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{"datasets_id": 160158, "wiki_id": "Q1541210", "sp": 8, "sc": 202, "ep": 8, "ec": 751}
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751
Gradient-index optics
In nature
in less dense layers of the lens. This allows the eye to image with good resolution and low aberration at both short and long distances. Another example of gradient index optics in nature is the common mirage of a pool of water appearing on a road on a hot day. The pool is actually an image of the sky, apparently located on the road since light rays are being refracted (bent) from their normal straight path. This is due to the variation of refractive index between the hot, less dense air at the surface of the road, and the denser cool
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Q1541210
8
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8
1,332
Gradient-index optics
In nature
air above it. The variation in temperature (and thus density) of the air causes a gradient in its refractive index, causing it to increase with height. This index gradient causes refraction of light rays (at a shallow angle to the road) from the sky, bending them into the eye of the viewer, with their apparent location being the road's surface. The Earth's atmosphere acts as a GRIN lens, allowing observers to see the sun for a few minutes after it is actually below the horizon, and observers can also view stars that are below the horizon. This effect also allows for
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Gradient-index optics
In nature & Applications
observation of electromagnetic signals from satellites after they have descended below the horizon, as in radio occultation measurements. Applications The ability of GRIN lenses to have flat surfaces simplifies the mounting of the lens, which makes them useful where many very small lenses need to be mounted together, such as in photocopiers and scanners. The flat surface also allows a GRIN lens to be easily fused to an optical fiber, to produce collimated output. In imaging applications, GRIN lenses are mainly used to reduce aberrations. The design of such lenses involves detailed calculations of aberrations as well as efficient manufacture of
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12
1,189
Gradient-index optics
Applications
the lenses. A number of different materials have been used for GRIN lenses including optical glasses, plastics, germanium, zinc selenide, and sodium chloride. Certain optical fibres (graded-index fibres) are made with a radially-varying refractive index profile; this design strongly reduces the modal dispersion of a multi-mode optical fiber. The radial variation in refractive index allows for a sinusoidal height distribution of rays within the fibre, preventing the rays from leaving the core. This differs from traditional optical fibres, which rely on total internal reflection, in that all modes of the GRIN fibres propagate at the same speed, allowing for a higher
{"datasets_id": 160158, "wiki_id": "Q1541210", "sp": 12, "sc": 1189, "ep": 16, "ec": 442}
160,158
Q1541210
12
1,189
16
442
Gradient-index optics
Applications & History
temporal bandwidth for the fibre. Antireflection coatings are typically effective for narrow ranges of frequency or angle of incidence. Graded-index materials are less constrained. History In 1854, J C Maxwell suggested a lens whose refractive index distribution would allow for every region of space to be sharply imaged. Known as the Maxwell fisheye lens, it involves a spherical index function and would be expected to be spherical in shape as well. (Maxwell, 1854). This lens, however, is impractical to make and has little usefulness since only points on the surface and within the lens are sharply imaged and extended objects
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160,158
Q1541210
16
442
16
1,035
Gradient-index optics
History
suffer from extreme aberrations. In 1905, R W Wood used a dipping technique creating a gelatin cylinder with a refractive index gradient that varied symmetrically with the radial distance from the axis. Disk-shaped slices of the cylinder were later shown to have plane faces with radial index distribution. He showed that even though the faces of the lens were flat, they acted like converging and diverging lens depending on whether the index was a decreasing or increasing relative to the radial distance. In 1964, a posthumous book of R. K. Luneburg was published in which he described a
{"datasets_id": 160158, "wiki_id": "Q1541210", "sp": 16, "sc": 1035, "ep": 16, "ec": 1298}
160,158
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1,035
16
1,298
Gradient-index optics
History
lens that focuses incident parallel rays of light onto a point on the opposite surface of the lens. This also limits the applications of the lens because it is difficult to use it to focus visible light; however, it has some usefulness in microwave applications.
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 626}
160,159
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2
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6
626
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Background
Grave Circle A, Mycenae Background During the end of the 3rd millennium BC (circa 2200 BC), the indigenous inhabitants of mainland Greece underwent a cultural transformation attributed to climate change, local events and developments (i.e. destruction of the "House of the Tiles"), as well as to continuous contacts with various areas such as western Asia Minor, the Cyclades, Albania, and Dalmatia. These Bronze Age people were equipped with horses, surrounded themselves with luxury goods, and constructed elaborate shaft graves. The acropolis of Mycenae, one of the main centers of Mycenaean culture, located in Argolis, northeast Peloponnese, was built on a
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 6, "sc": 626, "ep": 10, "ec": 237}
160,159
Q5597783
6
626
10
237
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Background & History
defensive hill at an elevation of 128 m (420 ft) and covers an area of 30,000 m² (320,000 sq ft). The Shaft Graves found in Mycenae signified the elevation of a new Greek-speaking royal dynasty whose economic power depended on long-distance sea trade. Grave Circles A and B, the latter found outside the walls of Mycenae, represent one of the major characteristics of the early phase of the Mycenaean civilization. History Mycenaean shaft graves are essentially an Argive variant of the rudimentary Middle Helladic funerary tradition with features derived from Early Bronze Age traditions developed locally in mainland Greece. Grave Circle A, formed circa 1600
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 10, "sc": 237, "ep": 10, "ec": 808}
160,159
Q5597783
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237
10
808
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
History
BC as a new elite burial place, was probably first restricted to men and seems to be a continuation of the earlier Grave Circle B and correlates with the general social trend of higher burial investment taking place throughout entire Greece that time. The Grave Circle A site was part of a larger funeral place from the Middle Helladic period. At the time it was built, during the Late Helladic I (1600 BC), there was probably a small unfortified palace on Mycenae, while the graves of the Mycenaean ruling family remained outside of the city walls. There is no evidence
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 10, "sc": 808, "ep": 10, "ec": 1424}
160,159
Q5597783
10
808
10
1,424
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
History
of a circular wall around the site during the period of the burials. The last interment took place circa 1500 BC. Immediately after the last interment, the local rulers abandoned the shaft graves in favour of a new and more imposing form of tomb already developing in Messenia, south Peloponessus, the tholos. Around 1250 BC, when the fortifications of Mycenae were extended, the Grave Circle was included inside the new wall. A double ring peribolos wall was also built around the area. It appears that the site became a temenos (sacred precinct), while a circular construction, possibly an altar was found
