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{"datasets_id": 160581, "wiki_id": "Q7082278", "sp": 6, "sc": 680, "ep": 6, "ec": 1192}
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Oklahoma Office of Management and Enterprise Services
History
Act of 2011. Pursuant to that Act, several agencies were consolidated into OSF, including the Oklahoma Department of Central Services, the Oklahoma Office of Personnel Management, the Oklahoma State Employees Benefits Council, and the Oklahoma State and Education Employees Group Insurance Board. All the powers and duties of those agencies were vested in the director of OSF and the individual agencies became subsidiary divisions of the OSF, which was renamed the Office of Management and Enterprise Services.
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Olivelawn
History
Olivelawn History Olivelawn was composed of singer Mike Olson, guitarist O. (a.k.a. Otis Barthoulameu) and the rhythm section of drummer Eddie Glass and bassist Neil Blender. Jonny Donhowe replaced Blender on bass after the group had released one single. Identified influences include The Stooges, Black Sabbath, and the MC5. After three singles, the group released their debut album, Sap, on Nemesis Records in 1991, and following it with their second album, Sophomore Jinx! on Headhunter Records in 1992. Sophomore Jinx! was recorded in Seattle and produced by Jack Endino. This was their final release, with O and Donhowe going on
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Olivelawn
History
to form Fluf, and Glass joining the band Fu Manchu in 1993 as lead guitarist. Glass founded the power trio Nebula in 1996, playing guitar. The band took its name from the Olive Lawn Memorial Park in La Mirada, CA, which was near their rehearsal space.
{"datasets_id": 160583, "wiki_id": "Q4969881", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 576}
160,583
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Oral Health Foundation
Formation
Oral Health Foundation Formation On 9 July 1970, thirty dentists with others of similar interests met at the Berners hotel in London to discuss the formation of a new dental health organisation with soon-to-be Chairman Jack Manning being elected to set up a formation committee. The meeting had been the brainchild of a number of enthusiasts from the British Dental Trade Association led by John Davis and Peter de Trey. The formation committee worked in close association with the British Dental Association (BDA) over the next ten months and to then create the British Dental Health Foundation and a meeting
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Oral Health Foundation
Formation
was held at the Royal Society of Medicine on Friday 21 May 1971. Over the next eighteen months an enormous amount of activity was undertaken by the members of the formation committee to establish funding, formulate the Articles and Memorandum of Association and apply to the Charity commissioners for registration as a charity. The charity was to be unique amongst dental bodies in that membership would be open to not only the profession, but also ancillaries and corporate members from the dental trade. On 26 October 1971, the first meeting of initial subscribers was held at the Royal Society of Medicine. Jack
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Oral Health Foundation
Formation
Manning was elected the first Chairman of Council, John Davis the honorary secretary and Martin Seymour the Treasurer. Mr Douglas Lewis was to be appointed as the first consultant director. The Association for the Preservation of Dental Health Ltd, trading as the British Dental Health Foundation (later to become the Oral Health Foundation) was born. Its main aim had been defined as 'To preserve the dental health of the community in all its aspects and in particular to educate the community in the benefits of achieving and maintaining the highest standards of dental health'. At the time, this type of
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Oral Health Foundation
Formation & Accreditation
public activity, which would rely on funding from the dental trade as well as the profession and involve the whole dental team, was not considered by the BDA to be appropriate to its role as the dentist's professional association, trade union and negotiating body. Indeed, it was not until some eighteen years later, after one or two previous abortive forays into the world of public relations that the BDA set up its press office with ex-Oral Health Foundation Executive Director Lynn Stroud at the helm. Accreditation Many approaches had been made to the Oral Health Foundation over the years by
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Oral Health Foundation
Accreditation
companies wishing to accredit oral hygiene products. One of these included a talk at the 1975 AGM by Dr William Brown from Iowa on - 'Endorsement of Dental Products - Yes or No?'. In 1991 the time was considered right to launch an Accreditation scheme but few could have predicted just how it would transform the financial health and future of the Oral Health Foundation. In the first eight months of the scheme alone some 37 products were accredited and steady growth in the succeeding years have led to some 280 product submissions and 150 products on shelf with live
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Oral Health Foundation
Accreditation & Dental Helpline & Website
accreditation. Today, the Oral Health Foundation is responsible for the largest dental product accreditation scheme in the world, covering over 250 products in over 50 countries. It is a "Claims-based" scheme and approved products are awarded the Smiley-face logo which is displayed on packaging to help inform and advise the public. Dental Helpline The Oral Health Foundation has a free and independent Dental Helpline that is staffed by fully trained oral health experts and dental nurses. The Dental Helpline has taken more than 350,000 calls since it was launched on 2 June 1997. Website The Oral Health Foundation's website attracts
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Oral Health Foundation
Website
in excess of three million visitors every year. On 14 February 2011 the Oral Health Foundation moved from the .org.uk domain and launched their new website at www.dentalhealth.org. The site includes new features such as a dental blog written by Chief Executive Dr Nigel Carter and a number of other guest bloggers, a regularly updated dental and oral health news section and a dentistry-based forum gaining the attention to both public and profession. The most popular feature of the dental health website is the "A-Z Oral Health Information" section. Presented in a user-friendly Question and Answers (Q&A) format, the section contains oral
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160,583
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Oral Health Foundation
Website
health information and advice about more than 50 different topics.
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Ordensburg
Medieval Ordensburgs
Ordensburg Medieval Ordensburgs The Ordensburgs were originally constructed by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword and later the Teutonic Knights to fortify territory in Prussia and Livonia captured from the native populations - Old Prussians, Lithuanians and native peoples of what is now Latvia and Estonia. Later, Ordensburgs were used to attack Lithuania. Since they were built and used by religious military orders, the Ordensburgs often resembled cloisters. While they were considerably larger than those in the Holy Roman Empire, they were much scarcer in the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. While a normal castle in the Reich would
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Ordensburg
Medieval Ordensburgs
control about 38 km², a castle would control 370 km² in Prussia and 789 km² in Livonia, Courland and Estonia. The few small castles are considered to be of vassals, while the larger ones might have served as arsenals and strongholds during the Northern Crusades and were purpose-built to colonize the respective countries and peoples by capturing (and holding) territory, forcefully imposing the Christian religion and extracting economic value via looting, genocide and enslavement of the native peoples. Most Ordensburgs were rectangular, even quadratic in form, built from red brick and lacking a Bergfried. Many castles had no towers at all, as the bailey,
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Ordensburg
Medieval Ordensburgs
a mighty quadrangle, was considered sufficient for defence.
