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{"datasets_id": 160566, "wiki_id": "Q4392403", "sp": 8, "sc": 286, "ep": 8, "ec": 868}
| 160,566 |
Q4392403
| 8 | 286 | 8 | 868 |
Mons A. Kårbø
|
Biography
|
was a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway in the terms 1925–1927, 1928–1930 and 1937–1945, and was elected as a regular representative in 1930 and 1933.
From 1922 to 1925 he was the bank director of Hordabanken. From 1926 to 1932 he was the chairman of Norges Fiskarlag, and after a period when he doubled as chairman of Stor- og vårsildlaget from 1928 to 1932, he worked as inspector of fisheries in Western Norway from 1932 to 1936. In 1936 he was hired as director of Norges Sildesalgslag, into which Stor- og vårsildlaget had merged. In 1945 he became the
|
{"datasets_id": 160566, "wiki_id": "Q4392403", "sp": 8, "sc": 868, "ep": 8, "ec": 1077}
| 160,566 |
Q4392403
| 8 | 868 | 8 | 1,077 |
Mons A. Kårbø
|
Biography
|
director of Norges Bank in Bergen. From 1946 he was a member of Norges Eksportråd. He left Noregs Sildesalslag in 1951, and died in late 1964. He had been decorated with the Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav.
|
{"datasets_id": 160567, "wiki_id": "Q16920191", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 111}
| 160,567 |
Q16920191
| 2 | 0 | 4 | 111 |
Mozaffar (film)
|
Mozaffar (film) Mozaffar (Persian: مظفر) is a 1974 Iranian comedy film directed by Masoud Zelli and produced by Parviz Sayyad.
|
|
{"datasets_id": 160568, "wiki_id": "Q12241965", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 213}
| 160,568 |
Q12241965
| 2 | 0 | 10 | 213 |
Murad Ebrahim
|
Early life and education & Moro National Liberation Front
|
Murad Ebrahim Early life and education Born in 15 May 1949, Murad Ebrahim was born to an Islamic preacher. He lost both of his parents at a young age; his mother when he was just one year old and his father wheb he was 13 years old. He attended the Notre Dame University and pursued a course on civil engineering but stopped his studies in his senior year. Moro National Liberation Front Murad dropped out of college to join the underground movement which fought against Christian paramilitary groups and security forces during the administration of then-President Ferdinand Marcos allegedly targeting
|
{"datasets_id": 160568, "wiki_id": "Q12241965", "sp": 10, "sc": 213, "ep": 14, "ec": 193}
| 160,568 |
Q12241965
| 10 | 213 | 14 | 193 |
Murad Ebrahim
|
Moro National Liberation Front & Moro Islamic Liberation Front
|
Muslims. He adopted "Murad" as his nom de guerre when he joined the Moro resistance against the government.
He was recruited into the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in 1968 and was part of the "Top 300", a second batch of MNLF trainees sent to Malaysia. Murad led the group's Kutawato Revolutionary Committee in fighting against government forces and the Ilaga paramilitary group in Central Mindanao. Moro Islamic Liberation Front Murad leaved the MNLF due to ideological differences along with Hashim Salamat who formed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). In the 1980s, Murad went to Afghanistan to meet with Filipino
|
{"datasets_id": 160568, "wiki_id": "Q12241965", "sp": 14, "sc": 193, "ep": 14, "ec": 770}
| 160,568 |
Q12241965
| 14 | 193 | 14 | 770 |
Murad Ebrahim
|
Moro Islamic Liberation Front
|
rebels fighting against the forces of the Soviet Union amidst the Soviet–Afghan War though he said has not fought alongside with them. There he also met Osama bin Laden, who would later become the head of Al-Qaeda describing him as a soft spoken and refined man who would have never thought to be declared "a world enemy".
He developed reputation within the MILF as one of its top guerrilla commanders. He served as Vice Chair for Military Affairs and as Chief of Staff of the Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces, the armed wing of the MILF before he was appointed as MILF
|
{"datasets_id": 160568, "wiki_id": "Q12241965", "sp": 14, "sc": 770, "ep": 18, "ec": 433}
| 160,568 |
Q12241965
| 14 | 770 | 18 | 433 |
Murad Ebrahim
|
Moro Islamic Liberation Front & Interim Chief Minister
|
chairman in mid-2003 to replace MILF founder Salamat who died within the same year. He also served as the group's chief negotiator in talks with the Philippine national government. Interim Chief Minister Upon the passage into law of the Bangsamoro Organic Law in 2018 under the administration of President Rodrigo Duterte, he campaigned to get the legislation ratified by voters which would lead to the establishment of the proposed Bangsamoro Autonomous Region. He was nominated by his group, the MILF, to be the chief minister of the Bangsamoro Transition Authority which would serve as the interim government in the region.
On
|
{"datasets_id": 160568, "wiki_id": "Q12241965", "sp": 18, "sc": 433, "ep": 18, "ec": 1075}
| 160,568 |
Q12241965
| 18 | 433 | 18 | 1,075 |
Murad Ebrahim
|
Interim Chief Minister
|
February 22, 2019 - He was sworn in by President Rodrigo Duterte as the interim Chief Minister of the newly formed Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). Murad will lead the 80-member Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA), which will govern its five-province Bangsamoro Region. Scheduled election of the new members for its Parliament will take place in 2022. The BARMM was a product of the government's negotiations with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) under the virtue of the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL).
At the official turnover of the ARMM to BARMM in February 26, 2019, Murad announced the members of
|
{"datasets_id": 160568, "wiki_id": "Q12241965", "sp": 18, "sc": 1075, "ep": 22, "ec": 345}
| 160,568 |
Q12241965
| 18 | 1,075 | 22 | 345 |
Murad Ebrahim
|
Interim Chief Minister & Personal life
|
the first Bangsamoro Cabinet, with himself as concurrent Minister of Public Works and Highways. Personal life Murad is married to Hadja Lupia Ebrahim with whom he has two children.
On 14 March 2015, controversy on the citizenship of Murad arose when Philippine former Interior Secretary Rafael Alunan accused him of being a citizen of Malaysia. This allegation was denied by Malaysia and Murad himself proved he does possess a Philippine passport.
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 224}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 2 | 0 | 8 | 224 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Previous attack
|
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda Swami Lakshmanananda Saraswati and four of his disciples were murdered on August 23, 2008 in the State of Odisha in India. Swami Lakshmanananda was a Hindu monk and a highly revered spiritual leader who lived a life dedicated to the welfare of the vanavasis (or those Indians belonging to the Constitutional Category of "Scheduled Tribes") of Kandhamal. Previous attack Swami Lakshamanananda was on his way to visit Brahmanigoan village when a bus belonging to Mr. Sugriba Singh, a Panna Christian leader and BJD Member of Parliament (Lower House) obstructed the road. Swami was attacked on the
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 8, "sc": 224, "ep": 12, "ec": 183}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 8 | 224 | 12 | 183 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Previous attack & Threat
|
spot- Swami, his driver and his security guard had all sustained injuries. In a statement, Swami Lakshamanananda had identified Radha Kanta Nayak, an Indian National Congress Member of Parliament in the Rajya Sabha, as being involved in the attack. Radha Kanta Nayak also served as chief of the Christian-evangelical organization World Vision. Swami Lakshmananda had further stated that this was the seventh time that they had failed to kill him. Threat The Swami received an anonymous threat only a week before his assassination. Ashram authorities also filed a First Information Report (or FIR) with the local police. However, no steps
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 12, "sc": 183, "ep": 16, "ec": 243}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 12 | 183 | 16 | 243 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Threat & Assassination
|
were taken to provide appropriate security cover to Swamiji, despite ample evidence that there were very real threats being made on his life and the lives of those he served. The Government of Odisha would later admit that lapses might have occurred in his security and would place Kandhamal Superintendent of Police Nikhil Kanodia and officer-in-charge of Tumudibandha police station Jena under suspension. Assassination Swami Lakshamanananda was murdered on Janmashtami Day of 2008 while visiting with pupils at the Kanya Ashram (a residential girls' school) in Tumudibandh, about 100 km from Phulbani, the district headquarters of Kandhamal district. Four of his
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 16, "sc": 243, "ep": 20, "ec": 67}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 16 | 243 | 20 | 67 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Assassination & Civil disorder and riots following assassination
|
disciples, including a boy, were also killed by gunfire.