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 10, "sc": 1424, "ep": 14, "ec": 173}
160,159
Q5597783
10
1,424
14
173
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
History & Findings
above one grave. The burial site had been replanned as a monument, an attempt by the 13th century BC Mycenean rulers to appropriate the possible heroic past of the older ruling dynasty. Under this context, the land surface was built up to make a level precinct for ceremonies, with the stelae over the graves being re-erected. A new entrance, the Lion Gate, was constructed near the site. Findings Grave Circle A, with a diameter of 27.5 m (90 ft), is situated on the acropolis of Mycenae southeast of the Lion Gate. The site is surrounded by two rows of slabs, while the
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 14, "sc": 173, "ep": 14, "ec": 720}
160,159
Q5597783
14
173
14
720
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Findings
space between the rows was filled with earth and roofed with slabs. The Grave Circle contains six shaft graves, the smallest of which is measured at 3.0 m by 3.5 m and the largest measured at 4.50 m by 6.40 m (the depth of each shaft grave ranges from 1.0 m to 4.0 m). Over each grave a mound was constructed and stelae were erected. These stelae had been probably erected in memory of the Mycenaean rulers buried there; three of them depict chariot scenes. A total of nineteen bodies – eight men, nine women and two children – were found
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160,159
Q5597783
14
720
14
1,279
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Findings
in the shafts, which contained two to five bodies each (with the exception of Grave II, which was a single burial). Among the findings, boars' tusks were found in Grave IV, as well as five golden masks in Graves IV and V. One of them, the supposed Mask of Agamemnon, was found in Grave V. Additionally, gold and silver cups, including Nestor's Cup and the Silver Siege Rhyton, were found by the side of the deceased. A number of gold rings, buttons and bracelets were also found. Most of the graves were equipped with full sets of weapons, especially swords,
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 14, "sc": 1279, "ep": 14, "ec": 1898}
160,159
Q5597783
14
1,279
14
1,898
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Findings
and the figural depictions of the objects show fighting and hunting scenes. The gender of those entombed here were distinguished based on the grave goods that they were buried with. Men were found with weapons while women received jewelry. Many objects were also designed to signify the social rank of the deceased, for instance, decorated daggers, which were objets d'art and cannot be considered real weapons. Ornate staffs as well as a scepter from Grave IV clearly indicate a very significant status of the deceased. Items such as bulls' heads with a double axe display clear Minoan influences. At the time
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 14, "sc": 1898, "ep": 14, "ec": 2496}
160,159
Q5597783
14
1,898
14
2,496
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Findings
that the Grave Circle was built, the Mycenaeans had not yet conquered Minoan Crete. Although it seems that they recognized the Minoans as the providers of the finest in design and craftsmanship, most of the objects decorated in Minoan style and buried in Grave Circle A are not of Minoan but of indigenous craftsmanship. On the other hand, certain motifs such as fighting and hunting scenes are clearly of Mycenaean style. The combination of luxury goods found at this site was interesting in how it represented many different societies of the time; this was an example of an "international style"
{"datasets_id": 160159, "wiki_id": "Q5597783", "sp": 14, "sc": 2496, "ep": 14, "ec": 2618}
160,159
Q5597783
14
2,496
14
2,618
Grave Circle A, Mycenae
Findings
meaning countries would use the basic technology of one society and modify it to fit the common imagery of their society.
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 656}
160,160
Q5598059
2
0
4
656
Gravity Probe A
Gravity Probe A Gravity Probe A (GP-A) was a space-based experiment to test the equivalence principle, a feature of Einstein's theory of relativity. It was performed jointly by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The experiment sent a hydrogen maser, a highly accurate frequency standard, into space to measure with high precision the rate at which time passes in a weaker gravitational field. Masses cause distortions in spacetime, which leads to the effects of length contraction and time dilation, both predicted results of Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity. Because of the bending of spacetime,
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 4, "sc": 656, "ep": 4, "ec": 1356}
160,160
Q5598059
4
656
4
1,356
Gravity Probe A
an observer on Earth (in a lower gravitational potential) should measure a different rate at which time passes than an observer that is sufficiently high up in Earth's atmosphere (at higher gravitational potential). This effect is known as gravitational time dilation. The experiment was a test of a major fallout of Einstein's general relativity, the equivalence principle. The equivalence principle states that a reference frame in a uniform gravitational field is indistinguishable from a reference frame that is under uniform acceleration. Further, the equivalence principle predicts that phenomenon of different time flow rates, present in a uniformly accelerating reference frame, will
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 4, "sc": 1356, "ep": 8, "ec": 187}
160,160
Q5598059
4
1,356
8
187
Gravity Probe A
Background
also be present in a stationary reference frame that is in a uniform gravitational field. The probe was launched on June 18, 1976 from the NASA-Wallops Flight Center in Wallops Island, Virginia. The probe was carried via a Scout rocket, and attained a height of 10,000 km (6,200 mi), while remaining in space for 1 hour and 55 minutes, as intended. It returned to Earth by splashing down into the Atlantic Ocean. Background The objective of the Gravity Probe A experiment was to test the validity of the equivalence principle. The equivalence principle was a key component of Albert Einstein's theory of general
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 8, "sc": 187, "ep": 12, "ec": 396}
160,160
Q5598059
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187
12
396
Gravity Probe A
Background & Equivalence principle
relativity, and states that the laws of physics are the same regardless of whether you consider a uniformly accelerating reference frame or a reference frame that is acted upon by uniform gravitational field. Equivalence principle The equivalence principle can be understood by picturing a rocket ship in two scenarios. First, imagine a rocket ship that is at rest on the Earth's surface; objects in the rocket ship are being accelerated downward at 9.81 m/s². Now, imagine a rocket ship that has escaped Earth's gravitational field and is accelerating upwards at a constant 9.81 m/s² due to thrust from its rockets; objects in
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 12, "sc": 396, "ep": 12, "ec": 1051}
160,160
Q5598059
12
396
12
1,051
Gravity Probe A
Equivalence principle
the rocket ship that are dropped will fall to the floor with an acceleration of 9.81 m/s². This example shows that a uniformly accelerating reference frame is indistinguishable from a gravitational reference frame. Further, the equivalence principle guarantees that phenomena that are caused by inertial effects will also be present due to gravitational effects. Imagine, for example, a beam of light that is shined horizontally across a rocket ship that is accelerating uniformly upwards. According to an observer outside the rocket ship, the floor of the rocket ship accelerates up towards the light beam. The light beam does not seem to travel
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 12, "sc": 1051, "ep": 16, "ec": 106}
160,160
Q5598059
12
1,051
16
106
Gravity Probe A
