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{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 6, "sc": 581, "ep": 6, "ec": 1145} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 6 | 581 | 6 | 1,145 | Tocal, New South Wales | History | there were also beef and dairy cattle, horses and merino sheep.
In 1834, Tocal was sold to Caleb and Felix Wilson, father and son. Four years later Caleb died, and in 1841 Felix built a homestead on the property which is still standing today. In 1844 Charles Reynolds began to lease the property from the Wilsons. During the period 1844 to 1926 the Reynolds family ran the property as a stud, breeding Hereford, Devon and thoroughbred studs – some of the best cattle and horses for the time. In 1865 Felix Wilson died and Tocal was willed by entail to his |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 6, "sc": 1145, "ep": 6, "ec": 1746} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 6 | 1,145 | 6 | 1,746 | Tocal, New South Wales | History | unborn grandson, David Wilson KC, who wasn't born until 1879. It was not until 1907 that Wilson sold Tocal to Charles Reynolds son, Frank.
In 1926 Tocal was sold to Jean Alexander, who lived there with her sister Isabella and brothers Robert and Charles Boyd Alexander. Alexander's family had been blacksmiths and farmers at Nhill, owning 5000 acres in the area before moving to Tocal. Charles siblings Margaret and John had married, and hence been estranged from the family. Jean died in 1938 and left the property to Charles, the youngest. The following year Margaret's daughters Myrtle |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 6, "sc": 1746, "ep": 6, "ec": 2366} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 6 | 1,746 | 6 | 2,366 | Tocal, New South Wales | History | and Marguerita Curtis came to live with Charles at Tocal.
CB Alexander updated the property with new technology and mechanisation. He paradoxically indulged in the purchase of three Rolls Royce vehicles, despite his continual frugality in general. Realising his family line was at its end, he looked toward leaving the entire estate toward developing numerous agricultural colleges; As his estate still held land at 5 areas in NSW, he suggested numerous colleges – multiple at each area. He died in 1947, leaving a complex will. The will was mostly disregarded as unworkable, but was implemented in spirit by |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 6, "sc": 2366, "ep": 6, "ec": 2994} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 6 | 2,366 | 6 | 2,994 | Tocal, New South Wales | History | eventually providing for the establishment of the CB Alexander Agricultural College, Tocal, under the Presbyterian Church. Work began on the College in 1963 and it was opened by the Prime Minister Sir Robert Menzies in 1965. In 1970 the College was run by the NSW Department of Agriculture.
The Curtis sisters never married and continued to live at the homestead until their deaths in 1985, when management of Tocal Homestead passed to the CB Alexander Foundation. In 1987 Tocal Homestead was first opened to visitors. In 2002 the Tocal Homestead Visitor Centre was opened after extensive renovations to an existing hay |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 6, "sc": 2994, "ep": 10, "ec": 511} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 6 | 2,994 | 10 | 511 | Tocal, New South Wales | History & Homestead | shed. It is now a popular location for wedding receptions. Homestead In 1841 Felix Wilson hired an architect (Moir) to design a homestead at Tocal. Originally built as a weekender, the building is a Colonial Georgian country house, with a five bay façade. Built of sandstock brick with a slate roof, the house is four rooms square with French doors onto a three-sided verandah. A separate kitchen with dining rooms are connected to the homestead by a covered walkway at the rear of the house. The sandstone was quarried at Tocal, the timber (cedar and hardwood) came from the area |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 10, "sc": 511, "ep": 14, "ec": 122} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 10 | 511 | 14 | 122 | Tocal, New South Wales | Homestead & College | and even the bricks were fired on site. A ballroom upstairs has been converted into a master ensuite bathroom. CB Alexander installed one of the first residential electric elevators in the homestead (since removed), which was powered by a kerosene generator from one of the outbuildings. It sits atop a small hill, overlooking a lagoon. Several large fig trees were planted at the same time as the foundation of the building and still surround the homestead today. College The design of the College was open to competition, and the winning design was by Philip Cox and Ian McKay. The surrounding |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 14, "sc": 122, "ep": 22, "ec": 296} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 14 | 122 | 22 | 296 | Tocal, New South Wales | College & Field Days & Landscape | landscape was a major source of inspiration for their plans: College buildings were designed to fit into the hill-top, to become a part of the landscape with a chapel as the centrepiece. The College design won the Sulman and Blacket Awards for Architecture in 1965. Field Days In May 1984 the first Tocal Field Day was held. Landscape There is a variety of landscapes at Tocal: a lagoon, a mix of heavily timbered country, native/naturalised pasture, improved pasture, degraded improved pasture and European-style landscaping.
The large lagoon was one of the attractions of this area for both Aboriginal people and European |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 22, "sc": 296, "ep": 22, "ec": 930} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 22 | 296 | 22 | 930 | Tocal, New South Wales | Landscape | settlers, providing a permanent source of fresh water for people and animals. Tocal's proximity to the river was also a factor in Europeans settlement as the river was a major transport route for 100 years.
With European settlement, much of the land was cleared of natural timbers and shrubs for building materials and to allow for crops and grazing. Recently, rainforest and wetlands areas have been reintroduced, interspersed with small areas of agricultural land. In contrast, around the lagoon are poplars and willows and other introduced species are on the homestead's hill.
The area around the homestead and |
{"datasets_id": 160671, "wiki_id": "Q7811941", "sp": 22, "sc": 930, "ep": 22, "ec": 1448} | 160,671 | Q7811941 | 22 | 930 | 22 | 1,448 | Tocal, New South Wales | Landscape | College consists of open grassland with scattered trees. More native species, including tall spotted gums, are being planted but the area will remain grazing land. Rainforest restoration has commenced along Webber's Creek where remnant cedar and riparian vegetation remains.
The lagoon and wetlands are very changeable, for Tocal is subject to regular flooding. Whilst floods can inconvenience farm operations, the sediment left behind as the floodwaters recede has been vital to the fertility of these flats. |
{"datasets_id": 160672, "wiki_id": "Q3993374", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 547} | 160,672 | Q3993374 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 547 | Toomai of the Elephants | Toomai of the Elephants Toomai of the Elephants is a short story by Rudyard Kipling about a young elephant-handler. It was first published in St Nicholas Magazine (December 1893) and reprinted in the collection of Kipling short stories, The Jungle Book (1894). The character Petersen Sahib is thought to be modelled on George P. Sanderson (1848–1892).
The story was filmed in 1937 as Elephant Boy directed by Robert J. Flaherty and Zoltan Korda starring Sabu Dastagir. The story was also produced in 1973 as the TV series Elephant Boy starring Esrom Jayasinghe. |
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{"datasets_id": 160673, "wiki_id": "Q1299366", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 52} | 160,673 | Q1299366 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 52 | Tourism in Slovenia | Arrivals & Overnight stays | Tourism in Slovenia Arrivals Most foreign arrivals in Slovenia by country: Overnight stays Most foreign overnight stays in Slovenia by country: |
{"datasets_id": 160674, "wiki_id": "Q7835579", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 624} | 160,674 | Q7835579 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 624 | Trapezoid (band) | Trapezoid (band) Trapezoid is an American folk music group led by Paul Reisler. Founded in 1975 by Sam Rizzetta and Reisler, they began as a quartet of hammer dulcimer players. Two of the four played the traditional hammer dulcimer, while the other two played baritone and treble hammer dulcimers specially designed by Rizzetta. The name of the band reflects the shape of the hammer dulcimer. Since 1975, the group's membership and instrumentation has changed repeatedly, always with Paul Reisler as a member. Their sound has been described as a "plinking and plunking, buzzing, sweeping, ringing, droning, and wailing acoustic construction" |
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{"datasets_id": 160674, "wiki_id": "Q7835579", "sp": 4, "sc": 624, "ep": 4, "ec": 1136} | 160,674 | Q7835579 | 4 | 624 | 4 | 1,136 | Trapezoid (band) | and as "a delightful musical melange" by the New York Times.
