Datasets:
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Dataset card Data Studio Files
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160,640
Q653821
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712
10
1,349
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
months after the start of the hostilities, the only aircraft of the Republican government that could be considered modern were three Douglas DC-2s that had been purchased recently for LAPE, the Republican airline in March 1935. These were requisitioned by the Spanish Republican Air Force and used as military transports. Within the month of his military coup, the help received by Francisco Franco from Nazi Germany (Condor Legion) and Fascist Italy (Aviazione Legionaria) gave the rebels the upper hand in airpower over Spain. The first German and Italian bombers arrived to increase the size of the rebel air force already in
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 1349, "ep": 10, "ec": 1991}
160,640
Q653821
10
1,349
10
1,991
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
July 1936 and Fiat CR.32 and Heinkel He 51 fighter planes began operating in August. These planes helped the rebel army side to gain full control of the air, as did the Italian Aviazione Legionaria and the German Condor Legion. In September 1936 the Navy and Air Ministry (Ministerio de Marina y Aire) and the Air Undersecretariat, (Subsecretaria del Aire), both part of the National Defence Ministry (Ministerio de la Defensa Nacional) were established under the command of Indalecio Prieto as minister. For identification purposes the Republican tricolor roundel was replaced by red bands, an insignia that had previously been used
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 1991, "ep": 10, "ec": 2634}
160,640
Q653821
10
1,991
10
2,634
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
on Aeronáutica Naval aircraft during the monarchy in the 1920s, before the time of the Republic. In the same month the first serious air combat took place over Madrid when Italian bombers attacked the city in a massive bombing operation. The western democracies, like France, the United Kingdom and the United States didn't help the young Spanish Republic. Afraid of the "Communist threat" Neville Chamberlain and Léon Blum were ready to sacrifice Spain, as they later sacrificed Czechoslovakia, in the belief that Hitler could be appeased. In the void thus created, only the Soviet Union helped the Spanish government effectively. At
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160,640
Q653821
10
2,634
10
3,278
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
the end of October, four months after the rebels had been supplied with German and Italian aircraft by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, the first Tupolev SB bombers arrived from Russia. They were nicknamed "Katiuska". One month later the first Soviet fighter planes arrived to alleviate the lack of operational planes in the loyalist side, the Polikarpov I-15, nicknamed "Chato" (Snubnosed) and the Polikarpov I-16, nicknamed "Mosca" (housefly) by the loyalists and "Rata" (rat) by the rebels. The Polikarpov R-5 and the R-Z reconnaissance bombers were known as "Natacha" in the Spanish Republican Air Force. The Republican air arm
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 3278, "ep": 10, "ec": 3938}
160,640
Q653821
10
3,278
10
3,938
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
was restructured again in May 1937. The new structure included two branches, the Arma de Aviación and the Subsecretaría de Aviación, but unified the Aeronáutica Militar and Aeronáutica Naval. Some sources give this date as the date of the creation of the Spanish Republican Air Force, although it had been previously operative as an air force already. The Republican Air Force would keep this structure until this disbandment two years later. Many planes belonging to the fleet of the Spanish Republican Airline LAPE (Líneas Aéreas Postales Españolas) were requisitioned by the Spanish Republican Air Force and used as military transports. Innovative,
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 3938, "ep": 10, "ec": 4599}
160,640
Q653821
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3,938
10
4,599
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
and often lethal, aeronautical bombing techniques were tested by Condor Legion German expeditionary forces against loyalist areas on Spanish soil with the permission of Generalísimo Franco. The pilots of the Spanish Republican Air Force were unable to check these modern-warfare attacks. Their planes were mostly obsolete and often in a bad state of disrepair. The ungainly French Potez 540, a highly vulnerable plane that proved itself a failure in Spanish skies during the Civil War, was labelled as 'Flying Coffin' (Spanish: Ataúd Volante) by loyalist pilots. The rebel side, however, claimed that both air forces were almost equal, since the Soviet
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 4599, "ep": 10, "ec": 5230}
160,640
Q653821
10
4,599
10
5,230
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
Union was helping the loyalist air force, but the fact was that: ... on the other side, the fabled military support provided by the Soviet Union was too little and too late – and generally of poor quality. In addition, whilst the Nationalists received vast supplies on credit from the US and Britain, Stalin's assistance came with strings attached. The Spanish Republican Air Force was unable to counteract the deadly low-level attacks and close support of the infantry tactics developed by Wolfram von Richthofen during the Civil War. As an air force it became practically ineffective after the Battle of the Ebro
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 5230, "ep": 10, "ec": 5848}
160,640
Q653821
10
5,230
10
5,848
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War
in 1938, when the spine of the Spanish Republican Armed Forces was broken. Finally the Spanish Republican Air Force was completely disbanded after the decisive rebel victory on 1 April 1939. The last Republican military airport in Catalonia was in Vilajuiga, from where on 6 February 1939 Commander Andrés García La Calle led a great part of the planes of the Spanish Republican Air Force to France. The orders had been given in haste by the beleaguered authorities of the doomed Republican Government who wanted to prevent the aircraft from falling into the enemy's hands. The planes landed in Francazal near
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 10, "sc": 5848, "ep": 14, "ec": 507}
160,640
Q653821
10
5,848
14
507
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Spanish Civil War & The Escuadrilla España
Toulouse, where the French authorities impounded them, arrested the Spanish Republican pilots and swiftly interned them in concentration camps. The Escuadrilla España The Escuadrilla España or Escuadra España, Squadron España, French: Escadrille Espagne, also known as Escuadrilla Internacional, was a Spanish Republican Air Force unit organized by French writer André Malraux. Even though it was largely ineffective, this squadron became something of a legend after the writer's claims of nearly annihilating part of the rebel army in the Battle of the Sierra Guadalupe at Medellín, Extremadura. The Escuadrilla España reached a maximum of 130 members and would fly a total
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 14, "sc": 507, "ep": 14, "ec": 1153}
160,640
Q653821
14
507
14
1,153
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
of 23 combat missions before it was wrapped up in February 1937. During the 1930s, André Malraux was active in the anti-fascist Popular Front in France. Upon hearing the news of General Franco's rebellion that marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, he put himself at the service of the Spanish Republic. Despite opposition from French President Albert Lebrun, Malraux helped to organize the aid to the Republican air force helped by his contacts with highly placed personalities within the French Air Ministry, such as Jean Moulin, future French Resistance leader. Even though President Albert Lebrun opposed direct assistance to
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160,640
Q653821
14
1,153
14
1,746
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
the threatened fellow republic, Léon Blum, then the Prime Minister of France, decided to help the Spanish Republicans with discretion. Thus 20 Potez 540, 5 Bloch 210, 10 Breguet XIX, 17 Dewoitine D.371, 2 Dewoitine D.500/510, 5 Amiot 143, 5 Potez 25 and 6 Loire 46 planes were sent to Spain at the beginning of the conflict. Thirteen more Dewoitine D.371 are mentioned by Jules Moch in his book Recontres avez Leon Blum and the Amiot 143 ended up not being delivered, for aircraft constructor Félix Amiot, who would later become a Nazi collaborator, sympathized with the enemies of Republican
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160,640
Q653821
14
1,746
14
2,355
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
Spain in the civil war. The French planes, however, were not up to the enemy aircraft. The slow Potez 540, some of them badly equipped, rarely survived three months of air missions, reaching only about 80 knots against enemy fighters flying at more than 250 knots. Few of the fighters proved to be airworthy, and were delivered intentionally without guns or gun-sights. The French Ministry of Defense had feared that modern types of planes would easily be captured by the Germans fighting for Franco, and the lesser models were a way of maintaining official "neutrality". In the end the French planes
