Datasets:
community-datasets
/
wiki_snippets

Dataset card Data Studio Files Community
4
_id
stringlengths
77
96
datasets_id
int32
0
1.38M
wiki_id
stringlengths
2
9
start_paragraph
int32
2
1.17k
start_character
int32
0
70.3k
end_paragraph
int32
4
1.18k
end_character
int32
1
70.3k
article_title
stringlengths
1
250
section_title
stringlengths
0
1.12k
passage_text
stringlengths
1
14k
{"datasets_id": 160621, "wiki_id": "Q3471213", "sp": 18, "sc": 92, "ep": 18, "ec": 738}
160,621
Q3471213
18
92
18
738
Samuel Jean de Pozzi
Political and cultural interests
in 1881, and met the painter John Singer Sargent. Sargent's 1881 portrait of Pozzi depicts him in a red dressing gown and is currently displayed at the Hammer Museum in Los Angeles. Pozzi befriended Marcel Proust, Robert Proust, Reynaldo Hahn, and Robert de Montesquiou. In 1877 he came to know poet Louise Ackermann, when he asked her to teach him German. Salonniere Lydie Aubernon nicknamed him "the love doctor". He corresponded with a feminist writer Augustine Bulteau. He also collected coins and statuettes. In 1898 Pozzi was elected senator from Bergerac and represented his district for three years. He improved the water
{"datasets_id": 160621, "wiki_id": "Q3471213", "sp": 18, "sc": 738, "ep": 22, "ec": 119}
160,621
Q3471213
18
738
22
119
Samuel Jean de Pozzi
Political and cultural interests & Death
supply and sewer drainage of his town and was later involved with the restructuring of the French baccalaureate exams. He did not seek re-election in 1902. Pozzi witnessed the second trial of Alfred Dreyfus, and supported Émile Zola who believed that Dreyfus was innocent. In 1908 the ashes of Zola were transferred to the Pantheon and both Pozzi and Dreyfus were present. When the journalist Gregori shot at Dreyfus and wounded him on the arm, Pozzi rushed to his aid. Death On 13 June 1918 Maurice Machu, former patient from two years before, approached Pozzi in his consulting room. Pozzi had
{"datasets_id": 160621, "wiki_id": "Q3471213", "sp": 22, "sc": 119, "ep": 22, "ec": 721}
160,621
Q3471213
22
119
22
721
Samuel Jean de Pozzi
Death
operated on him for varicocele of the scrotum, and he believed he had become impotent as a result. Machu asked him to operate again. When Pozzi refused because he could not remedy the situation, Machu shot him four times in the stomach. Pozzi ordered himself to be taken to the Historia Hospital but the emergency laparotomy was unsuccessful. He asked to be buried in his military uniform and died shortly afterwards. Machu committed suicide later. Pozzi was buried in the Protestant cemetery in Bergerac. He was survived by his diplomat son Jean de Pozzi and poet daughter Catherine de Pozzi.
{"datasets_id": 160622, "wiki_id": "Q1341802", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 577}
160,622
Q1341802
2
0
6
577
Samyr Lainé
Early life
Samyr Lainé Early life Laine's parents were born in Haiti. He began participating in sports in the 7th grade, where he was relegated to the distance events because of his size. Laine joined the team for the sprints, but ended up running the mile, 2-mile and steeplechase that year. The following year he picked up tennis for three years, even playing for his high school tennis team at Newburgh Free Academy. During the 2000 Sydney Olympics Laine watched and recorded every athletics event. The Games served as his inspiration and he began to train in anticipation of the 2000–2001 season. He
{"datasets_id": 160622, "wiki_id": "Q1341802", "sp": 6, "sc": 577, "ep": 10, "ec": 165}
160,622
Q1341802
6
577
10
165
Samyr Lainé
Early life & Education and training
trained and was able to negotiate his way into the 200m/400m group, with some horizontal jumping sprinkled in to help the team with points. He stepped away from the track again to focus on his schooling and debating, having been a member of the debate team since the 8th grade. Laine continued to train and competed at New York's Empire State Games during the summer. Education and training During his senior year of high school was when he was able to get a full year of athletics. He made substantial gains that year in what would quickly become his best
{"datasets_id": 160622, "wiki_id": "Q1341802", "sp": 10, "sc": 165, "ep": 10, "ec": 776}
160,622
Q1341802
10
165
10
776
Samyr Lainé
Education and training
event, the triple jump, improving from the 42 feet (12.80m) the year before to 45 feet (13.70m) indoors and then 46 feet (14m) outdoors, good enough for 3rd place at the State Championships. After being recruited by nearly all the Ivy League Schools, Laine chose to attend Harvard University. In his freshman year, he was roommates with Mark Zuckerberg. In his four years at Harvard University his jump improved over 7 feet (2.15m). After two second-place finishes at the conference championships in his freshman year, he placed first in indoors and outdoors for the next two years. In his junior year,
{"datasets_id": 160622, "wiki_id": "Q1341802", "sp": 10, "sc": 776, "ep": 10, "ec": 1359}
160,622
Q1341802
10
776
10
1,359
Samyr Lainé
Education and training
although battling with some injuries, he was able to achieve the status of All-American at the NCAA Championships. At that meet, he set what was the Ivy League record at the time and is still the Harvard University triple jump record of 51 feet, 11 1/4 inches and Harvard's outdoor triple jump record of 53 feet, 7 1/2 inches. The following year he struggled with more injuries and was forced to “red shirt” his final outdoor season and watch the team of which he had been voted captain from the sidelines. His injury enabled him to use his final season of collegiate eligibility at
{"datasets_id": 160622, "wiki_id": "Q1341802", "sp": 10, "sc": 1359, "ep": 14, "ec": 225}
160,622
Q1341802
10
1,359
14
225
Samyr Lainé
Education and training & Personal life
the University of Texas at Austin, where he finished his graduate program in 2007. He was able to return to his 2005 form, and achieved the Pan American Games standard. He later graduated from the Georgetown University Law Center in 2010. Personal life Laine currently trains and resides in the Washington, D.C. area and speaks fluent French. Laine is working on his Jump for Haiti Foundation, which will focus on mentoring Haitian children and developing more Haitian athletes.
{"datasets_id": 160623, "wiki_id": "Q28167068", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 126}
160,623
Q28167068
2
0
14
126
Sandra Ankobiah
Education & Entrepreneur & Philanthropy
Sandra Ankobiah Education Sandra studied International and Commercial Law, with a specialising in World Trade, from the University of Buckingham (LLB, LLM) between 2005 and 2009. She returned to Ghana and studied at the Ghana School of Law from 2010 to 2012. In 2013 she became a Barrister at Law. Entrepreneur Sandra is the founder of TV production company, Emerald Paradise Enterprise.She is also co-founder of SN Media Learning Tree, a top notch provider of practical media training in Accra. Philanthropy Sandra is the co-ordinator for The Legal Advocacy Foundation, an organisation that aims to educate the ordinary Ghanaian about
{"datasets_id": 160623, "wiki_id": "Q28167068", "sp": 14, "sc": 126, "ep": 18, "ec": 55}
160,623
Q28167068
14
126
18
55
Sandra Ankobiah
Philanthropy & Accolades
their legal rights and obligations. In 2016, she was appointed by the Ministry of Youth and Sports as an ambassador for women’s football in Ghana.Sandra is excited about this role and is committed to raising funds, increasing awareness and patronage of the women’s game. Accolades 100 Most Influential Ghanaian Women 2016 (Women Rising)
{"datasets_id": 160624, "wiki_id": "Q15755746", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 272}
160,624
Q15755746
2
0
6
272
School Psychology Review
Abstracting and indexing
School Psychology Review Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Social Science Citation Index and Academic Search Complete. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2013 impact factor of 1.655, ranking it 15th out of 53 journals in the category "Psychology, Educational".