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160,585
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Osbourn High School
History
Osbourn High School History Osbourn High School history goes back to 1890 when it was named the Manassas Institute. Miss Eugenia H. Osbourn came to Manassas and was named assistant principal. In 1908, the Institute became part of the Virginia Public School system and was renamed the Manassas Agricultural High School. In 1928, a new school was built on Lee Avenue and the school became Manassas High School. Ms. Eugenia Osbourn remained principal of this high school until 1935. In 1939, the school was renamed Osbourn High School in her honor. The building on Lee Avenue was home to Osbourn
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160,585
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Osbourn High School
History
High School until the fall of 1953, when a new school was built on Tudor Lane. 22 years later, Prince William County Public Schools closed the building on Tudor Lane and students began attending a new school building on Euclid Avenue between Manassas and Manassas Park. 1975 was the year Manassas became a city. Shortly after, Manassas started its own school system. In the fall of 1977, the building at 9005 Tudor Lane reopened as Osbourn High School, a four-year high school. The eagle was chosen to be the school mascot, and navy blue and silver gray became the school colors.
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Osbourn High School
History & Athletics
Due to Manassas's rapid growth, Grace E. Metz Junior High School opened in 1990 and Osbourn became a three-year high school (grades 10-12). On November 8, 1999, students and staff moved to the current Osbourn High School. The four-year status was restored, and the graduating 8th graders from Metz came to Osbourn in September 2000 and became the class of 2004. Athletics In 2006 the Osbourn Eagles football team won the Cedar Run District Title, The Northwest Region Title, the AAA Division 6 State Championship (the highest class in the state of Virginia) with a 42-20 victory of Chantilly High
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160,585
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10
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Osbourn High School
Athletics
School. It is the school's only state championship since joining class AAA in 1996.
{"datasets_id": 160586, "wiki_id": "Q3822337", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 395}
160,586
Q3822337
2
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395
Our Wife (1941 film)
Reception
Our Wife (1941 film) Reception Bosley Crowther panned the film in The New York Times, writing, "the idea is one which would barely carry a ten-minute vaudeville skit. 'Our Wife' has grounds to sue its writers for non-support." He did praise Hussey and Douglas's performances, "considering that they have very little, or nothing, to do it with", but felt that Drew was "pleasant to look on but hard to take as the crafty wife".
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160,587
Q18030320
2
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8
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P2RX7
Structure and kinetics & Agonists
P2RX7 Structure and kinetics The P2X₇ subunits can form homomeric receptors only with a typical P2X receptor structure. The P2X₇ receptor is a ligand-gated cation channel that opens in response to ATP binding and leads to cell depolarization. The P2X₇ receptor requires higher levels of ATP than other P2X receptors; however, the response can be potentiated by reducing the concentration of divalent cations such as calcium or magnesium. Continued binding leads to increased permeability to N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG⁺). P2X₇ receptors do not become desensitized readily and continued signaling leads to the aforementioned increased permeability and an increase in current amplitude. Agonists
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160,587
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P2RX7
Agonists & Antagonists
P2X₇ receptors respond to BzATP more readily than ATP. ADP and AMP are weak agonists of P2X₇ receptors, but a brief exposure to ATP can increase their effectiveness. Glutathione has been proposed to act as a P2X₇ receptor agonist when present at milimolar levels, inducing calcium transients and GABA release from retinal cells. Antagonists The P2X₇ receptor current can be blocked by zinc, calcium, magnesium, and copper. P2X₇ receptors are sensitive to pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS) and relatively insensitive to suramin, but the suramin analog, NF279, is much more effective. Oxidized ATP (OxATP) and Brilliant Blue G has also been used
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160,587
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22
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P2RX7
Antagonists & Receptor trafficking & Recruitment of pannexin
for blocking P2X₇ in inflammation. Other blockers include the large organic cations calmidazolium (a calmodulin antagonist) and KN-62 (a CaM kinase II antagonist). Receptor trafficking In microglia, P2X₇ receptors are found mostly on the cell surface. Conserved cysteine residues located in the carboxyl terminus seem to be important for receptor trafficking to the cell membrane. These receptors are upregulated in response to peripheral nerve injury. In melanocytic cells P2X₇ gene expression may be regulated by MITF. Recruitment of pannexin Activation of the P2X₇ receptor by ATP leads to recruitment of pannexin pores which allow small molecules such as ATP to
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160,587
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P2RX7
Recruitment of pannexin & Neuropathic pain
leak out of cells. This allows further activation of purinergic receptors and physiological responses such a spreading cytoplasmic waves of calcium. Moreover, this could be responsible for ATP-dependent lysis of macrophages through the formation of membrane pores permeable to larger molecules. Neuropathic pain Microglial P2X₇ receptors are thought to be involved in neuropathic pain because blockade or deletion of P2X₇ receptors results in decreased responses to pain, as demonstrated in vivo. Moreover, P2X₇ receptor signaling increases the release of proinflammatory molecules such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. In addition, P2X₇ receptors have been linked to increases in proinflammatory cytokines such
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160,587
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P2RX7
Neuropathic pain & Osteoporosis & Diabetes & Possible link to hepatic fibrosis
as CXCL2 and CCL3. P2X₇ receptors are also linked to P2X₄ receptors, which are also associated with neuropathic pain mediated by microglia. Osteoporosis Mutations in this gene have been associated to low lumbar spine bone mineral density and accelerated bone loss in post-menopausal women. Diabetes The ATP/P2X7R pathway may trigger T-cell attacks on the pancreas, rendering it unable to produce insulin. This autoimmune response may be an early mechanism by which the onset of diabetes is caused. Possible link to hepatic fibrosis One study in mice showed that blockade of P2X7 receptors attenuates onset of liver fibrosis.
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160,588
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Padav Hills
Padav Hills Padav hills are a range of hills in the Mangalore taluk, Karnataka, India. During the mid-nineteenth century, Bishop Victor Fernandes, a Mangalorean Catholic priest, erected a large cross at former outskirts of Mangalore in Nanthoor near Padav hills to honour the memory of Mangalorean Catholic martyrs who died on the march and during their fifteen-year captivity at Seringapatam.
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160,589
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2
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Pasotti F.6 Airone
Design and development
Pasotti F.6 Airone Design and development The F in the designation of the Pasotti built F.6 Airone stood for its designer, Stelio Frati, who was responsible for several fast light wooden aircraft powered by either piston or turbine engines. The Airone (Heron in English) was a low-winged, twin piston engine driven, four seater. It was intended as a general light four seater for private or executive use, or as an air ambulance. The Airone's wings were built around a one piece single wooden spar and clad with stress bearing plywood. They carried differential ailerons and trailing edge flaps. The
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160,589
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6
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Pasotti F.6 Airone
Design and development
fuselage structure and that of the conventional tail unit was similar, though the rudder and elevators were fabric covered. The fuselage was built in two sections, bolted together behind the wing trailing edge. The rear section tapered towards the tail, where the tailplane was fitted on its top and the fin blended in with a curved leading edge. The front section included the enclosed cabin with two pairs of seats. Dual controls were fitted. There were wide doors on either side into the cabin; the baggage compartment behind it could be accessed from inside the cabin or
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160,589
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Pasotti F.6 Airone
Design and development
by a separate external hatch. The only Airone completed carried its fuel in a tank ahead of the cabin, though production aircraft would have used wingtip tanks instead. The Airone had a conventional retractable tricycle undercarriage with its trailing idler (knee action) main gear legs mounted below the engines. The prototype was powered by two flat 4-cylinder Continental C90 engines of 90 hp (67 kW) each, driving fixed pitch propellers. Production aircraft would have been powered by two 105 hp (78 kW) Walter Minor IV inverted inline engines with variable pitch airscrews, though there were other possible engine choices in the 90 to 140 hp
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160,589
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2,046
Pasotti F.6 Airone
Design and development
(67 to 104 kW) range. In February 1958 there was a report that Aeromere would produce the Airone powered with unspecified 150 hp (112 kW) engines in place of the Walters. As with other proposals to produce the Airone, this too came to nothing.
