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Early life (1928–1949) | What age was Warhol when his father passed away? | Andy Warhol | false | 3ART
| [
16
] | [
"Early life (1928–1949).",
"Andy Warhol (né Andrej Varhola, Jr.) was born on August 6, 1928 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.",
"He was the fourth child of Andrej Varhola (Americanized as Andrew Warhola, Sr., 1889–1942) and Júlia (née Zavacká, 1892–1972), whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their move to the U.S. Andy had two older brothers, Paul (born June 26, 1922) and John Warhola (May 31, 1925 – December 24, 2010).",
"His parents were working-class Lemko emigrants from Mikó (now called Miková), located in today's northeastern Slovakia, part of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire.",
"Warhol's father immigrated to the United States in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Warhol's grandparents.",
"Warhol's father worked in a coal mine.",
"The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.",
"The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic Church.",
"Andy Warhol had two older brothers—Pavol (Paul), the oldest, was born before the family emigrated; Ján was born in Pittsburgh.",
"Pavol's son, James Warhola, became a successful children's book illustrator.",
"About 1939, he started to collect autographed cards of film stars.",
"In third grade, Warhol had Sydenham's chorea (also known as St. Vitus' Dance), the nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever which causes skin pigmentation blotchiness.",
"He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors.",
"Often bedridden as a child, he became an outcast at school and bonded with his mother.",
"At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed.",
"Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences.",
"When Warhol was 13, his father died in an accident.",
"As a teenager, Warhol graduated from Schenley High School in 1945.",
"After graduating from high school, his intentions were to study art education at the University of Pittsburgh in the hope of becoming an art teacher, but his plans changed and he enrolled in the Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, where he studied commercial art.",
"In 1949, he moved to New York City and began a career in magazine illustration and advertising.",
"In 1949, he earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts in pictorial design."
] | [
2,
0
] |
Similar dishes | What ingredients can be used to make an arepa? | Arepa | false | 9FOOD
| [
1
] | [
"In Colombia, the \"arepuela\" is similar to the traditional \"arepa\".",
"It is made with wheat flour and sometimes anise, and when fried, the layers expand and the \"arepuela\" inflates, similar to miniature tortillas or pancakes.",
"This is very common in the interior of Colombia.",
"In the north, \"bollos\" are popular for breakfast and made with the same dough as an \"arepa\", but boiled rather than fried, giving them a texture similar to matzo balls or Czech bread dumplings.",
"In Costa Rica, \"Arepas\" can be made from batter, and may be similar to pancakes.",
"There are at least two sorts, the \"pancake\" \"arepa\", which is made with baking powder, and the \"big flat\" \"arepa\", which is made without baking powder.",
"These big flat \"arepas\" are, in size, not unlike the big tortillas one finds in Guanacaste (northern Costa Rica), (i.e.",
"some twelve inches in diameter) and are made of white flour and are sugary.",
"Once perfectly cooked, they should resemble a \"giraffe skin\", or a \"jaguar skin\" (i.e., white/yellowish with brown spots).",
"In Mexico, Gorditas are a similar fried dish, but are different from tortillas.",
"In Puerto Rico, \"arepas\" are made with maize meal, coconut milk, lard, butter, flour, and baking powder.",
"Preparation and cooking varies according to city and family tradition.",
"In El Salvador, Pupusas are similar flat cakes, but the most important difference is the traditional dough is made from nixtamal.",
"It is also filled before it is cooked, usually some pork, white cheese or black beans.",
"Other stypes of \"pupusas\" are now made from rice dough, particularly in the town called Olocuilta in the department of La Paz.",
"There are also some newer versions of the dish based on plantain dough."
] | [
0
] |
Production | Who directed the video for Gangnam Style? | Gangnam Style | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"The music video is directed by Cho Soo-hyun, who also directed the MV for Psy's follow-up single \"Gentleman\" and the MV for \"This Love\" by Shinhwa.",
"It shows Psy performing a comical horse-riding dance and appearing in unexpected locations around the Gangnam District, such as an outdoor yoga session and a hot tub.",
"He wears several distinctive suits and black sunglasses with a mindset of \"dress classy and dance cheesy\".",
"It features a \"skewering the Gangnam image\" by the \"non-Gangnam Psy\"; this parody would be recognizable to viewers familiar with Korean culture.",
"Although there are more than ten different locations featured, only two of the scenes are actually filmed in the Gangnam district.",
"The sauna scene, elevator scene and bathroom scene were filmed elsewhere in the greater Seoul region, and some shots were filmed in World Trade Center Seoul and the Songdo International Business District, which includes Songdo Central Park and International Business District Station.",
"The video was shot over 48 hours in July 2012.",
"In K-pop, it is routine to have cameos by celebrities in a music video, such as in the dance scenes in the elevator and the parking garage.",
"The guests in the music video include:",
" 4Minute member Hyuna, who dances in the subway car and attracts Psy's attention.",
" Big Bang members Daesung and Seungri, who play two old men playing a board game in the park; they dive from the park bench after the explosion.",
" Hwang Min-woo, a 7-year-old boy who dances at the beginning of the video.",
"During an interview with CNN, Psy stated that \"the night before the music video shoot, I was watching \"Korea's Got Talent\" and saw him dance to Michael Jackson.",
"His moves were ridiculous.",
"So we called him up and asked him to be in the music video, which was shooting the very next day, and he came and it all worked out.\"",
"He has been praised for his eye-catching dance moves that have received a lot of attention from viewers.",
" Comedian/television personality Korea's Nation emcee Yoo Jae-suk, who engages in a dance duel with Psy.",
" Comedian/television personality Noh Hongchul, who does his trademark pelvis-thrusting dance in an elevator while Psy raps underneath him.",
"The music was composed by Psy and Yoo Gun-hyung, a producer in South Korea who has also collaborated with Psy in the past.",
"Yoo also arranged the song while Psy was responsible for the lyrics. "
] | [
3
] |
Corkspin | To impart a spin on the ball which is parallel to its trajectory, how must the racket be swung? | Table tennis | false | 4SPORT
| [
7
] | [
"This type of spin is almost exclusively employed in service, but it is also used from time to time in the lob at the professional level.",
"Unlike any of the aforementioned techniques, corkspin (sometimes referred to as \"drill-spin\") features a unique situation in which the axis of spin is more or less parallel to the trajectory of the ball.",
"This means that the Magnus effect will have little to no effect on the trajectory of a cork-spun ball.",
"Upon bouncing, the ball will dart right or left, depending on the direction of the spin, making it very difficult to return.",
"Although in theory this type of spin produces the most obnoxious effects, it is not as strategically practical as sidespin or backspin in terms of the limitations that it imposes upon the opponent during their return.",
"Aside from the initial direction change when bouncing, provided that it does not exceed the reach of the opponent, a cork-spun ball is easily countered with topspin \"or\" backspin.",
"Similar to a backspin stroke, the corkspin stroke has a lower maximum velocity, simply due to the contact angle of the racket when producing the stroke.",
"To impart a spin on the ball which is parallel to its trajectory, the racket must be swung more or less perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball.",
"This greatly limits the amount of forward momentum that can be transferred to the ball by the racket.",
"Corkspin is almost always mixed with another variety of spin, as it is less effective and harder to produce on its own."
] | [
5
] |
International Space Station (1993–present) | What was the average time spent on the ISS by a typical expedition crew? | NASA | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
8
] | [
"International Space Station (1993–present).",
"The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA's \"Space Station Freedom\" project with the Soviet/Russian \"Mir-2\" station, the European \"Columbus\" station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module.",
"NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop \"Freedom\" alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993, managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).",
"The station consists of pressurized modules, external trusses, solar arrays and other components, which have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, and the US Space Shuttles.",
"It is currently being assembled in Low Earth Orbit.",
"The on-orbit assembly began in 1998, the completion of the US Orbital Segment occurred in 2011 and the completion of the Russian Orbital Segment is expected by 2016.",
"The ownership and use of the space station is established in intergovernmental treaties and agreements which divide the station into two areas and allow Russia to retain full ownership of the Russian Orbital Segment (with the exception of Zarya), with the US Orbital Segment allocated between the other international partners.",
"Long duration missions to the ISS are referred to as ISS Expeditions.",
"Expedition crew members typically spend approximately six months on the ISS.",
"The initial expedition crew size was three, temporarily decreased to two following the Columbia disaster.",
"Since May 2009, expedition crew size has been six crew members.",
"Crew size is expected to be increased to seven, the number the ISS was designed for, once the Commercial Crew Program becomes operational.",
"The ISS has been continuously occupied for the past , having exceeded the previous record held by Mir; and has been visited by astronauts and cosmonauts from 15 different nations.",
"The station can be seen from the Earth with the naked eye and, , is the largest artificial satellite in Earth orbit with a mass and volume greater than that of any previous space station.",
"The Soyuz spacecraft delivers crew members, stays docked for their half-year long missions and then returns them home.",
"Several uncrewed cargo spacecraft service the ISS, they are the Russian Progress spacecraft which has done so since 2000, the European Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) since 2008, the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle (HTV) since 2009, the American Dragon spacecraft since 2012 and the American Cygnus spacecraft since 2013.",
"The Space Shuttle, before its retirement, was also used for cargo transfer and would often switch out expedition crew members, although it did not have the capability to remain docked for the duration of their stay.",
"Until another US manned spacecraft is ready, crew members will travel to and from the International Space Station exclusively aboard the Soyuz.",
"The highest number of people occupying the ISS has been thirteen; this occurred three times during the late Shuttle ISS assembly missions.",
"The ISS program is expected to continue until at least 2020 but may be extended until 2028 or possibly beyond that."
] | [
0
] |
Architecture | Who introduced the hourglass profile of the tower? | Space Needle | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
2
] | [
"The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men, Edward E. Carlson and John Graham, Jr.",
"The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward Carlson's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground (see the gently sloping base) and architect John Graham's concept of a flying saucer (see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck).",
"Victor Steinbrueck introduced the hourglass profile of the tower.",
"The Space Needle was built to withstand wind speeds of 200 mph, double the requirements in the building code of 1962.",
"An earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter Scale jolted the Needle enough in 2001 for water to slosh out of the toilets in the restrooms.",
"The Space Needle can endure serious structural damage during earthquakes of magnitudes below 9.",
"Also made to withstand Category 5 hurricane-force winds, the Space Needle sways only 1 inch per 10 mph (16 mm per 10 km/h) of wind speed.",
"For decades, the \"hovering disk\" of the Space Needle was home to two restaurants above the ground: the Space Needle Restaurant, which was originally named Eye of the Needle, and Emerald Suite.",
"These were closed in 2000 to make way for SkyCity, a larger restaurant that features Pacific Northwest cuisine.",
"It rotates 360 degrees in exactly forty-seven minutes.",
"In 1993, the elevators were replaced with new computerized versions.",
"The new elevators descend at a rate of .",
"On December 31, 1999 (New Year's Eve), a powerful beam of light was unveiled for the first time.",
"Called the Legacy Light or Skybeam, it is powered by lamps that total 85 million candela shining skyward from the top of the Space Needle to honor national holidays and special occasions in Seattle.",
"The concept of this beam was derived from the official 1962 World's Fair poster, which depicted such a light source although none was incorporated into the original design.",
"It is somewhat controversial because of the light pollution it creates.",
"Originally planned to be turned on 75 nights per year, it has generally been used fewer than a dozen times per year.",
"It did remain lit for eleven days in a row from September 11, 2001, to September 22, 2001, in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks.",
"The same 1962 World's Fair original poster showed a grand spiral entryway leading to the elevator, but this, too, was omitted from the final building plans.",
"This stairway was added as part of the Pavilion and Spacebase addition/remodel in June 2000.",
"The main stairwell (generally emergency access) has 848 steps in all from the basement to the top of the observation deck.",
"At approximately , the Space Needle was the tallest building west of the Mississippi River at the time it was built by Howard S. Wright Construction Co., but is now dwarfed by other structures along the Seattle skyline, among them the Columbia Center, at .",
"Unlike many other similar structures, such as the CN Tower in Toronto, the Space Needle is not used for broadcasting purposes."
] | [
3
] |
Rory's friends | When did Paris and Doyle date? | Gilmore Girls | true | 1TV
| [
6
] | [
"Rory's friendships with long-time best friend Lane Kim (Keiko Agena), a second-generation Korean American from a strict Christian home, and Paris Geller (Liza Weil), a friend/rival at both Chilton and Yale, play strongly in the show.",
"Although she shares a close bond with the two, they do not appear to get along with one another.",
"At the end of the Season 6, Lane marries Hep Alien band-mate Zach van Gerbig (Todd Lowe), a sweet, slightly clumsy rocker.",
"At the beginning of the Season 7, Lane discovers that she is unexpectedly pregnant and gives birth to twins (Kwan and Steve) later in the season.",
"Also in Season 7, Paris is accepted to Harvard Medical School (Harvard is the school she has wanted to go to for years, as her family are all alumni, but was rejected for undergraduate studies in Season 3).",
"In Season 4, Doyle McMaster (Danny Strong) storms onto the show as the \"Yale Daily News\" editor.",
"He and Paris start dating in Season 5, after Paris's relationship with a much older Professor Asher Fleming (Michael York) ends with Fleming's sudden death."
] | [
2
] |
Players, equipment, and officials | Football teams are composed of how many individuals? | Association football | true | 4SPORT
| [
0
] | [
"Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper.",
"Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven.",
"Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal.",
"Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield (non-goalkeeper) players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws.",
"The basic equipment or \"kit\" players are required to wear includes a shirt, shorts, socks, footwear and adequate shin guards.",
"An athletic supporter and protective cup is highly recommended for male players by medical experts and professionals.",
"Headgear is not a required piece of basic equipment, but players today may choose to wear it to protect themselves from head injury.",
"Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches.",
"The goalkeeper must wear clothing that is easily distinguishable from that worn by the other players and the match officials.",
"A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game.",
"The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches.",
"Common reasons for a substitution include injury, tiredness, ineffectiveness, a tactical switch, or timewasting at the end of a finely poised game.",
"In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.",
"IFAB recommends that \"that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team.\"",
"Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.",
"A game is officiated by a referee, who has \"full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed\" (Law 5), and whose decisions are final.",
"The referee is assisted by two assistant referees.",
"In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise."
] | [
5
] |
Later history | How come the statue of David was removed from the Piazza? | David (Michelangelo) | true | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"In 1873 the statue of David was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracts many visitors.",
"A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.",
"In 1991, a man attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket, in the process damaging the toes of the left foot, before being restrained.",
"On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica of the \"David\" was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only.",
"Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the \"Operai\" who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.",
"In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of David arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the Italian Culture Ministry claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the city of Florence, where it has always been located.",
"Florence disputes the state claim."
] | [
5
] |
Administrative subdivisions | What is the number of municipalities in Vietname? | Vietnam | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"Vietnam is divided into 58 provinces (Vietnamese: \"tỉnh\", from the Chinese 省, \"shěng\").",
"There are also five municipalities (\"thành phố trực thuộc trung ương\"), which are administratively on the same level as provinces.",
"The provinces are subdivided into provincial municipalities (\"thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh\"), townships (\"thị xã\") and counties (\"huyện\"), which are in turn subdivided into towns (\"thị trấn\") or communes (\"xã\").",
"The centrally controlled municipalities are subdivided into districts (\"quận\") and counties, which are further subdivided into wards (\"phường\")."
] | [
0
] |
Live performances | What was the estimated number of fans that came to the plaza? | What Makes You Beautiful | true | 0MUSIC
| [
16
] | [
"One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" for the first time on \"Red or Black?\"",
"on 10 September 2011.",
"The performance started with hosts Ant & Dec announcing that the band was supposedly running late for their appearance, and cut to a video of One Direction boarding a London Tube carriage full of fans, as the studio version of the song began playing.",
"Each fan on the tube was given a numbered ticket.",
"The band and fans disembarked the tube and made their way to the television studio, where the remainder of the song was sung live.",
"After the song, Styles caught a numbered ticket raining onstage.",
"The number corresponded to a ticket held by a fan from the tube; the colour of the fan's shirt was the correct answer for the \"Red or Black?\"",
"challenge.",
"The band performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" after its B-side, \"Na Na Na\", at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards on 9 October 2011.",
"The band also performed the song to open telethon \"Children in Need 2011\" on 19 November 2011.",
"After \"Gotta Be You\" and \"One Thing\", One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at Capital FM's \"Jingle Bell Ball\" on 4 December 2011, at The O2 Arena.",
"They performed a medley of \"She Makes Me Wanna\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" with JLS on the \"The X Factor\" eighth series final on 10 December 2011.",
"The group performed \"One Thing\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" on \"Dancing on Ice\" on 5 February 2012.",
"In Italy, the band performed the song at the 2012 Sanremo Music Festival on 14 February 2012.",
"In France, they performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" on \"Le Grand Journal\" on 22 February 2012.",
"In the United States, One Direction performed the song along with \"More than This\" and \"One Thing\" for the first time on \"The Today Show\" at the Rockefeller Center on 12 March 2012.",
"An estimated 15,000 fans descended on the plaza.",
"Melissa Lonner, senior entertainment producer for \"The Today Show\", said: \"One Direction is relatively unknown with no hits yet.",
"They basically exploded, and all the adults are saying, 'Who are these people, and how do they know about it?'\".",
"They also performed the song at the 2012 Kids' Choice Awards on 31 March 2012.",
"One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" and \"One Thing\" on the NBC comedy television show \"Saturday Night Live\" on 7 April 2012, and also appeared in a comedy sketch with Sofía Vergara.",
"In Australia, they performed \"One Thing\" and \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 54th Logie Awards, where they also presented an award for \"Most Popular New Female Talent\" on 15 April 2012.",
"On 12 August 2012, One Direction performed \"What Makes You Beautiful\" at the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony in London, which represented the handover to Rio de Janeiro as the host of the 2016 Summer Olympics.",
"It was included on the set list of the group's headlining sold-out show at Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.",
"One Direction performed the song on two of their major concert tours: Up All Night Tour (2011–12) and Take Me Home Tour (2013)."
