RCS), new signal regiments were formed with regional connections, and one of these new units was **36 (Eastern) Signal Regiment**. The new regiment was formed following the amalgamation of several signal units based in the East of England; 44th (Home Counties), 45th (Essex), and 54th (East Anglian) Signal Regiments.
The new regiment\'s structure on formation was as follows:
- **36 (Eastern) Signal Regiment**
- Regimental Headquarters and Headquarters Squadron, in Wanstead
- 44 (Cinque Ports) Signal Squadron, in Gillingham
- Squadron Headquarters
- 746 Control Centre Signal Troop
- 747 Control Centre Signal Troop
- 748 Control Centre Signal Troop
- 818 Radio Relay Signal Troop
- 45 (Essex) Signal Squadron, in Wanstead
- Squadron Headquarters
- 750 Control Centre Signal Troop, in Colchester
- 751 Control Centre Signal Troop, in Brentwood
- 752 Control Centre Signal Troop, in Ilford
- 817 Radio Relay Signal Troop
- 54 (East Anglian) Signal Squadron, in Cambridge
- Squadron Headquarters
- 753 Control Centre Signal Troop
- 754 Control Centre Signal Troop, in Bedford
- 755 Control Centre Signal Troop, in Norwich
- 819 Radio Relay Signal Troop
- 36 Signal Regiment Light Aid Detachment (LAD), Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, in Newbury Park
The year the new regiment was formed, 12th Signal Group was formed up at Chelsea Barracks in London. 12 Group\'s task was to provide communications for logistics units in the Rear Combat Zone (RCZ) and Communications Zone (CommZ) British Army of the Rhine (BAOR). The specific task allotted to 36 Regiment was to provide the field communications for the logistics units in the Forward Maintenance Area (FMA), a sub area of the RCZ (the other being Rear Maintenance Area (RMA)), and to link Rear HQ 1 (BR) Corps into the Logistic Communications of the RCZ.
## Reorganisation
In 1970, the regiment\'s organisation was altered when 818 Signal Troop was reorganised into two new troops, each one co-located with 45 and 54 Signal Squadrons, these two new troops were deemed \'Brick troops\'. In 1985, 45 Signal Squadron moved to Colchester, while 752 Signal Troop consolidated there, and 751 Signal Troop remained in Brentwood.
In 1992, HQ squadron moved to Ilford, and in December 44 Sqn moved to Grays, while maintaining two troops remained in Southend-on-Sea. That same year, the radio relay troops were disbanded as part of the Options for Change, in addition to the regiment leaving the recently disbanded 12 Signal Group, and joining the expanded 2nd (National Communications) Signal Brigade. The Regiment disbanded the Radio Relay troops, and reorganised to 4 Euromux Communications troops per squadron, so as an example 54 Signal Squadron in Cambridge became:
- - Squadron Headquarters
- 754 Signal Troop, in Bedford
- 755 Signal Troop, in Norwich
- 756 Signal Troop, in Bedford
- 757 Signal Troop, in Cambridge
From 1987, the regiment was equipped with the *EUROMUX* signal system, and tasked with supporting the Allied Rapid Reaction Corps on mobilisation. By this time the regiment joined the 11th (Allied Rapid Reaction Corps) Signal Brigade, but was transferred to 12th Signal Group (V) by 2003.
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# 36th (Eastern) Signal Regiment
## Disbandment
In 2006, the regiment was reorganised in-line with the Future Army Structure programme. Under this reorganisation, 44 Sqn was disbanded while helping to form the new RHQ, and the squadrons reorganised;
On disbandment in 2009 the Regiment comprised:
- Regimental Headquarters - Cambridge
- 45 (Close Support) Squadron
- SHQ and A Troop - Colchester
- B Troop - Ipswich
- C Troop - Southend
- 54 (Support) Squadron
- SHQ and Troop - Cambridge
- 60 (Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars) Signal Squadron
- SHQ and A Troop - Aylesbury
- B Troop and C Troop - Bedford
Under the Strategic Review of the Reserves in April, 2009 the Regiment was downsized to a squadron, and became the 36 (East Anglian) Signal Squadron, based at Colchester, under 37 Signal Regiment based at Redditch. 36 (East Anglian) Signal Squadron comprises:
- 844 Cinque Ports Signal Troop - Colchester
- 845 Essex Signal Signal Troop - Colchester
- 854 East Anglian Signal Troop - Cambridge
60 (Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars) Signal Squadron also downsized to 860 (Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars) Signal Troop and became part of the Berkshire Yeomanry, 94 Signal Squadron, under 39 (Skinners) Signal Regiment, at Bristol.
The former Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Ilford was redesignated as RHQ, 101st Engineer Regiment. Both 860 Signal Troop at Aylesbury and 854 Signal Troop at Cambridge were removed from the Army\'s order of battle in the SDSR changes at the end of 2013, and in April 2014 907 Signal troop at Chelmsford moved from 68 (Inns of Court & City Yeomanry) Signal Squadron to 36 Signal squadron, allowing the squadron to be renamed as 36 (Essex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron.
In 2009, as part of the reorganisation of the TA, wholesale mergers and disbandments took place throughout the Royal Corps of Signals. As part of the reorganisation, 36 Signal Regiment was reduced to **36 (Eastern) Signal Squadron**, based in Colchester with 845 (Essex) Signal Troop in Colchester, 854 (East Anglian) Signal Troop in Cambridge, while 60 Sqn became a signal troop under 94 (Berkshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron.
Under the Strategic Defence and Security Review in 2013, 907 (Essex Yeomanry) Signal Troop was subordinated to 36 Signal Squadron, which then became 36 (Essex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron, part of 71 (Yeomanry) Signal Regiment, though remained in Colchester. In addition, 854 Troop was transferred to the Intelligence Corps as 32 Military Intelligence Company.