{"datasets_id": 160590, "wiki_id": "Q315692", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 557}
160,590
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Paul Aguilar
Pachuca
Paul Aguilar Pachuca Paul Aguilar began his career with Pachuca Club de Fútbol in 2002. He started off in Pachuca's affiliate (second division) team, Pachuca Juniors. In 2004, he was loaned to Indios de Ciudad Juárez for two seasons in order to gain more experience. After returning to Pachuca in 2005 and making 27 appearances with the "B team" (Pachuca Juniors), Aguilar made his first-team debut in the 2006 Apertura tournament on 6 August in a match against Cruz Azul, with the match ending in a 2–3 defeat. Paul Aguilar played the entire ninety minutes and scored a goal in
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Paul Aguilar
Pachuca
the 56th minute of the game. Pachuca won the 2007 Clausura championship after defeating América in the final. Paul Aguilar became a mainstay within the squad and won the confidence of manager Enrique Meza. Aguilar would barely miss a game since earning a starting position at right-back during the 2008 Clausura. Paul Aguilar also participated in the 2008 and 2010 FIFA Club World Cups with Pachuca. His performance with the club earned him a spot in the final 23-man national team squad who would play the 2010 FIFA World Cup. After five years and ten seasons with Pachuca, Paul Aguilar
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Paul Aguilar
Pachuca & América
was sold to América for the 2011 Apertura in exchange for Juan Carlos Silva and Enrique Esqueda. América On 23 May 2011, Aguilar officially joined Club América for the Apertura tournament. Aguilar made his debut with América on 31 July in a league match against Toluca, which ended in a 1–1 draw. Upon his arrival Aguilar became a popular player with the club's fans. He scored his first goal with América in the 90th minute against arch-rivals Guadalajara in the Súper Clásico. On 26 May 2013, Paul Aguilar won his first title with América after defeating Cruz Azul in the Clausura
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160,590
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Paul Aguilar
América & International career
final, playing in both legs. On 26 March 2014, Aguilar signed a two-year contract extension with América, which will keep him at the club until 2016. Aguilar had previously stated publicly that he would like to end his career at América. Aguilar made his 100th league appearance for América on 30 May in the 4–0 win over Guadalajara. Prior to the first-leg of the 2014 Apertura semifinal series against Monterrey, it was reported that Aguilar was separated from the squad by manager Antonio Mohamed due to an alleged dressing-room confrontation between the two. International career In October 2007, Paul Aguilar received
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Paul Aguilar
International career
his first call-up by coach Hugo Sánchez to play a friendly match against Nigeria, however he did no see playing time. In 2009, Aguilar was called-up again, this time by coach Javier Aguirre, and made his debut with the national team on 30 September in a friendly match against Colombia. The match ended in a 1–2 defeat, with Aguilar played the entire 90 minutes and scoring Mexico's only goal. In early 2010, Aguirre called-up Aguilar for a series of international friendlies in preparation for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Mexico's first game of 2010 was a 5–0 win over Bolivia, in
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160,590
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Paul Aguilar
International career
which Paul scored his second goal for Mexico in only his second appearance. He eventually made the final 23-player roster for the World Cup. He started in the tournament's inaugural match against hosts South Africa, but was substituted out for Andrés Guardado in the 55th minute. He did not participate in any of the next three matches. Aguilar was a part of the winning squad at the 2011 CONCACAF Gold Cup, however he only saw playing time in the semi-final match against Honduras. Aguilar also participated in the 2011 Copa America held in Argentina, playing in all three group matches as
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160,590
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Paul Aguilar
International career
a right-back. In 2012, he saw no activity with the national team. Aguilar would not receive another call-up until late 2013, this time by new coach Miguel Herrera for the two World Cup intercontinental playoff matches against New Zealand. Aguilar would go on to score Mexico's first goal in the 5–1 win over New Zealand at the Estadio Azteca on 13 November. The playoff ended in a combined 9-3 win for Mexico, thus qualifying them to the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Aguilar would be included in the final 23-man squad for the World Cup. During the 2014 World Cup, he started
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160,590
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Paul Aguilar
International career
at right-back for Mexico in all four matches. During the 2015 CONCACAF Cup, Aguilar scored a game-winning volley for Mexico in the 3–2 result, thus earning qualification for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup. In the run-up to the 2018 FIFA World Cup, national coach Juan Carlos Osorio decided not to call-up Aguilar following alleged criticism from the player towards Osorio’s tactics.
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160,591
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Paul Smit
Education & Political positions
Paul Smit Paul Albertus Smit (born 23 March 1953 near Otavi, Otjozondjupa Region) is a Namibian politician and farmer. Education Smit attended Etosha High School in Tsumeb, where he graduated from in 1971. Upon graduation in Tsumeb, he left to South Africa, where he attended the University of the Orange Free State in Bloemfontein. He graduated with a BSc in Agricultural Economy in 1973. Political positions A White farmer, Smit considers himself "apolitical" despite being the Deputy Minister of Agriculture since 2000 in an otherwise SWAPO-led government. Smit has actively worked towards reconciliation between Black and White Namibians through Transformation Namibia.
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160,591
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Paul Smit
Political positions & Political career
In October 2002, Smit apologized before the National Assembly for the wrongs of apartheid. In May 2003, the organization held a successful rally but a planned apology on behalf of White Namibians did not result. Political career He was the Minister of Agriculture for part of 2004-2005 following Helmut Angula's resignation from the post. He was a Democratic Turnhalle Alliance activist in the 1980s but left the party in 1983. From 1987-1997, Smit played a prominent role in the Namibia Agricultural Union, which represents Namibia's prosperous and overwhelmingly white commercial farmers. He served as the NAU's president from 1993-1997. On Heroes'
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160,591
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Paul Smit
Political career
Day 2014 he was conferred the Excellent Order of the Eagle, Second Class.