In 2004 and 2005, the 1984 lineup that recorded Winter Solstice with John McCutcheon reunited with McCutcheon to perform acoustic concerts, called the Winter Solstice tour. This lineup included fiddler Freyda Epstein, who was killed in 2003 in a car accident bringing the band to a tragic end.
Reisler has gone on to form a new band, Paul Reisler and A Thousand Questions, and to form the Kid Pan Alley children's songwriting project. |
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{"datasets_id": 160675, "wiki_id": "Q7841784", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 353} | 160,675 | Q7841784 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 353 | Trigoniko | Trigoniko Trigoniko (Greek: Τριγωνικό) is a village located in Servia municipal unit, Kozani regional unit, in the Greek region of Macedonia. It is situated at an altitude of 750 meters above sea level. The postal code is 50500, while the telephone code is +30 24640. At the 2011 census the population was 312.
The regional capital, Kozani, is 41 km away. |
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{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 562} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 562 | Two Friends (DJs) | Early life | Two Friends (DJs) Early life Eli grew up in Los Angeles, while Matt moved around before settling into LA at the age of ten. They met each other in seventh grade while attending Brentwood School throughout their middle and high school years. At the very end of high school, the duo formed Two Friends, coming up with the name together during a Senior Seminar class they had both enrolled in. They began working on hip-hop beats in the software Pro Tools, producing for several up-and-coming rappers before pivoting towards the electronic realm. After visiting the Sahara Tent at Coachella and |
{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 6, "sc": 562, "ep": 6, "ec": 1216} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 6 | 562 | 6 | 1,216 | Two Friends (DJs) | Early life | being slowly introduced to electronic music by some friends and family, they became even more fascinated with the emerging genre and soon dove in head-first.
Growing up, Matt had a strong background in music, starting guitar lessons at the age of eight, training in music theory, and singing in his high school choir. Traditionally his listening interests were dominated by alternative rock and rock classics such as Blink-182, Led Zeppelin, and Bon Jovi.
Eli's focus was more centralized around DJ-ing and mashups. During high school, Sones went by the moniker "The Friendly Giant" before linking up with Halper and forming Two Friends. |
{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 6, "sc": 1216, "ep": 10, "ec": 42} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 6 | 1,216 | 10 | 42 | Two Friends (DJs) | Early life & Musical style | His early musical interests were predominantly hip-hop and indie rock.
Soon after starting to create music together, Eli moved to Nashville, Tennessee to attend Vanderbilt University and Matt to Palo Alto to attend Stanford University. Matt majored in Product Design and Eli in Human & Organizational Development, but much of their time was dedicated to the Two Friends project. For the most part, the first four years of Two Friends was long-distance; however since graduating and returning home to LA in 2015, Matt & Eli have been working the Two Friends project full-time. Musical style Two Friends recently described their music |
{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 10, "sc": 42, "ep": 14, "ec": 249} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 10 | 42 | 14 | 249 | Two Friends (DJs) | Musical style & Music career | as "songs that are fun and get you dancing and moving, but also hopefully resonate with you on a more emotional level at the same time... [They are] kind of a melting pot of a lot of different elements and influences- whether from dance music, from pop, even from alternative rock or hip-hop." Music career One of their first big opportunities came in 2014, when their remix of Lana Del Rey's “Born To Die” was added to regular rotation on SiriusXM’s EDM Station BPM. Later in 2014, they released two singles with the band ‘Breach the Summit’ (now known as |
{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 14, "sc": 249, "ep": 14, "ec": 905} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 14 | 249 | 14 | 905 | Two Friends (DJs) | Music career | Armors) titled “Our Names in Lights” and “Long Way Home”.
Their next originals came in 2016 with “Forever” and “Overdose” on Armada Music, both amassing millions of plays throughout Spotify, Soundcloud and other streaming services. In 2016 the musical group toured more vigorously than ever before, playing frequently across North America.
Their second and most popular EP “Out Of Love” was released in early 2017 through Spinnin' Records, featuring what would become two of their most popular songs, “Out Of Love” and “Pacific Coast Highway”. They subsequently embarked on the “Out Of Love Tour” in the beginning of 2017. The remainder of |
{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 14, "sc": 905, "ep": 14, "ec": 1548} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 14 | 905 | 14 | 1,548 | Two Friends (DJs) | Music career | 2017 saw the releases “Emily”, “While We’re Dreaming” and “Just A Kid”, with the accompanying tours including shows at major venues and festivals such as Electric Forest Festival, Terminal 5, and more. The “Just A Kid Tour” is scheduled for early 2018 with an extensive, US-dominated calendar of dates.
The duo has amassed over twenty-seven #1 tracks on Hype Machine, as well as garnered praise from The Chainsmokers, who named them “Most Underrated Artist” in a 2017 Reddit Thread. They have recently undertaken official remixes for artists such as Steve Aoki, Louis Tomlinson, Audien, 3LAU, Vicetone and many more.
They are |
{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 14, "sc": 1548, "ep": 22, "ec": 179} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 14 | 1,548 | 22 | 179 | Two Friends (DJs) | Music career & Radio show & Awards | signed with LA-based management company Deckstar and represented by Creative Artists Agency. Radio show In 2012, Two Friends debuted their mix series Friendly Sessions, which feature thirty minutes of their favorite songs across the dance realm alongside a thirty-minute guest mix from producers and DJs. Halpers cousin Andrew Chaney helped to produce this show in its later years. Friendly Sessions has featured acts such as Lost Kings, Louis the Child, Mako and more. Awards In November 2015, Two Friends received the “Award of Independent Excellence” from Hollywood Music in Media Awards.
In December 2017, they received “Top DJ Set” honors from |
{"datasets_id": 160676, "wiki_id": "Q48700623", "sp": 22, "sc": 179, "ep": 22, "ec": 254} | 160,676 | Q48700623 | 22 | 179 | 22 | 254 | Two Friends (DJs) | Awards | Soundcloud in the 2017 Soundcloud playback for “Big Bootie Mix Volume 11”. |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 8, "ec": 7} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 2 | 0 | 8 | 7 | Užice | Ancient era & Middle Ages | Užice Ancient era The region surrounding Užice was settled by Illyrians, specifically the Parthini and the Celtic-influenced Autariatae tribes. Their tombs are found throughout the region. In the 3rd century BC,the Scordisci featured prominently after the Gallic invasion of the Balkans. The region was conquered by the Roman Empire in 168 BC, and was organized into the province of Illyricum in 32–27 BC and, after 10 AD, the province of Dalmatia. The town municipium Capedunum existed here during Roman times; its name indicates a Celtic origin (dun, fortress), similar to Singidunum, the founding name of Serbia's capital, Belgrade. Middle |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 8, "sc": 6, "ep": 10, "ec": 591} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 8 | 6 | 10 | 591 | Užice | Middle Ages | Ages The settlement of Slavs in the region has been recorded since the 520s, when Slavic tribes pillaged the Eastern Roman Empire; during Justinian I's rule (527–565), up to 100,000 Slavs raided areas far to the south of the city in Thessalonica. The region (Drina županija) was part of the Vlastimirović dynasty when they established the medieval Principality of Serbia, the first Serb state. Across the Drina, in Bosnia, the army of Časlav fought the invading Magyars in the 950s. The region was annexed by the Byzantine Empire after 969, becoming part of the Catepanate of Ras. Later, the area |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 10, "sc": 591, "ep": 10, "ec": 1244} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 10 | 591 | 10 | 1,244 | Užice | Middle Ages | around the city became a part of the Theme of Sirmium.