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# 36th (Eastern) Signal Regiment
## Honorary Colonels {#honorary_colonels}
Honorary Colonels of the regiment included:
- 1 April 1967 -- 1 April 1974: Captain (Honorary Colonel) Sir Derek Burdick Greenaway, 2nd Baronet, TD, JP
- 1 April 1974 -- 1 April 1979: Brigadier Peter Desmond Vaigncourt-Strallen
- 1 April 1979 -- 20 July 1985: Colonel Geoffrey Seymour Hamilton Dicker, CBE, TD -- former Honorary Colonel of 54 (East Anglian) Signal Regiment
- 20 July 1985--1 January 1990: Colonel Michael Howard Seys-Phillips, TD, DL
- 1 January 1990--1 May 2001: Colonel Alan Edmund Matticot Hall, TD, DL
- 1 May 2001--1 June 2006: Colonel Stephen P. Foakes, TD, DL -- later Honorary Colonel of 71 Signal Regiment
- 1 June 2006--1 April 2010: Major General John Seumas Kerr, CBE
## Regimental links {#regimental_links}
The regiment maintained strong links with the Worshipful Company of Poulters of London, whom their annual award for the best soldier in the regiment was named for -- the Poulters Plate
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# Ringsheim
**Ringsheim** (*Ringsä*) is a village in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
The village is served by Ringsheim/Europa-Park station
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# Schutterwald
**Schutterwald** is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# Iraq oil law (2007)
The **Iraq Oil Law**, also referred to as the **Iraq Hydrocarbon Law** was a piece of legislation submitted to the Iraqi Council of Representatives in May 2007 that laid out a framework for the regulation and development of Iraq\'s oil fields. It is a part of that nation\'s energy law.
## Start of process {#start_of_process}
The legislation started when the U.S.-backed Iraqi cabinet approved a new oil law that was set to give foreign companies the long-term contracts and the safe legal framework they have been waiting for. The law rattled labour unions and international campaigners, who say oil production should remain in the hands of Iraqis.
On March 10, 2007, prominent Iraqi parliamentarians, politicians, ex-ministers and oil technocrats urged the Baghdad parliament to reject Iraq\'s controversial hydrocarbon law, fearing that the new legislation would further divide the country already witnessing civil strife.
On April 28, 2007, discussions turned contentious among the more than 60 Iraqi oil officials reviewing Iraq\'s draft hydrocarbons bill in the United Arab Emirates. But the dispute highlighted the need for further negotiations on the proposed law that was stalled in talks for nearly eight months, then pushed through Iraq\'s Cabinet without most key provisions.
By December 2, 2007, the Bush administration was concerned that recent security gains in Iraq may be undermined by continuing political gridlock, and started pushing the Iraqi government to complete long-delayed reform legislation within six months.
## Administrative law response {#administrative_law_response}
On June 30, 2008, a group of American advisers led by a small State Department team played an integral part in drawing up contracts between the Iraqi government and five major Western oil companies to exploit some of the largest fields in Iraq American officials say.
In June 2008, the Iraqi Oil Ministry announced plans to go ahead with small one- or two-year no-bid contracts to ExxonMobil, Shell, Total and BP --- once partners in the Iraq Petroleum Company --- along with Chevron and smaller firms to service Iraq\'s largest fields. Several United States senators had criticized the deal, arguing it was hindering efforts to pass the hydrocarbon law.
By July 1, 2008, Iraq\'s government invited foreign firms Monday to help boost the production of the country\'s major oil fields, beginning a global competition for access to the world\'s third-largest reserves.
By February 2009, Iraq had \"sweetened\" the terms it was the offering international oil companies vying to develop the country\'s reserves in the first concrete example of a global shift in power beginning to sweep through the oil industry.
Iraq, which pre-qualified about 45 companies to bid on oil projects, plans to award contracts for the six partly developed and four undeveloped fields offered in its second licensing round by mid-December.
## History
The Iraqi oil industry had been completely nationalized by 1972. The government in the 1990s, under the presidency of Saddam Hussein, gave production share agreements (PSAs) to Russian and Chinese companies which gave a profit percentage of less than 10 percent.
The Bush administration hired the consulting firm BearingPoint to help write the law in 2004. The bill was approved by the Iraqi cabinet in February 2007. The Bush administration considers the passage of the law a benchmark for the government of Prime Minister Nuri Kamal al-Maliki. One stumbling block was the unpopularity of the law, as it is perceived by the Iraqi people. An opinion poll conducted in 2007 by Oil Change International and other groups shows 63% of Iraqis surveyed would \"prefer Iraq\'s oil to be developed and produced by Iraqi state-owned companies \[than\] by foreign companies\". This explains why the law had stalled in the Iraqi parliament.
## Profit sharing {#profit_sharing}
The new law authorizes production share agreements (PSAs) which guarantees a profit for foreign oil companies.
The central government distributes remaining oil revenues throughout the nation on a per capita basis. The draft law allows Iraq\'s provinces freedom from the central government in giving exploration and production contracts. Iraq\'s constitution allows governorates to form a semi-independent regions, fully controlling their own natural resources.
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# Iraq oil law (2007)
## Criticism of the new law {#criticism_of_the_new_law}
Some critics have claimed that the new Iraqi Oil law was not needed since Iraq has the cheapest oil to extract. Other analysts have claimed that the no-bid contracts given to U.S. oil companies constitute exploitation since many non-U.S companies would give the same service for shorter contracts and lower percentage of revenue
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| 1 |
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# Schwanau, Baden-Württemberg
**Schwanau** is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It was formed in 1971/1972 with the merger of the villages of Allmannsweier, Nonnenweier, Ottenheim and Wittenweier
| 33 |
Schwanau, Baden-Württemberg
| 0 |
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# Seebach, Baden-Württemberg
**Seebach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈzeːˌbax}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 17 |
Seebach, Baden-Württemberg
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# National Pensioners Convention
The **National Pensioners Convention** (**NPC**) is the principal organisation representing pensioners in the United Kingdom. It is made up of around hundreds of bodies representing 1.15 million members, organised into federal regional units.
The NPC was founded by former Transport and General Workers\' Union trade union leader, Jack Jones in 1979. He served as its President until 2001, when he was succeeded by Rodney Bickerstaffe, who had been general secretary of UNISON. Frank Cooper was the next President, followed by Ron Douglas and then Rosie MacGregor
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National Pensioners Convention
| 0 |
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# Seelbach, Baden-Württemberg
**Seelbach** is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany. The most popular Festival is the Katharinenmarkt on November.