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160,592
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Peel tower
History
Peel tower History Peels were built in Scotland, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland and North Riding of Yorkshire, and as far south as Lancashire, in response to the threat of attack from the English, Scots and the Border Reivers of both nationalities. In Scotland, a line of these towers was built in the 1430s across the Tweed valley from Berwick to its source, as a response to the dangers of invasion from the Marches. In the upper Tweed valley, going downstream from its source, they were as follows: Fruid, Hawkshaw, Oliver, Polmood, Kingledoors, Mossfennan, Wrae Tower, Quarter, Stanhope, Drumelzier, Tinnies, Dreva, Stobo, Dawyck,
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Peel tower
History
Easter Happrew, Lyne, Barnes, Caverhill, Neidpath, Peebles, Horsburgh, Nether Horsburgh Castle, Cardrona, Kirna(Kirnie) Tower, Elibank. By an Act of the Parliament of England in 1455, each of these towers was required to have an iron basket on its summit and a smoke or fire signal, for day or night use, ready at hand. Apart from their primary purpose as a warning system, these towers were also the homes of the lairds and landlords of the area, who dwelt in them with their families and retainers, while their followers lived in simple huts outside the walls. The towers also provided a refuge
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History & Surviving towers
so that, when cross-border raiding parties arrived, the whole population of a village could take to the tower and wait for the marauders to depart. Surviving towers Hawkshaw, ancestral home of the Porteous family at Tweedsmuir in Peeblesshire, a peel tower dating from at least 1439, no longer stands but its site is marked by a cairn. Peel towers can be associated with a church: for example Embleton Tower in Embleton, Northumberland, is an example of a so-called vicar's pele and the one at Hulne Priory is in the grounds of the priory. St Michael's Church, Burgh by Sands has a
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Peel tower
Surviving towers
heavily fortified tower at the west end and a former vicar's pele at the east end. St Cuthbert's, Great Salkeld, is another example. Some peels were converted to castles, such as Penrith Castle. Some towers are now derelict while others have been converted for use in peacetime. Embleton Tower is now part of the (former) vicarage and that on the Inner Farne is a home to bird wardens. The most obvious conversion needs include access, which would have originally been made intentionally difficult, and the provision of more and larger windows. A peel tower in Hellifield, North Yorkshire featured in an
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Surviving towers
episode of Grand Designs showing the conversion from a derelict state to a home and a bed-and-breakfast business. Darnick Tower stands just outside Melrose and is still habitable. It was built in 1425 by the Heiton family from Normandy, and is considered one of the finest examples of a Borders peel tower. It had remained the property of the same family until 2016. Canons Ashby House incorporates one of only a few Peel towers constructed in the Midlands; it owes its existence to the settlement of Cumbrian sheep farmer, John Dryden, in the county of Northamptonshire.
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Pendhapa
Pendhapa A pendhapa or pandhapa (Javanese: ꦥꦼꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ or ꦥꦤ꧀ꦝꦥ, Indonesian spelling: pendapa, nonstandard spelling: pendopo) is a fundamental element of Javanese architecture; a large pavilion-like structure built on columns. Either square or rectangular in plan, it is open on all sides and provides shelter from the sun and rain, but allows breeze and indirect light. The word pendhapa is cognate to the Sanskrit word mandapa ("hall"). The Dutch writer Multatuli in his colonial reformist novel Max Havelaar described the pendhapa thus: "After a broad-brimmed hat, an umbrella, or a hollow tree, a 'pendoppo' [sic] is certainly the most simple representation
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Pendhapa
of the idea 'roof'." Derived from ancient Javanese architectural elements, pendhapa are common ritual spaces primarily intended for ceremony, and also for a variety of purposes such as receiving guests in the compounds of wealthy Javanese, and even as cottage industry work spaces. Pendhapa can be constructed as a stand-alone structure or, attached to a walled inner structure (dalem), may form the front part of a traditional Javanese house (omah).
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Peter Dumbreck
Biography
Peter Dumbreck Biography Born in Kirkcaldy, Dumbreck dominated the 1994 British Formula Vauxhall Junior championship and followed this in 1996 with a similarly strong performance when he won ten races to take the full Formula Vauxhall Championship. After finishing third in British Formula 3 in 1997, he took the 1998 Japanese Formula 3 title with a record-breaking eight wins out of ten races. The climax of Dumbreck's 1998 season was victory at the Macau Grand Prix – a race that traditionally attracts entries from all the world's top flight Formula 3 drivers. In 1999 Dumbreck escaped uninjured from a violent crash during
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Peter Dumbreck
Biography
the 1999 24 Hours of Le Mans race when his No. 5 Mercedes-Benz CLR somersaulted into the woods at about 300 km/h (190 mph). An aerodynamic design flaw caused the front of the car to rise and then flip without any external contact; Mark Webber had already suffered similar crashes in the No. 4 car during the Thursday night practice and the Saturday morning Warm-up. The remaining No. 6 car was retired immediately, and the team withdrew from all other planned entries in endurance racing and the American Le Mans Series. When the Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters (DTM) returned from the 2000 season onwards,
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Peter Dumbreck
Biography
Dumbreck continued to race for Mercedes-Benz in the DTM touring car championship until 2002. A third place in the final standings of the 2001 season was his best result. He then moved to the Opel team in 2003 and 2004 where he suffered another major accident at Zandvoort track in 2004. In 2005 Dumbreck returned to Japanese Super GT (JGTC/Super GT) in the midst of the season, driving a Toyota which became Lexus from 2006 to 2008. His first victory for Lexus came at Fuji on 4 May 2006. In 2006, he returned to Le Mans and drove the No. 85 Spyker
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Peter Dumbreck
Biography
Spyder for Spyker Squadron in the GT2 class, but that car retired with only 40 laps completed resulting in 47th finish overall. The same result occurred two years later 52nd overall only 43 laps completed. In 2010, Dumbreck returned again with Spyker and finally finished the race 27th overall, a classified finisher, and ninth place in GT2. In 2015, he won third place overall at the 43rd ADAC Zurich Nürburgring 24 Hour Endurance Race with Falken Motorsports. On 12 May 2017 he broke the lap record at the Nürburgring Nordschleife with the full electric Supercar NIO EP9 by Chinese manufacturer NIO
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Peter Dumbreck
Biography
with a 6:45.90. It was the first time a full electric car hold the lap record at the Nordschleife.
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Philip Hooker
Early life & Career
Philip Hooker Early life Hooker was born on October 28, 1766 to Samuel Hooker (1745–1832) and Rachel Hinds, the eldest of at least six children. His father is said to have brought his family to live in Albany in 1772 from Massachusetts. Career In the New York City directories of 1792 and 1793, he was listed as a "house carpenter" where he likely learned architecture from European architects and engineers who were working in the City. Hooker assembled a library during this period and when his parents and the rest of his family moved to Utica in 1797, he stayed
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Philip Hooker
Career & Private residences
behind in Albany. He became a prominent member of Albany serving as alderman assessor, city architect, city superintendent, and city surveyor. During his career, he designed Hyde Hall, the facade of the Hamilton College Chapel, The Albany Academy, Albany City Hall, and the original New York State Capitol building. He is believed to have designed the Gen. John G. Weaver House at Utica, New York. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. Private residences He also designed many private residences for wealthy Albanians including the Van Rensselaers, Cornings, Pruyns, Lansings, William James and
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Philip Hooker
Private residences & Personal life
others. One mansion attributed to him and built for Samuel Hill, is now the Fort Orange Club at 110 Washington Avenue. He was also a politician and a member of the "Albany Regency." Personal life His first wife, Mary, died in 1812 at the age of 39. In 1814, he married Sarah Monk (c. 1780/90–1858) at the Albany Lutheran church. Sara was the daughter of Christopher Monk. Neither of his marriages produced children, therefore his estate was left to his widow upon his death on January 31, 1836. His will indicated that "Sarah, who has by her industry and frugality
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Philip Hooker
Personal life
assisted me in an essential manner to acquire what I possess, the whole of my estate of every kind and description whatsoever and wheresoever the same may be, which I may own, be in possession of or be entitled to at the time of my decease; to be and remain her sole property so long as she remains a widow..." He was originally buried in the State Street Burial Grounds in Albany; his body was reinterred in the 1860s at the Albany Rural Cemetery, in lot 12, section 49, in Menands, New York.