Equivalence principle & Time dilation
on a horizontal path according to the outside observer, rather the light seems to bend down toward the floor (because the floor is accelerating uniformly upward). This is an example of an inertial effect that causes light to bend. The equivalence principle states that this inertial phenomenon will also occur in a gravitational reference frame as well. Indeed, the phenomenon of gravitational lensing states that matter can bend light, and this phenomenon has been observed by the Hubble Telescope. Time dilation Time dilation refers to the expansion or contraction in the rate at which time passes, and was the subject
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160,160
Q5598059
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16
695
Gravity Probe A
Time dilation
of the Gravity Probe A experiment. Under Einstein's theory of general relativity, matter distorts the surrounding spacetime, so that space gets bent similarly to the way a sheet of fabric would bend if a bowling ball were dropped in the middle of the sheet. But the distortion manifests itself in the time direction as well: time would appear for a distant observer to flow more slowly in the vicinity of a massive object. For example, the metric, surrounding a spherically symmetric gravitating body, has a smaller coefficient at closer to the body, which means slower rate of time flow
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 16, "sc": 695, "ep": 16, "ec": 1367}
160,160
Q5598059
16
695
16
1,367
Gravity Probe A
Time dilation
there. There is a similar idea of time dilation occurrence in Einstein's theory of special relativity (which deals with neither gravity nor the idea of curved spacetime). Such time dilation appears in the Rindler coordinates, attached to a uniformly accelerating particle in a flat spacetime. Such a particle would observe time passing faster on the side it is accelerating towards and more slowly on the opposite side. From this apparent variance in time, Einstein inferred that change in velocity affects the relativity of simultaneity for the particle. Einstein's equivalence principle generalizes this analogy, stating that an accelerating reference frame is
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 16, "sc": 1367, "ep": 20, "ec": 144}
160,160
Q5598059
16
1,367
20
144
Gravity Probe A
Time dilation & Experimental setup
locally indistinguishable from an inertial reference frame with a gravity force acting upon it. In this way, the Gravity Probe A was a test of the equivalence principle, matching the observations in the inertial reference frame (of special relativity) of the Earth's surface affected by gravity, with the predictions of special relativity for the same frame treated as being accelerating upwards with respect to free fall reference, which can thought of being inertial and gravity-less. Experimental setup The 100 kg Gravity Probe A spacecraft housed the atomic hydrogen maser system that ran throughout the mission. Maser is an acronym for microwave
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 20, "sc": 144, "ep": 24, "ec": 82}
160,160
Q5598059
20
144
24
82
Gravity Probe A
Experimental setup & Doppler shift
amplification by stimulated emission of radiation, and is similar to a laser, as it produces coherent electromagnetic waves in the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum (as opposed to lasers which produce light in the visible or ultraviolet region). The probe was launched nearly vertically upward to cause a large change in the gravitational potential seen by the maser, reaching a height of 10,000 km (6,200 mi). At this height, relativity predicted a clock should run 4.5 parts in 10¹⁰ faster than one on the Earth. Doppler shift Along with the hydrogen maser, a microwave repeater was also included in the probe
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160,160
Q5598059
24
82
24
681
Gravity Probe A
Doppler shift
in order to measure the Doppler shift of the maser signal. A Doppler shift occurs when a source is moving relative to the observer of that source, and results in a shift in the frequency that corresponds to the direction and magnitude of the source's motion. The maser's signal is Doppler shifted because it is launched vertically at a high speed relative to the Earth, and the results from the maser need to be Doppler shifted in order to be correctly understood. According to the 1976 press release by Joyce B. Milliner: "The interaction of the electron and proton in the hydrogen
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 24, "sc": 681, "ep": 28, "ec": 340}
160,160
Q5598059
24
681
28
340
Gravity Probe A
Doppler shift & Results
atom generates a microwave signal (1.42 billion cycles per second) stable to one part in a quadrillion (1 x 10⁻¹⁵), or the equivalent of a clock that loses less than two seconds every 100 million years." Results The goal of the experiment was to measure the rate at which time passes in a higher gravitational potential, so to test this the maser in the probe was compared to a similar maser that remained on Earth. Before the two clock rates could be compared, the Doppler shift was subtracted out of the clock rate measured by the maser that was sent
{"datasets_id": 160160, "wiki_id": "Q5598059", "sp": 28, "sc": 340, "ep": 28, "ec": 944}
160,160
Q5598059
28
340
28
944
Gravity Probe A
Results
into space, to correct for the relative motion between the observers on Earth and the motion of the probe. The two clock rates were then compared and further compared against the theoretical predictions of how the two clock rates would differ. The stability of the maser permitted measurement of changes in the rate of the maser of 1 part in 10¹⁴ for a 100-second measurement. The experiment was thus able to test the equivalence principle. Gravity Probe A confirmed the prediction that deeper in the gravity well the time flows slower, and the observed effects matched the predicted effects to
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160,160
Q5598059
28
944
28
987
Gravity Probe A
Results
an accuracy of about 70 parts per million.
{"datasets_id": 160161, "wiki_id": "Q5600530", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 644}
160,161
Q5600530
2
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6
644
Greater Dunedin
History
Greater Dunedin History Prior to the 2010 election there were three Greater Dunedin Councillors: Dave Cull, Kate Wilson and Chris Staynes. They along with six other Greater Dunedin candidates ran for council in 2010. Dave Cull was elected mayor. For the 2013 election, Greater Dunedin candidates included Dave Cull, Jinty MacTavish, Richard Thomson, Mike Lord, Irene Mosley, Kate Wilson, Chris Staynes, Letisha Nicholas and Ali Copeman. Cull was undecided whether or not Carisbrook should be kept as a future sporting venue, but the stadium has since be demolished. On 26 February 2016, Mayor Cull announced the dissolution of the Greater Dunedin group
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160,161
Q5600530
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644
6
1,298
Greater Dunedin
History
and that he and the other members would be contesting the upcoming local body elections in October 2016 as independent candidates. Cull's assertion that the dissolution was not caused by any "split within the ranks" was contested by fellow councillor Mike Lord, who disagreed with the Dunedin City Council's ethical investment policy and other unspecified issues. However, he praised the Greater Dunedin group for focusing on council efficiency and debt reduction. Meanwhile, councillor Kate Wilson credited the group with bringing more new councillors into the city council. The dissolution also coincided with a news report that the Labour Party would
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160,161
Q5600530
6
1,298
6
1,635
Greater Dunedin
History
be contesting the Dunedin local body elections under the "Local Labour" ticket. On 20 April, it was reported that the Labour Party had dropped its plan to field a bloc of candidates in the 2016 Dunedin elections but would still consider endorsing other candidates. Mayor Cull has confirmed that he would also contest the 2016 mayoralty.