## Geography
Seelbach is located on the western edge of the Black Forest in the Schutter Valley, south-eastern of Lahr.
### Neighboring communities {#neighboring_communities}
The following cities and towns share a border with Seelbach. They are listed clockwise starting in the north: Friesenheim, Biberach, Schuttertal, Ettenheim, Kippenheim and Lahr.
### The boroughs {#the_boroughs}
There are three boroughs, Seelbach, Wittelbach and Schönberg.
## Government
### Town council {#town_council}
After the last election in June 2009, the town council consists of 18 seats. The members belong to political parties as follows
+-------------------+
| Party Seats |
| ------- ------- |
| CDU 7 |
| FBI 6 |
| SPD 5 |
+-------------------+
### Mayor
The mayor is elected by the citizens for a term of 8 years. He\'s also the head of the town council.
**Mayors since 1831**
- 1831--1832: Vogt Schöttgen (signs the first time with „Bürgermeister")
- 1832--1838: Karl Obert
- 1838--1844: Michael Schäfer
- 1849--1875: Xaver Räpple
- 1875--1886: Franz Anton Benz
- 1886--1910: Christian Himmelsbach
- 1910--1919: Josef Heizmann
- 1919--1923: Wilhelm Brucker
- 1923--1945: Theodor Simon
- 1945--1946: Georg Hartmann
- 1946--1948: Alfred Himmelsbach
- 1948--1957: Josef Fehrenbach
- 1957--1977: Alfred Dreyer
- 1977--1993: Walter Dilger
- 1993--2007: Klaus Muttach
- 2008--2023: Thomas Schäfer
- 2023--present: Michael Moser
## People, culture & architecture {#people_culture_architecture}
### Events
The Katharinenmarkt is a weekend long historic market that takes place annually in November since 1455. It is visited by nearly 20000 visitors.
## Twin town {#twin_town}
Seelbach is twinned with Zillebeke in the Flemish province of West Flanders in Belgium
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# Steinach, Baden-Württemberg
**Steinach** (`{{IPA|de|ˈʃtaɪnax|-|De-Steinach.ogg}}`{=mediawiki}) is a municipality in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 17 |
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| 0 |
10,041,323 |
# Humaitá F.B.C.
**Humaitá F.B.C.** is a Paraguayan football club from the city of Mariano Roque Alonso, in the Gran Asunción area. The club was founded in 1932 and currently plays in the Primera División B Metropolitana.
## History
The club took its name from the historic Paraguayan city of Humaitá.
It is the third oldest team from Mariano Roque Alonso and won 12 titles from the regional league of that city, before joining the Liga Paraguaya de Futbol and participating in the lower divisions with other metropolitan area teams. Its biggest achievement was promotion to the Paraguayan first division in 1993. It competed in the first division for three years before being relegated to the second division.
Humaitá currently`{{when|date=June 2015}}`{=mediawiki} plays in the \"Primera División Chilo\" which is equivalent to the fourth division.
## Division timeline {#division_timeline}
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ImageSize = width:1100 height:150 PlotArea = width:900 height:50 bottom:78 left:100 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1986 till:31/12/2023 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1986 ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:2 start:01/01/1986 AlignBars = justify
Colors =
` id:1ra value:green`\
` id:2da value:blue`\
` id:3ra value:yellow`\
` id:4ta value:red`
BarData =
` bar:primera text:"First"`\
` bar:segunda text:"Second"`\
` bar:tercera text:"Third"`\
` bar:cuarta text:"Fourth"`
PlotData =
1. set defaults
` width:7 fontsize:s textcolor:white align:left anchor:from shift:(5,-5)`
` bar:primera color:1ra`\
` from:01/01/1994 till:31/12/1996`
` bar:segunda color:2da`\
` from:01/01/1989 till:31/12/1993`\
` from:01/01/1997 till:31/12/1997`
` bar:tercera color:3ra`\
` from:01/01/1986 till:31/12/1988`\
` from:01/01/1998 till:31/12/1999`\
` from:01/01/2002 till:31/12/2006`\
` from:01/01/2023 till:31/12/2023`
` bar:cuarta color:4ta`\
` from:01/01/2000 till:31/12/2001`\
` from:01/01/2007 till:31/12/2022`
## Honours
- **Paraguayan Second Division: 1**
:
: Champions: 1993
- **Paraguayan Third Division: 1**
:
: Champions: 1988
- **Paraguayan Fourth Division: 1**
:
: Champions: 2001
- **Paraguayan Second Division: 1**
:
: Runners-up (1): 1991.
## Other disciplines {#other_disciplines}
### Futsal
The club\'s futsal division plays in the Liga Premium, the first division of the Paraguayan futsal league system
| 313 |
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| 0 |
10,041,330 |
# Willstätt
**Willstätt** (`{{IPA|de|ˈvɪlˌʃtɛt}}`{=mediawiki}) is a town in the district of Ortenau in Baden-Württemberg in Germany, with a population of 9,787 as at December 31, 2017. It is around 12 km east of Strasbourg\'s city centre.
## Demographics
2005 2006 2008 2010 2012 2013 2015 2016 2017
------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
9,787 9172 9088 9096 9213 9352 9569 9680 9787
: Willstätt\'s population 2005-2017
## History
### Medieval
The earliest known mention to the town is from 1232.
### Early Modern {#early_modern}
In September 1634, three weeks after their biggest victory of the war at Nördlingen, Willstätt was burned as a result of a skirmish between Catholics under Jan von Werth and Swedes under Rheingrave Otto Louis.\
In August 1643 Imperialist forces took the town\'s castle. On 1 August 1675, during the Rhineland campaign of the 1672-1678 Franco-Dutch War, a French army under Comte de Lorges and an Imperial force led by Raimondo Montecuccoli fought a battle nearby at Altenheim, Neuried.
