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José Cubiles
Biography
Turina paints the portraits of certain friends, including Cubiles, and himself. He characterises Cubiles as "Pepe, el pianista gaditano". Cubiles became professor of advanced classes at the Madrid Royal Conservatory in 1926, and in 1943 became professor of the special virtuoso class. He was the head of the institution between 1962 and 1964. His students included Joaquín Achúcarro, Guillermo Gonzalez, Yüksel Koptagel and Rafael Orozco. He was elected to the seat left vacant by the death of Enrique Fernández Arbós in the Royal Academy of Fine Arts of St Ferdinand. He was also a member of the Academy of
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José Cubiles
Biography
Santa Isabel de Hungria in Seville, and the Hispano-American Academy in Cadiz. In addition to Nights in the Gardens of Spain, Cubiles recorded numerous solo pieces, including works by Albéniz (the suite Iberia and other works) and Turina (Cinco danzas gitanas, Op. 55). José Cubiles received the Grand Cross of the Civil Order of Alfonso X, the Wise and the French Legion of Honour. He died in Madrid in 1971, aged 76.
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Joseph Martin (general)
Joseph Martin (general) Joseph Martin, Jr. (1740–1808) was a brigadier general in the Virginia militia during the American Revolutionary War, in which Martin's frontier diplomacy with the Cherokee people is credited with not only averting Indian attacks on the Scotch-Irish American and English American settlers who helped win the battles of Kings Mountain and Cowpens, but with also helping to keep the Indians' position neutral and from siding with the British troops during those crucial battles. Historians agree that the settlers' success at these two battles signaled the turning of the tide of the Revolutionary War—in favor of the Americans. Martin
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Joseph Martin (general)
was born in Caroline County, Virginia, and later lived at Albemarle County and then at Henry County, Virginia, at his plantation, Belmont, on Leatherwood Creek in Martinsville, not far from the plantation of his friend Governor Patrick Henry, Leatherwood Plantation. General Martin held many positions during his public life. As a very young man he first tried his hand at farming, next he worked for three years as an overseer on the huge plantation of his local Virginia kin, next he was a longhunter, and an explorer on the frontier for friend Patrick Henry, then an early pioneer and builder of
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Joseph Martin (general)
Martin's Station in the "wild west," a surveyor of the KY/NC and TN/VA borders, an Indian agent/Indian fighter for Patrick Henry, a member at peace treaties with the Indians, and along with Dr. Thomas Walker, Joseph Martin named the Cumberland region and the Cumberland River, he served as a member of the legislatures of Virginia, Georgia, and North Carolina, he was lifelong friends with Gen. Thomas Sumter, he was also friends and brothers-in-law with Col. Benjamin Cleveland (both married Graves sisters), he was unsuccessfully nominated by Patrick Henry to the position of the first governor of the Southwest Territory, was
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
the holder of some 80,000 acres across the Southeastern U.S. at one point. The city of Martinsville, Virginia, was named in his honor during his lifetime. Early life The son of planter Capt. Joseph Martin Sr. and his wife Susannah Chiles, great-granddaughter of Colonel John Page, Joseph Martin Jr. was raised in a Virginia gentry family in Caroline and Albemarle Counties. His father, Joseph Martin Sr., was the son of wealthy British merchant William Martin in Bristol, England, who sent his son to Virginia as supercargo aboard his ship the Brice. Martin Sr. wrote to his English father that he
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
planned to marry the daughter of a common Virginia colonist. Even though she was from the Chiles family and was a descendant of Virginia's Col. John Page, to Martin's wealthy father back in England all American colonists were inferior to the English. William Martin of Bristol was himself Lord Mayor of Bristol and owner of a ship building company, a glass manufacturing plant, importer and exporter with the new world; including tobacco. The father wrote back disinheriting young Joseph Martin Sr., who never returned to England. Joseph Martin Sr. was "a perfect Englishman", recalled his grandson later, "large and athletic; bold,
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
daring, self-willed and supercilious. And in him was depicted, as my father has told me, the most complete form of the aristocracy of the British government." Capt. Martin arrived in Albemarle County in 1745, one of the original patentees. Joseph Martin Sr. left some 300 acres of his landholdings to son Joseph Jr. at his death in 1762. Nearby neighbors Dr. Thomas Walker, Peter Jefferson, James Madison, and the Lewis and Clark clans and kin including Lewis, Carr, Waller, Dabney, Hammock, Hughes, etc. But Joseph Martin Jr., the son of the English immigrant, was not cut out for a Virginia gentry
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
planter's life. "Gambling was a favorite pastime." Martin's son, Revolutionary War officer Col. William Martin, in his accounts of his father's life in the, "Lyman Draper Manuscript Collection," writes that although his father gambled, he was not much of a drinker and let his son in on his secret; Martin sometimes pretended to over-drink so he might appear to be drunk in order that fellow gamblers would let down their guard. As a youth, Joseph Martin ran off from an apprenticeship during the French and Indian War of 1756, and joined the army at Fort Pitt, where he served alongside
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
another Virginia youth, Thomas Sumter. Following his early army service, Martin lit out for the rigors of the frontier, where he dressed in buckskin and was an early real estate speculator, trapper and fur trader and Indian fighter. But this time on the frontier was after Martin had bought a large plot of land in Henry County with his earnings working for three years as an overseer for an uncle. Martin also gained 20,000 acres of land from Patrick Henry in a surveying contest at Powell Valley. Martin's youthful adventures on the frontier were grist for later stories... some of which
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
were written by Martin's political foes and were slanted to paint a picture of him in an unkind light. One writer, a fan of Martin's political enemy, called him lazy and refused to describe him by his military ranking. General Joseph Martin may have been many things in his lifetime, but a quick study of his history and his accomplishments show that he was far from lazy. Eventually the soldiering, trapping and Indian fighting transformed the young Martin into a fearsome explorer. Among Martin's earliest excursions on the frontier was one made on behalf of family friend Dr. Thomas Walker. Martin's
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
son, Revolutionary War officer Col. William Martin, describes the naming of the area and the river in a letter to historian Lyman Draper, "A treaty with the Cherokees was held at Fort Chiswell, Virginia on New River, then a frontier. On the return of the chiefs home, Dr.[Thomas] Walker, a gentleman of distinction, and my father, [General] Joseph Martin, accompanied them. The Indians being guides, they passed through the place now called Cumberland Gap, where they discovered a fine spring. They still had a little rum remaining, and they drank to the health of the Duke of Cumberland. This gave
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
rise to the name of Cumberland Mountain and Cumberland River." In 1769, Martin journeyed to Powell's Valley to attempt a settlement, a full 100 miles (160 km) ahead of any previous settlement. Martin and his party – which included his brother Brice and Mordecai Hord – had hoped to secure the 21,000 acres (85 km²) granted to Dr. Walker and themselves. Martin's Creek in the region where Joseph Martin attempted his settlement is today named for him. (Martin's Station, as the settlement was known, became a well-known stopover for westward-bound settlers for many years.) The settlement ultimately failed, which some historians have blamed on the
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life
inability of the Loyal Company to defend its title to the tract. But in the foray to Powell's Valley, Martin had established his credentials as a hard-bitten explorer. Daniel Boone and his party of explorers were stunned in 1769 when, upon their arrival in Powell's Valley, they discovered that Martin and his 20-man party had beaten them there. It was beyond the farthest reaches that Boone and his long hunters had explored. Following Martin's feat, the Albemarle County native became a force to be reckoned with in exploration circles, even though Martin's settlement was soon broken up by the Cherokees, who
