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{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 8, "sc": 402, "ep": 8, "ec": 1085}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 8 | 402 | 8 | 1,085 |
History of the Huns
|
Potential history prior to 370
|
scholars such as E. A. Thompson have claimed that the similarity of the ethnonyms Khunnoi and Hun were coincidental. Maenchen-Helfen and Denis Sinor also dispute the association of the Khunnoi with Attila's Huns. However, Maenchen-Helfen concedes that Ammianus Marcellinus referred to Ptolemy's report of the Khunnoi, when stating that the Huns were "mentioned only cursorily" by previous writers.
A tribe called the Ουρουγούνδοι Ourougoúndoi (or Urugundi) who, according to Zosimus, invaded the Roman Empire from north of the Lower Danube in 250 AD may have been synonymous with the Βουρουγουνδοι Bourougoundoi, whom Agathias (6th century) listed among the Hunnish tribes.
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 8, "sc": 1085, "ep": 12, "ec": 350}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 8 | 1,085 | 12 | 350 |
History of the Huns
|
Potential history prior to 370 & First conquests
|
Other scholars have regarded both names as referring to a Germanic tribe, the Burgundi (Burgundians), although this identification was rejected by Maenchen-Helfen (who speculated that one or both names may have approximated an early Turkic ethnonym, such as "Vurugundi"). First conquests The Huns' sudden appearance in the written sources suggests that the Huns crossed the Volga River from the east not much earlier. The reasons for the Huns' sudden attack on the neighboring peoples are unknown. One possible reason may have been climate change, however, Peter Heather notes that in the absence of reliable data this is unprovable. As a
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 350, "ep": 12, "ec": 968}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 350 | 12 | 968 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests
|
second possibility, Heather suggests some other nomadic group may have pushed them westward. Peter Golden suggests that the Huns may have been pushed west by the Jou-jan. A third possibility may have been a desire to increase their wealth by coming closer to the wealthy Roman Empire.
The Romans became aware of the Huns when the latter's invasion of the Pontic steppes forced thousands of Goths to move to the Lower Danube to seek refuge in the Roman Empire in 376, according to the contemporaneous Ammianus Marcellinus. There are also some indications that the Huns were already raiding Transcaucasia in the
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 968, "ep": 12, "ec": 1600}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 968 | 12 | 1,600 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests
|
360s and 370s. These raids eventually forced the Eastern Roman Empire and Sasanian Empire to jointly defend the passes through the Caucasus mountains.
The Huns first invaded the land of the Alans, which was located to the east of the Don River, defeating them and forcing the survivors to submit themselves to them or to flee across the Don. Maenchen-Helfen believes that rather than a direct conquest, the Huns instead allied themselves with groups of Alans. Writing much later, the historian Jordanes mentioned that the Huns also conquered "the Alpidzuri, the Alcildzuri, Itimari, Tuncarsi, and Boisci" in a battle by the
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 1600, "ep": 12, "ec": 2214}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 1,600 | 12 | 2,214 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests
|
Maeotian Swamp. These were potentially Turkic-speaking nomadic tribes who are later mentioned living under the Huns along the Danube.
Jordanes claimed that the Huns at this time were led by a king Balamber. E. A. Thompson doubts that such a figure ever existed, but argues that "they were operating [...] with a much larger force than any one of their tribes could have put to then field". Hyun Jin Kim argues that Jordanes has invented Balamber on the basis of the 5th century figure Valamer. However, Maenchen-Helfen credits that Balamber was a historic king, and Denis Sinor suggests that "Balamber was
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 2214, "ep": 12, "ec": 2827}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 2,214 | 12 | 2,827 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests
|
merely the leader of a tribe or an ad hoc group of warriors".
After they subjugated the Alans, the Huns and their Alan auxiliaries started plundering the wealthy settlements of the Greuthungi, or eastern Goths, to the west of the Don. Maenchen-Helfen suggests that it was as a result of their new alliance with these Alans that the Huns were able to threaten the Goths. The Greuthungic king, Ermanaric, resisted for a while, but finally "he found release from his fears by taking his own life", according to Ammianus Marcellinus. Marcellinus's report refers either to Ermanaric's suicide or to his ritual
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 2827, "ep": 12, "ec": 3487}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 2,827 | 12 | 3,487 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests
|
sacrifice. His great-nephew, Vithimiris, succeeded him. According to Ammianus, Vithimiris hired Huns to fight against the Alans who invaded the Greuthungi's land, but he was killed in a battle. Kim suggests that Ammianus has muddled events: the Alans, fleeing the Huns, likely attacked the Goths, who then called upon the Huns for aid. The Huns, having dealt with the Alans, "probably then in Machiavellian fashion fell upon the weakened Greuthungi Goths and conquered them as well".
After Vithimiris's death, most Greuthungi submitted themselves to the Huns: they retained their own king, named Hunimund, whose name means "protégé of the Huns". Those
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 3487, "ep": 12, "ec": 4113}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 3,487 | 12 | 4,113 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests
|
who decided to resist marched to the Dniester River which was the border between the lands of the Greuthungi and the Thervingi, or western Goths. They were under the command of Alatheus and Saphrax, because Vithimiris's son, Viderichus, was a child. Athanaric, the leader of the Thervingi, met the refugees along the Dniester at the head of his troops. However, a Hun army bypassed the Goths and attacked them from the rear, forcing Athanaric to retreat towards the Carpathian Mountains. Athanaric wanted to fortify the borders, but Hun raids into the land west of the Dniester continued.
Most Thervingi realized that
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 4113, "ep": 12, "ec": 4703}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 4,113 | 12 | 4,703 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests
|
they could not resist the Huns. They went to the Lower Danube, requesting asylum in the Roman Empire. The still resisting Greuthingi under the leadership of Alatheus and Saphrax also marched to the river. Most Roman troops had been transferred from the Balkan Peninsula to fight against the Sassanid Empire in Armenia. Emperor Valens permitted the Thervingi to cross the Lower Danube and to settle in the Roman Empire in the autumn of 376. The Thervingi were followed by the Greuthingi, and also by the Taifali and "other tribes that formerly dwelt with the Goths and Taifali" to the north
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 12, "sc": 4703, "ep": 16, "ec": 367}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 12 | 4,703 | 16 | 367 |
History of the Huns
|
First conquests & First encounters with Rome
|
of the Lower Danube, according to Zosimus. Food shortage and abuse stirred the Goths to revolt in early 377. The ensuing war between the Goths and the Romans lasted for more than five years. First encounters with Rome During the Gothic War, the Goths appear to have allied with a group of Huns and Alans, who crossed the Danube and forced the Romans to allow the Goths to advance further into Thrace. The Huns are mentioned intermittently among their allies until 380, after which they apparently returned beyond the Danube. Additionally, in 381, the Scirii and Carpi, together with at
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 16, "sc": 367, "ep": 16, "ec": 954}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 16 | 367 | 16 | 954 |
History of the Huns
|
First encounters with Rome
|
least some Huns, launched an unsuccessful attack upon Pannonia. Once Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius I made peace with the Goths in 382, the historian Eunapius claims that he gave them land and cattle in order to form "an unconquerable bulwark against the inroads of the Huns." After this, the Huns are recorded to have launched a raid into Scythia Minor in 384 or 385. Soon afterwards, in 386, a group of Greuthungi under Odotheus fled the Huns into Thrace, followed by several attempts by the Sarmatians. This is the last serious migration into Roman territory until after the end of
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 16, "sc": 954, "ep": 16, "ec": 1569}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 16 | 954 | 16 | 1,569 |
History of the Huns
|
First encounters with Rome
|
Hun rule, and Kim suggests that this indicates that the Huns were securely in control of the tribes beyond Rome at this time.
Otto Maenchen-Helfen and E. A. Thompson argue that the Huns appear to have already been in possession of large parts of Pannonia (the Hungarian plain) as early as 384. Denis Sinor suggests that they may have been settled there are foederati of the Romans rather than as invaders, dating their presence to 380. In 384, the Roman-Frankish general Flavius Bauto employed Hunnic mercenaries to defeat the Juthungi tribe attacking from Rhaetia. However, the Huns, rather than return to
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 16, "sc": 1569, "ep": 16, "ec": 2165}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 16 | 1,569 | 16 | 2,165 |
History of the Huns
|
First encounters with Rome
|
their own country, began to ride to Gaul: Bauto was forced to bribe them to turn back. They then attacked the Alamanni.