On October 30, 1754, the tower of the Lutheran church, which was to be planned to be inaugurated on this day collapsed and destroyed many parts of the church as result of a bad foundation. It was later rebuilt with a foundation consisting of oak pillars and the inauguration of the church took then place on November 11, 1756
| 225 |
Willstätt
| 0 |
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# 71st (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment
**71st (City of London) Yeomanry Signal Regiment** is an Army Reserve regiment in the Royal Corps of Signals in the British Army. The regiment forms part of 7th Signal Group, providing military communications for national operations.
## History
The regiment was formed as **71st (Yeomanry) Signal Regiment, Royal Signals** in 1969. The squadrons at that time included HQ (London and Kent) Squadron, 70 (Essex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron, 94 (Berkshire Yeomanry) Signal Squadron and 68 (Inns of Court & City Yeomanry) Signal Squadron. HQ Squadron converted to a communications role and was re-designated 265 (Kent and County of London Yeomanry) Squadron in 1970.
In 2006, 47 (Middlesex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron transferred from 39th Signal Regiment (The Skinners).
In 2014, under Army 2020, 36th (Eastern) Signal Regiment reformed as 36 (Essex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron and transferred from 37th Signal Regiment. Also in 2014, under Army 2020, 47 (Middlesex Yeomanry) Signal Squadron (already part of the regiment) amalgamated with 41 (Princess Louise\'s Kensington) Signal Squadron (previously part of 38th (City of Sheffield) Signal Regiment) to form a new entity, 31 (Middlesex Yeomanry and Princess Louise\'s Kensington) Signal Squadron
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# Joseph Henry Keenan
**Joseph Henry Keenan** (August 24, 1900 -- July 17, 1977) was an American thermodynamicist and mechanical engineer noted for his work in the calculation of steam tables, research in jet-rocket propulsion, and his work in furthering the development in the understanding of the laws of thermodynamics in the mid 20th century.
His classic 1941 textbook *Thermodynamics* served as a fundamental teaching tool in various engineering curricula during the 1940s and 1950s.
He earned a bachelor\'s degree in naval architecture and marine engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1922. After working as a design engineer on steam turbines for General Electric Company, Keenan became an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1928. In 1934, he became an associate professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was promoted to professor in 1939. He served as Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering from 1958 to 1961.
A major portion of Keenan\'s career was devoted to the development of accurate tables of the properties of steam, which are vital to the electric power industry. In 1929, he was appointed the U.S. delegate to the First International Conference on the Properties of Steam; he served as delegate in all successive conferences on this subject through the eighth in 1974.
In 1965, he published the classic textbook *Principles of General Thermodynamics* with George Hatsopoulos which was major turning point in thermodynamics since Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall with their 1923 *Thermodynamics* textbook. Their now famous version of the second law of thermodynamics is:
This shows that the second law of thermodynamics can be stated in terms of the existence of stable equilibrium states.
He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He was award the ASME Worcester Reed Warner Medal in 1955 for work on thermodynamics and the properties of steam. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1976.
In 2007, an International Thermodynamics Symposium called "meeting the entropy challenge" was organized in M.I.T. in Honor and Memory of Professor Joseph Henry Keenan
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# Marie Kremer
**Marie Kremer** (born 15 April 1982) is a Belgian actress. Her first leading role was in the 2003 movie *I Always Wanted to be a Saint* (*J\'ai toujours voulu être une sainte*)., for which she won the Créteil International Women\'s Film Festival\'s Female Talent Award. After that, she played in *St.Jacques-La Mecque*, a film about a group of people on their way to Santiago de Compostela. She is also to be seen in *Caché* (directed by Michael Haneke, well known from his movie \"Funny Games\"), and also in *Ravages*, a film from Christophe Lamotte, *Blame it on Fidel* and *Beneath the rooftops of Paris*. In 2012 she was nominated for the Magritte Award for Best Supporting Actress.
Kremer is a native speaker of French. She also speaks fluent English and Dutch, as well as some Spanish and Italian.
From 2009 to 2017, she was a cast member of *Un village français*.
## Filmography
### Film
- 2003: *J\'ai toujours voulu être une sainte*: Norah
- 2005: *Saint-Jacques..
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# 1993 Ryder Cup
The **30th Ryder Cup Matches** were held in England at The Belfry in Wishaw, Warwickshire, near Sutton Coldfield. The United States team won a second consecutive Ryder Cup, by a margin of 15 to 13 points. Europe took a slender one point lead into the Sunday singles matches in what was a close contest. Davis Love III secured victory for the U.S. by defeating Costantino Rocca at the last hole, 1 up. Through 2023, this is the most recent U.S. victory in Europe and also the last time the U.S. retained the Cup.
This was the first Ryder Cup played in Europe to be televised live in the United States by a major network, NBC. The 1989 edition was carried by the USA Network on cable, with video provided by the BBC. The U.S. television coverage in 1985 was a highlight show on ESPN in early November, over a month after its completion. NBC took over live weekend coverage in 1991 in South Carolina.
## Format
The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The competition format predominantly used from 1987 to 1999 was as follows:
- **Day 1** (Friday) --- 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches in a morning session and 4 fourball (better ball) matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 2** (Saturday) --- 4 foursome matches in a morning session and 4 four-ball matches in an afternoon session
- **Day 3** (Sunday) --- 12 singles matches
With a total of 28 points, 14`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} points were required to win the Cup, and 14 points were required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes - matches that were level after 18 holes were deemed a draw with half a point going to each team.
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# 1993 Ryder Cup
## Teams
The selection process for the European team remained similar to that used since 1985, with nine players chosen from a money list at the conclusion of the Volvo German Open on 29 August and the remaining three team members being chosen soon afterwards by the team captain. The beginning of the qualifying period was, however, extended to start with the Canon European Masters in Switzerland at the beginning of September 1992 rather than starting in January 1993. The change was made so that there would be more opportunities for the leading players to qualify by right. In 1991 two of the three captain\'s picks were given to José María Olazábal and Nick Faldo, then ranked two and three in the world, who had played most of their golf in the US and did not qualify automatically. A few European players declined invitations to the 1993 PGA Championship to play in the Hohe Brücke Austrian Open in order to gain Ryder Cup points. At this time prize money in the major championships played in the USA did not earn Ryder Cup points. Prior to the final event Sam Torrance had to withdraw from the final event because of injury but none of the other challengers for automatic places were able to pass him. Joakim Haeggman tied for 6th place in the German Open and rose from 14th to 10th place in the points list while Ronan Rafferty tied for 20th place and finished 11th. Gallacher made his picks on 30 August. It was widely expected that he would choose Seve Ballesteros and José María Olazábal as two of his selections and most interest centred on whether he would select Haeggman or Rafferty.