{"datasets_id": 160625, "wiki_id": "Q16732063", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 236}
160,625
Q16732063
2
0
10
236
Scott Martin (Oklahoma politician)
Early life and career & Political career
Scott Martin (Oklahoma politician) Early life and career Born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Scott Martin graduated from Tulsa Memorial High School in 1991 and earned a bachelor's degree in political science from the University of Oklahoma in 1995. He married Angela on May 22, 2004. He has worked as a public employee for the cities of Norman, Oklahoma and Noble, Oklahoma. Political career Scott Martin was elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 2005. In his 2008 re-election bid, he said he supported the proper use of all road user fees for road maintenance, limited state government and reductions to the state
{"datasets_id": 160625, "wiki_id": "Q16732063", "sp": 10, "sc": 236, "ep": 10, "ec": 606}
160,625
Q16732063
10
236
10
606
Scott Martin (Oklahoma politician)
Political career
income tax rate. Oklahoma House Speaker T.W. Shannon announced the appointment of the Norman Republican as chair of the Appropriations and Budget Committee in 2012. A Norman Transcript editorial called Scott Martin "a reasonable, visionary lawmaker who understands the state's strengths and priorities and the funding requirements needed to get there."
{"datasets_id": 160626, "wiki_id": "Q18612517", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 541}
160,626
Q18612517
2
0
6
541
Sealdah Ballia Express
Facility
Sealdah Ballia Express Facility This train features a 2AC, a 3AC, a HA-1 AC, Sleeper Class and general sitting type of coaches. All the classes except general class require prior reservation. Tatkal scheme is available in this train, whereas pantry car facility is unavailable. During its journey it is hauled by HWH WAP-4 from Sealdah to Ballia. This train is very popular among travelers; as a result of this people have to book their tickets at least four months in advance and even in some cases the Tatkal tickets are unavailable due to their high demand. This is one
{"datasets_id": 160626, "wiki_id": "Q18612517", "sp": 6, "sc": 541, "ep": 6, "ec": 617}
160,626
Q18612517
6
541
6
617
Sealdah Ballia Express
Facility
of the most important train in this route after Purvanchal Express via Mau.
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 617}
160,627
Q1151242
2
0
6
617
Secular Buddhism
History
Secular Buddhism History The appearance of secular Buddhism is understood as part of the broad trend of secularization that has been developing in the West since the recovery of classical Greek culture in the Renaissance, rather than merely as a consequence of the supposed triumph of scientific rationalism over religion in the modern period. Moreover, many aspects of secular Buddhism have been prompted by organizational developments that began in a minority of lay Buddhist practice communities in the West during the last decades of the 20th century, when the hierarchical features of Buddhist monastic culture were abandoned in favor of
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 6, "sc": 617, "ep": 6, "ec": 1364}
160,627
Q1151242
6
617
6
1,364
Secular Buddhism
History
democratic principles of civic association. In particular, the need to include women on an equal footing produced organizational innovations, which disrupted older patterns of patriarchal authority and gender exclusivity. In the 21st century, the new information and communication technologies have provided a seedbed for secular Buddhism by making teachings and discussion more freely available and readily accessible, thus facilitating the formation of virtual and actual practice communities. Today there are websites explicitly dedicated to secular Buddhism in Australia, Austria, Canada, New Zealand, Spain, the UK and the USA. Secular Buddhism has its roots in Buddhist modernism and secular humanism. The Insight Meditation
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 6, "sc": 1364, "ep": 6, "ec": 2067}
160,627
Q1151242
6
1,364
6
2,067
Secular Buddhism
History
movement in the United States was founded on modernist secular values. Jack Kornfield, an American teacher and former Theravadin monk, stated that the Insight Meditation Society wanted to present Buddhist meditation “without the complications of rituals, robes, chanting and the whole religious tradition.” S. N. Goenka, a popular teacher of Buddhist Vipassana meditation, taught that his practice was not a sectarian doctrine, but “something from which people of every background can benefit: an art of living.” This essentially treats Buddhism as an applied philosophy, rather than a religion, or relies on Buddhist philosophy without dogmatism. Stephen Batchelor is a self-proclaimed secular
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 6, "sc": 2067, "ep": 6, "ec": 2719}
160,627
Q1151242
6
2,067
6
2,719
Secular Buddhism
History
Buddhist who promotes a strictly secular form of Buddhism. Batchelor was a Buddhist monk ordained in the more traditional forms of Buddhism. From his experience as a monk practicing Tibetan Buddhism and later Zen, he felt the need for a more secular and agnostic approach. In his books Buddhism Without Beliefs and Confession of a Buddhist Atheist he articulates his approach to the Buddha's teaching, describes Siddhattha Gautama as a historic person rather than an idealized religious icon, and scrutinizes typical Buddhist doctrines dealing with the concept of an afterlife. The Liberal Democrat peer Lord Avebury was a secular Buddhist and
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 6, "sc": 2719, "ep": 10, "ec": 430}
160,627
Q1151242
6
2,719
10
430
Secular Buddhism
History & Key concepts and practices
a humanist and a patron of the British Humanist Association until his death. He was instrumental in securing the abolition of blasphemy as a crime in England and Wales. Key concepts and practices Secular Buddhism is a newly emerging, predominantly lay movement within Buddhism. Unlike the various kinds of Buddhist modernism, which tend to be modifications of traditional schools of Buddhist thought and practice in the light of the discourses of modernity, secular Buddhism is founded on a reconfiguration of core elements of the dharma itself. To this end it seeks to recover the original teachings of Siddhattha Gotama, the
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 10, "sc": 430, "ep": 10, "ec": 1074}
160,627
Q1151242
10
430
10
1,074
Secular Buddhism
Key concepts and practices
historical Buddha, yet without claiming to disclose "what the Buddha really meant". Rather, it interprets the early canonical teachings in a way that draws out their meaning in the Buddha's own historical context (the culture of the Gangetic plains in the fifth century BCE) while demonstrating their value and relevance to people living in our own time. Both aspects of this interpretation are literally "secular" in that they evoke the Latin root word saeculum – a particular age or generation. The ethos of the movement is perhaps best captured in Stephen Batchelor's Confession of a Buddhist Atheist. Secular Buddhism proposes that
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 10, "sc": 1074, "ep": 10, "ec": 1726}
160,627
Q1151242
10
1,074
10
1,726
Secular Buddhism
Key concepts and practices
we leave behind the metaphysical beliefs and soteriology of Indian religious culture. This culture saw human life as an irredeemable realm of suffering, from which one should seek transcendence in an enduring beyond-human condition – a stance that virtually all Buddhist schools, as well as Hinduism and Jainism, perpetuate. Secular Buddhism, on the other hand, seeks to deploy the Buddha's teaching as a guide to full human flourishing in this life and this world. In adopting this post-metaphysical position, it parts company with existing religious forms of Buddhist orthodoxy, which have evolved since the Buddha's death. Instead, it aligns itself
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 10, "sc": 1726, "ep": 10, "ec": 2463}
160,627
Q1151242
10
1,726
10
2,463
Secular Buddhism
Key concepts and practices
with today's post-metaphysical philosophy, not least phenomenology, so finding itself on a convergent path with similar movements in radical Christian theology, as exemplified by the work of thinkers such as Don Cupitt and Gianni Vattimo. Secular Buddhism likewise rejects the authoritarian structures of power legitimated by the metaphysics of orthodox Buddhist belief. It questions notions of spiritual progress based on standardized prescriptions for meditation practice, as well as the widespread idea that Buddhist practice is essentially concerned with gaining proficiency in a set of meditative techniques endorsed by the authority of a traditional school or teacher. Instead, secular Buddhism emphasizes a praxis
{"datasets_id": 160627, "wiki_id": "Q1151242", "sp": 10, "sc": 2463, "ep": 10, "ec": 2887}
160,627
Q1151242
10
2,463
10
2,887
Secular Buddhism
Key concepts and practices
that encourages autonomy and encompasses equally every aspect of one's humanity, as modeled by the noble eight-fold path (right view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and concentration). Such an approach is open to generating a wide range of responses to specific individual and communal needs, rather than insisting on there being "one true way" to "enlightenment" valid for all times and places.
{"datasets_id": 160628, "wiki_id": "Q3691368", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 576}
160,628
Q3691368
2
0
4
576
Selo, Java
Selo, Java Selo in Java, Indonesia, is a village on the saddle of ground between two volcanoes in Central Java, Mount Merbabu and Mount Merapi. It is regularly identified as Selo, Boyolali, due to its district name and immediate administrative centre having that name. It is situated on the northern lower slopes of Merapi and the southern slope of Merbabu. When Merapi is inactive between eruptions, Selo is often utilised for walkers to go up to the volcano crater as an alternative to the older and more difficult climbing routes from Kaliurang on the southern slopes.