The region may have been returned to Serbian hands in the 1040s during the revolt against the Eastern Roman Empire led by Stefan Vojislav, progenitor of the Vojislavljević dynasty. In 1083, Vukan of Rascia and his brother, Marko, were appointed vassal princes in Rascia. In 1091, Vukan became independent of Byzantine rule, while Duklja (up until this, the most powerful Serbian principality, and situated to the southwest) slowly crumbled, eventually coming under the rule of Rascia.
The Serbian Grand Principality remained in the hands of the Vukanović dynasty until another line |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 10, "sc": 1244, "ep": 10, "ec": 1861} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 10 | 1,244 | 10 | 1,861 | Užice | Middle Ages | of the same dynasty was set to rule by Manuel I Komnenos (r. 1143–1180). Zavida, thought to be a brother of Uroš II and Desa, fled after trying to acquire an appanage or the throne itself. Zavida's four sons divided the rule, each holding česti (parts): Stracimir, župan of West Morava, ruled the country surrounding Užice. Stefan Nemanja eventually wrestled rule from the other four sons when he defeated Tihomir, Stracimir's brother, in 1171. Stracimir continued ruling in Nemanja's name.
When King Dragutin of house Nemanjić abdicated in favor of his brother Milutin, he retained control of Užice region |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 10, "sc": 1861, "ep": 10, "ec": 2445} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 10 | 1,861 | 10 | 2,445 | Užice | Middle Ages | and was given the Mačva region by the Hungarian king, from which he formed the Kingdom of Srem. After King Dragutin died, his lands were annexed to Serbia. The old Fortress on the hill was founded in the mid 14th century. After the death of Emperor Dušan the Mighty, in the period known as the 'fall of the Serbian Empire', Užice came under the control of Vojislav Vojinović, a nobleman in the service of Emperor Uroš the Weak. When Vojislav died, his nephew Nikola Altomanović controlled the region. When Uroš died childless, the former Imperial provincial lords begin fighting each |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 10, "sc": 2445, "ep": 18, "ec": 111} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 10 | 2,445 | 18 | 111 | Užice | Middle Ages & Ottoman period & Modern Serbia | other. Serbian Autokrator Lazar Hrebeljanović and Tvrtko I of Bosnia defeated Nikola Altomanović, and divided his lands between themselves. Nikola was blinded in the fortress on the orders of Stefan Musić. Užice came under the control of Lazar, then the Serbian Despotate under his son Stefan Lazarević. Ottoman period Užice fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1463, and was part of the Sanjak of Smederevo until 1807, when it was liberated by the Serbian revolutionaries during the First Serbian Uprising. Modern Serbia Užice was the first town in Serbia with a hydroelectric power plant producing alternating current. It was built |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 18, "sc": 111, "ep": 22, "ec": 550} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 18 | 111 | 22 | 550 | Užice | Modern Serbia & World War II | on the Đetinja river in 1900. World War II In 1941, after Nazi occupation, Užice was liberated by the Yugoslav Partisans, who chose it as the capital of the Republic of Užice. This republic was a short-lived military mini-state that existed in the autumn of 1941 in the western part of Nazi-occupied Serbia.
The Republic of Užice comprised most of western Serbia, with a population of more than 300,000 people. It was located between the Skrapež river in the north, the river Drina in the west, the river Zapadna Morava in the east, and the Uvac river in the south.
In November |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 22, "sc": 550, "ep": 26, "ec": 538} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 22 | 550 | 26 | 538 | Užice | World War II & Yugoslav era | 1941, the German army re-occupied this territory, and the majority of Partisan forces escaped to Bosnia, Sandžak and Montenegro. Yugoslav era Within the former Yugoslavia (established after the Second World War), Užice was renamed 'Titovo Užice' (Титово Ужице). From 1992, following the collapse of the pro-communist administration, 'Titovo' (meaning Tito's) was removed, leaving the original city name Užice. It was one of eight towns renamed Tito's town in Yugoslavia. Due to being 'Titove' and central-planning communist system, Užice received significant amounts of investment in infrastructure and local factories, which made the city one of the most highly developed for its |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 26, "sc": 538, "ep": 34, "ec": 34} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 26 | 538 | 34 | 34 | Užice | Yugoslav era & 1990s & Geography | size in former Yugoslavia. Following the break-up of the region, all the towns dropped the 'Titove' title. 1990s During the 1990s, Užice's economy shrank rapidly due to war and instability in the region.
In 1999 the city was bombed multiple times during Operation Allied Force. The largest scale bombing occurred on May 6, 1999 when NATO forces bombed many roads and highways, the airport, civilian buildings and government buildings. After this, thousands of people turned out at the city's main square to protest the bombings and destruction of the city and killings of civilians. Geography Užice lies 411 metres (1,348 feet) |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 34, "sc": 34, "ep": 34, "ec": 674} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 34 | 34 | 34 | 674 | Užice | Geography | above sea level, on both sides of the river Đetinja. The city is completely surrounded by the Dinaric Alps. 25 kilometres (16 miles) south of the city is Zlatibor, a mountain region with a long tradition of tourism.
West of the city are the mountain Tara as well as its western extension, Zvijezda mountain. Together, they mark Tara National Park, which has an area of 220 square kilometres (85 square miles).
The Belgrade-Bar railway passes through Užice and connects it with both the northern parts of Serbia and the Montenegrin coast.
Užice has a fairly developed transportation infrastructure, connected with |
{"datasets_id": 160677, "wiki_id": "Q59473", "sp": 34, "sc": 674, "ep": 34, "ec": 731} | 160,677 | Q59473 | 34 | 674 | 34 | 731 | Užice | Geography | the surrounding areas by state roads of the first order. |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 596} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 596 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Fleet formation | U.S. Carrier Group tactics Fleet formation After establishing a path of intended motion, the forces are organized. The formation has several standard elements positioned according to a threat axis - the estimate of the likely direction from which an enemy attack will come. A threat axis will almost certainly change over time, as the fleet moves. There may be a single threat axis or one for each type of enemy: AAW (Anti-aircraft warfare), ASW (Anti-Submarine Warfare), and ASuW (Anti-Surface Warfare). However, in reality usually only one axis is used; the complexity of adding more tends to confuse the formation.
The positions |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 6, "sc": 596, "ep": 6, "ec": 1222} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 6 | 596 | 6 | 1,222 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Fleet formation | in the formation are called station assignments. A ship's position depends on its abilities. Many modern warships can fight several ways, but some are better at certain things. AAW and ASW are the important defensive properties. ASuW conduct is usually offensive.
A standard formation provides a number of layers of defence, designed to give maximum protection to the fleet's high value units (HVUs) or main body. Furthest out are the picket ships, Combat Air Patrol (CAP) craft and airborne early warning (AEW) aircraft. These units operate at 200 nautical miles (370 km) or more out from the main body. The units of |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 6, "sc": 1222, "ep": 6, "ec": 1816} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 6 | 1,222 | 6 | 1,816 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Fleet formation | the outer screen operate between 12 and 25 nautical miles (22 and 46 km) from the main body. The inner screen is within 10 nautical miles (19 km) of the HVUs.
The ships of the outer screen are intended to detect and engage any enemy units that have bypassed the pickets. These ships must be multi-role, but there is usually an emphasis on ASW, especially passive detection. It is quieter out there than near the HVUs and so detection is easier. Preferably there are helicopter ASW assets for 'stand off' engagement. The ASW ships are usually assigned to specific sectors which allows a |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 6, "sc": 1816, "ep": 6, "ec": 2420} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 6 | 1,816 | 6 | 2,420 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Fleet formation | 'sprint and drift' detection of submarines - the ship 'sprints' to the front edge of its sector, then slowly moves back across the sector. Passive towed sonar arrays operate very efficiently on the return leg. AAW ships in the outer screen operate to protect ASW operations and to attack enemy aircraft before they reach their weapons-launching points, so range of defensive weapon is more important than rate of fire here.