---------------------
**Team Europe**
Name
Bernard Gallacher
Bernhard Langer
Nick Faldo
Colin Montgomerie
Costantino Rocca
Barry Lane
Ian Woosnam
Peter Baker
Mark James
Sam Torrance
Joakim Haeggman
José María Olazábal
Seve Ballesteros
---------------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1993 Ryder Cup.
-------------------
**Team USA**
Name
Tom Watson
Paul Azinger
Fred Couples
Tom Kite
Lee Janzen
Corey Pavin
Payne Stewart
John Cook
Davis Love III
Chip Beck
Jim Gallagher Jr.
Raymond Floyd
Lanny Wadkins
-------------------
Captains picks are shown in yellow. The world rankings and records are at the start of the 1993 Ryder Cup.
## Friday\'s matches {#fridays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes}
Results
----------------------- --------- -------------------
Torrance/James 4 & 3 **Wadkins/Pavin**
**Woosnam/Langer** 7 & 5 Azinger/Stewart
Ballesteros/Olazábal 2 & 1 **Kite/Love III**
**Faldo/Montgomerie** 4 & 3 Floyd/Couples
2 Session 2
2 Overall 2
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball}
Results
-------------------------- --------- ------------------------
**Woosnam/Baker** 1 up Gallagher/Janzen
Langer/Lane 4 & 2 **Wadkins/Pavin**
Faldo/Montgomerie halved Azinger/Couples
**Ballesteros/Olazábal** 4 & 3 Love III/Kite
2`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 1`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 3`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Saturday\'s matches {#saturdays_matches}
### Morning foursomes {#morning_foursomes_1}
Results
-------------------------- --------- ------------------------
**Faldo/Montgomerie** 3 & 2 Wadkins/Pavin
**Langer/Woosnam** 2 & 1 Couples/Azinger
Baker/Lane 3 & 2 **Floyd/Stewart**
**Ballesteros/Olazábal** 2 & 1 Love III/Kite
3 Session 1
7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
### Afternoon four-ball {#afternoon_four_ball_1}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Faldo/Montgomerie 2 up **Cook/Beck**
James/Rocca 5 & 4 **Pavin/Gallagher**
**Woosnam/Baker** 6 & 5 Couples/Azinger
Olazábal/Haeggman 2 & 1 **Floyd/Stewart**
1 Session 3
8`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Overall 7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
## Sunday\'s singles matches {#sundays_singles_matches}
Results
------------------------ --------- ------------------------
Ian Woosnam halved Fred Couples
Barry Lane 1 up **Chip Beck**
**Colin Montgomerie** 1 up Lee Janzen
**Peter Baker** 2 up Corey Pavin
**Joakim Haeggman** 1 up John Cook
Mark James 3 & 2 **Payne Stewart**
Costantino Rocca 1 up **Davis Love III**
Seve Ballesteros 3 & 2 **Jim Gallagher**
José María Olazábal 2 up **Raymond Floyd**
Bernhard Langer 5 & 3 **Tom Kite**
Nick Faldo halved Paul Azinger
Sam Torrance halved Lanny Wadkins
4`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki} Session 7`{{1/2}}`{=mediawiki}
13 Overall 15
| 624 |
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| 1 |
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# 1993 Ryder Cup
## Individual player records {#individual_player_records}
Each entry refers to the win--loss--half record of the player.
Source:
### Europe
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
--------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Peter Baker 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 0--1--0 2--0--0
Seve Ballesteros 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
Nick Faldo 3 2--1--2 0--0--1 2--0--0 0--1--1
Joakim Haeggman 1 1--1--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Mark James 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Barry Lane 0 0--3--0 0--1--0 0--1--0 0--1--0
Bernhard Langer 2 2--2--0 0--1--0 2--0--0 0--1--0
Colin Montgomerie 3.5 3--1--1 1--0--0 2--0--0 0--1--1
José María Olazábal 2 2--3--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 1--1--0
Costantino Rocca 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Sam Torrance 0.5 0--1--1 0--0--1 0--1--0 0--0--0
Ian Woosnam 4.5 4--0--1 0--0--1 2--0--0 2--0--0
### United States {#united_states}
Player Points Overall Singles Foursomes Fourballs
------------------- -------- --------- --------- ----------- -----------
Paul Azinger 1 0--3--2 0--0--1 0--2--0 0--1--1
Chip Beck 2 2--0--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
John Cook 1 1--1--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 1--0--0
Fred Couples 1 0--3--2 0--0--1 0--2--0 0--1--1
Raymond Floyd 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
Jim Gallagher Jr. 2 2--1--0 1--0--0 0--0--0 1--1--0
Lee Janzen 0 0--2--0 0--1--0 0--0--0 0--1--0
Tom Kite 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--1--0
Davis Love III 2 2--2--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 0--1--0
Corey Pavin 3 3--2--0 0--1--0 1--1--0 2--0--0
Payne Stewart 3 3--1--0 1--0--0 1--1--0 1--0--0
Lanny Wadkins 2
| 217 |
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| 2 |
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# Göggingen
**Göggingen** is a municipality in the district of Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
| 15 |
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| 0 |
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# Jagger–Richards
**Jagger--Richards** (spelled **Jagger--Richard** from 1963 to 1978) is the songwriting partnership between English musicians Mick Jagger and Keith Richards (both born 1943), founder members of rock band the Rolling Stones. They are one of the most successful songwriting partnerships in history. In addition to Jagger and Richards\'s songwriting partnership, they have also produced or co-produced numerous Rolling Stones albums under the pseudonym **the Glimmer Twins**.
Similar to the contemporary English songwriting partnership of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, both Jagger and Richards write lyrics and music.