{"datasets_id": 160162, "wiki_id": "Q1555294", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 588}
160,162
Q1555294
2
0
6
588
Guru Meditation
Description
Guru Meditation Description When a Guru Meditation is displayed, the options are to reboot by pressing the left mouse button, or to invoke ROMWack by pressing the right mouse button. (ROMWack is a minimalist debugger built into the operating system which is accessible by connecting a 9600 bit/s terminal to the serial port.) The alert itself appears as a black rectangular box located in the upper portion of the screen. Its border and text are red for a normal Guru Meditation, or green/yellow for a Recoverable Alert, another kind of Guru Meditation. The screen goes black, and the power and disk-activity
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160,162
Q1555294
6
588
6
1,192
Guru Meditation
Description
LEDs may blink immediately before the alert appears. In AmigaOS 1.x, programmed in ROMs known as Kickstart 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3, the errors are always red. In AmigaOS 2.x and 3.x, recoverable alerts are yellow, except for some very early versions of 2.x where they were green. Dead-end alerts are always red and terminal in all OS versions except in a rare series of events, as in when a deprecated Kickstart (example: 1.1) program conditionally boots from disk on a more advanced Kickstart 3.x ROM Amiga running in compatibility mode (therefore eschewing the on-disk OS) and crashes with a red Guru
{"datasets_id": 160162, "wiki_id": "Q1555294", "sp": 6, "sc": 1192, "ep": 6, "ec": 1825}
160,162
Q1555294
6
1,192
6
1,825
Guru Meditation
Description
Meditation but subsequently restores itself by pressing the left mouse button, the newer Kickstart recognizing an inadvised low level chipset call for the older ROM directly poking the hardware, and addressing it. The alert occurred when there was a fatal problem with the system. If the system had no means of recovery, it could display the alert, even in systems with numerous critical flaws. In extreme cases, the alert could even be displayed if the system's memory was completely exhausted. The error is displayed as two fields, separated by a period. The format is #0000000x.yyyyyyyy in case of a CPU error, or
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160,162
Q1555294
6
1,825
6
2,400
Guru Meditation
Description
#aabbcccc.dddddddd in case of a system software error. The first field is either the Motorola 68000 exception number that occurred (if a CPU error occurs) or an internal error identifier (such as an 'Out of Memory' code), in case of a system software error. The second can be the address of a Task structure, or the address of a memory block whose allocation or deallocation failed. It is never the address of the code that caused the error. If the cause of the crash is uncertain, this number is rendered as 48454C50, which stands for "HELP" in hexadecimal ASCII characters
{"datasets_id": 160162, "wiki_id": "Q1555294", "sp": 6, "sc": 2400, "ep": 10, "ec": 177}
160,162
Q1555294
6
2,400
10
177
Guru Meditation
Description & Guru Meditation handler
(48=H, 45=E, 4C=L, 50=P). The text of the alert messages was completely baffling to most users. Only highly technically adept Amiga users would know, for example, that exception 3 was an address error, and meant the program was accessing a word on an unaligned boundary. Users without this specialized knowledge would have no recourse but to look for a "Guru" or to simply reboot the machine and hope for the best. Guru Meditation handler There was a commercially available error handler for AmigaOS, before version 2.04, called GOMF (Get Outta My Face) made by Hypertek/Silicon Springs Development corp. It was able
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160,162
Q1555294
10
177
14
70
Guru Meditation
Guru Meditation handler & Recoverable Alerts
to deal with many kinds of errors and gave the user a choice to either remove the offending process and associated screen, or allow the machine to show the Guru Meditation. In many cases, removal of the offending process gave one the choice to save one's data and exit running programs before rebooting the system. When the damage was not extensive, one was able to continue using the machine. However, it did not save the user from all errors, as one may have still seen this error occasionally. Recoverable Alerts Recoverable Alerts are non-critical crashes in the computer system. In
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Guru Meditation
Recoverable Alerts & Origins
most cases, it is possible to resume work and save files after a Recoverable Alert, while a normal, red Guru Meditation always results in an immediate reboot. It is, however, still recommended to reboot as soon as possible after encountering a Recoverable Alert, because the system may be in an unpredictable state that can cause data corruption. Origins The term "Guru Meditation Error" originated as an in-house joke in Amiga's early days. The company had a product called the Joyboard, a game controller much like a joystick but operated by one's feet, similar to the modern-day Wii Balance Board. Early in
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160,162
Q1555294
18
254
18
829
Guru Meditation
Origins
the development of the Amiga computer operating system, the company's developers became so frustrated with the system's frequent crashes that, as a relaxation technique, a game was developed where a person would sit cross-legged on the Joyboard, resembling an Indian guru. The player tried to remain extremely still; the winner of the game stayed still the longest. If the player moved too much, a "guru meditation" error occurred. The final unlockable balance activity in Wii Fit represents a similar game. The same game is unlocked from the start in Wii Fit Plus.
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160,163
Q5631355
2
0
10
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HMS Antelope (1893)
Design & Armament
HMS Antelope (1893) Design The Alarm class was designed by Sir William White in 1889. They had a length overall of 242 ft (74 m), a beam of 27 ft (8.2 m) and a displacement of 810 tons. Antelope was engined by Yarrows with two sets of vertical triple-expansion steam engines, two locomotive-type boilers, and twin screws. This layout produced 3,500 indicated horsepower (2,600 kW), giving her a speed of 18.7 knots (34.6 km/h) with forced draught. She carried between 100 and 160 tons of coal and was manned by 91 sailors and officers. Armament When built Antelope was fitted with two
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160,163
Q5631355
10
39
14
382
HMS Antelope (1893)
Armament & Construction
QF 4.7-inch (12 cm)/45-pounder guns, four 3-pounder guns and one Gardner machine gun. Her three 18-inch torpedo tubes were arranged as a pair of revolving deck mounts and a single bow-mounted tube; three reloads were provided. Construction Antelope was laid down at Devonport Dockyard on 21 October 1889. Construction was delayed by several months by problems with the ship's propeller shafts. She was finally launched, by Miss Crocker, the daughter of the shipyard manager on 12 July 1893. In 2015, her grandson displayed a commemorative wooden box, holding the mallet and chisel she used to server the rope tethering the
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160,163
Q5631355
14
382
18
470
HMS Antelope (1893)
Construction & Service
ship, on the BBC programme Antiques Roadshow. The ship was completed in May 1894 at a cost of £61,395. Service In August 1894 Antelope took part in that year's Naval Manoeuvres, and in July 1896 again took part in the Manoeuvres, On 26 June 1897 she was present at the Fleet Review at Spithead in celebration of Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, and in July that year took part in the Reserve Fleet Manoeuvres. In April 1899, it was announced that Antelope was to be allocated to training of naval reserves, supporting the training Hulk Daedalus at Bristol. On 27 June 1900
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160,163
Q5631355
18
470
18
1,049
HMS Antelope (1893)
Service
it was announced that the date of the mobilization for naval manoeuvres had been fixed for 10 July. Antelope, together with capital ships, cruisers, torpedo boats and other torpedo gunboats, was ordered to be ready for sea, and took part as part of 'Fleet B'. In July the next year Antelope took part in the 1901 manoeuvres. Commander Henry Arthur Phillips was appointed in command in early May 1902, and in July 1902 she rejoined the Channel and Home squadrons. She took part in the fleet review held at Spithead on 16 August 1902 for the coronation of King Edward VII.