The Kanya Ashram housed 130 girls on the day of the Janmashtami festival and many of the girls were eyewitnesses to the killing, as reported by Indian Express. A group of thirty to forty armed men surrounded the Ashram. Four of the assailants carried AK-47s and many others had locally made revolvers. Two of the four government provided security guards had gone home to eat, the assailants tied and gagged the two remaining guards. Civil disorder and riots following assassination Hundreds of people gathered on the route to pay their last respects
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 20, "sc": 67, "ep": 20, "ec": 721}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 20 | 67 | 20 | 721 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Civil disorder and riots following assassination
|
to Swami Lakshmanananda. Riots erupted when the procession passed through localities with Christian populations. Christians, who were perceived to be Indian National Congress party supporters, were targeted everywhere; in some places many Hindu families were also attacked because they were Congress supporters. The attackers included activists of the VHP, the Bajrang Dal and other Sangh Parivar organisations, and workers of the BJP that was a partner in the government headed by Naveen Patnaik. The violence also saw attacks on Christians who belonged to the Scheduled Castes and on people who claimed tribal status on the grounds that they spoke the
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 20, "sc": 721, "ep": 24, "ec": 407}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 20 | 721 | 24 | 407 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Civil disorder and riots following assassination & Investigations
|
Kui language of the Kondha tribal people. The Kui Samaj, which unites members of the native Kondh tribe in Kandhamal, was found to be very much on the side of the VHP and the ruling alliance. Investigations The government announced a special investigative probe into the attack.
The police have arrested Pradesh Kumar Das, an employee of the Indian branch of World Vision, which is a Christian charity, from Khadagpur while escaping from the district at Buguda. In another drive, two other persons, Vikram Digal and William Digal, have been arrested from the house of Lal Digal, a local militant Christian,
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 24, "sc": 407, "ep": 24, "ec": 1020}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 24 | 407 | 24 | 1,020 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Investigations
|
from Nuasahi at Gunjibadi, Nuagaan. They have admitted to having joined a group of twenty-eight other assailants.
On August 28, a letter of denial was received by some media outlets, the VHP office in the Gajapati District of Orissa and the Bajrang Dal from a Maoist group. While the letter denied that the Central Committee of the Kotagarha branch of the Maoists had approved the attack, it claimed that some Maoists may have been bribed by Christians to launch the attack. Soon after the appearance of the aforementioned letter, Azad, a leader of the Maoist People's Liberation Guerrilla Army, claimed
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 24, "sc": 1020, "ep": 24, "ec": 1656}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 24 | 1,020 | 24 | 1,656 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Investigations
|
responsibility for the murder of Lakshmanananda. Azad was suspected by the police of leading the attack himself. On September 9, 2008 the Maoists, who work underground, made an official press release claiming responsibility for the killing of Lakshmanananda. A few claims that Maoist sympathizers of south Orissa had initially denied the role of CPI-Maoist were made in the murder of VHP leaders that sparked off communal violence in Kandhamnal district. Communist Party of India (Maoist) leader Sabyasachi Panda claimed that they killed Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati and four of his disciples at his Jalespeta ashram on 23 August. In
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 24, "sc": 1656, "ep": 24, "ec": 2316}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 24 | 1,656 | 24 | 2,316 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Investigations
|
March 2009 police arrested Central Committee and Politburo member of CPI (Maoist), Ashutosh Tudu for murder of Swami Laxmanananda.
On Wednesday July 22, 2009, a young Maoist couple, Surendra and Ruppi Pidikka alias Jaya Venkwara claimed to have been involved in the Swami's killing and surrendered to the Orissa police.
Reconstructing the final moments of the killing of VHP leader Swami Laxmanananda Saraswati and his four disciples in Kandhamal's Jalespeta ashram in August 2008, Orissa police said that a Maoist who surrendered this week claimed there were four policemen at the ashram but they fled when the Maoists announced that they had
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 24, "sc": 2316, "ep": 24, "ec": 2947}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 24 | 2,316 | 24 | 2,947 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Investigations
|
come looking for the Swami. Four of the six Maoists who carried out the attack were from Chhattisgarh, the police were told. Rayagada SP Ashis Kumar Singh said Surendra Brekwada alias Dasu, who surrendered with his wife Ruppi Pidikka alias Jaya, told them that a six-member "crack team" of the Maoists, led by Orissa CPI (Maoist) leader Azad alias Duna Keshav Rao, reached Jalespeta Ashram on August 23 evening and came across four lathi-wielding policemen. Brekwada, a sharpshooter, was one of the six who allegedly killed the 82-year-old Laxmanananda, Kishore Baba (45), Amritananda Baba (62), Mata Bhaktimayee (40) and Puranjan
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 24, "sc": 2947, "ep": 28, "ec": 97}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 24 | 2,947 | 28 | 97 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Investigations & Convictions
|
Ganthi (28), brother of one of the girl inmates of the tribal residential school.
In spite of claims that the case of Swamiji's murder has been solved, it is widely believed to be a cover up, based on doubts expressed by several senior investigators and experts on left-wing extremism.Subash Chouhan, national co-convener of the Bajrang Dal, refused to accept that the Maoists were responsible, saying "Why all of a sudden so many days after the incident has [Panda] come and spoken to the television channels?". Convictions On 30 September 2013, Additional district judge Rajendra Kumar Tosh at an Additional district and
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 28, "sc": 97, "ep": 28, "ec": 750}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 28 | 97 | 28 | 750 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Convictions
|
sessions court in Phulbani convicted seven Christians for the murder: Gadanath Chalanseth, Bijaya Kumar Shyamseth, Buddha Nayak, Sanatan Badamajhi, Duryadhan Sunamajhi, Bhaskar Sunamajhi and Munda Badamajhi. However, on 1 October 2013, the same court also convicted a Maoist leader from Andhra Pradesh for the same crime.
Six days later the same court set free five non-Christians who were being tried for burning of a Christian house in the riots following the murder. Sajan George, president of Global Council of Indian Christians alleged that the court is biased against the Christian minority. The defence lawyer, S.K. Padhi said that the
|
{"datasets_id": 160569, "wiki_id": "Q6938075", "sp": 28, "sc": 750, "ep": 28, "ec": 809}
| 160,569 |
Q6938075
| 28 | 750 | 28 | 809 |
Murder of Swami Lakshmanananda
|
Convictions
|
ruling would be appealed against in the Odisha High Court.
|
{"datasets_id": 160570, "wiki_id": "Q861221", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 601}
| 160,570 |
Q861221
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 601 |
Nakatsu, Ōita
|
Tourism
|
Nakatsu, Ōita Tourism Nakatsu is a castle town centered on Nakatsu Castle, which is open to visitors. The modernised interior comprises a museum with samurai armor, old maps and information about Rangaku (Dutch studies), for which Nakatsu was an important center in the Edo period. There are views from the top of the castle keep.
Visitors can see the residence of the most celebrated member of the Okudaira clan of Nakatsu, Fukuzawa Yukichi, and the memorial hall there. It is close to the castle and a 15-minute walk from the station.