## History
thumb\|upright=0.8\|Jagger (left) and Richards (right) performing with Brian Jones (middle) and the Rolling Stones in 1967 Jagger and Richards have different recollections about their first songwriting endeavours but both credit manager Andrew Loog Oldham as the catalyst for their collaboration. Richards agrees that it was Oldham who pressed the pair to write songs after the duo had first emphasized other people\'s material; Oldham noted that there weren\'t that many obscure great songs out there for the band to cover. Richards recalled:
Jagger remembered it differently: `{{blockquote|Keith likes to tell the story about the kitchen, God bless him. I think Andrew may have said something at some point along the lines of "I should lock you in a room until you've written a song" and in that way he did mentally lock us in a room, but he didn't literally lock us in. One of the first songs we came out with was that tune for George Bean, the very memorable "It Should Be You".<ref name="accordingto2003p84">{{cite book |last=Jagger |first=Mick |author2=Richards, Keith |author3=Watts, Charlie |author4=Wood, Ronnie |title=According to the Rolling Stones |publisher=Chronicle Books |year=2003 |isbn=0-8118-4060-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/accordingtorolli00jagg/page/84 84] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/accordingtorolli00jagg }}</ref>
}}`{=mediawiki} thumb\|upright=0.8\|Jagger (left) and Richards (right) performing with the Rolling Stones in Stockholm, Sweden, during the No Filter Tour in 2017 According to John Lennon, he and Paul McCartney might have been instrumental in inspiring Jagger and Richards to start writing their own material. In 1963 Lennon and McCartney gave the Stones one of their compositions, \"I Wanna Be Your Man.\" In a *Playboy* interview in 1980, Lennon recalled:
The first original Jagger/Richards song to be released as the A-side of a Rolling Stones single was \"Tell Me (You\'re Coming Back)\", from their debut album. Released as a single in the US only, it peaked at number 24 on the charts there. The earlier \"Good Times, Bad Times\" had been released as the B-side to their cover of Bobby and Shirley Womack\'s \"It\'s All Over Now\". The band\'s first UK single featuring an A-side Jagger/Richards original was \"The Last Time\"; released in February 1965, it went to number one in the UK and number nine in the US.
Although most Jagger/Richards compositions have been collaborations, some of the songs credited to the partnership have been solo songwriting from either Jagger, whose examples include \"Sympathy for the Devil\" and \"Brown Sugar\", or Richards, whose examples include \"Happy\", \"Ruby Tuesday\", and \"Little T&A\". This is comparable to the Lennon--McCartney partnership, who also adhered to a tradition of joint credits even on numbers that were written by just one of the pair. Mick Jagger stated in his comprehensive 1995 interview with Jann Wenner of *Rolling Stone* magazine \"I think in the end it all balances out.\"
On 26 June 2013, the duo signed a publishing agreement with BMG.
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# Jagger–Richards
## Co-credits {#co_credits}
Jagger and Richards have shared credits with very few others. Among them are:
Co-Writer Song Notes
------------------------ --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Andrew Loog Oldham \"As Tears Go By\"
Marianne Faithfull \"Sister Morphine\"
Mick Taylor \"Ventilator Blues\", \"Criss Cross\" Stones guitarist from 1969 to 1974. Taylor has stated that he left the Rolling Stones partly because he was not given co-writing credits on material for which he felt he should have received credit.{{cite web \|last=James \|first=Gary \|title=Gary James\' Interview With Mick Taylor of the Rolling Stones \|website=ClassicBands.com \|url= <http://www.classicbands.com/MickTaylorInterview.html>
Ronnie Wood \"Dance (Pt. 1)\", \"If I Was a Dancer (Dance Pt. 2)\", \"Everything Is Turning to Gold\", \"Black Limousine\", \"No Use in Crying\", \"Pretty Beat Up\", \"One Hit (To the Body)\", \"Fight\", \"Dirty Work\", \"Had It with You\" and \"When You\'re Gone\" Rolling Stones guitarist since 1976. He is credited as \"Inspiration by Ronnie Wood\" on \"It\'s Only Rock \'n Roll (But I Like It)\" and \"Hey Negrita\"
Billy Preston \"Melody\" Preston is credited as \"inspiration by Billy Preston\"
Chuck Leavell \"Back to Zero\" Leavell has performed as a keyboardist with the Rolling Stones since 1982
Steve Jordan \"Almost Hear You Sigh\", \"One More Shot\" Jordan, a popular drummer and producer, has appeared with the Rolling Stones solo projects, perhaps most visible as a member of the John Mayer Trio or that of Keith Richards and the X-pensive Winos. He later drummed with the Rolling Stones, following the death of Charlie Watts.
k.d. lang and Ben Mink \"Anybody Seen My Baby?\" Lang and Mink were not involved with the composition of \"Anybody Seen My Baby?\"; they were given co-writing credits when, prior to the song\'s release, one of Keith Richards\'s daughters pointed out a similarity to \"Constant Craving\", a hit from Lang\'s 1992 *Ingénue* album.
Pierre de Beauport \"Thief in the Night\" Richards\'s guitar technician, and also a recording engineer who co-mixed that song.
Andrew Watt \"Angry\", \"Get Close\", \"Depending On You\" Co-producer of *Hackney Diamonds*
: Songs co-written by Jagger--Richards and outside songwriters
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# Jagger–Richards
## Jagger--Richards compositions released only by other artists {#jaggerrichards_compositions_released_only_by_other_artists}
Jagger--Richards compositions that have been released only by artists other than the Rolling Stones include:
- \"That Girl Belongs to Yesterday\", a January 1964 single by Gene Pitney
- \"Will You Be My Lover Tonight\"/\"It Should Be You\", a January 1964 single by George Bean
- \"Each and Every Day\", B-side of the February 1964 single \"All I Want Is My Baby\" by Bobby Jameson (London 45--9730). The A-side was co-written by Richards and Andrew Loog Oldham.
- \"Shang a Doo Lang\", a March 1964 single by Adrienne Posta
- \"So Much in Love\", an August 1964 single by the Mighty Avengers, also recorded by the Herd (with Peter Frampton and Louis Cennamo) in 1966 and the Lonely Boys for their self-titled 1996 album.