] | [
0
] |
X-ray binaries | What is the period of low X-ray emission called? | Black hole | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
12
] | [
"X-ray binaries are binary star systems that are luminous in the X-ray part of the spectrum.",
"These X-ray emissions are generally thought to be caused by one of the component stars being a compact object accreting matter from the other (regular) star.",
"The presence of an ordinary star in such a system provides a unique opportunity for studying the central object and determining if it might be a black hole.",
"If such a system emits signals that can be directly traced back to the compact object, it cannot be a black hole.",
"The absence of such a signal does, however, not exclude the possibility that the compact object is a neutron star.",
"By studying the companion star it is often possible to obtain the orbital parameters of the system and obtain an estimate for the mass of the compact object.",
"If this is much larger than the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit (that is, the maximum mass a neutron star can have before collapsing) then the object cannot be a neutron star and is generally expected to be a black hole.",
"The first strong candidate for a black hole, Cygnus X-1, was discovered in this way by Charles Thomas Bolton, Louise Webster and Paul Murdin in 1972.",
"Some doubt, however, remained due to the uncertainties resultant from the companion star being much heavier than the candidate black hole.",
"Currently, better candidates for black holes are found in a class of X-ray binaries called soft X-ray transients.",
"In this class of system the companion star is relatively low mass allowing for more accurate estimates in the black hole mass.",
"Moreover, these systems are only active in X-ray for several months once every 10–50 years.",
"During the period of low X-ray emission (called quiescence), the accretion disc is extremely faint allowing for detailed observation of the companion star during this period.",
"One of the best such candidates is V404 Cyg."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | What type of dish is a taco? | Taco | false | 9FOOD
| [
0
] | [
"A taco () is a traditional Mexican dish composed of a corn or wheat tortilla folded or rolled around a filling.",
"A taco can be made with a variety of fillings, including beef, pork, chicken, seafood, vegetables and cheese, allowing for great versatility and variety.",
"A taco is generally eaten without utensils and is often accompanied by garnishes such as salsa, avocado or guacamole, cilantro, tomatoes, minced meat, onions and lettuce."
] | [
0
] |
Difference between classical and modern physics | What did Einstein say replaced absolute time and space? | Physics | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
3
] | [
"While physics aims to discover universal laws, its theories lie in explicit domains of applicability.",
"Loosely speaking, the laws of classical physics accurately describe systems whose important length scales are greater than the atomic scale and whose motions are much slower than the speed of light.",
"Outside of this domain, observations do not match their predictions.",
"Albert Einstein contributed the framework of special relativity, which replaced notions of absolute time and space with spacetime and allowed an accurate description of systems whose components have speeds approaching the speed of light.",
"Max Planck, Erwin Schrödinger, and others introduced quantum mechanics, a probabilistic notion of particles and interactions that allowed an accurate description of atomic and subatomic scales.",
"Later, quantum field theory unified quantum mechanics and special relativity.",
"General relativity allowed for a dynamical, curved spacetime, with which highly massive systems and the large-scale structure of the universe can be well-described.",
"General relativity has not yet been unified with the other fundamental descriptions; several candidate theories of quantum gravity are being developed."
] | [
0
] |
Recognition and awards | In what year did "We Found Love" win "Video of the Year" at the MTV Video Music Awards? | We Found Love | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"MTV chose \"We Found Love\" as the third best song of 2011, and \"Video of the Year\" at the MTV Video Music Awards 2012.",
"The writers of the website further commented, \"The leadoff single from \"Talk That Talk\" is where Rihanna fully embraced EDM.",
"Produced by Calvin Harris, 'We Found Love' is a swirling party track about love and loss, the rare song that manages to be sad and joyous all at once.",
"And it is a pinnacle of the pop/dance crossover, a throwback to '90s raves that could make even the most stoic lover of pop want to break out a glow stick and just dance.",
"Rob Sheffield of \"Rolling Stone\" put \"We Found Love\" at number eleven on his list of Top 25 Songs of 2011 commenting, \"While her other hits tried to camouflage her spindly voice, here it just strains for that spindly melody.\"",
"It was named the third biggest love song of all time by \"Billboard\"."
] | [
0
] |
Early life, 1475-88 | When was Michelangelo born? | Michelangelo | true | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"Early life, 1475-88.",
"Michelangelo was born on 6 March 1475 in Caprese near Arezzo, Tuscany.",
"(Today, Caprese is known as Caprese Michelangelo).",
"For several generations, his family had been small-scale bankers in Florence, the bank had failed and his father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, briefly took a government post in Caprese, where Michelangelo was born.",
"At the time of Michelangelo's birth, his father was the Judicial administrator of the small town of Caprese and local administrator of Chiusi.",
"Michelangelo's mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena.",
"The Buonarrotis claimed to descend from the Countess Mathilde of Canossa; this claim remains unproven, but Michelangelo himself believed it.",
"Several months after Michelangelo's birth, the family returned to Florence, where Michelangelo was raised.",
"At later times, during his mother's prolonged illness and after her death in 1481, when he was just six years old, Michelangelo lived with a stonecutter and his wife and family in the town of Settignano, where his father owned a marble quarry and a small farm.",
"Giorgio Vasari quotes Michelangelo: "
] | [
2
] |
Assassination | What type of gun was MLK Jr. shot by? | Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
6
] | [
"King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, owned by businessman Walter Bailey (and named after his wife).",
"King's close friend and colleague Reverend Ralph David Abernathy, who was King's roommate in the motel room the day of the assassination, told the House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often that it was known as the \"King-Abernathy Suite.",
"\"According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's last words were to musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to perform that night at an event King was going to attend: \"Ben, make sure you play 'Take My Hand, Precious Lord' in the meeting tonight.",
"Play it real pretty.",
"\"[[File:Lorraine Motel 04 15 Mar 2012.jpg|thumb|260px|The Lorraine Motel, where Dr. King was assassinated, is nowthe site of the National Civil Rights Museum.",
"The wreath marks the approximate place Dr. King was standing at the time.",
"]]At 6:01 p.m. on Thursday, April 4, 1968, while he was standing on the motel's second floor balcony, King was struck by a single .30-06 bullet fired from a Remington 760 Gamemaster.",
"The bullet entered through his right cheek, breaking his jaw, neck and several vertebrae as it traveled down his spinal cord, severing the jugular vein and major arteries in the process before lodging in his shoulder.",
"By the force of the blast, King's necktie was ripped completely off his shirt.",
"He fell violently backwards onto the balcony unconscious.",
"Shortly after the shot was fired, witnesses saw James Earl Ray fleeing from a rooming house across the street from the Lorraine Motel where he was renting a room.",
"A package was dumped close to the site that included a rifle and binoculars with Ray's fingerprints on them.",
"The rifle had been purchased by Ray under an alias six days before.",
"A worldwide manhunt was triggered that culminated in the arrest of Ray at London Heathrow Airport two months later.",
"Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the floor.",
"King was bleeding profusely from the wound in his cheek.",
"His SCLC colleague Andrew Young believed he was dead, though King still had a pulse.",
"King was rushed to St. Joseph's Hospital, where doctors opened his chest and performed Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.",
"He never regained consciousness and was pronounced dead at 7:05 p.m.",
"According to Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that though he was only 39 years old, he had the heart of a 60-year-old man which Branch attributed to the stress of 13 years in the civil rights movement."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | What year was the Dark Knight Rises the 3rd highest grossing film? | The Dark Knight Rises | true | 6MOVIES
| [
15
] | [
"The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American epic superhero film directed by Christopher Nolan, who co-wrote the screenplay with his brother Jonathan Nolan and the story with David S. Goyer.",
"Featuring the DC Comics character Batman, the film is the final installment in Nolan's \"Batman\" film trilogy, and it is the sequel to \"Batman Begins\" (2005) and \"The Dark Knight\" (2008).",
"Christian Bale reprises the lead role of Bruce Wayne/Batman, with a returning cast of his allies: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth, Gary Oldman as James Gordon, and Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox.",
"The film introduces Selina Kyle (Anne Hathaway), a sly, morally ambiguous cat burglar, and Bane (Tom Hardy), a mercenary bent on destroying Gotham City.",
"Drawn back into action by new threats facing the city, an older Bruce Wayne is forced to come out of retirement and become Batman once again.",
"Christopher Nolan was initially hesitant about returning to the series for a second time, but agreed to come back after developing a story with his brother and Goyer that he felt would conclude the series on a satisfactory note.",
"Nolan drew inspiration from Bane's comic book debut in the 1993 \"\" storyline, the 1986 series \"The Dark Knight Returns\", and the 1999 storyline \"No Man's Land\".",
"Filming took place in various locations, including Jodhpur, London, Nottingham, Glasgow, Los Angeles, New York City, Newark, and Pittsburgh.",
"Nolan used IMAX cameras for much of the filming, including the first six minutes of the film, to optimize the quality of the picture.",
"A variation of the Batplane termed \"The Bat\", an underground prison set, and a new Batcave set were created specifically for the film.",
"As with \"The Dark Knight\", viral marketing campaigns began early during production to help promotion.",
"When filming concluded, Warner Bros. refocused its campaign: developing promotional websites, releasing the first six minutes of the film, screening theatrical trailers, and sending out information regarding the film's plot.",
"\"The Dark Knight Rises\" premiered in New York City on July 16, 2012.",
"The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19, 2012, and in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20, 2012.",
"Upon release it received a favorable critical response and grossed over $1.081 billion worldwide.",
"It is currently the ninth-highest-grossing film of all time, the third-highest-grossing film of 2012, and the third-highest-grossing superhero film of all time."
] | [
0
] |
Soviet spies | Who was a spy for the Solviet Union and was involved with the Manhattan Project? | Manhattan Project | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
7
] | [
"The prospect of sabotage was always present, and sometimes suspected when there were equipment failures.",
"While there were some problems believed to be the result of careless or disgruntled employees, there were no confirmed instances of Axis-instigated sabotage.",
"However, on 10 March 1945, a Japanese fire balloon struck a power line, and the resulting power surge caused the three reactors at Hanford to be temporarily shut down.",
"With so many people involved, security was a difficult task.",
"A special Counter Intelligence Corps detachment was formed to handle the project's security issues.",
"By 1943, it was clear that the Soviet Union was attempting to penetrate the project.",
"Lieutenant Colonel Boris T. Pash, the head of the Counter Intelligence Branch of the Western Defense Command, investigated suspected Soviet espionage at the Radiation Laboratory in Berkeley.",
"Oppenheimer informed Pash that he had been approached by a fellow professor at Berkeley, Haakon Chevalier, about passing information to the Soviet Union.",
"The most successful Soviet spy was Klaus Fuchs, a member of the British Mission who played an important part at Los Alamos.",
"The 1950 revelation of Fuchs' espionage activities damaged the United States' nuclear cooperation with Britain and Canada.",
"Subsequently, other instances of espionage were uncovered, leading to the arrest of Harry Gold, David Greenglass and Ethel and Julius Rosenberg.",
"Other spies like George Koval and Theodore Hall remained unknown for decades.",
"The value of the espionage is difficult to quantify, as the principal constraint on the Soviet atomic bomb project was a shortage of uranium ore.",
"The consensus is that espionage saved the Soviets one or two years of effort."
] | [
3
] |
Background | Give that year that Van Gogh wrote to his brother about the Portrait of Dr. Gachet. | Portrait of Dr. Gachet | false | 3ART
| [
12
] | [
"In 1890, Van Gogh's brother Theo was searching for a home for the artist upon his release from an asylum at Saint-Rémy.",
"Upon the recommendation of Camille Pissarro, a former patient of the doctor who told Theo of Gachet's interests in working with artists, Theo sent Vincent to Gachet's second home in Auvers.",
"Vincent van Gogh's first impression of Gachet was unfavorable.",
"Writing to Theo he remarked:\"I think that we must not count on Dr. Gachet at all.",
"First of all, he is sicker than I am, I think, or shall we say just as much, so that's that.",
"Now when one blind man leads another blind man, don't they both fall into the ditch?",
"\"However, in a letter dated two days later to their sister Wilhelmina, he relayed, \"I have found a true friend in Dr. Gachet, something like another brother, so much do we resemble each other physically and also mentally.\"",
"Van Gogh's thoughts returned several times to the painting by Eugène Delacroix of Torquato Tasso in the madhouse.",
"After a visit with Paul Gauguin to Montpellier to see Alfred Bruyas's collection in the Musée Fabre, Van Gogh wrote to Theo, asking if he could find a copy of the lithograph after the painting.",
"Three and a half months earlier, he had been thinking of the painting as an example of the sort of portraits he wanted to paint: \"But it would be more in harmony with what Eugène Delacroix attempted and brought off in his \"Tasso in Prison\", and many other pictures, representing a real man.",
"Ah!",
"portraiture, portraiture with the thought, the soul of the model in it, that is what I think must come.",
"\"Van Gogh wrote to his brother in 1890 about the painting:"
] | [] |
Awards and reception | How many stars did Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian rate The Selfish Giant? | The Selfish Giant (2013 film) | true | 6MOVIES
| [
4
] | [
"It was screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival where it won the Europa Cinemas award.",
"It was also nominated for the 2013 Lux Prize.",
"The film was screened in the Contemporary World Cinema section at the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival.",
"It won Best Film at the 24th Stockholm International Film Festival in November 2013.",
"Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film five out of five stars.",
"The film was nominated for the 2014 Bafta for Best British Film."
] | [
5
] |
Health benefits | What does evidence suggest about the strength of roasted coffee's antioxidant effects? | Coffee | false | 9FOOD
| [
6
] | [
"According to Cancer Research UK, the results of the large-scale study published in 2012 clarified the evidence of the effect of coffee drinking on cancer, and that evidence beforehand had been conflicting.",
"They say the study showed that drinking coffee \"had no effect on the risk of dying from cancer.",
"\"Other studies suggest coffee consumption reduces the risk of Alzheimer's disease, dementia, Parkinson's disease, heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and gout.",
"The fact that decaffeinated coffee also exhibits preventative effects against diseases such as prostate cancer and type 2 diabetes suggests that coffee's health benefits are not solely a product of its caffeine content.",
"Specifically, the antidiabetic effect of caffeine has been attributed to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid.",
"The presence of antioxidants in coffee has been shown to prevent free radicals from causing cell damage.",
"Evidence suggests that roasted coffee has a stronger antioxidant effect than green coffee.",
"Coffee is no longer thought to be a risk factor for coronary heart disease.",
"A 2012 meta-analysis concluded that people who drank moderate amounts of coffee had a lower rate of heart failure, with the biggest effect found for those who drank more than four cups a day.",
"Moreover, habitual coffee consumption is associated with improved vascular function.",
"In a ten year study among 50,739 US women (mean age, 63 years) free of depressive symptoms at baseline (in 1996), coffee consumption was negatively correlated with risk of developing depression.",
"A review published in 2004 indicated a negative correlation between suicide rates and coffee consumption.",
"It was suggested that the action of caffeine in blocking the inhibitory effects of adenosine on dopamine nerves in the brain reduced feelings of depression.",
"Coffee consumption is also associated with improved endothelial function.",
"Coffee extracts have been shown to inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, enzyme which converts cortisone to cortisol and is a current pharmaceutical target for the treatment of diabetes type 2 and the metabolic syndrome."
] | [
0
] |
Background | Who sings Payphone? | Payphone (song) | true | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"The song was written by Maroon 5's lead singer Adam Levine, along with Ammar Malik, Robopop, Benny Blanco, Shellback, and Wiz Khalifa, while production was helmed by Blanco and Shellback.",
"Levine, Blanco, Shellback, and Malik also wrote the band's previous single \"Moves Like Jagger\".",
"The writing process started when Blanco, Robopop, and Malik convened together in the studio; Malik and Robopop constructed a piano line and demo track that Blanco compiled into a proper melody.",
"Then, it was given to Levine who wrote the lyrics.",
"Meanwhile, Blanco recalled rapper Wiz Khalifa with an idea to throw a wrench into the Maroon 5 works by adding hip-hop flavor to the its sound, \"I love when things don't make sense, like, 'Holy fuck!'",
"You don't hear him on the song at all.",
"I like when bands dip into a whole different genre.\"",
"Wiz Khalifa wrote and rapped his verse on \"Payphone\".",
"In an interview with \"Rolling Stone\", Blanco told that five minutes before Khalifa arrived at the studio, he prepared \"the sound beds for the finger snap-driven portion of the jam\".",
"However, producer Max Martin, who was the executive producer of \"Overexposed\", adjusted the chorus, because he felt it should be a \"little different\".",
"\"Payphone\" was recorded at Conway Studios in Los Angeles by Noah \"Mailbox\" Pasovoy and Shellback, while Eric Eylands served as the assistant engineer.",
"John Hanes mixed the song at Mixstar Studios in Virginia Beach and Phil Seaford was the mixing assistant.",
"The programming, additional bass, keys, acoustic guitars and the background vocals were provided by Shellback and Blanco.",
"Jeremy \"Jbogs\" Levin and David \"D Silb\" Silberstein served as production coordinators.",
"Khalifa appears as courtesy of Rostrum Records.",
"\"Payphone\" was released as a lead single from \"Overexposed\".",
"On April 17, 2012, it was digitally released in most territories.",
"A&M/Octone Records serviced the song to contemporary hit radio in the United States on April 24.",
"A CD single containing the album version of the song together with a Thomas Penton/Barry Huffine remix was released on June 8 in Germany."