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160,640
Q653821
14
2,355
14
2,947
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
were surpassed by more modern types introduced in late 1936 on both sides and their fate was that many of them crashed or were shot down. The crash of Spanish Republican Air Force serial 'Ñ' Potez 540 plane that was shot down by rebel planes over the Sierra de Gúdar range of the Sistema Ibérico near Valdelinares inspired André Malraux to make his L'espoir movie. In order to give the whole operation an official character, the Spanish Republican War Ministry authorities gave André Malraux the rank of lieutenant colonel, even though he was not a pilot and hadn't even been through
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160,640
Q653821
14
2,947
14
3,617
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
military service. This title gave Malraux authority as Squadron Leader of Escuadrilla España, for he was only answerable to general Ignacio Hidalgo de Cisneros, the Spanish Ministerio del Aire commander-in-chief. The writer thus helped to hire crews for the planes, mainly volunteers and professional pilots who had served in the Aéropostale. After the pilots and the planes arrived to Madrid in August 1936, Malraux himself took charge of the organization of the squadron. Malraux was given considerable autonomy, in Albacete he recruited his own personnel, who escaped the control of the International Brigades run by hard-line Stalinist André Marty who tried
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 14, "sc": 3617, "ep": 14, "ec": 4260}
160,640
Q653821
14
3,617
14
4,260
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
to impose discipline. The only thing that held together the writer's motley group of pilots, gunners, mechanicians and airfield assistants and guards, was their common antifascist resolve. Malraux had to pay a heavy price for his freedom of action though. The Escuadrilla España would suffer a chronic shortage of spare parts and supplies. The number of planes in combat condition was greatly reduced by accidents, lack of quality and by being shot down in action. André Marty, unhappy with the group's autonomy, plotted to bring the Escuadrilla España under his command. Finally the situation was resolved by means of the integration
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 14, "sc": 4260, "ep": 14, "ec": 4968}
160,640
Q653821
14
4,260
14
4,968
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
of the squadron in the regular Spanish armed forces. Once the contracts of the professional pilots was severed, the Escuadrilla España would become part of the official Republican Air Force, losing its former status, but taking the name of Escuadrilla Malraux in honor of its founder. The losses, however, escalated, and after covering the flight from enemy-occupied Málaga, the last two bombers were shot down and the Escuadrilla Malraux was formally dissolved. Even after France joined the Non-Intervention Committee, Malraux helped the Spanish Republic to acquire military aircraft through third countries. The Spanish Republican government circulated photos of Malraux's standing next to
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 14, "sc": 4968, "ep": 14, "ec": 5603}
160,640
Q653821
14
4,968
14
5,603
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España
some Potez 540 bombers suggesting that France was on their side, at a time when France and the United Kingdom had declared official neutrality. Malraux, however, was not there at the behest of the French Government. Aware of the Republicans' inferior armaments, of which outdated aircraft were just one part of the problem, he toured the United States to raise funds for the Spanish Republican cause. In 1938 he published L'Espoir (Man's Hope), a novel influenced by his Spanish war experiences. Malraux has often been criticized by opponents for his involvement or motivations in the Spanish Civil War. Comintern sources, for
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 14, "sc": 5603, "ep": 18, "ec": 229}
160,640
Q653821
14
5,603
18
229
Spanish Republican Air Force
The Escuadrilla España & Soviet pilots in Spain
example, described him as an 'adventurer'. The professional pilots of the Escuadrilla España charged exorbitant rates to the Republican Government for their services. Other biographical sources, including fellow combatants, praise Malraux's leadership and sense of camaraderie. At any rate, Malraux's participation in such an historical event as the Spanish Civil War inevitably brought him adversaries, as well as supporters, resulting in a polarization of opinion. Soviet pilots in Spain The Soviet Union profited from the international isolation of the Spanish Republic imposed by the Non-intervention agreements and assisted the beleaguered Republican government by providing weapons and pilots. Some of the
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160,640
Q653821
18
229
18
907
Spanish Republican Air Force
Soviet pilots in Spain
most effective pilots in Spain were young men from the Soviet Union. The Spanish Republican Air Force lacked modern planes and experienced pilots. Unlike most other foreign pilots in the service of the Spanish Republican Air Force, Russian pilots were technically volunteers. They received no incentives, like combat bonuses, to supplement their modest wages. Many Soviet airmen came in the fall 1936, along with the new aircraft that the Spanish Republic had purchased from Russia. After the western democracies refused military assistance to the established Spanish Government in the name of so-called "Non-Intervention", the Soviet Union and Mexico were practically
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 18, "sc": 907, "ep": 18, "ec": 1553}
160,640
Q653821
18
907
18
1,553
Spanish Republican Air Force
Soviet pilots in Spain
the only nations that helped Republican Spain in its struggle. In a similar manner as Hitler with his Third Reich re-armament, Joseph Stalin saw the acquisition of first-hand combat experience in Spain by Soviet pilots and technicians as essential for his plans regarding the capability and combat readiness of the Soviet Air Forces. Therefore, much emphasis was placed on detailed reporting of the results of the testing of the new Russian military equipment and air-warfare techniques. The first planes that came to Spain were Tupolev SB bombers; the fighters would arrive later. Their first action was a morale-lifting bombing raid on
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160,640
Q653821
18
1,553
18
2,204
Spanish Republican Air Force
Soviet pilots in Spain
the Talavera de la Reina military airfield used by the Legionary Nazi and Italian planes that dropped their bombs over Madrid every day. This action made the Russian pilots very popular among the people in Madrid. The Katiuska pilots took advantage for the time being of their aircraft's relatively higher speed, but the plane was vulnerable and its fuel tanks easily caught fire when shot at. Furthermore, when the Condor Legion brought the speedier Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters later in the war, the SB squadrons suffered heavy losses. Anatol Serov, nicknamed "Mateo Rodrigo", established the Escuadrilla de Vuelo Nocturno fighter squadron
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160,640
Q653821
18
2,204
18
2,825
Spanish Republican Air Force
Soviet pilots in Spain
along with Mikhail Yakushin. This night-flight section would use I-15 Chatos that had modified exhaust pipes, so that the flames in front would not impair the pilot's night vision. M. Yakushin would become the leader of the Night Fighter Squadron that would be quite effective against the Condor Legion Ju 52 night bombing raids. There were about 300 Russian pilots in or around Madrid by the end of November 1936. The improved defensive capacity of the Spanish Republic boosted the morale of the areas of Spain under loyalist control. The Russian pilots gave their best performance in the Battle of Guadalajara,
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160,640
Q653821
18
2,825
18
3,475
Spanish Republican Air Force
Soviet pilots in Spain
routing the Italian Aviazione Legionaria and pounding the Fascist militias incessantly from the air. Following the demands of the Non-Intervention Committee, Soviet pilots were phased out in the fall of 1938 and trained Spanish airmen took their places after having been trained at the flying schools of Albacete, Alicante, Murcia, El Palomar, Alhama, Los Alcázares, Lorca or El Carmolí that had been set up by the Soviet military. From about 772 Russian airmen that served the Spanish Republican Air Force for over two years, a total of 99 lost their lives. Little gratitude or recognition were shown to the surviving pilots despite
{"datasets_id": 160640, "wiki_id": "Q653821", "sp": 18, "sc": 3475, "ep": 18, "ec": 3605}
160,640
Q653821
18
3,475
18
3,605
Spanish Republican Air Force
Soviet pilots in Spain
their effort and, to compound their sad lot, many would later become victims of the Stalin Purges after their return to the USSR.