Pacatus Drepanius reports that the Huns then fought with Theodosius against the usurper Magnus Maximus in 388. In 392, however, the Huns were again involved in raids in the Balkans, together with various other tribes. Some of the Huns seem to have settled in Thrace, and these Huns were then used as auxiliaries by Theodosius in 394; Maenchen-Helfen argues that the Romans may have hoped to use the Huns against the Goths. Kim believes that these mercenaries were not
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 16, "sc": 2165, "ep": 20, "ec": 372}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 16 | 2,165 | 20 | 372 |
History of the Huns
|
First encounters with Rome & First large scale attack on Rome and Persia
|
really Huns, but rather non-Hunnic groups capitalizing on the Huns' fearsome reputation as warriors. These Huns were eventually wiped up by the Romans in 401 after they began plundering the territory. First large scale attack on Rome and Persia In 395 the Huns began their first large-scale attacks on the Romans. In the summer of that year, the Huns crossed over the Caucasus Mountains, while in the winter of 395, another Hunnic invasion force crossed the frozen Danube, pillaged Thrace, and threatened Dalmatia. Sinor argues that these two events were likely not coordinated, but Kim believes they were. The forces
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 20, "sc": 372, "ep": 20, "ec": 974}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 20 | 372 | 20 | 974 |
History of the Huns
|
First large scale attack on Rome and Persia
|
in Asia invaded Armenia, Persia, and the Roman provinces in Asia. One group crossed the Euphrates and was defeated by a Roman army, while two armies, recorded in later sources as under the leadership of Basich and Kursich, rode down the Euphrates and threatened the Persian capital of Ctesiphon. One of these armies was defeated by the Persians, while the other successfully retreated by Derbend Pass. A final group of Huns ravaged Asia Minor. The Huns devastated parts of Syria and Cappadocia, threatening Antioch. The devastation was worse because most Roman forces had been moved to the West due to
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 20, "sc": 974, "ep": 20, "ec": 1576}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 20 | 974 | 20 | 1,576 |
History of the Huns
|
First large scale attack on Rome and Persia
|
Roman power struggles there. In 398 Eutropius finally succeeded in gathering an army and restoring order in the province. It seems likely, however, that the Huns left of their own accord without Eutropius having defeated them in battle.
Sinor argues that the much larger scale of the attacks on Asia Minor and Persia indicates that the bulk of the Huns had remained on the Pontic steppes rather than moving into Europe at this time. It seems clear that the Huns did not intend to conquer or settle the territories they attacked, but rather to plunder the provinces, taking, among other things,
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 20, "sc": 1576, "ep": 24, "ec": 16}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 20 | 1,576 | 24 | 16 |
History of the Huns
|
First large scale attack on Rome and Persia & Uldin
|
cattle. Priscus, writing much later, reports hearing from the Huns at Attila's camp that the raid was launched due to a famine on the steppes. This may also have been the reason for the raids into Thrace. Maenchen-Helfen suggests that Basich and Kursich, the Hun leaders responsible for the invasion of Persia, may have come to Rome in 404 or 407 as mercenaries: Priscus records that they came to Rome to make an alliance.
Hunnic attacks against Armenia would continue after this raid, with Armenian sources noting a Hunnic tribe known as the Xailandur as the perpetrators. Uldin Uldin, the first
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 24, "sc": 16, "ep": 24, "ec": 632}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 24 | 16 | 24 | 632 |
History of the Huns
|
Uldin
|
Hun identified by name in contemporary sources, is identified as the leader of the Huns in Muntenia (modern Romania east of the Olt River) in 400. It is unclear how much territory or how many tribes of Huns Uldin actually controlled, although he clearly controlled parts of Hungary as well as Muntenia. The Romans referred to him as a regulus (sub-king): he himself boasted of immense power.
In 400, Gainas, rebellious former Roman magister militum fled into Uldin's territory with an army of Goths, and Uldin defeated and killed him, likely near Novae: he sent Gainas's head to Constantinople. Kim suggests
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 24, "sc": 632, "ep": 24, "ec": 1253}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 24 | 632 | 24 | 1,253 |
History of the Huns
|
Uldin
|
that Uldin was interested in cooperating with the Romans while he expanded his control over Germanic tribes in the West. In 406, Hunnic pressure seems to have caused groups of Vandals, Suebi, and Alans to cross the Rhine into Gaul. Uldin's Huns raided Thrace in 404–405, likely in winter.
Also in 405, a group of Goths under Radagaisus invaded Italy, with Kim arguing that these Goths originated from Uldin's territory and that they were likely fleeing from some action of his. Stilicho, the Roman magister militum responded by asking for Uldin's aid: Uldin's Huns then destroyed Radagaisus's army near Faesulae
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 24, "sc": 1253, "ep": 24, "ec": 1870}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 24 | 1,253 | 24 | 1,870 |
History of the Huns
|
Uldin
|
in modern Tuscany in 406. Kim suggests Uldin acted in order to demonstrate his ability to destroy any groups of barbarians who might flee Hunnic rule. An army of 1000 of Uldin's Huns were also employed by the Eastern Roman Empire to fight against the Goths under Alaric. After Stilicho's death in 408, however, Uldin switched sides and began aiding Alaric under an army under the command of Alaric's brother-in-law Athaulf.
Also in 408, the Huns, under Uldin's command, crossed the Danube and captured the important fortress Castra Martis in Moesia. The Roman commander in Thrace attempted to make peace with
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 24, "sc": 1870, "ep": 24, "ec": 2551}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 24 | 1,870 | 24 | 2,551 |
History of the Huns
|
Uldin
|
Uldin, but Uldin refused his offers and demanded an extremely high tribute. However, many of Uldin's commanders subsequently defected to the Romans, bribed by the Romans. It appears that most of his army was actually composed by Scirii and Germanic tribes, whom the Romans subsequently sold into slavery. Uldin himself escaped back across the Danube, after which he is not mentioned again. The Romans responded to Uldin's invasions by attempting to strengthen the fortifications at the border, increasing the defenses at Constantinople, and taking other measures to strengthen their defences.
Hunnic mercenaries had also formed Stilicho's bodyguard: Kim suggests they were
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 24, "sc": 2551, "ep": 28, "ec": 208}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 24 | 2,551 | 28 | 208 |
History of the Huns
|
Uldin & 410s
|
a gift from Uldin. The guard was either killed with Stilicho, or is the same as an elite unit of 300 Huns who continued to fight for the Romans against Alaric even after Uldin's invasion.
During this same time, probably between 405 and 408, the future Roman magister militum and opponent of Attila Flavius Aetius was a hostage living among the Huns. 410s Sources on the Huns after Uldin are scarce. In 412 or 413, the Roman statesman and writer Olympiodorus of Thebes was sent on an embassy to "the first of the kings" of the Huns, Charaton. Olympiodorus wrote an
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 28, "sc": 208, "ep": 28, "ec": 828}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 28 | 208 | 28 | 828 |
History of the Huns
|
410s
|
account of this event, which exists now only fragmentarily. Olympiodorus had been dispatched to appease Charaton after the death of a certain Donatus, who "was unlawfully put to death". Historians such as E. A. Thompson have assumed that Donatus was a king of the Huns. Denis Sinor, however, argues that given his obviously Roman name Donatus was likely a Roman refugee living among the Huns. Where Olympiodorus met Charaton is also unclear: due to Olympiodorus's traveling by sea, they may have met somewhere on the Pontic steppe. Maenchen-Helfen and Sinor, however, believe it more likely that Charaton was located in
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 28, "sc": 828, "ep": 32, "ec": 498}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 28 | 828 | 32 | 498 |
History of the Huns
|
410s & Ruga and Octar
|
Pannonia. Also in 412, the Huns launched a new raid into Thrace. Ruga and Octar The Huns again raided in 422, apparently under the command of a leader named Ruga. They reached as far as the walls of Constantinople. They appear to have forced the Eastern Empire to pay an annual tribute. In 424, they are noted as fighting for the Romans in North Africa, indicating friendly relations with the Western Roman Empire. In 425, magister militum Aetius marched into Italy with a large army of Huns to fight against forces of the Eastern Empire. The campaign ended with reconciliation,
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 32, "sc": 498, "ep": 32, "ec": 1076}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 32 | 498 | 32 | 1,076 |
History of the Huns
|
Ruga and Octar
|
and the Huns received gold and returned to their lands. In 427, however, the Romans broke their alliance with the Huns and attacked Pannonia, perhaps reconquerring part of it.