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Pieter Schuyler
Early life and family
Pieter Schuyler Early life and family Pieter Schuyler was born in 1657 in Beverwyck, New Netherland. He was one of 10 children born to Philip Pieterse Schuyler, a Dutch- born landowner who was the progenitor of the American Schuyler family, and Margarita Van Slichtenhorst. His siblings were Gysbert Schuyler, Gertruj Schuyler, who married Stephanus van Cortlandt (the patroon of Van Cortlandt Manor and a Mayor of New York City from 1677–1678 and again from 1686–1688), Alida Schuyler, who first married Nicholas van Rensselaer and then second, Robert Livingston the Elder, Brant Schuyler, who married Cornelia Van Cortlandt, Arent Schuyler, who
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Pieter Schuyler
Early life and family & Career
married Jannetje Teller and later Swantje Van Duyckhuysen, Sybilla Schuyler, Philip Schuyler, Johannes Schuyler, and Margritta Schuyler, who married Jacobus Verplanck. The many Schuyler children established the family name and homes, including the Schuyler Mansion in Albany. They were closely related to the great family patroons of New York, the Van Cortlandts. Career In March 1685, Governor Dongan appointed Pieter Schuyler lieutenant of cavalry in the Albany militia. He later attained the rank of Major, and then Colonel. In 1690, during King William's War, Schuyler's younger brother led an attack on La Prairie, Quebec. Colonel Schuyler led a second attack the
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Pieter Schuyler
Career & First mayor of Albany & Acting governor of the Province of New York
following year. First mayor of Albany In April 1685, he was appointed Judge of the Court of Oyer and Terminer. On July 22, 1686, Albany was incorporated as a city, and Pieter Schuyler was named its first mayor, serving for eight years. As mayor, Schuyler was also chairman of the Board of the Commissioners for Indian Affairs. Acting governor of the Province of New York From 1692, Schuyler was a member of the executive council, which was the unelected upper house of New York's colonial legislature. He was the first man from Albany to be appointed to the council. When
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Pieter Schuyler
Acting governor of the Province of New York
Lord Lovelace died in May 1709, the lieutenant governor, Richard Ingoldesby, was absent. Under the terms of Lovelace's commission as governor, the executive council's most senior member was next in the line of succession, and Schuyler thus served as acting governor until Ingoldesby's return a few days later. Ingoldesby was again absent later in the month, with Schuyler taking over as governor for another period of less than a week. In July 1719, when Robert Hunter had his commission as governor revoked, Schuyler was still the most senior member of the executive council, and consequently served a third term as acting
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Pieter Schuyler
Acting governor of the Province of New York & Descendants
governor. The new governor, William Burnet, did not take office until September 1720. Burnet removed Schuyler from the executive council in 1721, along with another Councillor, Adolphus Philipse, who like Schuyler, was a New Netherlander. Descendants Pieter Schuyler third son's granddaughter married Col. Philip Kiliaen van Rensselaer of "Cherry Hill" in Albany, great-grandson of Jeremias Van Rensselaer. His great-nephew was Continental General Philip Schuyler whose cousin Hester Schuyler married General William Colfax, the grandparents of Congressman and Vice President Schuyler Colfax, who married a niece of Senator Benjamin Franklin Wade and who was related to Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes.
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Pieter Schuyler
Descendants
His grand-niece, Philip Schuyler's sister, married Dr. John Cochran, the Director General of the Military Hospitals of the Continental Army, and were the grandparents of U.S. General and Congressman John Cochran. His great-grandchildren included Richard Livingston and Col. James Livingston. Schuyler's sister-in-law, Catherina Van Rensselaer (née Van Brugh) was the great-grandmother of Continental General Peter Gansevoort, who married Catherina Van Schaick, the sister of Continental General Goose Van Schaick. Catherine and Goose were the children of Albany mayor Sybrant Van Schaick. The Gansevoort's were the grandparents of author Herman Melville.
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Plow United
Formation and first three albums (1992–1998)
Plow United Formation and first three albums (1992–1998) McGee, Rule and Tannenbaum met at a private high school in Wilmington, Delaware in 1989. In 1992, they formed a band called Plow and recorded two demo tapes ("Old Country Church Broadcast" and "Warped Sense of Humor"). They began playing shows in Delaware and Southeast Pennsylvania over the next 18 months. In 1994, Tannenbaum moved to West Chester, Pennsylvania where the band played with other regional acts and began working with the newly started Creep Records (based in West Chester) and Coolidge Records (based in New Jersey). Plow changed its name to "Plow
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Plow United
Formation and first three albums (1992–1998)
United" when a band of the same name from Baltimore, Maryland sent them a letter claiming rights to the name. A reproduction of the letter can be found inside the cover of their eponymous debut album, which Creep Records released that same year. Plow United played continuously throughout the Northeastern United States from 1994 until 1997. Armed with their Coolidge and Creep releases, and coupled with their beloved van, Sadi, they also toured the United States multiple times, eventually taking their music as far as Canada. They shared lineups at shows with national acts like Lagwagon, At the Drive-In, Bouncing Souls
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Plow United
Formation and first three albums (1992–1998) & Hiatus (1998–2010)
and Good Riddance. In 1996, the band recorded and released their second record ("Goodnight Sellout"), and received attention from major labels. They declined to pursue a career in rock and roll, however, and in 1997 the band broke up at the height of its popularity. In 1998 Creep Records released a posthumous third LP ("Narcolepsy"), a darker take on the band's loose, aggressive pop punk sound. In 1998, Plow United reformed to play three shows in New York and Pennsylvania to promote the release of "Narcolepsy". Hiatus (1998–2010) In 2000, Coolidge Records released a compilation of singles and other non-album tracks
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Plow United
Hiatus (1998–2010)
(The Dustbin of History). McGee played in Throttle Jockey and briefly as a second guitarist in Super Hi-5 with Sid Carney, Arik Victor and Mike Bardzik. He attended John C. Campbell Folk School, Haywood Community College, and Penland School of Crafts. He lived for a time in North Carolina, where he was elected president of the North Carolina chapter of the WPA (Werewolf Protection Agency) . Brian played and recorded with his old school folk/bluegrass/country rock and roll band Brian McGee and the Hollow Speed from 2005 to 2010. After recording his latest album ("The Taking Or The Leaving"), McGee dropped
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Plow United
Hiatus (1998–2010)
the Hollow Speed tag and now performs his solo material under Brian McGee. Visit www.brianmcgeemusic.com for more information. Tannenbaum moved on to indie pop bands – The Skywriters and The Snow Fairies – as well as recording a solo album "Music Should Be Seen and Not Heard" under the name The Whales on the Best Kept Secret tape label. He left Philadelphia in 2001 for long stints in The United Kingdom and Hawaii. He returned to Philadelphia in 2008. In 2010, he joined the indie-pop band Glitter, featuring members of The Skywriters, The Snow Fairies and The 500s. Around the time
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Plow United
Hiatus (1998–2010) & Reunion (2011–present)
of the Plow United reunion, he started the band Ex Friends with designer and illustrator JP Flexner on drums. Rule began teaching high school math in 1997 at Salesianum School and later became a math teacher at Central Oregon Community College. He played in the thrash band Hands On Throat, and also in the ska band Necktie Killer (both based in Bend, Oregon). From 1998 to 2011, the band received requests to play more shows, all of which were declined. Reunion (2011–present) On September 24, 2011, Plow United played their first show after an almost 13-year hiatus at the inaugural Riot