{"datasets_id": 160641, "wiki_id": "Q5226842", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 639}
160,641
Q5226842
2
0
6
639
Splendrillia clydonia
Description
Splendrillia clydonia Description The length of the shell attains 15 mm, its diameter 5 mm. (Original description) The shell is shining, nearly smooth, pale, whitish, straw-coloured, or reddish-tinted. It is, attenuate, graceful and contains 9 whorls. The longitudinal ribs are somewhat prominently twice-angled just below the middle, and obliquely flexuose, shining, and almost smooth. On the penultimate whorl the ribs number 11, on the body whorl 10. The spiral revolving lines are discernible with a lens. The aperture is oblong. The sinus is very wide and somewhat shallow. The outer lip is thin and rounded. The columella is white, straight, callous above and
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160,641
Q5226842
6
639
10
40
Splendrillia clydonia
Description & Distribution
shining. The siphonal canal is a little produced and is broad. Distribution This species occurs in the Gulf of Oman.
{"datasets_id": 160642, "wiki_id": "Q551837", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 697}
160,642
Q551837
2
0
4
697
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen Sportforum Hohenschönhausen is a multi-purpose sports complex in the locality of Alt-Hohenschönhausen of the borough of Lichtenberg in Berlin. The Sportforum was named Dynamo-Sportforum during the East German era. Sportforum Hohenschönhausen covers an area between 45 and 50 hectares, and comprises 35 sports facilities, including three ice rinks, two gymnasiums, a football stadium, as well as eight halls and open spaces for athletics, swimming, handball, volleyball, judo, fencing, archery, beach volleyball and football. The entire building ensemble (including the Dynamo-Sporthalle, built from 1956 to 1958), which was built from 1956 to designs by an architectural collective led by
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160,642
Q551837
4
697
4
1,354
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen
Walter Schmidt, is a protected building of cultural heritage. The Sportforum is the second largest sports complex in Berlin as of 2019. One of the main users of the Sportforum is the Olympiastützpunkt Berlin (OSB). More than 300 national team athletes regularly train on the grounds. The Sportforum is the largest Olympic training center in Germany. In addition, there are eleven recognized regional service centers with around 800 national team athletes, a location for the Berlin School and Competitive Sports Center (formerly known as the sports school "Werner Seelenbinder"), the "House of Athletes" with around 200 boarding school places, and
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160,642
Q551837
4
1,354
8
60
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen
Ice sports arenas
the Institute for Sports Science of the Humboldt University of Berlin, with approximately 500 students, and about 20 other sports clubs. More than 3,000 athletes use the Sportforum every day. Among other main users are BFC Dynamo, Eisbären Berlin junior teams, SC Berlin and SSG Humboldt zu Berlin, but also other clubs use the Sportforum as a training ground, such as Berlin TSC, Füchse Berlin, ALBA Berlin junior teams, SC Charlottenburg, SV Preußen Berlin or SG Weißensee. In total, players from around 30 clubs use the Sportforum. Ice sports arenas The Wellblechpalast opened on the sports complex in 1963. It
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160,642
Q551837
8
60
8
519
Sportforum Hohenschönhausen
Ice sports arenas
was the home arena of the ice hockey department of SC Dynamo Berlin, and served as the home arena of its continuation, the Eisbären Berlin, until 2008. The arena has a seating capacity for 4,695 people. A 400 m speed skating indoor arena opened on 17 November 1986, and was the first covered speed skating oval in the world, one day prior to Thialf in Heerenveen which hosted the World Allround Speed Skating Championships for Men later that season.
{"datasets_id": 160643, "wiki_id": "Q648896", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 116}
160,643
Q648896
2
0
6
116
Spotted honeyeater
Distribution and habitat
Spotted honeyeater Distribution and habitat It is found in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
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160,644
Q37698
2
0
6
430
Springhill Falls
Directions
Springhill Falls Directions From Highway 403 take the Highway 6 North (Guelph) exit and travel approximately 3 kilometres to Highway 5 East (Dundas Street East). Turn left on Highway 5 East and then turn left onto Harvest Road and then turn left onto Brock Road. At the Escarpment brow there is a lookout on the right side of the road towards the base of the Escarpment. You will notice the waterfall on the Escarpment rock face on the left side of the road.