] | [
3
] |
Ecology | How can yeast make flowers more attractive to pollinators? | Yeast | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
8
] | [
"Yeasts are very common in the environment, and are often isolated from sugar-rich materials.",
"Examples include naturally occurring yeasts on the skins of fruits and berries (such as grapes, apples, or peaches), and exudates from plants (such as plant saps or cacti).",
"Some yeasts are found in association with soil and insects.",
"The ecological function and biodiversity of yeasts are relatively unknown compared to those of other microorganisms.",
"Yeasts, including \"Candida albicans\", \"Rhodotorula rubra\", \"Torulopsis\" and \"Trichosporon cutaneum\", have been found living in between people's toes as part of their skin flora.",
"Yeasts are also present in the gut flora of mammals and some insects and even deep-sea environments host an array of yeasts.",
"An Indian study of seven bee species and 9 plant species found 45 species from 16 genera colonise the nectaries of flowers and honey stomachs of bees.",
"Most were members of the \"Candida\" genus; the most common species in honey stomachs was \"Dekkera intermedia\" and in flower nectaries, \"Candida blankii\".",
"Yeast colonising nectaries of the stinking hellebore have been found to raise the temperature of the flower, which may aid in attracting pollinators by increasing the evaporation of volatile organic compounds.",
"A black yeast has been recorded as a partner in a complex relationship between ants, their mutualistic fungus, a fungal parasite of the fungus and a bacterium that kills the parasite.",
"The yeast has a negative effect on the bacteria that normally produce antibiotics to kill the parasite, so may affect the ants' health by allowing the parasite to spread."
] | [
5
] |
Release aids | Is it finger or foot operated? | Archery | false | 4SPORT
| [
1
] | [
"A release aid is a mechanical device designed to give a crisp and precise loose of arrows from a compound bow.",
"In the most commonly used, the string is released by a finger-operated trigger mechanism, held in the archer's hand or attached to their wrist.",
"In another type, known as a back-tension release, the string is automatically released when drawn to a pre-determined tension."
] | [] |
Continental Europe | Which countries governments provided state funding to new industries? | Industrial Revolution | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
6
] | [
"Industrialisation beyond Great Britain.",
"Continental Europe.",
"The Industrial Revolution on Continental Europe came a little later than in Great Britain.",
"In many industries, this involved the application of technology developed in Britain in new places.",
"Often the technology was purchased from Britain or British engineers and entrepreneurs moved abroad in search of new opportunities.",
"By 1809 part of the Ruhr Valley in Westphalia was called 'Miniature England' because of its similarities to the industrial areas of England.",
"The German, Russian and Belgian governments all provided state funding to the new industries.",
"In some cases (such as iron), the different availability of resources locally meant that only some aspects of the British technology were adopted."
] | [] |
The Hollow | What year wwas the parks first water ride installed? | Hersheypark | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
2
] | [
"This section was named after the oldest operating coaster in the park, Comet, and lies along Spring Creek.",
"This is one of the oldest areas part of Hersheypark; many rides have come and gone in this area.",
"The park's first water ride, the Mill Chute installed in 1929, was alongside the creek where Great Bear runs today.",
"The original location for the bumper cars, then called the Auto Skooters, is now the SooperDooperLooper Sandwich Stop.",
"There were giant slides on the hill where the Hersheypark Amphitheater is located.",
"A turnpike ride was located underneath the high bridge that crossed Spring Creek to Minetown.",
"The park's carousel, before being moved to Carrousel Circle in 1972, was located along the creek adjacent to the station of Comet.",
"Before SooperDooperLooper came to Comet Hollow in 1977, a Himalaya ride was in that location, and before that, twin Eli Bridge Ferris wheels.",
"A whip, and a station for the Electric Railroad were also located in Comet Hollow at one time.",
"One of Hersheypark's most significant floods occurred in 1972 as a result of Hurricane Agnes.",
"A number of rides were heavily damaged or destroyed as a result.",
"These rides include the turnpike ride, the Mill Chute and the giant slides.",
"They were eventually replaced (the Coal Cracker (1973) and Twin Turnpike (1975) were put on higher ground in Minetown, and the Merry Derry Dip Fun Slide was put in Midway America twenty five years later in 1997).",
"Today, Comet Hollow features three roller coasters, Comet (Hersheypark), Skyrush, and the first looping roller coaster on the East Coast, SooperDooperLooper.",
"It also houses the Wave Swinger.",
"Almost all of Great Bear's track courses through Comet Hollow.",
"Beginning with the 2012 season and renovations being done to this area, the park changed the name of the once 'Comet Hollow' to the now present name of 'The Hollow'."
] | [
0
] |
Cover versions | In what year was a version of the song "Hey Jude" performed on the TV show Glee? | Hey Jude | false | 0MUSIC
| [
3
] | [
"",
"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic included the song in his first polka medley \"Polkas on 45\" from his 1984 album \"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic in 3-D\".",
"Katy Perry performed a cover of the song as part of the 2012 MusiCares Person of the Year concert honoring McCartney, and in her 2012 film \"\".",
"The song was performed by the members of glee club in the 2013 \"Glee\" episode \"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds\" and the soundtrack \"Glee Sings the Beatles\", in which the song is shortened to four minutes and fifty-one seconds.",
"In the late 1960s, famous singer Sinn Sisamouth recorded a Cambodian version of \"Hey Jude\".",
"South African band Dr Victor and the Rasta Rebels included a version on their greatest hits album.",
"Wilson Pickett covered the song in 1968 with pre-Allman Brothers Band session musician Duane Allman on guitar.",
"In the 2011 \"Top Gear\" the song was covered by the \"Top Gear band\" - consisting of presenters Jeremy Clarkson (drums), Richard Hammond (double bass) and James May (keyboard) as well as executive producer Andy Wilman (vocals) - during a trade fair in Delhi.",
"For rights reasons, in the DVD version of the episode it is replaced by \"Sowing the Seeds of Love\" by Tears for Fears."
] | [
0
] |
Languages | Is Spainish the only language spoken in Venezuela? | Venezuela | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"Although the country is mostly monolingual Spanish, many languages are spoken in Venezuela.",
"In addition to Spanish, the Constitution recognizes more than thirty indigenous languages, including Wayuu, Warao, Pemón, and many others for the official use of the indigenous peoples, mostly with few speakers – less than 1% of the total population.",
"Immigrants, in addition to Spanish, speak their own languages.",
"Arabic is spoken by Lebanese and Syrian colonies on Isla de Margarita, Maracaibo, Punto Fijo, Puerto la Cruz, El Tigre, Maracay, and Caracas.",
"Portuguese is spoken not only by the Portuguese community in Santa Elena de Uairén but also by much of the population due to its proximity to Brazil.",
"The German community speaks their native language, while the Colonia Tovar speaks mostly an Alemannic dialect of German called \"coloniero\".",
"English is the most widely used foreign language in demand and is spoken by many professionals, academics, and members of the upper and middle classes as a result of oil exploration by foreign companies, in addition to its acceptance as a lingua franca.",
"Culturally, English is common in southern towns like El Callao, for the English-speaking native influence evident in folk songs and calypso Venezuelan and French with English voices.",
"Italian instruction is guaranteed by the presence of a constant number of schools and private institutions because the Italian government considered mandatory language teaching at school level.",
"Other languages spoken by large communities in the country are Chinese and Galician, among others."
] | [] |
Season 1 | How old is Zach and Grace? | The Good Wife | false | 1TV
| [
6
] | [
"Season synopses.",
"Season 1.",
"As a junior associate at a prestigious Chicago law firm, Alicia Florrick joins her longtime friend, former law school classmate and firm partner Will Gardner, who is interested in rekindling their former relationship.",
"The firm's top litigator and other partner, Diane Lockhart, likes Alicia's work and her connections so she and Will award her with a full-time associate position following a trial period.",
"Alicia beat out Cary Agos, a clever young attorney who takes a job in the state's attorney's office, now bitter and vengeful.",
"Alicia finds an ally and a friend in Kalinda, the firm's tough and mysterious in-house investigator.",
"Gaining confidence every day, Alicia transforms herself from embarrassed politician's scorned wife to resilient career woman, especially for the sake of providing a stable home for her children, 14-year-old Zach and 13-year-old Grace.",
"Now that Peter is back home and planning to run for office again with help from Eli Gold, his cunning image consultant, Alicia continues to redefine herself and her role in her family's life."
] | [
5
] |
21st century | Who was the first female president of Chile? | Chile | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
1
] | [
"Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile.",
"In January 2006, Chileans elected their first female president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party, defeating Sebastián Piñera, of the National Renewal party, extending the \"Concertación\" governance for another four years.",
"In January 2010, Chileans elected Sebastián Piñera as the first rightist President in 20 years, defeating former President Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle of the \"Concertación\", for a four-year term succeeding Bachelet.",
"On 27 February 2010, Chile was struck by an 8.8 MW earthquake, the fifth largest ever recorded at the time.",
"More than 500 people died (most from the ensuing tsunami) and over a million people lost their homes.",
"The earthquake was also followed by multiple aftershocks.",
"Initial damage estimates were in the range of US$15–30 billion, around 10 to 15 percent of Chile's real gross domestic product.",
"Chile achieved global recognition for the successful rescue of 33 trapped miners in 2010.",
"On 5 August 2010 the access tunnel collapsed at the San Jose copper and gold mine in the Atacama Desert near Copiapó in northern Chile, trapping 33 men below ground.",
"A rescue effort organized by the Chilean government located the miners 17 days later.",
"All 33 men were brought to the surface on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world."
] | [
3
] |
Language | What is the official language of Tunisia? | Tunisia | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"Arabic is the official language, and Tunisian Arabic, known as Derja, is the local, vernacular variety of Arabic and is used by the public.",
"There is also a small minority of speakers of Shelha, a Berber language.",
"French also plays a major role in Tunisian society, despite having no official status.",
"It is widely used in education (e.g., as the language of instruction in the sciences in secondary school), the press, and in business.",
"In 2010, there were 6,639,000 French-speakers in Tunisia, or about 64% of the population.",
"Italian is understood and spoken by a small part of the Tunisian population.",
"Shop signs, menus and road signs in Tunisia are generally written in both Arabic and French.",
"There are also thousands of English or 20% of the population can speak or at least make a conversation with the language specifically those who are in 20s of their ages do speak the language fluently."
] | [
0
] |
History | Give the explanation that Monet gave for the title. | Impression, Sunrise | false | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"Dated 1872, its subject is the harbour of Le Havre in France, using very loose brush strokes that suggest rather than delineate it.",
"Monet explained the title later:Landscape is nothing but an impression, and an instantaneous one, hence this label that was given us, by the way because of me.",
"I had sent a thing done in Le Havre, from my window, sun in the mist and a few masts of boats sticking up in the foreground.",
"...",
"They asked me for a title for the catalogue, it couldn't really be taken for a view of Le Havre, and I said: 'Put \"Impression\".'",
"It was first displayed in 1874 during the first independent art show of the Impressionists (who were not yet known by that name).",
"Critic Louis Leroy, inspired by the painting's name, titled his hostile review of the show in \"Le Charivari\" newspaper, \"The Exhibition of the Impressionists\", thus inadvertently naming the new art movement.",
"He wrote:Impression—I was certain of it.",
"I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it … and what freedom, what ease of workmanship!",
"Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape.",
"The painting was stolen from the Musée Marmottan Monet in 1985 by Philippe Jamin and Youssef Khimoun but recovered in 1990.",
"Since 1991 it has been back on display in the museum."
] | [] |
Chemistry as science | Who made 19th century advances in valence bonding? | Chemistry | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
16
] | [
" as science.",
"Under the influence of the new empirical methods propounded by Sir Francis Bacon and others, a group of chemists at Oxford, Robert Boyle, Robert Hooke and John Mayow began to reshape the old alchemical traditions into a scientific discipline.",
"Boyle in particular is regarded as the founding father of chemistry due to his most important work, the classic chemistry text \"The Sceptical Chymist\" where the differentiation is made between the claims of alchemy and the empirical scientific discoveries of the new chemistry.",
"He formulated Boyle's law, rejected the classical \"four elements\" and proposed a mechanistic alternative of atoms and chemical reactions that could be subject to rigorous experiment.",
"The theory of phlogiston (a substance at the root of all combustion) was propounded by the German Georg Ernst Stahl in the early 18th century and was only overturned by the end of the century by the French chemist Antoine Lavoisier, the chemical analogue of Newton in physics; who did more than any other to establish the new science on proper theoretical footing, by elucidating the principle of conservation of mass and developing a new system of chemical nomenclature used to this day.",
"Prior to his work, though, many important discoveries had been made, specifically relating to the nature of 'air' which was discovered to be composed of many different gases.",
"The Scottish chemist Joseph Black (the first experimental chemist) and the Dutchman J.",
"B. van Helmont discovered carbon dioxide, or what Black called 'fixed air' in 1754; Henry Cavendish discovered hydrogen and elucidated its properties and Joseph Priestley and, independently, Carl Wilhelm Scheele isolated pure oxygen.",
"English scientist John Dalton proposed the modern theory of atoms; that all substances are composed of indivisible 'atoms' of matter and that different atoms have varying atomic weights.",
"The development of the electrochemical theory of chemical combinations occurred in the early 19th century as the result of the work of two scientists in particular, J. J. Berzelius and Humphry Davy, made possible by the prior invention of the voltaic pile by Alessandro Volta.",
"Davy discovered nine new elements including the alkali metals by extracting them from their oxides with electric current.",
"British William Prout first proposed ordering all the elements by their atomic weight as all atoms had a weight that was an exact multiple of the atomic weight of hydrogen.",
"J.",
"A. R. Newlands devised an early table of elements, which was then developed into the modern periodic table of elements by the German Julius Lothar Meyer and the Russian Dmitri Mendeleev in the 1860s.",
"The inert gases, later called the noble gases were discovered by William Ramsay in collaboration with Lord Rayleigh at the end of the century, thereby filling in the basic structure of the table.",
"Organic chemistry was developed by Justus von Liebig and others, following Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea which proved that living organisms were, in theory, reducible to chemistry.",
"Other crucial 19th century advances were; an understanding of valence bonding (Edward Frankland in 1852) and the application of thermodynamics to chemistry (J. W. Gibbs and Svante Arrhenius in the 1870s)."
] | [
3
] |
Ore | Which raw ingredient was most important Manhattan Project? | Manhattan Project | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0
] | [
"The key raw material for the project was uranium, which was used as fuel for the reactors, as feed that was transformed into plutonium, and, in its enriched form, in the atomic bomb itself.",
"There were four known major deposits of uranium in 1940: in Colorado, in northern Canada, in Joachimstal in Czechoslovakia, and in the Belgian Congo.",
"All but Joachimstal were in allied hands.",
"A November 1942 survey determined that sufficient quantities of uranium were available to satisfy the project's requirements.",
"Nichols arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated for the purchase of of uranium ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island and the remaining stocks of mined ore stored in the Congo.",
"He negotiated with Eldorado Gold Mines for the purchase of ore from its mine in Port Hope, Ontario, and its shipment in 100-ton lots.",
"The Canadian government subsequently bought up the company's stock until it acquired a controlling interest.",
"While these purchases assured a sufficient supply to meet wartime needs, the American and British leaders concluded that it was in their countries' interest to gain control of as much of the world's uranium deposits as possible.",
"The richest source of ore was the Shinkolobwe mine in the Belgian Congo, but it was flooded and closed.",
"Nichols unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate its reopening and the sale of the entire future output to the United States with Edgar Sengier, the director of the company that owned the mine, Union Minière du Haut Katanga.",
"The matter was then taken up by the Combined Policy Committee.",
"As 30 percent of Union Minière's stock was controlled by British interests, the British took the lead in negotiations.",
"Sir John Anderson and Ambassador John Winant hammered out a deal with Sengier and the Belgian government in May 1944 for the mine to be reopened and of ore to be purchased at $1.45 a pound.",
"To avoid dependence on the British and Canadians for ore, Groves also arranged for the purchase of US Vanadium Corporation's stockpile in Uravan, Colorado.",
"Uranium mining in Colorado yielded about of ore. Mallinckrodt Incorporated in St. Louis, Missouri, took the raw ore and dissolved it in nitric acid to produce uranyl nitrate.",
"Ether was then added in a liquid–liquid extraction process to separate the impurities from the uranyl nitrate.",
"This was then heated to form uranium trioxide, which was reduced to highly pure uranium dioxide.",
"By July 1942, Mallinckrodt was producing a ton of highly pure oxide a day, but turning this into uranium metal initially proved more difficult for contractors Westinghouse and Metal Hydrides.",
"Production was too slow and quality was unacceptably low.",
"A special branch of the Metallurgical Laboratory was established at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, under Frank Spedding to investigate alternatives, and its Ames process became available in 1943."