Nakatsu's Mt. Hachimen was home to the popular music festival, Concert
|
{"datasets_id": 160570, "wiki_id": "Q861221", "sp": 6, "sc": 601, "ep": 10, "ec": 424}
| 160,570 |
Q861221
| 6 | 601 | 10 | 424 |
Nakatsu, Ōita
|
Tourism & Geography
|
on the Rock. Geography Nakatsu is in the northwest corner of Ōita Prefecture, Kyushu. To the east of Nakatsu is Usa and to the southwest is Hita. Nakatsu touches the border of Fukuoka Prefecture on its west. To the northeast is the Suohnada Sea. The city covers an area of 491.09 square kilometers, 80% of which is mountainous. There is a wide stretch of flat, agricultural land which begins at the mouth of Yamakuni River and extends to Mt. Hiko.
|
{"datasets_id": 160571, "wiki_id": "Q6978450", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 550}
| 160,571 |
Q6978450
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 550 |
National Ski Patrol
|
History
|
National Ski Patrol History The National Ski Patrol was founded in 1938 in Stowe, Vermont, when the president of the National Ski Association, Roger Langley convinced the founder and leader of the Mt. Mansfield Ski Patrol, Charles Minot Dole, to form a national ski patrol. Dole was convinced of the need for a national ski rescue organization due to both the loss of a friend due to injuries suffered in a ski related accident the year prior and an on slope accident in which he himself was seriously injured. With Roger Langley's assistance, Charles Minot Dole organized and
|
{"datasets_id": 160571, "wiki_id": "Q6978450", "sp": 6, "sc": 550, "ep": 6, "ec": 1170}
| 160,571 |
Q6978450
| 6 | 550 | 6 | 1,170 |
National Ski Patrol
|
History
|
formed the National Ski Patrol Committee of the National Ski Association. The resulting organization became the National Ski Patrol. Upon his retirement in 1950 as president, Dole had built the NSP into an organization of 300 ski patrols and 4,000 members. Since its founding, the National Ski Patrol has worked closely with other countries in outdoor emergency care education, and has assisted in establishing ski patrol organizations in Canada, Korea, New Zealand, Israel, Turkey, Argentina and Chile, as well as the Victorian Rescue Service in Australia. In addition to its own ski safety programs, works closely
|
{"datasets_id": 160571, "wiki_id": "Q6978450", "sp": 6, "sc": 1170, "ep": 10, "ec": 459}
| 160,571 |
Q6978450
| 6 | 1,170 | 10 | 459 |
National Ski Patrol
|
History & Membership
|
with the United States Ski Team, Professional Ski Instructors of America, US Forest Service, National Park Service, and other organizations and agencies in the promotion of skiing and ski safety. Membership Membership within the NSP falls under five individual categories: patrollers, medical associates, alumni members, associate members, and mountain hosts. Patrollers are those members who are actively involved in providing emergency care to injured guests and are members of a local patrol affiliated with the NSP. Medical associates are physicians who volunteer their time to assist with medical training of patrollers. Patrollers who are no longer actively
|
{"datasets_id": 160571, "wiki_id": "Q6978450", "sp": 10, "sc": 459, "ep": 14, "ec": 139}
| 160,571 |
Q6978450
| 10 | 459 | 14 | 139 |
National Ski Patrol
|
Membership & Educational Programs
|
involved in providing emergency care to injured guests are able to maintain their affiliation with the NSP as alumni members. Associate members are personnel who are interested in courses offered by the NSP but are not members of a ski patrol. The mountain host category of membership is reserved for individuals who participate in on mountain customer service, are expected to be able to render first aid, but not part of an organization's ski patrol. Educational Programs Pursuant to its mission of promoting outdoor recreation safety, the NSP has developed a number of educational programs designed to increase
|
{"datasets_id": 160571, "wiki_id": "Q6978450", "sp": 14, "sc": 139, "ep": 22, "ec": 299}
| 160,571 |
Q6978450
| 14 | 139 | 22 | 299 |
National Ski Patrol
|
Educational Programs & Transportation & Avalanche Program
|
safety awareness and injury prevention. Transportation The transportation education program is designed to teach members of the NSP safe techniques for the transportation of sick or injured guests from the wilderness to safety. Specific skills taught through the NSP system include safe toboggan handling, ski enhancement, and snowboard enhancement. Avalanche Program The NSP began instructing ski patrollers and other search and rescue personnel in avalanche safety in 1957, making it the oldest and most experienced provider of avalanche education. In addition to courses designed for the ski patroller and the search and rescue personnel, the NSP offers avalanche
|
{"datasets_id": 160571, "wiki_id": "Q6978450", "sp": 22, "sc": 299, "ep": 26, "ec": 438}
| 160,571 |
Q6978450
| 22 | 299 | 26 | 438 |
National Ski Patrol
|
Avalanche Program & Mountain Travel and Rescue
|
education to the general public. NSP avalanche education courses are based on curriculum developed in conjunction with the American Avalanche Association. Mountain Travel and Rescue Developed to improve safety of non-patroller outdoor enthusiasts, the mountain travel and rescue program emphasizes skills necessary to survive in the wilderness These skills include nutrition, wilderness physiology, weather patterns, survival skills, group dynamics, navigation, and basic search and rescue skills. This program is designed to ensure that those who venture into the wilderness have the necessary skills to do so safely.
|
{"datasets_id": 160572, "wiki_id": "Q16756185", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 301}
| 160,572 |
Q16756185
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 301 |
Nestegis lanceolata
|
Uses
|
Nestegis lanceolata Uses The wood of N. lanceolata is one the hardest native timbers of New Zealand. It was traditionally used by the Māori to make tools and weapons. A variety of digging sticks were made from the timber for food gathering and gardening. The wood was also used for beams in the construction of storage houses.
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 692}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 2 | 0 | 4 | 692 |
Neuroethics
|
Neuroethics Neuroethics refers to two related fields of study: what the philosopher Adina Roskies has called the ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics. The ethics of neuroscience comprises the bulk of work in neuroethics. It concerns the ethical, legal and social impact of neuroscience, including the ways in which neurotechnology can be used to predict or alter human behavior and "the implications of our mechanistic understanding of brain function for society... integrating neuroscientific knowledge with ethical and social thought".
Some neuroethics problems are not fundamentally different from those encountered in bioethics. Others are unique to neuroethics because the
|
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 4, "sc": 692, "ep": 4, "ec": 1348}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 4 | 692 | 4 | 1,348 |
Neuroethics
|
brain, as the organ of the mind, has implications for broader philosophical problems, such as the nature of free will, moral responsibility, self-deception, and personal identity. Examples of neuroethics topics are given later in this article ("Key issues in neuroethics").
The origin of the term "neuroethics" has occupied some writers. Rees and Rose (as cited in "References" on page 9) claim neuroethics is a neologism that emerged only at the beginning of the 21st century, largely through the oral and written communications of ethicists and philosophers. According to Racine (2010), the term was coined by the Harvard physician Anneliese A.
|
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 4, "sc": 1348, "ep": 4, "ec": 1958}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 4 | 1,348 | 4 | 1,958 |
Neuroethics
|
Pontius in 1973 in a paper entitled "Neuro-ethics of 'walking' in the newborn" for the Perceptual and Motor Skills. The author reproposed the term in 1993 in her paper for Psychological Report, often wrongly mentioned as the first title containing the word "neuroethics". Before 1993, the American neurologist Ronald Cranford has used the term (see Cranford 1989). Illes (2003) records uses, from the scientific literature, from 1989 and 1991. Writer William Safire is widely credited with giving the word its current meaning in 2002, defining it as "the examination of what is right and wrong, good and bad
|
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 4, "sc": 1958, "ep": 8, "ec": 501}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 4 | 1,958 | 8 | 501 |
Neuroethics
|
Two categories of problems
|
about the treatment of, perfection of, or unwelcome invasion of and worrisome manipulation of the human brain". Two categories of problems Neuroethics encompasses the myriad ways in which developments in basic and clinical neuroscience intersect with social and ethical issues. The field is so young that any attempt to define its scope and limits now will undoubtedly be proved wrong in the future, as neuroscience develops and its implications continue to be revealed. At present, however, we can discern two general categories of neuroethical issue: those emerging from what we can do and those emerging from what we know.
In the
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 8, "sc": 501, "ep": 12, "ec": 320}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 8 | 501 | 12 | 320 |
Neuroethics
|
Two categories of problems & Historical background and implications of neuroscience ethics
|
first category are the ethical problems raised by advances in functional neuroimaging, psychopharmacology, brain implants and brain-machine interfaces. In the second category are the ethical problems raised by our growing understanding of the neural bases of behavior, personality, consciousness, and states of spiritual transcendence. Historical background and implications of neuroscience ethics Primitive societies for the most part lacked a system of neuroethics to guide them in facing the problems of mental illness and violence as civilization advanced. Trepanation led through a tortuous course to "psychosurgery". Basic neuroscience research and psychosurgery advanced in the first half of the 20th century in
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 12, "sc": 320, "ep": 12, "ec": 1028}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 12 | 320 | 12 | 1,028 |
Neuroethics
|
Historical background and implications of neuroscience ethics
|
tandem, but neuroscience ethics was left behind science and technology. Medical ethics in modern societies even in democratic governments, not to mention in authoritarian ones, has not kept pace with the advances of technology despite the announced social "progress"; and ethics continues to lag behind science in dealing with the problem of mental illness in association with human violence. Unprovoked "pathological" aggression persists, reminding us daily that civilization is a step away from relapsing into barbarism. Neuroscience ethics (neuroethics) must keep up with advances in neuroscience research and remain separate from state-imposed mandates to face this challenge.