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160,645
Q7598594
2
0
4
612
Standing committee (India)
Standing committee (India) In the Indian Parliament, a Standing committee is a committee consisting of Members of Parliament or MPs . It is a permanent and regular committee which is constituted from time to time according to the provisions of an Act of Parliament or Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business. The work done by the Indian Parliament is not only voluminous but also of a complex nature, hence a great deal of its work is carried out in these Parliamentary committees. Both Houses of Parliament, Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha, have similar committee structures with a few exceptions. Their appointment,
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160,645
Q7598594
4
612
4
1,265
Standing committee (India)
terms of office, functions and procedures of conducting business are broadly similar. These standing committees are elected or appointed every year, or periodically by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, or as a result of consultation between them. There are two types of Parliamentary committee, the Standing committee and the Ad hoc committee. 1. The Standing committees are constituted every year or frequently and they work on continuous basis. 2. Ad hoc committees are temporary and created for specific task. Once that task is completed, the ad hoc committees cease to exist. ... committee on
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160,645
Q7598594
4
1,265
4
1,342
Standing committee (India)
Public Accounts, committee on estimates and committee on Public Undertakings
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160,646
Q63248868
2
0
6
600
Starship: Apocalypse
Synopsis
Starship: Apocalypse Synopsis After Starship Rising, Gustav a former federation general joins John Worthy’s rebel crew. However the rest of the galaxy is in chaos with the federation and rebel Terra Nostra fleets both split. John has uncovered that the federation and Terra Nostra rebels are both being run by the overseer. Gustav orders a ceasefire on the Terra Nostra planet where the federation and rebels are fighting. Czarina the supreme commander hears about this and realises Gustav has betrayed them. She sends a fleet out to capture John, Guastav, and their crew. They are taken to Terminus the federation capital
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160,646
Q63248868
6
600
6
1,212
Starship: Apocalypse
Synopsis
planet, where they are put on trial by the supreme commander. She sentences John, Guastav and Dianna to death. But Marta, another crew member, is instead sentenced to genetic rehabilitation. Meanwhile Jolli and Torgus are flying in the outer rim, in a small escape pod. They land on Guada Prime where they meet an android. They witness John’s trial on the news, and with the help of the android take a ship to rescue him. The supreme commander uses a DNA virus to rehabilitate Marta, this essentially zombifies her making her completely loyal to the supreme commander. John, Gustav and Diana are
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160,646
Q63248868
6
1,212
6
1,820
Starship: Apocalypse
Synopsis
sent to the furnaces to be killed but are rescued by Jolli and Torgus. Marta messages John asking for rescue, so John immediately goes to Terra Nostra. Using the ships advanced AI John easily defeats the guarding fleet above Terra Nostra and rescues Marta. However, Marta immediately starts spying on John and secretly relays information on his plans back to the supreme commander. John and his crew travel to Terminus. Gustav and Dianna head to the surface to mount an attack while John and Jolli attempt to draw fire away from the planet. They receive a message from Gustav but before they
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160,646
Q63248868
6
1,820
6
2,470
Starship: Apocalypse
Synopsis
can listen to it Marta kills Jolli and injures John. The ships AI intervenes and kills Marta. Seethus, contacts the Overseer and reveals he is the Overseers son. The supreme commander commits treason, firing on the Overseers ship, but he activates the commanders ships self-destruct killing her. The Overseer fires the DNA virus as Terminus, zombifying all inhabitants. Seethus now joins Gustav and they gather all their remaining allies from Earth and destroy the Overseer’s fleet. However the Overseer survives and fires the DNA virus at Earth, zombifying everyone on it. Seethus, immune to the virus, manages to escape and goes to
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Starship: Apocalypse
Synopsis
the Overseers ship. John and Torgus also board the ship and are captured. The Overseer badly injures Torgus, but before he can kill John Seethus betrays him giving John the distraction he needs to injure the Overseer giving them chance to escape. The Overseer quickly regenerates, but John ejects him from the ship into the Sun. The android travels to Terra Nostra and Terminus, both infected by the DNA virus, he destroys them to stop the virus spreading, and manages to cleanse Earth of the virus. As part of this it also destroys all of Earths technology to ensure humanity can
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Starship: Apocalypse
Synopsis
never cause a war like this again. John, Torgus, Seethus, Gustav and Diana are all left on Earth, forever grounded on the planet while the android AI rules the rest of the galaxy. Five years later the android revisits Earth, bringing a resurrected Jolli back to John.
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Steppenwolf (comics)
Fictional character biography
Steppenwolf (comics) Fictional character biography Steppenwolf is a New God who is the younger brother of Heggra and the uncle of Uxas (Darkseid). He is also a member of Darkseid's Elite. He leads the military forces of Apokolips and rides a hover bike that may be at the same level of technology as Orion's. Steppenwolf is one of the earliest survivors of Doomsday, the monster who once killed Superman. Two hundred and forty-five thousand years ago, Steppenwolf takes an Apokolips shuttle with Darkseid, Master Mayhem and a small crew to the planet of Bylan 5. The planet holds delicate natural
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Steppenwolf (comics)
Fictional character biography
materials Apokolips needs for weaponry, material which would be destroyed in the event of an invasion. The forcible marriage of Darkseid to the planet's princess comes to an end when Doomsday attacks. Master Mayhem is swiftly torn apart. Darkseid ignores Steppenwolf's orders to use omega beams and engages the creature in hand-to-hand combat. Steppenwolf sees that the destruction that has been wrought has doomed the planet, and all who live on it. He teleports Darkseid out of harm's way, agreeing with Darkseid not to mention this to anyone. Doomsday escapes by stowing away on the Apokolips shuttle. Most of Steppenwolf's appearances
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Steppenwolf (comics)
Fictional character biography
under the pen of Jack Kirby are in flashbacks: his debut, in New Gods #7, was a flashback story where he is introduced and helped Darkseid murder the wife of Darkseid's hated rival, Highfather. Highfather later tracks down and kills Steppenwolf in retaliation as the murder reignites the war between the two sides. After later showing up alive and well in the seemingly non-canon (despite Jack Kirby's involvement) 1985 Super Powers mini-series, Steppenwolf's entry in Who's Who in the DC Universe clarified that he had been resurrected by Apokoliptian technology. Steppenwolf appears later when Mister Miracle gains godlike powers over life
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Steppenwolf (comics)
Fictional character biography
and death. He torments Scott Free over his role in killing Scott's mother (or alleged mother figure as is claimed) and in return is physically tortured. Free ends up healing him, instead of killing him as he desires. He is sent away with Darkseid's legions. He is seen in New Gods V2 #6, with a new costume (a Kirby redesign for the figure's Super Power action figure). Though considered a "mockery", Steppenwolf is given the job of running Darkseid's military forces. He is later seen fighting the Flash (Barry Allen) and the Justice League of America. In the pages of Terror Titans
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Steppenwolf (comics)
Fictional character biography & The New 52
#2, Steppenwolf appears as a member of the board of the Dark Side Club. He is killed by Clock King, who was using the club for gladiator fights and simple cruel amusements. The New 52 With The New 52 reboot that takes place following the 2011 Flashpoint limited series, a new version of Earth-2 (home of the Justice Society of America) is introduced. In the continuity of that parallel world, Steppenwolf leads a massive invasion of the planet by Darkseid's parademons. Ultimately, Earth's heroes manage to successfully repel the invaders, but the Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman of that world
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Steppenwolf (comics)
The New 52 & Powers and abilities
are all killed in battle. Five years later, Steppenwolf is apparently hiding on Earth-2 and there is a $300 million reward for him. He is eventually killed by that world's version of Bizarro, whom Steppenwolf had employed as a soldier and indoctrinated into fighting for Apokolips. Steppenwolf also appears briefly in an issue of Justice League within The New 52 taking part in the torturing of Superman on the Prime Earth. Steppenwolf is seen as support for Darkseid when he moves to attack the Anti-Monitor. Powers and abilities Steppenwolf is an immortal with vast superhuman strength, endurance and speed, capable of
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Steppenwolf (comics)
Powers and abilities
lifting about one hundred tons and jumping huge distances easily. Also, he has superhuman reflexes and a high degree of invulnerability, which increases with his battle armor and allows him to resist most physical and energetic attacks. He is an experienced military leader, having served as the head of Apokolips's armed forces, and when going into battle personally often commands units of the dog cavalry - warriors riding enormous dogs, known for the carnage and mass deaths he causes when he leads forces. Steppenwolf wields several weapons, including a cable-snare in which he can entrap opponents and from which he
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Steppenwolf (comics)
Powers and abilities
can fire lethal radion beams. His main weapon is his electro-axe. He is a master swordsman and a formidable hand-to-hand combatant forged in hundreds of battles.