] | [] |
Three-step model | Where do Electrons escape from? | Photoelectric effect | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
9
] | [
"In the X-ray regime, the photoelectric effect in crystalline material is often decomposed into three steps:",
" Inner photoelectric effect (see photodiode below).",
"The hole left behind can give rise to auger effect, which is visible even when the electron does not leave the material.",
"In molecular solids phonons are excited in this step and may be visible as lines in the final electron energy.",
"The inner photoeffect has to be dipole allowed.",
"The transition rules for atoms translate via the tight-binding model onto the crystal.",
"They are similar in geometry to plasma oscillations in that they have to be transversal.",
" Ballistic transport of half of the electrons to the surface.",
"Some electrons are scattered.",
" Electrons escape from the material at the surface.",
"In the three-step model, an electron can take multiple paths through these three steps.",
"All paths can interfere in the sense of the path integral formulation.",
"For surface states and molecules the three-step model does still make some sense as even most atoms have multiple electrons which can scatter the one electron leaving."
] | [
4
] |
Hollywood | Where is the Radio Broadcast Center located? | Universal Studios Florida | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
2
] | [
"The Hollywood section of the park greets guests with recreations of some of Hollywood's greatest monuments, such as Schwab's Drug Store and Mel's Drive-In.",
"These recreations are accompanied by two shows and a walkthrough exhibit.",
"Hollywood is also home to the world famous state of the art Radio Broadcast Center.",
"The studios are on the corner between Schwab's and The Brown Derby.",
"The Radio Broadcast Center hosts radio stations from all over the world.",
"Lucy: A Tribute is a walk-through museum featuring the best of \"America's favorite redhead\", Lucille Ball.",
"\"Universal's Horror Make-Up Show\" is a live stage show that shows guests how horror film special effects are created.",
"Before the main show guests experience a pre-show walk-through of set pieces and props used in various horror movies.",
"The pre-show currently houses a character appearance by Hellboy from \"\".",
"In August 2008, a section of the pre-show lobby was included to contain material from Halloween Horror Nights which includes some concept art, and a timeline of park map covers dating from its debut year in 1991 as Fright Nights.",
"Both of these attractions opened in 1990.",
"The final attraction is .",
"The show is a live, 3D experience that combines a 3-D film with an actual stage show based on the film \"Terminator 2\".",
"Hollywood's two dining outlets are recreations of actual Hollywood outlets.",
"\"Schwab's Pharmacy\" and \"Mel's Drive-In\" offer guests a variety of food and beverage options.",
"A third outlet, named \"Cafe La Bamba\", operates seasonally.",
"Guests can purchase Terminator merchandise from \"Cyber Image\" and magic-related items from \"Theatre Magic\"."
] | [
4
] |
Credits and personnel | Where was the song, Drive By, recorded? | Drive By (song) | false | 0MUSIC
| [
1
] | [
"Recording",
" Recorded at Integrated Studios, New York City and at Ruby Red Studios, Venice, Los Angeles",
"Personnel",
" Patrick Monahan – songwriter, producer, vocals",
" Espen Lind – songwriter, producer, engineer, additional guitars, bass, keyboards and backing vocals, programming",
" Amund Bjørklund – songwriter, producer, programming",
" Butch Walker – producer",
" Mark Endert – mixing",
" Francis Murray – engineer",
" Jake Sinclair – engineer",
" Jimmy Stafford – guitar",
" Scott Underwood – drums",
" Jerry Becker – keyboards",
" Hector Maldonado – bass",
"Credits and personnel.",
"Credits adapted from \"Drive By\" CD single liner notes."
] | [
4
] |
Track listing | How many remixes are listed for Set Fire to the Rain? | Set Fire to the Rain | false | 0MUSIC
| [
1,
2,
3,
4
] | [
";Digital EP — remixes",
"\"Set Fire to the Rain\" (Thomas Gold Remix) – ",
"\"Set Fire to the Rain\" (Thomas Gold Dub) – ",
"\"Set Fire to the Rain\" (Moto Blanco Remix) – ",
"\"Set Fire to the Rain\" (Moto Blanco Edit) – "
] | [
5
] |
Production | What inspired this film named "Inside Llewyn Davis"? | Inside Llewyn Davis | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"Set in 1961, \"Inside Llewyn Davis\" was inspired by the cultural disconnection within a New York–based music scene where the songs seemed to come from all parts of the United States except New York, but whose performers included Brooklyn-born Dave Van Ronk and Ramblin' Jack Elliott.",
"Well before writing the script, the Coens began with a single premise: suppose Van Ronk got beat up outside of Gerde's Folk City in the Village.",
"The filmmakers employed that idea in the opening scenes, then periodically returned to the project over the next couple of years to expand the story around a fictional character.",
"One source for the film was Van Ronk's posthumously published (2005) memoir, \"The Mayor of MacDougal Street.\"",
"According to the book's co-author, Elijah Wald, the Coens mined the work \"for local color and a few scenes.\"",
"The character is a composite of Van Ronk, Elliot, and other performers from the New York boroughs who performed in the Village at that time.",
"Joel Coen remarked that \"the film doesn't really have a plot.",
"That concerned us at one point; that's why we threw the cat in.",
"\"Shooting was complicated by an early New York spring, which interfered with the bleak winter atmosphere that prevails throughout the film, and by the difficulty of filming several cats, who, unlike dogs, ignore the desires of filmmakers.",
"On the advice of an animal trainer, the Coens put out a casting call for an orange tabby cat, which is sufficiently common that several cats would be available to play one part.",
"Individual cats were then selected for each scene based on what they were predisposed to do on their own.",
"Producer Scott Rudin, who worked with the Coens on \"True Grit\" and \"No Country for Old Men\", collaborated on the project.",
"StudioCanal helped finance it without an American distributor in place.",
"\"After shooting in New York City and elsewhere last year...the brothers finished the movie at their own pace\", wrote Michael Cieply in a January 2013 \"The New York Times\" interview with Joel Coen ahead of a private, pre-Grammys screening in Los Angeles.",
"\"They could have rushed it into the Oscar season but didn’t.\"",
"On February 19, CBS Films announced it had picked up the U.S. domestic distribution rights for about $4 million.",
"StudioCanal has rights to international distribution and foreign sales."
] | [
0
] |
Biodiversity | How many breeding bird species can be found in Finland? | Finland | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
6
] | [
"Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom.",
"According to the WWF, the territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands.",
"Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland.",
"On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region.",
"In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common.",
"Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna.",
"There are at least sixty native mammalian species, 248 breeding bird species, over seventy fish species and eleven reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighboring countries thousands of years ago.",
"Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the brown bear (the national animal), gray wolf, wolverine and elk.",
"Three of the more striking birds are the Whooper Swan, a large European swan and the national bird of Finland; the Capercaillie, a large, black-plumaged member of the grouse family; and the European Eagle-owl.",
"The latter is considered an indicator of old-growth forest connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation.",
"The most common breeding birds are the Willow Warbler, Common Chaffinch and Redwing.",
"Of some seventy species of freshwater fish, the northern pike, perch and others are plentiful.",
"Atlantic salmon remains the favourite of fly rod enthusiasts.",
"The endangered Saimaa Ringed Seal, one of only three lake seal species in the world, exists only in the Saimaa lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 300 seals today.",
"It has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation."
] | [
5
] |
Doubles | How can there is a large interest in men's badminton? | Badminton | true | 4SPORT
| [
10,
11
] | [
"Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when possible.",
"Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rearcourt, and his partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift.",
"If the rearcourt attacker plays a dropshot, his partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply.",
"If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack.",
"If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their court against the opponents' smashes.",
"In doubles, players generally smash to the middle ground between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.",
"At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves have become fairly rare at a high level of play.",
"The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately.",
"Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.",
"At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast.",
"Men's doubles is the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes and very quick reflex exchanges.",
"Because of this, spectator interest is sometimes greater for men's doubles than for singles."
] | [
5
] |
Critical response | The Shawshank Redemption got what kind of approval rating? | The Shawshank Redemption | true | 6MOVIES
| [
3
] | [
"",
"\"Entertainment Weekly\" reviewer Owen Gleiberman praised the choice of scenery, writing that the \"moss-dark, saturated images have a redolent sensuality\" that makes the film very realistic.",
"While praising Morgan Freeman's acting and oratory skills as making Red appear real, Gleiberman felt that with the \"laconic-good-guy, neo-Gary Cooper role, Tim Robbins is unable to make Andy connect with the audience.",
"\"The film garnered a 90% approval rating from 63 critics—an average rating of 8.2 out of 10—on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes.",
"Metacritic provides a score of 80 out of 100 from 19 critics, which indicates \"generally favorable\" reviews."
] | [
0
] |
Quantum gravity | What is space represented by in the theory of general relativity? | General relativity | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
12
] | [
"The demand for consistency between a quantum description of matter and a geometric description of spacetime, as well as the appearance of singularities (where curvature length scales become microscopic), indicate the need for a full theory of quantum gravity: for an adequate description of the interior of black holes, and of the very early universe, a theory is required in which gravity and the associated geometry of spacetime are described in the language of quantum physics.",
"Despite major efforts, no complete and consistent theory of quantum gravity is currently known, even though a number of promising candidates exist.",
"Attempts to generalize ordinary quantum field theories, used in elementary particle physics to describe fundamental interactions, so as to include gravity have led to serious problems.",
"At low energies, this approach proves successful, in that it results in an acceptable effective (quantum) field theory of gravity.",
"At very high energies, however, the result are models devoid of all predictive power (\"non-renormalizability\").",
"One attempt to overcome these limitations is string theory, a quantum theory not of point particles, but of minute one-dimensional extended objects.",
"The theory promises to be a unified description of all particles and interactions, including gravity; the price to pay is unusual features such as six extra dimensions of space in addition to the usual three.",
"In what is called the second superstring revolution, it was conjectured that both string theory and a unification of general relativity and supersymmetry known as supergravity form part of a hypothesized eleven-dimensional model known as M-theory, which would constitute a uniquely defined and consistent theory of quantum gravity.",
"Another approach starts with the canonical quantization procedures of quantum theory.",
"Using the initial-value-formulation of general relativity (cf.",
"evolution equations above), the result is the Wheeler–deWitt equation (an analogue of the Schrödinger equation) which, regrettably, turns out to be ill-defined.",
"However, with the introduction of what are now known as Ashtekar variables, this leads to a promising model known as loop quantum gravity.",
"Space is represented by a web-like structure called a spin network, evolving over time in discrete steps.",
"Depending on which features of general relativity and quantum theory are accepted unchanged, and on what level changes are introduced, there are numerous other attempts to arrive at a viable theory of quantum gravity, some examples being dynamical triangulations, causal sets, twistor models or the path-integral based models of quantum cosmology.",
"All candidate theories still have major formal and conceptual problems to overcome.",
"They also face the common problem that, as yet, there is no way to put quantum gravity predictions to experimental tests (and thus to decide between the candidates where their predictions vary), although there is hope for this to change as future data from cosmological observations and particle physics experiments becomes available."
] | [
0
] |
Architecture | When did the "fiery stye" flourish in Moscow? | Russia | false | 5COUNTRY
| [
4
] | [
"Since the Christianization of Kievan Rus' for several ages Russian architecture was influenced predominantly by the Byzantine architecture.",
"Apart from fortifications (kremlins), the main stone buildings of ancient Rus' were Orthodox churches with their many domes, often gilded or brightly painted.",
"Aristotle Fioravanti and other Italian architects brought Renaissance trends into Russia since the late 15th century, while the 16th century saw the development of unique tent-like churches culminating in Saint Basil's Cathedral.",
"By that time the onion dome design was also fully developed.",
"In the 17th century, the \"fiery style\" of ornamentation flourished in Moscow and Yaroslavl, gradually paving the way for the Naryshkin baroque of the 1690s.",
"After the reforms of Peter the Great the change of architectural styles in Russia generally followed that in the Western Europe.",
"The 18th-century taste for rococo architecture led to the ornate works of Bartolomeo Rastrelli and his followers.",
"The reigns of Catherine the Great and her grandson Alexander I saw the flourishing of Neoclassical architecture, most notably in the capital city of Saint Petersburg.",
"The second half of the 19th century was dominated by the Neo-Byzantine and Russian Revival styles.",
"Prevalent styles of the 20th century were the Art Nouveau, Constructivism, and the Stalin Empire style.",
"In 1955, a new Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev, condemned the \"excesses\" of the former academic architecture, and the late Soviet era was dominated by plain functionalism in architecture.",
"This helped somewhat to resolve the housing problem, but created a large quantity of buildings of low architectural quality, much in contrast with the previous bright styles.",
"The situation improved in the recent two decades.",
"Many temples demolished in Soviet times were rebuilt, and this process continues along with the restoration of various historical buildings destroyed in World War II.",
"A total of 23,000 Orthodox churches have been rebuilt between 1991 and 2010, which effectively quadrapled the number of operating churches in Russia."
] | [
2
] |
Maritime industry | What industry is important to Greek economic activity | Greece | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
0
] | [
"The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times.",
"Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries.",
"It accounts for 4.5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit.",
"During the 1960s, the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates, Aristotle Onassis and Stavros Niarchos.",
"The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the U.S. government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s.",
"According to a United Nations Conference on Trade and Development report in 2011, the Greek merchant navy is the largest in the world at 16.2% of the world's total capacity, up from 15.96% in 2010.",
"This is a drop from the equivalent number in 2006, which was 18.2%.",
"The total tonnage of the country's merchant fleet is 202 million dwt, ranked 1st in the world.",
"In terms of total number of ships, the Greek Merchant Navy stands at 4th worldwide, with 3,150 ships (741 of which are registered in Greece whereas the rest 2,409 in other ports).",
"In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fifth in other ships.",
"However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 1970s.",
"Additionally, the total number of ships flying a Greek flag (includes non-Greek fleets) is 1,517, or 5.3% of the world's dwt (ranked 5th)."
] | [
0
] |
Geysers and the hydrothermal system | How many dead bison did biologists discovered on March 10, 2004? | Yellowstone National Park | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
13
] | [
"The most famous geyser in the park, and perhaps the world, is Old Faithful Geyser, located in Upper Geyser Basin.",
"Castle Geyser, Lion Geyser and Beehive Geyser are in the same basin.",
"The park contains the largest active geyser in the world—Steamboat Geyser in the Norris Geyser Basin.",
"A study that was completed in 2011 found that at least 1283 geysers have erupted in Yellowstone.",
"Of these, an average of 465 are active in a given year.",
"Yellowstone contains at least 10,000 geothermal features altogether.",
"Half the geothermal features and two-thirds of the world's geysers are concentrated in Yellowstone.",
"In May 2001, the U.S. Geological Survey, Yellowstone National Park, and the University of Utah created the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), a partnership for long-term monitoring of the geological processes of the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field, for disseminating information concerning the potential hazards of this geologically active region.",
"In 2003, changes at the Norris Geyser Basin resulted in the temporary closure of some trails in the basin.",
"New fumaroles were observed, and several geysers showed enhanced activity and increasing water temperatures.",
"Several geysers became so hot that they were transformed into purely steaming features; the water had become superheated and they could no longer erupt normally.",
"This coincided with the release of reports of a multiple year United States Geological Survey research project which mapped the bottom of Yellowstone Lake and identified a structural dome that had uplifted at some time in the past.",
"Research indicated that these uplifts posed no immediate threat of a volcanic eruption, since they may have developed long ago, and there had been no temperature increase found near the uplifts.",
"On March 10, 2004, a biologist discovered 5 dead bison which apparently had inhaled toxic geothermal gases trapped in the Norris Geyser Basin by a seasonal atmospheric inversion.",
"This was closely followed by an upsurge of earthquake activity in April 2004.",
"In 2006, it was reported that the Mallard Lake Dome and the Sour Creek Dome— areas that have long been known to show significant changes in their ground movement— had risen at a rate of per year from mid–2004 through 2006.",
"As of late 2007, the uplift has continued at a reduced rate.",
"These events inspired a great deal of media attention and speculation about the geologic future of the region.",
"Experts responded to the conjecture by informing the public that there was no increased risk of a volcanic eruption in the near future.",
"However, these changes demonstrate the dynamic nature of the Yellowstone hydrothermal system."
] | [
5
] |
Advancing the ball | The ball gets turned over to the defense if the attacker goes where without the ball? | Water polo | false | 4SPORT
| [
3
] | [
"When the offense takes possession of the ball, the strategy is to advance the ball down the field of play and to score a goal.",
"Players can move the ball by throwing it to a teammate or swimming with the ball in front of them (\"dribbling\").",
"If an attacker uses his/her arm to push away a defending player and free up space for a pass or shot, the referee will rule a turnover and the defence will take possession of the ball.",
"If an attacker advances inside the 2-meter line without the ball or before the ball is inside the 2-meter area, (s)he is ruled offside and the ball is turned over to the defence.",
"This is often overlooked if the attacker is well to the side of the pool or when the ball is at the other side of the pool."