- \"Act Together\", on Ronnie Wood\'s September 1974 LP *I\'ve Got My Own Album to Do* and the associated July 1974 *The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn* concert (released in October 2007)
- \"Sure the One You Need\", on Wood\'s *I\'ve Got My Own Album to Do* and *The First Barbarians: Live from Kilburn*; and on the New Barbarians\' May 1979 concert album *Buried Alive: Live in Maryland* (released in October 2006).
- \"Lonely at the Top\", on Mick Jagger\'s February 1985 LP *She\'s the Boss.*
## Production as the Glimmer Twins and origin of the name {#production_as_the_glimmer_twins_and_origin_of_the_name}
Jagger and Richards adopted the nickname \"The Glimmer Twins\" after a vacation cruise they took to Brazil in December 1968`{{snd}}`{=mediawiki}January 1969 with their then-girlfriends, Marianne Faithfull and Anita Pallenberg. An older English couple on the ship kept asking Richards and Jagger who they were. When they refused to reveal their identities, the woman reportedly kept asking, \"just give us a glimmer\" (as in \"give us a hint about who you are\"), which amused Jagger and Richards.
Jagger and Richards began to produce the Stones\' albums under the pseudonym \"The Glimmer Twins\" starting with *It\'s Only Rock \'n\' Roll* (released in 1974). The Glimmer Twins were the sole credited producers for the band\'s studio and live albums from then, up to and including *Still Life* (released in 1982). Starting with *Undercover* (released in 1983), the Glimmer Twins have shared production credit for the Rolling Stones albums with other producers, most frequently Don Was (five times) and Chris Kimsey (three times).
Besides their production work for the Rolling Stones, Jagger and Richards also used the Glimmer Twins for their co-production credit on Peter Tosh\'s album *Bush Doctor*, released in 1978. A rare exception to Jagger and Richards\'s use of the Glimmer Twins name for production credits appeared on John Phillips\'s *Pay Pack & Follow* album, recorded 1973--1979 and released in 2001, for which Jagger and Richards were credited as producers under their own names.
## Legacy
The partnership of Jagger and Richards has been described by *Rolling Stone* as the sixth greatest songwriter of all time. *Rolling Stone* considers the duo to have \"defined a rock song\'s essential components\...and established a blueprint for future rockers to follow
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# Simi Valley Police Department
The **Simi Valley Police Department** (SVPD) is the police department of the city of Simi Valley, California. The department has 131 sworn officers and more than 65 support personnel. Its patrol area covers more than 47 square miles.
## History
The police department was founded in 1971, shortly after the incorporation of Simi Valley in 1969. Its original name was Simi Valley Community Safety Agency. Initially funded by a federal grant, the department was a non-traditional police department. Officers wore blazers instead of traditional uniforms and the rank structure was unlike tradition police departments. There were no detectives; instead officers investigated their own cases. As the city and department grew, it became very difficult for officers to both serve as patrol officers and to investigate the cases that they generated. It was also recognized that for certain crimes certain expertise was necessary and not all officers had the necessary expertise. This recognition resulted in the establishment of the Major Investigations Unit (MIU). This was the forerunner to the current Investigative Division.
Simi Valley PD was engaged in Community Policing before the term was popular. The Police Foundation viewed the Simi Valley experiment as the first attempt at Community Oriented Policing, although it was not called that at that time.
The Chief of Police, who is appointed by the Simi Valley city manager, is charged with overseeing all law enforcement operations within the city limits. The department is divided into several divisions, with the Operations Division being the most visible to the public.
### Operations Division {#operations_division}
This division oversees the Patrol, Traffic, and Dispatch units. The Patrol Unit includes the Canine Program, Field Training Program, and Reserve Officer Program.
### Investigative Division {#investigative_division}
This division oversees the Special Operations Unit, the Detective Unit, and the Criminal Intelligence Section. The Special Operations Unit includes the department\'s Gang Task Force. The Simi Valley Police SWAT team, composed of officers from across the department, is considered a part-time team, or an ancillary duty to an officer\'s primary assignment.
## Fallen officers {#fallen_officers}
Since the establishment of the Simi Valley Police Department, one officer has died while on duty
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# Kirchheim am Ries
**Kirchheim** is a municipality in the district of Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg in Germany
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# List of Mexican actors
This is an alphabetical **list** of notable **Mexican actors**
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# Riesbürg
**Riesbürg** is a town in the district of Ostalbkreis in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.
The city has a beautifully restored 1847 synagogue
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# Curriculum of the Waldorf schools
In the **curriculum of the Waldorf schools**, much of the education in academic subjects takes place in blocks, usually of 3--5 weeks duration. Each pupil generally writes and illustrates a self-created textbook representing the material learned in the block. These blocks are supported by on-going classes in subjects such as music, art and crafts, and foreign languages that continue throughout the year.
## Curricular approach {#curricular_approach}
In a Waldorf elementary school, the curriculum is presented through extended \"main lessons\" which focus on one subject in depth. This approach differs from other instructional approaches that allot equal time to every subject. In a Waldorf elementary school, the approximately two-hour-long main lesson \"ties one topic to as many disciplines as possible\". The main lesson is not taught from a textbook. The teacher will draw one colored chalk drawing on the board to introduce the theme or subject. The structure of the lesson will include activities that \"call upon the child\'s powers of listening, of body movement, of thinking, and of feeling.\" These activities could include mental math, hand-clapping games and jumping rope, folk dances, poetry recitation, singing, and writing and drawing in unlined \"main lesson books\". Teachers are free to include whatever activities they feel will work best for the children in the class.
In high school, students are taught by subject specialists rather than a class teacher. However, the \"main lesson\" structure remains. The entire curriculum, which is often discussed as an ascending spiral - or \"spiral curriculum\" - has been described in the following way:
: The year progresses with an in-depth study of, say, mathematics, tying it peripherally each day to allied topics- physics, chemistry, home economics, and consumerism -- each of which is studied separately in shorter classes later in the day. After a few weeks, one of the peripheral topics becomes the main topic...The result is that all subjects are studied in relation to all other subjects. Students learn what historic events were occurring as Shakespeare wrote *Hamlet*, what music Newton might have listened to as he made his discoveries...