It is unclear when Ruga and his brother Octar became the supreme rulers of the Huns: Ruga appears to have ruled the land East of the Carpathians while Octar ruled the territory to the north and west of the Carpathians. Kim argues that Octar was a "deputy" king in his territory while Ruga was the supreme king. Octar died around 430 while fighting the Burgundians, who at the time lived on the
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 32, "sc": 1076, "ep": 32, "ec": 1665}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 32 | 1,076 | 32 | 1,665 |
History of the Huns
|
Ruga and Octar
|
right bank of the Rhine. Denis Sinor argues that his nephew Attila likely succeeded him as ruler of the eastern portion of the Huns' empire in this year. Maenchen-Helfen, however, argues that Ruga simply became sole ruler.
In 432, Ruga aided Aetius, who had fallen into disfavor, in reobtaining his old office of magister militum: Ruga either sent or threatened to send an army into Italy. In 433, Aetius surrendered Pannonia Prima to Ruga, perhaps as a reward for aid that Ruga's Huns had given him in securing his position. Either the previous year, in 432, or 434, Ruga sent an
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 32, "sc": 1665, "ep": 36, "ec": 310}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 32 | 1,665 | 36 | 310 |
History of the Huns
|
Ruga and Octar & Under Attila and Bleda
|
emissary to Constantinople announcing that he intended to attack some tribes whom he considered under his authority but who had fled into Roman territory; however, he died after the beginning of this campaign and the Huns left Roman territory. Under Attila and Bleda After Ruga's death, his nephews Attila and Bleda became the rulers of the Huns: Bleda appears to have ruled in the eastern portion of the empire, while Attila ruled the west. Kim believes that Bleda was the supreme king of the two. In 435, Bleda and Attila forced the Eastern Roman Empire to sign the Treaty of
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 36, "sc": 310, "ep": 36, "ec": 925}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 36 | 310 | 36 | 925 |
History of the Huns
|
Under Attila and Bleda
|
Margus, giving the Huns trade rights and increasing the annual tribute from the Romans. The Romans also agreed to hand over Hunnic refugees and fugitive tribes.
Ruga appears to have made a commitment to aid Aetius in Gaul before his death, and Attila and Bleda kept this commitment. In 437, Huns, under the direction of Aetius and possibly with the involvement of Attila, destroyed the Burgundian kingdom on the Rhine under king Gundahar, an event memorialized in medieval Germanic legend. It is possible that the Huns' destruction of the Burgundians was motivated by revenge for the death of Octar in 430.
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 36, "sc": 925, "ep": 36, "ec": 1533}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 36 | 925 | 36 | 1,533 |
History of the Huns
|
Under Attila and Bleda
|
Also in 437, the Huns helped Aetius capture Tibatto, the leader of the Bagaudae, a group of rebellious peasants and slaves. In 438, an army of Huns aided the Roman general Litorius in an unsuccessful siege of the Visigothic capital of Toulouse. Priscus also mentions that the Huns extended their rule in "Scythia" and fought against an otherwise unknown people called the Sorosgi.
In 440, the Huns attacked the Romans during one of the annual trading fairs stipulated by the Treaty of Margus: the Huns justified this action by alleging that the bishop of Margus had crossed into Hunnic territory and
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 36, "sc": 1533, "ep": 36, "ec": 2086}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 36 | 1,533 | 36 | 2,086 |
History of the Huns
|
Under Attila and Bleda
|
plundered the Hunnic royal tombs and that the Romans themselves had breached the treaty by sheltering refugees from the Hunnic empire. When the Romans failed to turn over either the bishop of Margus or the refugees by 441, the Huns sacked a number of towns and captured the city of Viminacium, razing it to the ground. The bishop of Margus, terrified that he would be handed over to the Huns, made a deal to betray the city to the Huns, which was likewise razed. The Huns also captured the fortress of Constantia on the Danube, as well as capturing and
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 36, "sc": 2086, "ep": 36, "ec": 2709}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 36 | 2,086 | 36 | 2,709 |
History of the Huns
|
Under Attila and Bleda
|
razing the cities of Singidunum and Sirmium. After this the Huns agreed to a truce. Maenchen-Helfen supposes that their army may have been hit by a disease, or that a rival tribe may have attacked Hunnic territory, necessitating a withdrawal. Thompson dates a further large campaign against the Eastern Roman Empire to 443; however Maenchen-Helfen, Kim, and Heather date it to around 447, after Attila had become sole ruler of the Huns.
In 444, tensions rose between the Huns and the Western Empire, and the Romans made preparations for war; however, the tensions appear to have resolved the following year through
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 36, "sc": 2709, "ep": 40, "ec": 339}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 36 | 2,709 | 40 | 339 |
History of the Huns
|
Under Attila and Bleda & Unified rule under Attila
|
the diplomacy of Cassiodorus. The terms seem to have involved the Romans handing over some territory to the Huns on the Sava River and may also have been when Attila was made magister militum to draw a salary. Unified rule under Attila Bleda died some time between 442 and 447, with the most likely years being 444 or 445. He appears to have been murdered by Attila. Following Bleda's death, a tribe known as the Akatziri either rebelled against Attila or had never been under Attila's rule. Kim suggests that they rebelled specifically because of Bleda's death, as they were
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 40, "sc": 339, "ep": 40, "ec": 981}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 40 | 339 | 40 | 981 |
History of the Huns
|
Unified rule under Attila
|
more likely to have been under Bleda's control than Attila's. The rebellion was actively encouraged by the Romans, who sent gifts to the Akatziri; however, the Romans offended the supreme chief, Buridach, by giving him gifts second rather than first. He subsequently appealed to Attila for help against the other rebellious leaders. Attila's forces then defeated the tribe after several battles: Buridach was allowed to rule his own tribe, but Attila placed his son Ellac in command of the remaining Akatziri.
Maenchen-Helfen argues that the Huns likely fought a war against the Longobards, living in modern Moravia, in 446, in which
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 40, "sc": 981, "ep": 40, "ec": 1620}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 40 | 981 | 40 | 1,620 |
History of the Huns
|
Unified rule under Attila
|
the Longobards successfully resisted Hunnic domination.
Some time after Bleda's death, while the Huns were busy with internal affairs, the Theodosius had ceased paying the stipulated tribute to the Huns. In 447, Attila sent an embassy to complain, threatening war and noting that his people were dissatisfied and that some had even begun raiding Roman territory. The Romans, however, refused to resume the tribute payments or hand over any refugees, and Attila began a full-scale attack by capturing the forts along the Danube. His forces included not only Huns, but also his subject peoples the Gepids, led by their king Ardaric,
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 40, "sc": 1620, "ep": 40, "ec": 2221}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 40 | 1,620 | 40 | 2,221 |
History of the Huns
|
Unified rule under Attila
|
and the Goths under their king Valamer, as well as others. After they had cleared the Danube of Roman defences, the Huns then marched westward and defeated a large Roman army under the command of Arnegisclus at the Battle of the Utus. The Huns then sacked and razed Marcianople. The Huns then set out for Constantinople itself, whose walls had been partially destroyed by an earthquake earlier in the year. While the Constantinoplitans were able to rebuild the walls before Attila's army was able to approach, the Romans suffered another major defeat on the Gallipoli peninsula. The Huns proceeded to
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 40, "sc": 2221, "ep": 40, "ec": 2797}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 40 | 2,221 | 40 | 2,797 |
History of the Huns
|
Unified rule under Attila
|
raid as far south as Thermopylae and captured most of the major towns in the Balkans except for Hadrianople and Heracleia. Theodosius was forced to sue for peace: in addition to the tribute the Romans had failed to pay before, the amount of yearly tribute was raised, and the Romans were forced to evacuate a large swath of territory south of the Danube to the Huns, thus leaving the border defenseless.
In 450, Attila negotiated a new treaty with the Romans and agreed to withdraw from Roman lands; Heather believes that this was in order for him to plan an invasion
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 40, "sc": 2797, "ep": 44, "ec": 275}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 40 | 2,797 | 44 | 275 |
History of the Huns
|
Unified rule under Attila & Invasion of Gaul
|
of the Western Roman Empire. According to Priscus, Attila contemplated an invasion of Persia at this time as well. The treaty with Constantinople was abrogated shortly afterward by the new emperor Marcian, however, Attila was already occupied with his plans for the Western Empire and did not respond. Invasion of Gaul In spring of 451, Attila invaded Gaul. Relations with the Western Roman Empire appear to have deteriorated already by 449. One of the leaders of the Bagaudae, Eudoxius, had also fled to the Huns in 448. Aetius and Attila had also backed different candidates to be king of the
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 44, "sc": 275, "ep": 44, "ec": 882}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 44 | 275 | 44 | 882 |
History of the Huns
|
Invasion of Gaul
|
Ripuarian Franks in 450. Attila claimed to the East Roman ambassadors in 450 that he intended to attack the Visigoths at Toulouse as an ally of the Western Emperor Valentinian III. According to one source, Honoria, the sister of Valentinian III, sent Attila a ring and asked for his aid in escaping imprisonment at the hands of her brother. Attila then demanded half of Western Roman territory as his dowery and invaded. Kim dismisses this story as of doubtful authenticity and a "ridiculous stor[y]". Heather is similarly skeptical that Attila would invade for this reason, noting that Attila invaded Gaul
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 44, "sc": 882, "ep": 44, "ec": 1534}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 44 | 882 | 44 | 1,534 |
History of the Huns
|
Invasion of Gaul
|
while Honoria was in Italy. Jordanes claims that Geiseric, king of the Vandals in North Africa, encouraged Attila to attack. Thompson suggests that Attila intended to remove Aetius and actually take up his honorary office as magister militum. Kim believes that it is unlikely that Attila actually intended to conquer Gaul, but rather to secure his control over Germanic tribes living on the Rhine.