A recent writer on
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 12, "sc": 1028, "ep": 12, "ec": 1717}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 12 | 1,028 | 12 | 1,717 |
Neuroethics
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Historical background and implications of neuroscience ethics
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the history of psychosurgery as it relates to neuroethics concludes: "The lessons of history sagaciously reveal wherever the government has sought to alter medical ethics and enforce bureaucratic bioethics, the results have frequently vilified medical care and research. In the 20th century in both the communist USSR and Nazi Germany, medicine regressed after these authoritarian systems corrupted the ethics of the medical profession and forced it to descend to unprecedented barbarism. The Soviet psychiatrists and Nazi doctor's dark descent into barbarism was a product of physicians willingly cooperating with the totalitarian state, purportedly in the name of the "collective good",
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 12, "sc": 1717, "ep": 16, "ec": 489}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 12 | 1,717 | 16 | 489 |
Neuroethics
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Historical background and implications of neuroscience ethics & Important activity since 2002
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at the expense of their individual patients." This must be kept in mind when establishing new guidelines in neuroscience research and bioethics. Important activity since 2002 There is no doubt that people were thinking and writing about the ethical implications of neuroscience for many years before the field adopted the label "neuroethics", and some of this work remains of great relevance and value. However, the early 21st century saw a tremendous surge in interest concerning the ethics of neuroscience, as evidenced by numerous meetings, publications and organizations dedicated to this topic.
In 2002, there were several meetings that drew together
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 16, "sc": 489, "ep": 16, "ec": 1166}
| 160,573 |
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| 16 | 489 | 16 | 1,166 |
Neuroethics
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Important activity since 2002
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neuroscientists and ethicists to discuss neuroethics: the American Association for the Advancement of Science with the journal Neuron, the University of Pennsylvania, the Royal Society, Stanford University, and the Dana Foundation. This last meeting was the largest, and resulted in a book, Neuroethics: Mapping the Field, edited by Steven J. Marcus and published by Dana Press. That same year, the Economist ran a cover story entitled "Open Your Mind: The Ethics of Brain Science", Nature published the article "Emerging ethical issues in neuroscience". Further articles appeared on neuroethics in Nature Neuroscience, Neuron, and Brain and Cognition.
Thereafter,
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 16, "sc": 1166, "ep": 16, "ec": 1872}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 16 | 1,166 | 16 | 1,872 |
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Important activity since 2002
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the number of neuroethics meetings, symposia and publications continued to grow. The over 38 000 members of the Society for Neuroscience recognized the importance of neuroethics by inaugurating an annual "special lecture" on the topic, first given by Donald Kennedy, editor-in-chief of Science Magazine. Several overlapping networks of scientists and scholars began to coalesce around neuroethics-related projects and themes. For example, the American Society for Bioethics and Humanities established a Neuroethics Affinity Group, students at the London School of Economics established the Neuroscience and Society Network linking scholars from several different institutions, and a group of scientists
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 16, "sc": 1872, "ep": 16, "ec": 2610}
| 160,573 |
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| 16 | 1,872 | 16 | 2,610 |
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Important activity since 2002
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and funders from around the world began discussing ways to support international collaboration in neuroethics through what came to be called the International Neuroethics Network. Stanford began publishing the monthly Stanford Neuroethics Newsletter, Penn developed the informational website neuroethics.upenn.edu, and the Neuroethics and Law Blog was launched.
Several relevant books were published during this time as well: Sandra Ackerman's Hard Science, Hard Choices: Facts, Ethics and Policies Guiding Brain Science Today (Dana Press), Michael Gazzaniga's The Ethical Brain (Dana Press), Judy Illes' edited volume, Neuroethics: Defining the Issues in Theory, Practice and Policy (both Oxford University Press), Dai Rees and
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 16, "sc": 2610, "ep": 16, "ec": 3367}
| 160,573 |
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| 16 | 2,610 | 16 | 3,367 |
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Important activity since 2002
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Steven Rose's edited volume The New Brain Sciences: Perils and Prospects (Cambridge University Press) and Steven Rose's The Future of the Brain (Oxford University Press).
2006 marked the founding of the International Neuroethics Society (INS) (originally the Neuroethics Society), an international group of scholars, scientists, clinicians, and other professionals who share an interest in the social, legal, ethical and policy implications of advances in neuroscience. The mission of the International Neuroethics Society "is to promote the development and responsible application of neuroscience through interdisciplinary and international research, education, outreach and public engagement for the benefit of people of all nations, ethnicities,
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 16, "sc": 3367, "ep": 16, "ec": 3988}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 16 | 3,367 | 16 | 3,988 |
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Important activity since 2002
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and cultures". The first President of the INS was Steven Hyman (2006–2014), succeeded by Barbara Sahakian (2014–2016). Judy Illes is the current President, who like Hyman and Sahakian, was also a pioneer in the field of neuroethics and a founder member of the INS.
Over the next several years many centers for neurotics were established. A 2014 review of the field lists 31 centers and programs around the world; some of the longest running include the Neuroethics Research Unit at the Institut de recherches cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), the National Core for Neuroethics at the University of British Columbia
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 16, "sc": 3988, "ep": 20, "ec": 378}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 16 | 3,988 | 20 | 378 |
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Important activity since 2002 & Sources of information
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in 2007, the Center for Neurotechnology Studies of the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, the Wellcome Centre for Neuroethics at the University of Oxford; and the Center for Neuroscience & Society at the University of Pennsylvania. Sources of information The books, articles and websites mentioned above are by no means a complete list of good neuroethics information sources. For example, readings and websites that focus on specific aspects of neuroethics, such as brain imaging or enhancement, are not included. Nor are more recent sources, such as Walter Glannon's book Bioethics and the Brain (Oxford University Press) and his
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 20, "sc": 378, "ep": 20, "ec": 1029}
| 160,573 |
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| 20 | 378 | 20 | 1,029 |
Neuroethics
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Sources of information
|
reader, entitled Defining Right and Wrong in Brain Science (Dana Press). We should also here mention a book that was in many ways ahead of its time, Robert Blank's Brain Policy (published in 1999 by Georgetown University Press). The scholarly literature on neuroethics has grown so quickly that one cannot easily list all of the worthwhile articles, and several journals are now soliciting neuroethics submissions for publication, including the American Journal of Bioethics – Neuroscience, BioSocieties, the Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, and Neuroethics. The web now has many sites, blogs and portals offering information about neuroethics.
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 20, "sc": 1029, "ep": 24, "ec": 544}
| 160,573 |
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| 20 | 1,029 | 24 | 544 |
Neuroethics
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Sources of information & Key issues
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A list can be found at the end of this entry. Key issues Neuroethics encompasses a wide range of issues, which can only be sampled here. Some have close ties to traditional biomedical ethics, in that different versions of these issues can arise in connection with organ systems other than the brain. For example, how should incidental findings be handled when a presumed healthy research subject is scanned for neuroscience research and the scan reveals an abnormality? How safe are the drugs used to enhance normal brain function? These are neuroethical issues with clear precedents in traditional
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 24, "sc": 544, "ep": 28, "ec": 155}
| 160,573 |
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| 24 | 544 | 28 | 155 |
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Key issues & Brain interventions
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bioethics. They are important issues, and luckily we can call upon society's experience with the relevant precedents to help determine the best courses of action in the present cases. In contrast, many neuroethical issues are at least partly novel, and this accounts for some of the intellectual fascination of neuroethics. These relatively newer issues force us to think about the relation between mind and brain and its ethical implications. Brain interventions The ethics of neurocognitive enhancement, that is the use of drugs and other brain interventions to make normal people "better than well", is an example of
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 28, "sc": 155, "ep": 28, "ec": 759}
| 160,573 |
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| 28 | 155 | 28 | 759 |
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Brain interventions
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a neuroethical issue with both familiar and novel aspects. On the one hand, we can be informed by previous bioethical work on physical enhancements such as doping for strength in sports and the use of human growth hormone for normal boys of short stature. On the other hand, there are also some arguably novel ethical issues that arise in connection with brain enhancement, because these enhancements affect how people think and feel, thus raising the relatively new issues of "cognitive liberty". The growing role of psychopharmacology in everyday life raises a number of ethical issues, for example
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 28, "sc": 759, "ep": 28, "ec": 1499}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 28 | 759 | 28 | 1,499 |
Neuroethics
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Brain interventions
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the influence of drug marketing on our conceptions of mental health and normalcy, and the increasingly malleable sense of personal identity that results from what Peter D. Kramer called "cosmetic psychopharmacology".