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160,163
Q5631355
18
1,049
18
1,713
HMS Antelope (1893)
Service
Commander William Nicholson was appointed in command on 10 September 1902. Antelope had been stricken from the effective list by 1905, being described in Parliament as being "of comparatively small fighting value", although her armament was not removed. Torpedo gunboats that had been re-boilered and re-engined were considered still effective and retained in service, but it was not felt worthwhile to re-engine the remaining torpedo gunboats, such as Antelope. Antelope was reduced to harbour service from 1910 and used as a training ship at Devonport. In July 1914 she was listed for sale at Devonport. Following the outbreak of the First World
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160,163
Q5631355
18
1,713
22
59
HMS Antelope (1893)
Service & Disposal
War, Antelope returned to training duties at Devonport, where she was used for training of stokers. Disposal Antelope was sold to T R Sales for breaking on 27 May 1919.
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160,164
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579
HMS H52
Design
HMS H52 Design Like all post-H20 British H-class submarines, H52 had a displacement of 440 tonnes (490 short tons) at the surface and 500 tonnes (550 short tons) while submerged. It had a total length of 171 feet (52 m), a beam length of 15 feet 4 inches (4.67 m), and a draught length of 12 metres (39 ft). It contained a diesel engines providing a total power of 480 horsepower (360 kW) and two electric motors each providing 320 horsepower (240 kW) power. The use of its electric motors made the submarine travel at 11 knots (20 km/h; 13 mph). It would normally carry 16.4 tonnes (18.1 short
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160,164
Q5632667
6
579
6
1,196
HMS H52
Design
tons) of fuel and had a maximum capacity of 18 tonnes (20 short tons). The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) and a submerged speed of 10.5 knots (19.4 km/h; 12.1 mph). Post-H20 British H-class submarines had ranges of 2,985 nautical miles (5,528 km; 3,435 mi) at speeds of 7.5 knots (13.9 km/h; 8.6 mph) when surfaced. H52 was fitted with an anti-aircraft gun and four 21 inches (530 mm) torpedo tubes. Its torpedo tubes were fitted to the bows and the submarine was loaded with eight 21 inches (530 mm) torpedoes. It is a Holland 602 type submarine but was designed to meet
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160,164
Q5632667
6
1,196
6
1,267
HMS H52
Design
Royal Navy specifications. Its complement was twenty-two crew members.
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160,165
Q8000391
2
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Hartland Township, McHenry County, Illinois
Geography
Hartland Township, McHenry County, Illinois Geography According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.83 square miles (92.8 km²), of which 35.69 square miles (92.4 km²) (or 99.61%) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km²) (or 0.39%) is water.
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160,166
Q599201
2
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Hayti, South Dakota
History & Geography
Hayti, South Dakota History Hayti was platted in 1907 when the South Dakota Central Railway was built through the area. The town won an election to become the county seat in 1910, taking the title from Castlewood; however, Castlewood sued to keep the county seat and won the case. In 1914, a second election gave Hayti the county seat for good. Geography Hayti is located at 44°39′27″N 97°12′16″W (44.657591, -97.204391). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.31 square miles (0.80 km²), all of it land. Hayti has been assigned the ZIP code 57241 and the
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160,166
Q599201
10
254
14
568
Hayti, South Dakota
Geography & 2010 census
FIPS place code 27820. 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 381 people, 152 households, and 102 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,229.0 inhabitants per square mile (474.5/km²). There were 173 housing units at an average density of 558.1 per square mile (215.5/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.3% White, 0.8% Native American, and 2.9% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.9% of the population. There were 152 households of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.9% were married couples living together,
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160,166
Q599201
14
568
14
1,102
Hayti, South Dakota
2010 census
8.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.9% were non-families. 30.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.20. The median age in the town was 32.9 years. 32% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.2% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.7% were 65
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Q599201
14
1,102
18
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Hayti, South Dakota
2010 census & 2000 census
years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 367 people, 157 households, and 105 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,300.6 people per square mile (506.1/km²). There were 171 housing units at an average density of 606.0 per square mile (235.8/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.64% White, 0.82% Native American, and 0.54% from two or more races. 43.3% were of Norwegian, 25.5% German and 13.8% Finnish ancestry according to Census 2000. There were 157 households out
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160,166
Q599201
18
497
18
1,046
Hayti, South Dakota
2000 census
of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.8% were married couples living together, 7.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 16.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.93. In the town, the population was spread out with 27.8% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 16.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.3% who
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160,166
Q599201
18
1,046
18
1,587
Hayti, South Dakota
2000 census
were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.2 males. The median income for a household in the town was $39,688, and the median income for a family was $43,958. Males had a median income of $29,583 versus $19,583 for females. The per capita income for the town was $23,169. About 1.9% of families and 5.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 7.8% of those age 65 or
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160,166
Q599201
18
1,587
18
1,593
Hayti, South Dakota
2000 census
over.