The presentation of different subjects may be as follows:
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# Curriculum of the Waldorf schools
## Language, literature, and history {#language_literature_and_history}
In Waldorf education writing and reading are introduced at age six or seven; Beginning with oral storytelling, a Waldorf child listens to and summarizes oral language. Then, using imaginative pictures of sounds (e.g. a snake shape for the letter \"s\"), the children gradually learn the abstract letter forms and move on to phonetics, spelling, grammar, and punctuation. The literary themes of the first through fourth grades are: fairy tales, fables and saints stories, Hebrew Testament, and Norse mythology. The fifth grade includes a survey of Classical Hindu, Persian, Egyptian, and Greek mythology, as well as the beginnings of Greek history.
In the middle school years, literary themes are drawn from history. Sixth grade includes Roman history, seventh grade, the history of the Medieval period, Renaissance, and Reformation, as well as the voyages of world discovery, and eighth grade focuses on the eighteenth to twentieth centuries, including the major revolutionary movements.
After recording their own stories and illustrations in personal books, children learn to read from the words they wrote themselves. From fourth grade on, creative writing focuses on descriptive writing, poetry, and, in middle school, themes such as wish, wonder, and surprise. In secondary school, courses examine the development of drama, poetry, and the novel. The secondary curriculum generally includes intensive courses focusing on the works of Shakespeare, Dante\'s Inferno, the Parsifal saga, Goethe\'s Faust, and the American transcendentalists.
The middle school curriculum examines the local history, building from studies of traditional life in the immediate environment in fourth grade up through successively larger areas (the locality, country, continent). The high school history curriculum includes courses on early civilizations, medieval culture, and modern history, as well as specialized courses in the history of the country in which the school is located.
## Mathematics
Formal instruction in numeracy begins at age 6/7 with the four primary operations of arithmetic. Fractions are introduced at age 9/10, decimal numbers and proportions at age 10/11, percentages and rates of interest at age 11/12, algebra at age 12/13. At the secondary level, topics include algebra, geometry, conics, trigonometry, probability, combinatorics and calculus. Descriptive geometry and projective geometry are introduced at age 15/16 and 16/17, respectively.
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# Curriculum of the Waldorf schools
## Nature and science {#nature_and_science}
Life sciences begin from age 6 or 7 with stories of \"the living world.\" Observation and description of \"the living world\" begins at age 9 or 10. The curriculum includes lesson blocks on farming (age 9 or 10), animals (age 10 or 11), plants (age 11 or 12), as well as geology, human biology and astronomy (age 12 or 13).
At secondary school, Waldorf schools study the historical origins, cultural background, and philosophical roots and consequences of scientific discoveries. Educational scholar Bo Dahlin describes the Waldorf approach to science education as follows: `{{blockquote|Teaching about any natural phenomenon [begins] with pure observations, for instance of an experiment such as the refraction of light in passing a prism, consciously holding back any theorizing about it. This is followed by as careful as possible reconstructing or recollecting the observed phenomena without them being physically present, followed
by—on the following day—the conceptualization of that which was observed. Attentive dwelling on the observations of the senses enhances the potential of immediate experience to break through the armour of preformed conceptions or ready-made thoughts. The recollection of the observations made earlier stimulates penetration of what was experienced by active thinking. |Dahlin, "On the Path Towards Thinking: Learning from Martin Heidegger and Rudolf Steiner"<ref name=Onthepath/>}}`{=mediawiki}
The pedagogy is influenced by Goethe\'s phenomenological approach, whereby Nature is conceived as a meaningful whole from which human beings are not alienated. It emphasizes letting the \"phenomena themselves speak\", using both a genetic method that starts with personal knowledge, out of which conceptual understanding is developed and an exemplary method that focuses on in-depth investigation of key examples. Dahlin describes the process as \"aesthetically rich knowledge formation\" which \"allows the children's judgement to mature without \'jumping to conclusions\'\" and \"teaches openmindedness, flexibility, truthfulness, and exactitude in dealing with phenomena of nature.\"
According to a 2009 European PISA study, Waldorf pupils\' ability in science was \"far above average\" in the data set used. A 2007 German study found that an above-average number of Waldorf students become teachers, doctors, engineers, scholars of the humanities, and scientists. A 2003 evaluation by education scholars David Jelinek and Li-Ling Sun compared a group of American Waldorf school students to American public school students on three different test variables. Two tests measured verbal and non-verbal logical reasoning and the third was an international TIMMS test. The TIMMS test covered the scientific understanding of magnetism. The researchers found that Waldorf school students scored higher than both the public school students (and the national average) on the TIMMS test while scoring the same as the public school students on the logical reasoning tests. However, when the logical reasoning tests measured students\' understanding of part-to-whole relations, the Waldorf students also outperformed the public school students. Although the study noted the Waldorf students\' enthusiasm for science, the science curriculum itself was viewed as \"somewhat old-fashioned and out of date, as well as including some doubtful scientific material.\" Educational researchers Phillip and Glenys Woods (2008), who also reviewed this study, criticize the conclusions about the science curriculum because it means the authors have posed an \"unresolved conflict\" whereby inaccurate science can lead to better science understanding.
A study conducted by California State University at Sacramento researchers outlined numerous theories and ideas prevalent throughout Waldorf curricula that were patently pseudoscientific and steeped in magical thinking. These included the idea that animals evolved from humans, that human spirits are physically incarnated into \"soul qualities that manifested themselves into various animal forms\", that the current geological formations on Earth have evolved through so-called \"Lemurian\" and \"Atlantiean\" epochs, and that the four kingdoms of nature are \"mineral, plant, animal, and man\". All of these are directly contradicted by mainstream scientific knowledge and have no basis in any form of conventional scientific study.
## History and geography {#history_and_geography}
History begins with \"mythical and archetypal narrative\" (age 6--9 years). At age 10 history lessons begin to draw upon the local environment in connection with the local geography. Beginning at age 11, history is introduced as a formal subject. Throughout elementary school, history is primarily taught through biography, allowing for a human context for historical events.
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