Nonpharmacologic methods of altering brain function are currently enjoying a period of rapid development, with a resurgence of psychosurgery for the treatment of medication refractory mental illnesses and promising new therapies for neurological and psychiatric illnesses based on deep brain stimulation as well as relatively noninvasive transcranial stimulation methods. Research on brain-machine interfaces is primarily in a preclinical phase but promises to enable thought-based control of computers and robots
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 28, "sc": 1499, "ep": 32, "ec": 236}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 28 | 1,499 | 32 | 236 |
Neuroethics
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Brain interventions & Brain imaging
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by paralyzed patients. As the tragic history of frontal lobotomy reminds us, permanent alteration of the brain cannot be undertaken lightly. Although nonpharmacologic brain interventions are exclusively aimed at therapeutic goals, the US military sponsors research in this general area (and more specifically in the use of transcranial direct current stimulation) that is presumably aimed at enhancing the capabilities of soldiers. Brain imaging In addition to the important issues of safety and incidental findings, mentioned above, some arise from the unprecedented and rapidly developing ability to correlate brain activation with psychological states and traits. One of the most
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 32, "sc": 236, "ep": 32, "ec": 907}
| 160,573 |
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| 32 | 236 | 32 | 907 |
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Brain imaging
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widely discussed new applications of imaging is based on correlations between brain activity and intentional deception. Intentional deception can be thought of in the context of a lie detector. This means that scientists use brain imaging to look at certain parts of the brain during moments when a person is being deceptive. A number of different research groups have identified fMRI correlates of intentional deception in laboratory tasks, and despite the skepticism of many experts, the technique has already been commercialized. A more feasible application of brain imaging is "neuromarketing", whereby people's conscious or unconscious reaction to certain products
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 32, "sc": 907, "ep": 32, "ec": 1623}
| 160,573 |
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| 32 | 907 | 32 | 1,623 |
Neuroethics
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Brain imaging
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can purportedly be measured.
Researchers are also finding brain imaging correlates of myriad psychological traits, including personality, intelligence, mental health vulnerabilities, attitudes toward particular ethnic groups, and predilection for violent crime. Unconscious racial attitudes may be manifest in brain activation. These capabilities of brain imaging, actual and potential, raise a number of ethical issues. The most obvious concern involves privacy. For example, employers, marketers, and the government all have a strong interest in knowing the abilities, personality, truthfulness and other mental contents of certain people. This raises the question of whether, when, and how to ensure
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 32, "sc": 1623, "ep": 32, "ec": 2267}
| 160,573 |
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| 32 | 1,623 | 32 | 2,267 |
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Brain imaging
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the privacy of our own minds.
Another ethical problem is that brain scans are often viewed as more accurate and objective than in fact they are. Many layers of signal processing, statistical analysis and interpretation separate imaged brain activity from the psychological traits and states inferred from it. There is a danger that the public (including judges and juries, employers, insurers, etc.) will ignore these complexities and treat brain images as a kind of indisputable truth.
A related misconception is called neuro-realism: In its simplest form, this line of thought says that something is real because it can be
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 32, "sc": 2267, "ep": 36, "ec": 295}
| 160,573 |
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| 32 | 2,267 | 36 | 295 |
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Brain imaging & Memory dampening
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measured with electronic equipment. A person who claims to have pain, or low libido, or unpleasant emotions is "really" sick if these symptoms are supported by a brain scan, and healthy or normal if correlates cannot be found in a brain scan. The case of phantom limbs demonstrate the inadequacy of this approach. Memory dampening While complete memory erasure is still an element of science-fiction, certain neurological drugs have been proven to dampen the strength and emotional association of a memory. Propranolol, an FDA-approved drug, has been suggested to effectively dull the painful effects of traumatic memories if
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 36, "sc": 295, "ep": 36, "ec": 964}
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| 36 | 295 | 36 | 964 |
Neuroethics
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Memory dampening
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taken within 6 hours after the event occurs. This has begun the discussion of ethical implications, assuming the technology for memory erasure will only improve.
Originally, propranolol was reserved for hypertension patients. However, doctors are permitted to use the drug for off-label purposes—leading to the question of whether they actually should. There are numerous reasons for skepticism; for one, it may prevent us from coming to terms with traumatic experiences, it may tamper with our identities and lead us to an artificial sense of happiness, demean the genuineness of human life, and/or encourage some to forget memories they are morally obligated
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 36, "sc": 964, "ep": 40, "ec": 347}
| 160,573 |
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| 36 | 964 | 40 | 347 |
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Memory dampening & Stem cell therapy
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to keep. Whether or not it is ethical to fully or partially erase the memory of a patient, it is certainly becoming a more relevant topic as this technology improves in our society. Stem cell therapy Most of the issues concerning uses of stem cells in the brain are the same as any of the bioethical or purely ethical questions you will find regarding the use and research of stem cells. The field of stem cell research is a very new field which poses many ethical questions concerning the allocation of stem cells as well as their possible uses.
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 347, "ep": 40, "ec": 986}
| 160,573 |
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| 40 | 347 | 40 | 986 |
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Stem cell therapy
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Since most stem cell research is still in its preliminary phase most of the neuroethical issues surrounding stem cells are the same as stem cell ethics in general.
More specifically the way that stem cell research has been involved in neuroscience is through the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and brain tumors. In these cases scientists are using neural stem cells to regenerate tissue and to be used as carriers for gene therapy. In general, neuroethics revolves around a cost benefit approach to find techniques and technologies that are most beneficial to patients. There has been progress in certain fields that have
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 986, "ep": 40, "ec": 1617}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 40 | 986 | 40 | 1,617 |
Neuroethics
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Stem cell therapy
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been shown to be beneficial when using stem cells to treat certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
A study done in 2011 showed that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be used to aid in Parkinson's research and treatment. The cells can be used to study the progression of Parkinson's as well as used in regenerative treatment. Animal studies have shown that the use of iPSCs can improve motor skills and dopamine release of test subjects with Parkinson's. This study shows a positive outcome in the use of stem cells for neurological purposes.
In another study done in 2011 used stem
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 1617, "ep": 40, "ec": 2210}
| 160,573 |
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| 40 | 1,617 | 40 | 2,210 |
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Stem cell therapy
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cells to treat cerebral palsy. This study, however, was not as successful as the Parkinson's treatment. In this case stem cells were used to treat animal models who had been injured in a way that mimicked CP. This brings up a neuroethical issue of animal models used in science. Since most of their "diseases" are inflicted and do not occur naturally, they can not always be reliable examples of how a person with the actual disease would respond to treatment. The stem cells used did survive implantation, but did not show significant nerve regeneration. However, studies are ongoing in this
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 2210, "ep": 40, "ec": 2831}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 40 | 2,210 | 40 | 2,831 |
Neuroethics
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Stem cell therapy
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area.
As discussed, stem cells are used to treat degenerative diseases. One form of a degenerative disease that can occur in the brain as well as throughout the body is an autoimmune disease. Autoimmune diseases cause the body to "attack" its own cells and therefore destroys those cells as well as whatever functional purpose those cells have or contribute to. One form of an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis. In this disease the body attacks the glial cells that form myelin coats around the axons on neurons. This causes the nervous system to essentially "short
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 2831, "ep": 40, "ec": 3415}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 40 | 2,831 | 40 | 3,415 |
Neuroethics
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Stem cell therapy
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circuit" and pass information very slowly. Stem cells therapy has been used to try to cure some of the damage caused by the body in MS. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used to try and cure MS patients by essentially "reprogramming" their immune system. The main risk encountered with this form of treatment is the possibility of rejection of the stem cells. If the hematopoetic stem cells can be harvested from the individual, risk of rejection is much lower. But, there can be the risk of those cells being programmed to induce MS. However, if the tissue is donated
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 3415, "ep": 40, "ec": 4051}
| 160,573 |
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| 40 | 3,415 | 40 | 4,051 |
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Stem cell therapy
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from another individual there is high risk of rejection leading to possibly fatal toxicity in the recipient's body. Considering that there are fairly good treatments for MS, the use of stem cells in this case may have a higher cost than the benefits they produce. However, as research continues perhaps stem cells will truly become a viable treatment for MS as well as other autoimmune diseases.