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160,167
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Heat Wave (1995)
Storylines
Heat Wave (1995) Storylines The event featured wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds and storylines. Wrestlers portrayed villains, heroes, or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches played out on ECW's television program Hardcore TV. The Gangstas (New Jack and Mustafa Saed) debuted in ECW at Barbed Wire, Hoodies & Chokeslams, where they attacked The Public Enemy (Rocco Rock and Johnny Grunge) after their scheduled World Tag Team Championship defense against The Bad Breed (Axl Rotten and Ian Rotten) was cancelled by Bill Alfonso. At Hardcore Heaven, Public Enemy
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160,167
Q55613555
6
643
6
1,286
Heat Wave (1995)
Storylines
defeated Gangstas in a tag team match. This led to a rematch between the two teams at Heat Wave. At Hardcore Heaven, Axl Rotten defeated Ian Rotten in a Taipei Deathmatch to end the feud between the two. Later that night, The Sandman successfully defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Cactus Jack. On the July 4 episode of Hardcore TV, it was announced that Sandman would defend the title against Rotten at Heat Wave. At Barbed Wire, Hoodies and Chokeslams, Raven abandoned The Pitbulls (Pitbull #1 and Pitbull #2) to confront Stevie Richards and Beulah McGillicutty due to McGillicutty's fight against Richards'
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160,167
Q55613555
6
1,286
6
1,904
Heat Wave (1995)
Storylines
admirer Francine during a handicap match against Taz and 2 Cold Scorpio, which cost Pitbulls, the match. At Hardcore Heaven, Pitbulls lost again, this time to the debuting Dudley Brothers (Dudley Dudley and Snot Dudley) due to Raven once again abandoning them at ringside due to the issue between Richards, Francine and Beulah. Later that night, Pitbulls showed up after Raven and Richards retained the World Tag Team Championship against Tommy Dreamer and Luna Vachon. Raven ordered Pitbulls to superbomb Luna to which Pitbulls refused and then Raven and Richards humiliated them by shoving apple pie in the face and
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160,167
Q55613555
6
1,904
6
2,497
Heat Wave (1995)
Storylines
hitting with chair and then Pitbulls retaliated by attacking Raven and Richards, thus quitting Raven's Nest and turning faces and siding with Dreamer against his feud with Raven and Dudley Brothers, leading to Raven and Dudleys taking on Dreamer and Pitbulls at Heat Wave. At Hardcore Heaven, Taz defeated 2 Cold Scorpio but Bill Alfonso overturned the decision due to Scorpio's foot on the bottom rope and then Scorpio turned heel by hitting Taz in the back with a steel chair and pinning him to win the match with Alfonso counting the pinfall. On the July 11 episode of Hardcore TV,
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160,167
Q55613555
6
2,497
10
477
Heat Wave (1995)
Storylines & Preliminary matches
it was announced that Taz would team with Eddie Guerrero to take on Scorpio and Dean Malenko in a tag team match at Heat Wave. Preliminary matches In the opening match of the show, Mikey Whipwreck defeated Mike Norman by executing a Franken-Mikey. This was followed by Raven and Stevie Richards defending the World Tag Team Championship against Tony Stetson and Don E. Allen. Beulah McGillicutty began fighting with Richards' admirer Francine, which distracted Raven and Richards enough for the two to leave the ring to break it up and getting counted out, thus retaining the title. Next, Hack Meyers took on
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160,167
Q55613555
10
477
10
1,078
Heat Wave (1995)
Preliminary matches
Val Puccio. Puccio attempted to execute an elbow drop on Meyers who avoided it and pinned Puccio for the win. Next was a six-man tag team match pitting Tommy Dreamer and The Pitbulls (Pitbull #1 and Pitbull #2) against Raven, Dudley Dudley and Snot Dudley. Pitbulls delivered superbombs to Richards and Snot to get the win. In the following match, Eddie Guerrero teamed with Taz to take on their respective rivals Dean Malenko and 2 Cold Scorpio. Paul E. Dangerously hit a cell phone on Scorpio's head while Scorpio had climbed up the top rope, leaving him vulnerable for Taz, who hit
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160,167
Q55613555
10
1,078
10
1,748
Heat Wave (1995)
Preliminary matches
a Tazplex on Scorpio for the victory. However, Bill Alfonso overturned the decision and let the match continue due to Dangerously's interference. This distracted Taz enough for Scorpio to superkick him and Malenko nailed a sitout powerbomb to Guerrero and then Scorpio and Malenko pinned Taz and Guerrero simultaneously to win the match. After the match, Alfonso and Dangerously confronted each other and Rob Feinstein intervened until 911 came and chokeslammed Feinstein. Later, The Sandman defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Axl Rotten. After a back and forth action, Sandman hit a Bitchin' Leg Drop on Rotten to retain the title. The
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160,167
Q55613555
10
1,748
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Heat Wave (1995)
Preliminary matches & Main event match
penultimate match of the event was a steel cage match, in which Luna Vachon took on Stevie Richards. Vachon applied a testicular claw on Richards to make him submit. After the match, Tommy Dreamer handcuffed Raven to the cage and smashed a steel chair on his head, thus breaking it. It had such an impact that it was considered "the chair shot heard around the world." Main event match The main event was a steel cage match in which The Public Enemy (Rocco Rock and Johnny Grunge) took on The Gangstas (New Jack and Mustafa Saed). Rock executed a Moonsault
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160,167
Q55613555
14
170
18
483
Heat Wave (1995)
Main event match & Reception
from the cage onto Jack onto a stack of tables and then Mustafa sprayed something in Grunge's eyes and pinned him for the win. Reception Heat Wave received negative reviews from critics, although many appreciated Tommy Dreamer's chair shot on Raven as the true incident of the show that was worth watching. Matt Peddycord of Wrestling Recaps stated "Clearly the only match worth seeing is the Guerrero/Malenko tag match. If you dig the Dreamer/Raven stuff, the cage match is MUST-SEE VIEWING. The addition of the Pitbulls/Dudleys brawling is really fun too. Slight thumbs in the middle for Heat Wave 1995." Scott
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160,167
Q55613555
18
483
22
377
Heat Wave (1995)
Reception & Aftermath
Keith of 411Mania wrote "this was the Raven v. Tommy show, which provided for some entertaining segments, although the wrestling sucked", with "Mild recommendation to avoid unless you’ve never seen the Chairshot Heard Round the World." Aftermath The alliance of Tommy Dreamer and The Pitbulls continued their feud with Raven's Nest and Dudley Brothers after Heat Wave as Raven threatened to destroy the Pitbulls due to Pitbulls betraying him. On the July 25 episode of Hardcore TV, Raven's Nest attacked Pitbulls after their match until Luna Vachon and Dreamer made the save. Dreamer and Pitbulls teamed with Cactus Jack to
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160,167
Q55613555
22
377
22
1,004
Heat Wave (1995)
Aftermath
take on Raven, Richards and the Dudley Brothers at Wrestlepalooza. The Gangstas and Public Enemy continued their feud as the two teams competed in a stretcher match at Wrestlepalooza. Eddie Guerrero and Taz competed against 2 Cold Scorpio and Dean Malenko in a Heat Wave rematch on the July 25 episode of Hardcore TV, which Guerrero and Taz won. During the match, Taz injured his neck which put him out of action for several months. A week later on Hardcore TV, Guerrero lost the World Television Championship to Malenko. On the August 1 Hardcore TV, Mikey Whipwreck became the number one contender for
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160,167
Q55613555
22
1,004
22
1,256
Heat Wave (1995)
Aftermath
the World Heavyweight Championship by winning a battle royal and received a title shot against The Sandman later in the night but failed to win the title. The two began a feud over the title and faced each other in a non-title match at Wrestlepalooza.