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Sterling Shepard
Early years
Sterling Shepard Early years Shepard was born on February 10, 1993. Shepard attended Heritage Hall School in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, where he rushed for 1,115 yards and caught 133 passes for 2,335 yards and 38 touchdowns in his high school football career. As a senior, he carried the ball 28 times for 303 yards and eight touchdowns and caught 73 passes for 1,243 yards and 17 touchdowns. Following his senior season, he was selected to the Under Armour All-American Game. In addition, Shepard competed in basketball and track at Heritage. As a senior in 2011, he placed second in the
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Sterling Shepard
Early years & College career
long jump at the State Meet with a leap of 6.69 meters (21'11.5"). Shepard was a consensus four-star recruit by ESPN.com, Rivals.com, 247sports.com and Scout.com. He committed to the University of Oklahoma to play college football under head coach Bob Stoops. College career As a true freshman at the University of Oklahoma in 2012, Shepard played in all 13 games with four starts and had 45 receptions for 621 yards and three touchdowns. He made his collegiate debut on September 8, against Florida A&M, and had three receptions for 48 receiving yards. In the following game, he had seven receptions for
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160,648
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Sterling Shepard
College career
108 receiving yards and his first collegiate receiving touchdown against Kansas State. As a sophomore in 2013, he started 12 of 13 games, recording 51 receptions for 603 yards and seven touchdowns. On September 14, against Tulsa, he had the best game of his collegiate career to that point with eight receptions for 123 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. In the 2014 Sugar Bowl against Alabama, he had his first collegiate rushing touchdown on a 13-yard play. Shepard started 12 of 13 games as a junior in 2014. He started off the season very strong with career-highs in receiving
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160,648
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Sterling Shepard
College career
yards at first against Tulsa with 177 and 215 later on against TCU. After recording 49 receptions for 911 yards and five touchdowns through the first seven games of the season, he suffered a groin injury on a reception against Iowa State, which caused him to miss the rest of that game and the next week's game against Baylor and limited him to one reception for 13 yards during the final four games. As a senior in 2015, he played in all 14 games and had 86 receptions for 1,288 yards and 11 touchdowns. On September 2, against Tennessee, he
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Sterling Shepard
College career & 2016: Rookie year
caught a five-yard touchdown from Baker Mayfield with only 40 seconds remaining to help force overtime. In the second overtime, he caught a game-winning 18-yard pass from Mayfield. For his collegiate career, he had 233 receptions for 3,482 yards and 26 touchdowns. 2016: Rookie year Going into the regular season, Shepard was named a starting wide receiver, along with Odell Beckham Jr. He started Giants' season opener against the Dallas Cowboys and made three receptions for 43-yards and caught his first career touchdown on a nine-yard pass from Eli Manning, helping the Giants win 20–19. The following week, Shepard caught
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Sterling Shepard
2016: Rookie year
a season-high eight passes for 117 receiving yards in a 16–13 victory over the New Orleans Saints. On September 25, 2016, he caught five passes for 73 yards and caught a 23-yard touchdown pass from Eli Manning during the Giants' first loss of the season to the Washington Redskins. On November 6, 2016, he continued to emerge as a promising receiver after he made three receptions for 50 yards and caught a 23-yard touchdown pass in a victory over the Philadelphia Eagles. The following game, Shepard caught five passes for 42 receiving yards and a touchdown in a 21–20 win
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1,500
Sterling Shepard
2016: Rookie year
over the Cincinnati Bengals. On November 20, 2016, Shepard had his third game in a row with a touchdown after he finished a 22–16 victory over the Chicago Bears with five catches for 50 yards and a touchdown. In a Week 16 match-up against the Philadelphia Eagles, Shepard made seven catches for 61 yards and a touchdown as the Giants lost 24–19. He finished the season with 65 receptions for 683 receiving yards and eight receiving touchdowns. The Giants made the playoffs with an 11–5 record. In his playoff debut, he had four receptions for 63 receiving yards in the 38–13
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Sterling Shepard
2016: Rookie year & 2017
Wild Card Round loss to the Green Bay Packers. He was named to the PFWA All-Rookie Team following the season. 2017 Shepard started the 2017 season off with nine receptions for 67 receiving yards combined in the first two games against the Dallas Cowboys and Detroit Lions. In the next game, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had seven receptions for 133 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown, which was a 77-yard reception. During the 2017 season, Shepard missed multiple games due to reported issues with migraines. During Week 10 against the San Francisco 49ers, Shepard had a career high eleven
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Sterling Shepard
2017 & 2018
receptions for 142 receiving yards as the Giants lost 21-31. Later that season, in Week 15 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Shepard tied his career high for receptions, and set a new high for targets, with sixteen. Shepard also caught a touchdown pass, which he did not during Week 10. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 59 receptions for 731 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. 2018 In Week 7, against the Atlanta Falcons, Shepard had five receptions for 167 yards. In Week 10 against the San Francisco 49ers, Shepard had two catches for nine yards and the game-winning touchdown
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160,648
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Sterling Shepard
2018 & 2019 & Personal life
in the 27-23 win. Overall, he finished the 2018 season with 66 receptions for 872 yards and four touchdowns. 2019 On April 10, 2019, Shepard signed a four-year, $41 million contract extension with the Giants with $21.3 million guaranteed. In week 3 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Shepard caught 7 passes for 100 yards and a touchdown as the Giants won 32-31. Personal life His father, Derrick Shepard, played at Oklahoma and in the NFL from 1987-1991 as a wide receiver. He died when Sterling was six. His uncles, Darrell (1980–81) and Woodie (1975–79), also played at Oklahoma. Shepard married model Chanel
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Sterling Shepard
Personal life
Iman on March 3, 2018. On August 10, 2018, their first child, Cali Clay, Shepard was born.