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Plow United
Reunion (2011–present)
Fest East at Penn's Landing in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Preceding Riot Fest East, the band came to an amicable agreement with Creep Records that allowed them to take control of their master tapes from the albums and re-release old material. A compilation LP ("Sleepwalk: A Retrospective"), on the Paper + Plastick label, was released for sale at Riot Fest East. In the time since Riot Fest, Plow United has played shows along the East Coast, including performances at Insubordination Fest 2012 in Baltimore, Maryland, and Fest 2012 in Gainesville, Florida. In early 2012, they did a three-day stint of support shows
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Plow United
Reunion (2011–present)
for Less Than Jake. In Summer 2012, Plow United returned to the studio for the first time in 14 years to record new material. Twelve of the 17 tracks recorded at those sessions would comprise the full - length "Marching Band", which was released on April 2, 2013 on the Jump Start Label. Two other songs from that session were released as a 7" single on Kiss of Death Records. Two additional songs are slated for a split 7" release with Mikey Erg, and one other song appeared on the compilation "For the Shore" on Chance 4 Change Records. In March
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Plow United
Reunion (2011–present)
2013, the band played a series of shows (including recording live on WXPN at Studio A in Philadelphia and performing live on The Chris Gethard Show) to support their new album, "Marching Band" released on the Jump Start label. They have more shows and festival appearances planned for spring and summer 2013. Plow United maintains a website at plowunited.net.
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Ponce de Leon Inlet
Ponce de Leon Inlet The Ponce de Leon Inlet is a natural opening in the barrier islands in central Florida that connects the north end of the Mosquito Lagoon and the south end of the Halifax River to the Atlantic Ocean. The inlet originally was named Mosquito Inlet. In 1926 the Florida Legislature changed the name from Mosquito Inlet to Ponce de Leon Inlet. There was precedent for the change. Mosquito County had long before become Orange County, and the Mosquito River had become the Halifax River. Only the Mosquito Lagoon has kept its old name. It is the site
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Ponce de Leon Inlet
of the town of Ponce Inlet, Florida and the Ponce de Leon Inlet Light. The inlet is maintained by the Ponce de Leon Inlet & Port District, a Division of the Volusia County, Florida government.
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Pratt & Whitney TF30
Design and development
Pratt & Whitney TF30 Design and development In 1958, the Douglas Aircraft Company proposed a short-range, four-engined jet airliner to fill the gap below its new DC-8 intercontinental, known internally as the Model 2067. Intended to be marketed as DC-9, it was not directly related to the later twin-engined Douglas DC-9. Pratt & Whitney (P&W) had offered its JT8A turbojet for the airliner, but Douglas preferred to go with a turbofan engine, which would have a greater fuel efficiency than a turbojet. P&W then proposed the JT10A, a half-scale version of its newly developed JT8D turbofan. Development of the
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Pratt & Whitney TF30
Design and development & F-111
new design began in April 1959, using the core of the JT8. Douglas shelved the model 2067 design in 1960, as the targeted US airlines preferred the newly offered Boeing 727. In 1960, the United States Navy selected the JT10A, designated TF30-P-1, to power the proposed Douglas F6D Missileer, but the project was canceled in April 1961. Meanwhile, the TF30 had been chosen by General Dynamics for its entrant in the TFX competition for the United States Air Force and USN, which was selected for production as the F-111. The version of the TF30 for the F-111 included an afterburner. F-111
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Pratt & Whitney TF30
F-111
The F-111A, EF-111A and F-111E used the TF30-P-3 turbofan. The F-111 had problems with inlet compatibility, and many faulted the placement of the intakes behind the disturbed air of the wing. Newer F-111 variants incorporated improved intake designs and most variants featured more powerful versions of the TF30 engine. The F-111E was updated to use TF30-P-103 engines, the F-111D included the TF30-P-9/109, the FB-111A used the TF-30-P-7/107, and the F-111F had the TF30-P-100. The TF30 proved itself to be well-suited to the requirements of a high-speed low-altitude strike aircraft with a relatively long operational range, and F-111s in
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Pratt & Whitney TF30
F-111 & A-7
all guises would continue to use TF30s until their retirement. A-7 In 1964, the subsonic LTV A-7A Corsair II won the US Navy's VAL competition for a light attack aircraft to replace the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk. The A-7A used a non-afterburning variant of the TF30, which would also power the improved A-7B and A-7C. In 1965, the USAF selected the A-7D as a replacement for its fast-jet F-100 and F-105 supersonic fighter-bombers in the close air support role. Though the USAF had wanted the TF30, Pratt & Whitney was unable to meet the production timetable because its facilities were
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Pratt & Whitney TF30
A-7 & F-14
already committed to producing other engines. Instead of producing the TF30 under license for P&W, the Allison Engine Company offered its own TF41 turbofan, a license-built version of the RB.168-25R Spey, to the Air Force. The more powerful TF41 was selected by the USAF for the A-7D, and by the USN for its similar A-7E. F-14 The Grumman F-14 Tomcat with the TF30-P-414A was underpowered, because it was the Navy's intent to procure a jet fighter with a thrust-to-weight ratio (in clean configuration) of 1 lbf:1 lb or better (the US Air Force had the same goals for the
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160,599
Q2574100
18
244
18
807
Pratt & Whitney TF30
F-14
F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon). However, due to the intent to incorporate as many of the systems of the failed Navy version of the F-111, the F-111B, into the project, it was deemed that the initial production run of F-14s utilize the F-111B's powerplant. The F-14A's thrust-to-weight ratio was similar to the F-4 Phantom II; however the new fuselage and wing design provided greater lift and a better climb profile than the F-4. The TF30 was found to be ill-adapted to the demands of air combat and was prone to compressor stalls at high angle of attack
{"datasets_id": 160599, "wiki_id": "Q2574100", "sp": 18, "sc": 807, "ep": 18, "ec": 1446}
160,599
Q2574100
18
807
18
1,446
Pratt & Whitney TF30
F-14
(AOA) if the throttles were moved aggressively. Because of the Tomcat's widely spaced engine nacelles, compressor stalls at high AOA were especially dangerous because they tended to produce asymmetric thrust that could send the Tomcat into an upright or inverted spin, from which recovery was very difficult. The F-14's problems did not afflict TF30 engines in the USAF and RAAF F-111s to nearly the same extent. The F-111, while technically designated as a "fighter," was actually used as a ground attack aircraft and tactical bomber. A typical ground strike mission is characterized by less abrupt changes in throttle, angle of
{"datasets_id": 160599, "wiki_id": "Q2574100", "sp": 18, "sc": 1446, "ep": 18, "ec": 2063}
160,599
Q2574100
18
1,446
18
2,063
Pratt & Whitney TF30
F-14
attack and altitude than an air-to-air combat mission. While it can still involve hard and violent maneuvers to avoid enemy missiles and aircraft, these maneuvers are generally still not nearly as hard and violent as those required in air combat, and the F-111 is a larger and less-maneuverable aircraft to begin with. Though the F-14A entered service with the Navy powered by Pratt & Whitney TF30, by the end of the decade, following numerous problems with the original engine, the Department of Defense began procuring F110-GE-400 engines and installed them in the F-14A Plus (later redesignated to F-14B in 1991),
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160,599
Q2574100
18
2,063
18
2,392
Pratt & Whitney TF30
F-14
which entered service with the fleet in 1988. These engines solved the reliability problems and provided nearly 30% more thrust, achieving a 1:1 dry thrust to weight ratio with a low fuel load. The subsequent F-14D, a combination of both remanufactured/upgraded F-14As and new manufacture F-14Ds, also used F110-GE-400 engines.