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Joseph Martin (general)
Early life & Martin's Station
pushed back against the westernmost settlement yet attempted. By 1775, when North Carolina merchant Richard Henderson purchased an immense tract of land from the Cherokees to found the short-lived Transylvania colony, in what is today Kentucky, Henderson turned to Martin as his agent in Powell's Valley. It was one of several such roles that the explorer, accustomed to trapping, longhunting and traveling in the Appalachian wilderness inhabited by the Cherokee, would hold over the years. Martin's Station Martin's Station stood along the Wilderness Trail near Rose Hill, Virginia. The first fort was built in 1769, but Martin's party were attacked by
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Joseph Martin (general)
Martin's Station
the local Native Americans. He returned a few years later in 1775 and built a new "Martin's station". Again he was attacked by the Indians and had to leave. Moving closer to the Cumberland Gap, he built another new "Martin's Station", his third, in 1783. The small fort provided protection plus supplies for hunters and immigrant families moving into Kentucky. He was able to finally sell his fort and lands in Powell County, Kentucky in 1788, and moved back to the town in Henry County, Virginia, that would soon be renamed in his honor: Martinsville. A "fourth" Martin's station was
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Joseph Martin (general)
Martin's Station & Life along the frontier
recently constructed at the Wilderness Road State Park. "Builders of the hand hewn log replica, constructed in 2002, used only the kinds of tools that Martin would have used in the wild frontier in the later 1700s. Workers carted logs into the construction site with oxen and then used ropes and horses to set those logs in place. At times, reenactors came on the scene and made the construction yet authentic by staging spontaneous Indian attacks." Life along the frontier "Martin was a robust figure in the history of the early frontier," according to the WPA guide to the Old
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
Dominion. "He was born in Albemarle County in 1740, ran away to fight Indians at 17, became an Indian agent, land agent, and officer of militia, fighting Indians all up and down the frontier. In 1774 he came to Henry County, established himself at Belle Monte on Leatherwood Creek, for nine years sat for his district in the general assembly, and in 1793 was made a brigadier general of state militia. He was a brawny, picturesque man, more than six feet tall and the father of 18 children; wore buckled knee breeches and a great beard, braided and thrust
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
inside his shirt." Martin first married Sarah Lucas in Orange County, Virginia. After her death in Henry County, Martin married Susannah Graves, a descendant of Captain Thomas Graves. Susannah Graves, of Spotsylvania County, Virginia, the wife of Joseph Martin, and her second cousin Mary Graves, who was married to Benjamin Cleveland, Susannah Graves was the daughter of William Graves and Mary unk, Mary was the daughter of Joseph Graves and Sarah Bunyard. Both are direct descendants of Thomas Graves and Anna Davenport, common ancestor, is Capt. Thomas Graves. [Ref; Wills of Joseph Graves and Thomas Graves]. While married to Sarah Lucas
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
and then to Susannah Graves, Martin was simultaneously married to his half-Cherokee wife, Elizabeth Ward, the daughter of Nancy Ward, a power within the Cherokee tribes, and her husband, English trapper Bryan Ward. The polygamous relationship, justified by Martin as common practice among frontiersmen operating among the tribes, caused considerable consternation to General Martin's son, Col. William Martin. Joseph Martin and Betsy Ward had two children. (Joseph Martin's son by his Cherokee wife was educated in Virginia schools, but afterwards elected to return to the Cherokee.) On November 3, 1777, Martin was commissioned by Governor Patrick Henry as Agent and Superintendent
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
for Indian Affairs for the State of Virginia. (Martin served in the same capacity with the state of North Carolina from 1783 to 1789.) Gov. Henry instructed Martin that he was "to reside at some place in that Nation in order to negotiate and direct all things relating to the Commonwealth and which concern the interest thereof, using your best endeavors from time to time to preserve peace with that Nation and to cultivate their present good Disposition." It was an appointment Martin would continue to hold until 1789. During his time on the frontier, Martin became acquainted at an early
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
age with two other Revolutionary War patriots and frontiersmen: Benjamin Cleveland, who was his brother-in-law, [They were not related, just lifetime friends. Susannah Graves, the wife of Joseph Martin and Mary Graves the wife of Benjamin Cleveland were second cousins, common ancestor Capt. Thomas Graves. <\ref> Wills of Joseph Graves, Thomas Graves and Benjamin Graves.Grace S. Green] Cleveland having married the sister of Susannah Graves; and Thomas Sumter, who had been a companion of Martin's during his early adventures on the frontier. Both men were fellow Virginia natives who struck out for the wilds, and both were ardent patriots. During the
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
Revolutionary War it was the efforts of Joseph Martin (then a Major) that helped prevent the Overhill Cherokee from launching widespread attacks on American colonists, which Loyalist agents had attempted to incite. Following the British capture of Savannah and Augusta, Georgia in 1778–1779, English goods made their way to the Cherokee on the Savannah River, prompting some tribesmen to rejoin the English cause. Martin's diplomacy with the Cherokees in 1780–81, wrote the American Historical Association, enabled the Continental Army to achieve victory over the English at the Battle of Kings Mountain, thus hastening the end of the conflict. On the eve
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
of the Battle of Guilford Court House, in February 1781, General Nathanael Greene wrote Martin and seven other officers – including John Sevier, Arthur Campbell, and William Christian – appointing them agents to treat with the Cherokees and Chicasaws "to afford the Said Tribes of Indians every mark of our good disposition towards them." Foremost in Greene's thinking, apparently, was keeping the Indians on the sidelines as the Continental Army and its militia forces fought the British in the last days of the war. Greene was probably mindful of previous British attempts at sending large quantities of ammunition, weapons, horses, cash
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
and goods to their Indian allies through their Florida redoubts. At the same time – and complicating Martin's legacy – Martin and his sons were prime movers behind the settlement of Tennessee by removing obdurate Cherokees from the territory. By the end of the Revolution, Martin's place as chief colonial Indian agent seemed secure. In January 1780, Virginia governor Thomas Jefferson directed Martin to negotiate with the Cherokees to secure land around a new fort being overseen by General George Rogers Clark at the mouth of the Ohio River (Fort Jefferson). In the fall of 1783, the State of Virginia built a new fort
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
at the Cumberland Gap, replacing an older fort which was adjudged to lie within the boundaries of North Carolina. The new Virginia fort was designed as the primary residence for Martin while he was in the region on official business. And in 1784, Thomas Jefferson directed Martin to use his connections with the Cherokees to negotiate for more land between the Carolinas and the Mississippi to establish American sovereignty over the region. Later, in a twist overlooked by most historians, Martin corresponded with Alexander McGillivray, the leader of the Creek Indians, who had Loyalist sentiments. In 1788 a letter from Martin
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
to McGillivray was intercepted in which Martin professed to be interested in settling abroad. When the letter was discovered, the North Carolina General Assembly launched an investigation into Martin's conduct. But he was later exonerated when it turned out that he was acting as a spy on Patrick Henry's instructions to ferret out the nature of McGillivray's ties to the Spanish, who were then active in Florida. "General Martin's conduct so far as I could discern in that affair was really praise-worthy," Henry wrote to United States Senator from Virginia Richard Henry Lee. "He [Martin] frequently gave me Intelligence of Creek