The Hunnic army set out from the Hungarian Plain and likely crossed the Rhine near Koblenz. The Hunnic army included, besides Huns, the Gepids, Rugii, Sciri, Thuringi, Ostrogoths. Thompson suggests that Attila's first objection was the Ripuarian
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 44, "sc": 1534, "ep": 44, "ec": 2157}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 44 | 1,534 | 44 | 2,157 |
History of the Huns
|
Invasion of Gaul
|
Franks, whom he summarily conquered and drafted into his army. They then captured Metz and Trier, before heading to besiege Orleans, with another detachment unsuccessfully attacking Paris. The approach of Aetius' army, consisting of Romans and allies such as the Visigoths under their king Theodoric I, Burgundians, the Alans, and some Franks, forced the Huns to break the siege of Orleans. Somewhere near Troyes, the two armies met and fought in the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields. In the standard scholarly view of the battle, despite the death of Theodoric, Attila's army was defeated and forced to retreat from Gaul.
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 44, "sc": 2157, "ep": 48, "ec": 380}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 44 | 2,157 | 48 | 380 |
History of the Huns
|
Invasion of Gaul & Invasion of Italy
|
Kim argues that the battle was actually a Hunnic victory: the Huns had already been leaving Gaul after a successful campaign and simply continued to do so after the battle. Invasion of Italy Upon his return to Pannonia, Attila ordered the launching of raids into Illyricum to encourage the Eastern Roman Empire to resume its tribute. Rather than attacking the Eastern Empire, however, in 452 he invaded Italy. The precise reasons for this are unclear: the Chronicle of 452 claims that it was due to his anger at his defeat in Gaul the previous year. The Huns crossed the
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 48, "sc": 380, "ep": 48, "ec": 972}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 48 | 380 | 48 | 972 |
History of the Huns
|
Invasion of Italy
|
Julian Alps and then besieged the heavily defended city of Aquileia, eventually capturing and razing it after a long siege. They then entered the Po Valley, sacking Padua, Mantua, Vicentia, Verona, Brescia, and Bergamo, before besieging and capturing Milan. The Huns made no attempt to capture Ravenna, and were either stopped or did not try to take Rome. Aetius was unable to offer an meaningful resistance and his authority was greatly damaged. The Huns received a peace embassy led by Pope Leo I and in the end turned back. However, Heather argues that it was a combination of disease and
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 48, "sc": 972, "ep": 52, "ec": 187}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 48 | 972 | 52 | 187 |
History of the Huns
|
Invasion of Italy & Disintegration of Hunnic rule in the West
|
an attack by Eastern Roman troops on the Hunnic homeland in Pannonia that led to the Huns' withdrawal. Kim argues that the attacks by the Eastern Romans are a fiction, as the Eastern Empire was in a worse state than the West. Kim believes that the campaign had been a success and that the Huns simply withdrew after acquiring enough booty to satisfy them. Disintegration of Hunnic rule in the West In 453, Attila was reportedly planning a major campaign against the Eastern Romans to force them to resume paying tribute. However, he died unexpectedly, reportedly of a hemorrhage during
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 52, "sc": 187, "ep": 52, "ec": 803}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 52 | 187 | 52 | 803 |
History of the Huns
|
Disintegration of Hunnic rule in the West
|
his wedding to a new bride. He may also have been planning an invasion of the Sasanian Empire, while Martin Schottky writing that "Attila’s death in 453 C.E. saved the Sasanians from an armed encounter with the Huns while they were at the height of their military power". Peter Heather, however, finds it unlikely that the Huns would have actually attacked Persia.
According to Jordanes, Attila's death precipitated a power struggle between his sons – it is unknown how many there were in total, but ancient sources mention three by name: Ellac, Dengizich and Ernak. The brothers began fighting one another,
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 52, "sc": 803, "ep": 52, "ec": 1383}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 52 | 803 | 52 | 1,383 |
History of the Huns
|
Disintegration of Hunnic rule in the West
|
and this caused the Gepids under Ardaric to rebel. The Huns under Ellac then fought the Gepids and were defeated, resulting in Ellac's death. According to Jordanes, this occurred at the Battle of Nedao in 454, however, Heather speculates that there may have been more than just a single battle. Some tribes, such as the Scirii, fought on the Huns' side against the Gepids. He also notes that, while 454 may have been a significant turning point, it by no means ended Hunnic rule over most of their subject peoples. According to Heather, rather than an immediate collapse, the end
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 52, "sc": 1383, "ep": 52, "ec": 2014}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 52 | 1,383 | 52 | 2,014 |
History of the Huns
|
Disintegration of Hunnic rule in the West
|
of Hunnic rule was a slow process whereby the Huns gradually lost control over their subject peoples.
The Huns continued to exist under Attila's sons Dengizich and Ernak. Kim argues that Dengizich had successfully reestablished Hunnic rule over the western part of their empire in 464. In 466, Dengizich demanded that Constantinople resume paying tribute to the Huns and reestablish of the Huns' trading rights with the Romans. The Romans refused, however. Dengizich then decided to invade the Roman empire, with Ernak declining to join him to focus on other wars. Kim suggests that Ernak was distracted by the invasion of
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 52, "sc": 2014, "ep": 52, "ec": 2625}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 52 | 2,014 | 52 | 2,625 |
History of the Huns
|
Disintegration of Hunnic rule in the West
|
the Saragurs and other Oghurs, who had defeated the Akatziri in 463. Without his brother, Dengizich was forced to rely on the recently conquered Ostrogoths and the "unreliable" Bittigur tribe. His forces also included the Hunnic tribes of the Ultzinzures, Angiscires, and Bardores. The Romans were able to encourage the Goths in his army to revolt, forcing Dengizich to retreat. He died in 469, with Kim believing he was murdered, and his head was sent to the Romans. Anagastes, the son of Arnegisclus who was slain by Attila, brought Dengzich's head to Constantinople and paraded it through the streets before
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 52, "sc": 2625, "ep": 56, "ec": 396}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 52 | 2,625 | 56 | 396 |
History of the Huns
|
Disintegration of Hunnic rule in the West & Germanic tribes as successors to the Huns in the West
|
mounting it on a stake in the Hippodrome. This was the end of Hunnic rule in the West. Germanic tribes as successors to the Huns in the West Kim argues that the war after the death of Attila was actually a rebellion of the western half of the Hunnic empire, led by Ardaric, against the eastern half, led by Ellac as leader of the Akatziri Huns. He further argues that Ardaric, in common with the other leaders of the Gepids, was actually a Hun and not of Germanic origin; he notes that bones from the Gepid period frequently show Asiatic
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 56, "sc": 396, "ep": 56, "ec": 997}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 56 | 396 | 56 | 997 |
History of the Huns
|
Germanic tribes as successors to the Huns in the West
|
features among the ruling elite. He also notes that Gepid rule in the Carpathian Basin appears to have differed little from that of the Huns. Ardaric's grandson Mundo is identified in sources both as a Hun and as a Gepid. Kim explains the fact that Ardaric's kingdom was identified as a Gepid rather than a Hunnic kingdom from the fact that the western part of the Hunnic empire had been almost entirely Germanic in population.
The Scirii also emerged from Attila's empire with a potentially Hunnic King: Edeko is first encountered in sources as Attila's envoy, and is variously identified as
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 56, "sc": 997, "ep": 56, "ec": 1583}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 56 | 997 | 56 | 1,583 |
History of the Huns
|
Germanic tribes as successors to the Huns in the West
|
having a Hunnic or Thuringian mother. While Heather believes that the latter is more likely, Kim argues that Edeco was in fact a Hun and that Thuringian in the source is a mistake for Torcilingi. Accordingly, his sons Hunoulph ("Hun-wolf") and Odoacer, who would go on to conquer Italy, would also be Huns ethnically, though the armies they led were certainly mostly Germanic. Odoacer would also conquer the Rogii, a tribe typically identified with the Rugii found in Tacitus' Germania, but whom Kim holds far more likely to be a newly formed tribe that was named after the Hunnic king
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 56, "sc": 1583, "ep": 56, "ec": 2177}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 56 | 1,583 | 56 | 2,177 |
History of the Huns
|
Germanic tribes as successors to the Huns in the West
|
Ruga.