{"datasets_id": 160600, "wiki_id": "Q7248021", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 583}
160,600
Q7248021
2
0
6
583
Professional Revolutionary
Summary
Professional Revolutionary Summary “I want things to change, where the playing field is leveled,” Wellman says, “where equality emerges as a reality...where the horrible things about inequality are eliminated.” Under-educated, Wellman fought in the army, worked in a car factory for Ford and was employed at a printing company; Wellman fought against the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War and against the Axis in World War II. Wellman returned home at the start of the Cold War, to help organize and lead the Communist Party in America. Then when the 60s came along, Wellman latched onto the civil rights
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160,600
Q7248021
6
583
6
1,196
Professional Revolutionary
Summary
movement. The documentary deals with wheelchair-using Wellman, during the last years of his life, at an Iraq war protest. Throughout his life, Wellman was an organizer and passionate speaker. Wellman's militant defiance and controversial ideologies began at a young age. “I sucked socialism at my mother's breast,” he jokes. His mother, a Russian immigrant, believed in socialism and took Wellman to hear Eugene Debs, the leading socialist at the time, deliver a speech. But Wellman's defining moment came in high school when he decided to cut school in order to attend a protest. He got expelled as a
{"datasets_id": 160600, "wiki_id": "Q7248021", "sp": 6, "sc": 1196, "ep": 6, "ec": 1848}
160,600
Q7248021
6
1,196
6
1,848
Professional Revolutionary
Summary
result. His parents were devastated, but Wellman felt liberated. His last day of formal education was his first day as a revolutionary. But Wellman's activism was not without controversy. While some have praised him for being “infinitely inspiring” and working towards a communist country, others disagree. When war erupted in Spain, he and his friends, still young, had a naïve understanding of world politics and social progress, but signed up to fight in the international brigades anyway. “We didn't know our asses from our elbows,” he admits. Later, Wellman became a leader among American Communists, but when the Soviet Union's
{"datasets_id": 160600, "wiki_id": "Q7248021", "sp": 6, "sc": 1848, "ep": 10, "ec": 141}
160,600
Q7248021
6
1,848
10
141
Professional Revolutionary
Summary & Reception
corruption was exposed, he abandoned the movement to promote Civil Rights and protest the war in Vietnam. But Wellman's pursuit of his political passions came with negatives for those close to him. While he was busy with social activism, his wife was left at home to work full-time and raise their children alone. Wellman acknowledges the fact that his career disadvantaged his family, but he felt that his work was necessary to change society. Reception The documentary met with mixed reviews. The subject of the film, Wellman, met with more praise than the film itself. Wellman was said to have
{"datasets_id": 160600, "wiki_id": "Q7248021", "sp": 10, "sc": 141, "ep": 10, "ec": 306}
160,600
Q7248021
10
141
10
306
Professional Revolutionary
Reception
been an, "infinitely inspiring model to many idealistic youths." And by listing his achievements the flattery of his pupils, reviews establish him as a hero figure.
{"datasets_id": 160601, "wiki_id": "Q1001566", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 361}
160,601
Q1001566
2
0
8
361
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Europe versus Siberia
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses Various Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses, hypotheses on the origin of the Uralic languages and the location (Urheimat or homeland) and the period in which the Proto-Uralic language was spoken, have been advocated over the years. Europe versus Siberia It has been suggested that the Proto-Uralic homeland was located near the Ural Mountains, either on the European or the Siberian side. The main reason to suppose that there was a Siberian homeland has been the traditional taxonomic model that sees the Samoyed branch as splitting off first. Because the present border between the Samoyed and the Ugric branch is
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160,601
Q1001566
8
361
8
968
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Europe versus Siberia
in Western Siberia, the original split was seen to have occurred there too. However, because the Ugric languages are known to have been spoken earlier on the European side of the Urals, a European homeland would be equally possible. In recent years, it has also been argued on the basis of phonology that the oldest split was not between the Samoyed and the Finno-Ugric but between the Finno-Permic and the Ugro-Samoyedic language groups. The lexical level is argued to be less reliable, and lexical innovativeness (a small number of shared cognates) can be confused because of the great age of the
{"datasets_id": 160601, "wiki_id": "Q1001566", "sp": 8, "sc": 968, "ep": 8, "ec": 1596}
160,601
Q1001566
8
968
8
1,596
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Europe versus Siberia
division. For a long time, no new arguments for a Siberian homeland have been presented. Both European and Siberian homeland proposals have been supported by palaeolinguistic evidence, but only those cases in which the semantic reconstructions are certain are valid. A Siberian homeland has been claimed on the basis of two coniferous tree names in Proto-Uralic, but the trees (Abies sibirica and Pinus cembra) have for a long time been present also in the far east of Europe. A European homeland is supported by words for 'bee', 'honey', 'elm' etc. They can be reconstructed already in Proto-Uralic, when Samoyed is no
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160,601
Q1001566
8
1,596
8
2,291
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Europe versus Siberia
more the first entity to split off. More recently, loanword evidence has also been used to support a European homeland. Proto-Uralic has been seen as borrowing words from Proto-Indo-European, and the Proto-Indo-European homeland has rarely been located east of the Urals. Proto-Uralic even seems to have developed in close contact with Proto-Indo-Iranian, which is seen as having arisen in the Poltavka culture of the Caspian steppes before its spread to Asia. The Lyalovo culture (5000–3650 cal BC) has been equated with the Proto-Uralic urheimat, and the following Volosovo culture (3650–1900 cal BC) with the Proto-Finno-Ugric urheimat. Some scholars believe that the culture
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160,601
Q1001566
8
2,291
8
2,917
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Europe versus Siberia