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier
Indian affairs, and of the intercourse between other Indians and the Spaniards that was interesting. General Martin and Governor Patrick Henry kept a long-running correspondence through the years, some of which concerned real estate speculation. Other letters recounted Martin's dealings with the Indian tribes, as well as settlement efforts in Tennessee. As late as 1790, Patrick Henry wrote Joseph Martin concerning a real estate investment, holding out that the hope, Henry noted, that Martin might finally capitalize on his long service to Virginia. "After all the Hazards you have run," Henry wrote, "that you have not acquired so much property as
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Joseph Martin (general)
Life along the frontier & Career as an Indian agent
many others would have done in your situation, I was desirous to throw something in your way by which some fine lands would have been offered to you in our purchase." Career as an Indian agent Ultimately, General Martin lost his appointment as chief Indian agent. Martin's "manner of treating with the Indians necessarily prevented his appointment," Senator Richard Henry Lee informed Patrick Henry in September 1789. "At present no such office as a standing Indian agent is appointed. The Government of the Western Territory is charged with such affairs." In some quarters Martin was seen as too lenient with the
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Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent
Indians, especially after an incident in 1786 when several young Cherokee warriors were said to have murdered two white settlers near Clinch Mountain. The killings set off calls for retribution within the secessionist State of Franklin, and Martin found himself trying to mediate the dispute, and calm the settlers, while trying to prevent the angry Cherokees from joining with the Creeks. Martin did little to disguise his contempt for the authorities of the State of Franklin, who, Martin wrote Henry, "immediately marched into the above mentioned Town, where they killed one Young [Indian] woman, and Shot Several others." But Martin himself
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Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent
had not hesitated to wield military power against the Cherokees, especially when they killed several colonists at the instigation of Loyalist and English agents during the Revolution. In 1781, following a running battle between Indian forces and those of the colonists, Colonel Arthur Campbell, Lieutenant Colonel John Sevier and Martin addressed a letter to the Indian chiefs, warning them about their actions. "You know you began the war," the bulletin began, "by listening to the bad councils of the King of England and the falsehoods told you by his agents." Further hostilities, the three colonial leaders warned, would result in
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Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent
a military campaign against the Indian villages. Seven years later, in 1788, Martin again fought the Overmountain Cherokee, as well as the Chickamauga Cherokee, in a battle at Lookout Mountain, during the Cherokee–American wars. But having eventually struck a hard-won peace with the tribes, Martin bridled at the actions of the State of Franklin. Henry empathized with Martin, writing the General in May 1785 that "the disorderly behavior of the Franklin people, as they call themselves, gives me concern. If they will not be subservient to the Rules and Regulations respecting Indian affairs, which prevail in all the States, they must
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Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent
expect none of the advantages of the Union." "Partisans of the State in N[orth] Carolina afterwards found him obnoxious to their views," former Governor Henry wrote Virginia Senator William Grayson in urging Martin's reappointment in 1789, "and as I believe often endangered his Life For his duty called him to discourage their Disorderly conduct [and] thwart their favorite Schemes." Henry then commended Martin for his efforts to impose restraints upon the actions of the State of Franklin settlers, whose "frequent Butcherys of Indians & Refinement in cruelty sufficiently characterize these people who are Mr Martins decided Foes." Martin's attempts to restrain the
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Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent
State of Franklin settlers from a more-belligerent course made Martin unacceptable in some quarters, where he was seen as too 'soft' on the tribesmen. Martin also became controversial in some quarters are the Treaty of Hopewell in 1785, when Martin, Andrew Pickens and Benjamin Hawkins, acting as government agents, concluded treaties with the Cherokees and the Choctaws. The Cherokee treaty particularly engendered later enmity from the Indian signatories, as well as the colonial state governments. The Indians saw the treaty as a thinly-veiled land grab, and the state governments saw the treaty as an attempt to encroach on local government
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Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent
authority, and attempts were made in Congress to void it. "No action of Martin's life brought down on him more condemnation than this [the Hopewell Treaty]," wrote historian Stephen B. Weeks of the incident. Consequently, his appointment as agent was not renewed, despite Henry's repeated entreaties to political allies for Martin's reinstatement. (In a 1789 letter to Senator William Grayson, Henry reminded his political ally that Martin had been so effective in his Indian dealings during the Revolutionary War that British agents had offered rewards to their Indian allies for Martin's scalp.) But the forces allied against Martin overwhelmed Henry's defense, and
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Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent
in 1789, his career as Indian agent finished, General Martin sold his large holdings in the Powell's Valley and near Cumberland Gap and returned to his lands in Henry County next door to Henry's to spend the rest of his life. A year later, in 1790, when the governorship of the Southwest Territory opened up, Patrick Henry suggested Gen. Martin, along with George Mason, for the job, but both were passed over in favor of William Blount. Later Judgments on Martin's career as an Indian agent have been mixed. Writing in 1894, Theodore Roosevelt called Martin "a firm friend of
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530
Joseph Martin (general)
Career as an Indian agent & Legislative service
the red race, [who] had earnestly striven to secure justice for them." Legislative service In his peripatetic life on the frontier, Martin was called upon to serve in the legislatures of several states. He served as a member of the North Carolina Convention called to approve the United States Constitution, and served several times in the North Carolina General Assembly. Martin was subsequently elected to the Virginia House of Delegates, until he finally chose to retire because of advanced age. (In 1787 the North Carolina assembly chose Martin as Brigadier General of the Washington District.) During his time in the
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160,203
Q6285350
24
530
26
36
Joseph Martin (general)
Legislative service & Family life, legacy, and descendants
Virginia legislature, Martin was one of the primary supporters of James Madison's Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. During his military service in Georgia, Martin was elected to the Georgia legislature in 1783. Martin was also initially a member of the Watauga Association, which supported the founding of the State of Franklin. Martin subsequently resigned his membership when he saw that it might compromise his role as Indian agent. In 1799, Martin and his old friend Major John Redd of Henry County served as the two county representatives on the Virginia commission relating to the Alien and Sedition Acts. Family life, legacy, and descendants
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160,203
Q6285350
28
0
28
619
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
Gen. Joseph Martin, Jr.'s first wife was Sarah Lucas. They were both born in Virginia and together had seven children, including Revolutionary War officer, Col. William L. Martin, who eventually moved to Smith County, in Middle Tennessee. After Sarah Lucas Martin's death, Joseph Martin, Jr. married Susannah Graves in Henry County, Virginia. They had 11 children, all of whom were born in Virginia, including: Col. Joseph Martin of Henry County, Va. He was one of five of Gen. Martin's sons who served in the War of 1812. Another Martin son, and veteran of the War of 1812, was Patrick Henry Martin. He