{"datasets_id": 160629, "wiki_id": "Q496891", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 152}
160,629
Q496891
2
0
6
152
Seong Hon
Father
Seong Hon Father He was the great-grandfather of Yun Jeung through his daughter, Lady Seong, who married Yun Hwang and produced a son, Yun Seon-geo, father of Yun Jeung.
{"datasets_id": 160630, "wiki_id": "Q3958427", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 594}
160,630
Q3958427
2
0
6
594
Settin' the Pace
Release history
Settin' the Pace Release history As Coltrane's fame grew during the 1960s long after he had stopped recording for the label, Prestige used unissued recordings to create new marketable albums without Coltrane's input or approval. The original mono recordings were not remastered in stereo until 1970 and released on Prestige's "Jazz Classic Series" as Trane's Reign (PRT 7746). Original Jazz Classics reissued the album again in 1983 on LP, then followed by its first digitally remastered CD release in 1987. A technically advanced remastering (XRCD) was produced by Akira Taguchi for JVC in 2008 with an additional bonus track.
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 613}
160,631
Q15998615
2
0
4
613
Sexual coercion among animals
Sexual coercion among animals Sexual coercion in animals is the use of violence, threats, harassment, and other tactics to help them forcefully copulate. Such behavior has been compared to sexual assault, including rape, among humans. In nature, males and females usually differ in reproductive fitness optima. Males generally prefer to maximize their number of offspring, and therefore their number of mates; females, on the other hand, tend to care more for their offspring and have fewer mates. Because of this, there are generally more males available to mate at a given time, making females a limited resource. This leads males to
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 4, "sc": 613, "ep": 8, "ec": 64}
160,631
Q15998615
4
613
8
64
Sexual coercion among animals
Harassment/aggression
evolve aggressive mating behaviors which can help them acquire mates. Sexual coercion has been observed in many species, including mammals, birds, insects, and fish. While sexual coercion does help increase male fitness, it is very often costly to females. However, in spite of these costs, a possible benefit to the females is a chance to test the stamina of the males, so that only those with "good genes" will father their offspring. Sexual coercion has been observed to have consequences, such as intersexual coevolution, speciation, and sexual dimorphism. Harassment/aggression Harassment is a technique used by males of many species to force
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 8, "sc": 64, "ep": 8, "ec": 828}
160,631
Q15998615
8
64
8
828
Sexual coercion among animals
Harassment/aggression
females to submit to mating. It has been observed in numerous species, including mammals, birds, insects and fish. Aggression and harassment have been documented in the males of guppies (Poecilia reticulata), bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus), botos (Inia geoffrensis), dusky dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obscurus), Hector's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus hectori), grizzly bears, polar bears, and ungulates. It is also seen in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), red-spotted newts (Notophthalmus viridescens), and seed-eating true bugs (Neacoryphus spp.). Furthermore, it is prevalent in spider monkeys, wild Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) and many other primates. In basically all major primate taxa, aggression is used by the dominant males when
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 8, "sc": 828, "ep": 8, "ec": 1451}
160,631
Q15998615
8
828
8
1,451
Sexual coercion among animals
Harassment/aggression
herding females and keeping them away from other males. In hamadryas baboons, the males often bite the females’ necks and threaten them. Wild chimpanzees can charge at females, shake branches, hit, slap, kick, pound, drag, and bite them. Orangutans are among the most forceful of mammals. Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) exhibited aggression in almost 90 percent of their copulations, including when the females were not resisting. A possible explanation for aggressive behaviors in primates is that it is a way for males to train females to be afraid of them and be more likely to surrender to future sexual advances.
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 10, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 631}
160,631
Q15998615
10
0
12
631
Sexual coercion among animals
Intimidation
Intimidation Males may also use more indirect techniques to mate with females, such as intimidation. While most female water striders (Gerridae) have their genitalia exposed, females of the water strider species Gerris gracilicornis have evolved a shield over their genitals. As a result, males cannot physically coerce females because mating is difficult unless the female exposes her genitalia. Therefore, males intimidate females into mating by attracting predators; they tap on the water’s surface and create ripples that catch the attention of predatory fish. From there, it is in the best interest of the female to mate, and as quickly as
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 12, "sc": 631, "ep": 12, "ec": 1275}
160,631
Q15998615
12
631
12
1,275
Sexual coercion among animals
Intimidation
possible, to avoid being eaten by predators. Typical mating positions of water striders have the females on the bottom, closer to predators, so the risk of predation is much higher for them. Females succumb to copulation to get males to cease signaling to predators. Another indirect form of sexual coercion occurs in red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. When males "court" females, they line their bodies up to the females' and produce caudocephalic waves, which are a series of muscle contractions that travel through their bodies from tail to head. The exact reason for this behavior is unknown, but some studies
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 12, "sc": 1275, "ep": 16, "ec": 220}
160,631
Q15998615
12
1,275
16
220
Sexual coercion among animals
Intimidation & Grasping and grappling
show that it relates to stress. Females have nonrespiratory air sacs containing anoxic air, and the waving pushes this air into her lungs. The resulting stress causes her cloaca to open, and aids the male in inserting his hemipenis. The stronger and more frequent the caudocephalic waves and the closer the male’s cloaca to the female’s, the more likely the male is to mate successfully. Grasping and grappling Males of certain species have evolved mating behaviors in which they forcefully attempt to mate with and inseminate females, often employing grasping techniques. These male grasping devices exist to increase the duration
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 220, "ep": 16, "ec": 871}
160,631
Q15998615
16
220
16
871
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
of copulation and restrict females from mating with other males. They are in some ways a form of mate guarding. While some males have evolved different types of modifications to aid in grasping, others just grab females and attempt to force copulation. One type of grasping modification is spiny male genitalia. In seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), males possess sclerotized spines on their genitalia. These spines are used during copulation to help overcome female resistance and penetrate into their copulatory duct. In addition to aiding penetration, these spines promote the passage of seminal fluids, and act as an anchor to keep the
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 871, "ep": 16, "ec": 1510}
160,631
Q15998615
16
871
16
1,510
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
female from fleeing. Furthermore, spiny genitals can injure the females and make them less likely to remate. Sepsidae fly males have modifications on their forelegs to help them grasp onto female wing bases. These modifications include cuticular outgrowths, indentations, and bristles, and males use them to secure themselves onto females after jumping on them. Once the males grab on, a struggle ensues akin to a rodeo, where males try to hold on while females violently shake them off. Another type of modification is found in male diving beetles (of the family Dytiscidae), who are equipped with suction cup structures on their
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 1510, "ep": 16, "ec": 2171}
160,631
Q15998615
16
1,510
16
2,171
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
front legs. They use these to grab passing females and attach to their dorsal surfaces. To get the females to submit, males shake the females violently and keep them submerged underwater (diving beetles cannot go long without atmospheric oxygen). Unable to get air, female diving beetles submit to the male’s advances in order to avoid drowning (and they lose the energy to resist). Once the males attach, copulation can occur. Male waterfowl have developed another modification; while most male birds have no external genitalia, male waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) have a phallus (length 1.5–4.0 centimetres [0.59–1.57 in]). Most birds mate with the males
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 2171, "ep": 16, "ec": 2807}
160,631
Q15998615
16
2,171
16
2,807
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
balancing on top of the females and touching cloacas in a “cloacal kiss”; this makes forceful insemination very difficult. The phallus that male waterfowl have evolved everts out of their bodies (in a clockwise coil) and aids in inseminating females without their cooperation. Another such technique is having a "lock-like" mechanism, found in Drosophila montana, dogs, wolves, and pigs. Towards the end of copulation, females struggle to try to dislodge the males, whose genital organs take much longer to deflate than females do; the locking (most commonly known in canids as a "tie") allows the males to copulate for as long
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 2807, "ep": 16, "ec": 3380}
160,631
Q15998615
16
2,807
16
3,380
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
as they need to until they are finished. In dogs, the male has a knot in his penis that gets engorged with blood and ties the female, locking them together during copulation, until the act is complete. Male dogs have evolved this mechanism during mating in order to prevent other males from penetration whilst they are and the use of the tie enables them to be more likely to inseminate the female and produce a healthy litter of pups. Breaking this "tie" can be physically harmful to both females and males. Males of many species simply grab the females and force