These are just some examples of neurological diseases in which stem cell treatment has been researched. In general, the future looks promising for stem cell application in the field of neurology. However, possible complications lie
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 4051, "ep": 40, "ec": 4668}
| 160,573 |
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| 40 | 4,051 | 40 | 4,668 |
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Stem cell therapy
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in the overall ethics of stem cell use, possible recipient rejection, as well as over-proliferation of the cells causing possible brain tumors. Ongoing research will further contribute in the decision of whether stem cells should be used in the brain and whether their benefits truly outweigh their costs.
The primary ethical dilemma that is brought up in stem cell research is concerning the source of embryonic stem cells (hESCs). As the name states, hESCs come from embryos. To be more specific, they come from the inner cell mass of a blastophere, which is the beginning stage of an embryo. However, that
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 4668, "ep": 40, "ec": 5212}
| 160,573 |
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| 40 | 4,668 | 40 | 5,212 |
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Stem cell therapy
|
mass of cells could have the potential to give rise to human life, and there in lies the problem. Often, this argument leads back to a similar moral debate held around abortion. The question is: when does a mass of cells gain personhood and autonomy? Some individuals believe that an embryo is in fact a person at the moment of conception and that using an embryo for anything other than creating a baby would essentially be killing a baby. On the other end of the spectrum, people argue that the small ball of cells at that point only has the
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 40, "sc": 5212, "ep": 44, "ec": 107}
| 160,573 |
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| 40 | 5,212 | 44 | 107 |
Neuroethics
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Stem cell therapy & Disorders of consciousness
|
potential to become a fetus, and that potentiality, even in natural conception, is far from guaranteed. According to a study done by developmental biologists, between 75–80% of embryos created through intercourse are naturally lost before they can become fetuses. This debate is not one that has a right or wrong answer, nor can it be clearly settled. Much of the ethical dilemma surrounding hESCs relies on individual beliefs about life and the potential for scientific advancement versus creating new human life. Disorders of consciousness Patients in coma, vegetative, or minimally conscious state pose ethical challenges. The patients are unable
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 44, "sc": 107, "ep": 44, "ec": 762}
| 160,573 |
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| 44 | 107 | 44 | 762 |
Neuroethics
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Disorders of consciousness
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to respond, therefore the assessment of their needs can only be approached by adopting a third person perspective. They are unable to communicate their pain levels, quality of life, or end of life preferences. Neuroscience and brain imaging have allowed us to explore the brain activity of these patients more thoroughly. Recent findings from studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging have changed the way we view vegetative patients. The images have shown that aspects emotional processing, language comprehension and even conscious awareness might be retained in patients whose behavior suggests a vegetative state. If this is the case, it is
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 44, "sc": 762, "ep": 44, "ec": 1410}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 44 | 762 | 44 | 1,410 |
Neuroethics
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Disorders of consciousness
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unethical to allow a third party to dictate the life and future of the patient. For example, defining death is an issue that comes with patients with severe traumatic brain injuries. The decision to withdraw life-sustaining care from these patients can be based on uncertain assessments about the individual's conscious awareness. Case reports have shown that these patients in a persistent vegetative state can recover unexpectedly. This raises the ethical question about the premature termination of care by physicians. The hope is that one day, neuroimaging technologies can help us to define these different states of consciousness and enable
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 44, "sc": 1410, "ep": 48, "ec": 373}
| 160,573 |
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| 44 | 1,410 | 48 | 373 |
Neuroethics
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Disorders of consciousness & Pharmacological enhancement
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us to communicate with patients in vegetative states in a way that was never before possible. The clinical translation of these advanced technologies is of vital importance for the medical management of these challenging patients. In this situation, neuroscience has both revealed ethical issues and possible solutions. Pharmacological enhancement Cosmetic neuro-pharmacology, the use of drugs to improve cognition in normal healthy individuals, is highly controversial. Some case reports with the antidepressant Prozac indicated that patients seemed "better than well", and authors hypothesized that this effect might be observed in individuals not afflicted with psychiatric disorders. Following these case reports much
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 48, "sc": 373, "ep": 48, "ec": 1026}
| 160,573 |
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| 48 | 373 | 48 | 1,026 |
Neuroethics
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Pharmacological enhancement
|
controversy arose over the veracity and ethics of the cosmetic use of these antidepressants. Opponents of cosmetic pharmacology believe that such drug usage is unethical and that the concept of cosmetic pharmacology is a manifestation of naive consumerism. Proponents, such as philosopher Arthur Caplan, state that it is an individual's (rather than government's, or physician's) right to determine whether to use a drug for cosmetic purposes. Anjan Chatterjee, a neurologist at the University of Pennsylvania, has argued that western medicine stands on the brink of a neuro-enhancement revolution in which people will be able to improve their memory
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 48, "sc": 1026, "ep": 52, "ec": 238}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 48 | 1,026 | 52 | 238 |
Neuroethics
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Pharmacological enhancement & Politics of neuromarketing
|
and attention through pharmacological means. Jacob Appel, a Brown University bioethicist, has raised concerns about the possibility of employers mandating such enhancement for their workers. The ethical concerns regarding pharmacological enhancement are not limited to Europe and North America, indeed, there is increasing attention given to cultural and regulatory contexts for this phenomenon, around the globe. Politics of neuromarketing The politics of neuromarketing is this idea of using advertisements to convince the mind of a voter to vote for a certain party. This has already been happening within the elections throughout the years. In the 2006 reelection of Governor
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 52, "sc": 238, "ep": 52, "ec": 908}
| 160,573 |
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| 52 | 238 | 52 | 908 |
Neuroethics
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Politics of neuromarketing
|
Arnold Schwarzenegger, he was double digits off in the voting in comparison to his Democratic opponent. However, Schwarzenegger's theme in this campaign was whether or not the voters would want to continue Schwarzenegger's reforms or go back to the days of the recalled governor, Gray Davis. In normal marketing, voters would use "detail, numbers, facts and figures to prove we were better off under the new governor". However, with neuromarketing, voters followed powerful advertisement visuals and used these visuals to convince themselves that Schwarzenegger was the better candidate. Now, with political neuromarketing, there exists a lot of controversy. The ethics
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 52, "sc": 908, "ep": 52, "ec": 1554}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 52 | 908 | 52 | 1,554 |
Neuroethics
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Politics of neuromarketing
|
behind political neuromarketing are debatable. Some argue that political neuromarketing will cause voters to make rash decisions while others argue that these messages are beneficial because they depict what the politicians can do. However, control over political decisions could make voters not see the reality of things. Voters may not look into the details of the reforms, personality, and morality each person brings to their political campaign and may be swayed by how powerful the advertisements seem to be. However, there are also people that may disagree with this idea. Darryl Howard, "a consultant to two Republican winners on November
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 52, "sc": 1554, "ep": 56, "ec": 341}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 52 | 1,554 | 56 | 341 |
Neuroethics
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Politics of neuromarketing & Neurological treatments
|
2, says he crafted neuromarketing-based messages for TV, direct mail and speeches for Senate, Congressional and Gubernatorial clients in 2010". He says that these advertisements that were presented, show honesty and continues to say how he and other politicians decide which advertisements are the most effective. Neurological treatments Neuroscience has led to a deeper understanding of the chemical imbalances present in a disordered brain. In turn, this has resulted in the creation of new treatments and medications to treat these disorders. When these new treatments are first being tested, the experiments prompt ethical questions. First, because the treatment is affecting
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{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 56, "sc": 341, "ep": 56, "ec": 986}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 56 | 341 | 56 | 986 |
Neuroethics
|
Neurological treatments
|
the brain, the side effects can be unique and sometimes severe. A special kind of side effect that many subjects have claimed to experience in neurological treatment tests is changes in "personal identity". Although this is a difficult ethical dilemma because there are no clear and undisputed definitions of personality, self, and identity, neurological treatments can result in patients losing parts of "themselves" such as memories or moods. Yet another ethical dispute in neurological treatment research is the choice of patients. From a perspective of justice, priority should be given to those who are most seriously impaired and who will
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 56, "sc": 986, "ep": 56, "ec": 1623}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 56 | 986 | 56 | 1,623 |
Neuroethics
|
Neurological treatments
|
benefit most from the intervention. However, in a test group, scientists must select patients to secure a favorable risk-benefit ratio. Setting priority becomes more difficult when a patient's chance to benefit and the seriousness of their impairment do not go together. For example, many times an older patient will be excluded despite the seriousness of their disorder simply because they are not as strong or as likely to benefit from the treatment. The main ethical issue at the heart of neurological treatment research on human subjects is promoting high-quality scientific research in the interest of future patients, while at the
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 56, "sc": 1623, "ep": 60, "ec": 322}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 56 | 1,623 | 60 | 322 |
Neuroethics
|
Neurological treatments & Neuroscience and free will
|
same time respecting and guarding the rights and interests of the research subjects. This is particularly difficult in the field of neurology because damage to the brain is often permanent and will change a patient's way of life forever. Neuroscience and free will Neuroethics also encompasses the ethical issues raised by neuroscience as it affects our understanding of the world and of ourselves in the world. For example, if everything we do is physically caused by our brains, which are in turn a product of our genes and our life experiences, how can we be held responsible for our
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 60, "sc": 322, "ep": 60, "ec": 922}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 60 | 322 | 60 | 922 |
Neuroethics
|
Neuroscience and free will
|
actions? A crime in the United States requires a "guilty act" and a "guilty mind". As neuropsychiatry evaluations have become more commonly used in the criminal justice system and neuroimaging technologies have given us a more direct way of viewing brain injuries, scholars have cautioned that this could lead to the inability to hold anyone criminally responsible for their actions. In this way, neuroimaging evidence could suggest that there is no free will and each action a person makes is simply the product of past actions and biological impulses that are out of our control. The question of
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 60, "sc": 922, "ep": 60, "ec": 1645}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 60 | 922 | 60 | 1,645 |
Neuroethics
|
Neuroscience and free will
|
whether and how personal autonomy is compatible with neuroscience ethics and the responsibility of neuroscientists to society and the state is a central one for neuroethics. However, there is some controversy over whether autonomy entails the concept of 'free will' or is a 'moral-political' principle separate from metaphysical quandaries.