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Stop It
Track listing
Stop It Track listing A Side : "Stop It" (P. de Senneville, O. Toussaint) — 3:12 B Side : "A Journey in Tobago" (P. de Senneville, O. Toussaint) — 2:10
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StoryBots
History
StoryBots History StoryBots launched to the public in the fall of 2012, and has been featured on CNN, The New York Times, CNBC, and other news outlets. Gregg Spiridellis, co-founder and CEO of StoryBots, told CNBC in 2013 that he and his brother have five young children between them and noticed "a massive shift in how kids are consuming media." Spiridellis says that became the inspiration for StoryBots, with digital content designed to be akin to Sesame Street but for a device-centric, connected generation of children. In May 2019, Netflix announced that it had acquired the StoryBots media franchise and signed
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StoryBots
History & Television programming
co-creators Evan and Gregg Spiridellis to an exclusive producing deal. The acquisition was the first of its kind for Netflix and was part of a stated commitment to expand its educational content. Television programming The StoryBots franchise's inaugural original TV series, Ask the StoryBots, premiered on Netflix on August 12, 2016. The show follows the StoryBots characters of Beep, Boop, Bing, Bang and Bo (a.k.a. "Answer Team 341B") as they go on adventures into the human world to help answer kids' biggest questions, and stars Judy Greer. The first season featured guest appearances from Jay Leno, Whoopi Goldberg, "Weird Al"
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StoryBots
Television programming
Yankovic, Kevin Smith, Garfunkel and Oates, Tim Meadows and Chris Parnell. Ask the StoryBots received critical acclaim for its educational quality and entertainment value for both parents and children. A second season premiered on Netflix on August 24, 2018, and featured guest appearances from Snoop Dogg, Edward Norton, Christina Applegate, Wanda Sykes, David Cross, Ali Wong, Kristen Schaal, and David Koechner. A third season was released worldwide on Netflix on August 2, 2019, and includes guest appearances from John Legend, Zoe Saldana, Jennifer Garner, Jason Sudeikis, Alyssa Milano, Tony Hale, Maria Bamford and Reggie Watts. A trailer for the new
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StoryBots
Television programming
episodes was released on YouTube ahead of the season launch. Both seasons spawned music soundtracks available on Spotify, Apple Music, iTunes Amazon.com, YouTube and whereas music soundtracks are available. The show has been called the "best kids' show on Netflix" by both Wired and Decider. Ask the StoryBots has received several accolades and award nominations, including recognition from the Daytime Emmy Awards, Peabody Awards, Annie Awards and British Academy Children's Awards. A companion series, StoryBots Super Songs, premiered on October 7, 2016, also on Netflix. While each episode of Ask the StoryBots featured the lead characters answering a child's single question, StoryBots
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StoryBots
Television programming & StoryBots Classroom
Super Songs focuses on broader topics, such as outer space, colors, shapes and dinosaurs, through music and live-action vignettes with real children. Episodes have also been released on StoryBots' YouTube channel. Ask the StoryBots also spun-off a holiday special, A StoryBots Christmas, which premiered December 1, 2017, on Netflix. Featuring a guest appearance by Ed Asner as Santa Claus, the special received two Daytime Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Special Class Animated Program, as well as four additional nominations. StoryBots Classroom In 2016, StoryBots launched StoryBots Classroom, a free web-based resource for educators that includes unlimited access to the entire StoryBots library
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StoryBots
StoryBots Classroom
of digital books, videos and activities, as well as the newly created Common Core State Standards Initiative-aligned Math Games, and a suite of classroom management tools including the Backpack and Class Roster. The product is designed for use on laptops, tablets and interactive white boards. When it was released, StoryBots Classroom was by profiled by Education Week and was named a S'Cool Tool of the Week by EdSurge. It has since received the Teachers' Choice Award and the Tech Edvocate Award for best early childhood education app or tool. In an interview, CEO Gregg Spiridellis cited significant interest in StoryBots
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StoryBots
StoryBots Classroom & YouTube channel
by teachers as the impetus to "invest more in building a product custom-tailored for classroom use, with an emphasis on interactive projection boards, classroom tools and more educational content." YouTube channel StoryBots first uploaded five videos to YouTube in June 2012. StoryBots was also nominated for a 2019 Webby Award in the Video Series & Channels – Animation category. In 2018, StoryBots signed with the DHX Media-owned WildBrain to manage and grow its YouTube channel.
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Structural inequality
Education & Spatial/regional
Structural inequality Education See: Structural inequality in education One particularly influential form of structural inequality can be found in education, since education affects many other opportunities. Examples of institutionalized education-related racism include student tracking, access to college, access to technology, and school finance. Spatial/regional Globally, the problem of spatial and regional segregation is largely a question between urban and rural disparities. A study commissioned by the United Nations University WIDER project has shown that for the twenty-six countries included in the study, spatial inequalities have been high and on the increase, especially for developing nations. Many of these inequalities were traced
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Structural inequality
Spatial/regional
back to “second nature” geographic forces that describe the infrastructure a society has in place for facilitating the trade of goods and employment between economic agents. Another dominant and related factor is the ease of access to bodies of water and forms of long distance trade like ports. The discrepancies between the growth of communities close to these bodies of water and those further away have been noted in cases between and within countries. In the United States and many other developed countries, spatial inequality has developed into more specific forms described by residential segregation and housing discrimination. This
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Structural inequality
Spatial/regional & Consequences
has especially come into focus as education and employment are often tied into where a household is located relative to urban centers, and a variety of metrics, from education levels to welfare benefits have been correlated to spatial data. Consequences Specifically, studies have identified a number of economic consequences of housing segregation. Perhaps the most obvious is the isolation of minorities, which creates a deficit in the potential for developing human capital. Second, many of the public schools that areas of low socioeconomic status have access to are underperforming, in part due to the limited budgeting the district receives from
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Structural inequality
Consequences & Causes
the limited tax base in the same area. Finally, another large factor is simply the wealth and security homeownership represents. Property values rarely increase in areas where poverty is high in the first place. Causes The causes of spatial inequality, however, are more complex. The mid-20th century phenomenon of the large-scale migration of white middle-class families from urban centers has coined the term white flight. While the current state of housing discrimination can be partly attributed to this phenomenon, a larger set of institutionalized discrimination, like bias in loan and real estate industries and government policies, have helped to perpetuate
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Structural inequality
Causes
the division created since then. These include bias found in the banking and real estate industries as well as discriminatory public policies that promote racial segregation. In addition, rising income inequality between blacks and whites since the 1970s have created affluent neighborhoods that tend to be composed of a homogeneous racial background of families within the same income bracket. A similar situation within the racial lines have helped to explain how more than 32% of blacks now live in suburbs. However, these new suburbs are often divided along racial lines, and a 1992 survey showed that 82% of blacks preferred
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Structural inequality
Causes & Transportation
to live a suburb where their race is in the majority. This is further aggravated by practices like racial steering, in which realtors guide home buyers towards neighborhood based on race. Transportation Government policies that have tended to promote spatial inequalities include actions by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) in promoting redlining, a practice where mortgages could be selectively administered while excluding certain urban neighborhood deemed risky, oftentimes because of race. Practices like this continued to prevent home buyers from getting mortgages in redlined areas until the 1960s, when the FHA discontinued the determination of restrictions based on racial composition. The
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Structural inequality
Transportation & Solutions
advent of freeways also added a complex layer of incentives and barriers which helped to increase spatial inequalities. First, these new networks allowed for middle-class families to move out to the suburbs while retaining connections like employment to the urban center. Second, and perhaps more importantly, freeways were routed through minority neighborhoods, oftentimes creating barriers between these neighborhoods and central business districts and middle class areas. Highway plans often avoided a more direct route through upper or middle class neighbors because minorities did not have sufficient power to prevent such actions from happening. Solutions Massey identifies three goals specifically for