] | [
4
] |
Visibility from low Earth orbit | Who claimed to see the Great Wall from the space shuttle? | Great Wall of China | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
6
] | [
"A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low Earth orbit (an altitude of as little as ).",
"NASA claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other man-made objects.",
"Other authors have argued that due to limitations of the optics of the eye and the spacing of photoreceptors on the retina, it is impossible to see the wall with the naked eye, even from low orbit, and would require visual acuity of 20/3 (7.7 times better than normal).",
"Astronaut William Pogue thought he had seen it from Skylab but discovered he was actually looking at the Grand Canal of China near Beijing.",
"He spotted the Great Wall with binoculars, but said that \"it wasn't visible to the unaided eye.\"",
"U.S.",
"Senator Jake Garn claimed to be able to see the Great Wall with the naked eye from a space shuttle orbit in the early 1980s, but his claim has been disputed by several U.S. astronauts.",
"Veteran U.S. astronaut Gene Cernan has stated: \"At Earth orbit of to high, the Great Wall of China is, indeed, visible to the naked eye.\"",
"Ed Lu, Expedition 7 Science Officer aboard the International Space Station, adds that, \"it's less visible than a lot of other objects.",
"And you have to know where to look.",
"\"In 2001, Neil Armstrong stated about the view from Apollo 11: \"I do not believe that, at least with my eyes, there would be any man-made object that I could see.",
"I have not yet found somebody who has told me they've seen the Wall of China from Earth orbit.",
"...I've asked various people, particularly Shuttle guys, that have been many orbits around China in the daytime, and the ones I've talked to didn't see it.",
"\"In October 2003, Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei stated that he had not been able to see the Great Wall of China.",
"In response, the European Space Agency (ESA) issued a press release reporting that from an orbit between , the Great Wall is visible to the naked eye.",
"In an attempt to further clarify things, the ESA published a picture of a part of the “Great Wall” photographed from Space.",
"However, in a press release a week later (no longer available in the ESA’s website), they acknowledged that the \"Great Wall\" in the picture was actually a river.",
"Leroy Chiao, a Chinese-American astronaut, took a photograph from the International Space Station that shows the wall.",
"It was so indistinct that the photographer was not certain he had actually captured it.",
"Based on the photograph, the \"China Daily\" later reported that the Great Wall can be seen from space with the naked eye, under favorable viewing conditions, if one knows exactly where to look.",
"However, the resolution of a camera can be much higher than the human visual system, and the optics much better, rendering photographic evidence irrelevant to the issue of whether it is visible to the naked eye."
] | [
3
] |
Types of shots played | A trickle boast is defined by what event? | Squash (sport) | true | 4SPORT
| [
9
] | [
"There are many types of shots played that lead to interesting games and strategy.",
" Straight drive: The ball is hit parallel and close to a side wall to travel deep to the back of the court (the 'basic' squash shot).",
"Often referred to as a 'good length' shot.",
" Boast: The ball is played off a side wall at an angle, or the back wall, before hitting the front wall.",
" Volley: The ball is hit 'on the full' (before it touches the floor), usually directly to the front wall",
" Drop shot: The ball is hit gently against the front wall, to fall softly to the floor in the front corner.",
" Lob: The ball is hit softly and high on the front wall and with a high arc, so that it falls in a back corner of the court.",
" Cross Court: The ball is hit to the front wall from the right side to the left (or vice versa).",
" Kill: The ball is hit hard and low on the front wall so that it travels no farther than half court.",
" Trickle boast: A 'short' boast where the ball is hit to the side wall at the front of the court (often disguised as a drive or drop shot).",
" Squeeze boast: A more difficult shot which is hit from the front of the court when the ball is very close to the side wall.",
"Has the same effect as the trickle boast but is more deceptive because of its difficulty.",
" Nick shot: the ball is 'volleyed' or hit off a bounce to strike the front wall then the junction of the side wall and floor (the 'nick') giving the ball little or no bounce.",
" Rolling nick shot: When the nick shot is hit extremely well, the ball will roll along the floor (this is a more advanced shot that is a variation of the kill shot).",
" Back wall boast: the ball is hit moderately hard and high off the back wall, so that it goes the length of the room and hits (usually low) off the front wall.",
" Philadelphia (or corkscrew): A shot played diagonally upwards into the front corner hitting the front wall first and then the side wall.",
"The ball then lobs over the court with significant spin.",
"Ideally it hits the opposite side wall at the back and travels parallel to the rear wall making a return very difficult.",
"This shot is a favourite in exhibition squash but is susceptible to being volleyed.",
" Skid boast: A shot played from the back corners of the court where the ball is hit high along the sidewall with a small angle so that it hits the sidewall first, then hits high in the middle of the front wall continuing to cross the court while high in the air ideally hitting the opposite sidewall and landing close to the backwall to go past the opponent.",
"As with the Philadelphia it is suceptible to being volleyed.",
" Mizuki: This shot is hit as a volley.",
"Unlike a normal volley, the Mizuki shot is hit with the other side of the racquet by turning the wrist which deceives the direction of the ball.",
" Reverse angle: a boast where the opposite sidewall is hit first."
] | [
0
] |
Music video | Who was the director(s) for the music video "Every Breath You Take"? | Every Breath You Take | false | 0MUSIC
| [
0
] | [
"The song had a music video (directed by duo Godley & Creme) that was praised for its black-and-white cinematography.",
"Both MTV (1999) and VH1 (2002) named it as one of the best music videos ever, placing it 16th and 33rd in their respective top 100 lists.",
"Daniel Pearl won the first MTV cinematography award for his work on the video."
] | [
3
] |
Opening | Was the opening televised? | Sydney Opera House | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
3
] | [
"The Opera House was formally opened by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia, on 20 October 1973.",
"A large crowd attended.",
"Utzon was not invited to the ceremony, nor was his name mentioned.",
"The opening was televised and included fireworks and a performance of Beethoven's Symphony No.",
"9."
] | [] |
Ecological and environmental | Who was the first modern ethologist? | Biology | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
11
] | [
"Ecology studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms, and the interactions between organisms and their environment.",
"The habitat of an organism can be described as the local abiotic factors such as climate and ecology, in addition to the other organisms and biotic factors that share its environment.",
"One reason that biological systems can be difficult to study is that so many different interactions with other organisms and the environment are possible, even on small scales.",
"A microscopic bacterium in a local sugar gradient is responding to its environment as much as a lion searching for food in the African savanna.",
"For any species, behaviors can be co-operative, competitive, parasitic, or symbiotic.",
"Matters become more complex when two or more species interact in an ecosystem.",
"Ecological systems are studied at several different levels, from individuals and populations to ecosystems and the biosphere.",
"The term population biology is often used interchangeably with population ecology, although \"population biology\" is more frequently used when studying diseases, viruses, and microbes, while population ecology is more commonly used when studying plants and animals.",
"Ecology draws on many subdisciplines.",
"Ethology studies animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology.",
"Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection.",
"In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,\" influenced many ethologists to come.",
"Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics."
] | [
3
] |
Tickets | In what year did Disney drop individual ride tickets and switch to a single admission price? | Disneyland | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
9
] | [
"From Disneyland's opening day until 1982, the price of the attractions was in addition to the price of park admission.",
"Guests paid a small admission fee to get into the park, but admission to most of the rides and attractions required guests to purchase tickets, either individually or in a book, that consisted of several coupons, initially labeled \"A\" through \"C\".",
"\"A\" coupons allowed admission to the smaller rides and attractions such as the vehicles on Main Street, whereas \"C\" coupons were used for the most common attractions like the Peter Pan ride, or the Tea Cups.",
"As more thrilling rides were introduced, such as the Monorail or the Matterhorn bobsled, \"D\" and then eventually \"E\" coupons were introduced.",
"Coupons could be combined to equal the equivalent of another ticket (e.g.",
"two \"A\" tickets equal one \"B\" ticket).",
"From the thrill ride experience at Disneyland, the colloquial expression \"an E ticket ride\" is used to describe any exceptionally thrilling experience.",
"Disneyland later featured a \"Keys to the Kingdom\" booklet of tickets, which consisted of 10 unvalued coupons sold for a single flat rate.",
"These coupons could be used for any attraction regardless of its regular value.",
"In 1982, Disney dropped the idea for individual ride tickets to a single admission price with unlimited access to all attractions, \"except shooting galleries\".",
"While this idea was not original to Disney, its business advantages were obvious: in addition to guaranteeing that everyone paid a large sum even if they stayed for only a few hours and rode only a few rides, the park no longer had to print tickets or ticket books, staff ticket booths, or provide staff to collect tickets or monitor attractions for people sneaking on without tickets.",
"Later, Disney introduced other entry options such as multi-day passes, Annual Passes (which allow unlimited entry to the Park for an annual fee), and Southern California residents' discounts."
] | [
0
] |
Old age, 1513–19 | Where did the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X take place? | Leonardo da Vinci | false | 3ART
| [
2
] | [
"From September 1513 to 1516, under Pope Leo X, Leonardo spent much of his time living in the Belvedere in the Vatican in Rome, where Raphael and Michelangelo were both active at the time.",
"In October 1515, Francis I of France recaptured Milan.",
"On December 19, Leonardo was present at the meeting of Francis I and Pope Leo X, which took place in Bologna.",
"Leonardo was commissioned to make for Francis a mechanical lion which could walk forward, then open its chest to reveal a cluster of lilies.",
"In 1516, he entered François' service, being given the use of the manor house Clos Lucé near the king's residence at the royal Château d'Amboise.",
"It was here that he spent the last three years of his life, accompanied by his friend and apprentice, Count Francesco Melzi, and supported by a pension totalling 10,000 scudi.",
"Leonardo died at Clos Lucé, on May 2, 1519.",
"Francis I had become a close friend.",
"Vasari records that the king held Leonardo's head in his arms as he died, although this story, beloved by the French and portrayed in romantic paintings by Ingres, Ménageot and other French artists, as well as by Angelica Kauffman, may be legend rather than fact.",
"Vasari states that in his last days, Leonardo sent for a priest to make his confession and to receive the Holy Sacrament.",
"In accordance with his will, sixty beggars followed his casket.",
"Melzi was the principal heir and executor, receiving as well as money, Leonardo's paintings, tools, library and personal effects.",
"Leonardo also remembered his other long-time pupil and companion, Salai and his servant Battista di Vilussis, who each received half of Leonardo's vineyards, his brothers who received land, and his serving woman who received a black cloak \"of good stuff\" with a fur edge.",
"Leonardo da Vinci was buried in the Chapel of Saint-Hubert in Château d'Amboise, in France.",
"Some 20 years after Leonardo's death, Francis was reported by the goldsmith and sculptor Benevenuto Cellini as saying: \"There had never been another man born in the world who knew as much as Leonardo, not so much about painting, sculpture and architecture, as that he was a very great philosopher.\""
] | [
4
] |
Geography and climate | In what country can I find the highest per capita solar energy use? | Israel | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
20
] | [
"Israel is at the eastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank to the east, and Egypt and the Gaza strip to the southwest.",
"It lies between latitudes 29° and 34° N, and longitudes 34° and 36° E. The sovereign territory of Israel, excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War, is approximately in area, of which two percent is water.",
"However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country.",
"The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is , and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is .",
"Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north.",
"The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population.",
"East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the Great Rift Valley.",
"The Jordan River runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from Mount Hermon through the Hulah Valley and the Sea of Galilee to the Dead Sea, the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.",
"Further south is the Arabah, ending with the Gulf of Eilat, part of the Red Sea.",
"Unique to Israel and the Sinai Peninsula are makhteshim, or erosion cirques.",
"The largest makhtesh in the world is Ramon Crater in the Negev, which measures .",
"A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin.",
"Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter.",
"The more mountainous regions can be windy, cold, and sometimes snowy; Jerusalem usually receives at least one snowfall each year.",
"Meanwhile, coastal cities, such as Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical Mediterranean climate with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers.",
"The area of Beersheba and the Northern Negev has a semi-arid climate with hot summers, cool winters and fewer rainy days than the Mediterranean climate.",
"The Southern Negev and the Arava areas have desert climate with very hot and dry summers, and mild winters with few days of rain.",
"The highest temperature in the continent of Asia () was recorded in 1942 at Tirat Zvi kibbutz in the northern Jordan river valley.",
"From May to September, rain in Israel is rare.",
"With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including drip irrigation.",
"Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for solar energy, making Israel the leading nation in solar energy use per capita (practically every house uses solar panels for water heating).",
"Four different phytogeographic regions exist in Israel, due to the country's location between the temperate and the tropical zones, bordering the Mediterranean Sea in the west and the desert in the east.",
"For this reason the flora and fauna of Israel is extremely diverse.",
"There are 2,867 known species of plants found in Israel.",
"Of these, at least 253 species are introduced and non-native.",
"There are 380 Israeli nature reserves."
] | [
0
] |
Restoration | What year did the AMC movie theater close? | Union Station (Washington, D.C.) | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
6
] | [
"As a result of the Redevelopment Act of 1981, Union Station was closed for restoration and refurbishing.",
"Mold was growing in the leaking ceiling of the Main Hall, and the carpet laid out for an Inauguration Day celebration was full of cigarette-burned holes.",
"In 1988, Secretary of Transportation Elizabeth Dole awarded $70 million to the restoration effort.",
"\"The Pit\" was transformed into a new basement level, and the Main Hall floor was refitted with marble.",
"While installing new HVAC systems, crews discovered antique items in shafts that had not been opened since the building's creation.",
"The station reopened in its present form on September 29, 1988.",
"The former “Pit” area was replaced with an AMC movie theater (later Phoenix Theatres), closed October 12, 2009, to be replaced with additional restaurants and a large food court in the former baggage-mail level.",
"The food court still retains the original arches under which the trains were parked as well as the track numbers on those arches.",
"A variety of shops opened along the Concourse and Main Hall, and a new Amtrak terminal at the back behind the original Concourse.",
"Trains no longer enter the original Concourse but the original, decorative gates were relocated to the new passenger concourse.",
"In 1994, this new passenger concourse was renamed to honor W. Graham Claytor, Jr., who served as Amtrak's president from 1982 to 1993.",
"The decorative elements of the station were also restored.",
"The skylights were preserved but sunlight no longer illuminates the Concourse because it is blocked by the newer roof structure built directly overhead to support the aging, original structure."
] | [
0
] |
Military personnel | Rear Admiral Anthony Kurts is the director of what? | The Invisible War | true | 6MOVIES
| [
2
] | [
" Major General Mary Kay Hertog, Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office",
" Dr. Kaye Whitley, Former Director, Sexual Assault Prevention and Response Office",
" Rear Admiral Anthony Kurta, Director, Military Plans and Policy",
" General Claudia Kennedy, US Army (Retired)",
" Brigadier General Wilma L. Vaught, US Air Force (Retired)",
" Brigadier General Loree Sutton, M.D., US Army (Retired)",
" Major General Dennis Laich, US Army (Retired)"
] | [
0
] |
Diffuse nebulae | Define diffuse nebulae. | Nebula | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
"Most nebulae can be described as diffuse nebulae, which means that they are extended and contain no well-defined boundaries.",
"In visible light these nebulae may be divided into emission and reflection nebulae.",
"Emission nebulae emit spectral line radiation from ionized gas (mostly ionized hydrogen); they are often called HII regions (the term \"HII\" is used in professional astronomy to refer to ionized hydrogen).",
"Reflection nebulae themselves do not emit significant amounts of visible light, but are near stars and reflect light from them.",
"Similar nebulae not illuminated by stars do not exhibit visible radiation, but may be detected as opaque clouds blocking light from luminous objects behind them; they are called \"dark nebulae\".",
"Although these nebulae have different visibility at optical wavelengths, they are all bright sources of infrared emission, chiefly from dust within the nebulae."
] | [] |
Nutritional value | When air-popped without butter or salt, how much sugar and sodium does popcorn contain? | Popcorn | false | 9FOOD
| [
0
] | [
"Air-popped popcorn is naturally high in dietary fiber and antioxidants, low in calories and fat, and free of sugar and sodium.",
"This can make it an attractive snack to people with dietary restrictions on the intake of calories, fat, and/or sodium.",
"For the sake of flavor, however, large amounts of fat, sugar, and sodium are often added to prepared popcorn, which can quickly convert it to a very poor choice for those on restricted diets.",
"One particularly notorious example of this first came to public attention in the mid-1990s, when the Center for Science in the Public Interest produced a report about \"Movie Popcorn\", which became the subject of a widespread publicity campaign.",
"The movie theaters surveyed used coconut oil to pop the corn, and then topped it with butter or margarine.",
"\"A medium-size buttered popcorn\", the report said, \"contains more fat than a breakfast of bacon and eggs, a Big Mac and fries, and a steak dinner combined.\"",
"The practice continues today.",
"For example, according to DietFacts.com, a small popcorn from Regal Cinema Group (the largest theater chain in the United States) still contains 29 g of saturated fat.",
"the equivalent of a full day-and-a-half's reference daily intake."