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 3380, "ep": 16, "ec": 3997}
160,631
Q15998615
16
3,380
16
3,997
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
a mating. Coercive mating is very common in water striders (Gerridae) because in most of the species, the female genitalia are often exposed and easily accessible to males. Without any courtship behavior, males initiate by forcefully trying to mount the females. Carrying the males on their backs is energetically costly to females, so they try to resist and throw off the males. The males fight back even harder and use their forelegs to tightly grasp the female’s thorax and keep them from escaping. The males then forcefully insert their genitalia into the female vulvar opening. In the newt species Notophthalmus
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 3997, "ep": 16, "ec": 4654}
160,631
Q15998615
16
3,997
16
4,654
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
viridescens, males carry out a courtship behavior called amplexus. It consists of males capturing females that do not want to mate with them and using their hind limbs to grasp the females by their pectoral regions. Male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) have been observed to forcefully copulate with females by trying to insert their gonopodium (male sex organ) into female’s genital pores, whether or not they are accepting. Sometimes, male guppies also try to forcefully mate with Skiffia bilineata (goodeid) females, which resemble guppy females and tend to share the same habitat, even when guppy females are available. A possible explanation for
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 4654, "ep": 16, "ec": 5363}
160,631
Q15998615
16
4,654
16
5,363
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling
this is the deeper genital cavity of S. bilineata, which stimulates the males more than when mating with guppy females. Males of some species are able to immobilize females and force copulation. In pigs and boars, males grab females and maneuver the pelvis to lift the vaginal opening and facilitate copulation. The stimulation following intromission causes the female to be immobilized. The male can then freely continue copulation without worrying about the female escaping. Immobilization of the female also occurs in muscovy ducks. Grasping and/or grappling mating situations have also been documented in Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis haemorrhoidalis (Odonata), fallow deer (Dama dama), wild
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 16, "sc": 5363, "ep": 20, "ec": 414}
160,631
Q15998615
16
5,363
20
414
Sexual coercion among animals
Grasping and grappling & Infanticide
orangutans (Smuts 1993), wild chimpanzees, water voles (semi-aquatic rats) Arvicola amphibius, feral fowl, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), hamadryas baboons and many other primates, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and others. Infanticide In some mammal species, mostly nonhuman primates, it is common for males to commit infanticide to mate with females. This happens often in species that live in groups, such as Old and New World monkeys, apes, prosimians, and hamadryas baboons. There is usually a single breeding male in a group, and when an outside male aggressively takes over, he kills off all of the young offspring. The males kill infants that
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 20, "sc": 414, "ep": 24, "ec": 304}
160,631
Q15998615
20
414
24
304
Sexual coercion among animals
Infanticide & Secretions
are not their own to assert their strength and position, and mate with the females. Sometimes, multiple males will invade a troop and gang up on females, killing their offspring and subsequently mating with them. This occurs in spider monkeys, red-backed squirrel monkeys, chimpanzees, and red howlers. Secretions In the newt species Notophthalmus viridescens, the males rub off hormonal secretions onto the skin of the females they are courting. These hormones have been shown to make the female more receptive to mating with the male. When the male deposits the secretions, he detaches from the female and releases a
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 24, "sc": 304, "ep": 28, "ec": 412}
160,631
Q15998615
24
304
28
412
Sexual coercion among animals
Secretions & Post-copulatory guarding
spermatophore (containing spermatozoa). It is then the female’s decision to either accept it and pick it up or reject it by running away; these hormones make her more likely to accept it. Post-copulatory guarding Another form of coercion is male mate guarding, used to keep females from mating with other males, and often involves aggression. Guarding allows the males to assure their paternity. A classic example occurs in diving beetles, family Dytiscidae. After copulation, males continue to guard females for up to six hours. They hold them underwater, occasionally tilting them up for air. Guarding also occurs in water
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 28, "sc": 412, "ep": 28, "ec": 1034}
160,631
Q15998615
28
412
28
1,034
Sexual coercion among animals
Post-copulatory guarding
striders where, once males complete their sperm transfer, they often remain on top of the females. This guarding duration varies, lasting from several minutes to several weeks. The purpose of such long guarding periods is for the males to see the females lay their eggs and be assured that the offspring are theirs. This behavior also occurs in hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas), where the leader males practice intensive mate guarding. In Drosophila Montana, studies have shown that following mate guarding, the chances of a female mating with or being inseminated by another male were greatly diminished. This shows
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 28, "sc": 1034, "ep": 32, "ec": 528}
160,631
Q15998615
28
1,034
32
528
Sexual coercion among animals
Post-copulatory guarding & Secretions/ejaculations
that the mate guarding tactic can be very effective. Secretions/ejaculations Males of some species use bodily fluids, such as seminal fluid from their ejaculate, to aid in the coercion of females. Seminal fluid in males of Drosophila melanogaster may contain chemicals that increase the amount of time it takes for females to remate, decrease the length of successive matings, or keep her from remating at all. The less a female mates with other males after copulation with a male, the more likely it is for him to ensure his paternity. These chemicals may also serve to increase the female’s reproductive
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 32, "sc": 528, "ep": 36, "ec": 163}
160,631
Q15998615
32
528
36
163
Sexual coercion among animals
Secretions/ejaculations & Direct
success, but at the cost of decreased longevity and immune response. In many species, seminal fluid can be used as a sort of mating plug. Males of these species transfer their sperm at the beginning of copulation and use the rest of copulation to transfer substances that help build up the mating plugs. These plugs are effective in ensuring that the female does not mate with any other males and that the male’s paternity is secured. Direct A major direct cost of sexual coercion is physical injury. Male seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) have sclerotized spine on their genitalia, which penetrate the
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 36, "sc": 163, "ep": 36, "ec": 801}
160,631
Q15998615
36
163
36
801
Sexual coercion among animals
Direct
female and leave melanized scars. Females can be physically injured from just one mating, and the more a female mates, the more scarring forms in the copulatory duct. In guppies, the male’s gonopodium can cause damage when forcefully inserted, causing cloacal damage to the females. In fowl, females can be physically injured during forceful copulations. Also, semen transferred from the males can contain pathogens and fecal matter, which can lead to disease and decrease female fitness. In elephant seals, physical injury happens very often. In fact, mating leads to 1 in every 1,000 female elephant seals getting killed. Other species
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 36, "sc": 801, "ep": 36, "ec": 1440}
160,631
Q15998615
36
801
36
1,440
Sexual coercion among animals
Direct
in which the females (and/or their offspring) are injured or even killed include lions, rodents, farm cats, crabeater seals, elephant seals, sea lions, bottle-nosed dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis), and newts (N. viridescens). Another cost is the excess energy and time expenditure that comes with mating. For example, female water striders, Gerridae, and marine snails of the genus Littorina 24 have to carry the males on their backs while they mate. First of all, this is a great loss of energy. Second, both the male and the female are at a much greater risk of predation
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 36, "sc": 1440, "ep": 36, "ec": 2088}
160,631
Q15998615
36
1,440
36
2,088
Sexual coercion among animals
Direct
in this position. Furthermore, the time spent mating interferes with the time that could have been spent foraging and feeding. In addition, sexual coercion can lower body condition and immunity in ways other than physical damage. Harassment can lead to stress, which can result in weight loss, decreased immune function and energy stores, and less feeding, which has been seen in red-spotted newts. Furthermore, when females are constantly moving around to avoid violent males, they are not able to form female social ties (for example, Grévy's zebra/Equus grevyi). This also happens in species where herding males sometimes do not permit
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 36, "sc": 2088, "ep": 40, "ec": 555}
160,631
Q15998615
36
2,088
40
555
Sexual coercion among animals
Direct & Indirect
females to join their family in different groups, like in hamadryas baboons. Indirect Indirect costs are those that affect females in the future. One such cost happens because sexual coercion does not allow females to choose the males they want to mate with, which are usually males that are higher quality, compatible, and/or have good genes that will increase their offspring’s survival and fitness. Coercion decreases this choice and can lead to their offspring having lower genetic quality. Studies of the rose bitterling (Rhodeus ocellatus), have shown that offspring of females with mate choice had higher survival rates than offspring