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Structural inequality
Solutions
the United States to end residential segregation: reorganize the structure of metropolitan government, make greater investment in education, and finally open housing market so full participation More specifically, he advocates broader, metropolitan-wide units of taxation and governance where the tax base and decisions are made equally by both the urban and suburban population. Education is the key to closing employment inequalities in a post-manufacturing era. And finally, the federal government must take large strides towards enforcing the anti-segregation measures related to housing it has already put into place, like the Fair Housing Act, the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, and the
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160,651
Q7625030
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738
26
1,485
Structural inequality
Solutions
Community Reinvestment Act. Another set of divisions that may be useful in framing policy solutions include three categories: place-based policies, people-based policies, and indirect approaches. Place-based policies include improving community facilities and services like schools and public safety in inner-city areas in an effort to appeal to middle-class families. These programs must be balanced with concerns of gentrification. People-based policies help increase access to credit for low-income families looking to move, and this sort of policy has been typified by the Community Reinvestment Act and its many revisions throughout its legislative history. Finally, indirect approaches often involve providing better transportation
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1,485
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199
Structural inequality
Solutions & Healthcare
options to low-income areas, like public transit routes or subsidized car ownership. These approaches target the consequences rather than the causes of segregation, and rely on the assumption that one of the most harmful effects of spatial inequality is the lack of access to employment opportunities. In conclusion, a common feature in all of these is the investment in the capital and infrastructure of inner-city or neighborhood. Healthcare The quality of healthcare that a patient receives strongly depends upon its accessibility. Kelley et al. define access to healthcare as “the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 30, "sc": 199, "ep": 30, "ec": 886}
160,651
Q7625030
30
199
30
886
Structural inequality
Healthcare
health outcomes”. Health disparities, which are largely caused by unequal access to healthcare, can be defined as “a difference in which disadvantaged social groups such as the poor, racial/ethnic minorities, women and other groups who have persistently experienced social disadvantage or discrimination systematically experience worse health or greater health risks than most advantaged social groups.” Manifestations of inequality in healthcare appear throughout the world and are a topic of urgency in the United States. In fact, studies have shown that income-related inequality in healthcare expenditures favors the wealthy to a greater degree in the United States than most other
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 30, "sc": 886, "ep": 34, "ec": 140}
160,651
Q7625030
30
886
34
140
Structural inequality
Healthcare & Racial
Western nations. The enormous costs of healthcare, coupled with the vast number of Americans lacking health insurance, indicate the severe inequality and serious problems that exist. The healthcare system in the United States perpetuates inequality by “rationing health care according to a person’s ability to pay, by providing inadequate and inferior health care to poor people and persons of color, and by failing to establish structures that can meet the health needs of Americans”. Racial Racial disparity in access and quality of healthcare is a serious problem in the United States and is reflected by evidence such as the fact
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 34, "sc": 140, "ep": 34, "ec": 821}
160,651
Q7625030
34
140
34
821
Structural inequality
Racial
that African American life expectancies lag behind that of whites by over 5 years, and African Americans tend to experience more chronic conditions. African Americans have a 30% higher death rate from cardiovascular disease and experience 50% more diabetic complications than their white counterparts. The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), directed by Congress, led an effort for the development of two annual reports by the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), the National Healthcare Quality Report and the National Healthcare Disparities Report, which tracked disparities in healthcare in relation to racial and socioeconomic factors. These reports
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 34, "sc": 821, "ep": 34, "ec": 1479}
160,651
Q7625030
34
821
34
1,479
Structural inequality
Racial
developed about 140 measures of quality of care and about 100 measures of access to care, which were used to measure the healthcare disparities. The first reports, released in December 2003, found that blacks and Hispanics experienced poorer healthcare quality for about half of the quality measures reported in the NHQR and NDHR. Also, Hispanics and Asians experienced poorer access to care for about two thirds of the healthcare access measures. Recent studies on Medicare patients show that black patients receive poorer medical care than their white counterparts. Compared with white patients, blacks receive far fewer operations, tests, medications and
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 34, "sc": 1479, "ep": 34, "ec": 2153}
160,651
Q7625030
34
1,479
34
2,153
Structural inequality
Racial
other treatments, suffering greater illnesses and more deaths as a result. Measures done by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) show that “fewer than 20% of disparities faced by Blacks, AI/ANs and Hispanics showed evidence of narrowing.” One specific study showed that African Americans are less likely than whites to be referred for cardiac catheterization and bypass grafting, prescription of analgesia for pain control, and surgical treatment of lung cancer. Both African Americans and Latinos also receive less pain medication than whites for long bone fractures and cancer. Other studies showed that African Americans are reported to receive
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 34, "sc": 2153, "ep": 34, "ec": 2826}
160,651
Q7625030
34
2,153
34
2,826
Structural inequality
Racial
fewer pediatric prescriptions, poorer quality of hospital care, fewer hospital admissions for chest pain, lower quality of prenatal care, and less appropriate management of congestive heart failure and pneumonia. Language-barriers became a large factor in the process of seeking healthcare due to the rise in minorities across the United States. In 2007, an estimate done by the Census Bureau stated that 33.6% of the United States belonged to racial ethnicities that were non-hispanic whites. Of people within the United States during this time, 20% spoke a language different from English at home. Having a language-barrier can cause many hurdles when pertaining
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 34, "sc": 2826, "ep": 38, "ec": 244}
160,651
Q7625030
34
2,826
38
244
Structural inequality
Racial & Gender
to healthcare: difficulty communicating with health professionals, sourcing/the funding of language assistance, having little to no access to translators, etc. A 2050 projection showed that over 50% of the United States would belong to a racial category other than non-hispanic white. Thus, demonstrating the rapid increase of minorities over time within the United States and the importance of it. Gender In addition to race, healthcare inequality also manifests across gender lines. Though women tend to live longer than men, they tend to report poorer health status, more disabilities as they age, and tend to be higher utilizers of the healthcare
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 38, "sc": 244, "ep": 42, "ec": 75}
160,651
Q7625030
38
244
42
75
Structural inequality
Gender & Spatial
system. Healthcare disparities often put women at a disadvantage. Such time must be scheduled around work (whether formal or informal), child care needs, and the geography—which increases the travel time necessary for those who do not live near healthcare facilities. Furthermore, “poor women and their children tend to have inadequate housing, poor nutrition, poor sanitation, and high rates of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse.” Since women and children constitute 80% of the poor in the United States, they are particularly susceptible to experiencing the negative impact of healthcare inequality. Spatial Spatial distribution and geographic location also affect access and quality
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 42, "sc": 75, "ep": 42, "ec": 713}
160,651
Q7625030
42
75
42
713
Structural inequality
Spatial
of healthcare. A study done by Rowland, Lyons, and Edwards (1988) found that rural patients were more likely to be poor and uninsured. Because of the fewer healthcare resources available in rural areas, these patients received fewer medical services than urban patients. Other studies showed that African Americans and Hispanics are more likely than whites to live in areas that are underserved by healthcare providers, forcing them to wait longer for care in crowded and/or understaffed facilities or traveling longer distances to receive care in other areas. This travel time often poses an obstacle to receiving medical care and often
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 42, "sc": 713, "ep": 42, "ec": 1388}
160,651
Q7625030
42
713
42
1,388
Structural inequality
Spatial