The Goths led by the Amali dynasty under their king Valamir also became independent some time after 454. This did not include all Goths, however, some of whom are recorded as continuing to fight with the Huns as late as 468. Kim argues that even the Amali-led Goths remained loyal to the Huns until 459, when Valamir's nephew Theoderic was sent as a hostage to Constantinople, or even 461, when Valimir made an alliance with the Romans. Heather argues that the Amali united various groups of Goths sometime after Attila's death, though Jordanes claims that he did it while Attila
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 56, "sc": 2177, "ep": 56, "ec": 2740}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 56 | 2,177 | 56 | 2,740 |
History of the Huns
|
Germanic tribes as successors to the Huns in the West
|
was still alive. As he has for Ardaric and Ediko, Kim argues that Valimir, who is first attested as a confidant of Attila, was actually a Hun. Around 464, Valamir's Goths fought the Scirii, resulting in Valamir's death – this in turn caused the Goths to virtually destroy the Scirii. Dengizich then intervened – Kim supposes that the Scirii appealed to him for help, and that they together defeated the Goths. In a battle dated by Jordanes to 465, but by Kim to 470 after the death of Dengizich, the Scirii led an alliance of various tribes, including the Suebi,
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 56, "sc": 2740, "ep": 60, "ec": 210}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 56 | 2,740 | 60 | 210 |
History of the Huns
|
Germanic tribes as successors to the Huns in the West & Potential continuation of Hunnic rule in the East
|
Rogii, Gepids, and Sarmatians against the Goths at the Battle of Bolia. The Gothic victory confirmed their independence and the end of Hunnic rule in the West.
Therefore, despite the collapse of the Western Hunnic Empire, Kim argues that the most important Barbarian leaders in Europe after Attila were all themselves Huns or were closely associated with Attila's empire. Potential continuation of Hunnic rule in the East It is unclear what happened to Attila's youngest son Ernak. Heather states that Ernak and a group of Huns were settled, with Roman permission, in northern Dobruja. Maenchen-Helfen notes that Ernak seems to have
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 60, "sc": 210, "ep": 60, "ec": 813}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 60 | 210 | 60 | 813 |
History of the Huns
|
Potential continuation of Hunnic rule in the East
|
left this territory at some time before Dengizich's invasion of the Eastern Roman Empire. The rulers of the Bulgars, a Turkic nomadic people who first appear in historical sources around 480, may have claimed to be descended from Attila via Ernak, as recorded in the Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans. Kim and Denis Sinor argue that Ernak combined the remaining Huns with new Oghur-speaking Turkic tribes that had been pushed east from the steppe to form the Bulgars. Kim also argues that the Kutrigurs and Utigurs, often considered a separate people, were in fact simply part of the Hunno-Bulgar state.
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 60, "sc": 813, "ep": 60, "ec": 1488}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 60 | 813 | 60 | 1,488 |
History of the Huns
|
Potential continuation of Hunnic rule in the East
|
While many scholars dismiss medieval sources that refer to people after Dengizich's demise as Huns, Kim argues that these designations accurately describe the identity of the people in question, at least during the sixth century.
Ancient sources appear to indicate that not all Hunnic peoples were incorporated into Ernak's Bulgar state. Huns continue to appear as mercenaries and allies of both the Persians and Romans in the sixth century as well. The Hunnic Altziagiri tribes continued to inhabit the Crimea near Cherson. Jordanes mentions two groups descended from Dengizich's Huns living on Roman territory, the Fossatisii and Sacromontisi. Kim, however, argues
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 60, "sc": 1488, "ep": 60, "ec": 2112}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 60 | 1,488 | 60 | 2,112 |
History of the Huns
|
Potential continuation of Hunnic rule in the East
|
that we can distinguish just four large tribal groupings of Huns after the death of Dengizich; he argues that these were likely all ruled by members of Attila's dynasty. These groups often fought each other, however, and Kim argues that this allowed the Avars to conquer them and "recreat[e] the old Hunnic Empire in its entirety". He argues that Avars themselves had Hunnic, but not European Hunnic, elements prior to their invasion.
The tribe of Sabirs is sometimes identified in Byzantine sources as Huns, and Denis Sinor argues that they may have contained some Hunnic elements as well. Kim, however, identifies
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 60, "sc": 2112, "ep": 60, "ec": 2707}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 60 | 2,112 | 60 | 2,707 |
History of the Huns
|
Potential continuation of Hunnic rule in the East
|
them with the Xianbei.
A final possible survival of the Huns are the North Caucasian Huns, who lived in what is now Dagestan. It is unclear whether these Huns were ever under Attila's rule. Kim argues that they are a group of Huns who were separated from the main confederation by the intruding Sabirs. In 503 they raided Persia, and they are recorded raiding Armenia, Cappadocia, and Lycaonia in 515. The Romans hired mercenaries from this group, including a king named Askoum. At some point, the North Caucasian Huns became a vassal state of the Khazar Khaganate. They are recorded to
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 60, "sc": 2707, "ep": 64, "ec": 469}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 60 | 2,707 | 64 | 469 |
History of the Huns
|
Potential continuation of Hunnic rule in the East & Historical impact
|
have converted to Christianity in 681. The North Caucasian Huns are last attested in the seventh century, but Kim argues that they may have persisted within the Khazar empire. Historical impact Peter Golden argues that the Huns, and the migrations that are associated with them, resulted in the transformation of the Western Eurasian steppe from the territory of primarily Iranian-speaking nomads to Turkic-speaking ones, as Turkic speakers moved west from modern Mongolia.
Within Europe, the Huns are typically held responsible for the beginning of the Migration period, in which mostly Germanic tribes increasingly moved into the space of the late Roman
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 64, "sc": 469, "ep": 64, "ec": 1090}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 64 | 469 | 64 | 1,090 |
History of the Huns
|
Historical impact
|
Empire. Peter Heather has argued that Huns were thereby responsible for the eventual disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, while E. A. Thompson argued that the Huns accelerated Germanic incursions both before and after their own presence on the Roman frontier. Walter Pohl, meanwhile notes that "[w]hat the Huns had achieved was a massive transfer of resources from the Roman empire to the barbaricum". Due to his differing opinions on the organization of the Huns, Hyun Jin Kim argues that, rather than by causing migrations of Germanic peoples, the Huns were responsible for the destruction of the Western Roman
|
{"datasets_id": 160172, "wiki_id": "Q10295972", "sp": 64, "sc": 1090, "ep": 64, "ec": 1592}
| 160,172 |
Q10295972
| 64 | 1,090 | 64 | 1,592 |
History of the Huns
|
Historical impact
|
Empire by the force of their armies and their efficient imperial administration, leading to a collapse of the Roman military.
Other scholars have seen the Huns as less important in the end of Rome. J. Otto Maenchen-Helfen described the Hun's under Attila as "for a few years more than a nuisance to the Romans, though at no time a real danger". Other scholars such as J. B. Bury have in fact argued that the Huns held the Germanic tribes back and thus gave the empire a few more years of life.
|
{"datasets_id": 160173, "wiki_id": "Q5897737", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 115}
| 160,173 |
Q5897737
| 2 | 0 | 8 | 115 |
Hooghly Imambara
|
Clock
|
Hooghly Imambara Hooghly Imambara (Bengali: হুগলি ইমামবাড়া) is a Shia Muslim congregation hall and mosque in Hooghly, West Bengal, India. The construction of the building was started by Muhammad Mohsin in 1841 and completed in 1861. The building is a two storied structure, with a tall clock tower over the entrance gate. The mosque has intricate designs and texts from Quran engraved on the wall. The interior of the mosque is decorated with marbles, candles and hanging lanterns. Clock Hooghly Imambara is famous for its vaunted clock. It is at the middle of the twin towers constructed on the doorway
|
{"datasets_id": 160173, "wiki_id": "Q5897737", "sp": 8, "sc": 115, "ep": 12, "ec": 3}
| 160,173 |
Q5897737
| 8 | 115 | 12 | 3 |
Hooghly Imambara
|
Clock & Location
|
of the main entrance. Each tower, having a height of approximately 150 ft., takes 152 steps to reach its top. The clock has two dials with three bells having weight 80 mds, 40 mds and 30 mds. Smaller bells ring at an interval of 15 minutes and bigger bell rings to signify one hour. The clock requires two people to wind it for half an hour of each week, with a key weighing 20 kg. It was bought for Rs. 11,721 (in 1852) by Syed Keramat Ali from the manufacturer: M/s Black & Hurray Co., Big Ben, London. Location It
|
{"datasets_id": 160173, "wiki_id": "Q5897737", "sp": 12, "sc": 2, "ep": 12, "ec": 586}
| 160,173 |
Q5897737
| 12 | 2 | 12 | 586 |
Hooghly Imambara
|
Location
|
is in Hooghly District. People coming from Kolkata have to take a train (Local or Express) to Naihati Junction. From Naihati, they have to catch the Bandel Local train and they get off at Hooghly Ghat Station. From there, Imambara is in a walking distance. There are rickshaws and autos to ferry visitors to the Imambara from the station.