In late 2013 U.S. President Barack Obama made recommendations to the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues as part of his $100 million Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative. This Spring discussion resumed in a recent interview and article sponsored by Agence France-Presse (AFP): "It is absolutely critical...
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 60, "sc": 1645, "ep": 60, "ec": 2280}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 60 | 1,645 | 60 | 2,280 |
Neuroethics
|
Neuroscience and free will
|
to integrate ethics from the get-go into neuroscience research," and not "for the first time after something has gone wrong", said Amy Gutmann, Bioethics Commission Chair." But no consensus has been reached. Miguel Faria, a Professor of Neurosurgery and an Associate Editor in Chief of Surgical Neurology International, who was not involved in the Commission's work said, "any ethics approach must be based upon respect for the individual, as doctors pledge according to the Hippocratic Oath which includes vows to be humble, respect privacy and doing no harm; and pursuing a path based on population-based ethics is just as dangerous
|
{"datasets_id": 160573, "wiki_id": "Q186272", "sp": 60, "sc": 2280, "ep": 60, "ec": 2772}
| 160,573 |
Q186272
| 60 | 2,280 | 60 | 2,772 |
Neuroethics
|
Neuroscience and free will
|
as having no medical ethics at all". Why the danger of population-based bioethics? Faria asserts, "it is centered on utilitarianism, monetary considerations, and the fiscal and political interests of the state, rather than committed to placing the interest of the individual patient or experimental subject above all other considerations". For her part, Gutmann believes the next step is "to examine more deeply the ethical implications of neuroscience research and its effects on society".
|
{"datasets_id": 160574, "wiki_id": "Q879034", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 614}
| 160,574 |
Q879034
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 614 |
Nikanor Ivanović
|
Biography
|
Nikanor Ivanović Biography Nikanor Ivanović was born in Drniš, where his family came from Njeguši. He was, probably, taught theology in Zadar. There, before 1857, he was raised to the dignity of archimandrite. Then he stayed in Savina Monastery. In 1857, the Montenegrin prince Danilo II Petrović-Njegoš elected him as the secretary and vice chairman of the Montenegrin Senate, and then as the new Metropolitan of Montenegro and the Highlands. This office has been vacant since 1851, when Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, the last hierarch who combined metropolitan dignity with secular power in Montenegro, died. His successor Danilo II decided to
|
{"datasets_id": 160574, "wiki_id": "Q879034", "sp": 6, "sc": 614, "ep": 6, "ec": 1280}
| 160,574 |
Q879034
| 6 | 614 | 6 | 1,280 |
Nikanor Ivanović
|
Biography
|
change the existing system of state so that Montenegro could be recognized internationally as an independent country (claims to its territory were reported by the Ottoman Empire, claiming that the metropolitan princes only exercised spiritual authority). The decision was supported by the Russian Empire. From the death of Petar II Petrović-Njegoš to chirotony of Episcopal Nikanor Ivanović, which took place in 1858, there was no Serbian Orthodox bishop in Montenegro.
In 1860, Danilo II was assassinated in Kotor (then part of the Austrian Empire) and was buried in the Cetinje Monastery. Metropolitan Nikanor did not appear at his funeral, which resulted
|
{"datasets_id": 160574, "wiki_id": "Q879034", "sp": 6, "sc": 1280, "ep": 6, "ec": 1449}
| 160,574 |
Q879034
| 6 | 1,280 | 6 | 1,449 |
Nikanor Ivanović
|
Biography
|
in his removal from office by the new Prince Nikola I. The hierarch went to Crimea, Russian Empire and from there to Italy. He died in 1894 in Gorizia, Austria-Hungary.
|
{"datasets_id": 160575, "wiki_id": "Q5562548", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 137}
| 160,575 |
Q5562548
| 2 | 0 | 4 | 137 |
Nils Fredrik Aurelius
|
Nils Fredrik Aurelius Nils Fredrik Aurelius (born 1946) is a Swedish politician of the Moderate Party, member of the Riksdag in 1991, and then again 1994–2006.
|
|
{"datasets_id": 160576, "wiki_id": "Q3343867", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 588}
| 160,576 |
Q3343867
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 588 |
Normand Lester
|
Biography
|
Normand Lester Biography Born to a Romanian immigrant who started as a butcher and made a fortune in real estate and a French Canadian mother, Lester started his career in journalism in 1964. Two years later, he began a 35-year career as a reporter for the Radio-Canada, in which he found himself posted around the Western world, being posted in Washington, New York City and Paris.
In 1986, he was posted as parliamentary correspondent in Ottawa. He began to investigate and study the activities of the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, which had been created that year to take over duties formerly
|
{"datasets_id": 160576, "wiki_id": "Q3343867", "sp": 6, "sc": 588, "ep": 6, "ec": 1224}
| 160,576 |
Q3343867
| 6 | 588 | 6 | 1,224 |
Normand Lester
|
Biography
|
under the aegis of the RCMP. This would be the beginning of a long string of reports, some shocking, on the activities of CSIS, lasting twelve years. He investigated Claude Morin, cabinet minister and close advisor to René Lévesque and also a paid informant of the RCMP.
After the publication of the first part of the trilogy that is Livre noir du Canada anglais, Radio-Canada suspended him from his work on November 18, 2001, citing a lack of impartiality.
A few days later, Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste awarded him the Prix Olivar-Asselin for both his courage and excellence in investigative journalism. On December 5,
|
{"datasets_id": 160576, "wiki_id": "Q3343867", "sp": 6, "sc": 1224, "ep": 6, "ec": 1838}
| 160,576 |
Q3343867
| 6 | 1,224 | 6 | 1,838 |
Normand Lester
|
Biography
|
2001, after 35 years of service, Lester quit Radio-Canada. Since then, he has written for various newspapers, such as le Devoir.
In 2002, TVA hired him as a news commentator. In September 2005, he decided to quit for a similar job at TQS, with Jean-Luc Mongrain.