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160,168
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2
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Heather Has Two Mommies
Background & Summary
Heather Has Two Mommies Background The idea for Heather Has Two Mommies was not Newman's own. While out for a walk, Newman was approached by lesbian parents and asked to write a children's story about a family like theirs. The parents explained that there were no books that they could show their daughter that portrayed the life of a family with lesbian parents. Newman wrote the story for this purpose, but did not expect the book to gain widespread controversy. Summary The story is about a child, Heather, raised by lesbian women: her biological mother, Jane, who gave birth to
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160,168
Q5693867
10
108
14
66
Heather Has Two Mommies
Summary & Reception
her after artificial insemination, and her biological mother's same-sex partner, Kate. At Heather's playgroup, her family situation is discussed simply and positively, as are those of other children in other family units. At first, Heather becomes upset when she realizes that many of her other peers at the playgroup have a daddy and she does not. Molly, the caretaker at the play group, ensures that all the children at the play group understand that all families are special and no family type is better than any of the others. Reception The American Library Association ranked it the 9th most frequently
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160,168
Q5693867
14
66
14
710
Heather Has Two Mommies
Reception
challenged book in the United States in the 1990s; a similar phenomenon can be seen in the Sugartime! episode of the American television series Postcards from Buster. In the 1980s, comparable political controversy erupted in the United Kingdom over the book Jenny Lives with Eric and Martin. Comedian Bill Hicks famously included the book in one of his stand-up routines. The book and the controversy over it were parodied in the 2006 Dav Pilkey book Captain Underpants and the Preposterous Plight of the Purple Potty People. In it, the parallel-universe Miss Singerbrains (the school librarian) invites the two main characters, George
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160,168
Q5693867
14
710
14
1,383
Heather Has Two Mommies
Reception
and Harold, to read the book Mommy Has Two Heathers. Doris Robinson, the regional services manager at Fairview Park Regional Library in Cleveland, claims that books such as Heather Has Two Mommies should have a place in schools and libraries around the country, "as long as they tastefully, accurately and appropriately portray the subject matter." Furthermore, Robinson recognizes that keeping LGBTQ subject matter from children would do them a disservice as homosexual couples become a recognized part of society. Robinson asserts that because homosexual families deserve respect, exposing children to Heather Has Two Mommies will teach them to be more accepting
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160,168
Q5693867
14
1,383
14
2,085
Heather Has Two Mommies
Reception
of these families. John Leo, the editor in chief of Minding the Campus, believes that while accepting homosexuals in today's society is important, books like Heather Has Two Mommies have a different purpose, to "celebrate the wonders of double-mommy and double-daddy households." Leo insists that there is a difference between celebrating and respecting various types of familial structures and that schools should not take part in promoting certain familial structures over others. Leo is concerned that various religious conflicts could occur when children are celebrating gay family structures at school. In Fayetteville, North Carolina, people tried to have Heather Has Two Mommies
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160,168
Q5693867
14
2,085
18
274
Heather Has Two Mommies
Reception & Analysis
banned from local libraries and schools. They were unsuccessful in their attempts, so instead they paid for advertisements in local newspapers to convince citizens to vote against the construction of 5 new libraries in the Fayetteville area. The advertisements conveyed that the libraries were in "pursuit of legitimizing homosexuality" and compared homosexuality to "prostitution, bestiality or incest...." Analysis According to Jennifer Esposito, a professor at Georgia State University, Leslea Newman attempts to normalize lesbian family structure in Heather Has Two Mommies but unintentionally does just the opposite. When Heather acknowledges that she does not have a daddy it makes her
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160,168
Q5693867
18
274
18
902
Heather Has Two Mommies
Analysis
sad. Esposito argues that because Heather gets upset that she does not have a father instead of wondering why she has two mothers, it portrays that there is a problem with having two mommies. Furthermore, Esposito believes that Heather Has Two Mommies "dequeers" lesbian households by making them equivalent to heterosexual households. She believes that this does a disservice to those children that live those households because their experience in the real world is a lot different than what is portrayed in the story. Esposito thinks that books dealing with lesbian families should take the approach of informing people that
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Heather Has Two Mommies
Analysis
these households are just as normal as other households while at the same time addressing the unique problems they face.
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Helen Levitov Sobell
Biography
Helen Levitov Sobell Biography Helen Levitov was born in Washington, D.C. Her parents, Max and Rose, were Yiddish-speaking Jews from the Russian Empire who immigrated to the United States in 1909 and 1908, respectively. As a child, she contracted polio. During her lifetime, she attended Wilson Teachers College. Throughout World War II she worked at the National Bureau of Standards as a spectrometer technician. In 1938, Levitov married Clarence Darrow Gurewitz. They divorced seven years later, in 1945. Levitov went to work at the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, where she met, then married, Morton Sobell. Levitov Sobell then studied
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Helen Levitov Sobell
Biography
physics at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. Levitov Sobell moved to New York City in 1947 and was, three years later, awarded an M.S. in physics from Columbia University. After being accused of spying, she and her husband fled to Mexico. They were abducted on August 16, 1950, by Mexican agents and turned over to the Federal Bureau of Investigation. She was not prosecuted, but her husband was convicted of "conspiracy to commit espionage" and sentenced to 30 years in federal prison. She campaigned to save the Rosenbergs from execution, raising more than $1 million for their defense. She also fought to have
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Helen Levitov Sobell
Biography
her husband's conviction overturned, filing eight unsuccessful appeals and even leasing the main stage at Carnegie Hall where she hosted the "Committee to Secure Justice for Morton Sobell" on May 15, 1956. In 1956, she published a book of poems, You, Who Love Life. She then taught science at the Elisabeth Irwin High School. Her husband was released from prison in 1969. In 1980, at the age of 62, she earned her Ph.D. in computer education from Teachers College, Columbia University. The Sobells also separated in 1980. They formally divorced the following year, after which she moved to San Francisco. There, she taught
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Helen Levitov Sobell
Biography
briefly at Contra Costa College before retiring. She also became an active member of the Gray Panthers. After suffering from Alzheimer’s disease for a decade, she died on April 15, 2002 at a nursing home in Redwood City, California.
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Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John
Early life and education
Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John DL (baptized 17 October 1652 – died 8 April 1742), of Lydiard Tregoze, Wiltshire; Battersea, Surrey; and Berkeley Street, Westminster, Middlesex, was an English politician. In 1685 he was pardoned for a murder. Early life and education St John was born in 1652, first son of Sir Walter St John, 3rd Baronet and his wife Johanna. He was educated at Eton College and at Cambridge University where he attended Caius College in 1668-69 and graduated M.A. at St John's College in 1669. He was awarded a
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Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John
Early life and education & Political career & Murder case
later degree as D.C.L. at Oxford University in 1702. Political career He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Wootton Bassett October 1679–March 1681, 1685–87, 1689–95 and 1698–1700 and for Wiltshire 1695–98. He also served as a Deputy Lieutenant (DL) from 1683 and Justice of the Peace (JP) from 1685 for the county of Wiltshire Murder case In November 1684 he was the principal figure in a singularly disgraceful brawl, which followed the acquittal of Edward Nosworthy. The trial's jury repaired to the Globe tavern in Fleet Street to celebrate. While there, an altercation broke out
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Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John
Murder case
between St John and Francis Stonehouse, the argument reportedly "a discourse about leaping horses" which terminated in the death of the jury foreman, Sir William Estcourt. St. John and Edmund Webb, who had both run Estcourt through with their swords, were found guilty of murder, and condemned to death. St. John's mother obtained a pardon for him at the reported price of £16,000. St. John was expected to go abroad for some time, but publicly entered the next parliamentary election at Wootton Bassett a few weeks after the close of his case, and was duly elected to James II’s first
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Henry St John, 1st Viscount St John
Murder case
Parliament.