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160,203
Q6285350
28
619
28
1,196
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
was a young, trained lawyer, and died a bachelor on his trip home after the war. He was named in honor of Gen. Martin's friend and neighbor, Governor Patrick Henry. Gen. Martin's son, Capt. Lewis Graves Martin, also a veteran of the War of 1812, moved from Henry County, Virginia to Rutherford/Cannon County in Middle Tennessee, in 1816, where he married Belinda Rucker (daughter of Gideon Rucker, Sr. & Joyce Reade; both of whom were born in Va. and moved to Middle Tennessee). They had a large family before Belinda's death in the late 1830s. Capt. Lewis G. Martin remarried
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160,203
Q6285350
28
1,196
28
1,776
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
and removed to Missouri in 1840. Another Martin son, and veteran of the War of 1812, was Thomas Martin. He also moved to Middle Tennessee where he married Georgia Carr (daughter of Dabney Carr). Alexander Martin, another son and veteran of the War of 1812, also moved to Middle Tennessee. He married Elizabeth Carr (daughter of John Fyndall Carr, also a Tennessean from Virginia), and after some years, moved to Missouri. Another son of Gen. Martin and Susannah Graves was Esq. Judge John C. Martin, who also moved to Middle Tennessee in the days following the War of 1812, where
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160,203
Q6285350
28
1,776
28
2,429
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
he became a judge and chairman of the Cannon County courts, and served five terms as county executive. He was also responsible for the construction of the original Cannon County court house, erected in 1830. He married Sophia Rucker, sister to his brother Lewis' wife, Belinda. Other children of Gen. Martin include: George Martin (1763 - 1799), Martha Martin Cleveland, Elizabeth Martin Waller (1768 - 1805), Brice Martin (1770 - 1856), Jesse Martin (1786 - 1836), and Susan Martin King (1799 - 1867). Gen. Martin also had two children with his half-Cherokee, common law wife ("frontier wife"), Elizabeth Ward, daughter of frontiersman
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160,203
Q6285350
28
2,429
28
3,057
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
Bryant Ward and his wife Nancy, "the beloved woman of the Cherokee." One of their children may have been Nancy Martin Hildebrand (1778 - 1837). The Native Indian connection of two members of the Martin family has created some confusion for some Martin genealogy researchers; Gen. Joseph Martin's brother, Capt. John "Jack" Calvin Martin, Sr., of his N.C. Rock House Plantation, a.k.a. Rock Castle Plantation, is often confused with his brother Gen. Joseph Martin. Capt. John "Jack" Martin, Sr. moved from Virginia to N.C. with his brother William Martin, Sr.. In N.C. Capt. John "Jack" Martin, Sr. married a Miss Emory,
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160,203
Q6285350
28
3,057
28
3,619
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
who was half Native American. She died early in their marriage. Her widower, "Jack," then married her sister, a second Miss Emory. This same Capt. John "Jack" Martin, Sr. and his Emory wife were the parents of a John Calvin Martin, Jr. who served as a judge on the supreme court of the Cherokee Nation in Oklahoma, although he was only 1/4 Cherokee. This Oklahoma judge was the older cousin of the Tennessee judge of the same name; the son of Gen. Joseph Martin and wife Susannah Graves, as mentioned earlier; Esq. Judge, John C. Martin of Tennessee. There were
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160,203
Q6285350
28
3,619
28
4,281
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
two Martin cousins with the same name who both served as judges. Although they were born many miles and many years apart, their identities are sometimes confused by modern researchers looking at the names alone. Another brother of Gen. Joseph Martin, William Martin, Sr., was the father of Gen. William "Buck" Martin, Jr., who served in the War of 1812 on Andrew Jackson's staff. Gen. Martin, after helping adjudicate the western boundary line between North Carolina, Kentucky, and Virginia as far as the Cumberland Mountains, retired to his plantation Belmont on Leatherwood Creek, which he had purchased in 1796 from Benjamin Harrison
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160,203
Q6285350
28
4,281
28
4,929
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
V of Berkeley Plantation, which was originally built by a Capt. John Martin who was possibly the great-uncle of General Joseph Martin. General Joseph Martin died at his plantation on December 18, 1808, and was buried there in the family cemetery. Buried in the family graveyard are three other Joseph Martins: Colonel Joseph Martin, son of the general, his son Joseph, and his grandson Joseph, who lived at Greenwood plantation. Initially known as Henry Courthouse, the town of Martinsville, Virginia, was later renamed in honor of this early soldier, planter, pioneer, and real estate speculator. For many years afterwards, General Martin
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160,203
Q6285350
28
4,929
28
5,640
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
remained an obscure figure, until Lyman Draper began collecting reminiscences about him, including those of Major John Redd, a prominent Henry County planter who served under Martin, and who also wrote about his early recollections of General Nathanael Greene, George Rogers Clark, Daniel Boone, Col. Benjamin Cleveland, Dr. John Walker, and other early prominent Virginia figures. Martin's descendants include his second eldest son Col. William Martin, Tennessee pioneer, and member of the South Carolina and Georgia legislatures; son Col. Joseph Martin, member of the Virginia House of Delegates, the Virginia State Senate and the Virginia Constitutional Convention 1829–1830; daughter Martha Martin,
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160,203
Q6285350
28
5,640
28
6,343
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants
who was the 1st wife of William Cleveland, son of John (Preacher John) Cleveland, Jr., brother of Benjamin Cleveland, hero of the Battle of King's Mountain; William Cleveland was a nephew of Benjamin Cleveland; son Major Brice Martin, Tennessee pioneer and surveyor in 1801 of the disputed boundary between Virginia and Tennessee;. Other descendants: Dr. Jesse Martin Shackelford, founder of Martinsville's Shackelford Hospital, later Martinsville Memorial; Judge Nicholas H. Hairston of Roanoke.; United States Senator from Virginia Thomas Staples Martin from Charlottesville, Virginia.; Judge John Dillard of the North Carolina Supreme Court; American theologian and Biblical Greek scholar Archibald
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160,203
Q6285350
28
6,343
32
239
Joseph Martin (general)
Family life, legacy, and descendants & Toby's freedom
Thomas Robertson.; Alabama Governors Joshua L. Martin, Gabriel Moore, John A. Winston, and Charles Henderson; as well as Alfred M. Scales, Confederate General in the Civil War, and subsequently Governor of North Carolina. Also descended from Martin was Henry Smith Pritchett, an educator born in Missouri who served as president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Toby's freedom General Joseph Martin, Jr. owned a slave named 'Toby' from the time Toby was about 25 years old, and in his letters to historian Lyman Draper, Martin's son Col. William Martin told Draper that Toby, "a bright mulatto, a little under middle
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160,203
Q6285350
32
239
32
859
Joseph Martin (general)
Toby's freedom
stature, of great physical powers, as well as mental" had served his father for many years and had distinguished himself in several battles. It was General Martin's intention, noted his son, that Toby be freed at Joseph Martin's death, but the General died intestate. Taking note of the General's affection for his longtime servant, as well as the Martin's family members' sentiments toward Martin's constant companion, the family elected "by mutual consent" to leave Toby out of the inventory of General Martin's estate, and Toby "has ever since been free, and has made himself a good estate." In his letter to
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160,203
Q6285350
32
859
36
188
Joseph Martin (general)
Toby's freedom & Recent monument
Draper, Col. William Martin calls the freed slave "my fine old brother Toby." Recent monument On June 27–29, 2008, 200 descendants of General Joseph Martin gathered in the city named for him to unveil a monument in his honor, at the Gen. Joseph Martin, Jr. Bicentennial Celebration.