leads patients to delay care until later. In fact, African Americans and Hispanics are more likely than whites to delay seeking medical care until their condition becomes serious, rather than seeking regular medical care, because travel and wait times are both costly and an interference in other daily activities. An individual’s environment greatly impacts his or her health status. For example, three of the five largest landfills in the United States are situated in communities which are predominantly African American and Latino, contributing to some of the highest pediatric asthma rates in those groups. Impoverished individuals who find themselves unable to
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 42, "sc": 1388, "ep": 46, "ec": 547}
160,651
Q7625030
42
1,388
46
547
Structural inequality
Spatial & Economic
leave their neighborhoods consequently are continuously exposed to the same harmful environment, which negatively impacts health. Economic Socioeconomic background is another source of inequality in healthcare. Poverty significantly influences the production of disease since poverty increases the likelihood of having poor health in addition to decreasing the ability to afford preventative and routine healthcare. Lack of access to healthcare has a significant negative impact on patients, especially those who are uninsured, since they are less likely to have a regular source of care, such as a primary care physician, and are more likely to delay seeking care until their condition
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 46, "sc": 547, "ep": 46, "ec": 1224}
160,651
Q7625030
46
547
46
1,224
Structural inequality
Economic
becomes life-threatening. Studies show that people with health insurance receive significantly more care than those who are uninsured, the most vulnerable groups being minorities, young adults, and low-income individuals. The same trend for uninsured versus insured patients holds true for children as well. Hadley, Steinberg, and Feder (1991) found that hospitalized patients who are not covered under health insurance are less likely to receive high-cost, specialized procedures and as a result, are more likely to die while hospitalized. Feder, Hadley, and Mullner (1984) noticed that hospitals often ration free care by denying care to those who are unable to pay
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 46, "sc": 1224, "ep": 46, "ec": 1852}
160,651
Q7625030
46
1,224
46
1,852
Structural inequality
Economic
and cutting services commonly used by the uninsured poor. Minorities are less likely to have health insurance because are less likely to occupy middle to upper income brackets, and therefore are incapable of purchasing health insurance, and also because they tend to hold low-paying jobs that do not provide health insurance as part of their job-related benefits. Census data show that 78.7% of whites are covered by private insurance compared with 54% of blacks and 51% of Hispanics. About 29% of Hispanics in the United States have neither private nor government health insurance of any kind. A study done on Medicare
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 46, "sc": 1852, "ep": 46, "ec": 2557}
160,651
Q7625030
46
1,852
46
2,557
Structural inequality
Economic
recipients also showed that despite the uniform benefits offered, high-income elderly patients received 60% more physician services and 45% more days of hospital care than lower-income elderly patients not covered by Medicaid. After adjustment for health status, people with higher incomes are shown to have higher expenditures, indicating that the wealthy are strongly favored in income-related inequality in medical care. However, this inequality differs across age groups. Inequality was shown to be greatest for senior citizens, then adults, and least for children. This pattern showed that financial resources and other associated attributes, such as educational attainment, were very influential in
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 46, "sc": 2557, "ep": 50, "ec": 614}
160,651
Q7625030
46
2,557
50
614
Structural inequality
Economic & Solutions
access and utilization of medical care. Solutions The acknowledgement that access to health services differed depending on race, geographic location, and socioeconomic background was an impetus in establishing health policies to benefit these vulnerable groups. In 1965, specific programs, such as Medicare and Medicaid, were implemented in the United States in an attempt to extend health insurance to a greater portion of the population. Medicare is a federally funded program that provides health insurance for people aged 65 or older, people younger than 65 with certain disabilities, and people of any age who have End-Stage Renal Disease (ERSD). Medicaid, on
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 50, "sc": 614, "ep": 50, "ec": 1276}
160,651
Q7625030
50
614
50
1,276
Structural inequality
Solutions
the other hand, provides health coverage to certain low income people and families and is largely state-governed. However, studies have shown that for-profit hospitals tend to make healthcare less accessible to uninsured patients in addition to those under Medicaid in an effort to contain costs. Another program, the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) provides low cost health insurance to children in families who do not qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance on their own. The necessity of achieving equity in quality of and access to healthcare is glaring and urgent. According to Fein (1972), this goal could
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 50, "sc": 1276, "ep": 50, "ec": 1960}
160,651
Q7625030
50
1,276
50
1,960
Structural inequality
Solutions
include equal health outcomes for all by income group, equal expenditures per capita across income groups, or eliminating income as a healthcare rationing device. Some have proposed that a national health insurance plan with comprehensive benefits and no deductibles or other costs from the patients would provide the most equity. Fein also stressed that healthcare reform was needed, specifically in eliminating financial assistance to treat patients that depended on patient income or the quantity of services given. He proposed instead paying physicians on a salaried basis. Another study, by Reynolds (1976), found that community health centers improved access to health
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 50, "sc": 1960, "ep": 50, "ec": 2665}
160,651
Q7625030
50
1,960
50
2,665
Structural inequality
Solutions
care for many vulnerable groups, including youth, blacks, and people with serious diseases. The study indicated that community health centers provided more preventive care and greater continuity of care, though there were problems in obtaining adequate funding as well as adequate staffing. Engaging the community to understand the link between social issues such as employment, education, and poverty can help motivate community members to advocate for policies that improve health status. Increasing the racial and ethnic diversity of healthcare providers can also serve as a potential solution. Racial and ethnic minority healthcare providers are much more likely than their white counterparts
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 50, "sc": 2665, "ep": 50, "ec": 3392}
160,651
Q7625030
50
2,665
50
3,392
Structural inequality
Solutions
to serve minority communities, which can have many positive effects. Advocating for an increase in minority healthcare providers can help improve the quality of patient-physician communication as well as reduce the crowding in understaffed facilities in areas in which minorities reside. This can help decrease wait times as well as increase the likelihood that such patients will seek out nearby healthcare facilities rather than traveling farther distances as a last resort. Implementing efforts to increase translation services can also improve quality of healthcare. This means increased availability of bilingual and bicultural healthcare providers for non-English speakers. Studies show that non-English speaking
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 50, "sc": 3392, "ep": 54, "ec": 36}
160,651
Q7625030
50
3,392
54
36
Structural inequality
Solutions & Employment
patients self-reported better physical functioning, psychological well-being, health perceptions, and lower pain when receiving treatment from a physician who spoke their language. Hispanic patients specifically reported increased compliance to treatment plans when their physician spoke Spanish and also shared a similar background. Training programs to improve and broaden physicians’ communication skills can increase patient satisfaction, patient compliance, patient participation in treatment decisions, and utilization of preventative care services The idea of universal health care, which is implemented in many other countries, has been a subject of heated debate in the United States. Employment Employment is a key source of income
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 54, "sc": 36, "ep": 54, "ec": 715}
160,651
Q7625030
54
36
54
715
Structural inequality
Employment
for a majority of the world’s population, and therefore is the most direct method through which people can escape poverty. However, unequal access to decent work and persistent labor market inequalities frustrate efforts to reduce poverty. Studies have further divided employment segregation into two categories: first generation and second generation discrimination. First generation discrimination occurs as an overt bias displayed by employers, and since the end of the civil rights era has been on the decline. Second generation discrimination; on the other hand, is less direct and therefore much harder to legislate against. This helps explain the disparity between female
{"datasets_id": 160651, "wiki_id": "Q7625030", "sp": 54, "sc": 715, "ep": 58, "ec": 107}
160,651
Q7625030
54
715
58
107
Structural inequality
Employment & Education level
hiring rates and male/female ratios, which have gone up recently, and the relative scarcity of women in upper-level management positions. Therefore, while there is extensive legislation passed regarding employment discrimination, informal barriers still exist in the workplace. For instance, gender discrimination often takes the form of working hours and childcare-related benefits. In many cases, female professionals who must take maternity leave or single mothers who must care for their children often are at a disadvantage when it comes to promotions and advancement. Education level Employment discrimination is also closely linked to education and skills. One of the most important factors