Or, the best way to come possibly is to go to Howrah Station and avail the straight trains (local EMUs) to Bandel, which are more frequent and less crowded. One needs to get down at Hooghly Station, and take autos/totos/rickshaws to the
|
{"datasets_id": 160173, "wiki_id": "Q5897737", "sp": 12, "sc": 586, "ep": 12, "ec": 758}
| 160,173 |
Q5897737
| 12 | 586 | 12 | 758 |
Hooghly Imambara
|
Location
|
Imambara.
Visitors should carry their own lunch/snacks, since there are no eateries around the Imambara. Visitors are also advised to carry potable/drinking water.
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 267}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 2 | 0 | 8 | 267 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
History and importance
|
Horse industry in Tennessee The horse industry in Tennessee is the 6th largest in the United States, and over three million acres of Tennessee farmland are used for horse raising or horse-related activities. The most popular breed in the state is the eponymous Tennessee Walking Horse, and it became an official state symbol in 2000. History and importance Because Tennessee was largely rural in its early statehood, horses were important as a form of transportation. During the antebellum period, horse racing became a popular sport among the gentry.
After the Civil War, most of the native southern stock was gone,
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 8, "sc": 267, "ep": 8, "ec": 933}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 8 | 267 | 8 | 933 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
History and importance
|
and horse breeding in Tennessee had to be continued with horses from Northern states.
Following the outlawing of betting in 1905, horse racing in Tennessee took a sharp drop and gaited horses began to rise in popularity. Commonly referred to as "Plantation" horses, they had been bred for a smooth gait that made riding over large distances easier.
As farms became motorized and horses were replaced by tractors, interest in horse shows rose. This led to the specialized breeding of gaited horses for saddle seat show competition,
specifically the Tennessee Walking Horse. American Saddlebreds were also popular in the state during the 1930s
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 8, "sc": 933, "ep": 12, "ec": 189}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 8 | 933 | 12 | 189 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
History and importance & Tennessee Walking Horse
|
and 1940s, but dropped in popularity as the Tennessee Walking Horse came to the forefront of the state's horse shows.
Today, Tennessee is ranked 6th on the list of US states by number of horses, and 3.2 million of its 10 million acres of farmland are used for horses or horse-related activity in some form. The Tennessee Walking Horse is the most popular breed in the state. Tennessee Walking Horse The Tennessee Walking Horse, the first horse breed to be named for an American state, was developed in the Middle Basin of Tennessee. Horse breeder James Brantley began his breeding program
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 12, "sc": 189, "ep": 12, "ec": 781}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 12 | 189 | 12 | 781 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Tennessee Walking Horse
|
in the early 1900s using the foundation stallion Black Allan, who had a smooth running walk and a calm disposition which he passed on to his offspring. Though Black Allan died in 1910, shortly after being sold to another breeder named Albert Dement, he sired 40 known foals whose bloodline became well known in the region. One of his sons, Roan Allen, carried on his bloodline and is estimated by horse breeding experts to be the ancestor of 100% of living Tennessee Walking Horses.
Brantley's and Dement's farms were both located just outside Wartrace, and the town is known as "The
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 12, "sc": 781, "ep": 12, "ec": 1438}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 12 | 781 | 12 | 1,438 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Tennessee Walking Horse
|
cradle of the Tennessee Walking Horse". The breed's main registry, the Tennessee Walking Horse Breeders' and Exhibitors' Association (TWHBEA), was founded in 1935 in Lewisburg and is still located downtown. In 1939 Henry Davis and a group of fellow horsemen held the inaugural Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration; it lasted three days and ended with Strolling Jim, trained by Floyd Carothers, being crowned as the first World Grand Champion. After the founding of the TWHBEA and then Celebration, the Walking Horse jumped in popularity and many notable breeding farms were established, including Harlinsdale Farm, and horse trainers began to focus
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 12, "sc": 1438, "ep": 12, "ec": 2075}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 12 | 1,438 | 12 | 2,075 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Tennessee Walking Horse
|
on training Tennessee Walkers specifically for show competition. Trainers who became notable during this period include Winston Wiser, Fred Walker and Steve Hill.
Today the Tennessee Walking Horse continues to be highly important to the Middle Basin. The town of Shelbyville is called the Tennessee Walking Horse Capital of the World, and has hosted the Celebration for most of its history; the first few Celebrations were held in Wartrace, but the move was made due to space issues. The Tennessee Walking Horse National Museum was founded in the 1980s and was hosted in several locations before moving to its permanent location
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 12, "sc": 2075, "ep": 12, "ec": 2717}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 12 | 2,075 | 12 | 2,717 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Tennessee Walking Horse
|
in Wartrace. The Middle Basin is home to many farms and training stables which specialize in the breed, with Bedford, Rutherford, Coffee and Cannon counties having the largest populations. The breed also brings in large amounts of revenue to the state; the Celebration annually generates $41 million in income to Shelbyville alone, and individual horses can sell in excess of $100,000.
There are multiple institutions and landmarks in the area named after the Walking Horse, including the Walking Horse and Eastern Railroad, which runs between Shelbyville and Wartrace, and the Walking Horse Hotel in Wartrace, which was the home of
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 12, "sc": 2717, "ep": 16, "ec": 522}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 12 | 2,717 | 16 | 522 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Tennessee Walking Horse & Horse shows and rodeos
|
Strolling Jim.
The Tennessee Walking Horse was officially named the state horse by the General Assembly of Tennessee in 2000. Horse shows and rodeos Many horse shows in Tennessee are oriented around the state's namesake breed, the Tennessee Walking Horse. The largest of these is the Tennessee Walking Horse National Celebration, an 11-day competition that takes place on the 105-acre Celebration Grounds in Shelbyville just before Labor Day every year. The Celebration attracts over 1,500 horses and 200,000 spectators.
The Spring Celebration, also known as the Spring Fun Show, is another Tennessee Walking Horse show that traditionally is important for horses
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 16, "sc": 522, "ep": 16, "ec": 1175}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 16 | 522 | 16 | 1,175 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Horse shows and rodeos
|
and trainers hoping to compete in the main Celebration later in the year. It is held on the Celebration Grounds and dates back to 1970.
The National Trainers Show is held annually by the Walking Horse Trainers' Association. It is almost always held in Shelbyville, although it has been held in Alabama twice, in 1988 and 2015.
Besides the larger shows that last multiple days, Tennessee also hosts a number of significant one-day Tennessee Walking Horse shows.
The Wartrace Horse Show is the oldest one-night horse show in Tennessee, and has been held annually since 1906.
Tennessee is also known for breeding mules, and
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 16, "sc": 1175, "ep": 16, "ec": 1803}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 16 | 1,175 | 16 | 1,803 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Horse shows and rodeos
|
a mule show called Mule Day has been held in Maury County for 170 years. The Calsonic Arena in Shelbyville hosts the Great Celebration Mule Show each July.
Tennessee also hosts a number of horse shows for breeds that predated or derived from the Tennessee Walking Horse.
The Spotted Saddle Horse is a pinto-patterned breed that was developed using large amounts of Tennessee Walking Horse blood. Two major shows for it are held at the Celebration Grounds every year; the Spring Show in May and World Championship in September. The Spotted Saddle Horse's biggest registry, the Spotted Saddle Horse Breeders' and
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 16, "sc": 1803, "ep": 16, "ec": 2483}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 16 | 1,803 | 16 | 2,483 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Horse shows and rodeos
|
Exhibitors' Association, is located in Shelbyville.
For several decades, the World Championship for the American Saddlebred was held at the Music City Horse Show in Nashville. Although it has been moved to Lexington, Kentucky, Tennessee still hosts some Saddlebred shows and sales.