The inner screen emphasis is on AAW. The central task is to engage any airborne threats that penetrate that far. This means the threat is almost certainly a missile so AAW |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 6, "sc": 2420, "ep": 10, "ec": 125} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 6 | 2,420 | 10 | 125 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Fleet formation & Detection and electronic warfare | rate of fire is important. The more defensive firepower in the air the more enemy threats will be destroyed. For ASW the inner screen needs good active sonar. Any threat this close is too serious for passive sonar as immediate targeting is needed. Checking the area around and under HVUs for submarines is called 'delousing'. If possible at least one ASW helicopter is always airborne, to target detected contacts as quickly as possible. Detection and electronic warfare In modern naval combat a deadly strike can be launched from 600 nautical miles (1,100 km) away. This is a huge area to scout. |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 10, "sc": 125, "ep": 10, "ec": 790} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 10 | 125 | 10 | 790 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Detection and electronic warfare | The double-edged answer to this is electronic warfare.
Electronic warfare (EW) consists of three elements — Electronic Support Measures (ESM), Electronic Counter-Measures (ECM) and Electronic Counter-Counter-Measures (ECCM).
ESM is the passive detection of enemy electromagnetic (EM) emissions. The radiated energy of an emitter (e.g. radar) can be detected far beyond the range at which it returns a usable result to its user. Modern ESM can identify the actual class of the emitter, which helps identify the unit on which it is used. Passive cross-fixing between a number of units can locate a source to a reasonably small area and give some hint |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 10, "sc": 790, "ep": 10, "ec": 1390} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 10 | 790 | 10 | 1,390 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Detection and electronic warfare | to direction and speed. ESM fixes are placed in three classes: Detected, Tracking and Targeted, depending on the accuracy of the fix and whether a unit's course and speed has been derived. Of course for ESM to work the enemy must 'co-operate' by using their emitters.
The fact that a missile launched on a passive fix from over-the-horizon is usually deadly, creates a central problem for a naval force—when, and even if, units should radiate, and if not how to detect the enemy? This is detectability vs. survivability. The need to obtain a targeting solution has to be balanced against the |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 10, "sc": 1390, "ep": 10, "ec": 1975} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 10 | 1,390 | 10 | 1,975 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Detection and electronic warfare | enemy's ability to do the same. Although once a commander feels that his fleet's position is known to the enemy a move to active emissions may be vital to prevent destruction, or else the only warning of incoming missiles will be when they turn on their terminal guidance systems.
Making this decision is called EMCON (EMissions CONtrol). There are three states, A, B and C. A is no emissions, B is limited emissions (no unique emissions), and C is unrestricted. EMCON is not a blanket condition across the fleet. The surface units can be at A while a sufficiently distant AEW |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 10, "sc": 1975, "ep": 14, "ec": 213} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 10 | 1,975 | 14 | 213 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Detection and electronic warfare & ASW operations | aircraft can be at C.
ECM is both offensive and defensive, covering all methods used to deny targeting information to an enemy. Offensive ECM is usually jamming. This prevents the accurate detection and identification of incoming strikes until the jamming unit is destroyed. Chaff is also used to confuse AAW operations by creating radar decoys. Defensive ECM also uses chaff as well as soids, blip enhancement and jamming of missile terminal homers. ASW operations Submarines are the greatest threat to offensive CVBG (carrier battle group) operations. The stealth of modern submarines (anechoic coatings, sound-damping equipment mountings, hydrodynamic design, etc.), can allow |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 14, "sc": 213, "ep": 18, "ec": 174} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 14 | 213 | 18 | 174 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | ASW operations & Sonar operation | a submarine to get extremely close to an HVU target. The move towards shallow-water operations has greatly increased this threat. The threat is such that even the suspicion of the presence of a submarine means a fleet must commit resources to removing it, as the possible consequences of an undetected submarine are too serious to ignore. In most cases submarines have an upper hand in any naval combat. Sonar operation The main detection equipment to both sides in ASW is sonar. In the ocean the main factor affecting sonar operation is temperature. Ocean temperature varies with depth, but at |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 18, "sc": 174, "ep": 18, "ec": 804} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 18 | 174 | 18 | 804 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Sonar operation | between 25 and 90 m (90 and 300 ft) there is often a marked change—the thermocline, also simply called the layer. This divides the warmer surface water and the cold, still waters that make up the rest of the ocean. Regarding sonar, a sound originating from one side of the thermocline tends to remain on that side—it is 'reflected' off the layer change—unless it is very noisy (active sonar, cavitation, firing weapons, explosions etc.). Pressure, salinity and the turbulence of the water also affect sound propagation.
Water pressure creates convergence zones (CZ). Sound waves that are radiated down into the ocean bend |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 18, "sc": 804, "ep": 18, "ec": 1368} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 18 | 804 | 18 | 1,368 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Sonar operation | back up to the surface in great arcs due to the effect of pressure on sound. Under the right conditions these waves will then reflect off the surface and repeat another arc. Each arc is called a CZ annulus. CZs are found every 33 nautical miles (61 km) forming a pattern of concentric circles around the sound source. Sounds that can be detected for only a few miles in a direct line can therefore also be detected hundreds of miles away. The signal is naturally attenuated but modern sonar suites are very sensitive.
As in all EW, the issue with sonar is |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 18, "sc": 1368, "ep": 18, "ec": 1936} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 18 | 1,368 | 18 | 1,936 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Sonar operation | passive versus active. Modern active sonar is limited to 250 dB (decibels), but this level of noise can be detected at about ten times the range that is useful to the operator, acting as a beacon to any submarine in 100–190 km. So a target needs to be nearby and preferably on the same side of the layer to be detected by active sonar, which amounts to a favorable attack position for the submarine.
In passive sonar operation the thermocline is the major issue. On passive detection the radiated noise of a unit is only apparent across the layer in a narrow |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 18, "sc": 1936, "ep": 18, "ec": 2548} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 18 | 1,936 | 18 | 2,548 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Sonar operation | cone: undetectable unless units pass almost directly over or under each other. For a surface unit there is the option of towing a passive sonar array above or below the thermocline - variable depth sonar (VDS).
A VDS passive array can be put below the layer to detect approaching submarines and when the target is within strike range a brief and unit-selective move to active transmissions can quickly return a targeting solution. An added advantage of VDS is that while it is operating below the layer, a unit's hull-mounted systems can be used above the layer.
VDS is a blue-water solution. In |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 18, "sc": 2548, "ep": 22, "ec": 11} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 18 | 2,548 | 22 | 11 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Sonar operation & Anti-air warfare operations | shallow water, the high levels of biological, wave and tide noise, the influx of fresh water from rivers and the lack of a thermal gradient — and therefore CZs — make it a truly formidable environment to detect a sub-surface threat. Passive detection is almost impossible and surface units are forced to use active sonar to search. Doctrine is that a fleet must act as if they have already been detected and maybe even targeted when navigating close to shore or in shallow waters. Because of this constraint, naval commanders hate operating in such waters. Anti-air warfare operations The central |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 22, "sc": 11, "ep": 22, "ec": 643} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 22 | 11 | 22 | 643 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Anti-air warfare operations | weapon in modern naval combat is the missile. This can be delivered from surface, subsurface or air units. With missile speeds ranging up to Mach 4 or higher, engagement time may be only seconds.
The key to successful Anti-air warfare (AAW) is to destroy the launching platform before it fires, thus removing a number of missile threats in one go. This is not always possible so a fleet's AAW resources need to be balanced between the outer and inner air battles.