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 40, "sc": 555, "ep": 44, "ec": 459}
160,631
Q15998615
40
555
44
459
Sexual coercion among animals
Indirect & Anatomical protection
of females that did not. Another ultimate cost comes from when males commit infanticide to obtain mating access. This loss of offspring leads to a decrease in fitness of females. Anatomical protection As a response to sexual coercion and the costs that females face, one of their counter-adaptations is the evolution of anatomical protection. Females of some species, such as the water striders, developed morphological shields to protect their genitalia from males that want to forcefully copulate. Some Gerridae females have also evolved abdominal spines and altered the shapes of their abdomens to make them less accessible to males. Waterfowl males
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 44, "sc": 459, "ep": 48, "ec": 140}
160,631
Q15998615
44
459
48
140
Sexual coercion among animals
Anatomical protection & Male avoidance/habitat change
of the family Aves: Anatidae have evolved a phallus to aid in coercion. This phallus everts out of the male body (when it’s time to mate) in a counter-clockwise coil. As a response, females have developed vaginal structures called dead end sacs and clockwise coils to protect themselves from forceful intromission. Waterfowl females have evolved these “convoluted vaginal morphologies” to make it harder for males to insert themselves without the female’s consent. Male avoidance/habitat change Another female tactic to counter coercion is to try to avoid males that may cause them harm. To do this, females often change their habitats
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 48, "sc": 140, "ep": 48, "ec": 798}
160,631
Q15998615
48
140
48
798
Sexual coercion among animals
Male avoidance/habitat change
to get away from aggressive males, as is seen in wild Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Female bottlenose dolphins behave in similar ways by moving into shallow waters where there are not too many males. Other species that practice mate avoidance are Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis, a species of damselfly, who often try to hide from large groups of males to avoid harassment. Females of the marine intertidal periwinkle species (genus Littorina) have another way to avoid males. Males usually recognize female snails by cues in their mucous trails. However, females try to mask their gender by altering these cues. In damselflies, females also
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 48, "sc": 798, "ep": 52, "ec": 564}
160,631
Q15998615
48
798
52
564
Sexual coercion among animals
Male avoidance/habitat change & Protection/alliances
try to mask their gender by mimicking male colors, which make them less attractive to males. Protection/alliances An effective female strategy is the employment of protection and alliances. Some females, such as wild Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulate) associate themselves with protective males who come to their rescue. This also occurs in hamadryas, savanna, and olive baboons, where males and females form friendships where the female gets male protection. In northern elephant seals, the females give loud cries when mounted by undesirable or subordinate males, which attract dominant males to help. A similar phenomenon occurs in elephants, bighorn sheep, and fallow
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 52, "sc": 564, "ep": 56, "ec": 269}
160,631
Q15998615
52
564
56
269
Sexual coercion among animals
Protection/alliances & Resistance/fighting back
deer, where the females stay close to dominant males for protection. Females can also form alliances with other females for protection against aggressive males. In African vervet monkeys, related females often form groups and “gang up” on males. Females of high rank create networks of female alliances; together, they fight away persistent suitors. Resistance/fighting back Resisting males and fighting back are important tactics some species use to counter male coercion. Many females try to vigorously shake off males to dislodge them and flee; this is seen in females sepsid flies and diving beetles. Sepsids also try to bend their abdomen
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 56, "sc": 269, "ep": 56, "ec": 913}
160,631
Q15998615
56
269
56
913
Sexual coercion among animals
Resistance/fighting back
in such a way that males cannot copulate forcefully. Females are especially likely to fight back when they are protecting their offspring. This is seen in mountain gorillas, red howlers, and grey langur females, where males are often infanticidal. Female resistance has rarely been found to be effective. Male mammals and birds are usually larger than females, and the sheer size and strength difference makes this very difficult. However, it has been observed in some species, such as squirrel monkeys, patas monkeys, vervets, and captive chimpanzees, that females can “gang up” on males when they are being aggressive. They will even
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 56, "sc": 913, "ep": 68, "ec": 28}
160,631
Q15998615
56
913
68
28
Sexual coercion among animals
Resistance/fighting back & Acceptance/submission & Female benefits & Proximate
try to protect a female in distress. Females have even been observed to kill immigrant males in wild red colobus monkeys. Acceptance/submission Sometimes, females choose not to struggle and simply acquiesce to forceful matings. This can happen when they decide that the cost of resisting would be greater than the cost of mating. They use submission to avoid further harassment or aggression, which could end in death or injury. This is often seen in primate species, such as chimpanzees and hamadryas baboons. Female benefits Some possible benefits of sexual coercion for females have been hypothesized. Proximate A possible proximate benefit
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 68, "sc": 28, "ep": 76, "ec": 15}
160,631
Q15998615
68
28
76
15
Sexual coercion among animals
Proximate & Ultimate & Coevolutionary arms race
for females is that sometimes after a male mates with a female, he becomes her mate. Then, he would defend and protect her. This is seen in many primate species. Ultimate A possible benefit of sexual coercion that would come out in the long run is the “good genes” hypothesis. If males can overcome a female’s resistance, then they must possess good genes that would increase the survival, mating success, and ultimately the fitness of her offspring. The hypothesis is that females can use the sexual coercion process to assess the quality of a male. Coevolutionary arms race Sexual coercion
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 76, "sc": 15, "ep": 76, "ec": 703}
160,631
Q15998615
76
15
76
703
Sexual coercion among animals
Coevolutionary arms race
often leads to an intersexual coevolutionary arms race. This consists of females evolving adaptations to male advances and males evolving counter-adaptations as a response. Males persist in violent behavior, which favors the evolution of female resistance to defend themselves. In organisms where males have genitalia harmful to females, such as in certain insects, females tend to evolve thicker, less sensitive copulatory tracts. Also, they may evolve shield over their genital openings to prevent intromission. Females of some species of water striders have evolved protection from forceful insemination, such as abdominal spines and downward-bent abdomens to make it harder for males
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 76, "sc": 703, "ep": 76, "ec": 1375}
160,631
Q15998615
76
703
76
1,375
Sexual coercion among animals
Coevolutionary arms race
to mate. In response, however, males have counter evolved, also changing the shape of their abdomens to those that would facilitate forceful mating. The male waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) evolution of a phallus to forcefully copulate with females has led to counteradaptations in females in the form of vaginal structures called dead end sacs and clockwise coils. These structures make it harder for males to achieve intromission. The clockwise coils are significant because the male phallus everts out of their body in a counter-clockwise spiral; therefore, a clockwise vaginal structure would impede forceful copulation. Studies have shown that the longer a male’s
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 76, "sc": 1375, "ep": 82, "ec": 7}
160,631
Q15998615
76
1,375
82
7
Sexual coercion among animals
Coevolutionary arms race & Speciation & Sexual dimorphism
phallus is, the more elaborate the vaginal structures were. Speciation Speciation has been observed to be a possible consequence of sexual coercion. In diving beetle species family Dytiscidae, an intersexual arms race occurs between males and females. Males have evolved suction cup structures on their forelegs to help grasp females; females have counter-evolved setose dorsal furrows to impede forceful copulation. This continuous evolution (in both the forward and reverse directions) has led to the recent speciation of A. japonicus and A. kishii, where females of A. kishii have lost their dorsal furrows while those of A. japonicus have not. Sexual
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 82, "sc": 6, "ep": 84, "ec": 696}
160,631
Q15998615
82
6
84
696
Sexual coercion among animals
Sexual dimorphism
dimorphism Sexual coercion can lead to sexual dimorphisms, in which males and females have significant morphological differences. For example, in some species, larger males are more successful in forcefully mating/insemination, leading to a higher fitness. In red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis, it has been shown that heavier-bodied males were better courters and their size gave them an advantage over smaller bodied snakes. This helps lead to an evolution of sexual dimorphism, with males larger than females. In other species, males that are smaller than females have higher fitness. Basically, many sex-specific morphological adaptations (for example, in Dytiscidae diving beetles,
{"datasets_id": 160631, "wiki_id": "Q15998615", "sp": 84, "sc": 696, "ep": 84, "ec": 866}
160,631
Q15998615
84
696
84
866
Sexual coercion among animals
Sexual dimorphism
females have setose dorsal furrows that males do not and males have suction cups on their forelegs that females do not) are sexual dimorphisms caused by sexual coercion.