] | [
2,
5
] |
Reception | Have some fans threatened violence against critics? | The Dark Knight Rises | false | 6MOVIES
| [
18
] | [
"",
"\"The Dark Knight Rises\" received mostly positive reviews from critics; Rotten Tomatoes sampled 304 reviewers and judged 88% of the reviews to be positive.",
"Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 78 (out of 100) based on 45 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be \"generally favorable reviews\".",
"CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an A grade.",
"\"The Telegraph\" granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating that it is \"a superhero film without a superhero,\" comparing it with \"The Godfather Part II\" and praising Hardy's performance as well as the film's intricate plot and narrative.",
"Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" thought the film was \"potent, persuasive and hypnotic\" and that it was \"more than an exceptional superhero movie, it is masterful filmmaking by any standard.\"",
"\"The Playlists\" Todd Gilchrist wrote \"A cinematic, cultural and personal triumph, \"The Dark Knight Rises\" is emotionally inspiring, aesthetically significant and critically important for America itself – as a mirror of both sober reflection and resilient hope.\"",
"IGN gave it a 9 out of 10, noting similarities in tone and theme to \"Batman Begins\" over the trilogy's second installment \"The Dark Knight\", but also describing Bane as \"that bit less interesting to watch\" than Ledger's Joker, despite praising his \"menacing voice\" and \"body language-driven performance\".",
"\"The Guardian\" scored the film four out of five stars, calling it a film of \"granite, monolithic intensity\", yet also calling it a \"hammy, portentous affair\".",
"Andrew O'Hehir of \"Salon\" writes \"if \"The Dark Knight Rises\" is a fascist film, it's a great fascist film, and arguably the biggest, darkest, most thrilling and disturbing and utterly balls-out spectacle ever created for the screen\".",
"Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" gave the film three out of four stars, stating \"the film begins slowly with a murky plot and too many new characters, but builds to a sensational climax.\"",
"Film critic Richard Roeper gave the film an \"A\", calling it \"a majestic, gorgeous, brutal and richly satisfying epic\", and citing the final scenes of the picture as \"the best five minutes of any film this year.\"",
"The London Film Review gave the film a B and said \"Nolan's film is a reminder that superheroes aren't merely a frivolous distraction, but an embodiment of our best selves.\"",
"The film was crowned by \"Forbes\" as the best modern comic book superhero adaption on screen, outranking both its main summer blockbuster competitor, \"Marvel's The Avengers\", and the trilogy's previous installment \"The Dark Knight\".",
"\"The Daily Mail\" Chris Tookey said that the film was bloated and overly long, and criticized the sombre tone and lack of humor, despite praising the film's visually-impressive set pieces.",
"CNN's Tom Charity said the film was a \"disappointingly clunky and bombastic conclusion to a superior series\" and called it Nolan's worst film.",
"Anthony Lane of \"The New Yorker\" says that the \"story is dense, overlong, and studded with references that will make sense only to those intimate with Nolan's previous excursions into Batmanhood\".",
"In reaction to fan backlash to some of the negative reviews, Rotten Tomatoes chose to disable user commentary for the film leading up to its release.",
"Some fans had threatened violence against critics while others threatened to take down the websites of movie critics who had given the film a negative review."
] | [] |
Abstract | What year was the National Air and Space Museum established? | National Air and Space Museum | false | 2TRAVEL
| [
1
] | [
"The National Air and Space Museum (NASM) of the Smithsonian Institution holds the largest collection of historic aircraft and spacecraft in the world in of exhibition floor space.",
"It was established in 1946, as the National Air Museum and opened its main building in 1976.",
"Located in Washington, D.C., United States, it is a center for research into the history and science of aviation and spaceflight, as well as planetary science and terrestrial geology and geophysics.",
"Almost all space and aircraft on display are originals or backups to the originals.",
"It operates an annex, the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center, at Dulles International Airport, which opened in 2003 and itself encompasses .",
"The museum currently conducts restoration of its collection at the Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility in Suitland, Maryland."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | How does a telescope perform its task of viewing far-away objects? | Telescope | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
0
] | [
"A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).",
"The first known practical telescopes were invented in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses.",
"They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy.",
"Within a few decades, the reflecting telescope was invented, which used mirrors.",
"In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including radio telescopes in the 1930s and infrared telescopes in the 1960s.",
"The word \"telescope\" now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors.",
"The word \"\"telescope\"\" (from the Greek τῆλε, \"tele\" \"far\" and σκοπεῖν, \"skopein\" \"to look or see\"; τηλεσκόπος, \"teleskopos\" \"far-seeing\") was coined in 1611 by the Greek mathematician Giovanni Demisiani for one of Galileo Galilei's instruments presented at a banquet at the Accademia dei Lincei.",
"In the \"Starry Messenger\", Galileo had used the term \"perspicillum\"."
] | [
5
] |
Geography | What fraction of the country is in the Selva? | Peru | true | 5COUNTRY
| [
5,
6
] | [
"Peru covers of western South America.",
"It borders Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.",
"The Andes Mountains run parallel to the Pacific Ocean; they define the three regions traditionally used to describe the country geographically.",
"The \"costa\" (coast), to the west, is a narrow plain, largely arid except for valleys created by seasonal rivers.",
"The \"sierra\" (highlands) is the region of the Andes; it includes the \"Altiplano\" plateau as well as the highest peak of the country, the Huascarán.",
"The third region is the \"selva\" (jungle), a wide expanse of flat terrain covered by the Amazon rainforest that extends east.",
"Almost 60 percent of the country's area is located within this region.",
"Most Peruvian rivers originate in the peaks of the Andes and drain into one of three basins.",
"Those that drain toward the Pacific Ocean are steep and short, flowing only intermittently.",
"Tributaries of the Amazon River are longer, have a much larger flow, and are less steep once they exit the \"sierra\".",
"Rivers that drain into Lake Titicaca are generally short and have a large flow.",
"Peru's longest rivers are the Ucayali, the Marañón, the Putumayo, the Yavarí, the Huallaga, the Urubamba, the Mantaro, and the Amazon.",
"Peru does not have an exclusively tropical climate; the influence of the Andes and the Humboldt Current cause great climatic diversity within the country.",
"The \"costa\" has moderate temperatures, low precipitations, and high humidity, except for its warmer, wetter northern reaches.",
"In the \"sierra\", rain is frequent during summer, and temperature and humidity diminish with altitude up to the frozen peaks of the Andes.",
"The \"selva\" is characterized by heavy rainfall and high temperatures, except for its southernmost part, which has cold winters and seasonal rainfall.",
"Because of its varied geography and climate, Peru has a high biodiversity with 21,462 species of plants and animals reported as of 2003; 5,855 of them endemic."
] | [
0
] |
Background and release | Who is responsible for mixing the audio? | What Makes You Beautiful | true | 0MUSIC
| [
3
] | [
"After being formed and finishing third in the seventh series of \"The X Factor\" in 2010, One Direction were signed to Syco Music, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment.",
"\"What Makes You Beautiful\" was written by Rami Yacoub, Carl Falk and Savan Kotecha, and was produced by Yacoub and Falk.",
"Instrumentation was completed by Falk and Yacoub.",
"Serban Ghenea handled the audio mixing, Tom Coyne the audio mastering, and John Hanes the mix engineering, for which Phil Seaford served as the assistant.",
"After recording the song at Cosmos Studios and Kinglet Studios in Stockholm, Sweden, the band felt relieved to have a song that they were happy to release as their debut single.",
"Band member Liam Payne called the song \"perfect\", and Harry Styles said, \"When we were recording in the studio we knew instantly that we wanted this track to be our first single.\"",
"Styles spoke to MTV News, \"I think for us we wanted to release something that wasn't cheesy but it was fun.",
"It kind of represented us, I think it took us a while to find it but I think we found the right song.\"",
"Payne added, \"We always wanted single to be something that people didn't expect and then when we heard it, it wasn't what we expected either so it kind of fitted perfectly.\"",
"\"What Makes You Beautiful\" premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 10 August 2011, and was released by Syco Music in Europe, Australia and New Zealand via digital download on 11 September 2011.",
"A CD single was released in the United Kingdom on 12 September 2011, and followed in Australia and Germany on 25 November 2011 and 2 December 2011, respectively.",
"For the North American release of \"Up All Night\" on 13 March 2012, Columbia Records executives used social media to shape its marketing campaign.",
"Columbia Records co-chairman Steve Barnett and his team decided to reverse the usual pattern of releasing a single on radio.",
"Instead the label mounted a four-month marketing campaign aimed at building a fan base through social media before a single was ever released or played on the radio.",
"The social media campaign asked fans to sign petitions and to enter video competitions to win a concert in their town.",
"The campaign was a success as One Direction's Facebook followers in the United States rose from 40,000 to 400,000.",
"As a result, \"What Makes You Beautiful\" sold more than 131,000 copies in its first week, even though it had yet to be played on the radio.",
"Radio programmers were flooded with calls from fans.",
"Johnny Wright, who managed New Kids on the Block, Backstreet Boys and 'N Sync, said: \"Now they are calling the radio station, and the radio station is scratching its head, saying, \"We don't even have that record yet\".",
"It's almost like the return of The Beatles.",
"I call it hype, but it's positive hype because it's all real.",
"It's not manufactured.",
"No one paid these kids.\"",
"The single was released in Canada via digital download on 31 January 2012.",
"\"What Makes You Beautiful\" was released 14 February 2012 in the United States and was sent by Columbia Records to US contemporary hit radio (CHR) playlists on 28 February 2012."
] | [
3
] |
Safety | What do you do with produce when it touches raw meat? | Fruit | true | 9FOOD
| [
7
] | [
"For food safety, the CDC recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of food contamination and foodborne illness.",
"Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected.",
"At the store, they should not be damaged or bruised and pre-cut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice.",
"All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating.",
"This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten.",
"It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.",
"Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as utensils that have come in contact with raw foods.",
"Fruits and vegetables, if they are not going to be cooked, should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood or eggs.",
"All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours.",
"After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness."
] | [
2,
0
] |
2006–07: Musical beginnings | Who is Lights' manager? | Lights (musician) | false | 0MUSIC
| [
8
] | [
"Music career.2006–07: Musical beginnings.",
"Lights was signed at the age of 15.",
"In high school, Lights played guitar and sang in the metal band Shovel Face.",
"Lights started her career being a writer for Sony/ATV Music Publishing.",
"Lights was among the songwriters who composed music for the television series \"Instant Star\".",
"She and Luke McMaster are credited with composing \"Perfect,\" sung in the role of Jude Harrison on the show by Alexz Johnson.",
"In late 2006, she worked with Canadian photographer Marc Lostracco to film her very first music video, \"February Air,\" for a Sony promotion.",
"However, Sony never confirmed with the deal, and it never happened.",
"In 2007, she was discovered by Jian Ghomeshi.",
"He is still her manager."
] | [
3
] |
Figure compositions | What was depicted in Florentine art? | Michelangelo | true | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"Michelangelo's relief of the \"Battle of the Centaurs\", created while he was still a youth associated with the Medici Academy, is an unusually complex relief in that it shows a great number of figures involved in a vigorous struggle.",
"Such a complex disarray of figures was rare in Florentine art, where it would usually only be found in images showing either the Massacre of the Innocents or the Torments of Hell.",
"The relief treatment, in which some of the figures are boldly projecting, may indicate Michelangelo's familiarity with Roman sarcophagus reliefs from the collection of Lorenzo Medici, and similar marble panels created by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano, and with the figurative compositions on Ghiberti's Baptistry Doors.",
"The composition of the \"Battle of Cascina\", is known in its entirety only from copies, as the original cartoon, according to Vasari, was so admired that it deteriorated and was eventually in pieces.",
"It reflects the earlier relief in the energy and diversity of the figures, with many different postures, and many being viewed from the back, as they turn toward the approaching enemy and prepare for battle.",
"In \"The Last Judgement\" it is said that Michelangelo drew inspiration from a fresco by Melozzo da Forli in the Church of the Holy Apostles, Rome.",
"While the work is very different in character to Michelangelo's, Melozzo had depicting figures from different angles, as if they were floating in the Heaven and seen from below.",
"Melozzo's majestic figure of Christ, with windblown cloak, demonstrates a degree of foreshortening of the figure that had also been employed by Andrea Mantegna, but was not usual in the frescos of Florentine painters.",
"In \"The Last Judgement\" Michelangelo had the opportunity to depict, on an unprecedented scale, figures in the action of either rising heavenward or falling and being dragged down.",
"In the two frescos of the Pauline Chapel, the \"Crucifixion of Peter\" and the \"Conversion of Paul\", Michelangelo has used the various groups of figures to convey a complex narrative.",
"In the \"Crucifixion of Peter\" soldiers busy themselves about their assigned duty of digging a post hole and raising the cross while various people look on and discuss the events.",
"A group of horrified women cluster in the foreground, while another group of Christians is led by a tall man to witness the events.",
"In the right foreground, Michelangelo walks out of the painting with an expression of disillusionment."
] | [
0
] |
Parodies and sampling | Beatallica is a parody of what band besides the Beatles? | I Want to Hold Your Hand | true | 0MUSIC
| [
2
] | [
" Neil Innes' The Rutles also pastiched the song as \"Hold My Hand\" in 1978.",
" For the 2006 album \"Love\", George Martin and his son, Giles, melded the original studio recording with a live performance at the Hollywood Bowl, complete with screaming hordes of teenage girls.",
" Beatallica, a parody of both the Beatles and Metallica, recorded a parody titled \"I Want To Choke Your Band\".",
" In Disneyland's original \"Star Tours\" attraction, a maintenance droid listens to a song called \"I Want to Weld Your Hand.",
"\""
] | [
0
] |
Curling culture | what is the highest level of mixed curling not including the world chamionships or olympics | Curling | true | 4SPORT
| [
5
] | [
" culture.",
"Competition teams are normally named after the skip, for example, Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin.",
"Amateur league players can (and do) creatively name their teams, but when in competition (a bonspiel) the official team will have a standard name.",
"Top curling championships are typically played by all-male or all-female teams.",
"The game is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women.",
"The Canadian Mixed Curling Championship is the highest-level mixed curling competition, in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events.",
"Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches.",
"Curling is played in many countries, including Canada, the United Kingdom (especially Scotland), the United States, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Finland and Japan, all of which compete in the world championships.",
"Curling is particularly popular in Canada.",
"Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada, and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts, especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts (the national championship for women), the Tim Hortons Brier (the national championship for men), and the women's and men's world championships.",
"Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba's small population (ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces), Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province.",
"The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions, and the world championships by national champions.",
"Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan.",
"From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time.",
"Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics.",
"When she died two years later from cancer, over 15,000 people attended her funeral, and it was broadcast on national television."
] | [
0
] |
Production | Who attempted to raise funding the film? | Wake in Fright | false | 6MOVIES
| [
1
] | [
"A film version of \"Wake in Fright\", based on the 1961 novel by Kenneth Cook, was linked with the actor Dirk Bogarde and the director Joseph Losey as early as 1963.",
"Morris West later secured the film rights and tried, unsuccessfully, to raise funding for the film's production.",
"The rights were eventually bought by NLT and Group W. and Canadian director Ted Kotcheff was recruited to direct the film.",
"At the time of production, Kotcheff had directed two films, \"Tiara Tahiti\" (1962) and \"Two Men Sharing\" (1969).",
"After \"Wake in Fright\", Kotcheff would continue to have a successful career as a director.",
"His later films included \"The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz\" (1973), \"Fun with Dick and Jane\" (1977), \"First Blood\" (1982) and \"Weekend at Bernie's\" (1988).",
"The shooting of \"Wake in Fright\" began in Australia in January 1970 at Broken Hill, New South Wales (the area which had inspired Cook for the setting of his novel), with interiors shot the next month at Ajax Studios in the Sydney beach-side suburb of Bondi.",
"It was the last film to feature the veteran character actor Chips Rafferty, who died of a heart attack prior to \"Wake in Fright\"s release, and the first film with Jack Thompson, the future Australian cinema star, among its cast members.",
"Coincidentally, Rafferty (real name John William Pilbean Goffage) had been born in Broken Hill, the film's stand-in for \"The Yabba\", in 1909."
] | [
3
] |
The great insights of computer science | What was Alan Turing's contribution to the field of computer science? | Computer science | false | 8SCIENCE
| [
4
] | [
"The philosopher of computing Bill Rapaport noted three \"Great Insights of Computer Science\" ",
" Leibniz's, Boole's, Alan Turing's, Shannon's, & Morse's insight: There are only 2 objects that a computer has to deal with in order to represent \"anything\"",
"All the information about any computable problem can be represented using only 0 & 1 (or any other bistable pair that can flip-flop between two easily distinguishable states,such as \"on\"/\"off\", \"magnetized/de-magnetized\", \"high-voltage/low-voltage\", etc.",
").",
" Alan Turing's insight: There are only 5 actions that a computer has to perform in order to do \"anything\"",
" Every algorithm can be expressed in a language for a computer consisting of only 5 basic instructions:",
": * move left one location",
": * move right one location",
": * read symbol at current location",
": * print 0 at current location",
": * print 1 at current location",
" Boehm and Jacopini's insight: There are only 3 ways of combining these actions (into more complex ones) that are needed in order for a computer to do \"anything\"",
"Only 3 rules are needed to combine any set of basic instructions into more complex ones:",
" sequence:",
": first do this; then do that",
" selection :",
": IF such-&-such is the case, ",
": THEN do this ",
": ELSE do that",
" repetition:",
": WHILE such & such is the case DO this",
"Note that the 3 rules of Boehm's and Jacopini's insight can be further simplified with the use of goto (which means it's more elementary than structured programming.)"