There are several limitations to Surface-to-Air missiles (SAMs). Modern missiles are commonly semi-active homing. They need the firing unit to actively |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 22, "sc": 643, "ep": 22, "ec": 1300} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 22 | 643 | 22 | 1,300 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Anti-air warfare operations | illuminate the target with a missile fire-control director throughout the flight. If a guiding director shuts down then the missiles still in flight will self-destruct. So the number of intercepts a unit can simultaneously prosecute is limited by the number of directors possessed. The use of directors exposes the firing unit to counterattack.
Clearly this is not a good situation and the US Navy has spent vast sums overcoming this limitation. The result is the Aegis combat system — phased-array radar and time-sharing technologies combined with missiles that have an inertial flight mode, allowing intercepts to be spaced more closely together. |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 22, "sc": 1300, "ep": 28, "ec": 9} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 22 | 1,300 | 28 | 9 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Anti-air warfare operations & Airborne early warning & Outer air battle | However, this is a partial solution at best, as the most numerous classes of ships with the Aegis combat system only have three or four illuminators, so only three or four missiles can be engaged at once. Airborne early warning The key to successful anti-air warfare is airborne early warning. If attacking units can be identified before they reach their launch points then the battle can occur at the outer air-battle screen rather than the inner screen. An AEW unit in a race-track loiter 100 nautical miles (190 km) ahead of the PIM, with a fighter escort, is perfect. Outer air |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 28, "sc": 9, "ep": 30, "ec": 582} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 28 | 9 | 30 | 582 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Outer air battle | battle In this area the interceptor aircraft of the Combat Air Patrol (CAP) are the principal element, whether originating from a CVBG or land base. CAP units protecting units other than their home base are called LORCAP (LOng Range CAP).
The CAP is usually positioned 160 to 180 nautical miles (300 to 330 km) from the units to be protected, along the expected threat axis. At this point the units will wait in a fuel saving loiter to engage incoming groups with AA missiles. As the engagements progress, relief units are dispatched to the CAP to ensure that later attacks are met |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 30, "sc": 582, "ep": 34, "ec": 446} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 30 | 582 | 34 | 446 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Outer air battle & Inner air battle | with full weapon loads. If attacking units penetrate the outer defences they can be intercepted with aircraft in ready-5 status, if used. Inner air battle Within the main body, ship-based AAW is the main protection. AAW shooters are, in best practice, positioned to provide both layered and overlapping coverage. The optimum firing position is directly between the target and the inbound missiles. If the missile passes a unit on a tangent (a crossing shot) the probability of a kill (Pk) is greatly reduced. The US Navy prefers that Aegis equipped units should be kept in close proximity to the units |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 34, "sc": 446, "ep": 34, "ec": 1002} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 34 | 446 | 34 | 1,002 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Inner air battle | of high value, with less able AAW units no more than 10 nautical miles (19 km) out along the threat axis with, if possible, further AAW assets 18 to 24 nautical miles (33 to 44 km) out.
Other AAW tactics include the use of picket ships in a silent SAM or missile trap. In a missile trap, if the main body is forced to use active emissions (they are already detected and localized) then one or two ships can be positioned in emission silence 100 to 150 nautical miles (190 to 280 km) out. When other units detect an incoming raid, the unit (usually |
{"datasets_id": 160678, "wiki_id": "Q7863105", "sp": 34, "sc": 1002, "ep": 38, "ec": 264} | 160,678 | Q7863105 | 34 | 1,002 | 38 | 264 | U.S. Carrier Group tactics | Inner air battle & Anti-surface warfare operations | a cruiser) can go active as the raid moves into their engagement envelope. However once these units go active, they are unsupported and are vulnerable to individual attack.
Silent SAM is a technological tactic. Some modern missiles can be fired from one platform with targeting and guidance from another platform and need never illuminate the targets themselves. Anti-surface warfare operations Traditionally, surface naval combat was fought with large-caliber guns within visual range, but with modern anti-surface warfare, missiles, aircraft and submarine-launched torpedoes are now the predominant anti-ship weapons, with guns serving a secondary function. |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 557} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 557 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | History | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia History U.S. Route 50, also known in modern times for most of its mileage in Virginia as the John Mosby Highway and for a part as the Lee-Jackson Highway, is steeped in history as a travelway. Native Americans first created it as they followed seasonally migrating game from the Potomac River to the Shenandoah Valley. As English colonists expanded westward in the late 17th and 18th centuries, the Indian trail gradually became a more clearly defined roadway. First on horseback, and then in stage coaches and wagons, in colonial times, travelers from the ports of |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 6, "sc": 557, "ep": 6, "ec": 1210} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 6 | 557 | 6 | 1,210 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | History | Alexandria and Georgetown (then in Maryland) followed it to Winchester at the lower end of the Shenandoah Valley for trade. Along the way, small settlements sprang up which provided lodging and provisions for travelers and trade centers for local farmers.
During the American Civil War, the roads which became US 50 were an important travelway for troops, and were the site of significant battles and skirmishes. Among these, the Battle of Chantilly, the Battle of Aldie, as well as Arlington National Cemetery were all located close by.
During the 19th century, the Virginia Board of Public Works encouraged and helped finance internal |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 6, "sc": 1210, "ep": 6, "ec": 1826} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 6 | 1,210 | 6 | 1,826 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | History | transportation improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and some of the earlier railroads. In 1806, the Little River Turnpike opened 34 miles (55 km) of macadamized "paved" road from Alexandria to Aldie and the Aldie and Ashby's Gap Turnpike was formed in 1810 to operate a toll road westward to the crest of the Blue Ridge Mountains at Ashby's Gap. The Winchester and Berry's Ferry Turnpike extended from the Ashby's Gap to Winchester.
In 1922, these three privately owned turnpikes were taken over by the Commonwealth of Virginia and became State Route 36. Then in November 1926 the route became part of US |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 6, "sc": 1826, "ep": 6, "ec": 2432} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 6 | 1,826 | 6 | 2,432 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | History | Route 50 as designated in the United States Numbered Highway System. At Winchester, the northern end of the Valley Pike, another historic trail, turnpike and toll road pathway steeped in history, intersected US 50 and several other important older roads. (The Valley Pike ran up the Shenandoah Valley southward and was operated in its later years by future Virginia governor and U.S. Senator Harry Flood Byrd before it too was acquired by the state and became U.S. Route 11).
US Route 50 was one of the major east–west transcontinental highways in the grid system of the lower 48 states planned in |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 6, "sc": 2432, "ep": 10, "ec": 11} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 6 | 2,432 | 10 | 11 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | History & Route description | the 1920s as a successor to the National Auto Trails System. It extended from San Francisco, California to Annapolis, Maryland (later extended to Ocean City, Maryland). Route 50 crosses Virginia near the state's northern borders with Maryland and West Virginia. The east–west major routes in the 1920s national grid system were those with two digit numbers ending with a zero (i.e. US 10, US 20, etc.). Virginia's other east–west highway of this type is US 60, which extends in modern times from Virginia Beach across the middle section of the state to exit west of Covington. Route description The eastern |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 10, "sc": 11, "ep": 14, "ec": 321} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 10 | 11 | 14 | 321 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | Route description & Frederick County and Winchester | two-thirds of US 50 in Virginia is substantially paralleled by Interstate 66, although the newer highway gradually diverges to the south to Front Royal and meets Interstate 81 at Strasburg, about 15 miles (24 km) south of Winchester, where US 50 meets I-81. Frederick County and Winchester U.S. Route 50 enters the state from the West Virginia border, descending from the Appalachian Mountains in Frederick County, the most northwestern Virginia county, and carrying the name of Northwest Turnpike. It is on a winding, two lane road until it passes the former lumbering town of Gore, at which point it widens to |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 14, "sc": 321, "ep": 18, "ec": 145} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 14 | 321 | 18 | 145 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | Frederick County and Winchester & Paris, Ashby Gap, Clarke County | a four-lane highway. It eventually crosses State Route 37 and enters the independent city of Winchester.