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160,204
Q5362028
2
0
6
44
Kōsei Station
Lines
Kōsei Station Lines Kōsei Station is served by the Kusatsu Line.
{"datasets_id": 160205, "wiki_id": "Q6354216", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 547}
160,205
Q6354216
2
0
6
547
Kalokuokamaile
Biography
Kalokuokamaile Biography He was born on the island of Maui. His mother was the High Chiefess Kahikikalaokalani ruler of Hana, Kipahulu and Kaupo. He was Keoua's first-born son and was deemed "Ka Keiki o Kona wa Heuole," which means the offspring of his beardless youth. At age three his father return to his ancestral home on the Big Island of Hawaii and left Kalokuokamaile to be raised by his mother. Years passed and he grew up to be athletic, of good and mild nature, with no selfish or ambitious motives. His mother died and now he was ruler. He had
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160,205
Q6354216
6
547
6
1,122
Kalokuokamaile
Biography
taken a wife from the neighboring district of Kahikinui and Honuaula, ruled over by a chiefly family of which Kaloiokalani was the only daughter. Tiding of her fine qualities had reached Hana. He set out to visit that court and by tradition he paid his visits by night. He was happily received by the parents and soon arrangements for the royal nuptials were completed. When the wedding had taken place and feasting and dancing ended, Kalokuokamaile made preparations to return to Hana. As Kaloiokalani was a great favorite with her people, the people volunteered to get
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160,205
Q6354216
6
1,122
6
1,730
Kalokuokamaile
Biography
up a great cavalcade to escort the couple as far as Kipahulu District. Oral history says the procession so large it was mistaken for an invasion. However Kalokuokamaile was at last settled at the old family homestead and affairs ran smoothly. They had one child, a daughter named Kaohelelani. She was verging into maidenhood when he died. His people showed their affection by making his grave on the highest peak, Kauwiki. When news of his death reaching his half-brother Kamehameha I, he decided to take his fatherless niece into his court and for their brother Kealiimaikai to hold Kaohelelani's
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160,205
Q6354216
6
1,730
6
1,900
Kalokuokamaile
Biography
land inheritances until she reached majority. However, when Kamehameha conquered Kalanikupule, King of Maui, he partitioned the land out to the chiefs who had aided him.
{"datasets_id": 160206, "wiki_id": "Q6425380", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 437}
160,206
Q6425380
2
0
6
437
Kodlady
Business
Kodlady Business As this is not a business centre, main business of villagers revolve around agriculture. Coconut, paddy, arecanut, pepper, cashew and, recently, rubber are main crops. This village does not have an independent panchayath office, primary health centre, medical store. For higher studies or for English medium schools students have to travel nearly 15–20 km a day. This village does not have proper transport facility also.
{"datasets_id": 160207, "wiki_id": "Q6432565", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 544}
160,207
Q6432565
2
0
6
544
Kororoit Creek Trail
Upper section (interrupted)
Kororoit Creek Trail Upper section (interrupted) The trail starts in Caroline Springs, on to Burnside continuing through to Albanvale and then Deer Park (approx 10 km). The trail starts as a concrete path in Caroline Springs, where Caroline Springs Boulevarde crosses the creek. Some 2 km later use the road section from Westwood Drive to Bilungah Place. This leads to a gravel section and a ford to access the east side of the creek. A 1 km concrete path leads to a small footbridge near the Deer Park Secondary College at Deer Park. If the ford is flooded, a nearby road route can be
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160,207
Q6432565
6
544
10
104
Kororoit Creek Trail
Upper section (interrupted) & Middle section (uninterrupted)
used to access this footbridge instead. Navigation is then straightforward with sealed concrete paths on both sides of the creek arriving at Station Road (approx 800 m). After an easy road crossing at Station Road the path continues on the south bank along Gurnung Drv and crosses to the north bank, then through Cairnlea to Cairnlea Drive (approx 700m). From here pedestrians cross the Western Highway and then proceed east to Moore Park in Ardeer (approx 400 m) to the Western Ring Road Trail. Middle section (uninterrupted) The trail then runs directly and uninterrupted from Moore Park, Ardeer to Albion, then Sunshine and onto
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160,207
Q6432565
10
104
14
302
Kororoit Creek Trail
Middle section (uninterrupted) & Lower section
Brooklyn (approx 4 km). The trail passes close to both Albion and Sunshine stations and also has easy access to the Western Ring Road Trail at Moore Park and onwards to the Federation Trail in Brooklyn. As of 2013 the trail ends at this intersection with the Federation Trail. Lower section In July 2017 a new section of the Trail, connecting Grieve Parade to Barnes Road, was opened. This section is augmented along its length with sculptures created by Geoffrey Ricardo: "A strange trail of beasts, spirits and guardians". The one kilometre link from Grieve Parade to the Federation Trail is
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160,207
Q6432565
14
302
18
192
Kororoit Creek Trail
Lower section & Lowest section
incomplete and is being delayed by the construction of the West Gate Tunnel. There is an existing rough track but is unsuitable for riders and becomes exceedingly muddy in winter. With relative easy, this track could be improved to at least make it passable, so that riders could use the trail, rather than waiting till the West Gate tunnel is completed in late 2023. Lowest section The Hobsons Bay Coastal Trail goes through Altona Coastal Park - site of the old Williamstown Racecourse. A lone palm stands guard over the remains of the old grandstand. North of the park, at
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160,207
Q6432565
18
192
22
133
Kororoit Creek Trail
Lowest section & Future expansion
the ford over Racecourse Road and also at the south end of the park, trails split off that lead to a single path, that heads westerly towards Millers Road. Nearby was the old Williamstown Racecourse railway station. At Millers Rd cross the road to the serenity of Cherry Lake. A 3.7 km path circumnavigates the lake. On the way bird life including pelicans can be seen. It makes for stark contrast in this heavily industrialised area. Future expansion The section from the Federation Trail to Cherry Lake is still incomplete. Once the upper and lower paths are joined, there will be an
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160,207
Q6432565
22
133
26
494
Kororoit Creek Trail
Future expansion & Connections to other bike paths
uninterrupted walking and cycling path all the way from Ardeer to Port Phillip Bay. Connections to other bike paths The northern end of the upper section connects to Western Ring Road Trail. The southern end of the upper section connects to the Federation Trail. The northern end of the lower section is a dead end at Cherry Lake. The southern end of the lower section connects to Hobsons Bay Coastal Trail. Upper: North end at 37.738450°S 144.738725°E. South end at 37.820712°S 144.824784°E. Lower: North end at 37.858104°S 144.826533°E. South end at 37.858477°S 144.850282°E.