Tennessee also hosts rodeos and non-traditional events beside traditional horse shows.
The Lone Star Rodeo has been held at Calsonic Arena for more than 25 years. It features all traditional rodeo events. In 2016, the group that owns Lone Star Rodeo held their first youth rodeo in Tennessee. It awarded more than $70,000 in prize money and featured specialized events such
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 16, "sc": 2483, "ep": 20, "ec": 491}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 16 | 2,483 | 20 | 491 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Horse shows and rodeos & Horse racing
|
as pony bronc riding.
Road to the Horse, a colt-starting competition for professional trainers, was held at Murfreesboro's Tennessee Miller Coliseum from 2002 to 2011. Horse racing Horse racing was a popular form of recreation in colonial and antebellum Tennessee. Most early races were held on public roads, including a notable match in 1806 between Andrew Jackson's horse Truxton and Erwin's Plowboy. Truxton, who won the race, was a son of Diomed, a Thoroughbred imported from England.
In 1836 a horse breeder said, "The prevailing opinion in the South is that Tennessee possesses more and better racehorses than Kentucky."
The Standardbred Little Brown
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 20, "sc": 491, "ep": 20, "ec": 1135}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 20 | 491 | 20 | 1,135 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Horse racing
|
Jug, who had a premier pacing race named after him, was foaled in Middle Tennessee. Standardbred racing was very popular in late nineteenth-century Tennessee.
Tennessee continued to host many notable racing stables throughout the post-Civil War years, until Tennessee passed an anti-gambling law in 1905, which essentially outlawed betting at racetracks. This led to a steep drop in the number of horse races and racehorses, and a loss of interest in the sport. The passage of the law also ended the Tennessee Derby, which had been held since 1884 and at one time rivalled the Kentucky Derby for prestige.
However, horse racing
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 20, "sc": 1135, "ep": 20, "ec": 1787}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 20 | 1,135 | 20 | 1,787 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Horse racing
|
itself is not illegal, and small races are still held in Tennessee, including harness races at the Lincoln County Fair every year.
There have been multiple attempts to legalize betting in Tennessee again, but most have eventually failed. In 2016 Republican state senator Frank Niceley sponsored a bill that would have legalized betting at racetracks, but it failed in the State House of Representatives. However, the Horse Racing Advisory Committee was formed in order to promote horse racing in the state.
One of the largest horse races in Tennessee is the Iroquois Steeplechase, a steeplechase held in Nashville's Percy Warner Park.
|
{"datasets_id": 160174, "wiki_id": "Q28405844", "sp": 20, "sc": 1787, "ep": 24, "ec": 452}
| 160,174 |
Q28405844
| 20 | 1,787 | 24 | 452 |
Horse industry in Tennessee
|
Horse racing & Trail riding
|
It was founded in 1941 and is held annually on the second Saturday in May, along with 6 other races. Attendance routinely averages 30,000. Trail riding There are three horseback riding concessions located near Gatlinburg, Tennessee, which allow visitors to rent horses and ride them through Great Smoky Mountains National Park, including Cades Cove.
Visitors may also bring their own horses to ride in the park, but a negative Coggins test is required.
The smaller Lebanon State Park also allows visitors to bring their own horses and ride through the park, but there is no rental stable.
|
{"datasets_id": 160175, "wiki_id": "Q3408744", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 586}
| 160,175 |
Q3408744
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 586 |
Hugh White (New York)
|
Life
|
Hugh White (New York) Life He was the grandson of Hugh White, the founder and namesake of Whitestown. White attended the common schools. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1823. Then he studied law but did not practice. Instead, he entered business at Chittenango in 1825, and afterwards at Rondout. He was active in the building of the Michigan Southern and Northern Indiana Railroad.
He moved to Cohoes in 1830. He was greatly interested in the development of water power from the Mohawk River. He established the Rosendale Cement Works.
White was elected as a Whig to the 29th, 30th and 31st
|
{"datasets_id": 160175, "wiki_id": "Q3408744", "sp": 6, "sc": 586, "ep": 14, "ec": 200}
| 160,175 |
Q3408744
| 6 | 586 | 14 | 200 |
Hugh White (New York)
|
Life & Education & Business
|
United States Congresses, holding office from March 4, 1845, to March 3, 1851. He was Chairman of the Committee on Agriculture (30th Congress). Afterwards, he resumed his business activities. Education White worked on his father's farm until his 21st birthday, sporadically attending common schools until he attended Hamilton College, from which he graduated in 1825.
White studied law but did not practice. Instead, he turned his efforts towards business. Business White took over the manufacture of water-lime cement that he operated with his brother at Chittenango. "White's water-proof cement" was the first made in America; it was afterwards produced at Rondout
|
{"datasets_id": 160175, "wiki_id": "Q3408744", "sp": 14, "sc": 200, "ep": 14, "ec": 841}
| 160,175 |
Q3408744
| 14 | 200 | 14 | 841 |
Hugh White (New York)
|
Business
|
in Ulster County. Upon completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, business was moved from Chittenango to Waterford. Its location at Waterford allowed him and many others to take advantage of the water power and transportation facilities.
In addition to establishing the Rosendale Cement Works with his brother Canvass White, which he managed for a time due to Canvass' frail health condition, Hugh White was involved in many business ventures. With Rosendale Cement Works, he manufactured cement that was used on the Croton Aqueduct. White also ran a sawmill in Cohoes, the Shatemuck Flouring Mill in Northside, and nearby, the hydraulic
|
{"datasets_id": 160175, "wiki_id": "Q3408744", "sp": 14, "sc": 841, "ep": 18, "ec": 523}
| 160,175 |
Q3408744
| 14 | 841 | 18 | 523 |
Hugh White (New York)
|
Business & Homestead
|
cement mill, using Mohawk River power. Homestead Shortly after marrying, he and his wife settled into the White Homestead on Saratoga Avenue in Waterford, New York. It was built by Joshua Clark, a builder of many homes, mills and public housing in Cohoes, from brick and timber that White had prepared at Chittenango and shipped to this area on the Erie Canal. It was an example of architecture of the period of transition from Federal to Greek Revival. His homestead was set back from the road and surrounded by an ornate fence; on the property was a small brick building
|
{"datasets_id": 160175, "wiki_id": "Q3408744", "sp": 18, "sc": 523, "ep": 22, "ec": 264}
| 160,175 |
Q3408744
| 18 | 523 | 22 | 264 |
Hugh White (New York)
|
Homestead & Death
|
by the gate that was used as an office and behind the house stood a three-story brick barn for carriages and horses.
Since its partial demolition and relocation in 1964, the White homestead has since been relocated to Waterford, New York, where it is now been transformed into a museum dedicated to Hugh White and the Erie Canal. Death White spend the remainder of his days at his homestead, classifying himself as a farmer in the 1855 census despite his ongoing business endeavors in the railroad industry and acting as a financier and President of the Saratoga County National Bank.
He died
|
{"datasets_id": 160175, "wiki_id": "Q3408744", "sp": 22, "sc": 264, "ep": 22, "ec": 804}
| 160,175 |
Q3408744
| 22 | 264 | 22 | 804 |
Hugh White (New York)
|
Death
|
at his home on October 6, 1870. His obituary in the Cohoes Cataract declared:
"He was essentially an executive man; what he undertook he always accomplished, for he was a man of strong, indomitable will; he was generous and large-hearted in all his dealings... Many young men have been started on in the world by his kindness and his means, which he often used very freely in such cases."
White's funeral service was held at the Presbyterian Church of Waterford and he is buried at the family plot in Albany Rural Cemetery.
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 635}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 635 |
Hypopnea
|
Symptoms
|
Hypopnea Symptoms The most common hypopnea symptom is excessive sleepiness, which results from constant sleep interruption. People with hypopnea due to airflow obstruction often have loud, heavy snoring that is interrupted with choking sounds or loud snorts followed by periods of silence, because not enough air can flow into the lungs through the mouth and nose. The periods of silence can last 20 seconds or longer and can happen many times each hour, resulting in poor sleep and reduced levels of oxygen in the blood.
Other symptoms of hypopnea may include depression, forgetfulness, mood or behaviour changes, trouble concentrating, loss of
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 6, "sc": 635, "ep": 14, "ec": 132}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 6 | 635 | 14 | 132 |
Hypopnea
|
Symptoms & Consequences & Diagnosis
|
energy, nervousness, and morning headaches. Not all people with hypopnea experience all of these symptoms and not everyone who has these symptoms has hypopnea. Consequences Hypopnea is a disorder that may result in excessive daytime sleepiness and compromised quality of life, including traffic accidents, diminished productivity in the workplace, and emotional problems.