Winchester was long the transportation hub of the lower Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. Today, US 50 meets Interstate 81 there, as well as US 11, US 522, and State Route 7. U.S. Route 17 joins US 50 here from its national northern terminus as the route exits the city to the east and crosses the Shenandoah River. Paris, Ashby Gap, Clarke County After crossing the Shenandoah River, the divided four-laned roadway which serves as combined U.S. Routes 17 and 50 ascends into Clarke County and |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 18, "sc": 145, "ep": 18, "ec": 730} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 18 | 145 | 18 | 730 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | Paris, Ashby Gap, Clarke County | crosses US 340 close to Boyce <Google Maps,State of Va.>, a few miles south of Berryville, the county seat.
Just west of Paris, the highway crosses a ridge of the Blue Ridge Mountains at a place known as Ashby Gap. Named for Thomas Ashby, this wind gap was a strategic point for both sides in the American Civil War because whichever side controlled the Gap also controlled access to the northern end of the Shenandoah Valley from the east. In those days before modern communications, Ashbys Gap was also an important location for the military Signal Corps to send and receive |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 18, "sc": 730, "ep": 22, "ec": 485} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 18 | 730 | 22 | 485 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | Paris, Ashby Gap, Clarke County & Fauquier and Loudoun counties | visual communications. A few miles west of Upperville, U.S. Route 17 finally separates from US 50 at Paris. Fauquier and Loudoun counties West of Fairfax County, US 50 in Virginia is generally known as the John Mosby Highway. During the American Civil War, Colonel John Singleton Mosby was a Confederate partisan who operated with great success in this region, gaining status as a local folk-hero. The roadway reaches the Town of Upperville, straddles a county line and dipping into Loudoun County along the way. It then passes into the northern edge of Fauquier County.
In Loudoun County, the highway passes across |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 22, "sc": 485, "ep": 26, "ec": 293} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 22 | 485 | 26 | 293 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | Fauquier and Loudoun counties & Fairfax County, City of Fairfax, Arlington County | the southeastern portion through the Town of Middleburg, and the communities of Aldie (birthplace of Stonewall Jackson's mother, Julia Beckwith Neale), Gilberts Corner, Arcola, and South Riding. Starting in Aldie, the highway becomes a 17-mile straightaway until it intersects U.S. 29 in Fairfax City. Fairfax County, City of Fairfax, Arlington County Continuing east from the border with Loudoun County, US 50 travels along the historic Little River Turnpike route; west of the City of Fairfax it is designated and signed Lee-Jackson Memorial Highway. It passes by the southern edge of Washington Dulles International Airport and the Steven F. |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 26, "sc": 293, "ep": 26, "ec": 929} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 26 | 293 | 26 | 929 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | Fairfax County, City of Fairfax, Arlington County | Udvar-Hazy Center and through the communities of Chantilly and Fair Oaks. US 50 passes through the independent city of Fairfax as Fairfax Boulevard (a new designation, concurrent with the old names Main Street, Lee Highway, and Arlington Boulevard). In Arlington, it serves as the dividing line for addresses in the county. Known in Arlington County and in eastern Fairfax County as Arlington Boulevard, the roadway travels roughly across the center of both counties. Finally, the route passes near Rosslyn, a high-density business area of Arlington on its trek toward the Theodore Roosevelt Bridge, where it exits Virginia and passes |
{"datasets_id": 160679, "wiki_id": "Q4818438", "sp": 26, "sc": 929, "ep": 26, "ec": 982} | 160,679 | Q4818438 | 26 | 929 | 26 | 982 | U.S. Route 50 in Virginia | Fairfax County, City of Fairfax, Arlington County | into Washington, D.C. concurrent with Interstate 66. |
{"datasets_id": 160680, "wiki_id": "Q7885090", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 563} | 160,680 | Q7885090 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 563 | Uniform Transfers to Minors Act | Uniform Transfers to Minors Act The Uniform Transfers To Minors Act (UTMA) is a uniform act drafted and recommended by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws in 1986, and subsequently enacted by most U.S. States, which provides a mechanism under which gifts can be made to a minor without requiring the presence of an appointed guardian for the minor, and which satisfies the Internal Revenue Service requirements for qualifying a gift of up to $14,000 for exclusion from the gift tax. It is a more flexible extension of the Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA), and allows |
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{"datasets_id": 160680, "wiki_id": "Q7885090", "sp": 4, "sc": 563, "ep": 4, "ec": 1134} | 160,680 | Q7885090 | 4 | 563 | 4 | 1,134 | Uniform Transfers to Minors Act | the gifts to be real estate, inheritances, and other property.
The Act allows the donor of the gift to transfer title to a custodian who will manage and invest the property until the minor reaches a certain age. The age is generally 21, but is different in some states (usually 18 in those cases). In 2015 Florida passed a statute allowing the account to remain with the custodian until age 25 if desired. In the interim, the custodian can also make payments for the benefit of the minor out of the corpus of the gift.
The donor can serve as a custodian, |
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{"datasets_id": 160680, "wiki_id": "Q7885090", "sp": 4, "sc": 1134, "ep": 4, "ec": 1344} | 160,680 | Q7885090 | 4 | 1,134 | 4 | 1,344 | Uniform Transfers to Minors Act | rather than transferring the property to someone else to hold for the minor. However, the value of custodianship property is included in a donor’s gross estate if the donor dies while serving as the custodian. |
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{"datasets_id": 160681, "wiki_id": "Q7904513", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 246} | 160,681 | Q7904513 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 246 | Uzazi | Use in cuisine | Uzazi Use in cuisine The whole fruit is pounded to a powder in a mortar and pestle and are added to West African 'soups' (stews) as a flavouring. Typically these would be used in soups where few or no chillies are used so that the pungency of the spice comes through. |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 547} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 547 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Background | VI (You Me at Six album) Background You Me at Six released their fifth album Night People in January 2017. Despite reaching number three in the UK, it received a mixed reception from both their fans and critics. Within a week of the album coming out, the band had no management and found themselves stuck in private legal battles. The band were initially ecstatic about the album at its release, however, by August they expressed disdain for it. On a number of occasions while making the album, the members felt complacent when trying to be creative and self-motivating. In addition, |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 6, "sc": 547, "ep": 6, "ec": 1203} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 6 | 547 | 6 | 1,203 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Background | they were around people that didn't help stimulate their creativity.
In September, guitarist Max Helyer and vocalist Josh Franceschi revealed they were working on new music at drummer Dan Flint's home studio. The members had conversations whether to revisit the sound of their most successful record Cavalier Youth (2014). Eventually, it reached a point where Franceschi and Flint were content with breaking up the band if they were unable to move forward musically. Sometime afterwards, they went on residential studio writing retreats to The Doghouse in Reading and Monkey Puzzle in Bury St Edmunds. The group then made demos piece-by-piece with |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 6, "sc": 1203, "ep": 10, "ec": 340} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 6 | 1,203 | 10 | 340 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Background & Production | loops. Whenever a member came up with an interesting idea, they attempted it before working on another idea. They didn't move on to a new song until the current one they were working on was roughly 50–60% complete. Production The band had discussions with various producers, who wanted to record in locations such as Los Angeles, New York City and the south of France. When the group made it clear that they wanted to record in the UK, a number of them were no longer interested. They made some test tracks with two different people before eventually settling on Dan |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 10, "sc": 340, "ep": 10, "ec": 954} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 10 | 340 | 10 | 954 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Production | Austin. The band had worked with Austin previously as he engineered the session that resulted in their non-album single "The Swarm" in 2012. Sessions took place at VADA Studios, a residential studio in Alcester, UK; a location chosen as it was far away from everyday distractions of the members' lives. The band co-produced the sessions with Ausin. Austin, who shared similar music tastes with the members, understood the band's direction for the album.