{"datasets_id": 160208, "wiki_id": "Q3201227", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 360}
160,208
Q3201227
2
0
10
360
Kulayarāja Tantra
Name & Summary
Kulayarāja Tantra Name The full title of the original work in Sanskrit is the Sarvadharma Mahasandhi Bodhichitta Kulayarāja Tantra; in Tibetan (rendered phonetically) it is Chö Tamched Dzogpa Chenpo Changchub Kyi Sem Kunjed Gyalpo. Summary In the Kulayarāja Tantra, Samantabhadra tells of how he, the 'All-Creating King', is the essence of all things, beings and all Buddhas and that to know him, the Awakened Mind, is to attain the essence of Reality: "I am the existential ground (gnas chen) of all Buddhas" and "... the root of all things is nothing else but one Self ... I am the place in
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160,208
Q3201227
10
360
10
1,001
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
which all existing things abide." For a being to recognise their own Bodhicitta or Samantabhadra Buddha (eternally existent) is to be liberated. Because sentient beings and all other phenomena arise because of Bodhicitta or the Mind of Perfect Purity, Samantabhadra refers to them in his teaching as his "children". Samantabhadra Buddha states: "Oh all you sentient beings of this threefold world [i.e. the entire universe, both visible and invisible]! Because I, the All-Creating Sovereign, have created you, you are My children and equal to Me. Because you are not second to Me, I am present in you ... Oh all you sentient
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160,208
Q3201227
10
1,001
10
1,564
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
beings of this threefold world, if I were not, you would be non-existent. ... Because all things do not exist outside of Me, I firmly declare that I am all - the All-Creating One." Samantabhadra also insists: " ... everything is Me, the All-Creating Sovereign, mind of perfect purity ... I am the cause of all things. I am the stem of all things. I am the ground of all things. I am the root of all things ... There is no other Buddha besides Me, the All-Creating One." It belongs to the nature of the unconditioned primal Awareness of
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160,208
Q3201227
10
1,564
10
2,214
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
Awakened Mind that it is eternal, indestructible and radiant with light: "The characteristic of the self-originated pristine awareness is indestructibility, which is known as 'the place where all is light' [kun tu 'od kyi sa]". Also: "The three aspects of My nature are to be known as follows: (1) unborn, (2), without termination, and (3) the source for the wonder of ceaseless creation ... My own-being [svabhava, essence] is the sole Reality." This ultimate basis of reality, Samantabhadra Buddha, also on occasion termed Rigpa, is taught to reside in all beings and to be realisable - it is wisdom, the immortal essence,
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160,208
Q3201227
10
2,214
10
2,861
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
that is beyond thinking and which permeates the nature of mind and all things. It is the spontaneous, thought-transcending instant presence of all-encompassing awareness. It might be linked to the notion of Tathagatagarbha, which (e.g. in the Angulimaliya Sutra) is stated to be the pure essence at the very heart of mind. However, all figures, i.e. Samantabhadra, Vairochana, Vajradhara etc. are traditionally understood to be personifications of emptiness, the true nature of all phenomena (although emptiness is not a major theme of this particular tantra). This being is the personification of Shunyata or emptiness; that all phenomena lack
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160,208
Q3201227
10
2,861
10
3,497
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
true existence yet still appear, this basis that is found in all phenomena. Other Tibetan traditions (notably those of the Jonangpa School of Tibet) envision this tantra in quite a different manner and see not a negative emptiness, but a fullness and all-fulfilling perfection of Buddhic Mind and virtue as constituting the heart of all that is. Samantabhadra Buddha states: "From the three aspects [i.e. the Unborn; no ending; source of the wonder of ceaseless creation] of My nature, i.e. that of the All-Creating One, [comes] the fullness which fulfills all needs." And: "What is known as the revealed Buddha is this
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160,208
Q3201227
10
3,497
10
4,109
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
evidence of My own being. Because it has the centre, the central vigor, it is the Self of everything. As it does not need any deeds, it is the Buddha since the beginning. As it is free of striving and achieving, it is since the beginning known as great. The Great Self is known as the Great Buddha. This evidence which is unborn and non-conceptual is the dimension of Reality [dharmadhatu] ...". This Reality is utterly unconditioned, non-dependent, and full of bliss. It alone knows itself: "There is not one thing which is dependent on another. This great self-perfected bliss will intuitively
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160,208
Q3201227
10
4,109
10
4,836
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
be understood by the strength of the Self which is incomparable pristine awareness." Ultimate Buddhic Reality, described in this scripture as 'pure and total consciousness', is presented as fundamental essential substance, not engendered by causes and conditions - a true essence that is possessed of self-arisen wisdom that governs all things, both animate and inanimate, and which bestows life on all: "'Consciousness' means that self-arising wisdom, the true essence, dominates and clearly perceives all the phenomena of the animate and inanimate universe. This self-arising fundamental substance, not produced by causes and conditions, governs all things and gives life to all things." In
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160,208
Q3201227
10
4,836
10
5,241
Kulayarāja Tantra
Summary
this recondite realm, all speculation and conceptualisation is inadequate, and only direct perception of Samantabhadra Buddha can disclose the ultimate Truth: "All that exists is My own being. The entirety of the animated and inanimated world is My own being. Outside of My own being, nothing is, therefore the root of all things consists in Me. Not one thing exists that does not consist in Me."
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160,209
Q6450736
2
0
6
92
Kyarabashi Station
Lines
Kyarabashi Station Lines Kyarabashi Station is served by the Takashinohama Line, and has the station number "NK16-1".
{"datasets_id": 160210, "wiki_id": "Q3914120", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 407}
160,210
Q3914120
2
0
6
407
La Tuque Water Aerodrome
Geography
La Tuque Water Aerodrome Geography La Tuque Water Aerodrome is located at the entrance to the great bay at the mouth of Bostonnais River which flows into the Saint-Maurice River, just north of the city of La Tuque. Thus, the aerodrome is located on the large reservoir created by La Tuque dam. The aerodrome is located near the municipal campground of La Tuque and close (west side) to the Canadian National Railway and the Street Bostonnais.