{"datasets_id": 160632, "wiki_id": "Q16414783", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 68}
160,632
Q16414783
2
0
12
68
Shorgoghal
About & Ingredients and preparation
Shorgoghal Shorgoghal (Azerbaijani: Şorqoğalı) is a traditional Azerbaijani pastry in round shape filled with anise, cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, salt and pepper. It is mainly prepared for Novruz in Azerbaijan along with pakhlava and shekerbura. About Goghal is a round shape pastry with bright yellow top layer. It is mainly filled with a mixture of spices (called shorgoghal) or with sugar and nuts (called shirin goghal). In Azerbaijan, like other pastries prepared for Nowruz, shorgoghal also has a symbolic meaning which represents the Sun. Ingredients and preparation Puff dough is rested in a warm place for 4 hours, then heated butter
{"datasets_id": 160632, "wiki_id": "Q16414783", "sp": 12, "sc": 68, "ep": 12, "ec": 604}
160,632
Q16414783
12
68
12
604
Shorgoghal
Ingredients and preparation
and after mixing well the remaining flour is added. Cumin is crushed and heated, then anise, cinnamon, salt and pepper are added together with warm butter for the stuffing. The mixture is cooked for 5 minutes. Dough is divided into 10 pieces. Rolled out pieces smeared with butter are placed on top of each other. The multilayered dough is cut into strips. The strips are twisted to make a round shape and then flattened. The dough is stuffed with the mixture and the top is coated with saffron, yolk and poppy seeds.
{"datasets_id": 160633, "wiki_id": "Q7525676", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 15}
160,633
Q7525676
2
0
6
15
Siphona variata
Distribution
Siphona variata Distribution United Kingdom.
{"datasets_id": 160634, "wiki_id": "Q7526710", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 589}
160,634
Q7526710
2
0
4
589
Sir Francis Gerard, 2nd Baronet
Sir Francis Gerard, 2nd Baronet Sir Francis Gerard, 2nd Baronet (12 October 1617 – December 1680) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1641 and 1660. Gerard was the son of Sir Gilbert Gerard, 1st Baronet of Harrow on the Hill and his wife Mary Barrington, a daughter of Sir Francis Barrington and Joan Cromwell, and a cousin of Oliver Cromwell. In 1641, Gerard was elected Member of Parliament for Seaford the Long Parliament and sat until 1648. In 1659 he was elected MP for Middlesex in the Third Protectorate Parliament. In 1660, Gerard was elected Member
{"datasets_id": 160634, "wiki_id": "Q7526710", "sp": 4, "sc": 589, "ep": 4, "ec": 896}
160,634
Q7526710
4
589
4
896
Sir Francis Gerard, 2nd Baronet
of Parliament for Bossiney in the Convention Parliament. He inherited the baronetcy on the death of his father in 1670. Gerard died at the age of 63. Gerard married Isabel Cheek, daughter of Sir Thomas Cheek. Their three sons Charles, Francis and Cheek successively inherited the baronetcy.
{"datasets_id": 160635, "wiki_id": "Q1763180", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 14, "ec": 291}
160,635
Q1763180
2
0
14
291
Sissel (1986 album)
Norway version & Sweden version & Denmark version
Sissel (1986 album) Norway version 01. Kjærlighet 02. Tenn et lys for dem 03. Jeg trenger deg 04. Summertime 05. I ditt smil 06. Eg ser 07. Vestland, Vestland 08. Vil du vekke tonen min? 09. Inn til deg 10. Frøet 11. Det skal lyse en sol 12. Dagen gryr Sweden version 01. Kärleken 02. Har en dröm 03. Vem 04. Tänd ett ljus 05. In till dig 06. Jag ser 07. Det skall lysa en sol 08. Summertime 09. Å Vestland, Vestland 10. Låt mej vara nära dej 11. Dagen gryr Denmark version 01. Vårvise (duet with Sebastian) 02. Har en dröm 03. Summertime 04. Kärleken 05. I ditt smil 06. Jag ser 07. Inn til deg 08. Vil du vekke tonen min? 09. Å
{"datasets_id": 160635, "wiki_id": "Q1763180", "sp": 14, "sc": 291, "ep": 14, "ec": 412}
160,635
Q1763180
14
291
14
412
Sissel (1986 album)
Denmark version
Vestland, Vestland 10. Rosen 11. Det skall lysa en sol 12. Dagen gryr
{"datasets_id": 160636, "wiki_id": "Q7542035", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 613}
160,636
Q7542035
2
0
6
613
Slow Money
History
Slow Money History Slow Money was started by Woody Tasch, former chairman of Investors' Circle — a nonprofit network of over 200 angel investors, professional venture capitalists, foundations, family offices and others. The idea to initiate the Slow Money movement came to Tasch while he was writing his book Inquiries Into the Nature of Slow Money– Investing as if Food, Farms and Fertility Mattered. The non-profit, Slow Money, was founded in November, 2008, following the publication of Tasch's book. The movement gained significant momentum from a number of local and regional meetings, and press coverage during the first half
{"datasets_id": 160636, "wiki_id": "Q7542035", "sp": 6, "sc": 613, "ep": 10, "ec": 599}
160,636
Q7542035
6
613
10
599
Slow Money
History & National gatherings
of 2009 leading to an inaugural national gathering. National gatherings The inaugural national gathering of Slow Money took place in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the Farmer's Market in September 2009. 450 entrepreneurs, farmers, investors, and interested people traveled from over 34 states and 6 countries to attend. A second national gathering, attended by about 600 people, was held at Shelburne Farms in Vermont, June 9–11, 2010. Slow Money's third national gathering took place October 12–14, 2011 in San Francisco, CA at Fort Mason. Over 850 people attended and 30 entrepreneurs presented role-model enterprises. Slow Money's fourth national gathering took place
{"datasets_id": 160636, "wiki_id": "Q7542035", "sp": 10, "sc": 599, "ep": 14, "ec": 217}
160,636
Q7542035
10
599
14
217
Slow Money
National gatherings & Local networks
April 29–30, 2013 in Boulder, Colorado, and attracted 650 people from 37 states. Slow Money 2014 in Louisville, KY, the fifth Slow Money national gathering, was the largest such event yet, attracting over 850 people from 46 states. As of early 2015, more than $7 million has been directly invested in 35 small food enterprises that have attended Slow Money national gatherings. Local networks The initial national gathering has resulted in people starting local and regional networks of Slow Money. As of early 2015, 24 local Slow Money networks have formed. In addition, six investment clubs have formed. "No
{"datasets_id": 160636, "wiki_id": "Q7542035", "sp": 14, "sc": 217, "ep": 18, "ec": 155}
160,636
Q7542035
14
217
18
155
Slow Money
Local networks & Principles
Small Potatoes" (initiated by local participants in the Maine network) was the first local investment club to form. It has 19 members who have committed $5,000 each and has made 29 loans totaling $140,000 dollars. Members of five other Slow Money networks were inspired by this model to follow suit. No Small Potatoes has published all of its formational documents, to make this process easier for others interested in local investing alongside their peers. Principles In September, 2009, a campaign was launched to get one million people to sign the Slow Money Principles that advocate for cultural, ecological and economic
{"datasets_id": 160636, "wiki_id": "Q7542035", "sp": 18, "sc": 155, "ep": 22, "ec": 448}
160,636
Q7542035
18
155
22
448
Slow Money
Principles & Incubating new intermediaries
diversity in an economy based on healthy people in healthy places. As of early 2015, over 30,000 people have signed the Slow Money Principles. Incubating new intermediaries Slow Money's long-term objective is for one million people to commit 1% of their assets to local food systems. Slow Money is incubating new intermediaries. The first of these is the Beetcoin, an online platform which lets individuals contribute as little as $25 to help local and organic food enterprises reach funding goals. All loans are deployed at 0% interest, and every dollar that gets repaid is recycled to future entrepreneurs. In
{"datasets_id": 160636, "wiki_id": "Q7542035", "sp": 22, "sc": 448, "ep": 26, "ec": 221}
160,636
Q7542035
22
448
26
221
Slow Money
Incubating new intermediaries & Concepts to be developed
addition to the Beetcoin, there is a new service for small food enterprises, homegrown in the Slow Money family, called Credibles, standing for edible credits. It allows communities to come together and support their local shops by pre-purchasing food. In this way, it expands the Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) model to other local food enterprises in addition to farms. Concepts to be developed Early on, Slow Money founder Woody Tasch also proposed the need for a new class of foundations acting as "I-Funds" with "I" standing for "integral", in which a new foundation charter mandates investment of assets that are
{"datasets_id": 160636, "wiki_id": "Q7542035", "sp": 26, "sc": 221, "ep": 26, "ec": 856}
160,636
Q7542035
26
221
26
856
Slow Money
Concepts to be developed
consistent with charitable purposes. Another strategy is Slow Munis or tax-exempt municipal bonds dedicated to local food systems. New funds dedicated to organic farmland are being organized. Food funds and "clubs" are being developed locally in many regions. The Slow Money book outlines the need for rebuilding local stock exchanges alongside rebuilding local food systems, asking questions like: "Could there ever be an alternative stock exchange dedicated to slow, small, and local? Could a million American families get their food from CSAs? What if you had to invest 50 percent of your assets within 50 miles of where you live?"