While Night People was made akin to a 9–5 job, the band made VI working 14-hour days, pausing only to sleep. They didn't track on a song-by-song basis, |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 10, "sc": 954, "ep": 10, "ec": 1505} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 10 | 954 | 10 | 1,505 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Production | opting to work on all of the songs at the same time. The band and Austin used The Weeknd's albums as reference points, especially the low-end sound and the textures on his vocals. If a member wasn't tracking their part, they were able to take a walk around the lakes close by or watch the local football matches. Flint used a lot of his spare time finding loops and particular instrument sounds on his laptop to help expand the songs. They used a number of Telefunken microphones, and mainly a U47 microphone for vocals. A C-12 microphone was used as |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 10, "sc": 1505, "ep": 10, "ec": 2093} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 10 | 1,505 | 10 | 2,093 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Production | an overhead for the drums.
Franceschi said Austin felt like a sixth member of band in the way he was hard working and highly enthusiastic about pushing the band. He also mentioned that other producers would have led the band down a musical route that they had already explored. The band and Austin produced all of the songs bar "Pray for Me" (which was produced by Pott) and "Losing You" (which was produced by White). White did additional production on "Fast Forward", while Pott did the same on "Back Again" and "3AM". During the mixing process, the band worked collectively to |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 10, "sc": 2093, "ep": 14, "ec": 322} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 10 | 2,093 | 14 | 322 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Production & Composition | decide what worked best. Flint built a close friendship with mixing engineer Cenzo Townsend, who Flint would often relay the band's thoughts to. The recordings were then mastered by John Davis at Metropolis Studios. On 25 May 2018, the band announced they had finished working on VI. Composition Discussing the album's name VI, Franceschi explained: "There's a feeling within us that we already have our identity, so we don't need to create new one." He said the record featured more hip hop and R&B elements, something that the band had difficulty incorporating successfully with their previous albums. While on their |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 14, "sc": 322, "ep": 14, "ec": 953} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 14 | 322 | 14 | 953 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Composition | song writing retreats, the members collaborated with acclaimed songwriters Eg White and Joel Pott, and were encouraged to bring their individual influences into the songs. All of songs were written by the band, with lyrics by Franceschi. Additional writing was done to "Fast Forward" and "Losing You" by White, and to "Back Again", "3AM" and "Pray for Me" by Pott. Musically, VI has been classed as pop and rock, incorporating electronic influences. According to Helyer, the album was influenced by The Weeknd, Two Door Cinema Club and Jess Glynne.
Opening track "Fast Forward" is a rock song that also featured electronic |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 14, "sc": 953, "ep": 14, "ec": 1558} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 14 | 953 | 14 | 1,558 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Composition | elements. Franceschi claimed the song "really shaped" the album and said it was a self-assessment of his personal life during the Night People cycle. "Back Again" is about recovery from being lost within yourself. Franceschi said the song was stylistic departure for the band, as they wanted to "soundtrack people's weekends." Helyer started the song, and "after four or five bottles of wine one night" he "nailed it" with Franceschi. "I O U" mixed R&B vibes with influence from hip hop musicians that the band enjoyed. "Predictable" evolved from a jam into a song while Franceschi was intoxicated at 3am |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 14, "sc": 1558, "ep": 18, "ec": 444} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 14 | 1,558 | 18 | 444 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Composition & Release | and began spit balling lyrics. It went through a few different style changes, from reggae to hip hop to rock. Release On 5 June 2018, the band's website was altered to include a big countdown clock. The following day, VI was announced for release in October. The album's track listing and artwork were revealed. In addition, "3AM" and "Fast Forward" were made available for streaming. Both of these are released as singles on 8 June. On 1 August, a music video was released for "3AM". It was directed by Dan Broadley and filmed at The Mildmay Club in London. The |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 18, "sc": 444, "ep": 18, "ec": 1041} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 18 | 444 | 18 | 1,041 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Release | video sees the band going on a night out to three different places and features the band doing a full dance routine at the end. The concept for the video came out after the band watched The Wolf of Wall Street (2013). Specifically, the scene where actor Leonardo DiCaprio lives through a split reality while being under the influence. Broadley loved a scene from the while where DiCaprio arrives from home while on drugs, before later revealing the true events that aspired. Broadley adapted it into a scenario where Franceschi performs as an alter-ego of himself. Franceschi worked with Broadley |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 18, "sc": 1041, "ep": 18, "ec": 1613} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 18 | 1,041 | 18 | 1,613 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Release | closely to help him boost his confidence in his role in the video. The group struggled with the dance routine, unable to keep in time; the version that appears in the video was edited together from the various takes they filmed.
"I O U" was made available for streaming on 6 August. "Back Again" was made available for streaming on 20 August following a premiere on BBC Radio 1. VI was released on 5 October through the band's own label Underdog Records and AWAL. Some copies included a bonus CD that featured two demos and two acoustic versions of albums tracks. |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 18, "sc": 1613, "ep": 18, "ec": 2205} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 18 | 1,613 | 18 | 2,205 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Release | The Japanese edition featured the two acoustic versions as bonus tracks. Franceschi explained that the main reason behind starting Underdog Records was the end-goal of using it as a vehicle to sign artists from different genres. Franceschi said AWAL, a subsidiary of Kobalt, "embodied the spirit" of what the group were trying to do with their Underdog label. On the same day, a music video was released for "Back Again", directed by Broadley. Broadley's treatment for the clip was to pay homage to a cult classic film, namely The Big Lebowski (1998). It features a rumble at a bowling alley |
{"datasets_id": 160682, "wiki_id": "Q60741022", "sp": 18, "sc": 2205, "ep": 18, "ec": 2532} | 160,682 | Q60741022 | 18 | 2,205 | 18 | 2,532 | VI (You Me at Six album) | Release | and Franceschi's dog getting kidnapped. To promote the album's release, the band performed a series of in-store signings and performances. In November and December, the group went on a headlining UK tour with support from Marmozets and the Xcerts. In January and February 2019, the band embarked on a headlining European tour. |
{"datasets_id": 160683, "wiki_id": "Q351676", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 631} | 160,683 | Q351676 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 631 | Viewing angle | Viewing angle In display technology parlance, viewing angle is the maximum angle at which a display can be viewed with acceptable visual performance. In a technical context, this angular range is called viewing cone defined by a multitude of viewing directions.
The image may seem garbled, poorly saturated, of poor contrast, blurry or too faint outside the stated viewing angle range, the exact mode of "failure" depends on the display type in question. For example, some projection screens reflect more light perpendicular to the screen and less light to the sides, making the screen appear much darker (and sometimes colors distorted) |
|
{"datasets_id": 160683, "wiki_id": "Q351676", "sp": 4, "sc": 631, "ep": 4, "ec": 1254} | 160,683 | Q351676 | 4 | 631 | 4 | 1,254 | Viewing angle | if the viewer is not in front of the screen. Many manufacturers of projection screens thus define the viewing angle as the angle at which the luminance of the image is exactly half of the maximum. With LCD screens, some manufacturers have opted to measure the contrast ratio, and report the viewing angle as the angle where the contrast ratio exceeds 5:1 or 10:1, giving minimally acceptable viewing conditions.
The viewing angle is measured from one direction to the opposite, giving a maximum of 180° for a flat, one-sided screen. Some display devices exhibit different behaviour in horizontal and vertical axis, |
|
{"datasets_id": 160683, "wiki_id": "Q351676", "sp": 4, "sc": 1254, "ep": 4, "ec": 1931} | 160,683 | Q351676 | 4 | 1,254 | 4 | 1,931 | Viewing angle | requiring users and manufacturers to specify maximum usable viewing angles in both directions. Usually the screens are aligned and used to facilitate greater viewing angle in horizontal level, and smaller angle in the vertical level, should the two of them be different in magnitude.