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160,211
Q6481252
2
0
6
618
Lambert Hall
History
Lambert Hall History On July 31, 1927, the church held the ground-breaking ceremony and the cornerstone was laid. Many Houston celebrities took part, including: Mayor Oscar F. Holcombe; Dr. Edison E. Oberholtzer, Superintendent of Public Schools and founder/President of the University of Houston; and pastors from other local churches. On October 23, 1927, the building was dedicated. Present were architect C. N. Nelson and contractor P. H. Fredericks. The building had been erected at a cost of $39,904.30, an amount that included the pews, art glass and lighting fixtures. Heights Christian Church built its new sanctuary,
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160,211
Q6481252
6
618
10
333
Lambert Hall
History & Opera in the Heights
next door to Lambert Hall, in 1967. After that year, Lambert Hall became available for community events. For several years Lambert Hall was home for the Heights Museum, now in the fire station on 11th Street. Opera in the Heights Opera in the Heights, a non-profit, professional regional opera company, held its first Gala Opera Evening, a Fledermaus Party, in Lambert Hall on April 12, 1996. A few days later, an arsonist set fire to Lambert Hall, having poured flammables onto the piano and the backstage storage. A neighbor, Marie Campos, saw the fire in the
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Opera in the Heights
early morning, and called the fire department, which arrived in minutes and saved the building. Opera in the Heights held its next performance, a Gala II Concert, on May 11, 1996, in Lambert Hall, with a curtain hanging over fire damaged wall. Clean-up was financed by this benefit concert, a dinner party, and the sweat of church members, Opera in the Heights company members and neighbors. The restoration was done by Opera in the Heights Board member Theo Bashshiti and his construction crews. Since 1996, Opera in the Heights and Heights Christian Church have worked together to renovate Lambert Hall.
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Opera in the Heights
By fall of 2004, Lambert Hall was renewed and beautified with new floor surfaces, a rebuilt air conditioner, new seats – and restoring the beautiful stained glass windows. New lighting and sound equipment were installed in 2005. Grants from Houston Endowment Inc. have been instrumental in making Lambert Hall the architectural gem it is today. Opera in the Heights provides professional opportunities for opera's rising stars, allowing them the coveted opportunity to sing a leading role under the direction of a talented maestro and director. Mission: Opera in the Heights, a regional, professional company, exists to provide a stage for
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Lambert Hall
Opera in the Heights & UpStage Theatre
emerging opera performers and to bring affordable opera to the Greater Houston Area. UpStage Theatre Upstage Theatre was a performing arts tenant at Lambert Hall from December 2005 until August 2015. In December 2005 UpStage Theatre produced its first show at Lambert Hall with the original holiday musical, Santa's Magic Timepiece. Thus dawned a new era for UpStage and Lambert Hall, welcoming this family-friendly theatre company to the beautiful venue. UpStage, founded in 2000, launched a full season of Evening and Young Audience Series productions in 2006 and adopted Lambert Hall as its new home. UpStage produced wonderful classics such as The
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Lambert Hall
UpStage Theatre
Sunshine Boys, Plaza Suite, The Odd Couple; musical delights such as Buddy, The Buddy Holly Story and Back to the 80's; and fabulous entertainment for the young and young-at-heart with Cinderella, Hans Christian Andersen, and Too Many Beagles!.
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Lauriane Gilliéron
Miss Universe 2006 & Background
Lauriane Gilliéron Miss Universe 2006 Gilliéron went to the Miss Universe 2006 pageant as one of the favorites. Her performance in the finals earned her a placement of 2nd-Runner up at the beauty pageant, which took place in Los Angeles, California on July 23, 2006. It became Switzerland's best placement in this international event. The previous best record was a 3rd Runner-Up in 1983. Background She was born in Lausanne and grew up in the village of Prilly where her father is mayor. Since the age of 7 Gilliéron has been a vegetarian and by 2017 she had become a
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Lauriane Gilliéron
Background
vegan. She is the eldest of four children. She speaks French as well as some German, some Italian and some English. Gilliéron was second in the Swiss Latin Dance Championships in 2002 and 2003, and has represented Switzerland internationally in Latin Dance competitions. After her election as Miss Switzerland, Gilliéron competed in Miss World 2005 but did not place. In 2009, she appeared in the episode "May Divorce Be With You" (season 3, episode 11) on Rules of Engagement. Gilliéron has been the recurring female foil in the Nespresso commercials with George Clooney.
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Law of South Korea
History
Law of South Korea History In Korea, many disputes were settled by de facto, informal mediators like elder members of the community or family without making their way to the court. However, as Korea modernized, lawsuits increased dramatically. The total number of civil cases filed in 2002 was 1,015,894 which went up to 1,288,987 in 2006. The South Korean legal system effectively dates from the introduction of the original Constitution of the Republic of Korea and the organization of South Korea as an independent state. During the existence of the Republic of Korea, the Constitution has been revised or
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Law of South Korea
History
rewritten several times, the most recent of which was in 1987 at the beginning of the Sixth Republic. The Court Organization Act, which was passed into law on 26 September 1949, officially created a three-tiered, independent judicial system in the Republic of Korea. The revised Constitution of 1987 guaranteed that judges would not be removed from office for any reason other than impeachment, criminal acts, or incapacity. Additionally, the 1987 Constitution officially codified judicial independence in Article 103, which states that, "Judges rule independently according to their conscience and in conformity with the Constitution and the law." In addition to
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Law of South Korea
History & Judicial System
the new guarantees of judicial independence, the 1987 rewrite of the Constitution established the Constitutional Court, marking the first time that South Korea had an active body for constitutional review. Judicial System The judicial system of the Republic of Korea is composed of the Supreme Court of South Korea, the Constitutional Court of South Korea, six High Courts, 13 District Courts, and several courts of specialized jurisdiction, such as the Family Court and Administrative Court. In addition, branches of District Courts may be established, as well as Municipal Courts. South Korean courts are organized and empowered in chapters
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Law of South Korea
Judicial System & Municipal Courts
V and VI of the Constitution of the Republic of Korea. There is no system of juries in the judicial system of South Korea, although since February 2, 2008 a limited provision for advisory juries has been introduced for criminal cases and environmental cases, and all questions of law and fact are decided by judges. Municipal Courts The Municipal Courts only exercise original jurisdiction over minor cases, such as small claims cases where the amount in controversy does not exceed 20 million won or misdemeanor trials in which the maximum possible sentence is 30 days in jail or a fine not
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Law of South Korea
Municipal Courts & District Courts
exceeding 200,000 won. There are currently 103 municipal courts in South Korea. District Courts The 18 District Courts have original jurisdiction over most civil and criminal cases. Additionally, the District Court appellate panel may exercise appellate jurisdiction over cases in which a single District Court or Branch Court judge has rendered the decision. In most cases, a single judge hears the case and renders a verdict, although in particularly important or serious cases, a trial panel of three judges may hear the case and render a decision. An appellate panel is also composed of three District
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Law of South Korea
District Courts & Branch Courts & High Courts