] | [
0
] |
First "Impressionist" exhibition | When did Monet have his first exhibition to show his artwork? | Claude Monet | true | 3ART
| [
4
] | [
"Monet and Impressionism.",
"First \"Impressionist\" exhibition.",
"From the late 1860s, Monet and other like-minded artists met with rejection from the conservative Académie des Beaux-Arts which held its annual exhibition at the Salon de Paris.",
"During the latter part of 1873, Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Alfred Sisley organized the Société anonyme des artistes peintres, sculpteurs et graveurs (Cooperative and Anonymous Association of Painters, Sculptors, and Engravers) to exhibit their artworks independently.",
"At their first exhibition, held in April 1874, Monet exhibited the work that was to give the group its lasting name.",
"\"Impression, Sunrise\" was painted in 1872, depicting a Le Havre port landscape.",
"From the painting's title the art critic Louis Leroy, in his review, \"L'Exposition des Impressionnistes,\" which appeared in Le Charivari, coined the term \"Impressionism\".",
"It was intended as disparagement but the Impressionists appropriated the term for themselves. "
] | [
2
] |
Genesis | Who did Van Gogh write in 1888 expressing his desire to paint the night sky? | The Starry Night | false | 3ART
| [
0
] | [
"In a letter written to Émile Bernard in April 1888, Van Gogh expressed his desire to paint the night sky, and questioned whether he could achieve his intention by painting from nature as the Impressionists did:In September 1888, before his December breakdown that resulted in his hospitalisation in Arles, he painted \"Starry Night Over the Rhone\".",
"Working by night under a gas lamp, Van Gogh painted this work directly from nature.",
"\"It does me good to do what's difficult, \"Van Gogh wrote, \"That doesn’t stop me having a tremendous need for, shall I say the word—for religion—so I go outside at night to paint the stars.",
"\"In May 1889, Van Gogh decided to enter the asylum at Saint-Rémy, where he stayed for the next year.",
"His time there was very productive, although interrupted by incapacitating nervous attacks.",
"Inspired by the landscape surrounding the asylum, he painted \"Starry Night\" in June 1889.",
"Unlike the earlier \"Starry Night Over the Rhone\", the new night scene was painted in daylight, from memory.",
"In mid-September 1889, following a heavy crisis which lasted from mid-July to the last days of August, he thought to include \"Starry Night\" in the next batch of works to be sent to his brother, Theo, in Paris.",
"In order to reduce the shipping costs, he withheld three of the studies, including \"Starry Night\".",
"These three went to Paris with the shipment that followed.",
"When Theo did not immediately report its arrival, Vincent inquired again and finally received Theo's commentary on his recent work."
] | [
3
] |
Batting and baserunning tactics | Why might a batter make a sacrifice bunt? | Baseball | true | 4SPORT
| [
2
] | [
"Several basic offensive tactics come into play with a runner on first base, including the fundamental choice of whether to attempt a steal of second base.",
"The hit and run is sometimes employed with a skillful contact hitter: the runner takes off with the pitch drawing the shortstop or second baseman over to second base, creating a gap in the infield for the batter to poke the ball through.",
"The sacrifice bunt calls for the batter to focus on making contact with the ball so that it rolls a short distance into the infield, allowing the runner to advance into scoring position even at the expense of the batter being thrown out at first—a batter who succeeds is credited with a sacrifice.",
"(A batter, particularly one who is a fast runner, may also attempt to bunt for a hit.)",
"A sacrifice bunt employed with a runner on third base, aimed at bringing that runner home, is known as a squeeze play.",
"With a runner on third and fewer than two outs, a batter may instead concentrate on hitting a fly ball that, even if it is caught, will be deep enough to allow the runner to tag up and score—a successful batter in this case gets credit for a sacrifice fly.",
"The manager will sometimes signal a batter who is ahead in the count (i.e., has more balls than strikes) to take, or not swing at, the next pitch."
] | [
1
] |
Cover versions | What Will to Power track made the Billboard Hot 100 in 1988? | Free Bird | true | 0MUSIC
| [
0,
1,
2
] | [
"The American dance-pop group Will to Power created a medley of this song and the 1976 Peter Frampton song \"Baby, I Love Your Way\" in 1988.",
"Titled \"Baby, I Love Your Way/Freebird Medley\", it spent one week at No.",
"1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart.",
"It was also covered by Wynonna Judd on the 1994 tribute album \"Skynyrd Frynds\".",
"The song was also covered by Bronx Casket Co. on their 2005 album \"Hellectric\" in Goth style.",
"American Jam band Phish often performs an A cappella version of the song live."
] | [
0
] |
Nazi Germany policy towards the Soviet Union | What did the Nazis do to the Russians and other Slavics? | Operation Barbarossa | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
6
] | [
"German intentions.",
"Nazi Germany policy towards the Soviet Union.",
"As early as 1925, Hitler suggested in \"Mein Kampf\" that he would invade the Soviet Union, asserting that the German people needed \"Lebensraum\" (\"living space\", i.e., land and raw materials) and that these should be sought in the East.",
"Nazism viewed the Soviet Union (and all of Eastern Europe) as populated by \"\"Untermensch\"\" Slavs, ruled by \"Jewish Bolshevik\" masters.",
"\"Mein Kampf\" said Germany's destiny was to turn \"to the East\" as it did \"six hundred years ago\" and \"the end of the Jewish domination in Russia will also be the end of Russia as a State.\"",
"Thereafter, Hitler spoke of an inescapable battle against \"pan-Slav ideals\", in which victory would lead to \"permanent mastery of the world\", although he also said they would \"walk part of the road with the Russians, if that will help us\".",
"Accordingly, it was stated Nazi policy to kill, deport, or enslave the majority of Russian and other Slavic populations and repopulate the land with Germanic peoples (see Generalplan Ost).",
"Before World War II, observers believed that in a war with the Soviet Union, Germany would attack through the Baltic states while the \"Kriegsmarine\" would seize Leningrad from the sea.",
"They assumed that possessing the entire Baltic basin would satisfy Hitler, who would not repeat Napoleon's mistake of attacking Moscow."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | How is locomotion achieved? | Human swimming | false | 4SPORT
| [
1
] | [
"Human swimming is the self propulsion of a person through water or other liquid, for survival, recreation, sport, exercise or other reason.",
"Locomotion is achieved through coordinated movement of the limbs, the body, or both.",
"Humans are able to hold their breath underwater and undertake rudimentary locomotive swimming within weeks of birth, as an evolutionary response.",
"Swimming is consistently found to be among the top recreational activities undertaken by the public, and in some countries, swimming lessons are a compulsory part of the educational curriculum.",
"As a formalized sport, swimming features in a range of local, national and international competitions, including featuring in every modern summer Olympics."
] | [
5
] |
Abstract | What did the demonstrators disguised themselves as? | Boston Tea Party | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
1
] | [
"The Boston Tea Party (initially referred to by John Adams as \"the Destruction of the Tea in Boston\") was a political protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston, on December 16, 1773.",
"Disguised as American Indians, the demonstrators destroyed an entire shipment of tea, which had been sent by the East India Company, in defiance of the Tea Act of May 10, 1773.",
"They boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into Boston Harbor, ruining the tea.",
"The British government responded harshly and the episode escalated into the American Revolution.",
"The Tea Party became an iconic event of American history, and other political protests such as the Tea Party movement after 2010 explicitly refer to it.",
"The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, which had been passed by the British Parliament in 1773.",
"Colonists objected to the Tea Act because they believed that it violated their rights as Englishmen to \"No taxation without representation,\" that is, be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a British parliament in which they were not represented.",
"Protesters had successfully prevented the unloading of taxed tea in three other colonies, but in Boston, embattled Royal Governor Thomas Hutchinson refused to allow the tea to be returned to Britain.",
"The Boston Tea Party was a key event in the growth of the American Revolution.",
"Parliament responded in 1774 with the Coercive Acts, or Intolerable Acts, which, among other provisions, ended local self-government in Massachusetts and closed Boston's commerce.",
"Colonists up and down the Thirteen Colonies in turn responded to the Coercive Acts with additional acts of protest, and by convening the First Continental Congress, which petitioned the British monarch for repeal of the acts and coordinated colonial resistance to them.",
"The crisis escalated, and the American Revolutionary War began near Boston in 1775."
] | [
0
] |
Adult | Which gender has more bone marrow stem cells during reproductive years? | Stem cell | true | 8SCIENCE
| [
4
] | [
"Adult stem cells, also called somatic (from Greek Σωματικóς, \"of the body\") stem cells, are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.",
"They can be found in children, as well as adults.",
"Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues.",
"Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells, which have been used in treating several conditions including spinal cord injury, liver cirrhosis, chronic limb ischemia and endstage heart failure.",
"The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years.",
"Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self-renewal capabilities.",
"In mice, pluripotent stem cells are directly generated from adult fibroblast cultures.",
"However, mice do not live long with stem cell organs.",
"Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin (mesenchymal stem cell, adipose-derived stem cell, endothelial stem cell, dental pulp stem cell, etc.",
"Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants.",
"Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses.",
"The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells, because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo.",
"Additionally, in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient (an autograft), the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent.",
"Consequently, more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research."
] | [] |
"Joey" | What was the name of the Friends Spin-Off starring Matt Le Blanc? | Friends | true | 1TV
| [
1
] | [
"Spin-offs.",
"After the series finale in 2004, LeBlanc signed on for the spin-off series, \"Joey\", following Joey's move to Los Angeles to pursue his acting career.",
"Kauffman and Crane were not interested in the spin-off, although Bright agreed to executive produce the series with Scott Silveri and Shana Goldberg-Meehan.",
"NBC heavily promoted \"Joey\" and gave it \"Friends\"' Thursday 8:00 pm timeslot.",
"The pilot was watched by 18.60 million American viewers, but ratings continually decreased throughout the series' two seasons, averaging 10.20 million viewers in the first season and 7.10 million in the second.",
"The final broadcast episode on March 7, 2006 was watched by 7.09 million viewers; NBC cancelled the series on May 15, 2006 after two seasons.",
"Bright blamed the collaboration between NBC executives, the studio and other producers for quickly ruining the series:"
] | [
0
] |
Other "great depressions" | What is an economic downturn often called? | Great Depression | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
0,
1
] | [
"Other economic downturns have been called a \"great depression\", but none had been as widespread, or lasted for so long.",
"Various nations have experienced brief or extended periods of economic downturns, which were referred to as \"depressions\", but none have had such a widespread global impact.",
"The collapse of the Soviet Union, and the breakdown of economic ties which followed, led to a severe economic crisis and catastrophic fall in the standards of living in the 1990s in post-Soviet states and the former Eastern Bloc, which was even worse than the Great Depression.",
"Even before Russia's financial crisis of 1998, Russia's GDP was half of what it had been in the early 1990s, and some populations are still poorer than they were in 1989, including Ukraine, Moldova, Central Asia, and the Caucasus."
] | [
0
] |
Japan | Do Japanese citizens acknowledge that Japanese soldiers committed atrocities at Nanking? | Nanking Massacre | false | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
6
] | [
"In Japan, the Nanking Massacre touches upon national identity and notions of \"pride, honor and shame.\"",
"Yoshida argues that \"Nanking crystallizes a much larger conflict over what should constitute the ideal perception of the nation: Japan, as a nation, acknowledges its past and apologizes for its wartime wrongdoings; or .",
".",
".",
"stands firm against foreign pressures and teaches Japanese youth about the benevolent and courageous martyrs who fought a just war to save Asia from Western aggression.\"",
"Recognizing the Nanking Massacre as such can be viewed in some circles in Japan as \"Japan bashing\" (in the case of foreigners) or \"self-flagellation\" (in the case of Japanese).",
"The majority of Japanese acknowledge that Japanese troops committed atrocities during the Nanking Massacre.",
"Some Japanese officials and writers have openly denied the incident, claiming it to be propaganda designed to spark an anti-Japan movement.",
"In many ways, how \"atrocious\" the massacre was is the touchstone of left/right divide in Japan; i.e., leftists feel this is a defining moment of the Imperial Japanese Army; rightists believe Perry's opening of Japan and the atomic bombings are far more significant events."
] | [] |
Later history | Where is the David replica located? | David (Michelangelo) | true | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"In 1873 the statue of David was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracts many visitors.",
"A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.",
"In 1991, a man attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket, in the process damaging the toes of the left foot, before being restrained.",
"On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica of the \"David\" was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only.",
"Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the \"Operai\" who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.",
"In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of David arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the Italian Culture Ministry claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the city of Florence, where it has always been located.",
"Florence disputes the state claim."
] | [
4
] |
Creation | What is the title of the UP series' first film? | Up Series | true | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"The first film in the series, \"Seven Up!",
"\", was directed by Paul Almond and commissioned by Granada Television as a programme in the \"World in Action\" series broadcast in 1964.",
"From \"7 Plus Seven\" onward the films have been directed by Michael Apted, who had been a researcher on \"Seven Up!\"",
"and chose the original children with Gordon McDougall.",
"The premise of the film was taken from the Jesuit motto \"Give me a child until he is seven and I will give you the man\", which is based on a quotation by Francis Xavier.",
"The 1998 programme was commissioned by BBC One, although still produced for them by Granada Television."
] | [
0
] |
Penalty corner | Provide three instances where a penalty corner might be awarded. | Field hockey | false | 4SPORT
| [
1,
2,
3,
4,
5
] | [
"The short or penalty corner is awarded: ",
" for an offence by a defender in the circle which does not prevent the probable scoring of a goal",
" for an intentional offence in the circle by a defender against an opponent who does not have possession of the ball or an opportunity to play the ball",
" for an intentional offence by a defender outside the circle but within the 23-metre area they are defending",
" for intentionally playing the ball over the back-line by a defender",
" when the ball becomes lodged in a player's clothing or equipment while in the circle they are defending",
"Short corners begin with five defenders (usually including the keeper) positioned behind the back line and at least 5 m from the 'insert' position of the ball.",
"All other players in the defending team must be beyond the centre line, that is not in their 'own' half of the pitch, until the ball is in play.",
"Attacking players begin the play standing outside the scoring circle, except for one attacker who starts the corner by playing the ball from a mark 10 m either side of the goal (the circle has a 14.63 m radius).",
"This player puts the ball into play by pushing or hitting the ball to the other attackers outside the circle; the ball must pass outside the circle and then put back into the circle before the attackers may make a shot at the goal from which a goal can be scored.",
"FIH rules do not forbid a shot at goal before the ball leaves the circle after being 'inserted', nor is a shot at the goal from outside the circle prohibited, but a goal cannot be scored at all if the ball has not gone out of the circle and cannot be scored from a shot from outside the circle if it is not again played by an attacking player before it enters the goal.",
"For safety reasons, the first shot of a penalty corner must not exceed 460 mm high (the height of the \"backboard\" of the goal) at the point it crosses the goal line if it is hit.",
"However, if the ball is deemed to be below backboard height, the ball can be subsequently deflected above this height by another player (defender or attacker), providing that this deflection does not lead to danger.",
"Note that the \"Slap\" stroke (a sweeping motion towards the ball, where the stick is kept on or close to the ground when striking the ball) is classed as a hit, and so the first shot at goal must be below backboard height for this type of shot also.",
"If the first shot at goal in a short corner situation is a push, flick or scoop, in particular the \"drag flick\" (which has become popular at international and national league standards), the shot is permitted to rise above the height of the backboard, as long as the shot is not deemed dangerous to any opponent.",
"This form of shooting was developed because it is not height restricted in the same way as the first hit shot at the goal and players with good technique are able to drag-flick with as much power as many others can hit a ball."
] | [
4
] |
Rewards | The higher officers were given how many francs? | Battle of Austerlitz | true | 7HISTORICAL EVENTS
| [
2
] | [
"Napoleon's words to his troops after the battle were full of praise: \"Soldats!",
"Je suis content de vous\" ().",
"The Emperor provided two million golden francs to the higher officers and 200 francs to each soldier, with large pensions for the widows of the fallen.",
"Orphaned children were adopted by Napoleon personally and were allowed to add \"Napoleon\" to their baptismal and family names.",
"This battle is one of four that Napoleon never awarded a victory title, the others being Marengo, Jena and Friedland."
] | [
5
] |
Music video | Who was the lead singer in Everybody Talks? | Everybody Talks | false | 0MUSIC
| [
4
] | [
"An animated music video to accompany the release of \"Everybody Talks\" was first released onto YouTube on January 14, 2012 at a total length of three minutes and forty-two seconds.",
"The real music video for \"Everybody Talks\" was released on VEVO and YouTube on March 8, 2012.",
"It features the band at a 1950s-esque drive-in watching a movie called \"Zombie Bikers From Hell.\"",
"In the film, band members are playing music to the song inside a cabin when they're attacked by a group of zombies who are leather-clad motorcycle riders.",
"Tyler (the lead singer) is the only one to escape, while the other band members are slaughtered by the zombies, offscreen, to the horror of the audience members at the drive-in.",
"Meanwhile, in \"real life\" (the drive-in) a girl wearing red sunglasses starts seducing various male patrons.",
"Once she and the men are alone in a secluded area, she reveals herself to be a fire-breathing vampire and eats them.",
"In the film, Tyler hitches a ride from a girl in red-sunglasses.",
"As they drive off in awhite van, Tyler's fate remains unknown.",
"However, Tyler, and the girl are present at the drive-in.",
"The girl who drove up in the van at the end of the movie is the same girl who the band drove up to the cabin in."