Cardiovascular consequences of hypopnea may include myocardial infarction, hypertension, coronary heart disease as well other problems such as stroke, psychiatric problems, impotence, cognitive dysfunction and memory loss. Diagnosis In the context of diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders, a hypopnea is not considered to be clinically significant unless there
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 14, "sc": 132, "ep": 14, "ec": 798}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 14 | 132 | 14 | 798 |
Hypopnea
|
Diagnosis
|
is a 30% or greater reduction in flow lasting for 10 seconds or longer and an associated 4% or greater desaturation in the person's O₂ levels, or if it results in arousal or fragmentation of sleep.
The direct consequence of hypopnea (as well as apnea) is that the CO
2 in the blood increases and the oxygen level in the patient's blood decrease is proportionate to the severity of the airway obstruction. This disruptive pattern of breathing generates disruptive sleep patterns, the consequences of which being that those individuals may exhibit increased fatigability, lethargy, decreased ability to concentrate, increased irritability, and morning
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 14, "sc": 798, "ep": 14, "ec": 1451}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 14 | 798 | 14 | 1,451 |
Hypopnea
|
Diagnosis
|
headaches. Basically, those individuals are extremely tired due to their inability to get a good night's sleep.
Hypopneas can be either central i.e., as part of a waxing and waning in breathing effort, or obstructive in origin. During an obstructive hypopnea, in comparison to an obstructive apnea, the airway is only partially closed. However, this closure is still enough to cause a physiological effect i.e., an oxygen desaturation and/or an increase in breathing effort terminating in arousal.
A Hypopnea Index (HI) can be calculated by dividing the number of hypopnea events during the sleep period by the number of hours of sleep.
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 14, "sc": 1451, "ep": 14, "ec": 2066}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 14 | 1,451 | 14 | 2,066 |
Hypopnea
|
Diagnosis
|
The Apnea-Hyponea Index (AHI) is an index of severity that combines apneas and hypopneas. Combining them both gives an overall severity of sleep apnea including sleep disruptions and desaturations (a low level of oxygen in the blood). The apnea-hypopnea index, like the apnea index and hypopnea index, is calculated by dividing the number of apneas and hypopneas by the number of hours of sleep. Another index that is used to measure sleep apnea is the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). The RDI is similar to the AHI, however, RDI also includes respiratory events that do not technically meet the definitions of
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 14, "sc": 2066, "ep": 18, "ec": 525}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 14 | 2,066 | 18 | 525 |
Hypopnea
|
Diagnosis & Obstructive hypopnea
|
apneas or hypopneas, such as a Respiratory Effort Related Arousal (RERA), but do disrupt sleep. Obstructive hypopnea One treatment for obstructive hypopnea is continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). CPAP is a treatment in which the patient wears a mask over the nose and/or mouth. An air blower forces air through the upper airway. The air pressure is adjusted so that it is just enough to maintain the oxygen saturation levels in the blood.
Another treatment is sometimes a custom fitted oral appliance. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's protocol for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) recommends oral appliances for those who
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 18, "sc": 525, "ep": 18, "ec": 1124}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 18 | 525 | 18 | 1,124 |
Hypopnea
|
Obstructive hypopnea
|
prefer them to CPAP and have mild to moderate sleep apnea or those that do not respond to/cannot wear a CPAP. Severe cases of OSA may be treated with an oral appliance if the patient has had a trial run with a CPAP. Oral appliances should be custom made by a dentist with training in dental sleep medicine.
Mild obstructive hypopnea can often be treated by losing weight or by avoiding sleeping on one's back. Also quitting smoking, and avoiding alcohol, sedatives and hypnotics (soporifics) before sleep can be quite effective. Surgery is generally a last resort in hypopnea treatment, but
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 18, "sc": 1124, "ep": 26, "ec": 49}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 18 | 1,124 | 26 | 49 |
Hypopnea
|
Obstructive hypopnea & Central hypopnea & Etymology
|
is a site-specific option for the upper airway. Depending on the cause of obstruction, surgery may focus on the soft palate, the uvula, tonsils, adenoids or the tongue. There are also more complex surgeries that are performed with the adjustment of other bone structures - the mouth, nose and facial bones. Central hypopnea People with neuromuscular disorders or hypoventilation syndromes involving failed respiratory drive experience central hypoventilation. The most common treatment for this form is the use of non-invasive ventilation such as a bilevel positive airway pressure (BPAP) machine. Etymology The word hypopnea uses combining forms of hypo- +
|
{"datasets_id": 160176, "wiki_id": "Q957217", "sp": 26, "sc": 49, "ep": 26, "ec": 206}
| 160,176 |
Q957217
| 26 | 49 | 26 | 206 |
Hypopnea
|
Etymology
|
-pnea, from the Greek roots hypo- (meaning low, under, beneath, down, below normal) and pnoia (meaning breathing). See pronunciation information at dyspnea.
|
{"datasets_id": 160177, "wiki_id": "Q56328542", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 687}
| 160,177 |
Q56328542
| 2 | 0 | 4 | 687 |
IAADS World Athletics Championships
|
IAADS World Athletics Championships The IAADS World Athletics Championships is an annual global athletics competition for athletes with Down syndrome, organised by the International Athletics Association for Persons with Down Syndrome (IAADS).
The competition was established in 2010, two years after the founding of the international body. It was created to enable athletes with Down's syndrome to compete for world titles in track and field, following the exclusion of intellectual disability categories by the International Paralympic Committee. Though learning disability events were restored at the Summer Paralympic Games, there was no category specifically for Down's syndrome – this effectively excluded the
|
|
{"datasets_id": 160177, "wiki_id": "Q56328542", "sp": 4, "sc": 687, "ep": 4, "ec": 970}
| 160,177 |
Q56328542
| 4 | 687 | 4 | 970 |
IAADS World Athletics Championships
|
athletes, who were forced to compete against other intellectually disabled athletes who did not have the physical impairments that are typical of the condition.
The global competition was complemented by the regional IAADS European Athletics Championships from 2011 onwards.
|
|
{"datasets_id": 160178, "wiki_id": "Q42136", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 635}
| 160,178 |
Q42136
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 635 |
Icheon
|
Ceramic village
|
Icheon Ceramic village The Icheon Ceramics Village features 300-plus ceramics-making firms in the area of Sugwang-ri, Sindun-myeon, Saeum-dong, and a popular visitor attraction. They use traditional skills and produce porcelains in some 40 traditional firewood kilns. This pottery is recognized both at home and abroad for its quality.
The Saeum-dong and Sindun-myeon areas also include a ceramics village with many ceramics stores. Potters have researched traditional methods and revived the manufacture of ceramics in the style of Goryeo celadon and Joseon white porcelain here. The village is the center of the effort to preserve these traditions.
|
{"datasets_id": 160179, "wiki_id": "Q5987784", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 556}
| 160,179 |
Q5987784
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 556 |
Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film)
|
Plot
|
Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film) Plot Vijay (Chiranjeevi) and Anita (Sakshi Sivanand) are best friends. They share their thoughts, happiness, and pain with each other. One day Anita finds love in a photographer, Prakash (Suresh) and marries him, while Vijay plays a lover boy and marries Shanti (Ramya Krishna). However, Anita's happiness ends when she finds out that her husband is two-timing her. Vijay consoles her but his wife is unhappy that he spends so much time with her and gives him an ultimatum. He chooses his friend and takes care of her and her unborn child and later reunites her
|
{"datasets_id": 160179, "wiki_id": "Q5987784", "sp": 6, "sc": 556, "ep": 6, "ec": 739}
| 160,179 |
Q5987784
| 6 | 556 | 6 | 739 |
Iddaru Mitrulu (1999 film)
|
Plot
|
with her husband. Anita wants to see her friend in a happy state as well and reunites him with Shanti. The film ends on a happy note, with the happy couples holding the newborn baby.
|
{"datasets_id": 160180, "wiki_id": "Q21514646", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 13}
| 160,180 |
Q21514646
| 2 | 0 | 10 | 13 |
Ilias Chair
|
Early career & Queens Park Rangers
|
Ilias Chair Early career Chair began his career in the youth system at Lierse S.K. He also spent time at the academy of Club Brugge, as well as the JMG Academy Belgium. Chair made his professional debut for Lierse at the age of 17, playing in the Belgian Second Division, when he came as a 76th-minute substitute in Lierse's 1–1 away draw at Coxyde on 9 August 2015. He subsequently started his first match a month later, on 9 September 2015, playing the full 90 minutes in a 3–2 home defeat to Cercle Brugge. Queens Park Rangers Chair went on
|
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