of Lyalovo was in fact the Proto-Uralic urheimat and that its inhabitants spread Uralic languages to north-eastern Europe. The Volosovo culture has been named the Bronze Age Successor Culture, a textile-ceramic culture that developed in the region between Upper Volga and Ladoga and Ääninen. It was distinguished from other groups based on the traces of textile used for the production of ceramics, and spread southeast all the way to central Volga, south to the entire river valley of the Oka, southwest to the northern shore of the Baltic River Väinjoki and northwest of Fennoscandia to Karelia, Finland and northern Sweden
{"datasets_id": 160601, "wiki_id": "Q1001566", "sp": 8, "sc": 2917, "ep": 8, "ec": 3583}
160,601
Q1001566
8
2,917
8
3,583
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Europe versus Siberia
and Norway. Known as the Seima-Turbino phenomenon, it was a culturally unified, extensive network of trade in copper and bronze. The traces of the Seima-Turbino phenomenon are found in a wide area that begins in Sweden and ends in the Altai Mountains. However, Jaakko Häkkinen argues that the language of the Volosovo culture was not itself Uralic, but a Paleo-European substratum to Uralic, especially its westernmost branches, and identifies Proto-Uralic with the Garino-Bor culture instead. The Volosovo region was invaded by the Abashevo cultural groups at about 2300 BC. The latter buried their deceased in kurgans, and they are thought to have
{"datasets_id": 160601, "wiki_id": "Q1001566", "sp": 8, "sc": 3583, "ep": 12, "ec": 116}
160,601
Q1001566
8
3,583
12
116
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Europe versus Siberia & Continuity theories
spoken a form of Indo-European ancestral to the Indo-Iranian languages and to have influenced the Volosovian vocabulary by introducing Aryan (Indo-Iranian) loan words. The Abashevo contributed to the fact that livestock farming and small-scale farming began to be practiced in the southern parts of the forest zone of Taiga. It has been hypothesized that Pre-Proto-Uralic was spoken in Asia, on the basis of early contacts with the Yukaghir languages and typological similarity with the Altaic (in the typological meaning) language families. Continuity theories Archaeological continuity has long been used as the basis of an argument for linguistic continuity. The argument was
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160,601
Q1001566
12
116
12
768
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Continuity theories
advanced by Estonians Paul Ariste and Harri Moora in 1956. Just as long, this kind of argumentation has also been heavily criticised. The oldest version of the continuity theory can be called the moderate or shallow continuity theory. It claims that linguistic continuity in Estonia and Finland can be traced back to the arrival of Typical Combed Ware, about 6,000 years ago. This view became mainstream in the multidisciplinary Tvärminne symposium in 1980. At the time, there seemed to be no serious linguistic results to contradict this archaeological view. The continuity argumentation in the Uralic studies gained greater visibility in the
{"datasets_id": 160601, "wiki_id": "Q1001566", "sp": 12, "sc": 768, "ep": 12, "ec": 1484}
160,601
Q1001566
12
768
12
1,484
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Continuity theories
1990s, when the next step of the continuity theory was popularised (even though this line of reasoning had occasionally received airing). In the radical or deep continuity theory, it is claimed that the linguistic continuity in Finland could be traced back to the Mesolithic initial colonization, beyond 10,000 years. However, in Indo-European studies, J. P. Mallory had already thoroughly scrutinized the methodological weaknesses of the continuity argumentation in 1989. In Uralic studies, it was also soon noted that the same argument (archaeological continuity) was used to support contradicting views, which revealed the method's unreliability. At the same time, new linguistic results appeared
{"datasets_id": 160601, "wiki_id": "Q1001566", "sp": 12, "sc": 1484, "ep": 16, "ec": 227}
160,601
Q1001566
12
1,484
16
227
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Continuity theories & Modern view
to contradict the continuity theories: the datings of Proto-Saami and Proto-Finnic and of Proto-Uralic (Kallio 2006; Häkkinen 2009) are both clearly younger than it was thought in the framework of the continuity theories. Nowadays linguists rarely believe in the continuity theories because of their shown methodological flaws and their incompatibility with the new linguistic results, but some archaeologists and laymen may still advance such arguments. Modern view Recent linguistic arguments have placed the Proto-Uralic homeland possibly around the Kama River or, more generally, close to the Great Volga Bend and the Ural Mountains, although Petri Kallio, while agreeing with the placement
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160,601
Q1001566
16
227
20
82
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Modern view & Evidence from population genetics
of the homeland in Central Russia, prefers the Volga-Oka region further to the west. The expansion of Proto-Uralic has been dated to about 2000 BC (4000 years ago), and its earlier stages go back at least one or two millennia earlier. Either way, this is considerably later than the earlier views of the continuity theories, which would place Proto-Uralic deep into Europe. Juha Janhunen, and others, suggest a homeland in South-Central Siberia, near Lake Baikal and the Sayan Mountains in the Russian-Mongolian border region, around 3000 BC. Evidence from population genetics The characteristic genetic marker of Uralic-speaking peoples is haplogroup N1c-Tat
{"datasets_id": 160601, "wiki_id": "Q1001566", "sp": 20, "sc": 82, "ep": 20, "ec": 719}
160,601
Q1001566
20
82
20
719
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Evidence from population genetics
(Y-DNA), also known as N-M46. 63% of Finns, and 47% of Saami and 41% of Estonians belong to this haplogroup. Samoyedic peoples mainly have more N1b-P43 than N1c. Haplogroup N originated in the northern part of China in 20,000 -25,000 years BP and spread to north Eurasia, through Siberia to Northern Europe. Subgroup N1c1 is frequently seen in Finno-Ugric people, N1c2 in Samoyedic peoples. In addition, haplogroup Z (mtDNA), found with low frequency in Saami, Finns, and Siberians, is related to the migration of Uralic peoples. In recent genetic analysis of ancient human bones excavated from the remains of Liao civilization,
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160,601
Q1001566
20
719
20
1,360
Proto-Uralic homeland hypotheses
Evidence from population genetics
haplogroup N1 (Y-DNA) is found with a high frequency, of 60-100%. Therefore, a new possibility arises that the origin of Uralic languages (and perhaps also of the Yukaghir languages) may be Liao River region. The oldest Pit–Comb Ceramic, related to Finno-Ugric peoples, is also found in Liao civilization. That is also corroborated by the works of Vladimir Napolskikh, who studied the origins of the "earth-diver" creation myths and concluded that a certain variety of those myths, which is found in the folklore of Uralic peoples and other N1(Y-DNA) populations, originated in Northern Asia, possibly in the northeastern regions of today's