In 2006, he co-authored with Robin Philpot a book denouncing the actions of Option Canada, one of the organizations supporting the No side in the 1995 Quebec referendum. The actions of this group were alleged to have violated Quebec provincial laws and several key players in the organization would later be investigated for links to
|
{"datasets_id": 160576, "wiki_id": "Q3343867", "sp": 6, "sc": 1838, "ep": 6, "ec": 2301}
| 160,576 |
Q3343867
| 6 | 1,838 | 6 | 2,301 |
Normand Lester
|
Biography
|
the sponsorship scandal.
On May 25, 2013, at the age of 67, Normand Lester suffered an acute myocardial infarction while driving his car on Côte-Sainte-Catherine boulevard in Montreal, causing him to lose consciousness and rear-end another car at a red light. He was taken to the nearby Jewish General Hospital and promptly transferred to the Montreal General Hospital for open-heart surgery. He returned home on June 17 and has been feeling well since.
|
{"datasets_id": 160577, "wiki_id": "Q19866847", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 672}
| 160,577 |
Q19866847
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 672 |
Northwest Athletic Conference
|
History and growth
|
Northwest Athletic Conference History and growth 1946: WSJCAC is Born
Although athletic competition between junior colleges existed in the 1930s, the first structured league and championship events in men's sports came in 1946 when the Washington State Junior College Athletic Conference (WSJCAC) was formed. Following the nine charter members, Columbia Basin College joined in 1955.
Initially, the conference offered football, basketball, baseball, tennis, track and golf. In 1963 wrestling was added, followed by cross country in 1965 and soccer in 1974.
The WSJCAC existed without bylaws until the spring of 1948, when Executive Secretary Jim Ennis of Everett JC, Dave DuVall of Skagit
|
{"datasets_id": 160577, "wiki_id": "Q19866847", "sp": 6, "sc": 672, "ep": 6, "ec": 1465}
| 160,577 |
Q19866847
| 6 | 672 | 6 | 1,465 |
Northwest Athletic Conference
|
History and growth
|
Valley and Maury Phipps of Grays Harbor, wrote the conference's original constitution. The document set forth the overall philosophy of the conference's athletic program, and prescribed scholarship limits and grade eligibility requirements.
1963: Birth of Oregon's Conference
In 1963, five Oregon schools joined to form the Oregon Community College Athletic Association (OCCAA). Charter members were Blue Mountain, Central Oregon, Clatsop, Southwestern Oregon and Treasure Valley community colleges. The conference more than doubled in size in the 1968-69 school year, when Chemeketa, Clackamas, Lane, Linn-Benton, Mt. Hood, Portland and Umpqua community colleges joined the circuit.
1970s: The NWAACC and the Rise of Women's Athletics
During
|
{"datasets_id": 160577, "wiki_id": "Q19866847", "sp": 6, "sc": 1465, "ep": 6, "ec": 2201}
| 160,577 |
Q19866847
| 6 | 1,465 | 6 | 2,201 |
Northwest Athletic Conference
|
History and growth
|
the 1970s, the newly renamed NWAACC saw the growth of women's sports at its member institutions. Women's athletics were governed by the Northwest College Women's Sports Association (NCWSA) until 1978, when the NCWSA was absorbed by the NWAACC.
Volunteer athletic directors had overseen conference functions and activities until the addition of women's athletics. The subsequent increased workload caused the NWAACC to convene a five-member hiring committee, which in 1979 appointed Frank Bosone as the conference's first executive director. Bosone retired in 1992 and was succeeded by Dick McClain, a longtime baseball coach in Corvallis, Oregon.
1983: Merger
Community college athletics in the Pacific
|
{"datasets_id": 160577, "wiki_id": "Q19866847", "sp": 6, "sc": 2201, "ep": 6, "ec": 2623}
| 160,577 |
Q19866847
| 6 | 2,201 | 6 | 2,623 |
Northwest Athletic Conference
|
History and growth
|
Northwest changed dramatically in 1983, when seven OCCAA members joined the NWAACC. The merger between the Washington and Oregon colleges has helped the NWAACC become a strong organization. Since 1984, nine other colleges have added intercollegiate athletics and/or became NWAACC members.
Today:
The NWAACC was renamed the Northwest Athletic Conference on July 1, 2014 and has 36 member schools.
|
{"datasets_id": 160578, "wiki_id": "Q2211254", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 28}
| 160,578 |
Q2211254
| 2 | 0 | 14 | 28 |
Nothophryne broadleyi
|
Distribution and habitat & Ecology & Status
|
Nothophryne broadleyi Distribution and habitat Nothophryne broadleyi is endemic to the mountains of southeastern Malawi and northern Mozambique where the mountains rise abruptly from the surrounding plain. Its altitude range is between about 1,200 and 3,000 m (3,900 and 9,800 ft). It is abundant on Mount Mulanje in Malawi and is also found on Mount Ribaue in Mozambique. It occurs in rocky areas in both montane forest and grassland. Ecology Nothophryne broadleyi breeds on wet rocks beside mountain streams. The eggs are laid on the soaked moss, and the young frogs eventually disperse across the rocks. Status The total area of occupation
|
{"datasets_id": 160578, "wiki_id": "Q2211254", "sp": 14, "sc": 28, "ep": 14, "ec": 620}
| 160,578 |
Q2211254
| 14 | 28 | 14 | 620 |
Nothophryne broadleyi
|
Status
|
of this species is less than 5,000 square kilometres (1,900 sq mi), and it is known from fewer than five locations in total. The quality and extent of suitable habitat in the forests on Mount Mulanje and Mount Ribaue is declining as wood is extracted from the forest and the land converted to subsistence farming. Other threats faced by the frogs are forest fires, and the planting of pine trees. The pines recover more quickly after a fire and gradually edge out the native vegetation. Populations of this frog are thought to be declining. For all these reasons, the International Union for
|
{"datasets_id": 160578, "wiki_id": "Q2211254", "sp": 14, "sc": 620, "ep": 14, "ec": 705}
| 160,578 |
Q2211254
| 14 | 620 | 14 | 705 |
Nothophryne broadleyi
|
Status
|
Conservation of Nature has assessed this frog's conservation status as "endangered".
|
{"datasets_id": 160579, "wiki_id": "Q17299891", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 101}
| 160,579 |
Q17299891
| 2 | 0 | 8 | 101 |
Odense, Kansas
|
History
|
Odense, Kansas Odense is an unincorporated community in Neosho County, Kansas, in the United States. Odense is located at 37°42′11″N 95°15′07″W. History Odense had a post office from the 1870s until 1902. The community was named after Odense, in Denmark.
|
{"datasets_id": 160580, "wiki_id": "Q5419952", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 266}
| 160,580 |
Q5419952
| 2 | 0 | 8 | 266 |
Office toy
|
Functions
|
Office toy An office toy (also executive toy or desk toy) is a novelty item typically placed on the desk of a corporate executive or other office worker. They have no work-related function, but are often intended to provide decoration or pleasure, relieve stress or inspire creativity. The Newton's cradle is a classic example of an office toy. Functions Different types of office toys provide different needs to their users. Although providing pleasure and being decorative could be the two major functions in office toys, there are still some differences between each types of office toys. For example, puzzle-type toys
|
{"datasets_id": 160580, "wiki_id": "Q5419952", "sp": 8, "sc": 266, "ep": 8, "ec": 569}
| 160,580 |
Q5419952
| 8 | 266 | 8 | 569 |
Office toy
|
Functions
|
can also help inspire creativity. A fidget spinner is an office toy that is used to reduce stress or boredom. Design curator Donald Albrecht described executive toys as "aspirational" objects, "less tools for provoking creativity than foghorns of identity and status in a sea of corporate homogeneity."
|
{"datasets_id": 160581, "wiki_id": "Q7082278", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 680}
| 160,581 |
Q7082278
| 2 | 0 | 6 | 680 |
Oklahoma Office of Management and Enterprise Services
|
History
|
Oklahoma Office of Management and Enterprise Services History The Office of State Finance was created in 1947 by Governor of Oklahoma Robert S. Kerr to replace the State Budget Office.
In April 2010, Governor Brad Henry appointed the Oklahoma's first chief information officer following legislation passed in the last session of 2009 modernizing Oklahoma's state government information technology system. Part of the CIO's responsibilities is to identify synergies possible through the reduction of duplicate systems and centralizing IT infrastructure.
The Office of State Finance was significantly reformed in 2011 when Governor Mary Fallin signed the Government Administrative Process Consolidation and Reorganization Reform
|
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