{"datasets_id": 160637, "wiki_id": "Q13586115", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 622}
160,637
Q13586115
2
0
6
622
Sohan Singh Josh
Life
Sohan Singh Josh Life Josh was born on 12 November 1898 at village Chetanpura in Amritsar district, Punjab Province, British India. His father, Lal Singh, wished for his son to be educated but there was no school nearby, so Sohan Singh entered school rather late. He passed the Middle standard examination from Church Mission School, Majitha, and the Marticulation examination from D.A.V. School, Amritsar. For his tertiary education, Josh joined the Khalsa College, Amritsar, but had to leave soon after owing to financial difficulties. Following his short tenure at Khalsa College, Josh went to Hubli in Bengal Presidency and later to
{"datasets_id": 160637, "wiki_id": "Q13586115", "sp": 6, "sc": 622, "ep": 6, "ec": 1216}
160,637
Q13586115
6
622
6
1,216
Sohan Singh Josh
Life
Bombay where he worked up to 1918 in the Censor's office. He returned to Amritsar later to pursue a career as a school teacher. In 1921, Josh took an active interest in the Akali movement for the liberation of gurdwaras from mahants. Josh zealously opposed the British Raj in India, and as a result of his anti-British activities was arrested. He was tried and sentenced to three years imprisonment. At that time he became the member of the Shiromani Gurudwara Parbandhak Committee and the Shiromani Akali Dal. Josh was a prolific writer. In 1925 he helped to bring out a revolutionary
{"datasets_id": 160637, "wiki_id": "Q13586115", "sp": 6, "sc": 1216, "ep": 6, "ec": 1711}
160,637
Q13586115
6
1,216
6
1,711
Sohan Singh Josh
Life
paper, Kirti, which was main vehicle for Bhagat Singh to propagate his ideas. Josh was a leader both of the Kirti Kisan Party and the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, being one of several people who were prominent in both organisations simultaneously. He was imprisoned for his role in the Meerut Conspiracy Case, was released in November 1933 and thereafter aligned himself with the Communist Party of India. In 1943 he became the editor of a newly founded communist paper, Jang-i-Azadi.
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 423}
160,638
Q7568185
2
0
8
423
South Pass greenstone belt
Economic geology
South Pass greenstone belt The South Pass greenstone belt (2.8 Ga) is located within the Wyoming craton in the US. The region was the site of Wyoming's initial gold discovery in 1842. Economic geology Gold was discovered in the Lewiston district of the South Pass granite-greenstone belt in 1842 along the eastern margin of the complex. Other discoveries followed including the discovery of high-grade gold mineralization at the Carissa Mine along the western flank of the belt in 1867. Some high-grade gold was recovered from the Lewiston and the South Pass-Atlantic City districts. One large 34-ounce nugget resides in the
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 8, "sc": 423, "ep": 8, "ec": 1043}
160,638
Q7568185
8
423
8
1,043
South Pass greenstone belt
Economic geology
Los Angeles Museum of Natural History that was recovered from Rock Creek along the western flank of the greenstone belt. In addition to gold, significant iron ore deposits were found along the northern edge of the South Pass greenstone belt. Some minor copper, silver, tungsten, asbestos, beryl (aquamarine), ruby including a diamond have also been reported within the region. Development of the large taconite (iron ore) deposits in the 1950s led to the opening of the Atlantic City iron mine, which produced more than 90 million tons of iron ore between 1962 and 1983 from banded iron formation in the Goldman
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 8, "sc": 1043, "ep": 8, "ec": 1733}
160,638
Q7568185
8
1,043
8
1,733
South Pass greenstone belt
Economic geology
Meadows Formation. Extensive gold development took place across the entire Precambrian greenstone belt in the late 1860s to early 1870s, and again in the 1930s until World War II. Lode deposits occur primarily in strike-trending shear zones within metagreywacke and hornblendic orthoamphibolites, and placer operations have developed at various times along most streams downstream from these shear structures. Hausel reported cursory investigations of the historic Carissa Mine during the late 1980s indicated this mine hosted an identifiable reserve of more than 109,000 ounces averaging 0.343 to 0.850 oz/ton with a cutoff grade of 0.299 oz/ton. But due to scattered drilling and
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 8, "sc": 1733, "ep": 8, "ec": 2359}
160,638
Q7568185
8
1,733
8
2,359
South Pass greenstone belt
Economic geology
lack of deep drilling on this property, this high-grade zone is probably much more extensive along strike and depth. The high cutoff grade combined with the essentially untested large tonnage low-grade mineralized zone associated with the property (>1000 feet wide and >1000 feet long) suggests actual gold resources are much greater. In addition to the Carissa property, a distinct belt of prospects and historic mines lie between the Carissa mine and Miners Delight mine along a 4 to 5 mile northeasterly trend in the belt. This provides a structurally favorable zone for a major gold resource. Mapping by Hausel identified
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 8, "sc": 2359, "ep": 8, "ec": 3042}
160,638
Q7568185
8
2,359
8
3,042
South Pass greenstone belt
Economic geology
numerous shear structures along with steeply plunging ore shoots associated with isoclinal and open folding that may be favorable for saddle reef-type gold mineralization. There is little evidence that any of the historic operations recognized the steeply plunging structures as being significant. The margins of the greenstone belt contain major gold anomalies within Tertiary sediments eroded from the greenstone belt. The Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Eocene Wasatch Formation, is estimated to host more than 28.5 million ounces of placer gold in the Dickie Springs-Oregon Gulch area. Some aquamarine beryl is known in pegmatite in the South Pass Granite in the
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 8, "sc": 3042, "ep": 12, "ec": 515}
160,638
Q7568185
8
3,042
12
515
South Pass greenstone belt
Economic geology & Geologic units
Anderson Ridge area in the northwestern corner of the belt. Non-gem beryl is reported from several coarse-grained tourmaline-beryl granite pegmatites in the area. Geologic units The geology for the South Pass belt was investigated by Hausel. This elongate greenstone belt is characterized by Hausel as a synclinorium of metamorphosed volcanic, sedimentary and plutonic rocks that have been regionally metamorphosed to greenschist and amphibolite facies, and locally overprinted by a later retrogressive greenschist facies event. The axis of the belt is paralleled by foliation, shear zones, and lower order fold axes, and has been intruded along its flanks by granite and granodiorite.