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Hers to Hold
Plot
Hers to Hold Plot Vega Aircraft Corporation employees pilot Bill Morley (Joseph Cotten), a former Flying Tiger is awaiting commissioning with the United States Army Air Forces. Along with his sidekick Rosey (Gus Schilling), he is donating blood for the American Red Cross. During their mandatory rest period following the donation, the pair sight a bevy of photographers following singing socialite Penny Craig (Deanna Durbin) giving her donation. As all donors are given the temporary use of hospital white coats, wolf bachelor Bill sees his chance to get Penny's address and details by impersonating a doctor. Bill continues his doctor charade
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Hers to Hold
Plot
when he and Rosey crash a society soiree held by Penny's parents. Penny decides to get her revenge by attempting to humiliate Bill by turning him over to one of the Craig family's raving hypochondriac friends and introducing him to a real medical professional. The embarrassed but still cool Bill takes his leave but not before publicly kissing Penny. Penny instantly falls in love with Bill and tracks him down by getting a job herself at the Vega Aircraft Factory as a riveter that also satisfies her desire to help the war effort. Between working and singing, Penny schemes to
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Hers to Hold
Plot & Production
keep Bill from going on active service and although Bill is slowly finding his way with Penny he is afraid of leaving her a widow during World War II. Production Hers to Hold was originally planned to be filmed in 1942 and titled Three Smart Girls Join Up to be directed by Jean Renoir and produced by Bruce Manning with a screenplay by Paul Gallico and Richard J. Collins. It was based on a story by RAF pilot Derek Bolto, who sold it to Universal's office in London. The studio announced it in April. It was to be Durbin's
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Hers to Hold
Production
first film following her suspension by Universal in October 1941. The pair were replaced when the producer felt that the film should be about the relationship of the three Craig sisters at home rather than the submitted screenplay about Penny's relationship with the other workers at the aircraft plant. In April Kay Van Riper was signed to do the script. Filming was to start 15 May 1942. Then in April Universal decided to put Durbin in The Amazing Mrs Holliday first and assigned Renoir to that film. (He would not complete it.) In Deceber 1942 Universal announcer that Bruce Manning,
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Hers to Hold
Production
who produced and took over direction of Holliday would possibly produce and direct Smart Girls. In January 1943 Universal revived the project, announcing that Frank Ryan, who had worked on the script for The Amazing Mrs Holliday, would direct, and that it would be called Hers to Hold. The title was changed as the screenplay concentrated on Penny's romance with a flier and Penny being the only one of the Craig sisters to appear in the film; a line in the screenplay mentions that she will write letters to her unseen sisters. Reference to the other films of the series appear as
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Hers to Hold
Production & Shooting
Penny's father shows home movies of scenes from those films. In March 1943 Joseph Cotten was borrowed from David O Selznick to play Durbin's leading man. Evelyn Ankers was given the second female lead. Shooting Filming took place in May. Hers to Hold was shot on location at the Vega Aircraft Factory in Burbank, California on Sundays to avoid disruption of aircraft manufacture and at the Lockheed Air Terminal, The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress shown being built in the film flew several combat missions with the Eighth Air Force over Europe where it was named Tinkertoy. Tinkertoy was considered
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Hers to Hold
Shooting & Reception
a "jinx ship" that no one wanted to fly in due to its crews taking an unusual amount of frequent and gruesome deaths. Durbin was particularly proud of the music numbers in the film. Reception A contemporary review in Variety, noted that "In 'Hers to Hold', Deanna Durbin successfully and permanently completes transition from cinematic sub-deb to young ladyhood. ... Durbin again demonstrates capabilities in carrying acting responsibilities of lead, with her four song numbers neatly spotted along the way." The review also indicated, "Story, although lightly contrived, generates audience attention through the deft business generously inserted in the script and
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Hers to Hold
Reception & Awards
carried through via direction." Although concentrating on the aviation aspects of the production, aviation film historian James M. Farmer in Celluloid Wings: The Impact of Movies on Aviation (1984), characterized that Hers to Hold (was) "a lightweight formula romance." Awards The song "Say a Pray'r for the Boys Over There" from Hers to Hold was nominated for Best Song at the 16th Academy Awards.
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History of the Huns
History of the Huns The history of the Huns spans the time from before their first secure recorded appearance in Europe around 370 AD to after the disintegration of their empire around 469. The Huns likely entered Europe shortly before 370 from Central Asia: they first conquered the Goths and the Alans, pushing a number of tribes to seek refuge within the Roman Empire. In the following years, the Huns conquered most of the Germanic and Scythian barbarian tribes outside of the borders of the Roman Empire. They also launched invasions of both the Asian provinces of Rome and the
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History of the Huns
Sasanian Empire in 375. Under Uldin the first Hunnic ruler named in contemporary sources, the Huns launched a first unsuccessful large-scale raid into the Eastern Roman Empire in Europe in 408. From the 420s, the Huns were led by the brothers Octar and Ruga, who both cooperated with and threatened the Romans. Upon Ruga's death in 435, his nephews Bleda and Attila became the new rulers of the Huns, and launched a successful raid into the Eastern Roman Empire before making peace and securing an annual tribute and trading raids under the Treaty of Margus. Attila appears to have killed
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History of the Huns
his brother and became sole ruler of the Huns in 445. He would go on to rule for the next eight years, launching a devastating raid on the Eastern Roman Empire in 447, followed by an invasion of Gaul in 451. Attila is traditionally held to have been defeated in Gaul at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields, however some scholars hold the battle to have been a draw or Hunnic victory. The following year, the Huns invaded Italy and encountered no serious resistance before turning back. Hunnic dominion over Barbarian Europe is traditionally held to have collapsed suddenly after the
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History of the Huns
death of Attila the year after the invasion of Italy. The Huns themselves are usually thought to have disappeared after the death of his son Dengizich in 469. However, some scholars have argued that the Bulgars in particular show a high degree of continuity with the Huns. Hyun Jin Kim has argued that the three major Germanic tribes to emerge from the Hunnic empire, the Gepids, the Ostrogoths, and the Scirii, were all heavily Hunnicized, and may have had Hunnic rather than native rulers even after the end of Hunnic dominion in Europe. It is possible that the Huns were directly
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History of the Huns
Potential history prior to 370
or indirectly responsible for the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and they have been directly or indirectly linked to the dominance of Turkic tribes on the Eurasian steppe following the fourth century. Potential history prior to 370 The 2nd century geographer Ptolemy mentioned a people called Χοῦνοι Khunnoi, when listing the peoples of the west Eurasian steppe. (In the Koine Greek used by Ptolemy, Χ generally denoted a voiceless velar fricative sound; hence contemporary Western Roman authors Latinised the name as Chuni or Chunni.) The Khunnoi lived "between the Bastarnae and the Roxolani", according to Ptolemy. However, modern