] | [
3
] |
Preparation | What is Shabu-shabu made from? | Shabu-shabu | true | 9FOOD
| [
0,
1,
5,
6
] | [
"The dish was originally made with thinly sliced beef , but some versions use pork, crab, chicken, lamb, duck, or lobster.",
"Most often, ribeye steak is used, but less tender cuts, such as top sirloin, are also common.",
"A more expensive meat, such as \"wagyū\", may also be used.",
"It is usually served with tofu and vegetables, including Chinese cabbage, chrysanthemum leaves, \"nori\" (edible seaweed), onions, carrots, shiitake mushrooms and enokitake mushrooms.",
"In some places, \"udon\", \"mochi\" or \"harusame\" noodles may also be served.",
"The dish is prepared by submerging a thin slice of meat or a piece of vegetable in a pot of boiling water or \"dashi\" (broth) made with \"konbu\" (kelp) and stirring it.",
"Cooked meat and vegetables are usually dipped in \"ponzu\" or \"goma\" (sesame seed) sauce before eating, and served with a bowl of steamed white rice.",
"Once the meat and vegetables have been eaten, leftover broth from the pot is customarily combined with the remaining rice, and the resulting soup is usually eaten last."
] | [
0
] |
National parks | What police group was formed in 2004 to patrol main tourist areas? | Victoria Falls | true | 2TRAVEL
| [
8,
7
] | [
"Natural environment.",
"National parks.",
"The two national parks at the falls are relatively small—Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park is and Victoria Falls National Park is .",
"However, next to the latter on the southern bank is the Zambezi National Park, extending west along the river.",
"Animals can move between the two Zimbabwean parks and can also reach Matetsi Safari Area, Kazuma Pan National Park and Hwange National Park to the south.",
"On the Zambian side, fences and the outskirts of Livingstone tend to confine most animals to the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park.",
"In addition fences put up by lodges in response to crime restrict animal movement.",
"In 2004 a separate group of police called the Tourism Police was started.",
"They are commonly seen around the main tourist areas, and can be identified by their uniforms with yellow reflective bibs."
] | [
0
] |
Ball Colors | Why are there different color balls in racquetball? | Racquetball | false | 4SPORT
| [
0,
2
] | [
"Racquetballs are manufactured in a variety of colors such as blue, green, purple, black, red, and pink, and some are for specific purposes (e.g., outdoor play and indoor play), but the differences are unlikely to make much difference for recreational play.",
"Beginners are recommended to use a blue ball by Penn, Ektelon, or Wilson.",
"The blue ball is the most commonly used and it is the most neutral ball for average speed and accuracy of contact.",
"Green balls are similar to blue balls.",
"In the USA the main choices of ball are blue and green for tournament play.",
"In some cases the International Pro Racquetball Tour (IRT) will use a purple Penn HD ball as the official ball.",
"A black ball is often used in tournaments for senior players because the ball is designed to be slower moving and allows for longer rallies.",
"The red ball is the fastest in production and they are known as Red Ektelon Fireballs.",
"This ball is heavier and allows for a quicker pace.",
"The pink ball tends to be the favorite of most recreational players and even some pro level players.",
"This pink ball allows for the highest level of visibility due to the bright pink color.",
"Also, the speed and durability of the ball is very close to that of the blue and green.",
"Finally, the pink ball was created to support breast cancer research and the manufacturers of the ball Wilson, donate $1.00 to the breast cancer awareness association every time a package is sold.",
"Balls do break occasionally, and will lose their bounce over time even without breaking.",
"To keep balls around for a long time it is best to keep them in a room temperature setting and keep them out of extreme cold or heat because this will cause the balls to become less effective and lose their bounce."
] | [
1
] |
As a sport | Are there tug of war clubs? | Tug of war | false | 4SPORT
| [
0
] | [
"There are tug of war clubs in many countries, and both men and women participate.",
"The sport was part of the Olympic Games from 1900 until 1920, but has not been included since.",
"The sport is contested in the World Games.",
"The Tug of War International Federation (TWIF), organises World Championships for nation teams biannually, for both indoor and outdoor contests, and a similar competition for club teams.",
"In England the sport is catered for by the Tug of War Association (formed in 1958), and the Tug of War Federation of Great Britain (formed in 1984).",
"In Scotland, the Scottish Tug of War Association was formed in 1980.",
"The sport also features in Highland Games there.",
"Between 1976 and 1988 Tug of War was a regular event during the television series Battle of The Networks Stars.",
"Teams of celebrities representing each major network competed in different sporting events culminating into the final event, the Tug of War.",
"Lou Ferrigno's epic tug-o'-war performance in May 1979 is considered the greatest feat in 'Battle' history."
] | [] |
Plot | Why does so much fighting happen on "The Bachelor"? | The Bachelor (U.S. TV series) | true | 1TV
| [
5,
6,
7,
8,
9
] | [
"As the show is designed, the series revolves around a single bachelor (deemed eligible) who starts with a pool of romantic interests (typically 25) from whom the bachelor is expected to select a wife.",
"During the course of the season, the bachelor eliminates candidates (see The elimination process), with the bachelor proposing marriage to his final selection.",
"The participants travel to romantic and exotic locations for their adventures, and the conflicts in the series, both internal and external, stem from the elimination-style format of the show.",
"The above description is a general guideline.",
"In practice, the show does not always follow its designed structure, and those variations are often a source of drama and conflict.",
" A candidate who was eliminated returns to the show to plead her case to the bachelor.",
" A bachelor distributes more roses or fewer roses than planned.",
" A bachelor eliminates both women in a two-on-one date.",
" A bachelor eliminates a woman outside of a rose ceremony.",
" The bachelor chooses to pursue a relationship with his final selection rather than propose marriage.",
"The two most notable cases where the bachelor violated the premise of the show are Brad Womack, who selected neither of his final two women, and Jason Mesnick, who in the \"After the Final Rose\" episode broke off his engagement and proposed to the first runner-up.",
"(The two are now married.)"
] | [
1
] |
Merchandise | How many episodes were in the 1st season of Glee? | Glee (TV series) | false | 1TV
| [
8
] | [
"Three soundtrack albums were released to accompany \"Glee\" first season: ', ' and '.",
"Two extended plays (EP) accompanied the episodes \"The Power of Madonna\" and \"Journey to Regionals\": ' and ' respectively.",
"\"Glee: The Music, The Complete Season One\", a compilation album featuring all 100 studio recordings from the first season, was released exclusively to the iTunes Store.",
"Five soundtrack albums were released to accompany \"Glee\" second season: ', featuring Christmas-themed songs, and ', were both released in November 2010; ', ', and ' were 2011 releases, in March, April, and May, respectively.",
"An EP entitled \"\" was released to accompany the Halloween episode, \"The Rocky Horror Glee Show\".",
"Two EPs were released exclusively at the Target discount chain: \"Glee: The Music, Love Songs\" in the last week of 2010, and \"Glee: The Music, Dance Party\" in early September 2011.",
"\"Glee\" has been released on several DVD and Blu-ray box-sets.",
"\"Glee – Pilot Episode: Director's Cut\" features the pilot episode and a preview of the second episode, \"Showmance\".",
"\"Glee – Volume 1: Road to Sectionals\" contains the first thirteen episodes of season one, and \"Glee – Volume 2: Road to Regionals\" contains the final nine episodes of the first season.",
"\"Glee – The Complete First Season\" was released on September 13, 2010.",
"Three boxed sets were released for the second season: \"Glee Season 2: Volume 1\" containing the first ten episodes on January 25, 2011, and both \"Glee Season 2: Volume 2\" with the final twelve episode and \"Glee: The Complete Second Season\" with all twenty-two on September 13, 2011.",
"All three were released on DVD; only the complete season is available on Blu-ray.",
"Little, Brown Books is in the process of publishing five \"Glee\"–related young adult novels, which are being developed in collaboration with the show's producers and writers.",
"The first three novels have been written by Sophia Lowell; the first, \"Glee: The Beginning\", was released in August 2010 and serves as a prequel to the events of the television series.",
"Subsequent novels include \"Glee: Foreign Exchange\", released in February 2011, and \"Glee: Summer Break\", released in July 2011.",
"Twentieth Century Fox Consumer Products have plans for a line of \"Glee\"–related merchandise including games, electrical products, greeting cards, apparel and stationery.",
"Macy's carry a line of \"Glee\"–related clothing, and Claire's stock accessories."
] | [
5
] |
Cultural significance | What is symbolized by the "meat" | Rendang | true | 9FOOD
| [
2
] | [
"Rendang is revered in Minangkabau culture as an embodiment of the philosophy of \"musyawarah\", discussion and consultation with elders.",
"It has been claimed that the four main ingredients represent Minangkabau society as a whole :",
" The meat (\"dagiang\") symbolizes the \"Niniak Mamak\", the traditional clan leaders, such as the datuk, the nobles, royalty and revered elders.",
" The coconut milk (\"karambia\") symbolizes the \"Cadiak Pandai\", intellectuals, teachers, poets and writers.",
" The chili (\"lado\") symbolizes the \"Alim Ulama\", clerics, \"ulama\" and religious leaders.",
"The hotness of the chili symbolizes sharia.",
" The spice mixture (\"pemasak\") symbolizes the rest of Minangkabau society.",
"In Minangkabau tradition, rendang is a requisite dish for special occasions in traditional Minang ceremonies, from birth ceremonies to circumcision, marriage, Qur'an recitals and religious festivals such as Eid ul-Fitr and Eid ul-Adha."
] | [
0
] |
Abstract | What do legal scholars say the term reflects? | Person of interest | false | 1TV
| [
6
] | [
"\"Person of interest\" is a term used by U.S. law enforcement when identifying someone involved in a criminal investigation who has not been arrested or formally accused of a crime.",
"It has no legal meaning, but refers to someone in whom the police are \"interested\", either because the person is cooperating with the investigation, may have information that would assist the investigation, or possesses certain characteristics that merit further attention.",
"While terms such as \"suspect\", \"target\", and \"material witness\" have clear and sometimes formal definitions, \"person of interest\" remains undefined by the U.S. Department of Justice.",
"\"Unsub\" is a similar term which is short for \"unknown subject\" (used often, for example, in the TV show \"Criminal Minds\").",
"Person of interest is sometimes used as a euphemism for \"suspect\", and its careless use may encourage trials by media.",
"With respect to terrorism investigations, Eric Lichtblau wrote in the \"New York Times\": \"Law enforcement officials say that the term simply reflects the new tactics required to fight terrorism.",
"But some legal scholars say officials are trying to create a more benign public image, even as their power expands.\""
] | [
0
] |
Music | Who composed and conducted the film score for "Toy Story 3?" | Toy Story 3 | false | 6MOVIES
| [
0
] | [
"The film score for \"Toy Story 3\" was composed and conducted by Randy Newman, his sixth for Pixar after \"Toy Story\", \"A Bug's Life\", \"Toy Story 2\", \"Monsters, Inc.\", and \"Cars\".",
"Initially, Disney released the soundtrack only as digital download.",
"This was the second instance where Disney did not release the award-winning soundtrack of a Pixar film on CD, the first being \"Up\".",
"In January 2012, Intrada released the \"Toy Story 3\" soundtrack on Compact Disc.",
"In addition to the tracks included in the soundtrack album, the film also uses several other tracks such as \"Dream Weaver\" by Gary Wright, \"Le Freak\" by Chic, and Randy Newman's original version of \"You've Got a Friend in Me.\"",
"Furthermore, tracks \"Cowboy!\"",
"and \"Come to Papa\" included material from Newman's rejected score to \"Air Force One\".",
"The song \"Losing You\" from Newman's own album \"Harps and Angels\" was also used in the first trailer for the film.",
"The Judas Priest song \"Electric Eye\" was also used in the film in the temp score for the opening scene of \"Toy Story 3\".",
"The aliens are playing the tune in their sports car.",
"The song was ultimately replaced by another piece of music."
] | [
3
] |
Cryogenic | What is used to freeze and harden ice cream? | Ice cream | false | 9FOOD
| [
0
] | [
"Using liquid nitrogen to freeze ice cream is an old idea and has been used for many years to harden ice cream.",
"The use of liquid nitrogen in the primary freezing of ice cream, that is to effect the transition from the liquid to the frozen state without the use of a conventional ice cream freezer, has only recently started to see commercialization.",
"Some commercial innovations have been documented in the National Cryogenic Society Magazine \"Cold Facts\".",
"The most noted brands are Dippin' Dots, Blue Sky Creamery, Project Creamery, and Sub Zero Cryo Creamery.",
"The preparation results in a column of white condensed water vapor cloud, reminiscent of popular depictions of witches' cauldrons.",
"The ice cream, dangerous to eat while still \"steaming\", is allowed to rest until the liquid nitrogen is completely vaporised.",
"Sometimes ice cream is frozen to the sides of the container, and must be allowed to thaw.",
"Making ice cream with liquid nitrogen has advantages over conventional freezing.",
"Due to the rapid freezing, the crystal grains are smaller, giving the ice cream a creamier texture, and allowing one to get the same texture by using less milkfat.",
"Such ice crystals will grow very quickly via the processes of recrystallization, thereby obviating the original benefits unless steps are taken to inhibit ice crystal growth.",
"For similar reasons, good results can also be achieved with the more readily available \"dry ice\" and authors such as Heston Blumenthal have published recipes to produce ice cream and sorbet using a simple blender."
] | [
0
] |
Figure compositions | What did Florentine art show? | Michelangelo | false | 3ART
| [
1
] | [
"Michelangelo's relief of the \"Battle of the Centaurs\", created while he was still a youth associated with the Medici Academy, is an unusually complex relief in that it shows a great number of figures involved in a vigorous struggle.",
"Such a complex disarray of figures was rare in Florentine art, where it would usually only be found in images showing either the Massacre of the Innocents or the Torments of Hell.",
"The relief treatment, in which some of the figures are boldly projecting, may indicate Michelangelo's familiarity with Roman sarcophagus reliefs from the collection of Lorenzo Medici, and similar marble panels created by Nicola and Giovanni Pisano, and with the figurative compositions on Ghiberti's Baptistry Doors.",
"The composition of the \"Battle of Cascina\", is known in its entirety only from copies, as the original cartoon, according to Vasari, was so admired that it deteriorated and was eventually in pieces.",
"It reflects the earlier relief in the energy and diversity of the figures, with many different postures, and many being viewed from the back, as they turn toward the approaching enemy and prepare for battle.",
"In \"The Last Judgement\" it is said that Michelangelo drew inspiration from a fresco by Melozzo da Forli in the Church of the Holy Apostles, Rome.",
"While the work is very different in character to Michelangelo's, Melozzo had depicting figures from different angles, as if they were floating in the Heaven and seen from below.",
"Melozzo's majestic figure of Christ, with windblown cloak, demonstrates a degree of foreshortening of the figure that had also been employed by Andrea Mantegna, but was not usual in the frescos of Florentine painters.",
"In \"The Last Judgement\" Michelangelo had the opportunity to depict, on an unprecedented scale, figures in the action of either rising heavenward or falling and being dragged down.",
"In the two frescos of the Pauline Chapel, the \"Crucifixion of Peter\" and the \"Conversion of Paul\", Michelangelo has used the various groups of figures to convey a complex narrative.",
"In the \"Crucifixion of Peter\" soldiers busy themselves about their assigned duty of digging a post hole and raising the cross while various people look on and discuss the events.",
"A group of horrified women cluster in the foreground, while another group of Christians is led by a tall man to witness the events.",
"In the right foreground, Michelangelo walks out of the painting with an expression of disillusionment."
] | [
0
] |
Viscosity | How does tapping the 57 label on the Heinz bottle help with getting ketchup out? | Ketchup | true | 9FOOD
| [
8,
5,
6,
7
] | [
"Tomato ketchup has an additive, usually xanthan gum, which gives the condiment a pseudoplastic or \"shear thinning\" property.",
"This increases the viscosity of the ketchup considerably with a relatively small amount added - usually 0.5%.",
"- which can make it difficult to pour from a container.",
"However, the shear thinning property of the gum ensures that when a force is applied to the ketchup it will lower the viscosity enabling the sauce to flow.",
"A common method to getting ketchup out of the bottle involves inverting the bottle and shaking it or hitting the bottom with the heel of the hand, which causes the ketchup to flow rapidly.",
"A technique involves inverting the bottle and forcefully tapping its upper neck with two fingers (index and middle finger together).",
"Specifically, with a Heinz ketchup bottle, one taps the 57 circle on the neck.",
"This helps the ketchup flow by applying the correct shearing force.",
"These techniques work because of how pseudoplastic fluids behave: their viscosity (resistance to flow) decreases with increasing shear rate.",
"The faster the ketchup is sheared (by shaking or tapping the bottle), the more fluid it becomes.",
"After the shear is removed the ketchup thickens to its original viscosity."
] | [
5
] |
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