Court judges. Branch Courts Branch Courts are organized under and considered a part of the District Courts. The Branch Courts function much as the District Courts do, but lack any appellate function. There are currently 40 Branch Courts in South Korea. High Courts The six High Courts have appellate jurisdiction over cases decided by a trial panel of three judges in a District Court or Family Court, decisions of the Administrative Court, and civil cases heard before the District Court in which one judge decided and where the amount in controversy exceeds 50,000,000 won. Appeals to the
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Law of South Korea
High Courts & Judges
High Court are heard by a panel of three High Court judges. High Courts are located in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Daejon, and Gwangju. Additionally, a special panel of the Gwangju High Court has been established in the Jeju District Court. Judges The qualification of the judges is delegated by the Korean Constitution to the Court Organization Act. In the Court Organization Act Article 42 states that those who passed the National Judicial Examination and have completed the two-year training program at the Judicial Research and Training Institute (JRTI) or those who obtained qualifications as lawyers are eligible
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Law of South Korea
Judges
for becoming a judge. Though a small number of the judges are selected from practicing attorneys, an overwhelming number of them became judges right after graduation from the JRTI. The judicial reform in 2009 which established U.S. style law schools in lieu of the JRTI also requires the new judges to have a few years of law practice. Judges in South Korea are nominated for their position by the Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea and subsequently confirmed by the Supreme Court Justices Council (a council composed of Justices of the Supreme Court). Judges serve terms of
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Law of South Korea
Judges
10 years, and may be re-appointed to their positions. The nomination process and terms of service above do not apply to Justices of the Supreme Court or to Justices of the Constitutional Court, each of which has its own nomination process and term of service. See Supreme Court of South Korea and Constitutional Court of South Korea for the regulations for each. The Constitution states that judges may not be removed from their offices except through impeachment, conviction of a crime and sentencing to imprisonment, or if they should become unable to discharge their duties due to serious mental
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Law of South Korea
Judges & Prosecutors
or physical impairment. The Court Organization Act sets the retirement age of judges as 63; for Supreme Court justices, who are technically not "judges", the retirement age is 65. Prosecutors The Korean legal system belongs to the Continental Inquisitorial system, which is markedly different from the English adversarial system. It was modeled after European continental systems such as German and French judicial structure. Like Chinese prosecutors and European and Japanese prosecutors, Korean prosecutors directly or indirectly conduct criminal investigations. They involve themselves in judicial procedure by conducting investigations, determining indictable cases,and the prosecution process. Korean prosecutors have contributed to
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Law of South Korea
Prosecutors
successful prosecution of many highly ranked officials and renowned conglomerate business leaders, including two former presidents (1995) and sons of incumbent presidents (1997 and 2002 respectively). Especially in 1997, the South Korean prosecution service contributed to imprisonment of the son of incumbent president, Kim Hyeon Chul, which happened for the very first time in the world judicial history. As the result of successful, even relentlessly fair probings and prosecutions of corporate crimes, they often face criticism from corrupt politicians and business leaders as to whether prosecutors' application on laws may be too severe and harsh. Two scandal cases right before the
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Law of South Korea
Prosecutors
presidential election in 2012 gave huge blows to the fame of Korean prosecutors, and this brought in the abolition of "Grand central investigation team" in the prosecution service, which was replaced by "anti-corruption team" in Seoul central district of Prosecution service (in 2013). This was a downsized format of the Grand central investigation team in overall structure, i.e. personnel and scale. Also, the Korean government introduced a specially-appointed prosecutors organization (in 2014) for when it comes to handling large corporate-bureaucrat scandals requiring supreme level of transparency and objectivity. Specially-appointed prosecutors will be chosen by votes of national assembly members. However, it
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Law of South Korea
Prosecutors
has been controversial whether the abolition of grand central investigation team was inevitable, as it had accomplished substantial achievements in effective prosecution of huge corruption-corporate crimes (during the period between 1981-2013). In addition, there are doubts whether or not the objectivity of specially-appointed prosecutors would be guaranteed when the appointment is being made by members of national assembly. If the majority of national assembly members don't want the criminal case investigated, then it is likely that the case will not be handled at all. During the Lee Myung Bak government, Korean prosecutors often faced criticism over seemingly lenient prosecution of several
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Law of South Korea
Prosecutors & Rules of Evidence
cases, which was known to be related to President Lee's national project and his relatives. Plus, they are sometimes blamed for suspicious leniency in investigating prosecutors themselves. However, since the election of President Park, the Korean prosecution service has been making efforts on self-purification process in eliminating corruptions. They also are making endeavours in succession to the past Korean prosecution service's effective and objective processing of criminal investigations. . Rules of Evidence The Korean Rules of Evidence confer a high probative value to so-called suspect interrogation records produced by the prosecutors, which is "a protocol containing a statement of a
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Law of South Korea
Rules of Evidence
suspect or of any other person, prepared by a public prosecutor or a judicial police." However, this document is technically a hearsay under the English American legal system and contains a record of a confession made without assistance of legal counsel. While either the police officer or prosecutor can produce a suspect interrogation record, one made by a prosecutor is admissible if the suspect confirms the genuineness of the Record at a preparatory hearing or during the trial. If the suspect denies the genuineness, the record could still be admissible if there is a circumstantial guarantee of trustworthiness.
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Law of South Korea
Rules of Evidence & Role of Counsel
However, a record made by a police officer is inadmissible if the suspect denies the genuineness later in the process. The suspect can confirm genuineness by signing the record at the end, at which time it is then is presumed to be confirmed. Another way to confirm is by substantial acknowledgment where the defendant verifies the content of the record. A police produced record is required to have substantial acknowledgment. Role of Counsel Currently, the defense lawyers play a minimal role in the interrogation process. Defense counsel can be present during interrogation and can only object when
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Law of South Korea
Role of Counsel & Jury Trial & Criminal Law
the method of interrogation is unjust, and counsel can give opinions only after the interrogators approve. Jury Trial On January 2008, Korea began experimenting with a limited form of lay jury system. Criminal Law Criminal law in South Korea is largely codified in the Penal Code, which was originally enacted in 1953, and has undergone little revision since. In addition to the Penal Code, several 'special acts' have been enacted that create criminal offenses not found in the Penal Code or else modify the penalties of crimes found in the Penal Code. In cases where provisions in a
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Law of South Korea
Criminal Law & Due process
special act create an apparent conflict with the Penal Code, the special act is usually given preference. Due process Both the Constitution and the Penal code contain provisions that prohibit ex post facto laws and violations of due process. In addition, the Constitution requires judicial warrants for arrest, detention, search, or seizure, except where a person suspected of a crime is caught in flagrante delicto or where a person suspected of a sufficiently serious crime poses a risk of escape or destruction of evidence, in which cases an ex post facto warrant may be issued. Additionally, no criminal suspect may