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 14, "sc": 0, "ep": 16, "ec": 636}
160,638
Q7568185
14
0
16
636
South Pass greenstone belt
Archean
Archean Granite and granite pegmatite (2545 ± 30 Ma) intrude metasedimentary rock of the Miners Delight Formation in the western part of the greenstone belt. The South Pass pluton is a pegmatitic granite west of South Pass City, and the Sweetwater granite is a fine-to medium-grained leucocratic granite that occurs to the west of the South Pass pluton along the Sweetwater River and Lander Creek. The first granitic event in the South Pass area includes tonalite dikes and plugs intruded into shear zones in the South Pass supracrustal rocks along with light-colored, metamorphosed leucodacite porphyry and quartz diorite. This unit is
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 16, "sc": 636, "ep": 20, "ec": 195}
160,638
Q7568185
16
636
20
195
South Pass greenstone belt
Archean & South Pass greenstone belt metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks
exposed in small areas near the Mary Ellen mine, just west of the Duncan mine, and in a 6-mile long north-trending intrusion east of Lewiston. A quartz vein included within the Mary Ellen stock carries visible gold, and a quartz stringer within sheared metaleucodacite porphyry dike contained disseminated arsenopyrite, and showed 0.01 oz/ton gold along with 0.01 oz/ton silver. South Pass greenstone belt metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks The Miners Delight Formation is a metagreywacke (2.8 Ga). The diverse lithology of the Miners Delight Formation, ranging in thickness from 5000 to 20,000 feet, is dominated by gray to dark brown
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 20, "sc": 195, "ep": 20, "ec": 917}
160,638
Q7568185
20
195
20
917
South Pass greenstone belt
South Pass greenstone belt metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks
feldspathic and biotitic metagreywacke, and mica schist. An Rb-Sr whole-rock isochron of about 2.8 Ga reported for the greywacke by Stuckless and others (1985). The contact between the Miners Delight formation and the Roundtop Mountain Greenstone is the Roundtop fault, which is locally marked by mylonitized, brecciated, and strongly folded rocks. The Miners Delight formation which hosts several epigenetic shear zone and vein gold deposits is subdivided into several lithologic units, the relative ages of which are not known. The Roundtop Mountain Greenstone is predominantly greenstone, greenschist, and amphibolite, but also includes mica schist, hornblende-mica schist, and metabasalt, accompanied by minor
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 20, "sc": 917, "ep": 20, "ec": 1628}
160,638
Q7568185
20
917
20
1,628
South Pass greenstone belt
South Pass greenstone belt metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks
metagreywacke, metatuff, chlorite schist, tremolite-actinolite schist and rare grunerite schist. The unit is exposed on both limbs of the South Pass synclinorium, and in most places conformably, but locally unconformably, overlies the Goldman Meadows Formation. Much of the unit is composed of metamorphosed pillow basalts and cusp-shaped pillow structures are preserved on Roundtop Mountain. A broad zone of carbonated breccias and intensely folded schists, representing a major break in the geologic record, is found at the top of the formation. The Goldman Meadows Formation overlies the Diamond Springs Formation and contains two distinct lithologies: a schist member that includes pelitic schists,
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 20, "sc": 1628, "ep": 20, "ec": 2389}
160,638
Q7568185
20
1,628
20
2,389
South Pass greenstone belt
South Pass greenstone belt metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks
quartzites and massive to schistose amphibolites; and iron formation members composed of banded quartz-magnetite-amphibolite iron formation. The iron formation consists of laminated dark gray to black, fine-grained, hard, dense alternating 0.1-to-2-inch-thick (2.5 to 50.8 mm) layers of magnetite and metachert and varying amounts of amphibole. The average iron content in the Atlantic City area is about 33.5% and ranges as high as 56.23%. The Diamond Springs Formation is conformable with the overlying rocks and consists predominantly of serpentinite, tremolite-talc-chlorite schist, and amphibolite. Compositionally, these rocks are typical of the basal volcanic members in other Archean terranes, and represent high-magnesian, sub-marine flows and
{"datasets_id": 160638, "wiki_id": "Q7568185", "sp": 20, "sc": 2389, "ep": 24, "ec": 372}
160,638
Q7568185
20
2,389
24
372
South Pass greenstone belt
South Pass greenstone belt metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks & Gneiss complex
sills. Gneiss complex Felsic gneiss and granite migmatite, interlayered with supracrustal rocks and intruded by granodiorite, is intercalated in places with the supracrustal rocks of the greenstone belt. It is suggested that the likely origin for this unit is an ancient basement or earlier supracrustal succession tectonically interleaved as thrust splinters into the South Pass supracrustals.
{"datasets_id": 160639, "wiki_id": "Q7570317", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 479}
160,639
Q7570317
2
0
6
479
Southern Park Mall
DeBartolo Commons
Southern Park Mall DeBartolo Commons On September 7, 2019, just over a year after Sears closed, demolition of the former Sears and Sears Auto Center locations at the mall commenced. It will be replaced with DeBartolo Commons, featuring new retail spaces, greenspace, an athletic field, and a bandstand. The owner of the mall is in talks with a fitness company that wants to open in the new commons, as well as an indoor golf center with a restaurant. Letters of intent to move to the new space have yet to be signed.
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 609}
160,640
Q653821
2
0
6
609
Spanish Republican Air Force
The first years
Spanish Republican Air Force The first years At the time of the democratic municipal elections that led to the proclamation of the Spanish Republic, the Spanish Air Force (Aeronáutica Española), under the names Aeronáutica Militar and Aeronáutica Naval, the former being the air arm of the Spanish Republican Army and the latter the naval aviation of the Spanish Republican Navy, included mainly French planes, some of which were remnants of the Rif War (1920–1926). Once the Republican Government was established, General Luis Lombarte Serrano replaced pro-monarchist General Alfredo Kindelán as chief-commander of the air force, but he would be quickly
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 6, "sc": 609, "ep": 6, "ec": 1291}
160,640
Q653821
6
609
6
1,291
Spanish Republican Air Force
The first years
succeeded by Commander Ramón Franco, younger brother of later dictator Francisco Franco, a national hero who had earlier made a Trans-Atlantic flight in the Plus Ultra hydroplane. Aviation was developing in those years in Spain; in 1931 Captain Cipriano Rodríguez Díaz and Lieutenant Carlos de Haya González flew non-stop to Equatorial Guinea, then a Spanish colonial outpost. In 1933, under Capitan Warlela, systematic cadastral surveys of Spain were carried out using modern methods of aerial photography. The following year Spanish engineer Juan de la Cierva took off and landed on seaplane carrier Dédalo with his autogyro C-30P. In 1934 Commander Eduardo Sáenz
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 6, "sc": 1291, "ep": 6, "ec": 1952}
160,640
Q653821
6
1,291
6
1,952
Spanish Republican Air Force
The first years
de Buruaga became new chief-commander of the air force. On the same year a major restructuring of the Spanish military air wing took place. Following a Government decree dated 2 October 1935, the Dirección General de Aeronáutica was placed under the authority of the War Ministry, Ministerio de la Guerra, instead of under the Prime Minister of Spain, following which in 1936 the Air Force regional units became restructured. Accordingly, the Spanish Navy-based Escuadra model was replaced by Región Militar divisions which are still operative today in the Spanish Air Force. Five years after the proclamation of the Spanish republic, a section
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 6, "sc": 1952, "ep": 10, "ec": 112}
160,640
Q653821
6
1,952
10
112
Spanish Republican Air Force
The first years & The Spanish Civil War
of the Republican Army in Spanish Morocco rebelled under the orders of General Francisco Franco. The rebellion succeeded only in fractioning Spain and Franco went ahead and began a bloody war of attrition, the Spanish Civil War. During the Civil War the Air Force of the Spanish republican government would have to fight against the better equipped Aviación Nacional, created by the fraction of the army in revolt and their powerful Italian Fascist and Third Reich supporters. The Spanish Civil War After 18 July 1936 coup d'état, the Republican government lost the military planes that were in aerodromes under
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 112, "ep": 10, "ec": 712}
160,640
Q653821
10
112
10
712
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
rebel control. The loyalist areas of Spain retained, however, a great part of the 60 Breguet XIX, 27 Vickers Vildebeest and 56 Hispano-Nieuport Ni-52 planes that the Spanish Air Force had before the hostilities, for the Republic had the control of the majority of the territory. Nevertheless, confronted with a war of attrition in the same month, the Spanish Republican government bought in France 14 Dewoitine D.371, 10 Dewoitine D.373 and 49 Potez 540, among other military aircraft, for the value of 12 million francs.All these planes were largely obsolete at the time, so that in the first four