Early LCDs had strikingly narrow viewing cones, a situation that has been improved with current technology.
Narrow viewing cones of some types of displays have also been used to bring a measure of security in businesses, where employees handle private information in the presence of customers, banks being one example. Rectangular filters fitting to the computer monitors have |
|
{"datasets_id": 160683, "wiki_id": "Q351676", "sp": 4, "sc": 1931, "ep": 8, "ec": 132} | 160,683 | Q351676 | 4 | 1,931 | 8 | 132 | Viewing angle | LEDs | also been sold as accessories for this purpose. LEDs LEDs are measured so that the line along half the viewing-angle from directly forward is half the brightness as at directly forward. |
{"datasets_id": 160684, "wiki_id": "Q56042846", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 44} | 160,684 | Q56042846 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 44 | Virgin Islands at the 2019 Pan American Games | Basketball & Boxing | Virgin Islands at the 2019 Pan American Games Basketball The Virgin Islands qualified both a men's and women's team of 12 athletes each, after both placed in the top 7 of the 2017 FIBA AmeriCup and 2017 FIBA Women's AmeriCup respectively. This will mark the nation's debut in women's basketball at the Pan American Games. Boxing The Virgin Islands qualified one male boxer. |
{"datasets_id": 160685, "wiki_id": "Q7938759", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 10, "ec": 196} | 160,685 | Q7938759 | 2 | 0 | 10 | 196 | Vladimir Šterk | Family and education & Career | Vladimir Šterk Family and education Šterk was born into a Jewish family, to father Vjekoslav-Alois Šterk and mother Lina (née Jelinek). In Zagreb he finished elementary school and graduated from the Gymnasium. Šterk participated in the World War I and was imprisoned in Russia, where he studied Russian wooden vernacular architecture. He attended the Czech Technical University in Prague from which he graduated on March 19, 1921. Career After graduation he worked in the technical office of construction company "Špiller, Juzbašić and Šurina". From 1921 until 1923 he was employed at the office of Ignjat Fischer. For some time Šterk |
{"datasets_id": 160685, "wiki_id": "Q7938759", "sp": 10, "sc": 196, "ep": 10, "ec": 787} | 160,685 | Q7938759 | 10 | 196 | 10 | 787 | Vladimir Šterk | Career | worked in the Zagreb construction office. He was one of the first assistant at the Technical university in Zagreb and one of the founding board members "Work for the people - a society of the Jewish and Anti-Zionist asimilants in Croatia" which was established in 1922. Šterk passed the practical exam for architects in 1922 and from 1923 he was an independent licensed architect in Zagreb. He projected part of the interior of the Yugoslav pavilion in Paris in 1925, which was designed by architect Stjepan Hribar, and a portion of the interior of the Yugoslav pavilion in Barcelona, which |
{"datasets_id": 160685, "wiki_id": "Q7938759", "sp": 10, "sc": 787, "ep": 14, "ec": 42} | 160,685 | Q7938759 | 10 | 787 | 14 | 42 | Vladimir Šterk | Career & Death and personal life | was designed by architect Dragiša Brašovan in 1929. Šterk designed and carried out lots of villas, residential houses and other buildings in Zagreb, the Zagreb area, Slavonski Brod, Požega, Osijek and Vinkovci. In 1931 he participated in the first exhibition of Yugoslav contemporary architecture in Belgrade, and in 1938 in the exhibition "Half a Century of Croatian Art" in Zagreb. Šterk was member of the society "Narodni rad - društvo židovskih asimilanata i anticionista u Hrvatskoj" (Peoples work - Society of Jewish assimilates and anti Zionists in Croatia). Death and personal life Šterk came seriously sick in 1936. He died |
{"datasets_id": 160685, "wiki_id": "Q7938759", "sp": 14, "sc": 42, "ep": 14, "ec": 506} | 160,685 | Q7938759 | 14 | 42 | 14 | 506 | Vladimir Šterk | Death and personal life | from leukemia in Zagreb on 6 March 1941 and was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery. His widow Aleksandrina (née Favalle) and sons Vojko and Veljko continued to live in Zagreb until 1949, when they emigrated to Israel. In 2009 his son Vojko Šterk, after eight years and only from the third attempt, finally was granted with Croatian citizenship which was deprived from him during his family emigration to Israel in 1949. He now holds both Israel and Croatian passport. |
{"datasets_id": 160686, "wiki_id": "Q7951150", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 6, "ec": 133} | 160,686 | Q7951150 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 133 | WJEH | History | WJEH History The station was assigned the call sign WGTR on June 4, 1990. On June 30, 1990, the station changed its call sign to the current WJEH. |
{"datasets_id": 160687, "wiki_id": "Q7966224", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 12, "ec": 254} | 160,687 | Q7966224 | 2 | 0 | 12 | 254 | Walter Styles | Early life & Career | Walter Styles Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Walter Styles (4 April 1889 – 5 October 1965), known as Walter Styles, was a British soldier and Member of Parliament. Early life The son of Frederick Styles, he was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford. At Oxford he rowed for Exeter with Geoffrey Fisher, who later became Archbishop of Canterbury. Career Styles was commissioned into the Royal West Kent Regiment before the First World War, during which he was promoted Captain and severely injured, to be invalided out of the service in 1918.
In 1922, he married Violet, the only daughter of Major H. |
{"datasets_id": 160687, "wiki_id": "Q7966224", "sp": 12, "sc": 254, "ep": 12, "ec": 868} | 160,687 | Q7966224 | 12 | 254 | 12 | 868 | Walter Styles | Career | Hawkins, of Everdon, Northamptonshire, and they had one daughter.
Styles was elected as Member of Parliament for Sevenoaks at the 1924 general election, standing as a Conservative and defeating the sitting Member, Ronald Williams, a Liberal. He did not contest the election of 1929 and returned to private life.
In 1934, Styles settled in Sussex. During the Second World War of 1939 to 1945 he commanded the local Battalion of the Home Guard, when he was given the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of the Royal Sussex Regiment. At the time of his death he was Chairman of the Governing Body of the Lewes |
{"datasets_id": 160687, "wiki_id": "Q7966224", "sp": 12, "sc": 868, "ep": 12, "ec": 956} | 160,687 | Q7966224 | 12 | 868 | 12 | 956 | Walter Styles | Career | Grammar School for Boys. His address in 1965 was Old Farmhouse, Rodmell, Lewes, Sussex. |
{"datasets_id": 160688, "wiki_id": "Q20880894", "sp": 2, "sc": 0, "ep": 4, "ec": 583} | 160,688 | Q20880894 | 2 | 0 | 4 | 583 | Walworth (hamlet), New York | Walworth (hamlet), New York Walworth is a hamlet in the Town of Walworth, Wayne County, New York, United States. It is located in the southeastern corner of the town, 6 miles (10 km) north-northeast of the hamlet of Macedon, at an elevation of 541 feet (165 m). The primary cross roads where the hamlet is located are Penfield-Walworth Road (CR 205), Walworth-Marion Road (CR 207), Walworth-Ontario Road and Walworth Road (CR 208). N.Y. Route 350 passes just west of Walworth. Government offices for the Town of Walworth are located in the hamlet.
A United States Post Office is located in Walworth with |
|
{"datasets_id": 160688, "wiki_id": "Q20880894", "sp": 4, "sc": 583, "ep": 8, "ec": 144} | 160,688 | Q20880894 | 4 | 583 | 8 | 144 | Walworth (hamlet), New York | History | a ZIP Code of 14568. History The hamlet was originally known as Douglass Corners from 1801 to 1825, named after brothers Stephen and Daniel Douglass who settled in the area. |
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